A.   Cruise Narrative: P14S P15S

A.1. Highlights


                         WHP Cruise Summary Information

              WOCE section designation  P14S and P15S
     Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  31DSCG96_1, 31DSCG96_2
    Chief Scientist and affiliation(s)  John Bullister, NOAA-PMEL
                         Dates  Leg 1:  1996 JAN 05 - 1996 FEB 04 (Stns 1-93)
                                Leg 2:  1996 FEB 12 - 1996 MAR 10 (Stns 94-182)
                                  Ship  R/V DISCOVERER
                         Ports of call  Leg 1: Hobart, Tasmania- Wellington, NZ
                                        Leg 2: Wellington, NZ- Pago Pago Samoa
                                                    00.01' S
 Geographic boundaries of the stations  1534.07' E           16836.87' W
                                                    670.03' S
                                        Number of stations  182
          Floats and drifters deployed  14 ALACE floats deployed
        Moorings deployed or recovered  none
                  Contributing Authors  John Bullister, Calvin Mordy


Cruise Report: WHP Lines P14S and P15S (CGC96 cruise)
               (Prepared by John Bullister, NOAA-PMEL 
               Date of this draft: 12 June 2000

Note: The following appendices  are included with this file:

APPENDIX  1.  CTD/Rosette Station Locations on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  2.  ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  3.  CTD/O2 techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  4a. Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  4b  Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  5.  Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  6a. CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S 
              (CGC96) 
APPENDIX  6b. CFC Air Measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96) 
APPENDIX  6c. CFC Air Measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96) 
              (interpolated to station locations)
APPENDIX  6d. Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  6e. Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
APPENDIX  7   Carbon Measurement techniques on P14S an P15S
APPENDIX  8.  Listing of Bottle problems
APPENDIX  9a: DQ Evaluation of WOCE P14S and P15S hydrographic data. 
APPENDIX  9b: Responses to WOCE DQE comments on .sea file 
APPENDIX 10a: DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer Cruise (CGC96)
APPENDIX 10b: Response to DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer (CGC96)
APPENDIX 11:  Final CFC Data Quality Evaluation (DQE) Comments on P14SP15S.


Chief Scientists:
Leg 1:            Dr. John L. Bullister
                  Tel:      (206)526-6741
                  FAX:      (206)526-6744
                  Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov

                  Dr. Gregory C. Johnson (co-chief scientist)
                  Tel:      (206)526-6806
                  FAX:      (206)526-6744
                  Internet: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov

Leg 2:            Dr. Richard A. Feely
                  Tel:      (206)526-6214
                  FAX:      (206)526-6744
                  Internet: feely@pmel.noaa.gov

                  Ms. Marilyn Roberts (co-chief scientist)
                  Tel:      (206)526-6252
                  FAX:      (206)526-6744
                  Internet: roberts@pmel.noaa.gov
  
                 All at:
                 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA-PMEL)
                 7600 Sand Point Way, NE
                 Seattle, WA 98115 USA

  
Cruise Track: The station locations are shown in Fig. 1 and listed
              in Appendix 1 and in the P14SP15S.sum file.

182 Stations were completed:

    3 test stations on the transit leg from Hobart to the start of the
      P14S section (2 thirty-six position rosette stations;
      1 twenty-four position rosette station)

   29 stations on the P14S section (17 thirty-six position rosette stations;
      12 twenty-four position rosette stations)

  144 stations on the P15S section (132 thirty-six position rosette stations; 
      10 twenty-four position rosette stations)

    6 thirty-six position rosette stations in a short section across Samoa Passage

One shallow primary productivity cast (with light meter) per day was made while
    on the P14S and P15S sections. 
 
Approximately number of water samples analysed:
    5700 salinity
    5700 oxygen
    5700 nutrients
    3300 CFC-11 and CFC-12
    1000 CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride
    3100 Total CO2 
    3000 pCO2
    5700 pH
    3100 Alkalinity
    1350 DOC
   
Approximate number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis:
      975 AMS carbon isotope samples (C-13 and C-14) 
     1025 DON

14 ALACE floats were deployed (8 standard and 6 stretched profilers). 
   The deployment locations are listed in Appendix 2.

Lowered ADCP profiles were obtained at about 70 stations on Leg 1 using a
    rosette mounted lowered ADCP instrument on 36 position rosette frame.

Continous underway ADCP measurements were made along the cruise track.

Air samples were collected at approximately 3 degrees intervals for
    analyses of atmospheric CFCs.
 
Participating Institutions:
     NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)
     NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
     Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR)
     Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
     Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)
     Oregon State University (OSU)
     Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS)
     University of Tennessee (UT)
     University of Hawaii (UH)
     University of Miami (UM)
     University of South Florida (USF)
     University of Charleston, South Carolina (UCSC)
     University of Washington (UW)

Measurements, Principal Investigators (PI), Institution and funding
agencies:

CTD/O2 and bottle salinity    Greg Johnson- PMEL (NOAA)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):   John Bullister- PMEL (NOAA)
Total CO2 (DIC), pCO2:        Dick Feely- PMEL/Rik Wanninkhof-AOML (NOAA)
C-14 (AMS radiocarbon), C-13  Paul Quay- UW (NOAA)
Nutrients:                    Calvin Mordy-PMEL/Zia-Zhong Zhang-AOML (NOAA)
Dissolved Oxygen (discrete)   John Bullister- PMEL (NOAA)
Total Alkalinity:             Frank Millero- UM (NOAA)
pH:                           Robert Byrne- USF (NOAA)
UW pH/DIC:                    Andrew Dickson- SIO (NOAA)
DOC/DON:                      Dennis Hansell- BBSR (NOAA)
ADCP:                         Peter Hacker/Eric Firing- U Hawaii
ALACE Float deployment:       Russ Davis- SIO
Primary Productivity:         Jack DiTullio-UCSC/Walker Smith-UT (NOAA)
UW Chlorophyll:               F. Chavez-MBARI(NOAA)
Bathymetry:                   Ship personnel
Underway thermosalinograph:   Ship personnel


Cruise Summary:
     WOCE Hydrographic Sections P14S and P15S were completed on the NOAA
Ship Discoverer in early 1996, measuring a wide suite of physical,
chemical, and biological processes.  A total of 182 full-water column
CTD/O2 stations were made along the sections (Fig. 1).  A 36 position
rosette was used as the primary system.  On Leg 1, a lowered ADCP system
was mounted on the 36 position rosette, reducing the number of
available 10-liter sample bottles to 34.
    Of the 182 stations, 159 stations were made with the 36-position,
10-liter bottle frame.  The other 23 stations were made using a
24-position, 4-liter bottle frame, which was deployed primarily during
bad weather.
      A Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus CTD was mounted in each frame.  In
addition to the set of temperature and conductivity sensors resident on
each CTD, a mobile set of temperature and conductivity sensors with a
dissolved oxygen sensor was always mounted on the CTD in use.  This
arrangement allowed redundant temperature and conductivity measurements
for quality control and continuity of temperature and conductivity
measurements while keeping each CTD mounted in its own frame.

     Water samples were collected at every station for analyses of salt,
dissolved oxygen, and dissolved nutrients (silicate, nitrate, nitrite,
and phosphate).  Fig. 2a and 2b show locations where water samples were
collected.  Samples were drawn at selected locations for analysis of
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, carbon tetrachloride, dissolved inorganic
carbon (DIC), total alkalinity, pH, pCO2, dissolved organic carbon
(DOC), carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, and other variables (see
P14SP15s.sum file).
    Daily shallow casts were made for assessment of various biological
parameters, including productivity.  
    A total of 14 ALACE floats were deployed during the cruise, including
6 "Stretched T Profilers".
		        
     For both sections sampled on this cruise, stations were occupied at a
nominal spacing of 30 nm, closer over steeply sloped bathymetry, and
never more distant than 60 nm.  Stations 1-3 were test stations
occupied to evaluate the CTD/O2 and rosette systems on the transit from
Hobart, Australia to the start of P14S.   Stations 177 to 182 were
taken after the completion of P15S but prior to the final port stop in
Pago-Pago, American Samoa.  These profiles constitute a short, nearly
zonal, section across the Samoan Passage, taken to investigate deep
water-mass and transport variability there.  These data are reported
here.  The cruise was broken up into two legs of roughly one month
duration each by a port stop in Wellington, New Zealand after station
93.  Station 94 was a reoccupation of station 93 to evaluate temporal
variations that occurred during the port stop.
  
     WOCE section P14S began with station 4 at 53S, 170E in 200 m of water
on the south edge of the Campbell Plateau and ended with station 32 at
66S, 171E, intersecting the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally
along 67S in 1992.  The section consisted of 29 stations.  It sampled
the entire Antarctic Circumpolar Current between the edge of the
Campbell Plateau and the crest of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.  At the
ridge crest it explored a deep passage between the Ross Sea and the
Southwest Pacific Basin.  South of the ridge crest, it entered the
north side of the Ross Sea Gyre.

     WOCE section P15S began with station 33 at 67S, 170W, again
 intersecting the zonal WHP section S4 occupied nominally along 67S in
1992.  It proceeded north to station 72 at 47.5S, 170W, whereupon it
followed a diagonal in towards the Chatham Rise until station 85 at
43.25S, 175E.  From there it moved back away from the rise towards 170W
along a diagonal to station 104 at 36S, 170W.  It then resumed north to
station 154 at 10.5S, 170W, whereupon it shifted longitudes slightly to
follow the axis of the Samoan Passage until station 164 at 7.5S,
168.75W.  From there it continued north to station 174 at the equator,
168.75W.  Station 175 and 176 were added to the section to improve
meridional resolution in the vicinity of the Samoan Passage.  From 15S
to the equator the section overlapped WHP section P15N, occupied in
1994.  The P15S section consisted of 143 stations, discounting the
duplication after the Wellington port stop.  It sampled the north end
of the Ross Sea Gyre, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Deep
Western Boundary Current system on both flanks of the Chatham Rise, the
Subtropical Gyre, and the Tropical Regime up to the equator.

Discussion:
   
Problems:
In general, the ship, winches and analytical systems performed well on
this expedition.  All of the major goals of the program were met.  At
the completion of the P14S and P15S sections,  enough time remained to
extend the P15S section from 5S to the equator and to complete an
additional 8 stations in Samoa Passage.
Some time was lost at the beginning of Leg 1 due to problems with the
level-wind mechanism on the primary winch.  The wire was re-tensioned
on the drum at sea by removing the CTD/rosette package, attaching a
weight to the wire, and spooling the full length of the wire (except
the last full wrap on the drum) behind the ship while underway.
Level-wind problems were much reduced after this procedure.

Figs. 3-18 show preliminary sections of bottle salinity, dissolved
oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, CFC-11, CFC-12. These preliminary
sections only utilize values listed in the P14S and P15S.sea file which
are flagged as "good" (flags 2 or 6) and where the btlnbr flag is also
2.  
Bathymetry shown in these figures is from depth recorded at each station.



PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS: CGC96 Cruise 
                                                                  Nationality
Program         Inst.    Leg 1                Leg 2               (if non-US)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chief Sci.      PMEL     John Bullister   M   Richard Feely    M
Co-Chief Sci.   PMEL     Greg Johnson     M   Marilyn Roberts  F
CTD/O2          PMEL     Kristy McTaggart F   Kristy McTaggart F
                OSU                           Jim Richman      M  
                IOS      John Love        M                        (CANADA)
                SeaBird  Norge Larson     M

Nutrients       PMEL     Calvin Mordy     M   Calvin Mordy     M  
                AOML     Zia-Zhong Zhang  M   Zia-Zhong Zhang  M   (PRC)
Oxygen          PMEL     Kirk Hargreaves  M   Kirk Hargreaves  M
Salinity        AOML     Gregg Thomas     M   Gregg Thomas     M  
CFC             PMEL     Dave Wisegarver  M   Dave Wisegarver  M
                PMEL     Craig Neill      M   Craig Neill      M  
                PMEL     Wenlin Huang     F                        (PRC)
CFC/O2          IOS      Carol Stewart    F   Carol Stewart    F   (NZ)
TALK            RSMAS    David Purkinson  M   Mary Roche       F  
                RSMAS    Jamie Goen       F   Jamie Goen       F  
                RSMAS    Chris Edwards    M   Xiarong Zhu      M  
pH              USF      Sean McElligott  M   Sean McElliogott M
                USF      Wensheng Yao     M   Wensheng Yao     M  
                USF      Johan Schijf     M   Xeuwu Liu        M  
U/W pCO2        PMEL     Cathy Cosca      F
DIC             PMEL     Marilyn Roberts  F 
                                              Kim Currie       F    (NZ)
                AOML     Tom Lantry       M   Tom Lantry       M  
pCO2            PMEL     Dana Greeley     M   Dana Greeley     M  
                AOML     Hua Chen         M   
                                              Rhonda Kelly     F
Primary Prod    UTK      Kendra Daly      F   Kendra Daly      F  
                USC      David Jones      M   David Jones      M  
                MBARI    Peter Walz       M   Tim Pennington   M
DOC             BBSR     Susan Becker     F   Susan Becker     F  
                BBSR     Rachel Parsons   F   Rachel Parsons   F
Carbon Isotop.  UW       Brian Kleinhaus  M   Tanya Westby     F  
Lowered ADCP    UH       Eric Firing      M  


Addresses of PIs:

CFCs, dissolved oxygen:
Dr. John L. Bullister
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: 	    (206)526-6741
FAX: 	    (206)526-6744
Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov

pH:
Dr. Robert Byrne
Marine Science Department
University of South Florida
140 7th Ave. South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Telephone     : 813-893-9508
Internet      : byrne@msl1.marine.usf.edu

Primary Productivity:
Dr. Francisco Chavez
MBARI
160 Central Ave
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
Telephone     : 408-647-3700 
Internet      : chfr@mbari.org

ALACE floats:
Dr. Russ Davis
SIO-UCSD
MC 8030
La Jolla, CA 92093
Telephone     : 619-534-4415
Internet      : davis@nemo.ucsd.edu

TCO2:
Dr. Richard A. Feely
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel:         : (206)526-6214
FAX: 	     : (206)526-6744
Internet:    : feely@pmel.noaa.gov

LADCP:
Dr. Eric Firing
JIMAR
University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822
Telephone     : 808-734-8621
Internet      : efiring@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu

CTD, salinty:
Dr. Gregory C. Johnson 
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: 	      : (206)526-6806
FAX: 	      : (206)526-6744
Internet:     : gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov

Alkalinity:
Dr. Frank Millero
University of Miami
RSMAS
4600 Rickenbacher Causeway
Miami, FL 33149
Telephone     : 305-361-4707
Internet      : millero@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu

Nutrients:
Dr. Calvin Mordy
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: 	      : (206)526-6870
FAX: 	      : (206)526-6744
Internet:     : mordy@pmel.noaa.gov

Carbon Isotopes:
Dr. Paul Quay 
University of Washington
School of Oceanography
WB-10
Seattle, WA 98195
Telephone     : 206-685-6081
Internet      : pdquay@u.washington.edu

TCO2, discrete pCO2:
Dr, Rik Wanninkhof
AOML
430 1Rickenbacher Causeway
Miami, FL 33149
Telephone     : 305-361-4379
Internet      :  wanninkhof@ocean.aoml.noaa.gov




APPENDIX 1
 
CGC96 Station Locations: Leg 1
STATION                                         BOTTOM  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date     DEPTH (M) 
-------------------------------------------------------
     1   45 49.5 S   153 05.1 E    6 Jan 96      4468   
     2   48 19.1 S   158 29.9 E    7 Jan 96      4850   
     3   50 05.0 S   162 29.3 E    8 Jan 96      4456   
     4   53 00.1 S   169 59.3 E    9 Jan 96       198   
     5   53 29.9 S   170 29.7 E    9 Jan 96       743   
     6   53 59.9 S   171 00.1 E    9 Jan 96      1175   
     7   54 10.2 S   171 10.8 E    9 Jan 96      1370   
     8   54 19.8 S   171 20.2 E    9 Jan 96      2615   
     9   54 30.3 S   171 29.8 E    9 Jan 96      4390   
    10   54 59.7 S   172 00.7 E   10 Jan 96      5345   
    11   55 30.4 S   172 27.0 E   10 Jan 96      5332   
    12   55 59.8 S   173 00.6 E   10 Jan 96      5415   
    13   56 29.2 S   173 30.2 E   11 Jan 96      5345   
    14   56 59.7 S   173 58.6 E   11 Jan 96      5430   
    15   57 30.3 S   173 58.5 E   11 Jan 96      5358   
    16   58 00.2 S   173 59.5 E   12 Jan 96      5205   
    17   58 30.2 S   173 58.2 E   12 Jan 96      5046   
    18   58 59.8 S   174 00.0 E   12 Jan 96      5110   
    19   59 28.7 S   173 59.7 E   12 Jan 96      5002   
    20   59 57.9 S   173 57.9 E   13 Jan 96      4346   
    21   60 30.3 S   173 57.8 E   13 Jan 96      5028   
    22   60 59.1 S   173 58.9 E   14 Jan 96      4712   
    23   61 30.0 S   174 00.2 E   14 Jan 96      5037   
    24   62 00.0 S   173 16.1 E   14 Jan 96      4450   
    25   62 26.9 S   172 35.2 E   14 Jan 96      4440   
    26   62 44.7 S   172 09.0 E   15 Jan 96      4450   
    27   62 60.0 S   171 44.9 E   15 Jan 96      2636   
    28   63 30.1 S   170 59.6 E   15 Jan 96      2422   
    29   63 59.8 S   171 06.6 E   16 Jan 96      2600   
    30   64 40.6 S   170 58.6 E   16 Jan 96      3475   
    31   65 20.2 S   170 60.0 E   16 Jan 96      3449   
    32   66 00.9 S   171 01.6 E   17 Jan 96      3151   
    33   66 59.6 S   170 00.0 W   18 Jan 96      3630   
    34   66 20.3 S   169 60.0 W   18 Jan 96      3430   
    35   65 39.8 S   170 00.3 W   19 Jan 96      3180   
    36   64 59.6 S   170 00.9 W   19 Jan 96      2880   
    37   64 30.1 S   169 59.9 W   19 Jan 96      2370   
    38   63 59.7 S   170 02.0 W   19 Jan 96      2783   
    39   63 30.1 S   170 00.3 W   20 Jan 96      2805   
    40   62 59.7 S   170 01.4 W   20 Jan 96      3085   
    41   62 30.0 S   169 59.8 W   20 Jan 96      2843   
    42   62 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   20 Jan 96      3422   
    43   61 29.5 S   169 60.0 W   21 Jan 96      3501   
    44   61 00.1 S   170 00.3 W   21 Jan 96      3630   
    45   60 29.7 S   169 59.6 W   22 Jan 96      3960   
    46   60 00.3 S   170 00.3 W   22 Jan 96      3738   
    47   59 30.2 S   169 59.9 W   22 Jan 96      4030   
    48   58 59.9 S   170 00.2 W   22 Jan 96      4780   
    49   58 29.6 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96      5188   
    50   57 59.7 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96      4140   
    51   57 30.1 S   170 00.4 W   23 Jan 96      5001   
    52   57 00.2 S   170 00.2 W   24 Jan 96      5165   
    53   56 29.9 S   169 59.8 W   24 Jan 96      5055   
    54   55 60.0 S   170 01.8 W   24 Jan 96      5157   
    55   55 29.9 S   170 00.0 W   24 Jan 96      4950   
    56   54 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   25 Jan 96      4820   
    57   54 29.4 S   170 00.1 W   25 Jan 96      4819   
    58   54 00.1 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96      5013   
    59   53 39.9 S   169 59.4 W   25 Jan 96      5125   
    60   53 19.9 S   169 59.6 W   26 Jan 96      5276   
    61   52 60.0 S   170 00.5 W   26 Jan 96      5185   
    62   52 29.9 S   170 01.8 W   26 Jan 96      5065   
    63   52 00.1 S   170 07.8 W   26 Jan 96      4968   
    64   51 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   27 Jan 96      4757   
    65   51 00.2 S   170 00.4 W   27 Jan 96      5239   
    66   50 29.9 S   169 59.6 W   27 Jan 96      5041   
    67   50 00.4 S   169 59.9 W   28 Jan 96      5340   
    68   49 30.2 S   170 00.9 W   28 Jan 96      5200   
    69   48 59.6 S   169 59.4 W   28 Jan 96      5235   
    70   48 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   28 Jan 96      5280   
    71   47 59.8 S   170 00.3 W   29 Jan 96      5270   
    72   47 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   29 Jan 96      5285   
    73   47 06.5 S   170 27.7 W   29 Jan 96      5365   
    74   46 43.4 S   170 54.7 W   30 Jan 96      5268   
    75   46 20.0 S   171 22.2 W   30 Jan 96      5083   
    76   45 57.0 S   171 49.5 W   30 Jan 96      5136   
    77   45 33.6 S   172 16.7 W   30 Jan 96      4953   
    78   45 10.6 S   172 44.2 W   31 Jan 96      4652   
    79   44 50.1 S   173 08.2 W   31 Jan 96      3838   
    80   44 31.8 S   173 29.4 W   31 Jan 96      3408   
    81   44 19.2 S   173 44.7 W   31 Jan 96      3090   
    82   44 09.4 S   173 56.3 W    1 Feb 96      1908   
    83   43 50.9 S   174 17.7 W    1 Feb 96       950   
    84   43 38.8 S   174 32.2 W    1 Feb 96       790   
    85   43 15.2 S   174 59.9 W    1 Feb 96       790   
    86   42 55.9 S   174 47.2 W    1 Feb 96      1059   
    87   42 44.8 S   174 39.3 W    1 Feb 96      1590   
    88   42 24.1 S   174 24.4 W    1 Feb 96      2668   
    89   42 10.0 S   174 15.0 W    2 Feb 96      2875   
    90   41 42.8 S   173 56.5 W    2 Feb 96      3130   
    91   41 16.0 S   173 38.6 W    2 Feb 96      3330   
    92   40 49.5 S   173 19.5 W    2 Feb 96      4170   
    93   40 23.6 S   173 02.0 W    2 Feb 96      4568   

CGC96 Station Locations: Leg 2
STATION                                         BOTTOM  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date     DEPTH (M) 
-------------------------------------------------------
    94   40 23.5 S   173 01.7 W   13 Feb 96      4568   
    95   39 57.7 S   172 42.2 W   14 Feb 96      4728   
    96   39 31.0 S   172 25.2 W   14 Feb 96      4751   
    97   39 04.3 S   172 07.7 W   14 Feb 96      4836   
    98   38 37.8 S   171 48.6 W   14 Feb 96      4901   
    99   38 11.4 S   171 30.2 W   15 Feb 96      4918   
   100   37 45.8 S   171 12.0 W   15 Feb 96      4980   
   101   37 18.6 S   170 53.7 W   15 Feb 96      5112   
   102   36 52.3 S   170 37.0 W   15 Feb 96      5254   
   103   36 27.0 S   170 17.2 W   16 Feb 96      5102   
   104   36 00.2 S   170 00.3 W   16 Feb 96      5050   
   105   35 40.3 S   170 00.9 W   16 Feb 96      4290   
   106   35 20.0 S   170 00.1 W   16 Feb 96      4880   
   107   35 00.5 S   169 59.6 W   17 Feb 96      5226   
   108   34 30.2 S   170 00.2 W   17 Feb 96      5457   
   109   33 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   17 Feb 96      5501   
   110   33 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5387   
   111   33 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5548   
   112   32 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96      5501   
   113   31 59.8 S   169 59.8 W   18 Feb 96      5640   
   114   31 30.0 S   169 59.3 W   19 Feb 96      5496   
   115   31 00.4 S   169 59.7 W   19 Feb 96      5572   
   116   30 30.3 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96      5505   
   117   30 00.2 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96      5394   
   118   29 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96      5127   
   119   29 00.8 S   169 59.9 W   20 Feb 96      5562   
   120   28 30.5 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96      5425   
   121   28 00.3 S   169 59.6 W   21 Feb 96      4888   
   122   27 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   21 Feb 96      5318   
   123   27 00.3 S   169 59.5 W   21 Feb 96      5214   
   124   26 29.7 S   169 59.4 W   21 Feb 96      5575   
   125   26 00.3 S   169 59.7 W   22 Feb 96      5563   
   126   25 30.0 S   169 60.0 W   22 Feb 96      5787   
   127   25 00.1 S   169 59.9 W   22 Feb 96      5600   
   128   24 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5610   
   129   23 59.8 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5637   
   130   23 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96      5626   
   131   22 59.8 S   169 59.7 W   23 Feb 96      5650   
   132   22 30.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96      5609   
   133   22 00.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96      5587   
   134   21 30.4 S   170 00.1 W   24 Feb 96      5388   
   135   20 59.7 S   169 59.6 W   25 Feb 96      5427   
   136   20 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      5560   
   137   20 00.0 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      5294   
   138   19 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96      4885   
   139   19 00.1 S   170 03.4 W   26 Feb 96      3000   
   140   18 30.3 S   170 00.1 W   26 Feb 96      5232   
   141   17 60.0 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96      4893   
   142   17 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96      5002   
   143   17 00.1 S   169 59.8 W   27 Feb 96      4954   
   144   16 30.3 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96      5109   
   145   16 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96      5120   
   146   15 29.8 S   170 00.1 W   27 Feb 96      5064   
   147   15 00.2 S   170 00.0 W   28 Feb 96      4803   
   148   14 40.0 S   169 59.9 W   28 Feb 96      3322   
   149   14 16.9 S   169 59.8 W   28 Feb 96      3540   
   150   13 58.3 S   169 60.0 W   28 Feb 96      2947   
   151   13 49.1 S   170 00.1 W   28 Feb 96      4297   
   152   13 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   29 Feb 96      4860   
   153   12 59.9 S   170 00.0 W   29 Feb 96      4949   
   154   12 29.9 S   169 59.9 W   29 Feb 96      4979   
   155   12 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   29 Feb 96      5055   
   156   11 30.0 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96      5035   
   157   11 00.1 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96      5100   
   158   10 30.1 S   169 59.8 W    1 Mar 96      4858   
   159   09 55.6 S   169 37.7 W    1 Mar 96      5179   
   160   09 30.1 S   168 59.9 W    2 Mar 96      5310   
   161   08 59.9 S   168 52.6 W    2 Mar 96      4848   
   162   08 29.9 S   168 44.9 W    2 Mar 96      5129   
   163   08 00.0 S   168 37.0 W    2 Mar 96      5138   
   164   07 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5244   
   165   06 60.0 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5628   
   166   06 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96      5498   
   167   06 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96      5629   
   168   05 30.1 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96      5347   
   169   05 00.0 S   168 44.9 W    4 Mar 96      5534   
   170   03 60.0 S   168 45.1 W    4 Mar 96      5191   
   171   03 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96      5347   
   172   02 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96      3293   
   173   01 00.1 S   168 45.2 W    6 Mar 96      5748   
   174   00 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    6 Mar 96      5542   
   175   07 44.8 S   168 40.2 W    8 Mar 96      5289   
   176   08 15.1 S   168 41.3 W    8 Mar 96      4944   
   177   10 08.7 S   168 58.8 W    8 Mar 96      4628   
   178   10 04.1 S   169 12.7 W    8 Mar 96      5226   
   179   09 55.2 S   169 37.7 W    9 Mar 96      5188   
   180   09 47.0 S   170 03.5 W    9 Mar 96      4993   
   181   09 41.6 S   170 19.5 W    9 Mar 96      4297   
   182   09 35.7 S   170 36.1 W    9 Mar 96      4038   


APPENDIX 2. ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P14s and P15S:

         Lat         Lon          Date           Time 
     ---------------------------------------------------------
     1   56 29.7 S   173 32.4 E   11 Jan 96      0323
     2   59 27.5 S   173 57.9 E   12 Jan 96      0035
     3   60 29.7 S   170 01.3 W   22 Jan 96      0606 Profiler
     4   57 30.1 S   170 00.7 W   23 Jan 96      2120 Profiler
     5   55 29.5 S   170 01.9 W   24 Jan 96      2321 Profiler
     6   53 59.5 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96      1545 Profiler
     7   52 00.0 S   170 05.7 W   26 Jan 96      0155 Profiler
     8   50 00.4 S   170 00.4 W   28 Jan 96      0502 Profiler
     9   47 29.5 S   169 58.6 W   29 Jan 96      1505 
    10   45 10.6 S   172 43.8 W   31 Jan 96      0701
    11   42 23.7 S   174 24.6 W    1 Feb 96      2143
    12   39 04.4 S   172 06.8 W   14 Feb 96      1820
    13   29 59.2 S   169 59.5 W   20 Feb 96      0125
    14   24 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   22 Feb 96      0252



APPENDIX 3.  CTD/O2 TECHNIQUES on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)


1. INTRODUCTION:

A detailed discussion of the CTD data and calibration techniques is given in 
the CGC96 CTD data report and .ctd files submitted to the WHP Office, and 
in the publication:

McTaggart, K.E. and  and G.C. Johnson (1997). CTD/O2 Measurements Collected on a 
    Climate & Global Change Cruise  (WOCE Sections P14S and P15S) During 
    January - March, 1996.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-63, Pacific Marine 
    Environmental Laboratory, Seattle. Washington, September 1997.

   
2.  STANDARDS AND PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

     The CTD/O2 system is a real time data system with the data from a 
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (SBE) 9plus underwater unit transmitted via a 
conducting cable to the SBE 11plus deck unit.  The serial data from the 
underwater unit is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format using a 34560 Hz 
carrier-modulated differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) telemetry link.  The 
deck unit decodes the serial data and sends it to a personal computer for 
display and storage in a disk file using Sea-Bird SEASOFT software.

     The SBE 911plus system transmits data from primary and auxiliary sensors 
in the form of binary number equivalents of the frequency or voltage outputs 
from those sensors.  The calculations required to convert from raw data to 
engineering units of the parameters being measured are performed by software, 
either in real-time, or after the data has been stored in a disk file.  

     The SBE 911plus system is electrically and mechanically compatible with 
standard unmodified rosette water samplers made by General Oceanics (GO), 
including the 1016 36-position sampler, which was used for most stations on this
cruise.  An optional modem and rosette interface allows the 911plus system to 
control the operation of the rosette directly without interrupting the data 
from the CTD, eliminating the need for a rosette deck unit.  

     The SBE 9plus underwater unit uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature
(SBE 3) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensors which are mounted with a single clamp 
and "L" bracket to the lower end cap.  The conductivity cell entrance is 
co-planar with the tip of the temperature sensor's protective steel sheath.  
The pressure sensor is mounted inside the underwater unit main housing and is 
ported to outside pressure through the oil-filled plastic capillary tube seen 
protruding from the main housing bottom end cap.  A compact, modular unit 
consisting of a centrifugal pump head and a brushless DC ball bearing motor 
contained in an aluminum underwater housing pump flushes water through sensor 
tubing at a constant rate independent of the CTD's motion.  This improves 
dynamic performance.  Motor speed and pumping rate (3000 rpm) remain nearly 
constant over the entire input voltage range of 12-18 volts DC.

     The SBE 11plus deck unit is a rack-mountable interface which supplies DC 
power to the underwater unit, decodes the serial data stream, formats the data
under microprocessor control, and passes the data to a companion computer.  It 
provides access to the modem channel and control of the rosette interface.  
Output data is in RS-232 (serial) format.


2.1  Conductivity

     The flow-through conductivity-sensing element is a glass tube (cell) with 
three platinum electrodes.  The resistance measured between the center 
electrode and end electrode pair is determined by the cell geometry and the 
specific conductance of the fluid within the cell, and controls the output 
frequency of a Wien Bridge circuit.  The sensor has a frequency output of 
approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding to conductivity from 0 to 7 S/m (0 to 
70 mmho/cm).  The SBE 4 has a typical accuracy/stability of +/- 0.0003 
S/m/month; resolution of 0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second; and 6800 meter 
anodized aluminum housing depth rating.

     Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

           S/N 748                S/N 1561               S/N 1562
      December 14, 1995      December 14, 1995      December 14, 1995

     g = -4.13299236        g = -4.09205330        g = -4.16899749
     h =  4.36576287e-01    h =  5.28538155e-01    h =  5.53740992e-01
     i = -1.39236118e-04    i = -1.56949585e-04    i = -5.94323544e-05
     j =  2.59599092e-05    j =  3.46776288e-05    j =  3.11836344e-05
     ctcor =  3.2500e-06    ctcor =  3.2500e-06    ctcor =  3.2500e-06
     cpcor = -9.5700e-08    cpcor = -9.5700e-08    cpcor = -9.5700e-08

Conductivity calibration certificates show an equation containing the 
appropriate pressure-dependent correction term to account for the effect of
hydrostatic loading (pressure) on the conductivity cell:

	C (S/m) = (af^m + bf^2 + c + dt) / [10 (1 - 9.57e-08 p)]

where a, b, c, d, and m are the calibration coefficients above, f is the 
instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature (C), and p is the water 
pressure (dbar).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.


2.2  Temperature

     The temperature-sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, 
pressure-protected by a stainless steel tube.  The sensor output frequency 
ranges from approximately 5 to 13 kHz corresponding to temperature from -5 to 
35 C.  The output frequency is inversly proportional to the square root of the 
thermistor resistance which controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge 
circuit.  The thermistor resistance is exponentially related to temperature.  
The SBE 3 thermometer has a typical accuracy/stability of +/- 0.004 C per year;
and resolution of 0.0003 C at 24 samples per second.  The SBE 3 thermometer 
has a fast response time of 70 ms.  It's anodized aluminum housing provides a 
depth rating of 6800 m.

     Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

          S/N 1370                S/N 2038               S/N 2037
      November 22, 1995      December 14, 1995      December 14, 1995

     g = 4.84042876e-03    g = 4.11396861e-03     g = 4.13135090e-03
     h = 6.74974915e-04    h = 6.20923913e-04     h = 6.33482482e-04
     i = 2.38622986e-05    i = 1.98024796e-05     i = 2.11340704e-05
     j = 1.66698127e-06    j = 1.99224715e-06     j = 2.16252937e-06     
     f0 = 1000.0           f0 = 1000.0            f0 = 1000.0

Temperature (IPTS-68) is computed according to

        T (C) = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f)]+c[ln^2(f0/f)]+d[ln^3(f0/f)]}-273.15

where a, b, c, d, and f0 are the calibration coefficients above and f is the 
instrument frequency (kHz).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.


2.3  Pressure

     The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer uses a 
quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with pressure 
induced stress measuring changes in pressure as small as 0.01 parts per million
with an absolute range of 0 to 10,000 psia (0 to 6885 dbar).  Also, a quartz 
crystal temperature signal is used to compensate for a wide range of 
temperature changes.  Repeatability, hysteresis, and pressure conformance are
0.005% FS.  The nominal pressure frequency (0 to full scale) is 34 to 38 kHz.
The nominal temperature frequency is 172 kHz + 50 ppm/degree Celsius.

     Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics,
Inc. in Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into 
SEASOFT using software module SEACON:

	        S/N 53960                          S/N 53586
              April 11, 1995                    October 29, 1993

	    c1 = -4.315048e+04                 c1 = -3.920451e+04
	    c2 =  4.542800e-01                 c2 =  6.234560e-01
	    c3 =  1.344380e-02                 c3 =  1.350570e-02
	    d1 =  3.795200e-02                 d1 =  3.894300e-02
	    d2 =  0.0                          d2 =  0.0
	    t1 =  3.034230e+01                 t1 =  3.046303e+01
	    t2 = -1.809380e-04                 t2 = -9.018862e-05
	    t3 =  4.616150e-06                 t3 =  4.528890e-06
	    t4 =  2.084220e-09                 t4 =  3.309590e-09

Pressure coefficients are first formulated into

		c  = c1 + c2*U + c3*U^2
		d  = d1 + d2*U
		t0 = t1 + t2*U + t3*U^2 + t4*U^3

where U is temperature in degrees Celsius.  Then pressure is computed according
to

	P (psia) = c * [1 - (t0^2/t^2)] * {1 - d[1 - (t0^2/t^2)]}

where t is pressure period (us).  SEASOFT automatically implements this 
equation.


2.4  Oxygen

     The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element to 
provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 6800 meters.  This auxiliary 
sensor is also included in the path of pumped sea water.  Oxygen sensors 
determine the dissolved oxygen concentration by counting the number of oxygen
molecules per second (flux) that diffuse through a membrane.  By knowing the 
flux of oxygen and the geometry of the diffusion path the concentration of 
oxygen can be computed.  The permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a 
function of temperature and ambient pressure.  The interface electronics 
outputs voltages proportional to membrane current (oxygen current) and membrane
temperature (oxygen temperature).  Oxygen temperature is used for internal 
temperature compensation.  Computation of dissolved oxygen in engineering units
is done in the software.  The range for dissolved oxygen is 0 to 650 umol/kg; 
accuracy is 4umol/kg; resolution is 0.4 umol/kg.  Response times are 2 s at 
25 C and 5 s at 0 C.

The following oxygen calibrations were entered into SEASOFT using SEACON:

	         S/N 130309  
             September 28, 1995

	      m =  2.4544 e-07	
	      b = -4.6633 e-10
              soc =  2.6721
              boc = -0.0178
              tcor = -3.3e-02
	      pcor =  1.5e-04
	      tau = 2.0
              wt = 0.67
	      k =  8.9224
	      c = -6.9788

The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = mV + b and 
T = kV + c will yield sensor membrane current and temperature (with a maximum 
error of about 0.5 degrees C) as a function of sensor output voltage.  These 
scaled values of oxygen current and oxygen temperature were carried through 
the SEASOFT processing stream unaltered.


3.  DATA ACQUISITION

     CTD/O2 measurements were made using one of two Seabird 9plus CTDs each 
equipped with a fixed pumped temperature-conductivity (TC) sensor pair.  A 
mobile pumped TC pair with dissolved oxygen sensor was mounted on whichever CTD
was in use so that dual TC measurements and dissolved oxygen measurements were
always collected.  The TC pairs were monitored for calibration drift and shifts 
by examining the differences between the two pairs on each CTD and comparing 
CTD salinities with bottle salinity measurements.  

     PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 09P8431-0315 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was 
mounted in a 36-position frame and employed as the primary package.  Auxiliary 
sensors included a lowered ADCP, Metrox load cell, and Benthos altimeter. 
Water samples were collected using a General Oceanics 36-bottle rosette and 
10-liter Nisken bottles.  The primary package was used for the majority of 182
casts.  

     PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 329053-0209 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was 
mounted in a 24-position frame and employed as the backup package.  Auxiliary 
sensors included a Metrox load cell and Benthos altimeter.  Water samples were 
collected using a Sea-Bird 24-bottle rosette, and 4-liter Niskin bottles.  
One test cast and 22 bad-weather stations were made using the smaller backup
package.  

     The package entered the water from the stern of the ship and was held
5-15 m beneath the surface for one minute in order to activate the pump and
attach tag lines for package recovery.  Under ideal conditions the package was 
lowered at a rate of 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min to depth.
Ship heave often caused substantial variation about these mean lowering rates,
especially at southern ocean stations.  Load cell values were monitored in 
real-time during each cast.  The position of the package relative to the bottom
was monitored on the ship's Precision Depth Recorder (PDR) and an altimeter.
A bottom depth was estimated from bathymetric charts and the PDR ran during the
bottom 1000 m of the cast.  Stations were generally made to within 10 m of the
bottom, sometimes farther away in heavy weather. Fig. 2 shows the depths of 
bottle closures during the upcast.  

     Upon completion of the cast, sensors were flushed with deionized water and 
stored with a dilute Triton-X solution in the plumbing.  Niskin bottles were 
then sampled for various water properties detailed in the introduction.  Sample
protocols conformed to those specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme.  

     A Sea-Bird 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD.  The 
analog data stream was recorded onto video cassette tape as a backup.  
Digitized data were forwarded to a 286-AT personal computer equipped with 
SEASOFT acquisition and processing software version 4.216.  Temperature, 
salinity, and oxygen profiles were displayed in real-time.  Raw data files were 
transferred to a 486 personal computer using Laplink version 3 and backed up 
to optical disk.


3.1 Data Acquisition Problems

     Some time was lost at the beginning of leg 1 owing to level-wind problems
on the primary winch.  The sea cable was retensioned on the drum at sea by 
removing the CTD/rosette package, attaching a weight to the cable, and spooling
the full length of cable behind the ship while underway to within the last full
wrap on the drum .  Level-wind problems were much reduced after this procedure.

     No useful data from the secondary TC pair and dissolved oxygen sensor was 
collected during station 12 owing to biological fouling of the mobile sensors.
Data from the primary TC pair were processed for station 12, as well as for 
stations 69, 78, 79, 128, 130, 131, and 159 owing to noise.  No oxygen data are
available for stations 132, 133, 134, and 144 during which problems with the 
dissolved oxygen sensor were being diagnosed and repaired.


3.2  Salinity Analyses

     Bottle salinity analyses were performed in the ship's salinity laboratory
using two Guildline Model 8400A inductive autosalinometers standardized with 
IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114.  The autosalinometer in use was 
standardized before each run and either at the end of each run or after no more
than 48 samples.  The drift between standardizations was monitored and the 
individual samples were corrected for that drift by linear interpolation.  
Duplicate samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast were analyzed on 
a subsequent day.  Bottle salinities were compared with preliminary CTD 
salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well as to monitor 
the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift.  

     The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator
is 0.001 PSS, with an accuracy of 0.003.  To assess the precision of discrete
salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison was made for data from the
instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at the 
same station below a depth of 2000 dbar.  For the 124 instances in which both 
bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard 
deviation of the differences is 0.0008 PSS.  This value is below the expected 
precision.  


4.  AT SEA PROCESSING

     SEASOFT consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, display, 
processing, and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with Sea-Bird 
equipment and is designed to work with an IBM or compatible personal computer.
Raw data is acquired from the instruments and is stored as unmodified data.  
The conversion module DATCNV uses the instrument configuration and calibration 
coefficients to create a converted engineering unit data file that is operated 
on by all SEASOFT post processing modules.  Each SEASOFT module that modifies 
the converted data file adds information to the header of the converted file 
permitting tracking of how the various oceanographic parameters were obtained.  
The converted data is stored in either rows and columns of ascii numbers or as 
a binary data stream with each value stored as a 4 byte binary floating point 
number.  The last data column is a flag field used to mark scans as good or bad.
     
     The following are the SEASOFT processing module sequence and specifications
used in the reduction of P14S/P15S CTD/O2 data:

     DATCNV converted the raw data to pressure, temperature, conductivity, 
oxygen current, and oxygen temperature; and computed salinity and the time rate
of change of oxygen current.  DATCNV also extracted bottle information where 
scans were marked with the bottle confirm bit during acquisition.

     ROSSUM created a summary of the bottle data.  Bottle position, date, and 
time were output as the first two columns.  Pressure, temperature, conductivity,
salinity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and time rate of change of oxygen
current were averaged over a 2-s interval (48 scans).  For the primary package, 
the time interval was from 5 to 3 s prior to the confirm bit in order to avoid 
spikes in conductivity and oxygen current owing to minor incompatibilities 
between the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD/O2 system and General Oceanics 1016 rosette.
Bottle data from the backup package were averaged from 1 s prior to the confirm
bit to 1 s after the confirm bit in the data stream.  ROSSUM computed CTD 
oxygen, potential temperature, and sigma-theta.

     WILDEDIT marked extreme outliers in the data files.  The first pass of 
WILDEDIT obtained an accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the 
data.  The data were read in blocks of 200 scans.  Data greater than two
standard deviations were flagged.  The second pass computed a standard 
deviation over the same 200 scans excluding the flagged values.  Values greater
than 16 standard deviations were marked bad.  

     SPLIT removed decreasing pressure records from the data files leaving
only the downcast.

     FILTER performed a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 
0.15 s.  In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter first runs 
forward through the file and then runs backwards through the file.

     ALIGNCTD aligned conductivity in time relative to pressure to ensure that 
all calculations were made using measurements from the same parcel of water.  
Conductivity for the primary sensor on the 36-bottle package was advanced by
-0.020 s.  Conductivity for the primary sensor on the 24-bottle package was
advanced by -0.010 s.  Conductivity for the secondary, mobile sensor on 
either package was advanced 0.055 s.

     CELLTM used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass
effects from the measured conductivity.  For C748 with an epoxy coating, the
thermal anomaly amplitude (alpha=0.03) and the time constant (1/beta=9.0)
were higher than for C1561 and C1562 with no coating (alpha=0.02, 1/beta=7.0).

     DERIVE was used to compute fall rate (m/s) with a time window size for
fall rate and acceleration of 2.0 seonds.

     LOOPEDIT marked scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum 
velocity of 0.25 m/s or travelling backwards due to ship roll.

     BINAVG averaged the data into 1-dbar pressure bins starting at 1 dbar with
no surface bin.  The center value of the first bin was set equal to the bin 
size.  The bin minimum and maximum values are the center value +/- half the bin
size.  Scans with pressures greater than the minimum and less than or equal to 
the maximum were averaged.  Scans were interpolated so that a data record exists
every decibar.  

     STRIP removed scan number and fall rate from the data files.

     TRANS converted the data file format from binary to ascii.


5.  POST-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

     Post-cruise sensor calibrations were done at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
during May 1996.  Mobile, secondary sensor pair T1370 and C748 were selected 
for final data reduction for all stations except 12, 69, 128, 130, 131, and 159.
Post-cruise calibrations showed T1370 to have drifted by 0.43e-03 C over the 3.2
months between calibrations.  Station 12 data are from sensors T2037 and C1562.
Post-cruise calibrations showed T2037 to have drifted by -0.28e-03 C over the
3.2 months between calibrations.  The remaining station data are from sensors
T2038 and C1561.  Post-cruise calibrations showed T2038 to have drifted by 
0.11e-03 C over the 3.3 months between calibrations.  


5.1  Conductivity

     SEASOFT module ALIGNCTD was used to align conductivity measurements in
time relative to pressure.  Measurements can be misaligned due to the inherent
time delay of the sensor response, the water transit time delay in the pumped 
plumbing line, and the sensors being physically misaligned in depth.  Because 
SBE 3 temperature response is fast (0.06 s), it is not necessary to advance 
temperature relative to pressure.  When measurements are properly aligned, 
salinity spiking and density errors are minimized.  

     For a SBE 9 CTD with ducted TC sensors and a 3000 rpm pump the typical 
net advance of conductivity relative to temperature is 0.073 s.  The SBE 11 
deck units advanced primary conductivity 0.073 s but do not advance secondary 
conductivity.  Therefore the alignment of C748 conductivity data, which was 
from the secondary sensor channel (except for stations 78 and 79), was much 
larger, typically 0.06 s versus coming from a primary sensor channel, typically 
0.02 s.

     Conductivity slope and bias, along with a linear pressure term (modified 
beta), were computed by a least-squares minimization of CTD and bottle 
conductivity differences.  The function minimized was

			BC - m * CC - b - beta * CP

where BC is bottle conductivity (S/m), CC is pre-cruise calibrated CTD 
conductivity (S/m), CP is the CTD pressure (dbar), m is the conductivity slope,
b is the bias (S/m), and beta is a linear pressure term (S/m/dbar).  The 
final CTD conductivity (S/m) is 

			m * CC + b + beta * CP

The slope term m is a fourth-order polynomial function of station number to 
allow the entire cruise to be fit at once with a smoothly-varying station-
dependent slope correction.  For sensors C748 and C1561 a series of fits were 
made, each fit throwing out bottle values for locations having a residual 
between CTD and bottle conductivities greater than three standard deviations.
This procedure was repeated with the remaining bottle values until no more
bottle values were thrown out.  

     For C748, the slope correction ranged from 1.0000501 to 1.0001274, the
bias applied was -7.5e-04, and the beta term was -9.01e-09.  Of 5680 bottles, 
the percentage of bottles retained in the fit was 85.2 with a standard devia-
tion of CTD versus bottle conductivity differences of 9.88e-05 S/m.  For C1561,
the slope correction ranged from 1.0001481 to 1.0002849, the bias applied was 
-3.8e-04, and the beta term was -3.16e-09.  Of 5118 bottles, the percentage of 
bottles retained in the fit was 88.1 with a standard deviation of 9.93e-05 S/m.

     For station 12, station 13 calibrated secondary salinity data was used as
a reference.  A slope, bias, and pressure correction was determined that 
matched station 13 uncalibrated primary salinity (C1562,T2037) to station 13 
calibrated secondary salinity (C748,T1370).  These coefficients (slope=1.004,
bias=-0.0011, beta=-2.49e-08) were used to calibrate station 12 primary 
salinity (C1562,T2037).

     CTD-bottle conductivity are plotted against cast number to show the 
stability of the calibrated CTD conductivities relative to the bottle 
conductivities (McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; Fig. 3, upper panel).  CTD-bottle 
conductivity differences are
plotted against pressure to show the tight fit below 800 m and the increasing 
scatter above 800 m (McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; Fig. 3, lower panel).    


5.2  Temperature

     Adjustments were made to the bias of the thermistors as deviations from 
the pre-cruise calibrations on a station by station basis.  These deviations 
were obtained from a linear fit of the pre-cruise and post-cruise temperature 
residuals from the pre-cruise calibration versus time.  

     A pressure correction was then applied to each sensor such that

			CT = CT * pcor * CP

where CT is CTD temperature (C) with the bias adjustment, pcor is the pressure
correction (dbar) for each sensor, and CP is CTD pressure (dbar).

			pcor1370 = -2.6e-03/9000 = -2.8889e-007
			pcor2037 = -2.3e-03/9000 = -2.5556e-007
			pcor2038 = -1.7e-03/9000 = -1.8889e-007

     Also, a uniform correction is applied for heating of the thermistor owing 
to viscous effects.  All the thermistors are biased high by this effect and 
were adjusted down accordingly.  An adjustment of 0.6e-03 C results in errors 
of no more than +-0.15 C from this effect for the full range of oceanographic
temperature and salinity.

     Post-cruise temperature and conductivity calibrations were applied to all 
sensor pairs using PMEL program CALCTD (STA12CAL for station 12).  Surface 
values were filled using PMEL program FILLSFC.  FILLSFC copied the first good
value of salinity and potential temperature back to the surface and then back-
calculated temperature and conductivity.  Primary and secondary sensor 
differences were examined.  Data from the secondary sensor pair (T1370/C748) 
was chosen for all stations except 12, 69, 78, 79, 128, 130, 131, and 159.  
Primary sensor data chosen for these 8 stations were within .001 psu of the
secondary sensor data of the surrounding stations.  All profiles were despiked 
and data linearly interpolated using PMEL program DESPIKE.  

     Package slowdowns and reversals owing to ships heave can move mixed water 
in tow to in front of the CTD sensors and obscure measurements.  In addition to
SEASOFT module LOOPEDIT (see below), PMEL program DELOOP computed values of 
density locally referenced between every 1 dbar of pressure to compute
N^2 = (-g/rho)(drho/dz) and linearly interpolated over those records where 
N^2 <= -1.0e-05 s^(-2).  

     Post-cruise calibrations were applied to CTD data associated with bottle 
data using PMEL program CALMSTR.  CALMSTR also ammended WOCE quality flags 
associated with CTD and bottle salinities.  Eighteen CTD salinities were 
flagged as bad during station 78 likely owing to clogged plumbing of the 
primary sensors during the up-cast.  Of the 5640 bottle salinities, 0.33% 
were flagged as bad and 2.68% were flagged as questionable.
     

5.3  Oxygen

     In situ oxygen samples collected during CTD profiles are used for 
post-measurement calibration.  Calibrated CTD data associated with bottle
data were merged with bottle oxygen data flagged as 'good'.  Because the
dissolved oxygen sensor has an obvious hysteresis, program OXDWNP replaced 
up-profile water sample data with corresponding down-profile CTD/O2 data at 
common pressure levels.  The time rate of change of oxygen current was 
computed using 2 second intervals in SEASOFT and smoothed using a median 
filter of width 5 dbar prior to OXDWNP.  Oxygen saturation values were 
computed according to Benson and Krause (1984) in units of umol/kg.  

     The algorithm used for converting oxygen sensor current and probe 
temperature measurements to oxygen as described by Owens and Millard (1985)
requires a non-linear least squares regression technique in order to determine 
the best fit coefficients of the model for oxygen sensor behavior to the water 
sample observations.  WHOI program OXFITMR uses Numerical Recipes (Press et 
al., 1986) Fortran routines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, GAUSSJ, and COVSRT to perform 
non-linear least squares regression using Levenberg-Marquardt method.  A 
Fortran subroutine FOXY describes the oxygen model with the derivatives of the 
model with respect to six coefficients in the following order:  oxygen current 
slope, temperature correction, pressure correction, weight, oxygen current 
bias, and oxygen current lag.

     Program OXFITMR reads the data for a group of stations.  The data are 
editted to remove spurious points where values are less than zero or greater 
than 1.2 times the saturation value.  The routine varies the six (or fewer) 
parameters of the model in such a way as to produce the minimum sum of squares
in the difference between the calibration oxygens and the computed values.  
Individual differences between the calibration oxygens and the computed oxygen
values (residuals) are then compared with the standard deviation of the 
residuals.  Any residual exceeding an edit factor of 2.8 standard deviations 
is rejected.  A factor of 2.8 will have a 0.5% chance of rejecting a valid 
oxygen value for a normally distributed set of residuals.  The iterative 
fitting process is continued until none of the data fail the edit criteria.  
The best fit to the oxygen probe model coefficients is then determined.  
Coefficents were applied by PMEL program CALOX2W and CTD oxygen was computed 
using subroutine OXY6W.  

     By plotting the oxygen residuals versus station, appropriate station 
groupings for further refinements of fitting were obtained by looking for abrupt
station to station changes in the residuals.  For each grouping, two sets of 
coefficients were determined, one fitting all the bottles and a second fitting
only bottles deeper than just above the median bottle oxygen minimum.
Sometimes it was necessary to fix values of some oxygen algorithm parameters 
to keep those parameters within a reasonable range (noted by asterisks in 
Table 2).  Final coefficients were applied to downcast data using PMEL
program OXYCALC; and to bottle data using OXYCALB.  The two sets of coefficients
were blended at the oxygen minimum using a set of hyperbolic tangent functions
with 250-dbar decay scales.

     CTD oxygen values were despiked using PMEL program CLEANOX.  Bad CTD 
oxygen data were flagged for all of station 12 owing to clogged plumbing, parts
of stations 127-131 where the dissolved oxygen module failed in the deep water 
(the dissolved oxygen module was replaced prior to station 135), and stations 
177-182 above 2850 dbar where no shallow bottle data were available to calibrate
the sensor.

     CTD-bottle oxygen differences are plotted against station number to show 
the stability of the calibrated CTD oxygens relative to the bottle oxygens 
(McTaggart and Johnson, 1997; Fig. 4, upper panel).  CTD-bottle oxygen differences 
are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit below 1200 m and the increasing 
scatter above 1200 m (McTagart and Jihnson, 1997; Fig. 4, lower panel).    

     PMEL program P15_EPIC converted finalized CTD data files into EPIC format
(Soreide, 1995); and computed ITS-90 temperature, ITS-90 potential temperature,
and dynamic height.  EPIC datafiles contain a WOCE quality flag parameter 
associated with pressure, temperature, salinity, and CTD oxygen.  Quality flag
definitions can be found in the WOCE Operations Manual (1994).  



8.	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assistance of the officers, crew, and survey department of the NOAA ship 
DISCOVERER is gratefully acknowledged.  Funds for the CTD/O2 program were 
provided to PMEL by the Climate and Global Change program under NOAA's Office of 
Global Programs.


9.  REFERENCES

Benson, B.B. and D. Krausse Jr., 1984 : The concentration and isotopic 
	fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in
	equilibrium with the atmosphere.  Limnology and Oceanography, 29, 
	620-632.

Denbo, D.W., 1992 : PPLUS Graphics, P.O. Box 4, Sequim, WA, 98382.  

McTaggart, K.E. and  and G.C. Johnson, 1997. CTD/O2 Measurements Collected 
        on a Climate & Global Change Cruise  (WOCE Sections P14S and P15S) 
        During January - March, 1996.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-63, Pacific 
        Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle. Washington, September 1997.
        
Owens, W.B. and R.C. Millard Jr., 1985 : A new algorithm for CTD oxygen
	calibration.  J. Physical Oceanography, 15, 621-631.

Press, W., B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, 1986 : Numerical
	Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press,
	818 pp.

Seasoft CTD Aquisition Software Manual, 1994 : Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 
	1808 136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington, 98005.

Soreide, N.N., M.L. Schall, W.H. Zhu, D.W. Denbo and D.C. McClurg, 1995 :  
	EPIC:  An oceanographic data management, display and analysis system.
	Proceedings, 11th International Conference on Interactive Information
	and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, 
	January 15-20, 1995, Dallas, TX, 316-321.

WOCE Operations Manual, 1994 :  Volume 3: The Observational Programme,
	Section 3.1: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.2: Requirements
	for WHP Data Reporting.  WHP Office Report 90-1, WOCE Report No.
	67/91, Woods Hole, MA, 02543.



Table 1. CTD cast summary.

STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH HAB* CAST
                                       T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
  4  53 0.1S   169 59.3E   9 JAN 96    13  270   5   195    12   185
  5  53 29.9S  170 29.6E   9 JAN 96   342  275   8   732    10   733
  6  53 59.9S  171 0.1E    9 JAN 96   736  275  10  1159    10  1172
  7  54 10.2S  171 10.9E   9 JAN 96  1022  320   9  1346    10  1368
  8  54 19.8S  171 20.2E   9 JAN 96  1338  315  15  2583    11  2582
  9  54 30.3S  171 29.8E   9 JAN 96  1852  355  16  4373     9  4503
 10  54 59.7S  172 0.7E   10 JAN 96   203  260  19  5350     5  5469
 11  55 30.4S  172 27.0E  10 JAN 96   904  250  38          10  5453
 12  55 59.8S  173 0.6E   10 JAN 96  1750  240  27  5448    10  5544
 13  56 29.2S  173 30.2E  11 JAN 96    42  220  20  5350     0  5466
 14  56 59.7S  173 58.6E  11 JAN 96   908  230  17  5437    10  5549
 15  57 30.3S  173 58.5E  11 JAN 96  1731  275  23  5368    11  5425
 16  58 0.2S   173 59.5E  12 JAN 96     1  300  18  5206    16  5308
 17  58 30.3S  173 58.2E  12 JAN 96   641  315  21  5043     5  5108
 18  58 59.8S  174 0.0E   13 JAN 96  1344  265  25  5109     8  5216
 19  59 28.7S  173 59.7E  13 JAN 96  2208  280  30  4998    18  5077
 20  59 57.9S  173 57.9E  13 JAN 96   530  270  34          40  4419
 21  60 30.3S  173 57.8E  13 JAN 96  1958  285  25  5016    22  5107
 22  60 59.1S  173 58.8E  14 JAN 96   257  315  19  4692     9  4774
 23  61 30.0S  174 0.2E   14 JAN 96   856  340  27  5025    10  5134
 24  62 0.0S   173 16.1E  14 JAN 96  1631  330  23  4450    10  4538
 25  62 26.9S  172 35.2E  14 JAN 96  2249  305  26  4414    12  4499
 26  62 44.7S  172 9.0E   15 JAN 96   424  270  30  4425    39  4052
 27  63 0.0S   171 44.9E  15 JAN 96  1135  295  23          10  2644
 28  63 30.1S  170 59.6E  15 JAN 96  1744    5  16  2374    12  2391
 29  63 59.8S  171 6.6E   16 JAN 96    29   10  26  2551    25  2534
 30  64 40.6S  170 58.6E  16 JAN 96   737  330  24  3430    10  3457
 31  65 20.2S  171 0.0E   16 JAN 96  1459   35  14  3403     6  3461
 32  66 0.9S   171 1.6E   17 JAN 96    11  355  12  3103     7  3159
 33  66 59.6S  170 0.0W   18 JAN 96  1150  340  18  3587    10  3668
 34  66 20.3S  170 0.0W   18 JAN 96  1930  325  12  3384    10  3431
 35  65 39.8S  170 0.3W   19 JAN 96   114  305  17  3142     7  3190
 36  64 59.6S  170 0.9W   19 JAN 96   815  265  23           6  2905
 37  64 30.1S  169 59.9W  19 JAN 96  1333  230  32  2332    11  2357
 38  63 59.7S  170 2.0W   19 JAN 96  1858  240  28  2744    19  2922
 39  63 30.1S  170 0.3W   20 JAN 96    57  280  23  2766    12  2842
 40  62 59.7S  170 1.4W   20 JAN 96   630  255  17  3046    12  3064
 41  62 30.0S  169 59.8W  20 JAN 96  1206  310  15          17  2473
 42  62 0.2S   169 59.9W  20 JAN 96  1806  330  28  3384    11  3431
 43  61 29.5S  170 0.0W   21 JAN 96    37  315  33  3463    12  3434
 44  61 0.1S   170 0.3W   21 JAN 96  2105  300  15  4169    30  4190
 45  60 29.7S  169 59.6W  22 JAN 96   410  280  34  3926    10  4013
 46  60 0.3S   170 0.3W   22 JAN 96  1030  310  17  3702    12  3747
 47  59 30.2S  169 59.9W  22 JAN 96  1702  315  20  4007    10  4104
 48  58 59.9S  170 0.2W   22 JAN 96  2311  310  18  4771    10  4860
 49  58 29.6S  170 0.8W   23 JAN 96   547  315  17  5188    10  5295

STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH HAB* CAST
                                       T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 50  57 59.7S  170 0.8W   23 JAN 96  1212  290  13  4119     8  4492
 51  57 30.1S  170 0.4W   23 JAN 96  1858  240   9  4998     7  5110
 52  57 0.2S   170 0.2W   24 JAN 96   122  250  14  5165     8  5261
 53  56 29S    169 59.8W  24 JAN 96   751  250  21  5052     9  5159
 54  56 0.0S   170 1.8W   24 JAN 96  1352  220  20  5157     7  5236
 55  55 29.9S  170 0.0W   24 JAN 96  2050  240   5  4945     9  5049
 56  54 59.8S  170 0.0W   25 JAN 96   307  285  11  4812     7  4916
 57  54 29S    170 0.1W   25 JAN 96   900  285  13  4811     3  4929
 58  54 0.1S   169 59.3W  25 JAN 96  1545  290  16  5009     8  5138
 59  53 39S    169 59.4W  25 JAN 96  2122  270  17  5131     5  5253
 60  53 19.9S  169 59.6W  26 JAN 96   320  280  22  5286     8  5459
 61  53 0.0S   170 0.5W   26 JAN 96   925  275  22  5193     9  5298
 62  52 29.9S  170 1.8W   26 JAN 96  1643  270  27  5070     7  5173
 63  52 0.1S   170 7.8W   26 JAN 96  2325  275  26  4970    10  5067
 64  51 30.0S  170 0.2W   27 JAN 96   606  270  26  4754    20  4876
 65  51 0.2S   170 0.4W   27 JAN 96  1221  250  20  5249    12  5321
 66  50 29S    169 59.6W  27 JAN 96  1937  220  10  5052    15  5129
 67  50 0S     169 59.4W  28 JAN 96   225  210  11  5361     8  5479
 68  49 30.3S  170 0.9W   28 JAN 96   917  265  15  5217    15  5337
 69  48 59.6S  169 59.4W  28 JAN 96  1633  270  18  5253    10  5340
 70  48 30.0S  170 0.2W   28 JAN 96  2248  310  10  5303     5  5409
 71  47 59.8S  170 0.3W   29 JAN 96   531  340  10  5293    10  5400
 72  47 30.3S  169 59.8W  29 JAN 96  1148   45  13  5309     5  5474
 73  47 6.5S   170 27.7W  29 JAN 96  1902   70   6  5391     8  5500
 74  46 43S    170 54.7W  30 JAN 96   124   45   6  5292     9  5387
 75  46 20.0S  171 22.2W  30 JAN 96   743   50  10  5101     8  5196
 76  45 57.0S  171 49.5W  30 JAN 96  1446  100  15  5156     9  5250
 77  45 33.6S  172 16.7W  30 JAN 96  2127  110   9  4968     7  5057
 78  45 10.6S  172 44.2W  31 JAN 96   443  180  10  4660    10  4738
 79  44 50.1S  173 8.2W   31 JAN 96  1035  230  15  3832    10  3869
 80  44 31.8S  173 29.4W  31 JAN 96  1707  230  16  3397    10  3452
 81  44 19.2S  173 44.7W  31 JAN 96  2119  225  10  3077     9  3115
 82  44 9S     173 56.3W   I FEB 96   106  280   5  1897    10  1911
 83  43 50S    174 17.7W   1 FEB 96   434  250  11   946    10   959
 84  43 38.8S  174 32.2W   1 FEB 96   710    0   0   790    10   789
 85  43 15.2S  174 59.9W   1 FEB 96  1023  280   9   788    12   785
 86  42 55S    174 47.2W   1 FEB 96  1328  270   5  1054    10  1055
 87  42 44.8S  174 39.3W   1 FEB 96  1627  300   4  1581     9  1595
 88  42 24.1S  174 24.4W   1 FEB 96  2014  315   7  2654    10  2677
 89  42 10.1S  174 15.0W   2 FEB 96     6  350  10  2862     7  2889
 90  41 42.8S  173 56.5W   2 FEB 96   520  330  12  3118     6  3162
 91  41 16.0S  173 38.7W   2 FEB 96  1014  325  12  3319     6  3353
 92  40 49.5S  173 19.5W   2 FEB 96  1545  330  14  4169     6  4239
 93  40 23.6S  173 2.0W    2 FEB 96  2056  345  18  4574     9  4652
 94  40 23.5S  173 1.7W   13 FEB 96  2049  130  15  4574     4  4658
 95  39 57.7S  172 42.2W  14 FEB 96   326  150  22  4738     8  4823
 96  39 31-0S  172 25.2W  14 FEB 96   937  190  23  4761     8  4848
 97  39 4.3S   172 7.7W   14 FEB 96  1612  160  18  4835    10  4929
 98  38 37.8S  171 48.6W  14 FEB 96  2202  140  12  4914    10  5003
 99  38 11S    171 30.2W  15 FEB 96   423  140   8  4932    10  5031

STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH HAB* CAST
                                       T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
100  37 45.8S  171 12.0W  15 FEB 96  1033  130  14  4997     7  5119
101  37 18.6S  170 53.7W  15 FEB 96  1727  145  14  5130     5  5230
102  36 52.3S  170 37.0W  15 FEB 96  2306  210  12  5278     6  5384
103  36 27.0S  170 17.2W  16 FEB 96   513  220  15  5122     8  5219
104  36 0.2S   170 0.3W   16 FEB 96  1135  200  19  5069     8  5156
105  35 40.3S  170 0.9W   16 FEB 96  1727  205  24  4292     5  4329
106  35 20.0S  170 0.1W   16 FEB 96  2233  170  21  4895     7  4981
107  35 0.5S   169 59.6W  17 FEB 96   415  140  19  5250     5  5348
108  34 30.3S  170 0.2W   17 FEB 96  1137  160  20  5487     6  5591
109  33 59.8S  170 0.0W   17 FEB 96  1849  150  16  5533     6  5640
110  33 29.9S  170 0.1W   18 FEB 96   119  150  10  5416     6  5509
111  33 0.1S   170 0.1W   18 FEB 96   736  115  10  5582    10  5677
112  32 30.1S  170 0.1W   18 FEB 96  1404  115   8  5533     7  5651
113  31 59.8S  169 59.8W  18 FEB 96  2055  140   6  5677     7  5790
114  31 30.0S  169 59.3W  19 FEB 96   330   90   7  5526     8  5645
115  31 0S     169 59.7W  19 FEB 96   951   80  15  5606     7  5725
116  30 30.3S  169 59.8W  19 FEB 96  1640   90  14  5537     9  5640
117  30 0.2S   169 59.8W  19 FEB 96  2259   80  12  5413     7  5514
118  29 30.2S  169 59.8W  20 FEB 96   503   90  15  5148    12  5190
119  29 0.8S   169 59.9W  20 FEB 96  1113   70  18  5596    15  5684
120  28 30.5S  169 59.8W  20 FEB 96  1809   90  10  5459     9  5555
121  28 0.3S   169 59.6W  21 FEB 96    10   90  13  4907    10  4966
122  27 30.1S  170 0.1W   21 FEB 96   600  100  20  5349     7  5485
123  27 0.3S   169 59.5W  21 FEB 96  1202   95  13  5241     7  5331
124  26 29.7S  169 59.4W  21 FEB 96  1906  110  24  5613     8  5710
125  26 0.3S   169 59.7W  22 FEB 96   321  100  20  5601     9  5695
126  25 30.0S  170 0.0W   22 FEB 96  1005  105  17  5833     9  5944
127  25 0.1S   169 59.9W  22 FEB 96  1734  100  20  5640     3  5818
128  24 30.0S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96    16   90  16  5650    10  5757
129  23 59.8S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96   720   80  16  5678    10  5780
130  23 30.1S  170 0.1W   23 FEB 96  1404  100  18  5666     7  5781
131  22 59.8S  169 59.7W  23 FEB 96  2139  120   9  5691     9  5799
132  22 30.0S  169 59.9W  24 FEB 96  448   120  13  5649     7  5752
133  22 0.0S   169 59.9W  24 FEB 96  1127  160  12  5626     8  5731
134  21 30S    170 0.1W   24 FEB 96  1837  150   7  5421     6  5514
135  20 59.7S  169 59.6W  25 FEB 96   107  160   5  5461     4  5566
136  20 29S    170 0.1W   25 FEB 96   739  175   5  5598    40  5722
137  20 0.0S   170 0.1W   25 FEB 96  1354  170   6  5315     7  5429
138  19 29.9S  170 0.1W   25 FEB 96  2023   80   4  4904     8  4982
139  19 0.1S   170 3.4W   26 FEB 96   159  350   5  2991    10  3047
140  18 30.3S  170 0.1W   26 FEB 96   730  330   9  5260     3  5343
141  18 0.0S   170 0.0W   26 FEB 96  1324  350   3  4912     9  4991
142  17 30.1S  170 0.0W   26 FEB 96  1948   65   5  5024     8  5097
143  17 0.1S   169 59.8W  27 FEB 96   156   80  12  4974     7  5081
144  16 30.3S  169 59.9W  27 FEB 96   746   80  17  5134     6  5208
145  16 0.2S   169 59.9W  27 FEB 96  1343   90  13  5145     5  5233
146  15 29.8S  170 0.1W   27 FEB 96  2028   70  10  5087     8  5172
147  15 0.2S   170 0.0W   28 FEB 96   250    0  10  4820     8  4884
148  14 40.0S  169 59.9W  28 FEB 96   800   80  14  3315     8  3365
149  14 16.9S  169 59.8W  28 FEB 96  1225   20  10  3535     8  3578

STN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE    DATE     TIME  W/D  W/S DEPTH HAB* CAST
                                       T  (kts) (m)  (m)   (db)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
150  13 58.3S  170 0.0W   28 FEB 96  1648  355  11  2938     9  2986
151  13 49.1S  170 0.1W   28 FEB 96  2111   40   7  4303     7  4367
152  13 30.1S  170 0.0W   29 FEB 96   231  280   6  4878     8  4952
153  12 59S    170 0.0W   29 FEB 96   821   95  11  4969    10  5047
154  12 29.9S  169 59.9W  29 FEB 96  1403   20   7  5000     5  5084
155  12 0.1S   170 0.1W   29 FEB 96  2018  310  11  5078     9  5016
156  11 30.0S  170 0.0W    1 MAR 96   217  330  13  5057     9  5138
157  11 0.1S   170 0.0W    1 MAR 96   807   20   9  5124    10  5205
158  10 30.1S  169 59.8W   1 MAR 96  1345  350   7  4876     5  4964
159  9 55.5S   169 37.7W   1 MAR 96  2112   20  20  5205    10  5285
160  9 30.1S   168 59.4W   2 MAR 96   429   60  18  5340     5  5432
161  9 0.0S    168 52.6W   2 MAR 96  1036   70  19  4866     9  4973
162  8 29S     168 44.9W   2 MAR 96  1726   40  10  5154     6  5243
163  8 0.0S    168 37.0W   2 MAR 96  2343   40   5  5164     8  5260
164  7 30.0S   168 45.0W   3 MAR 96   542   70  10  5273     7  5364
165  7 0.0S    168 44.9W   3 MAR 96  1141  100  10  5670     8  5767
166  6 30.1S   168 44.9W   3 MAR 96  1854   70  10  5535    10  5646
167  6 0.0S    168 45.0W   4 MAR 96   123   30  10  5671     8  5769
168  5 30.1S   168 45.0W   4 MAR 96   803   50  10  5379     8  5522
169  5 0.0S    168 45.0W   4 MAR 96  1441   50   9  5572    10  5666
170  4 0.0S    168 45.1W   4 MAR 96  2242   40  14  5208     8  5290
171  3 0S      168 45.0W   5 MAR 96   712   30  20  5379     4  5467
172  2 0S      168 45.0W   5 MAR 96  1555   40  17  3285    10  3447
173  1 0S      168 45.2W   6 MAR 96    12   80  17  5786     8  5891
174  0 0.1S    168 45.0W   6 MAR 96   828   70  16  5581    10  5683
175  7 44.8S   168 40.2W   8 MAR 96    14   80  14  5319     3  5414
176  8 15.1S   168 41.3W   8 MAR 96   549   75  10  4964     6  5051
177  10 8.7S   168 58.8W   8 MAR 96  1642  100  12  4640     8  4709
178  10 4.1S   169 12.7W   8 MAR 96  2108  100  10  5254    10  5336
179  9 55.2S   169 37.7W   9 MAR 96   248   70  11  5215     4  5306
180  9 47.0S   170 3.5W    9 MAR 96  1024   95   7  5014     8  5097
181  9 41.6S   170 19.5W   9 MAR 96  1459   30   6  4293     8  4372
182  9 35.7S   170 36.1W   9 MAR 96  1900   90   9  4038     7  4090
___________________________
* height above bottom depth 
 corrected water depth
   
  
Table 2a:	Full water column station groupings for CTD oxygen algorithm parameters.  
Station	StdDev		#Obs	2.8*sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt		6:Lag
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4-9	0.1351E+01	96	3.782	 0.014	0.3616E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3149E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
10-13	0.1732E+01	73	4.849	 0.026	0.3561E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3003E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
14-18	0.9219E+00	145	2.581	 0.007	0.3815E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3797E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
19-24	0.1207E+01	108	3.380	 0.020	0.3702E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3494E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
25-31	0.8802E+00	149	2.465	 0.019	0.3738E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3822E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
32-45	0.1088E+01	322	3.045	 0.017	0.3772E-02	0.1338E-03	-0.3540E-01	0.6807E+00	0.7588E+01
46-53	0.9705E+00	237	2.718	 0.023	0.3676E-02	0.1345E-03	-0.3174E-01	0.6084E+00	0.6309E+01
54-62	0.1516E+01	273	4.244	 0.021	0.3675E-02	0.1361E-03	-0.3032E-01	0.8185E+00	0.1341E+01
63-77	0.2001E+01	430	5.603	 0.045	0.3481E-02	0.1310E-03	-0.2757E-01	0.8358E+00	0.2439E+01
78-87	0.2184E+01	231	6.114	 0.044	0.3320E-02	0.1449E-03	-0.2536E-01	0.7788E+00	0.2021E+01
88-95	0.1724E+01	255	4.827	 0.050	0.3271E-02	0.1409E-03	-0.2511E-01	0.7474E+00	0.2745E+01
96-113	0.1770E+01	574	4.956	 0.034	0.3472E-02	0.1389E-03	-0.2739E-01	0.8249E+00	0.2537E+01
114-131	0.1687E+01	587	4.724	 0.034	0.3479E-02	0.1390E-03	-0.2703E-01	0.8737E+00	0.3543E+01
135-154	0.1714E+01	624	4.800	 0.045	0.2938E-02	0.1476E-03	-0.2465E-01	0.8803E+00	0.5267E-01
155-171	0.1929E+01	558	5.402	 0.009	0.3289E-02	0.1508E-03	-0.2794E-01	0.8965E+00	0.1374E-01
172-176	0.1494E+01	124	4.182	-0.006	0.3554E-02	0.1474E-03	-0.3070E-01	0.7925E+00	0.0000E+00*
177	0.4873E+00	13	1.364	 0.021	0.3213E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.4386E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
178	0.8195E+00	16	2.295	-0.009	0.3443E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.8431E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
179	0.5936E+00	15	1.662	-0.019	0.3316E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.9472E-01	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
180	0.5059E+00	13	1.416	-0.040	0.3283E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1163E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
181	0.3037E+00	10	0.850	-0.041	0.3268E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1508E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*
182	0.1928E+01	7	5.398	-0.098	0.3711E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1875E+00	0.7925E+00*	0.0000E+00*

fixed parameter
Table 2b: Deep water column station groupings for CTD oxygen algorithm parameters.
Station	StdDev		#Obs	2.8*,sd	1:Bias	2:Slope		3:Pcor		4:Tcor		5:Wt		6:Lag
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10-18	0.8233E+00	119	2.305	 0.000	0.3918E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.4539E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
19-31	0.8240E+00	187	2.307	 0.016	0.3754E-02	0.1350E-03*	-0.3740E-01	0.8702E+00*	0.3275E+01*
32-45	0.8000E+00	237	2.240	 0.021	0.3735E-02	0.1338E-03*	-0.3460E-01	0.6807E+00*	0.7588E+01*
46-53	0.5762E+00	131	1.613	 0.010	0.3846E-02	0.1345E-03*	-0.3893E-01	0.6084E+00*	0.6309E+01*
54-62	0.4671E+00	139	1.308	-0.001	0.3939E-02	0.1361E-03*	-0.3908E-01	0.8185E+00*	0.1341E+01*
63-77	0.5677E+00	190	1.590	 0.008	0.3972E-02	0.1310E-03*	-0.4515E-01	0.8358E+00*	0.2439E+01*
78-95	0.8477E+00	90	2.374	-0.011	0.3991E-02	0.1409E-03*	-0.3776E-01	0.7474E+00*	0.2745E+01*
96-113	0.7719E+00	196	2.161	-0.001	0.3901E-02	0.1389E-03*	-0.3079E-01	0.8249E+00*	0.2537E+01*
114-131	0.7562E+00	213	2.117	-0.008	0.4008E-02	0.1390E-03*	-0.3101E-01	0.8737E+00*	0.3543E+01*
135-154	0.8193E+00	180	2.294	-0.003	0.3476E-02	0.1476E-03*	-0.2547E-01	0.8803E+00*	0.5267E-01*
155-171	0.8459E+00	225	2.368	-0.013	0.3480E-02	0.1508E-03*	-0.6254E-02	0.8965E+00*	0.1374E-01*
172-176	0.1120E+01	64	3.135	-0.009	0.3524E-02	0.1474E-03*	-0.1246E-01	0.7500E+00*	0.0000E+00*




APPENDIX 4a. Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)

Summary of Oxygen Data for CGC96
Kirk Hargreaves
15 May 1996

1.1  Oxygen

1.1.1     Overview

     Oxygen samples were drawn from every bottle for every
station (except for some test casts and severely leaking
bottles).  A total of 5683 samples plus 516 duplicates were
analyzed.  Four people drew oxygen samples and three people ran
analyses.  The estimated accuracy, relative to the standards, is
0.1% (potentially 0.05%) plus an estimated precision of
0.2 umol/kg.  Note that precision is sampler dependent and was as
good as 0.15 umol/kg for some samplers.  Also, discounting the 12
duplicates (2.5% of total) with more than three sigma error, the
total precision is 0.15 umol/kg.  Individual sampler variation is
from 0.14 to 0.19 umol/kg.

     Water temperature was not measured at the time of sampling. 
Previous measurements have shown that even in the tropics, bottom
water warms only a few degrees C before being sampled.  For a
rise in temperature from 0 C to 4 C, the change in the density of
the water is 0.03%.  Conversion to umol/kg is calculated with
potential density.

     Samples were titrated using Culberson's (Culberson, 1992)
modifications to Carpenter's whole bottle technique (Carpenter,
1969).  An auto-titrator based on a design by Gernot Friederich
(Friederich, 1991) and using a modified version of Friederich's
software was used to titrate the samples.  The titrator consists
of a Kloehn 50100 Syringe Drive with a 5 ml syringe, a custom-
built photometer with two color channels, LM35 temperature
sensors, an eight channel A/D board, and a computer.  Post-
processing software was used to add in temperature corrections
and to analyze data.

1.1.2     Sampling and pickling

     Oxygen sampled immediately after CFC's.  Samples were drawn
in calibrated 125 ml nominal volume iodine determination flasks
(Corning 5400-125).  The sampling tube was inserted into the
flask, allowed to flow freely and squeezed and tapped to remove
bubbles, and then inverted.  The tube was pinched to reduce flow
and allow water in the flask to drain.  A water sheet was formed
on the inside of the flask, the sampling tube pinched to reduce
flow, the flask drained, and then put right-side up.  The
sampling tube was slowly released to prevent turbulent flow and
the flask allowed to fill.  For best results, the sampling tube
was kept pinched to keep the flow smooth throughout sampling.  By
counting, the fill time was measured and used to ensure at least
two volumes overflow.

     Reagents were introduced shortly after sampling using
Brinkmann 1.0 ml Fixed Volume Dispensette repipets.  The tips of
the repipets were lengthened using clear polyolefin shrink
tubing.  The MnCl2 was added at the midpoint of the flask, and
NaOH/NaI just below the neck.  Repipets were filled before
inserting into the water.  If necessary, a little was dispensed
to ensure the tubes were full.

     Flasks were capped at this point and shaken while pushing on
the stopper until the reagents were well mixed.  The flask was
inverted and checked for bubbles.  Deionized water was added to
the collar of the flask and the flask stowed.  At least 20
minutes after sampling was finished, flasks were reshaken and
deionized water added to the collars again.

1.1.3     Analysis

     Samples were analyzed no earlier than 20 minutes and no
later than 8 hours after remixing.  Liquid from the flask collar
was aspirated with a transfer pipette and the stopper removed. 
~1ml of 10N sulfuric acid and a rinsed, pivotless stir bar were
added (pivotless stir bars spin most easily).  The flask was
inserted into a water bath in the photometer and titrated with
0.05 N sodium thiosulfate.  (The water path minimizes refractive
effects). After titration, the sample was poured out and the
flask rinsed with hot tap water.  The typical sample-to-sample
time was 1.5 to 2 minutes.

1.1.4     Standardization

     Titrant was standardized daily with ~0.01N (actually 0.01
eq/kg) potassium iodate solution.  The standard deviation of 
standardization is 0.05%, though one batch of thiosulfate
solution showed a variation of 0.2%.  Standards were mixed before
the cruise and stored in upside down air tight Boston round
bottles.  All standards intercompared before the cruise to better
than 0.02%.

     Standards were prepared by weight from two ~0.1 eq/kg stock
solutions.  The stock solutions were made from oven dried and
vacuum desiccated KIO3 from two different manufacturers
(Mallinckrodt Lot #1094-KHSR and Fisher Lot #951151).  In
addition, all standards were compared to a volumetrically
prepared standard from Baker  (pre-weighed KIO3 obtained from
Oregon State University.  Lot number unknown).  Mixing standards
by weight is both faster and more accurate than mixing standards
volumetrically.

     Standard was dispensed using a spare Kloehn 50100 with a
calibrated 25 ml buret or an Eppendorf Maxipettor with calibrated
tip.  Unfortunately, the Eppendorf Maxipettor has a large
(0.02%/C) temperature dependence that needs to be taken into
account.  The measured precision of the dispensed standards is
0.6 uL and 2 uL for the Kloehn and Eppendorf, respectively.

     The temperature of the standard was measured directly with a
calibrated thin film Pt-RTD (Sensycon GW2107-01) and thermometer
(Cole-Parmer H-08497-00).  Standard concentration was converted
to normality by dividing by then density of pure water at
temperature plus 0.03% (mass fraction of the potassium iodate).

     
1.1.5     Post-processing
     Post-processing software written in Perl (Wall, 1991) and
using algorithms from "Numerical Recipes in C" (Press, 1988) was
used to add in temperature corrections and update
standardization.  Perl code was also used to generate the correct
WOCE flags, average duplicate data, and generate the final
output.  Lotus 1-2-3 was used to plot curves, compare bottle data
to oxygen sensor data, and analyze duplicates.

1.1.6     Reagents
     Reagents were gravimetrically prepared before the cruise. 
600 g MnCl2 were added to 692.92 g water, and 320 g NaOH and 600
g NaI were added to 753.68 g water.  At room temperature, these
give molar concentrations equal to the WOCE specifications, but
are much faster to mix.  Reagents were stored in glass or HDPE
bottles.

1.2 Oxygen References

Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute Technique for the
     Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Method", Limnology and
     Oceanography, vol. 10, pp. 141-143.


Culberson, C.H., "Dissolved Oxygen", WHP Operations and Methods,
     WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, July 1992.

Friederich, G.E., Codispoti, L.A., and Sakamoto, C.M., "An Easy-
     to-Construct Automated Winkler Titration System", MBARI
     Technical Report 91-6, August 1991.

Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and Vetterling,
     W.T., "Numerical Recipies in C", Cambridge University Press,
     Cambridge, 1988.

Wall, L., and Schwartz, Randal L., "Programming Perl", O'Reilly &
Associates, USA, 1991. 



APPENDIX 4b  Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)

These are the standard deviations of the oxygen data duplicates.
The averaged data are in the oxygen data file and flagged with a '6'.

Sta  Smp   StdDev
  5  104    0.00
  6  104    0.15
  6  107    0.16
 10  204    0.01
 10  208    0.17
 11  105    0.11
 11  110    0.00
 11  115    0.06
 11  120    0.47
 14  112    0.16
 14  120    0.27
 14  128    0.14
 15  207    0.08
 15  214    0.19
 15  221    0.74
 15  229    0.35
 16  104    0.64
 16  108    0.75
 17  104    0.08
 17  108    0.05
 17  122    0.01
 18  105    0.01
 18  111    0.04
 18  117    0.04
 18  123    0.84
 28  111    0.05
 28  118    0.38
 29  203    0.08
 29  206    0.08
 29  210    0.31
 29  214    0.63
 30  105    0.10
 30  107    0.18
 30  117    0.21
 30  127    0.12
 31  207    0.03
 31  215    0.00
 31  223    0.24
 31  227    0.09
 32  104    0.20
 32  107    0.20
 32  114    0.02
 33  105    0.30
 33  111    0.91
 33  117    0.05
 33  123    0.04
 34  107    0.10
 34  113    0.14
 34  119    0.02
 34  125    0.02
 35  104    0.31
 35  107    0.19
 35  110    0.36
 40  108    0.21
 40  119    0.18
 41  109    0.04
 41  115    0.13
 41  121    0.79
 41  127    0.01
 42  107    0.79
 42  113    0.19
 42  119    0.22
 42  125    0.23
 46  103    0.17
 46  109    0.02
 46  115    0.53
 46  121    0.19
 47  213    0.09
 47  217    0.06
 47  221    0.00
 47  225    0.01
 48  104    0.44
 48  108    0.34
 49  113    0.01
 49  117    0.26
 50  105    0.16
 50  115    0.05
 50  121    0.15
 50  129    0.03
 51  108    0.02
 51  114    0.09
 51  120    0.03
 51  126    0.14
 52  105    0.08
 52  108    0.11
 52  112    0.43
 53  105    0.21
 53  111    0.04
 53  117    0.03
 53  121    0.00
 54  103    0.09
 54  109    0.13
 54  115    0.13
 54  121    0.05
 55  107    0.11
 55  110    0.16
 55  113    0.06
 56  106    0.09
 56  108    0.16
 56  110    0.16
 57  107    0.11
 57  113    0.02
 57  119    0.13
 57  125    0.14
 58  213    0.10
 58  227    0.39
 58  231    0.01
 59  106    0.32
 59  109    0.33
 60  104    0.31
 60  106    0.78
 60  109    0.07
 61  105    0.05
 61  109    0.19
 61  115    0.12
 61  119    0.05
 62  217    0.05
 62  219    0.02
 62  225    0.09
 62  231    0.07
 65  121    0.40
 65  123    0.05
 66  110    0.08
 66  117    0.30
 66  122    0.03
 66  128    0.06
 67  207    0.15
 67  209    0.21
 67  213    0.24
 68  107    0.00
 68  115    0.07
 68  123    0.20
 68  131    0.06
 69  208    0.06
 69  213    0.12
 69  221    0.03
 69  229    0.01
 70  106    0.35
 70  109    0.01
 70  111    0.08
 71  105    0.22
 71  113    0.06
 71  119    0.03
 71  123    0.08
 72  103    0.16
 72  113    0.06
 72  119    0.02
 72  127    0.06
 73  110    0.13
 73  118    0.07
 73  126    0.12
 74  205    0.39
 74  211    0.24
 74  216    0.06
 74  220    0.20
 75  107    0.38
 75  115    0.00
 75  123    0.41
 75  131    0.07
 76  213    0.04
 76  219    0.35
 76  225    0.34
 76  231    0.08
 77  106    0.01
 77  110    0.08
 77  112    0.05
 77  115    0.08
 78  104    0.10
 78  107    0.05
 78  111    0.01
 78  115    0.05
 79  111    0.04
 79  117    0.03
 79  123    0.09
 79  129    0.14
 80  215    0.04
 80  221    0.05
 80  227    0.56
 81  105    0.06
 81  108    0.09
 81  113    0.06
 82  104    0.15
 82  107    0.15
 82  110    0.07
 88  101    0.00
 88  104    0.11
 88  106    0.07
 89  201    0.14
 89  204    0.00
 89  208    0.11
 90  101    0.07
 90  104    0.04
 90  108    0.17
 91  107    0.03
 91  115    0.16
 91  121    0.05
 91  127    0.06
 92  209    0.12
 92  217    0.03
 92  225    0.03
 92  234    0.07
 93  101    0.36
 93  105    0.36
 93  108    0.12
 93  113    0.12
 94  105    0.01
 94  111    0.24
 94  117    0.03
 94  123    0.24
 95  101    0.17
 95  112    0.59
 95  124    0.14
 96  107    0.03
 96  123    0.05
 97  209    0.18
 97  215    0.00
 97  221    0.27
 97  227    0.06
 98  107    0.01
 98  113    0.05
 98  122    0.11
 98  130    0.05
 99  101    0.03
 99  112    0.19
 99  124    0.01
 99  136    0.09
100  107    0.12
100  113    0.08
100  119    0.07
100  125    0.25
101  204    0.52
101  211    0.02
101  219    0.12
101  231    0.06
102  105    0.10
102  115    0.11
102  121    0.03
102  129    0.03
103  101    0.18
103  119    0.21
103  136    0.01
104  105    0.09
104  115    0.03
104  125    0.09
104  135    0.13
105  209    0.07
105  213    0.01
105  223    0.06
105  232    0.13
106  105    0.04
106  109    0.03
106  121    0.28
106  129    0.09
107  101    0.20
107  112    0.17
107  124    0.09
108  107    0.05
108  117    0.00
108  127    0.01
108  135    0.15
109  105    0.04
109  121    0.19
109  129    0.12
110  212    0.63
110  215    0.03
110  219    0.15
110  227    0.01
111  107    0.07
111  109    0.01
111  115    0.03
111  123    0.10
112  105    0.03
112  113    0.06
112  121    0.15
112  129    0.07
114  112    0.10
114  123    0.05
114  134    0.04
115  107    0.11
115  115    0.04
115  123    0.18
115  131    0.25
116  205    0.03
116  213    0.09
116  221    0.17
116  229    0.06
117  103    0.18
117  109    0.05
117  125    0.10
117  135    0.12
118  101    0.13
118  112    0.04
118  124    0.13
118  136    0.03
119  101    0.10
119  111    0.02
119  121    0.06
119  133    0.00
120  201    0.05
120  211    0.00
120  221    0.04
120  231    0.04
121  205    0.09
121  211    0.21
121  223    0.08
121  231    0.63
122  101    0.02
122  112    0.01
122  124    0.16
122  136    0.02
123  103    0.03
123  113    0.05
123  123    0.19
123  135    0.08
124  102    0.13
124  112    0.06
124  122    0.65
124  132    0.21
125  301    0.01
125  312    0.13
125  325    0.05
126  101    0.03
126  111    0.06
126  121    0.12
126  131    0.07
127  205    0.01
127  215    0.00
127  225    0.64
127  233    0.25
128  205    0.11
128  211    0.14
128  221    0.21
128  229    0.25
129  102    0.07
129  115    0.05
129  122    0.18
129  131    0.06
130  101    0.49
130  109    0.12
130  117    0.05
130  125    0.05
131  105    0.08
131  111    0.05
131  119    0.01
131  127    0.07
132  101    0.06
132  113    0.14
132  124    0.03
132  136    0.03
133  101    0.01
133  113    0.15
133  125    0.11
133  135    0.07
134  201    0.05
134  211    0.09
134  221    0.11
134  231    0.03
135  203    0.11
135  212    0.06
135  219    0.08
135  229    0.01
136  101    0.11
136  107    0.10
136  113    0.08
136  119    0.01
137  103    0.04
137  109    0.13
137  115    0.06
137  123    0.14
138  105    0.24
138  111    0.01
138  119    0.09
138  127    0.06
140  104    0.22
140  111    0.08
140  121    0.01
140  131    0.06
141  101    0.08
141  113    0.11
141  125    0.02
141  135    0.12
142  105    0.21
142  111    0.01
142  119    0.02
142  129    0.11
143  105    0.02
143  111    0.12
143  121    0.27
143  129    0.07
144  104    0.24
144  110    0.11
144  117    0.02
144  125    0.10
145  101    0.06
145  107    0.01
145  113    0.17
145  119    0.04
146  103    0.14
146  111    0.28
146  119    0.14
146  128    0.09
147  101    0.26
147  112    0.21
147  125    0.11
147  136    0.08
148  101    0.08
148  111    0.09
148  119    0.02
148  131    0.12
150  201    0.01
150  207    0.00
150  215    0.04
150  225    0.04
151  105    0.01
151  111    0.23
151  118    0.06
151  125    0.10
152  103    0.14
152  112    0.12
152  124    0.20
152  125    0.25
153  105    0.05
153  113    0.05
153  121    0.03
153  129    0.07
154  101    0.06
154  107    0.06
154  117    0.04
154  131    0.07
155  105    0.07
155  111    0.01
155  119    0.18
155  125    0.01
156  103    0.29
156  109    0.00
156  123    0.01
156  129    0.06
157  109    0.01
157  115    0.06
157  118    0.09
157  119    0.07
158  104    0.20
158  115    0.04
158  119    0.01
158  125    0.16
159  105    0.06
159  111    0.03
159  119    0.07
159  125    0.17
160  101    0.09
160  112    0.09
160  124    0.05
161  107    0.06
161  115    0.04
161  122    0.00
161  128    0.07
162  204    0.15
162  208    0.09
162  225    0.11
163  205    0.23
163  211    0.13
163  219    0.07
163  227    0.05
164  101    0.09
164  112    0.07
164  124    0.27
166  209    0.02
166  215    0.17
166  221    0.15
167  205    0.01
167  211    0.22
167  219    0.05
167  225    0.09
168  104    0.30
168  113    0.07
168  123    0.03
168  125    0.04
169  210    0.02
169  220    0.01
169  225    0.06
170  111    0.09
170  119    0.11
170  125    0.08
171  107    0.12
171  115    0.02
171  121    0.04
171  125    0.02
172  202    0.05
172  217    0.09
172  219    0.09
172  222    0.00
175  203    0.14
175  211    0.15
175  217    0.11
176  101    0.43
176  112    0.03
177  110    0.01
177  113    0.06
178  105    0.01
178  109    0.03
178  115    0.05
179  103    0.06
179  112    0.04
180  108    0.24
180  113    0.12
181  106    0.13
181  108    0.07
182  103    0.02


APPENDIX 5:  Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S (CGC96)
             (Calvin Mordy, NOAA-PMEL)

Nutrient samples were analyzed for dissolved phosphate, silicic acid, nitrate, 
and nitrite using protocols of Gordon et al., 1993. Samples were collected in 20 
ml high-density polyethylene scintillation vials closed with teflon lined 
polyethylene caps. All vials and caps were rinsed with 10% HCl prior to each 
station. Samples were usually analyzed immediately after collection; however, 
several samples were stored for up to 12 hours at 4-6 degrees C. Samples were 
analyzed using an Alpkem RFA 300 modified with a custom heating coil and 
Spectro-100 UV/VIS detectors from Thermo Separation Products. Analytical 
temperatures were logged twice during every run and ranged from 16 to 25 degrees 
C. The following analytical methods were employed: 

Phosphate was converted to phosphomolybdic acid and reduced with ascorbic acid 
to form phosphomolybdous acid in a reaction stream heated to 42 degrees C 
(Bernhardt and Wilhelms, 1967). 

Silicic acid was converted to silicomolybdic acid and reduced with stannous 
chloride to form silicomolybdous acid or molybdenum blue (Armstrong, 1967). 

Nitrite was diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with NEDA to form a red 
azo dye.  

(NO3- + NO2-) was measured by first reducing nitrate to nitrite in a copperized 
cadmium coil, and then analyzing for nitrite. Nitrate was determined from the 
difference of (NO3- + NO2-) and NO2- (Armstrong, 1967). 

Concentrations were converted to micromoles/kg by calculating sample densities 
using the laboratory temperature during analysis, the bottle or CTD salinity, 
and the international equation of state (UNESCO, 1981). 

Primary standards were prepared by dissolving standard material in deionized 
water, and working standards were freshly made at each station in low nutrient 
seawater. Standard material for silicic acid was sodium fluorosilicate which had 
been referenced against a fused-quartz standard. All analysis were within the 
linear range of the instrument. 

Analytical precision was determined from replicate analysis (2 to 7 
measurements) on one or more samples at almost every station. Average standard 
deviations (micromoles/kg) for replicate analysis were 0.008 for phosphate (n = 
205), 0.08 for silicic acid (n = 408), 0.05 for nitrate (n = 378) and 0.004 for 
nitrite (n = 15, for samples > 0.05 mmoles/kg).

 
REFERENCES: 

Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns, and J.D.H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of 
           upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the 
           Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14: 
           381-389. 

Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low level 
           iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer.  
           Technicon Symposia, Vol I, 385-389. 

Gordon LI, Jennings JC Jr., Ross AA, Krest JM. (1993) A suggested protocol for 
           continuous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, 
           nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program 
           and the Joint Global Ocean fluxes Study. WOCE Operations Manual, Part 
           3.1.3 "WHP Operations and Methods" (WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, 
           Methods Manual 91- 1) Bundesamt fur Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, 
           Postfach 30 12 20, 2000 Hamburg 36 Germany 

UNESCO.    (1981) The practical salinity scale 1978 and the international 
           equation of state of seawater 1980. Tenth report of the Joint Panel 
           on Oceanographic Tables and Standards.. UNESCO Technical Papers in 
           Marine Science No. 36, UNESCO, Paris, France.


APPENDIX 6a. CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurement techniques on WOCE P14S and P15S 
             (CGC96) 
             (Discussion provided by J.Bullister, NOAA-PMEL)

Specially designed 10 liter water sample bottles were used on the
cruise to reduce CFC contamination.  These bottles have the same outer
dimensions as standard 10 liter Niskin bottles, but use a modified
end-cap design to minimize the contact of the water sample with the
end-cap O-rings after closing.  The O-rings used in these water sample
bottles were vacuum-baked prior to the first station.  Stainless steel
springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the
internal elastic tubing standardly used to close Niskin bottles.

Water samples for CFC analysis were usually the first samples collected
from the 10 liter bottles.  Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling
of CFCs with other samples to minimize the time between the inital
opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing.  In most
cases, dissolved oxygen, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were
collected within several minutes of the initial opening of each
bottle.  To minimize contact with air, the CFC samples were drawn
directly through the stopcocks of the 10 liter bottles into 100 ml
precision glass syringes equipped with 2-way metal stopcocks.  The
syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface seawater
until analyses.

To reduce the possibility of contamination from high levels of CFCs
frequently present in the air inside research vessels, the CFC
extraction/analysis system and syringe holding tank were housed in a
modified 20' laboratory van on the deck of the ship.

For air sampling, a ~100 meter length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run
from the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship.  Air was sucked through
this line into the CFC van using an Air Cadet pump.  The air was
compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at about 1.5
atm using a back-pressure regulator.  A tee allowed a flow (~100
cc/min) of the compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves,
while the bulk flow of the air (>7 liter/minute) was vented through the
back pressure regulator.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas
standards on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas
chromatography (EC-GC), using techniques similiar to those described by
Bullister and Weiss (1988).  For seawater analyses, a ~30-ml aliquot of
seawater from the glass syringe was transferred into the glass sparging
chamber.  The dissolved CFCs in the seawater sample were extracted by
passing a supply of CFC-free purge gas through the sparging chamber for
a period of 4 minutes at ~70 cc/min.  Water vapor was removed from the
purge gas while passing through a short tube of magnesium perchlorate
dessicant.  The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-trap
consisting of a 3-inch section of 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing
packed with Porapak N (60-80 mesh) immersed in a bath of isopropanol
held at -20 degrees C.  After 4 minutes of purging the seawater sample,
the sparging chamber was closed and the trap isolated.  The cold
isopropanol in the bath was forced away from the trap which was heated
electrically to 125 degrees C.  The sample gases held in the trap were
then injected onto a precolumn (12 inches of 1/8-inch O.D.  stainless
steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil C, held at 90 degrees C),
for the initial separation of the CFCs and other rapidly eluting gases
from more slowly eluting compounds.  The CFCs then passed into the main
analytical column (10 feet, 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing packed with
Porasil C 80-100 mesh, held at 90 degrees C), and then into the EC
detector.

The CFC analytical system was calibrated frequently using standard gas
of known CFC composition.  Gas sample loops of known volume were
thoroughly flushed with standard gas and injected into the system.  The
temperature and pressure was recorded so that the amount of gas
injected could be calculated.  The procedures used to transfer the
standard gas to the trap, precolumn, main chromatographic column and EC
detector were similar to those used for analyzing water samples.  Two
sizes of gas sample loops were present in the analytical system.
Multiple injections of these loop volumes could be done to allow the
system to be calibrated over a relatively wide range of CFC
concentrations.  Air samples and system blanks (injections of loops of
CFC-free gas) were injected and analyzed in a similar manner.  The
typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard and blank samples was
about 12 minutes.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas
standards are reported relative to the SIO93 calibration scale
(Cunnold, et.  al., 1994).  CFC concentrations in air and standard gas
are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are
typically in the parts-per-trillion (ppt) range.  Dissolved CFC
concentrations are given in units of picomoles of CFC per kg seawater
(pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were
determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point
calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas
from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 33790) into the analytical
instrument.  The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working
standard were calibrated before and after the cruise versus a primary
standard (36743) (Bullister, 1984).  No measurable drift in the
concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the working standard could be
detected during this interval.  Full range calibration curves were run
at intervals of ~ 3 days during the cruise.  Single injections of a
fixed volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more
frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes
in detector sensitivity.

Extremely low (<0.01 pmol/kg) CFC concentrations were measured in deep
water (2000-3000 meters) from about 30oS to the equator along the P15S
section, as expected from CFC measurements made during the earlier
occupation of this section in 1990 (Wisegarveret al, 1995), and from other
transient tracer studies made in this region of the southwest Pacific.
Based on the median of CFC concentration measurements in the deep water
of this region, which is believed to be nearly CFC-free, a blank
correction of of 0.003 pmol/kg for CFC-11 and 0 pmol/kg for CFC-12 have
been applied to the data set.  For very low concentration water
samples, subtraction of the water sample CFC-11 blank from the measured
CFC-11 water sample concentration yields a small negative reported
value.

On this expedition, we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation)  of
about 1% or 0.005 pmol/kg (whichever is greater) for dissolved
CFC-11 and CFC-12 measurements (see listing of replicate samples given
at the end of this report).
    
A number of water samples had clearly anomolous CFC-11 and/or CFC-12
concentrations relative to adjacent samples.  These anomolous samples
appeared to occur more or less randomly during the cruise, and were not
clearly associated with other features in the water column (eg.
elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity or temperature features,
etc.).  This suggests that the high values were due to individual,
isolated low-level CFC contamination events.
These samples are included in this report and are give a quality flag
of either 3 (questionable measurement) or 4 (bad measurement).  A total
~24 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and ~33 analyses
of CFC-12 were assigned a flag of 3. A total of ~31 analyses of
CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 4 and ~178 CFC-12 samples assigned a
flag of 4.

A value of -9.0 is used for missing values in the listings.


REFERENCES:

Bullister, J.L. Anthropogenic Chlorofluoromethanes as Tracers of Ocean 
           Circulation and Mixing Processes: Measurement and Calibration 
           Techniques and Studies in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, Ph.D. 
           dissertation, Univ. Calif. San Diego, 172 pp.

Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in seawater 
           and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988.

Cunnold, D.M., P.J. Fraser, R.F. Weiss, R.G. Prinn, P.G. Simmonds, B.R. 
           Miller,F.N. Alyea, and A.J.Crawford. Global trends and annual 
           releases of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other 
           measurements from July 1978 to June 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-
           1126, 1994.

Wisegarver, D.P., J.L. Bullister, F.A. Van Woy, F.A. Menzia, R.F. Weiss, A.H. 
           Orsi, and PK. Salameh (1995). Chlorofluorocarbon Measurements in the 
           Southwestern Pacific During the CGC-90 Expedition NOAA Data Report 
           1656


 
APPENDIX 6c: CFC Air Measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
             (interpolated to station locations)
 
STATION                                        F11     F12  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
------------------------------------------------------------
     1   45 49.5 S   153 05.1 E    6 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     2   48 19.1 S   158 29.9 E    7 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     3   50 05.0 S   162 29.3 E    8 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     4   53 00.1 S   169 59.3 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     5   53 29.9 S   170 29.7 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     6   53 59.9 S   171 00.1 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     7   54 10.2 S   171 10.8 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     8   54 19.8 S   171 20.2 E    9 Jan 96   260.5   519.1 
     9   54 30.3 S   171 29.8 E    9 Jan 96   260.4   519.2 
    10   54 59.7 S   172 00.7 E   10 Jan 96   260.5   519.9 
    11   55 30.4 S   172 27.0 E   10 Jan 96   260.2   519.5 
    12   55 59.8 S   173 00.6 E   10 Jan 96   260.2   519.5 
    13   56 29.2 S   173 30.2 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
    14   56 59.7 S   173 58.6 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
    15   57 30.3 S   173 58.5 E   11 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
    16   58 00.2 S   173 59.5 E   12 Jan 96   260.2   519.4 
    17   58 30.2 S   173 58.2 E   12 Jan 96   260.4   519.7 
    18   58 59.8 S   174 00.0 E   12 Jan 96   260.4   519.7 
    19   59 28.7 S   173 59.7 E   12 Jan 96   259.8   519.3 
    20   59 57.9 S   173 57.9 E   13 Jan 96   259.5   519.1 
    21   60 30.3 S   173 57.8 E   13 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    22   60 59.1 S   173 58.9 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    23   61 30.0 S   174 00.2 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    24   62 00.0 S   173 16.1 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    25   62 26.9 S   172 35.2 E   14 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    26   62 44.7 S   172 09.0 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    27   62 60.0 S   171 44.9 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    28   63 30.1 S   170 59.6 E   15 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    29   63 59.8 S   171 06.6 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    30   64 40.6 S   170 58.6 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    31   65 20.2 S   170 60.0 E   16 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    32   66 00.9 S   171 01.6 E   17 Jan 96   259.4   519.3 
    33   66 59.6 S   170 00.0 W   18 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
    34   66 20.3 S   169 60.0 W   18 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
    35   65 39.8 S   170 00.3 W   19 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
    36   64 59.6 S   170 00.9 W   19 Jan 96   261.4   522.5 
    37   64 30.1 S   169 59.9 W   19 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
    38   63 59.7 S   170 02.0 W   19 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
    39   63 30.1 S   170 00.3 W   20 Jan 96   260.3   523.7 
    40   62 59.7 S   170 01.4 W   20 Jan 96   260.0   522.5 
    41   62 30.0 S   169 59.8 W   20 Jan 96   259.3   521.5 
    42   62 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   20 Jan 96   259.3   521.5 
    43   61 29.5 S   169 60.0 W   21 Jan 96   259.2   523.0 
    44   61 00.1 S   170 00.3 W   21 Jan 96   259.2   523.0 
    45   60 29.7 S   169 59.6 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
    46   60 00.3 S   170 00.3 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
    47   59 30.2 S   169 59.9 W   22 Jan 96   259.0   522.9 
    48   58 59.9 S   170 00.2 W   22 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
    49   58 29.6 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 

STATION                                        F11     F12  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
------------------------------------------------------------
    50   57 59.7 S   170 00.8 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
    51   57 30.1 S   170 00.4 W   23 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
    52   57 00.2 S   170 00.2 W   24 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
    53   56 29.9 S   169 59.8 W   24 Jan 96   259.8   524.5 
    54   55 60.0 S   170 01.8 W   24 Jan 96   261.8   521.8 
    55   55 29.9 S   170 00.0 W   24 Jan 96   261.8   521.8 
    56   54 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
    57   54 29.4 S   170 00.1 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
    58   54 00.1 S   169 59.3 W   25 Jan 96   261.2   520.6 
    59   53 39.9 S   169 59.4 W   25 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    60   53 19.9 S   169 59.6 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    61   52 60.0 S   170 00.5 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    62   52 29.9 S   170 01.8 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    63   52 00.1 S   170 07.8 W   26 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    64   51 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   27 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    65   51 00.2 S   170 00.4 W   27 Jan 96   261.3   520.1 
    66   50 29.9 S   169 59.6 W   27 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
    67   50 00.4 S   169 59.9 W   28 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
    68   49 30.2 S   170 00.9 W   28 Jan 96   260.2   519.6 
    69   48 59.6 S   169 59.4 W   28 Jan 96   260.3   519.7 
    70   48 30.0 S   170 00.2 W   28 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    71   47 59.8 S   170 00.3 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    72   47 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    73   47 06.5 S   170 27.7 W   29 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    74   46 43.4 S   170 54.7 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    75   46 20.0 S   171 22.2 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    76   45 57.0 S   171 49.5 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    77   45 33.6 S   172 16.7 W   30 Jan 96   260.4   520.1 
    78   45 10.6 S   172 44.2 W   31 Jan 96   260.7   520.4 
    79   44 50.1 S   173 08.2 W   31 Jan 96   260.7   520.4 
    80   44 31.8 S   173 29.4 W   31 Jan 96   261.0   520.5 
    81   44 19.2 S   173 44.7 W   31 Jan 96   261.0   520.5 
    82   44 09.4 S   173 56.3 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    83   43 50.9 S   174 17.7 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    84   43 38.8 S   174 32.2 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    85   43 15.2 S   174 59.9 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    86   42 55.9 S   174 47.2 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    87   42 44.8 S   174 39.3 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    88   42 24.1 S   174 24.4 W    1 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    89   42 10.0 S   174 15.0 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    90   41 42.8 S   173 56.5 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    91   41 16.0 S   173 38.6 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    92   40 49.5 S   173 19.5 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    93   40 23.6 S   173 02.0 W    2 Feb 96   261.0   520.5 
    94   40 23.5 S   173 01.7 W   13 Feb 96   260.4   521.7 
    95   39 57.7 S   172 42.2 W   14 Feb 96   260.4   521.6 
    96   39 31.0 S   172 25.2 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
    97   39 04.3 S   172 07.7 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
    98   38 37.8 S   171 48.6 W   14 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
    99   38 11.4 S   171 30.2 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 

STATION                                        F11     F12  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
------------------------------------------------------------
   100   37 45.8 S   171 12.0 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
   101   37 18.6 S   170 53.7 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
   102   36 52.3 S   170 37.0 W   15 Feb 96   260.1   521.7 
   103   36 27.0 S   170 17.2 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   104   36 00.2 S   170 00.3 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   105   35 40.3 S   170 00.9 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   106   35 20.0 S   170 00.1 W   16 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   107   35 00.5 S   169 59.6 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   108   34 30.2 S   170 00.2 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   109   33 59.8 S   169 60.0 W   17 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   110   33 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   111   33 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   112   32 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   113   31 59.8 S   169 59.8 W   18 Feb 96   260.8   521.9 
   114   31 30.0 S   169 59.3 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.7 
   115   31 00.4 S   169 59.7 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   116   30 30.3 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   117   30 00.2 S   169 59.8 W   19 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   118   29 30.2 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   119   29 00.8 S   169 59.9 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   120   28 30.5 S   169 59.8 W   20 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   121   28 00.3 S   169 59.6 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   122   27 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   123   27 00.3 S   169 59.5 W   21 Feb 96   260.8   522.1 
   124   26 29.7 S   169 59.4 W   21 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   125   26 00.3 S   169 59.7 W   22 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   126   25 30.0 S   169 60.0 W   22 Feb 96   260.6   521.9 
   127   25 00.1 S   169 59.9 W   22 Feb 96   260.9   522.3 
   128   24 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   260.9   522.3 
   129   23 59.8 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   130   23 30.1 S   170 00.1 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   131   22 59.8 S   169 59.7 W   23 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   132   22 30.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   133   22 00.0 S   169 59.9 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   134   21 30.4 S   170 00.1 W   24 Feb 96   261.3   522.7 
   135   20 59.7 S   169 59.6 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   136   20 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   137   20 00.0 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   138   19 29.9 S   170 00.1 W   25 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   139   19 00.1 S   170 03.4 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   140   18 30.3 S   170 00.1 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   141   17 60.0 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   142   17 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   26 Feb 96   262.1   524.4 
   143   17 00.1 S   169 59.8 W   27 Feb 96   262.3   525.0 
   144   16 30.3 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96   262.7   525.9 
   145   16 00.2 S   169 59.9 W   27 Feb 96   262.7   525.9 
   146   15 29.8 S   170 00.1 W   27 Feb 96   262.8   525.6 
   147   15 00.2 S   170 00.0 W   28 Feb 96   262.8   525.6 
   148   14 40.0 S   169 59.9 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   149   14 16.9 S   169 59.8 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 

STATION                                        F11     F12  
 NUMBER   Latitude    Longitude      Date      PPT     PPT  
------------------------------------------------------------
   150   13 58.3 S   169 60.0 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   151   13 49.1 S   170 00.1 W   28 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   152   13 30.1 S   169 60.0 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   153   12 59.9 S   170 00.0 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   154   12 29.9 S   169 59.9 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   155   12 00.1 S   170 00.1 W   29 Feb 96   262.9   525.5 
   156   11 30.0 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
   157   11 00.1 S   169 59.9 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
   158   10 30.1 S   169 59.8 W    1 Mar 96   262.9   525.5 
   159   09 55.6 S   169 37.7 W    1 Mar 96   262.6   525.3 
   160   09 30.1 S   168 59.9 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.3 
   161   08 59.9 S   168 52.6 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
   162   08 29.9 S   168 44.9 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
   163   08 00.0 S   168 37.0 W    2 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
   164   07 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.6   525.0 
   165   06 60.0 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.8   526.1 
   166   06 30.1 S   168 44.9 W    3 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   167   06 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   168   05 30.1 S   168 45.0 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   169   05 00.0 S   168 44.9 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   170   03 60.0 S   168 45.1 W    4 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   171   03 00.0 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96   263.0   527.3 
   172   02 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    5 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
   173   01 00.1 S   168 45.2 W    6 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
   174   00 00.1 S   168 45.0 W    6 Mar 96   263.5   528.4 
   175   07 44.8 S   168 40.2 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   176   08 15.1 S   168 41.3 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   177   10 08.7 S   168 58.8 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   178   10 04.1 S   169 12.7 W    8 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   179   09 55.2 S   169 37.7 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   180   09 47.0 S   170 03.5 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   181   09 41.6 S   170 19.5 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 
   182   09 35.7 S   170 36.1 W    9 Mar 96   262.7   526.5 


APPENDIX 6d. Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
 
STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
----------------------------------
     1      112    0.092    0.007 
     4      110    4.157    0.012 
     5      113    4.117    0.008 
     9      202    0.136    0.015 
     9      234    4.672    0.035 
    10      201    0.155    0.003 
    10      211    0.050    0.001 
    10      214    0.095    0.004 
    11      101    0.148    0.007 
    14      101    0.143    0.000 
    14      134    4.542    0.030 
    15      201    0.144    0.001 
    15      234    4.674    0.009 
    16      101    0.148    0.002 
    16      110    0.047    0.003 
    17      103    0.134    0.002 
    17      133    5.035    0.037 
    18      134    4.864    0.061 
    21      123    5.464    0.042 
    25      110    0.087    0.001 
    28      101    0.180    0.005 
    28      112    0.226    0.001 
    28      124    6.359    0.131 
    29      201    0.496    0.001 
    29      212    0.250    0.001 
    29      230    6.393    0.097 
    30      101    1.373    0.007 
    30      133    6.172    0.033 
    31      203    1.422    0.021 
    31      225    0.662    0.019 
    32      111    0.091    0.006 
    32      115    0.124    0.006 
    33      103    0.664    0.002 
    33      131    4.790    0.014 
    34      101    0.579    0.006 
    34      103    0.542    0.001 
    34      107    0.190    0.003 
    35      101    0.524    0.004 
    35      103    0.512    0.000 
    35      133    6.287    0.029 
    39      101    0.128    0.001 
    39      121    6.277    0.107 
    39      124    6.638    0.087 
    40      101    0.108    0.005 
    40      133    6.720    0.006 
    41      103    0.077    0.007 
    41      133    6.678    0.030 
    42      101    0.093    0.001 
    42      133    6.521    0.013 
    43      111    0.186    0.000 
    43      120    5.799    0.006 
    45      110    0.184    0.002 
    45      115    1.009    0.013 
    45      123    5.791    0.022 
    46      103    0.049    0.007 
    46      129    5.699    0.029 
    48      101    0.060    0.001 
    48      110    0.034    0.001 
    49      101    0.080    0.001 
    49      111    0.044    0.005 
    49      120    0.727    0.001 
    49      129    4.880    0.019 

STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
----------------------------------
    50      104    0.045    0.008 
    50      116    0.198    0.008 
    50      132    5.214    0.038 
    52      101    0.090    0.000 
    52      110    0.040    0.009 
    52      113    0.058    0.002 
    52      121    1.006    0.009 
    52      132    5.044    0.006 
    53      103    0.084    0.003 
    53      125    3.138    0.019 
    54      102    0.082    0.007 
    54      114    0.074    0.000 
    54      132    4.758    0.088 
    56      103    0.078    0.000 
    56      111    0.039    0.001 
    56      132    4.654    0.025 
    57      103    0.073    0.004 
    58      211    0.035    0.006 
    58      232    4.508    0.036 
    61      103    0.086    0.006 
    61      113    0.083    0.003 
    61      123    3.373    0.011 
    61      131    4.015    0.003 
    62      203    0.068    0.003 
    63      103    0.052    0.002 
    63      122    4.015    0.021 
    65      101    0.090    0.002 
    65      110    0.103    0.003 
    65      114    2.096    0.021 
    65      122    4.111    0.004 
    66      101    0.082    0.001 
    66      133    3.836    0.007 
    67      202    0.071    0.000 
    67      233    3.457    0.002 
    68      102    0.067    0.003 
    69      201    0.080    0.001 
    69      231    3.791    0.000 
    70      101    0.072    0.001 
    70      107    0.026    0.000 
    71      104    0.051    0.001 
    71      128    4.000    0.007 
    72      101    0.084    0.003 
    73      103    0.070    0.005 
    73      115    0.290    0.003 
    73      133    3.444    0.008 
    74      202    0.088    0.006 
    75      102    0.095    0.001 
    75      128    3.592    0.027 
    76      201    0.101    0.003 
    76      203    0.082    0.001 
    76      208    0.037    0.003 
    77      102    0.089    0.000 
    77      112    0.063    0.002 
    77      133    3.101    0.001 
    78      101    0.094    0.005 
    79      102    0.045    0.001 
    79      132    2.876    0.002 
    80      203    0.030    0.004 
    81      109    0.796    0.004 
    83      101    0.372    0.002 
    83      105    1.986    0.003 
    86      101    0.199    0.006 
    87      101    0.030    0.003 
    88      101    0.016    0.001 
    88      104    0.005    0.001 
    88      113    1.807    0.007 
    88      125    3.050    0.021 
    89      202    0.018    0.000 
    89      206    0.012    0.003 
    89      232    2.466    0.001 
    90      103    0.012    0.003 
    92      201    0.054    0.004 
    93      102    0.058    0.000 
    94      102    0.055    0.002 
    94      112    0.009    0.002 
    94      130    2.911    0.013 
    95      101    0.065    0.000 
    96      102    0.055    0.001 
    96      119    0.344    0.008 
    96      135    2.563    0.001 
    97      201    0.068    0.002 
    98      102    0.046    0.002 
    98      134    2.506    0.007 

STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
----------------------------------
   100      101    0.067    0.006 
   100      118    0.095    0.000 
   101      227    2.735    0.014 
   102      102    0.031    0.000 
   102      124    1.114    0.008 
   104      101    0.029    0.001 
   104      132    3.014    0.022 
   105      201    0.018    0.002 
   105      203    0.006    0.001 
   105      205    0.002    0.002 
   106      102    0.029    0.000 
   106      134    2.344    0.013 
   108      101    0.024    0.002 
   108      134    2.594    0.013 
   109      101    0.021    0.001 
   110      202    0.016    0.001 
   110      234    2.336    0.023 
   112      102    0.020    0.000 
   112      132    2.632    0.008 
   113      101    0.015    0.000 
   114      104    0.012    0.000 
   114      135    2.035    0.006 
   115      101    0.014    0.001 
   116      201    0.013    0.001 
   116      204    0.012    0.000 
   116      223    0.596    0.005 
   116      234    1.946    0.007 
   117      101    0.013    0.002 
   117      107    0.005    0.000 
   118      103    0.011    0.000 
   118      128    2.240    0.001 
   119      103    0.014    0.002 
   120      201    0.012    0.000 
   120      205    0.008    0.001 
   120      227    1.996    0.040 
   120      234    2.237    0.008 
   121      201    0.010    0.001 
   122      102    0.011    0.000 
   122      105    0.004    0.002 
   122      132    2.404    0.000 
   123      101    0.009    0.000 
   124      101    0.009    0.000 
   124      130    2.283    0.015 
   124      135    1.766    0.003 
   125      303    0.009    0.001 
   125      334    1.959    0.018 
   126      101    0.008    0.001 
   126      132    2.142    0.012 
   127      201    0.013    0.000 
   127      210    0.001    0.001 
   127      226    1.524    0.002 
   127      235    1.814    0.013 
   128      201    0.013    0.002 
   129      102    0.009    0.000 
   129      135    1.755    0.020 
   130      101    0.011    0.001 
   130      107    0.007    0.001 
   130      125    1.222    0.006 
   131      134    1.935    0.008 
   132      102    0.013    0.001 
   132      119    0.003    0.001 
   132      133    1.930    0.011 
   133      101    0.011    0.001 
   134      201    0.012    0.000 
   134      235    1.630    0.005 
   135      201    0.013    0.002 
   135      215   -0.001    0.000 
   135      234    1.919    0.001 
   136      103    0.010    0.000 
   137      101    0.011    0.002 
   137      121    0.003    0.002 
   137      133    1.892    0.002 
   140      102    0.009    0.000 
   140      133    1.872    0.004 
   141      101    0.011    0.001 
   142      102    0.015    0.002 
   142      123    0.071    0.000 
   142      135    1.641    0.007 
   143      101    0.011    0.000 
   144      102    0.006    0.001 
   144      129    1.962    0.011 
   145      103    0.005    0.002 
   146      102    0.007    0.001 
   146      125    0.351    0.001 
   146      131    1.827    0.011 
   147      101    0.009    0.000 
   148      121    0.719    0.000 

STATION   SAMP      F11      F11  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
----------------------------------
   150      234    1.566    0.003 
   151      102    0.006    0.001 
   151      135    1.552    0.018 
   152      101    0.007    0.002 
   153      102    0.006    0.000 
   153      132    1.689    0.002 
   154      101    0.006    0.001 
   154      103    0.006    0.000 
   155      102    0.006    0.000 
   155      122    0.009    0.001 
   155      134    1.566    0.003 
   156      102    0.008    0.002 
   157      104    0.004    0.001 
   158      102    0.006    0.000 
   159      102    0.008    0.002 
   159      103    0.005    0.001 
   159      134    1.553    0.012 
   160      103    0.006    0.001 
   161      103    0.003    0.001 
   161      131    1.715    0.014 
   162      201    0.005    0.001 
   163      201    0.005    0.000 
   163      229    1.620    0.002 
   164      104    0.002    0.001 
   166      201    0.003    0.001 
   167      201    0.003    0.002 
   167      230    1.936    0.007 
   169      201    0.004    0.001 
   169      226    0.055    0.002 
   169      235    1.666    0.013 
   170      101    0.004    0.001 
   170      129    1.045    0.003 
   171      101    0.005    0.001 
   171      128    0.343    0.003 
   172      221    0.176    0.000 
   172      233    1.741    0.001 
   173      201    0.003    0.002 
   173      225    0.056    0.004 
   173      231    1.689    0.001 
   174      101   -0.000    0.000 
   175      204    0.003    0.000 
   176      101    0.005    0.001 
   177      101    0.003    0.000 
   177      104    0.000    0.000 
   178      101    0.005    0.000 
   179      101    0.005    0.000 
   180      101    0.005    0.001 
   181      101    0.006    0.000 
   182      101    0.006    0.001 


APPENDIX 6e. Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P14S and P15S (CGC96)
 
STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
---------------------------------
     1      112    0.043    0.007 
     4      110    2.188    0.007 
     5      113    2.131    0.012 
     9      202    0.070    0.007 
     9      234    2.408    0.013 
    10      201    0.080    0.003 
    10      214    0.050    0.002 
    11      101    0.083    0.010 
    14      101    0.070    0.001 
    14      134    2.317    0.007 
    15      201    0.072    0.002 
    15      234    2.395    0.011 
    16      101    0.070    0.003 
    16      110    0.021    0.002 
    17      103    0.066    0.001 
    17      133    2.571    0.031 
    18      134    2.457    0.015 
    21      123    2.772    0.035 
    25      110    0.038    0.004 
    28      101    0.082    0.003 
    28      112    0.106    0.001 
    28      124    3.075    0.054 
    29      201    0.228    0.003 
    29      212    0.115    0.002 
    29      230    3.072    0.048 
    30      101    0.646    0.013 
    30      133    2.976    0.021 
    31      203    0.682    0.008 
    31      225    0.415    0.084 
    33      103    0.321    0.003 
    33      131    2.343    0.018 
    34      101    0.286    0.001 
    34      103    0.306    0.033 
    34      107    0.104    0.004 
    35      101    0.265    0.008 
    35      103    0.245    0.001 
    35      133    3.094    0.002 
    39      101    0.061    0.001 
    39      121    3.011    0.075 
    39      124    3.165    0.026 
    40      101    0.064    0.004 
    40      133    3.191    0.001 
    41      103    0.039    0.003 
    41      133    3.186    0.005 
    42      101    0.053    0.002 
    42      133    3.133    0.007 
    43      111    0.090    0.004 
    43      120    2.826    0.011 
    45      101    0.033    0.002 
    45      110    0.088    0.008 
    45      115    0.472    0.002 
    45      123    2.837    0.029 
    46      103    0.025    0.001 
    46      129    2.800    0.030 
    48      101    0.028    0.001 
    48      110    0.025    0.002 
    49      101    0.040    0.001 
    49      111    0.027    0.004 
    49      120    0.349    0.003 
    49      129    2.413    0.021 

STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
---------------------------------
    50      104    0.027    0.000 
    50      116    0.097    0.001 
    50      132    2.642    0.018 
    52      101    0.044    0.001 
    52      110    0.021    0.006 
    52      113    0.030    0.004 
    52      121    0.476    0.008 
    52      132    2.556    0.008 
    53      103    0.046    0.000 
    53      125    1.531    0.004 
    54      102    0.044    0.002 
    54      114    0.042    0.008 
    54      132    2.414    0.032 
    56      103    0.043    0.004 
    56      111    0.021    0.001 
    56      132    2.422    0.007 
    57      103    0.032    0.002 
    58      211    0.019    0.001 
    58      232    2.323    0.020 
    61      103    0.038    0.005 
    61      113    0.041    0.002 
    61      123    1.680    0.011 
    61      131    2.128    0.030 
    62      203    0.034    0.004 
    63      103    0.028    0.000 
    63      122    2.119    0.011 
    65      101    0.049    0.003 
    65      110    0.050    0.002 
    65      114    1.009    0.016 
    65      122    2.133    0.012 
    66      101    0.046    0.008 
    66      133    2.050    0.001 
    67      202    0.040    0.000 
    67      233    1.864    0.013 
    68      102    0.037    0.002 
    69      201    0.041    0.001 
    69      231    2.000    0.005 
    70      101    0.039    0.003 
    70      107    0.014    0.001 
    71      104    0.032    0.001 
    72      101    0.045    0.000 
    73      103    0.043    0.002 
    73      115    0.144    0.000 
    73      133    1.841    0.009 
    74      202    0.056    0.007 
    75      128    1.863    0.011 
    76      201    0.053    0.004 
    76      203    0.059    0.004 
    77      102    0.058    0.002 
    77      133    1.695    0.012 
    78      101    0.076    0.007 
    79      132    1.610    0.013 
    81      109    0.474    0.008 
    83      101    0.235    0.007 
    83      105    1.014    0.014 
    86      101    0.153    0.005 
    88      113    0.959    0.018 
    88      125    1.701    0.001 
    89      232    1.394    0.025 
    90      103    0.004    0.003 
    93      102    0.035    0.001 
    94      102    0.031    0.004 
    94      130    1.535    0.001 
    95      101    0.034    0.000 
    96      102    0.028    0.000 
    96      119    0.182    0.003 
    96      135    1.402    0.008 
    97      201    0.037    0.004 
    98      102    0.030    0.000 
    98      134    1.365    0.011 

STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
---------------------------------
   100      101    0.041    0.005 
   100      118    0.058    0.005 
   100      135    1.310    0.003 
   101      227    1.374    0.025 
   102      102    0.018    0.002 
   102      124    0.565    0.005 
   104      101    0.017    0.000 
   104      132    1.615    0.018 
   105      201    0.014    0.001 
   105      203    0.006    0.000 
   105      205    0.003    0.000 
   106      102    0.018    0.003 
   106      134    1.288    0.015 
   108      101    0.012    0.001 
   108      134    1.382    0.000 
   109      101    0.013    0.003 
   110      202    0.011    0.000 
   110      234    1.267    0.024 
   112      102    0.012    0.001 
   112      132    1.398    0.006 
   113      101    0.010    0.001 
   114      104    0.009    0.000 
   114      135    1.135    0.012 
   115      101    0.009    0.001 
   116      201    0.010    0.000 
   116      204    0.009    0.001 
   116      223    0.306    0.000 
   116      234    1.094    0.017 
   117      101    0.009    0.003 
   117      107    0.004    0.001 
   118      103    0.007    0.000 
   118      128    1.166    0.003 
   119      103    0.007    0.000 
   120      201    0.008    0.000 
   120      205    0.007    0.000 
   120      227    0.988    0.002 
   120      234    1.227    0.003 
   121      201    0.007    0.001 
   122      102    0.007    0.001 
   122      105    0.004    0.000 
   122      132    1.295    0.003 
   123      101    0.005    0.000 
   124      101    0.006    0.001 
   124      130    1.213    0.009 
   124      135    1.000    0.005 
   125      303    0.004    0.000 
   125      334    1.081    0.004 
   126      101    0.004    0.000 
   126      132    1.174    0.011 
   127      201    0.007    0.000 
   127      210    0.002    0.001 
   127      226    0.755    0.002 
   127      235    1.029    0.004 
   128      201    0.007    0.000 
   129      102    0.005    0.000 
   129      135    0.996    0.006 
   130      101    0.005    0.000 
   130      107    0.004    0.001 
   130      125    0.600    0.004 
   131      134    1.077    0.006 
   132      102    0.006    0.001 
   132      119    0.004    0.001 
   133      101    0.006    0.000 
   134      201    0.007    0.001 
   134      235    0.935    0.018 
   135      201    0.008    0.000 
   135      215    0.001    0.001 
   135      234    1.073    0.004 
   136      103    0.005    0.000 
   137      101    0.006    0.001 
   137      121    0.002    0.000 
   137      133    1.059    0.005 
   140      102    0.004    0.000 
   140      133    1.056    0.003 
   141      101    0.006    0.000 
   142      102    0.006    0.001 
   142      123    0.045    0.007 
   142      135    0.946    0.012 
   143      101    0.005    0.001 
   144      102    0.003    0.000 
   144      129    1.056    0.009 
   145      103    0.002    0.001 
   146      102    0.003    0.001 
   146      125    0.192    0.003 
   146      131    1.012    0.006 
   147      101    0.003    0.000 
   148      121    0.369    0.007 

STATION   SAMP      F12      F12  
 NUMBER    NO.     pM/kg    Stdev 
---------------------------------
   150      234    0.914    0.004 
   151      102    0.001    0.002 
   151      135    0.888    0.006 
   152      101    0.005    0.002 
   153      102    0.003    0.000 
   153      132    0.946    0.003 
   154      101    0.001    0.002 
   154      103    0.001    0.000 
   155      102    0.002    0.001 
   155      122    0.004    0.001 
   155      134    0.892    0.013 
   156      102    0.003    0.001 
   157      104    0.001    0.000 
   158      102    0.003    0.001 
   159      102    0.002    0.000 
   159      103    0.002    0.001 
   159      134    0.910    0.038 
   160      103    0.002    0.001 
   161      103    0.000    0.001 
   161      131    0.935    0.008 
   162      201    0.003    0.000 
   163      201    0.002    0.001 
   163      229    0.848    0.001 
   164      104    0.000    0.001 
   167      201    0.002    0.000 
   167      230    1.042    0.006 
   169      201    0.002    0.001 
   169      226    0.029    0.002 
   169      235    0.937    0.004 
   170      101    0.009    0.000 
   170      129    0.551    0.002 
   171      101    0.000    0.001 
   171      128    0.180    0.002 
   172      221    0.089    0.001 
   172      233    0.949    0.006 
   173      201    0.000    0.000 
   173      225    0.020    0.002 
   173      231    0.879    0.007 
   174      101    0.000    0.000 
   178      101    0.003    0.000 
   179      101    0.002    0.000 
   180      101    0.004    0.002 
   181      101    0.004    0.000 
   182      101    0.004    0.001 



APPENDIX 7   Carbon Measurement techniques on P14S an P15S 


pH

Seawater samples were drawn from the PVC bottles with a 25-cm length of
silicon tubing. One end of the tubing was fit over the petcock of the
PVC bottle and the other end was attached over the opening of a 10-cm
glass spectrophotometric cell. The spectrophotometric cell was rinsed
three to four times with a total volume of approximately 200 mL of
seawater; the Teflon(tm) endcaps were also rinsed and then used to trap
a sample of seawater in the glass cell. While drawing the sample, care
was taken to make sure that no air bubbles were trapped within the
cell.

Seawater pH was measured using a three-wavelength spectrophotometric
procedure (Byrne, 1987) and the indicator calibration of Clayton and
Byrne (1993). The indicator was a 8.0-mM solution of Kodak(tm) m-cresol
purple sodium salt (C21H17O5Na) in a 10% ethanol solution; the
absorbance ratio of the concentrated indicator solution (RI =
578A/434A) was 1.00. All absorbance ratio measurements were obtained in
the thermostatted (25.0 +/- 0.05C) cell compartments of HP 8453 diode
array spectrophotometers. Periodically the spectrophotometric cells
were cleaned with a 1 N HCl solution to preclude biological growth.
Measurements of pH were taken at 25.0C on the total hydrogen ion
concentration ([H+]t) scale, in mol/kg soln.


DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC)

The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing container
modified for use as a laboratory. The analysis was done by coulometry;
two analytical systems were used simultaneously on the cruise, each
consisting of a coulometer (UIC, Inc.) coupled with a SOMMA (Single
Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer) inlet system developed by
Ken Johnson (Johnson et al., 1985,1987,1993; Johnson, 1992) of
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Pipette volume was determined
based on the procedures described in Handbook of Methods for CO2
Analysis (DOE, 1994).

In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted
to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen to the seawater sample, and
the evolved CO2 gas is carried into the titration cell of the
coulometer, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent
based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions.  These are
subsequently titrated with coulometrically generated OH-.  CO2 is thus
measured by integrating the total charge required to achieve this.
Samples were drawn from the PVC bottles into cleaned, precombusted
500-mL Pyrex(tm) bottles using Tygon(tm) tubing according to procedures
outlined in the Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis (DOE, 1994).
Bottles were rinsed once and filled from the bottom, overflowing half a
volume, and care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. The tube was
pinched off and withdrawn, creating a 5-mL headspace, and 0.2 mL of
saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative.

The sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with
Apiezon-L(tm) grease, and were stored at room temperature for a maximum
of 12 hours prior to analysis.

The coulometers were calibrated by injecting aliquots of pure CO2
(99.995%) by means of an 8-port valve outfitted with two sample loops
that had been calibrated at BNL (Wilke, 1993). All DIC values were
corrected for dilution by 0.2 mL of HgCl2; total water volume was 540
mL. The correction factor used was 1.00037. The instruments were
calibrated at the beginning, middle, and end of each coulometer cell
solution with a set of the gas loop injections.

CRMs (Batch 29) were provided by Dr. Andrew Dickson (SIO), and was
analyzed on both instruments over the duration of the cruise.  The CRM
certified value was 1902.54 +/-1.05 (n=14).  The overall accuracy and
precision for the CRMs on both instruments combined was -1.1 +/-0.9
(n=153).  Replicate measurements from different PVC bottles tripped at
the same depth, along with replicate measurements from the same PVC
bottle was within +/-1.9 mol/kg DIC. DIC data reported for this cruise
have been corrected to the Batch 29 CRM value by adding the difference
between the certified value and the mean shipboard CRM value (certified
value - shipboard analyses) on a per instrument/per leg basis.


TOTAL ALKALINITY (TA)

The titration system used to determine TA consisted of a Metrohm 665
Dosimat(tm) titrator and an Orion(tm) 720A pH meter controlled by a
personal computer (Millero et al., 1993). The acid titrant, in a
water-jacketed burette, and the seawater sample, in a water-jacketed
cell, were kept at 25 +/- 0.1C with a Neslab(tm) constant-temperature
bath. The plexiglass water-jacketed cells were similar to those used by
Bradshaw et al. (1988), except that a larger volume (200 mL) was used
to increase the precision. The cells had fill and drain valves with
zero dead-volume to increase the reproducibility of the cell volume.

The HCl solutions used throughout the cruise were made, standardized,
and stored in 500-mL glass bottles in the laboratory for use at sea.
The 0.2487 M HCl solutions were made from 1 M Mallinckrodt(tm) standard
solutions in 0.45 M NaCl to yield an ionic strength equivalent to that
of average seawater (0.7 M). The acid was independently standardized
using a coulometric technique (Taylor and Smith, 1959; Marinenko and
Taylor, 1968) by the University of Miami and by Dr. Dickson. The two
standardization techniques agreed to +/-0.0001 N.

The volume of HCl delivered to the cell is traditionally assumed to
have a small uncertainty (Dickson, 1981) and is equated with the
digital output of the titrator. Calibrations of the Dosimat(tm)
burettes with Milli Q(tm) water at 25C indicated that the systems
deliver 3.000 mL (the value for a titration of seawater) to a precision
of 0.0004 mL. This uncertainty resulted in an error of 0.4 mol/kg in
TA.

Internal consistency of each cell was checked before, during, and after
the cruise by titrating CRM Batches 29 and 30 prepared by Dr. Dickson.
The TA of CRM was determined by open cell (weighed) titration in the
laboratory prior to the cruise and was found to be 2184.8 +/- 1.3
mol/kg (n= 15) and 2201.9 +/- 1.0 mol/kg (n = 21), respectively. A
total of 85 CRM measurements made at sea yielded 2173.8 +/- 1.6 mol/kg
for Batch 29 and 2190.8 +/- 1.7 mol/kg for Batch 30 on three different
cells. This offset was due to changes in the volume of the cells. All
TA data have been corrected to laboratory CRM values for each cell and
each leg.


APPENDIX 8.  Listing of CGC96 Bottle problems, with QC evaluations

* indicates no nutrient sample.                                                                                 

             initial                                                                                        
Stn Samp Cast Fbtl         Problem as annotated;                                                           fbtlnbr
Nbr  no   no  nbr  Ctdprs   on deck logs                         Comments                                  re-set to:
--- ---  ---- ---  ------  ------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------  ---------
1   106   1    3   3001.9  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal < .001,no O2,cfc,sil                      2
2   110   1    3   3997.2  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal = 0,no O2,cfc,sil                         2
2   121   1    3   1600.5  Leaking, *                            ctd-sal < .0014,no O2,sil, cfc=good               2
2   129   1    3   2235.5  Leaking, *                            no sal,O2,cfc,sil                                 3
2   133   1    3   2236.5  Leaking, *                            no sal,O2,sil cfc=OK                              3
3   129   1    3     37.5  Leaking, *                            NO BOTTLE DATA FO STA=3                           3
4   104   1    3    117.7  Leaking, high nutrients               ctd-sal < .001, O2=OK,cfc=OK,sil=high             3
4   109   1    3      9.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal = -.0085,O2=OK, cfc=OK                    2
5   107   1    3    465.9  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal < 0.001,no O2,cfc                         3
5   113   1    3    207.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal = -.0011,others=OK                        2
5   114   1    3    180.8  Top endcap cracked                    ctd-sal=0.001,sil=OK,no cfc,O2                    3
6   103   1    4   1070.5  Did not trip properly, *              no samples                                        4
6   110   1    3    490.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0004,sil=OK, no others                 2
7   108   1    3    724.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0003,O2,sil=OK,no cfc                    2
7   120   1    3    154.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0003,O2,sil=OK, no cfc                   2
8   108   1    3   1213.6  Huge Leak at top cap, *               ctd-sal=.0007,no O2,cfc,sil                       3
8   132   1    3     11.1  Stopcock open, 131/132                nut reps look OK  ctd-sal=0.0001,o2=OK,no cfc     3
11  103   1    3   5120    Stopcock pushed in,102/103            nut reps=ok ctd-sal=-.0006,O2,nuts=OK,no cfc      2
11  117   1    3   1317.8  Leaking, *                            no sal,nuts,cfc; O2=high  BAD                     3
12  203   2    4   4900.2  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.5,nuts-very low, o2=very high   fbtlnbr 4
12  206   2    3   3699.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0009,o2,sil=OK                          2
12  209   2    3   2504.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=.0017,o2,sil=OK                           2
13  106   1    3   3498.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0010,no o2,cfc,sil=OK                   2
13  109   1    3   2293.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0017,no O2,cfc;sil=OK                   2
14  117   1    3   1214    Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,sil;O2 a little high?                  3
15  208   2    3   3561.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                   2
15  213   2    3   2316.3  Band broken on btm                    ctd-sal=0.001;o2,cfc,sil=OK                       2
15  217   2    3   1310    Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,nuts; o2=high                          3
15  225   2    3    427.1  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0009;no cfc,sil;o2-ctd=low             3
15  233   2    4     31.2  Did not trip, *                                                                         4
16  109   1    3   3188.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0010;o2,sil=OK,no cfc                   2
16  117   1    3   1224.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0015;o2,sil=OK,no cfc                   2
17  120   1    3    926.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.00008;o2,cfc,sil=OK                     2
17  131   1    3     78.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0012;o2,sil=OK;no cfc                   2
18  103   1    3   4878.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;o2,sil,cfc=OK;ph?                  3
18  133   1    4     19.4  Did not close, *                                                                        4
19  106   1    3   3093.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0012;f12 a little high,no pH           2
19  110   1    3   1504.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0029;                                   2
19  117   1    3    420.1  Stopcock pushed in *                                                                    3
20  105   1    4   2889.9  Empty, *                                                                                4
20  106   1    3   2502.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal <0.001;sil=OK                             3
20  109   1    3   1355.7  Damaged bottle                                                                          3
20  114   1    3    577    Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
21  103   1    4   4702.5  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
21  106   1    3   3502    Leaking, PO4 high, sil & NO3 ok       ctd-sal=0.0009;cfc,sil=OK                         2
21  122   1    4     67.2  Empty, *                                                                                4
22  205   2    4   3300.8  Did not trip properly, *              no sal,o2,cfc,sil                                 4
22  206   2    3   2899.0  Did not trip properly, *              ctd-sal=0.0049;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                   3
23  109   1    3   2299.5  Vent open                             ctd-sal=0.0010;o2,cfc,sil=OK                      2
23  115   1    3    603    Bottom open, *                                                                          4
25  104   1    3   3496.2  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal<<0.001;cfc,o2,sil,ph=OK                   2
25  105   1    4   3096.6  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
27  111   1    4    722.4  Did not close-lanyard hung up, *                                                        4
28  117   1    3    191.3  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.001;o2,sil=OK;no cfc                   2
29  209   2    3   1029.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0011;no cfc,o2;sil=OK                   2
29  220   2    3    269.6  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0002;sil,o2=OK;no cfc                   2
29  226   2    3    106.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0025;sil,o2,cfc=OK                      2
30  104   1    3   3185.7  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0003;sil,o2,cfc=OK                      2
30  120   1    3    436.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal = 0.0006;no cfc;o2,sil=OK                 2
31  229   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
31  230   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
31  231   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
31  232   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
31  233   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
31  234   2    4     -9    Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
32  131   1    3     45.1  Leaking                                                                                 3
33  113   1    3   1136.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0002;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                  2
34  110   1    3   1439.2  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0004;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                2
35  131   1    3     59.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0176;no cfc,o2;sil=OK                   3
36  101   1    3   2901    Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;o2,sil,ph=OK                           3
36  102   1    3   2752.2  Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;o2,sil,ph=OK                           3
37  107   1    3   1030.9  Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0002;o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                   2
37  108   1    3    921    Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0002;o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                   2
37  109   1    3    820    Top may be been cracked by tag lines  ctd-sal=0.0067                                    3
38  103   1    3   2099.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0012;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc;              2
38  122   1    3     41.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0051;sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2               2
39  104   1    3   1897.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0005;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc               2
39  109   1    3    919.5  Stopcock pushed in                    no sal,cfc;sil,ph,o2=OK                           3
40  131   1    3     43.3                                        ctd-sal=-0.0025;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc               2
40  134   1    3     10.7  bottom leaking                        ctd-sal=-0.0034;sil=OK;no cfc,o2,ph               2
41  130   1    3      8.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0036;sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc           2
42  110   1    3   1693.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0009;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph               2
42  131   1    3     45.1  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal = -0.0011;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph             2
43  103   1    3   2706.8  no comment                            sal,o2,cfc,nuts flagged                           3
45  120   1    3    166.3  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=-0.0013;sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2               3
46  126   1    3    193.2  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0010;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                  2
46  131   1    3     67    Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0042;sil=OK;no cfc,ph                   3
47  201   2    3   4100.7  Leaking                               cts-sal=0.0011;o2-ctd high,sil=OK                 3
47  231   2    3     82.1  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0006;o2,sil=OK                         2
48  106                                                          fo2=4    4% lower than surrounding points
49  120   1    3    927    Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0011;o2,cfc,sal=OK,no ph                2
50  101   1    3   4489.5  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0008;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                2
50  102                                                          fo2=3:1.5% higher than rep and surrounding points
50  111   1    3   2440    Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0013;o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                   2
50  114   1    3   1661.4  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0004;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                2
51  104   1    3   4566.8  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0012;o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                2
52  112   1    3   2437.5  Vent valve left open                  ctd-sal=0.0021;                                   3
53  101   1    3   5144.9  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0007;o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                2
53  133   1    3     29.7  Did not trip properly, *                                                                3
55  133   1    4     31.3  "Bottom open, lanyard hung up",*                                                        4
56  116   1    3   1440.2  Leaking, *                                                                              3
56  117   1    3   1216.5  Leaking, *                                                                              3
57  104   1    3   4565.9  Leaking                                                                                 3
57  116   1    3   1562.5  Leaking                                                                                 3
57  133   1    4     28.4  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
59  103   1    3   4814.1  Leaking                                                                                 3
60  128   1    3    189.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
60  133   1    4     19.1  "Empty, lanyard hung up", *                                                             4
61  127   1    3    261.3  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0008;o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                2
62  201   2    3   5171    Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0005;o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph               2
62  204   2    4   4439.4  Stopcock pushed in                    ctd-sal=0.0003;o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph                2
63  105   1    3   3495.9  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.0083;o2,cfc=high hp-high?               3
64  116   1    4    478.4  Did not trip properly, low nuts                                                         4
64  117   1    4    365.8  "Empty, lanyard hung up", *                                                             4
66  116   1    3   1436.3  Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
66  126   1    3    291.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
67  219   2    3   1027.4  no comment                            ctd-sal=0.0056;                                   3
67  226   2    3    319.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.0003;o2-ctd=4;ph,sil=OK                2
67  231   2    3     79    Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.011;o2,sil,ph,cfc=OK                   2
68  101   1    3   5334.9  Leaking                               ctd-sal=0.0003;sil,ph=OK;no cfc,o2=high           3
69  227   2    3    265.5  "Large leak, top"                                                                       4
70  116   1    3   1441.3  Minor btm leak                        sal,o2,ph,sil=OK                                  2
71  131   1    3     79.2                                        sal,o2,ph,sil=OK                                  2
71  134   1    4      9.7  lanyard hangup                                                                          4
72  131   1    3     69.6                                        ctd-sal=-0.006                                    3
73  131   1    3     80.1                                        sal,o2,cfc,ph,sil=OK                              2
73  134   1    3     10.1  leak bottom cap                       no sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph                              3
74  201   2    3   5385.3  Leaking, NO3 & sil low,               PO4 n/a=bad sal                                   4
77  101   1    3   5056.0                                        fo2=3;O2 >2% high
77  107   1    3   3565.6                                        fo2=3; O2 high
79  133   1    3     13.4  Leaking                                                                                 3
80  212   2    3   1075.3  Leaking                                                                                 2
80  228   2    4    119.4  Leaking, high nutrients BAD sal                                                         4
80  229   2    4     93.6  Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
80  230   2    4     69.1  Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
80  231   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
80  232   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
80  233   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
80  234   2    4     -9    Did not trip-no sample                                                                  4
81  104   1    3   2555.9  Leaking                               sal,o2,ph,sil=OK no cfc                           2
81  133   1    3      9.6  Leaking, *                            no samp                                           3
83  103   1    3    725.5  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
83  104   1    3    624.9  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
83  116   1    3    130.9  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
85  104   1    3    565.8  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,ph-OK;no cfc                           2
85  121   1    3     10    "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,phcfc=OK                               2
87  103   1    3   1314.2  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,ph,sil,cfc=OK                              2
89  222   2    3    230.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,sil,ph=OK;o2 low,no cfc                       2
90  116   1    3    590.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
91  116   1    3    623.8  Small leak, bottom cap                sal:OK;o2sil,ph,cfc=OK                            2
91  133   1    3      9.2  Leaking, *                                                                              3
92  222   2    3    474.9  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc.ph                           2
92  226   2    3    240.5  Small leak, bottom cap                                                                  2
92  233   2    3     20.5  Large leak, bottom cap                sal,o2=OK                                         2
93  133   1    3     30.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,cfc=OK;no ph                           2
94  101   1    3   4655.3  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
94  119   1    4    874.6                                        sal=high,o2,cfc,ph=low,sil=high                   4
94  121   1    3    676.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                              2
95  136   1    3      2.4  Leaking, *                            sal OK, no other sample data                      3
97  224   2    3    525.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
97  233   2    3     79.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,ph,sil=OK; no cfc                          2
99  116   1    3   1350.2  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil.ph=OK;no cfc                           2
99  133   1    3     79.6  Small leak, bottom cap                sal,o2,sil.ph=OK;no cfc                           2
100 129   1    4    190.3  Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                       4
100 130   1    4    145.7  Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                       4
100 131   1    4     -9    "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
100 132   1    4     -9    "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
103 107   1    4   3564.9  Vent left open                        sal=OK,sil=BAD                                    4
105 233   2    4     56.4  "Did not trip, lanyard hung up", *                                                      4
106 124   1    3    478    Possible leak                         sal,cfc,sil,ph=OK;no o2                           2
106 133   1    4     69.9  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
107 129   1    3    190.4  Leaking                               sal=ok;sil,ph,o2=OK;no cfc                        2
107 130   1    3    143.9  Leaking                               sal=ok;sil,ph,o2=OK;no cfc                        2
107 133   1    4     69.9  Lanyard hung up                                                                         4
107 136   1    4      4.7  leaking badly                                                                           4
109 103   1    2                                                 fo2=3; 4%higher than surrounding points
109 111   1    3   3064.2  Leaking                                                                                 3
110 216   2    3   1939.3  Leaking, *                            no sal,o2,sil,ph;cfc=OK                           3
110 218   2    3   1440.5  Spigot leaking                        sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph=OK                              2
114 111   1    3   3191    "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2.cfc.sil.ph+OK                              2
114 124   1    3    669    Leaking                               sal,o2.cfc.sil.ph+OK                              2
114 136   1    4      5.3  Vent open                             only sal,sil;  OK                                 2
115 126   1    3    524.1  "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
116 210   2    3   3440.6  no comment                            sal,o2,=low                                       3
117 116   1    3   1814.5  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
118 131   1    3    120.4  "Small leak, bottom cap               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
119 109   1    3   3561.9  "Large leak, top cap"                 sal,o2,ph,sil=OK;no cfc                           2
119 126   1    3    526.8  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
119 131   1    3    163.9  "Large leak, bottom cap"                                                                3
120 226   2    3    474.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil,cfc=OK                                 2
120 231   2    3    140.1  Slight leak                           sal,o2,sil,cfc,ph=OK                              2
121 203   2    3   4565    Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
121 209   2    3   3065.5  Leaked before vent open               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
121 218   2    3   1125.5  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
123 133   1    3     80.5  Slight leak                           sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc                              2
124 117                                                          fo2=3; high
124 124   1    3    677.8  Leaking, *                            no sal,cfc,sil,ph                                 3
125 324   3    3    720.1  Leaking                               sil,ph=OK                                         2
126 124   1    3    670.5  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,cfc,sil=OK                                    2
127 207   2    4   4316.1  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
127 209   2    3   3815.3  Leaking                               sal=BAD,no cfc,ph                                 3
127 224   2    3    719.5  Major leaker                                                                            3
129 104                                                          ph l0oks low ????
129 111   1    3   3314.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
130 104                                                          phlooks low ????
130 126   1    3    476.6  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.007;no cfc,ph                          3
131 104                                                          ph looks low ????
131 136   1    3      3.6  "Leaker, top cap", *                  o2,ph=OK                                          2
132 110   1    3   3437.4  "Leaker, top cap"                     sil,sal=OK                                        2
132 112   1    3   2939.4  "Small leak, top cap"                 sil,sal=OK                                        2
132 131   1    3    140.7  Small leak                            sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
133 104   1    3   5067.6  Bottom leak                           sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
133 107   1    3   4314.1  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
134 224   2    3    673.6  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK                                 2
135 209   2    3   3565.1  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
136 109   1    3   3671.3  "Leaker, top cap"                     sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
136 130   1    3    190.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK                                     2
137 124   1    3    726.1  Major leak                            sal,sil=OK;no cfc,o2,ph                           3
137 130   1    3    217.6  "Large leak, bottom cap"              sal,sil=OK; no cfc,ph,o2                          3
139 109   1    3   1814.7  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
140 109   1    3   3439.6  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
140 135   1    3     18.5  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
141 102   1    3   4814.8  Small leak                            sal,o2,sil=OK;no ph,cfc                           2
141 103   1    3   4566.3  Small leak                            sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
141 109   1    3   3065.8  Small leakk                           sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
141 131   1    3    129.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no ph,cfc                           2
144 125   1    3    475.7  Small leak                            sal,cfc,sil=ok; no,ph.o2                          2
144 133   1    3     69.8  Leaking                               sal,sil=ok;o2=high?,no cfc,ph                     3
146 102   1    3   4940.2  Leaking                               sal,o2,cfc,sil,ph"OK                              2
147 133   1    3     79.2  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
147 135   1    3     28.4  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
152 126   1    4    375.1  Did not trip properly, *                                                                4
152 133   1    3     70.1  "Small leak, bottom cap"              sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
152 136   1    3      4.3  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
153 133   1    3     78.6  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=ok;no cfc,ph                           2
158 111   1    3   2441.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
160 102   1    4   5247.9  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;nocfc,o2,ph                            2
160 105   1    3   4866.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK; no cfc,ph                          2
160 106   1    3   4738.1  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK; no cfc,ph                          2
160 128   1    4    290.7  Leaking                               ctd-sal=-0.007,sil=OK;no cfc,ph,o2                4
160 136   1    4      5.1  Vent left open                        sal,sil=OK,no o2,cfc,ph                           2
161 106   1    3   4288.5  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
163 206   2    3   4564.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
163 228   2    3    324.5  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
163 232   2    3    117.1  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
163 234   2    3     57.9  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
163 235   2    3     29.6  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
163 236   2    3      5.3  Vent left open                        sal,o2,sil,ph,cfc=OK                              2
164 102   1    3   5179.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
164 136   1    3      4    Leaking                               sal,sil=ok;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
165 102   1    3   5599.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
165 106   1    3   4564.3  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
165 129   1    3    265.1  Stopcock pushed in                                                                      3
166 228   2    3    286.8  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
167 206   2    3   4566    Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK no cfc,ph                           2
167 228   2    3    326.4  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
168 109   1    3   3686.8  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
168 131   1    3    140.1  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
171 112   1    3   2812.9  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
171 113   1    3   2562.7  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
171 117   1    3   1564    Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil,ph=OK;no cfc                           2
171 127   1    3    421.6  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
172 235   2    3     10    Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,sil=OK,no cfc,ph                           2
173 226   2    3    525.3  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
174 105   1    3   4689    Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
174 117   1    3   1690.4  Leaking                               sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
174 127   1    3    374.2  Stopcock pushed in                    sal,sil=OK;no o2,cfc,ph                           3
174 135   1    3     20.4  Small bottom leak                     sal,o2,cfc,sil=OK;no ph                           2
175 205   2    3   4899.9  Leaking from top                      sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
178 110   1    3   4098.9  Leaking stopcock                      sal,o2,sil=OK;no cfc,ph                           2
181 110   1    3   3253    Leaking, *                                                                              3



APPENDIX 9a: DQ Evaluation of WOCE P14S and P15S hydrographic data. 
             (Arnold Mantyla)
             1998.NOV.18


The first leg, P14S, was along approximately 170E southward from 
Campbell Island to about 66S, providing an excellent section across the 
main flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Data from WOCE section 
S04 stations 769 to 783 could be tacked onto this section to complete 
the section to the Antarctic coast at Victoria Land. The cruise 
continued to 67S, 170W to start a long northward section, providing 
another crossing of the ACC; and then extending through the Samoan 
Passage on to the equator. There was considerable overlap with P15N. 
Crossings of P06, P21, p31 and S04 provided comparisons with other WOCE 
sections as well. The sampling density and data quality for this cruise 
was quite good on the stations where the 34 place rosette could be used. 
On the stations where the larger rosette could not be used because of 
rough weather, the 24 place rosette was still able to get a reasonable 
profile for the full water column.

The data originators have looked over the data quite thoroughly but they 
have flagged quite a bit more data as questionable than I would have. In 
the case of phosphate, many profile bumps of only .01, which is well 
within measurement uncertainty or even round off truncations, were 
flagged as uncertain. Unless there was some problem in the measurement, 
those values should have been accepted as ok.

In the case of salinity, most of the flagged values were in high 
gradient regions or near sharp extrema in the profiles. There are a 
number of reasons why the CTD and water samples may not agree perfectly, 
and yet neither may be "wrong". The two measurements are quite different 
snapshots of the water column. Ray Weiss's study on the flushing 
characteristics of oceanographic samplers (DSR 18: 653-656) points out 
water samples are really "an integration of the water column through 
which the sampling bottle has been passed"; while the CTD is an 
instantaneous measure of the ocean that is in the wake of the rosette 
package. In high gradient regions either measurement can have problems. 
If the rosette bottle is tripped too quickly, some water will be 
entrained from below, so the operators usually wait a bit at each stop 
so as to collect a more representative sample from the target depth, but 
even a slightly smeared out sample with respect to depth will be 
acceptable to most data users. CTD processing routines have a number of 
checks to result in smoother data: pressure reversals (common when a 
rosette stops), gradient "spikes", statistical tests, and various 
averaging schemes that can result in a number that is not equivalent to 
what the rosette bottle is seeing, not to mention that the two types of 
samplers are usually physically separated in depth. Ideally, the CTD 
check should be an average of the CTD data just prior to the rosette 
trip so as to be equivalent to when the rosette sampler is integrating 
the water column (though stopped, the package moves up and down with the 
ship roll and changing wire angle). 

The purpose of the salinity samples from every rosette bottle is to 
confirm that the water samples really come from the target depth and 
verify correct trips and tight seals, or no leakage during the cast. 
Comparison of the salinometer salinity with the CTD salinity provides a 
very sensitive validation of the quality of the water samples, and they 
were usually very good on this cruise. Where differences are greater 
than that expected from the combined precisions of the two measurements, 
one looks to see if there could have been a trip problem, leakage, 
sample collection errors, or analytical errors. It's often a judgement 
call, but it is not reasonable to believe that sample handling errors 
occur primarily in the upper water column, where the majority of the u'd 
values were. A little more care should have been taken to evaluate those 
apparent salt errors to see if they were possible, given the local 
gradients. 

I have not changed many of the quality flags, tending to accept the 
originator's call, but these data are clearly over-edited. The following 
are a few specific comments that should be looked into: 

STATIONS 111-127: 

Most have isolated mid-depth bottle salts flagged "u", but examination 
of the density curves and theta/s curves compared to adjacent stations 
indicate the bottle salinity is more likely to be correct and the CTD 
slightly off. I asked Mark Rosenberg to check out stations 116, 117, and 
120 and he confirmed that the down CTD trace agreed with the bottle 
data, so I switched the flags on those stations. However, single values 
at depths between 1800 and 2400db on the other stations should also be 
changed to accept the bottle salts as ok (if verified by the down CTD 
trace). 

STATIONS 100, 104, 139, and 163: 

These stations have negative oxygen values, either -.78, -.88, or -.98, 
that may be just a computation residual from a busted analyses. They are 
flagged as "bad" data, but they are not data at all and should be 
omitted, and flagged missing or lost. 

There are quite a few stations (listed below) that have lines without 
any data, not even a CTD pressure. Some have nutrients or a salinity, 
but without a location for the data, they have no value and should not 
be left in to clutter eventual global archives. I suggest the lines 
without any pressure information be deleted on stations 25, 26, 31, 36, 
37, 39, 41 43-45, 48, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 80-83, 91, 95-97, 
106, 107, 114, 131, 134, 155, 160, 164, 170, 175-182. Most of these are 
single lines labeled sample 140 or 240, but others have numerous empty 
fields. 

STATIONS 30-32 PO4's: 

Station 32 phosphates below 970db were u'd, apparently because they 
differ from station 31. However, 32 agrees well with 30, so could 
station 31 be off instead? All are lower than WOCE S04 PO4's. 

STATION 26:

Station 26 is an unusual one; it is in a mid ocean ridge fracture zone 
and the deep temperatures are much colder than the previous station, 
indicating the passage is open to the south to the next basin. All 
phosphates were flagged "u", but if there is not analytical reason to do 
so, I would change them to ok. They agree well at the same potential 
temperatures with nearby stations. 

Low surface PO4's: Ten stations have zero surface phosphates, unlike any 
other cruise that I have seen and unlike the NODC Atlas NESDIS 1 for 
nutrients. Plots of PO4 vs NO3 usually have a positive PO4 intercept at 
zero NO3 around 0.2 PO4, although values of less than 0.1 (but non-zero) 
are seen in the western subtropical gyres of the northern hemisphere. 
PO4/NO3 plots for this cruise compare well with P06 and P15N, except at 
the surface. Could there be a low level detection problem with the 
Alpkem Autoanalyzer? The zero values are suspect, and should be flagged 
"u". The problem stations are between stations 79 and 147.

STATION 116, 3441db: 

The water samples are clearly poor and are not from this level. Salt and 
3 of 4 nutrients were u'd, but O2 and NO2 were accepted as ok. The CTD 
confirms the O2 is poor also, and even though the NO2 would "fit" at 
this level, the water did not come from this depth, so all water samples 
should be u'd.

Below is a list of the lines in the .sea file where the DQE has made changes to 
the QUALT2 flags.


EXPOCODE 31DSCG96_1, 31DSCG96_2 WHP-ID P14S & P15S DATE 010596 to 031096 19980930WHPOSIOSA 
           STN CAST SAMP BTL CTD                                                              NIT   NIT   PHS                 DEL  DEL  C14  C13 
           NBR  NO   NO  NBR RAW CTDPRS  CTDTMP CTDSAL  CTDOXY  THETA  SALNTY  OXYGEN SILCAT  RAT   RIT   PHT  CFC-11 CFC-12  C14  C13  ERR  ERR QUALT1        QUALT2
c16          1  1   112  404 -9  1604.8  2.8508 34.5703 154.04  2.7359 34.5732 162.52  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00  0.091  0.043 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2212411916699 2212311916699
c127         4  1   104 1003 -9   117.7  7.1622 34.3993 281.42  7.1512 34.3992 282.10   6.21 17.55  0.35  1.30  4.298  2.228 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3222233332299 3222222222299
c153         5  1   101 1022 -9   730.0  6.1802 34.3576 237.54  6.1144 34.3574  32.62  15.77 24.36  0.02  1.67  2.780  1.395 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222423322299 2222422222299
c180         7  1   127 1234 -9     8.4  7.3430 34.1401 301.74  7.3422 34.1480 298.43   3.36 18.71  0.20  1.28 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229999 2223222229999
c296        10  2   211 1114 -9  2690.5  1.6186 34.7383 198.84  1.4278 34.7371 196.92  98.99 31.13  0.00  2.11  0.049  0.022 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266636299 2222266626299
c358        12  2   203  439 -9  4900.2  0.9043 34.7045 174.10  0.5018 34.2147 269.69  13.40 24.68  0.00  1.66 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4244333239999 4244333339999
c364        13  1   121  417 -9   113.0  6.0008 34.2096 289.67  5.9913 34.2109 280.74   7.60 21.73  0.10  1.43  4.245  2.139 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222333332299
c402        14  1   117 1104 -9  1214.0  2.4670 34.5815 177.31  2.3874 -9.0000 179.15  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3225299991199 3225399991199
c528        18  1   127 1234 -9   237.8  4.7880 34.1270 287.94  4.7701 34.1274 294.64   9.21 22.91  0.22  1.56 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229999 2222322229999
c532        18  1   123 1250 -9   575.3  3.4305 34.2090 234.77  3.3917 34.2078 241.92  29.11 30.39  0.01  2.05 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222622229999 2222322229999
c543        18  1   112 1217 -9  2440.0  1.7297 34.7410 194.51  1.5594 34.7401 195.95  95.54 31.14  0.00  2.10 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
c547 550    18  1   108 1263 -9  3443.3  1.0807 34.7185 204.15  0.8305 34.7166 204.31 116.24 32.00  0.00  2.16 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
            18  1   107 1245 -9  3687.7  0.9947 34.7139 205.88  0.7223 34.7121 206.06 119.55 32.10  0.00  2.17  0.064  0.034 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232222299 2222222222299
            18  1   106 1262 -9  3937.1  0.9228 34.7104 207.69  0.6266 34.7081 207.52 121.94 32.22  0.00  2.18 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222232229999 2222222229999
            18  1   105 1113 -9  4189.5  0.8652 34.7069 208.63  0.5439 34.7046 209.27 124.13 32.30  0.00  2.18  0.101  0.053 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222632222299 2222622222299
c645        22  2   206  441 -9  2899.0  1.1234 34.7217 203.40  0.9240 34.7266 202.17 110.16 31.78  0.00  2.16 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223266629999 3223366629999
c881        31  2   240   -9 -9    -9.0 -9.0000 -9.0000  -9.00 -9.0000 -9.0000  -9.00  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2999999999999 4999999999999
c1038       35  1   108 1263 -9  1819.9  0.5258 34.7017 208.35  0.4248 34.7015 212.68 123.89 32.50  0.00  2.20  0.169  0.098 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
c1070       36  1   101  406 -9  2901.0  0.3685 34.6982 214.11  0.1853 -9.0000 217.54 124.83 32.55  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3229266669991 3229366669991
c1084       37  1   112  404 -9   523.9  1.8990 34.7181 182.81  1.8698 -9.0000 190.80  84.50 31.80  0.00  2.16  0.179  0.121 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2229222222499 2229322222499
c1118 1119  38  1   102  414 -9  2496.9  0.6984 34.7055 206.81  0.5426 34.7072 212.39 126.37 32.40  0.00  2.19 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266649999 2222366649999
            38  1   101  406 -9  2918.1  0.7321 34.7056 207.56  0.5395 34.7068 221.63 126.37 32.20  0.00  2.20 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266669999 2222366669999
c1254       43  1   119  416 -9   164.0 -1.0130 33.9776 282.03 -1.0174 33.9684 347.50  48.12 29.28  0.13  2.06  6.051  2.960 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222210 2222322222210
c1270       43  1   103  439 -9  2706.8  0.8684 34.7112 206.25  0.6914 34.7334 198.77 103.13 31.53  0.00  2.14  0.058  0.117 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3224233232410 3224333232410
c1315 1317  45  1   108  440 -9  1502.3  1.9898 34.7290 188.46  1.8930 34.7301 188.18  86.44 31.32  0.00  2.16  0.077  0.038 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
            45  1   107  436 -9  1897.2  1.7051 34.7401 194.05  1.5811 34.7395 194.98  94.56 31.16  0.00  2.15  0.059  0.030 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
            45  1   106  441 -9  2297.6  1.4063 34.7339 198.76  1.2541 34.7337 198.67 103.62 31.43  0.00  2.16  0.049  0.021 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
c1345       46  1   112 1217 -9  1437.1  2.0886 34.7170 184.93  1.9957 34.7161 184.19  83.94 31.87  0.00  2.15  0.098  0.078 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232490 2222222222490
c1390       47  2   201 1022 -9  4100.7  0.8609 34.7068 209.34  0.5492 34.7057 209.96 123.01 32.27  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3222266669999 3222236669999
c1539       52  1   123 1250 -9   577.2  2.9835 34.2949 212.74  2.9465 33.8992 216.19  41.70 32.55  0.00  2.21  1.930  0.927 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224422222290 2224222222290
c1922       63  1   105  423 -9  3495.9  1.2560 34.7237 203.08  0.9961 34.7155 206.36 107.43 31.21  0.00  2.13  0.077  0.043 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223233334499 3223333334499
c1935       64  1   116  409 -9   478.4  5.1715 34.2241 262.54  5.1331 34.2565 276.72   7.77 20.14  0.07  1.50 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4223322229911 4223333339911
c2229       73  1   124 1218 -9   525.8  7.2659 34.4211 251.35  7.2149 34.4244 251.23   8.37 20.71  0.01  1.45 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222221199 2222222221199
c2286       74  2   201 1022 -9  5385.3  0.9691 34.7041 209.79  0.5060 34.6873 209.27 119.27 31.77  0.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 4224233659910 4224333659910
c2492       80  2   201 1022 -9  3448.0  1.2375 34.7220 203.06  0.9829 34.7214 210.74 111.48 31.99  0.00  2.18  0.042  0.151 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266662499 2222366662499
c2512       81  1   116 1211 -9   564.0  7.8179 34.4918 235.88  7.7606 34.5526 229.52  -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224299999999 2224399999999
c2843       92  2   202 1030 -9  4190.2  0.9208 34.7076 206.04  0.5978 34.7072 206.36 122.04 32.15  0.00  2.22  0.043  0.028 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
c2845       92  2   201 1022 -9  4237.3  0.9014 34.7065 206.26  0.5738 34.7072 208.69 122.85 32.28  0.00  2.22  0.054  0.126 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222266636499 2222266626499
c2968       96  1   122 1265 -9   673.0  7.4823 34.4927 210.85  7.4152 34.4913 211.30  11.27 23.17  0.00  1.57  1.218  0.613 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
c2970       96  1   120 1015 -9   872.8  6.4577 34.4489 198.18  6.3762 34.4482 199.99  20.43 26.40  0.00  1.79  0.548  0.288 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
c2989       96  1   101 1022 -9  4846.1  0.9441 34.7053 208.33  0.5467 34.7049 207.72 123.20 32.39  0.00  2.22  0.069  0.031 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222466622299 2222266622299
c3167 3169 101  2   203  999 -9  4807.7  1.0028 34.7083 206.98  0.6078 34.7074 206.16 121.68 32.53  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222263629910 2222262629910
           101  2   202 1030 -9  5063.7  1.0137 34.7072 207.80  0.5881 34.7064 202.95 122.18 32.56  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222223229910 2222322229910
           101  2   201 1022 -9  5227.8  1.0189 34.7065 207.81  0.5733 34.7066 207.33 122.58 32.54  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222263669910 2222262669910
c3344      106  1   107 1263 -9  3443.7  1.6337 34.7153 184.89  1.3697 34.7159 190.60 108.72 32.38  0.00  2.23  0.003  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
c3462      110  2   234 1216 -9    44.6 20.1116 35.6224 228.82 20.1034 35.6264 233.32   1.22  0.01  0.00  0.10  2.336  1.267 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422226699 2222222226699
c3464      110  2   232 1039 -9    95.7 15.2980 35.4279 240.33 15.2833 35.4331 243.71   1.48  0.28  0.03  0.21  2.748  1.455 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
c3536      112  1   132 1039 -9    94.1 15.8199 35.4880 217.81 15.8051 35.4889 240.41   1.91  0.40  0.05  0.22  2.632  1.398 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222236610 2222222226610
c3556      112  1   112 1217 -9  2689.1  1.9488 34.6579 147.63  1.7520 34.6581 148.39 125.52 36.04  0.00  2.49 -0.001  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222210 2222222222210
c3582      113  1   122 1265 -9   927.1  5.4371 34.3316 214.11  5.3575 34.4098 213.22  19.78 28.09  0.00  1.90 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224322229999 2224222229999
c3587      113  1   117 1267 -9  1816.7  2.4545 34.6015 152.77  2.3269 34.6016 153.95 101.60 35.60  0.00  2.46 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322229999 2222222229999
c3589      113  1   115 1041 -9  2315.8  2.1241 34.6384 146.58  1.9583 34.6407 146.54 119.45 36.13  0.00  2.51 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422229999 2222222229999
c3645      115  1   132 1039 -9   113.5 16.2967 35.5503 215.22 16.2784 35.5536 227.46   1.63  1.03  0.10  0.24  2.549  1.354 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232299 2222222222299
c3651      115  1   126 1025 -9   524.1  8.6264 34.5883 207.21  8.5701 34.5836 207.43   7.19 20.17  0.00  1.38 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
c3677 3678 116  2   236 1245 -9     4.0 23.5176 35.8167 223.52 23.5167 35.8274 212.22   1.15  0.05  0.00  0.03  1.946  1.078 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2223222222210
           116  2   235 1113 -9    19.4 23.5276 35.8183 213.91 23.5236 35.8183 222.57   1.16  0.06  0.00  0.03  1.948  1.095 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299
c3689      116  2   224 1013 -9   675.2  7.0551 34.4163 227.11  6.9900 34.4164 226.59   8.82 22.83  0.00  1.55  0.966  0.477 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222422222299 2222222222299
c3698      116  2   215 1041 -9  2189.2  2.1769 34.6255 146.99  2.0215 34.6341 145.96 117.20 36.20  0.00  2.50 -0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2322222222299
c3703      116  2   210 1301 -9  3440.6  1.6287 34.7042 175.73  1.3652 34.6753 157.91 123.48 35.26  0.00  2.43 -0.001  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3224233232299 3224333332299
c3734 3735 117  1   115 1041 -9  2046.1  2.2843 34.6220 147.78  2.1395 34.6262 147.52 112.57 35.84  0.00  2.49 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229990 2322222229990
           117  1   114 1017 -9  2315.9  2.1070 34.6356 146.42  1.9415 34.6419 145.76 120.96 36.08  0.00  2.51 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229990 2322222229990
c3744      117  1   105 1264 -9  4564.6  1.0366 34.7103 206.04  0.6685 34.7127 205.87 119.61 32.11  0.00  2.21  0.009  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222232290 2222222222290
c3821      120  2   236 1245 -9     4.7 23.9467 35.8507 213.93 23.9457 35.8641 211.66   1.30  0.02  0.00  0.03  1.933  1.119 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2323222222210
c3843 3844 120  2   214 1017 -9  2189.3  2.1045 34.6325 145.78  1.9501 34.6400 145.96 120.13 36.07  0.00  2.51 -0.001  0.004 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
           120  2   213 1302 -9  2439.1  1.9871 34.6471 146.09  1.8126 34.6520 145.47 125.28 36.18  0.00  2.51  0.001  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
c3951      123  1   114 1017 -9  2064.3  2.1895 34.6222 145.70  2.0447 34.6315 145.77 117.53 36.25  0.00  2.50 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
c4013      125  3   324 1013 -9   720.1  6.9901 34.4017 230.38  6.9208 34.4056 228.05   8.70 22.71  0.00  1.55 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
c4095 4107 127  2   214 1017 -9  2559.0  1.8973 34.6520 145.97  1.7135 34.6590 145.66 128.66 36.13  0.00  2.53 -0.001  0.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   213 1302 -9  2810.0  1.8188 34.6602 146.34  1.6132 34.6661 146.63 131.92 36.18  0.00  2.52  0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   212 1217 -9  3065.2  1.7567 34.6679 147.91  1.5279 34.6704 148.97 132.89 35.94  0.00  2.51  0.003  0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   211 1114 -9  3315.0  1.6346 34.6811 155.99  1.3838 34.6830 158.01 131.06 35.28  0.00  2.46  0.002  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   210 1301 -9  3565.8  1.5221 34.6942 175.79  1.2485 34.7028 178.44 119.58 33.49  0.00  2.32  0.001  0.002 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222226690 2322222226690
           127  2   209 1233 -9  3815.3  1.4040 34.7125 193.65  1.1073 34.7205 194.88 111.50 32.14  0.00  2.21 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 3223222229990 3322222229990
           127  2   208 1227 -9  3992.6  1.3077 34.7164 198.57  0.9948 34.7185 199.26 112.17 31.94  0.00  2.20  0.005  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   207 1263 -9  4316.1  1.1466 34.7123 203.32  0.8030 34.7144 203.93 115.99 32.01  0.00  2.20 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229990 2322222229990
           127  2   206 1262 -9  4566.6  1.0717 34.7095 205.05  0.7023 34.7111 205.58 118.71 32.16  0.00  2.21  0.011  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   205 1264 -9  4811.8  1.0511 34.7077 205.50  0.6540 34.7093 206.36 119.83 32.19  0.00  2.21  0.012  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222622222290 2322622222290
           127  2   204 1003 -9  5061.5  1.0523 34.7067 206.09  0.6257 34.7085 206.26 120.78 32.22  0.00  2.21  0.009  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222290 2322222222290
           127  2   203 1035 -9  5321.2  1.0691 34.7067 190.77  0.6103 34.7088 206.65 121.16 32.25  0.00  2.22  0.009  0.006 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2242222222290 2342222222290
           127  2   202 1030 -9  5602.1  1.0978 34.7062 206.37  0.6028 34.7089 208.01 121.36 32.27  0.00  2.21  0.012  0.007 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2242222222290 2342222222290
c4254      132  1   136 1245 -9     5.1 27.8460 34.7999  -9.00 27.8448 34.8053 199.16   1.02  0.02  0.00  0.00  1.637  0.959 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2292622222210 2293622222210
c4373 4374 135  2   226 1025 -9   527.7  8.4781 34.5337 201.07  8.4221 34.5336 204.22   9.11 22.92  0.00  1.58  1.131  0.555 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2222233332210
           135  2   225 1119 -9   625.5  6.9897 34.4038 223.91  6.9299 34.4054 224.06   9.13 22.96  0.00  1.58  0.942  0.466 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222210 2222233332210
c4793      146  1   102 1030 -9  4940.2  1.0523 34.7090 206.05  0.6401 34.7097 207.91 120.70 32.25  0.00  2.21  0.007  0.003 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222226610 2222322226610
c4811      147  1   120 1015 -9   829.0  4.7780 34.4723 148.90  4.7114 34.4689 147.28  53.59 33.97  0.00  2.36  0.023  0.009 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222222299 2222222222299
c5059      154  1   124 1244 -9   575.5  6.6821 34.4886 153.19  6.6285 34.4854 148.48  30.37 30.54  0.00  2.11 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2222222229999
c5114      155  1   106 1262 -9  3815.6  1.4825 34.6898 165.83  1.1838 34.6922 166.18 132.95 35.15  0.00  2.40 -0.001  0.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222223222299
c5452      165  1   130 1257 -9   213.6 20.5119 35.8367 145.40 20.4715 35.9834 150.40   2.31  6.96  0.01  0.71  1.965  1.055 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2224222222210 2223222222210
c5483      166  2   235 1113 -9    21.7 28.8105 35.4380 194.94 28.8053 35.5323 196.00   1.52  0.10  0.01  0.22 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223222229999 2322222229999
c5637      170  1   125 1119 -9   573.6  7.4558 34.6053 47.04   7.3990 34.6018  44.01  44.91 39.55  0.00  2.75  0.011  0.005 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223622222299 2222622222299
c5688      171  1   110 1301 -9  3314.3  1.5556 34.6817 148.42  1.3068 34.6842 153.44 140.83 35.86  0.00  2.47 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222221199 2223333331199
c5699      172  2   235 1113 -9    10.0 26.5125 35.3942 201.31 26.5102 35.4018 201.33   2.84  4.37  0.32  0.48 -9.000 -9.000 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222229910 2223222229910
c5737      173  2   233 1021 -9    81.0 26.6480 35.5076 200.63 26.6296 35.5114 200.45   2.55  4.02  0.32  0.49  1.719  1.101 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322223399 2222222223399
c5742      173  2   228 1230 -9   326.4 10.8877 34.7808  69.58 10.8475 34.7792  70.52  25.57 29.37  0.00  2.05  0.379  0.223 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222322222399 2222222222399
c5866      176  1   112 1217 -9  3648.1  1.4940 34.6875 162.59  1.2126 34.6827 157.82 135.40 35.75  0.00  2.46 -0.002 -0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2223666662499 2223366662499
c5947      178  1   103 1302 -9  5100.1  1.0852 34.7087 205.62  0.6528 34.7089 201.39 120.21 32.46  0.00  2.21  0.003  0.001 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 2222222222299 2222322222299



APPENDIX 9a: Responses to WOCE DQE comments on initial .sea file  

We have removed 4 oxygen values that were 'lost' data.

We have removed samples where no CTD pressures or other parameters
were reported.  We have left in some samples (typically sample '140')
which were surface samples collected from the underway pumping system
while on station. These samples we analysed for tcarbn and alkali, and 
although no CTD values are available, we feel it is useful to include
them in th file for completeness.

We have adopted most of the suggested changes in the salnty, ctdsal
and oxygen flags suggested by A. Mantyla. 

The following response to the Nutrient DQE comments was provided
by Calvin Mordy:

Changes to Version 8 of P15/P14S Nutrient Data (6/8/00)

CWM initiated edits

45	102-105		Changed PO4 flag from 2 to 6 (oversight)
139	108		Changed PO4 flag from 5 to 3 (typo)


A. Mantyla initiated edits

PO4
32	REJECTED	Deep water remains flagged as 4 due to DOC phosphoric acid contamination
26	ACCEPTED	Changed flag to 2 or 6 except for bottle 3 (QF=3)
83-142	ACCEPTED	Shallow PO4s less than 0.4 umol/kg were flagged as questionable.


ACCEPTED changes suggested by A. Mantyla (FLAG = SIL/NO3/NO2/PO4)

STA  BOTTLE     OLD FLAG  NEW FLAG
---  ---------- --------  --------
  4  104          3333     2222
  5  101          2332     2222
 12  203          3323     3333
 13  121          2222     3333
 18  105-108,112  3222     2222  Reruns due to bubble in flowcell look ok.
 45  106-108      2223     2222
 46  112          2223     2222
 64  116          2222     3333
 92  201,202      2223     2222
110  232          2223     2222
112  132          2223     2222
115  132          2223     2222
116  210          3323     3333
117  105          2223     2222
135  225,226      2222     3333
171  110          2222     3333


REJECTED changes suggested by A. Mantyla  (FLAG = SIL/NO3/NO2/PO4)

STA  BOT  FLAG  Rejected COMMENT
                Flag
---  ---  ----  -------- -------------------------------------------------
 10  211  6663  6662     Air bubble in PO4 peak, rerun was suspect
 47  201  6666  3666     No problem with silicic acid peak or concentraton
101  201  6366  6266     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
101  202  2322  2222     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
101  203  6362  6262     Peak corrected for severe bubble drift, still questionable
155  106  2222  2322     NO3 peak is ok, not a flier



APPENDIX 10a: DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer Cruise CGC96
              WOCE Sections P14S and P15S
              Expocode 31DSCG96_1 and 31DSCG96_2
              (Mark Rosenberg)
              October 1998


This report contains a data quality evaluation of the CTD data files for 
the Pacific sector cruise along WOCE meridional sections P14S and P15S 
(Figure 1) on the RV Discoverer in January to March, 1996. Bottle data 
are evaluated by Arnold Mantyla in a separate report. The data are in 
general of good quality, and help to fill a former sampling void for the 
Southern Ocean in particular. Notably, the P15S section provides a 
contiguous high density sampling through tropical, subtropical and 
Antarctic waters, crossing several major fronts. The most significant 
problem is the biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations, as 
detailed below. Note that the comments in this report are offered as 
suggestions (hopefully helpful ones) from an outside perspective, 
focussing on various data and methodology problems. They are not 
intended to detract from the general high standard and usefulness of the 
data set. 


STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum)

* Stations 21 and 77 are listed as cast 2 in .sum and .ctd files, but 
  cast 1 in .sea file - needs clarification.

* The uncorrected sounder depth at the bottom of the cast appears wrong 
  for stations 44 and 50, as follows (N.B. depth from CTD = altimeter 
  reading + maximum pressure recalculated in meters):

  Station  depth from  wire out  sounder depth at
             CTD (m)     (m)     bottom of cast (m)
    44        4134      4114           3630
    50        4409      4423           4140

* Sound speed and transducer depth information for the ship's sounder 
  were not provided in the documentation. "Corrected depth" in the .sum 
  file was therefore calculated from the CTD at the bottom of the cast  
  i.e. altimeter reading + maximum CTD pressure recalculated in meters 
  (using the method of Saunders and Fofonoff, 1976). For stations with 
  no altimeter reading, no corrected depth was calculated. These 
  corrected depth values are in an ascii file corrdepth.dat, and have 
  not been merged into the .sum file.


SALINITY

In the following discussion, only CTD and bottle values with a quality 
flag of  2 are considered (i.e. QUALT1=2 for CTDSAL and SALNTY in the 
.sea file). See Table 3 for a station by station summary of data 
problems.


Scatter of salinity residuals

The salinity residual data delta-S (where delta-S = bottle - CTD salinity 
difference) for all depths is shown in Figure 2. Outliers were rejected 
iteratively by the data processors, as described in the cruise report. 
Below 500 dbar, scatter of delta-S is greatly reduced (Figure 3), so the 
outliers are from samples shallower than 500 dbar. Much of the scatter 
for the shallower samples is no doubt due to sampling errors in steep 
vertical gradients. However, the sign of delta-S can not always be 
reconciled with the direction of the vertical salinity gradient 
(assuming here that the CTD sensors are below the Niskin bottles on the 
rosette package). It may be possible to improve this scatter by 
increasing the averaging period for the upcast CTD burst data from 2 
seconds to 10 seconds. This larger averaging period more closely matches 
the swell wave period, and may better average out the effect of the 
rolling ship during bottle stops. 


Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations

Standard deviations for delta-S for the whole cruise were calculated from 
data in the .sea file ("uncorrected data" in Table 1). The value of 
0.0018, calculated using all sampling depths and |delta-S|  0.008, is a 
reasonable estimate of the salinity accuracy for the cruise (note that 
0.008 ~ 2.8*0.0029, where 0.0029 is the standard deviation for all 
bottles from Table 1). When the cruise is viewed as a whole, this 
salinity accuracy meets WOCE requirements and delta-S varies about a mean of 
zero (Figures 2 and 3). However when individual stations are examined, 
there is a significant problem with biasing of the CTD salinity data 
(Table 3). This is clearly evident through visual examination of Figures 
2 and 3: the mean value of delta-S for each station varies (a good example 
is for stations 46 to 53, where delta-S is clearly negative).

The biasing is a direct result of the conductivity calibration method as 
described in the cruise report, where the whole cruise is fitted in one 
group and the fourth order station dependent slope correction fails to 
fully track the variation of conductivity sensor behaviour over the 
cruise. Breaking down the stations into smaller calibration groups is 
strongly recommended - this would allow the station dependent slope 
correction to remove the bias for individual stations. 

To prove this point, I've done an extra fit to the delta-S data to minimize 
the residuals and biasing, as follows. Note that back-calculating 
conductivity made no difference to the resulting corrections, so 
salinity was used. Firstly, Figure 3 was examined and station groups 
formed to reflect the variation through the cruise of mean delta-S for each 
station (Table 2). Next, samples for which |deltaS| > 0.008 were rejected. 
A linear fit of CTD to bottle salinity (i.e. Sctd to Sbtl) was then found 
for each station group:

                             Sctd  =  a1 Sbtl  +  a2

for fit coefficients a1 and a2. Lastly, corrected salinity Scor was 
calculated for each station group:

                            Scor  =  (Sctd - a2) / a1

The resulting Sbtl - Scor residuals are plotted in Figure 4 (all depths) 
and Figure 5 (deeper than 500 dbar). Standard deviation calculations for 
these "corrected" data are shown in Table 1.

As expected, there is only a small improvement to standard deviations 
calculated for the whole cruise (Table 1). The important point is the 
marked improvement to the biasing of individual stations, revealed by 
comparing Figure 5 to Figure 3. Corrected and uncorrected delta-S vertical 
profiles for a few example stations are plotted in Figure 6. Stations 
for which the correction improves salinity biasing are indicated in 
Table 3.

I hope this does not put too fine a point on the conductivity 
calibration. True, the salinity biasing errors for the submitted data 
are less than 0.002, however delta-S  values for each station ought to be 
scattered around a mean value of zero. Clearly, breaking down a cruise 
into smaller station groups for the calibration of CTD conductivity 
significantly improves the calibration. Note that the correction done 
here is only a rough version - for a real calibration on selected 
station groups, groups would be selected with a linear variation of 
station mean delta-S, allowing the station dependent slope correction to 
take effect within each group and giving even better calibration 
results.



Table 1: Standard deviations for salinity residuals _S (using only 
         bottle and CTD data for which the quality flag=2), where "uncorrected 
         data" are as submitted to WHPO, and corrected data are with additional 
         delta-S fit applied.

data                         standard deviation of      standard deviation of
                             delta-S, uncorrected data  delta-S, corrected data
all depths                   0.0029                     0.0028
deeper than 500 dbar         0.0010                     0.0009
all depths, |delta-S|0.008  0.0018                     0.0017


Table 2:   Station grouping used for additional fit of salinity residuals.

 1-3   41-45   75-80   133-137  162-174
 4-8   46-53   81-99   138-146  175-182
 9-18  54-59  100-105  147-148
19-25  60-62  106-109  149-151
26-30  63-65  110-121  152-154
31-35  66-70  122-129  155-157
36-40  71-74  130-132  158-161



PROBLEM SALINITY BOTTLE DATA

Comparing bottle salinity values for adjacent stations on deepwater theta-S 
curves, the following problems were found:

station  problem                      recommendation
-------  -------                      --------------
  19     bottle salts high by ~0.002  don't use in calibration
  49     bottle salts low by  ~0.001  don't use in calibration
 117     bottle salts high by ~0.002  don't use in calibration
 164     bottle salts low by  ~0.001  don't use in calibration



OXYGEN

The CTD oxygen data are of the highest quality. Calibration results are 
excellent, and oxygen profiles are remarkably free of noise. The Seabird 
design of constant flow past the oxygen sensor membrane appears to have 
merit. Due to the inherent small scale variability of membrane-type 
oxygen sensors, I do not believe the concerns expressed about data 
despiking later in this report are relevant here. Oxygen residual data 
are plotted in Figure 7, noting that large outliers lie beyond the axis 
limits on the graph.

Many stations appear to have suspicious oxygen data for the top few 
bins, due to transient sensor errors as the instrument enters the water 
and the pump winds up, combined with the despiking errors discussed 
below. Stations where these errors are greater than ~4 mol/kg, and 
where there is no matching T/S feature, are summarised in Table 4, and a 
quality flag of "3" is recommended for bins not already flagged as "7" 
in the .ctd files. Also listed in Table 4 are a few stations where most 
of the CTD oxygen profile has a constant offset from the bottle values. 
In all cases the offset is small (~1%), however given the high quality 
of the CTD oxygen data set these stations are worth pointing out. 


TEMPERATURE

The following temperature spikes were identified in the .ctd files:

station 43: very spikey T structure between 100 and 300 dbar on 
            downcast, not reflected in salinity - would like to confirm 
            with upcast CTD temperature
station 45: temperature spike at 9 dbar, flag as 3 in .ctd file
station 49: temperature spike at 8-11 dbar, flag as 3 in .ctd file
station 54: small temperature spike at 7 dbar, status uncertain due to 
            despiking of salinity data
station 60: small temperature spike at 5-6 dbar, status uncertain due to 
            despiking of salinity data
station 64: small temperature spike at 7-8 dbar, status uncertain due to 
            despiking of salinity data
station 106:small temperature spike at 7 dbar, status uncertain 
            due to despiking of salinity data
station 108:small temperature spike at 4 dbar, status uncertain 
            due to despiking of salinity data

DESPIKING AND INTERPOLATION

There is a large number of interpolated CTD temperature and salinity 
values in the .ctd files, flagged as "6". This needs an explanation  
i.e. is it due to fouling of the pump line, data dropouts from the 
instrument or some other electronic problem? Or is it mainly due to 
interpolations from the program DELOOP mentioned in the cruise report?

I have concerns about despiking of the temperature and salinity data 
(program DESPIKE mentioned in the cruise report). In particular, 
salinity data near the surface is often continued to the surface as an 
identical value from the first good data bin a few decibars down, and 
flagged as "7" (program FILLSFC mentioned in the cruise report). As a 
result, temperature features are often not relected in the salinity data 
(e.g. Figure 8), and density inversions can occur. In some instances, 
erroneous salinity features may appear (e.g. station 159, top 9 dbar in 
Figure 8). Rather than inserting these fictional salinity data near the 
surface, it might be preferable to leave the original bad data there and 
flag as "3" or "4", or else remove the data entirely. In general, all 
data in the top 15 dbar with a "7" flag should be regarded as 
questionable.  


DENSITY INVERSIONS

Locations of unstable vertical density gradients are shown in Figure 9; 
only gradients more unstable than -0.003 kg/m3/dbar are shown. Unstable 
density gradient values are summarised in Table 5. All except for 
station 40 occur in the top 20 dbar. In addition, almost all occur where 
the CTD salinity data has been "despiked" (flag 7 in the .ctd file). The 
worst instance is for station 78 at 9 dbar: a temperature feature occurs 
at this level, however the salinity data has been artificially smoothed, 
leaving a large density instability. 



INTRA-CRUISE COMPARISON

Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves compare well for the coincident 
station pair 93/94. More variability is evident for the station pair 159/179.


COMPARISONS WITH OTHER CRUISES

Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves were compared for P15S stations 
coincident with other cruise data sets, as follows. In general, there is 
reasonable consistency between the different data sets.


P15S and P15N (P.I. H. Freeland) (Figure 10)
              P15N salinity lower than P15S by on average 0.001.
              No CTD oxygen data for P15N.


P15S and P31  (P.I.  D. Roemmich) (Figure 11)
              P31 salinity lower than P15S by on average 0.001.
              Oxygen data compare well.


P15S and P21  (P.I. H. Bryden on western leg) (Figure 12)
              Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                 longitudinally by 19 miles.
              P21 salinity higher than P15S by ~0.001 above ( theta=1.3o; 
                 compare well at bottom.
              Oxygen data compare well below theta=1.25o


P15S and P6   (P.I. M.McCartney on central leg) (Figure 12)
              Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                 longitudinally by up to 12 miles.
              Salinity data compare well.
              Oxygen data compare well around the oxygen minimum; at the 
                 bottom, P6 is higher by ~2mol/kg


P15S and S4P  (P.I. Koshlyakov) (Figure 12)
              Limited data only for comparison, and stations separated 
                 longitudinally by up to 17.5 miles.
              S4P salinity lower by ~0.0015.
              Oxygen data a bit variable, but within ~1%.


DOCUMENTATION

The documentation is good and thorough. It would be useful to add the 
following information:

* PDR sound speed used for sounder readings, and whether or not readings have 
  been corrected for transducer depth below the waterline;
* criteria used for despiking. 


REFERENCES

Saunders, P.M. and Fofonoff, N.P., 1976. Conversion of pressure to depth in the 
          ocean. Deep Sea Research, 23:109-111.



Table 3:  Suspicious CTD salinity (Sctd) data. * Indicates calibration improved 
          by additional correction described in the text (i.e. using smaller 
          station groupings).

stn  comment                                              recommendation
---  --------------------------------------------------   ---------------------------------
  *8  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings
        (impressive interfingering for this station!)
  *9  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station  groupings    
 *10  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings    
 *11  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
 *13  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *15  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *16  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *17  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
 *18  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station  groupings    
  23  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 possibly due to bottles
 *26  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
        (interesting T feature at 2600 dbar on downcast)
 *27  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
 *29  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 800 dbar, low at surface  use smaller station  groupings
  37  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar  
  38  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
 *41  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar, low at surface  use smaller station  groupings
 *46  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *47  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *48  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings
 *50  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *51  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station  groupings    
 *52  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station  groupings    
 *53  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station  groupings    
 *54  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                  use smaller station  groupings
 *57  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
 *58  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings    
  61  1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd      
  63  1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
 *63  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
 *64  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station  groupings    
 *65  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings
  69  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar            
  70  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile            
  73  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar  
  74  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2500 dbar  
        (interesting S in top 120 m)
  75  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile  
 *76  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping
 *77  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping    
 *79  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                 use smaller station grouping
 *80  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 2500 to 3500 dbar           use smaller station grouping
  90  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
  95  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile  
  96  Sctd high by ~0.001 for top 3000 dbar  
*100  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings     
*101  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*102  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*103  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*105  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*111  Sctd low by ~0.0008 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings
*112  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings     
*115  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile                use smaller station groupings     
*119  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 3500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*120  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1200 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*121  Sctd low by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar                 use smaller station groupings     
 124  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 3000 dbar       
 126  1 to 13 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
 126  Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile  
 127  upcast CTDSAL values in .sea file bad  flag as 3 in .sea file the CTDSAL
      below 2500 dbar (possible fouling)  values for samples 202 to 214
 128  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 5000 dbar
*130  Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile               use smaller station groupings     
*132  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 2000 to 5000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
 133  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar  
*138  Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 2000 dbar                use smaller station groupings     
*140  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
*143  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1500 to 4000 dbar           use smaller station groupings
 144  Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar  
 146  1 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
*147  Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile              use smaller station groupings     
*148  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*154  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1200 to 3500 dbar           use smaller station groupings     
*155  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*156  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
*158  Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar                  use smaller station groupings     
 159  1 to 9 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
 160  1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error in Sctd  
 160  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 500 to 4000 dbar, low below 4000 dbar
 168  Sctd high by ~0.001 for 800 to 4500 dbar  
 173  Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar  



Table 4:   Suspicious CTD oxygen data

station    comment                                 recommendation
-------    -------------------------------------   ------------------------------
 8         high by ~2 mol/kg below 500 dbar       calibrate station individually
 10        high by ~2 mol/kg below 1000 dbar      calibrate station individually
 13        1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error    
 16        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
 17        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
 18        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
 19        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
 21        1 to 7 dbar transient/despiking error    
 22 to 25  1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
 27        55 to 57 dbar spike                     flag as 3 in .ctd file
 29        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
 32        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
 40        1 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error    
 43        1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
 44        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
 45        1 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error    
 46, 47    1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
 52        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
 54        1 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error    
 55        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
 63        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
112        1 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error    
119        12 dbar spike                           flag as 3 in .ctd file
135        high by ~2.5 mol/kg for whole profile  calibrate station individually
148        1 to 5 dbar transient/despiking error    
152, 153   1 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error    
155        1 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error    
161        1 to 11 dbar transient/despiking error    
164        1 to 3 dbar transient/despiking error    
165        1 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error    



Table 5:  Density inversions < -0.003 kg/m3/dbar, and quality flag for salinity 
          in .ctd file for the pressure bin.

stn  pres. density  sal.   stn  pres. density  sal.   stn  pres. density  sal.
    (dbar) gradient flag       (dbar) gradient flag       (dbar) gradient flag
--- ------ -------- ----   --- ------ -------- ----   --- ------ -------- ----
  8    7   -0.0057   7     106   8    -0.0163   7     155   10   -0.0048   6
  8    8   -0.0032   7     107   2    -0.0059   7     155   11   -0.0048   2
 10    7   -0.0058   7     107   3    -0.0046   7     157    5   -0.0099   7
 20    4   -0.0047   7     107   9    -0.0190   7     159    6   -0.0052   7
 22    6   -0.0061   7     107  12    -0.0099   6     162    5   -0.0036   7
 40  105   -0.0031   6     107  13    -0.0099   6     162   12   -0.0030   6
 40  106   -0.0031   6     107  14    -0.0100   2     162   13   -0.0030   6
 40  107   -0.0032   2     108   5    -0.0108   7     162   14   -0.0030   2
 45    9   -0.0102   7     109   2    -0.0193   7     165    4   -0.0050   7
 49    8   -0.0181   7     110   2    -0.0037   7     167    4   -0.0125   7
 54    8   -0.0044   7     111   2    -0.0094   7     169    3   -0.0053   7
 57    2   -0.0041   7     112   2    -0.0122   7     169    5   -0.0034   7
 60    7   -0.0114   7     113   3    -0.0037   7     170    2   -0.0035   7
 64    8   -0.0054   7     113   4    -0.0034   7     174    4   -0.0036   7
 64    9   -0.0040   7     117   3    -0.0046   7     176    2   -0.0130   7
 68    2   -0.0052   7     117   7    -0.0059   7     176    5   -0.0033   7
 69   11   -0.0061   7     120   2    -0.0032   7     177    3   -0.0049   7
 69   12   -0.0030   6     121   2    -0.0040   7     177    4   -0.0035   7
 69   13   -0.0030   6     124   3    -0.0135   7     180    2   -0.0108   7
 69   14   -0.0031   2     124   4    -0.0047   7     181    2   -0.0073   7
 70    4   -0.0058   7     125   2    -0.0042   7     182    2   -0.0034   7
 70    6   -0.0046   7     126   2    -0.0055   7     182    3   -0.0078   7
 71    7   -0.0054   7     131   7    -0.0033   7    
 78    5   -0.0094   7     131  11    -0.0053   7    
 78    8   -0.0080   7     132   2    -0.0034   7    
 78    9   -0.0254   7     134   4    -0.0030   7    
 82    3   -0.0032   7     134   7    -0.0033   7    
 83    8   -0.0089   7     135   2    -0.0063   7    
 84    2   -0.0042   7     136   2    -0.0125   7    
 85    5   -0.0082   7     139   9    -0.0103   7    
 86    2   -0.0031   7     140   6    -0.0134   7    
 87    2   -0.0036   7     143   2    -0.0073   7    
 88    5   -0.0173   7     143   3    -0.0067   7    
 89    4   -0.0063   7     143   4    -0.0038   7    
 89    5   -0.0075   7     144   2    -0.0066   7    
 90    5   -0.0071   7     148   2    -0.0084   7    
 90    9   -0.0151   7     152   3    -0.0047   7    
 91    4   -0.0057   7     153   2    -0.0136   7    
 99    3   -0.0042   7     154   2    -0.0054   7    
101    4   -0.0033   7     154   4    -0.0059   7    
101    8   -0.0046   7     155   6    -0.0047   6    
102    7   -0.0040   7     155   7    -0.0048   6    
105    4   -0.0054   7     155   8    -0.0048   6    
106    4   -0.0038   7     155   9    -0.0048   6    



Table 6:  Summary of flag changes recommended in .ctd (i.e. .wct) files. Note 
          that for all cases shallower than 15 dbar, all data above the 
          reflagged values was already flagged as "7" (i.e. despiked) - "7" 
          flags were not changed.

station  parameter  pressure  old flag  new flag
-------  ---------  --------  --------  --------
   45       T       9            2         3
   49       T       8 to 11      2         3
   61       S       5            2         3
   63       S       6 to 10      2         3
  126       S       11           2         3
  126       S       12 to 13     6         3
  146       S       6            2         3
  159       S       8 to 9       2         3
  160       S       11           6         3
   13       O       5            2         3
   19       O       7            2         3
   25       O       8            2         3
   27       O       55 to 57     2         3
   52       O       11           2         3
   63       O       11           2         3
  119       O       12           2         3



 
APPENDIX 10b: Response to DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer Cruise
              CGC96
              (Kristy McTaggart and Greg Johnson)

***************************************************************************
We considered each of the suggestions and the following is
an itemized explanation of what we did or didn't change in our data files,
as well as answers to DQE's questions.

STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum)

Stations 21 and 77 should be listed as cast 1.  The .sum and .ctd files
should be corrected.  We've corrected our files here.

The uncorrected sounder depth at the bottom of the cast for stations 44 and
55 may appear erroneous.  However, these are not typos.  They are the
values calculated from the ship's PDR during acquisition.  The bottom at
station 44 in particular was noted to be strongly sloping.  We did not
change these values in our files.

The PDR sound speed used for sounder readings was 1500 m/s.  The readings
were not corrected for transducer depth below the waterline.  The depth of
the transducer would've been about 5.5 +/- 0.6 m.  We would prefer to use
the PDR depths as listed and correct them using Carter's tables so that 
they serve as independent measurements and can be used as a check on CTD
pressure.


SALINITY 

'Scatter of salinity residuals'

There is an incompatibility between the General Oceanics rosette sampler
and the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system that generates a spike in the data
stream at the moment a bottle is confirmed as tripped.  Because of this,
upcast CTD burst data had to be averaged prior to the bottle confirm bit.
Two-second averages were chosen over a longer interval because the CTD
operators did not always let the package sit at bottle depth for at least
10 seconds before firing the rosette.  Hence no changes were made.


'Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations'

Of course one can seemingly make a (very slight) improvement in the 
CTD-bottle residual statistics by allowing more degrees of freedom in the
fit as the DQE has suggested (that is, breaking up the fit into small 
station groupings).  One could get the best statistics by individually
fitting each station to its bottles, but most experts would argue that
this would be a bad choice, because one would not be taking advantage of
the CTD calibration as a way to average out station-to-station bottle
salinity noise.

We believe that the SBE-9/11 CTD conductivity slope drifts gradually, and
is actually more stable than the day-to-day fluctuations in the autosal-
inometer salinities owing to small temperature drifts in the laboratory
and the fact that severe budgetary constraints on these cruises forced us
to economize even on such things as standard sea water.  We suspect that
the "biasing of the CTD salinity data" mentioned in the DQE evaluations is
actually noise in the bottle data.  Somewhat suspicious is that the station
groupings recommended by the DQE of the correct size (most often 3-5 
stations per group) that they could easily be owing to daily drift problems
in the autosalinometer.  For our original calibrations we deliberately
chose to model the conductivity slope adjustments of the entire data sets
for P14S/P15S and P18 using 4th-order polynomial functions of station
number to average out bottle salinity noise.  We did this because we saw
no obvious jumps in the CTD calibration for either cruise, just gradual
drifts.

Statistical support for our philosophy over that of the DQE is given by
the following exercise:  The 2oC potential isotherm is well within the
oldest Pacific Deep Water, and has some of the tightest Theta-S relation-
ships in the Pacific Ocean (and probably the world).  For both P18 and
P14S/P15S, we looked at the absolute values of station-to-station changes
in CTD salinity on Theta=2.0oC (Figure 1) for our original calibration,
creating a histogram of station-to-station differences for each cruise in
0.001 bins.  We then applied the DQE's suggested ad-hoc calibrations for 
smaller station groupings to the data and conducted the same analysis.
When the histograms are differenced (Figure 2), one can see that the
Theta-S relations at 2oC after the DQE's corrections are noisier for both
cruises.  For P18, after the DQE's suggested correction there are four less
station pairs in the 0.000 difference bin and one less in the 0.001 
difference bin whereas there are three more in the 0.002 difference bin
and two more in the 0.003 difference bin.  For P15S/P15S there are four
less stations in the 0.000 difference bin after the DQE's suggested
correction, with one more in the 0.001 difference bin and three more in 
the 0.002 difference bin.  Since the DQE's "corrections" actually
introduce more noise in the CTD Theta-S relation at 2oC than our original
calibration, we decline application of them.  The small groups do not 
improve the calibraiton, they degrade, perhaps by introducing autosalinometer
drift noise.


Regarding suspicious CTD salinity data listed in Table 3, no changes were
made to any profile data (see above) nor flags associated with "transient/
despiking errors".  As for CTDSAL values in the .sea file for station 127,
we agree that they should be flagged as 3 for samples 202 to 214.  Also,
BOTSAL flags for samples 209, 210, 213, and 214 should then be changed to 2.


'Problem salinity bottle data'

Excluding stations 19, 49, 117, and 164 bottle salinity values from the
calibration of this data set as a whole would not significantly change the
fit as we have done it, thus we didn't make this adjustment.


OXYGEN

Quality flags should be ammended as suggested in Table 4.  However, stations
8, 10, and 135 will not be recalibrated individually as they are among the
first casts with a new sensor module.  As a rule, the first few casts with a
new module are problematic, and this cruise was no exception.


TEMPERATURE

The very spikey temperature structure between 100 and 300 dbar at station 
43 is also seen in salinity and has been identified as Antarctic
Intermediate Water interleaving at the front.  It is also seen at 
adjacent stations 42 and 44.  Nothing should be done to this profile.

Temperature spikes listed were examined but not changed.  Neither were
their flags changed.


DESPIKING AND INTERPOLATION

Interpolated temperature and salinity data are the result of processing
programs and not instrument or electronic problems.  In program DESPIKE
salinity profiles are viewed and interactively despiked using linear
interpolation.  Conductivity, theta, and sigma-theta are recomputed for
the interpolated records.  Only the salinity quality flag is ammended to
6.  In program DELOOP Brunt-Vaisala Frequency squared (N^2) is computed
at the mid depths and bracketed between two vectors, one padded with 
zeros at the surface and one padded with zeros at depth.  If the first
and second points of a -N^2 fail the criteria (<=-1e-05), then temperature
and conductivity are linearly interpolated and salinity, theta, and sigma-
theta are recomputed.  The quantity of interpolated points is large 
because we were working with a large package off the stern of the ship,
often in the Southern Ocean.  Hence, there was a lot of wake problems.

As for the filled surface records flagged as 7, we maintain that this is
more useful than leaving flagged bad or questionable data or removing the
data entirely.  It should be noted in the documentation that all data in 
the top 15 dbar with a flag of 7 should be regarded as questionable.


DENSITY INVERSIONS

Density inversions listed in Table 5 were examined and salinity quality
flags were changed to '3' for the following records.

Station  Pressure     Station  Pressure
-------  --------     -------  --------
    8      5-7         108       4
   10      1-7         109       1
   20      1-3         110       1
   22      1-5         111       1
   45      1-8         112       1
   49      1-7         113      1-3
   54       7          117      1-6
   57       1          120       1
   60      5-6         121       1
   64      7-8         124      1-3
   68       1          125      1-3
   69      1-14        126      1-13
   70      3,5         131    3,5,6,10
   71       6          132      1-9
   78      1-9         134      1-3,6
   82      1-4         135       1
   83       7          136       1
   84      1-2         139       8
   85       4          140      4,5
   86       1          143      1-3
   87       1          144       1
   88      3,4         146      1-6
   89      3,4         148      1-3
   90      4,8         152      1-2
   91      1-4         153      1-2
   99      1-2         154      1-3
  101      1,3,7       155      1-15
  102       6          157      1-4
  105      1-3         159      1-6
  106    1-3,6,7       160      1-12
  107   1-2,8,11-13    162      1-13
                       165      1-3
                       167      1-3
                       169      1-7
                       170      1-3
                       174      1-3
                       176      1-4
                       177      1-3
                       180      1-3
                       181       1
                       182      1-2 


DOCUMENTATION

Again, the PDR sound speed was 1500 m/s, and the readings have not been
corrected for transducer depth (5.5 +/- 0.6 m) below the waterline.

The criteria used for despiking is explained above under DESPIKING AND
INTERPOLATION.




APPENDIX 11: FINAL CFC DATA QUALITY EVALUATION (DQE) COMMENTS ON P14SP15S.
             David Wisegarver
             (Dec 2000)
 
During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number
of samples were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial
QUALT1 flags assigned by the PI.  After discussion, the PI concurred
with the DQE assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these
samples.

The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale
(Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on
a common calibration scale.

For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC
PI for this section (J. Bullister, johnb@pmel.noaa.gov) or David Wisegarver
(wise@pmel.noaa.gov).

Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at:
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.

******************************************************************************
Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold,
       F. N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. J.
       Wang, D. E. Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M.
       Midgley,  and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and radiatively
       important gases  in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE.  Journal of  
       Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
******************************************************************************
 


APPENDIX 12: DISCRETE FCO2 (FUGACITY OF CO2) MEASUREMENTS DURING CGC-96 
             Analysts: Dana Greeley and Hua Chen
             Principal Investigator: Rik Wanninkhof (Wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov)
             Note: all data is fCO2 data but labeled as pCO2

Approximately 2900 discrete fCO2 samples from 168 station were taken
and analyzed on the cruise using an analysis system based on gas
chromatography (Neill et al., 1997).  The measurement was performed by
equilibrating 10-mL headspace with 120-mL seawater sample at 20 C in a
bottle with crimp seal and Teflon lined cap. The headspace was injected
into a gas chromatographic column that separates CO2 from the other
gases in the headspace. The CO2 is subsequently quantitatively
converted to methane using a ruthenium catalyst.  The methane is
measured at high sensitivity with a flame ionization detector.

The data obtained from the cruise has an uncertainty proportional to
the gas concentration in contrast to our previous system that was based
on infrared analysis using larger samples (Wanninkhof and Thoning,
1993).  The current system has slightly worse precision for surface
water samples but better precision for samples with high pCO2.  During
leg 1, 38 duplicate samples had a precision of 0.9 % (1- st. dev.);
during leg 2, 41 duplicates yielded a precision of 1%.
  

The quality control steps were as follows.  All samples that had
sampling irregularities such as leakage, detachment of the sample
bottle from the intake line etc. were flagged as questionable during
analysis on the cruise.  During data reduction the following checks
were performed:

(1) Plotting fCO2 against depth               
(2) Plotting fCO2 against DIC                 
(3) Plotting fCO2 against pH
(4) Performing internal consistency calculations using the Lewis and
    Wallace (1998) program and calculating TA(TC,fCO2) and TA(TC,pH) and
    {TA(meas)- TA(TC,fCO2)} and {TA(meas)- TA(TC,pH)}. These differences
    were then plotted for four consecutive stations against depth.

Based on these comparisons a subjective assessment was made as to the
quality of the data and quality control flags were adjusted as deemed
proper.

Reference:

Lewis, E., and D.W.R. Wallace, Program developed for CO2 system
    calculations, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 1998.

Neill, C., K.M. Johnson, E. Lewis, and D.W.R. Wallace,  Small volume,
    batch equilibration measurement of fCO2 in discrete water samples.,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1774-1783, 1997.

Wanninkhof, R., and K. Thoning, Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in
    surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods, Mar.
    Chem., 44 (2-4), 189-205, 1993.



WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type     Data Status Summary  
==========================================================================
05/06/98  Bullister   SUM/SEA/DOC   Submitted for DQE  P14S & P15S 
          data is combined  
                    
10/06/98  Anderson    CTD/BTL/SUM   Reformatted by WHPO
          Reformatted .sum file:
            Changed EXPOCODE from 31DICG96/1 to 31DSCG96_1 
                              and 31DICG96/2 to 31DSCG96_2.
          Ran over sumchk, no problems.

          .sea file ok except for first header.  
            Changed EXPCODE to EXPOCODE.  
            Changed 31DICG96/1 to 31DSCG96_1 
                and 31DSCG96_2 to 31DSCG96_2.
            Reordered pressures so they are shallowest to deepest.

          For stas. 21 and 77 .sum file had only cast 2, .sea file
          had only cast 1.  I don't know which is correct so I did
          not change.

          Ran over wocecvt, only problem above mentioned cast number
          discrepancies.

          CTD - ctd data was ok except for EXPOCODE.  Changed from
            31DICG96/1 and 31DICG96/2 to 
            31DSCG96_1 and 31DSCG96_2.

          Dates in .sum and .wct files for sta/cast 13/1, 16/1, 29/2,
          32/1, 39/1, 43/1, 52/1, 74/2, 89/2, 110/2, 121/2, 128/2, 
          135/2, 167/2, 173/2, and 175/2 do not agree.  
            In all cases the BE time is before midnight and the BO time is 
            after midnight so the day is different.  The originator used 
            the BE dates for the ctd's.  I did not change the .wct files.  
                    
10/15/98  Mantyla     NUTs/S/O      DQE Begun    

10/15/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Begun at WHPO/SIO  
                    
11/16/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    
                    
11/18/98  Rosenberg   CTD           DQE Report sent to PI    

11/18/98  Mantyla     NUTs/S/O      DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO    
                    
01/11/99  Bullister   CTD/BTL*/CFC  Data are Public
          NUTs, S/O, c14 collected and sent to AMS/WHOI. Checking w/ Quay re c14 
          data status

01/11/99  Johnson     CTD/S/O       DQE Report sent to PI 
          ctdoxy is public, all else in nonpublic  
                    
04/29/99  Quay        DELC13        Data and/or Status info Requested by dmb
                    
07/15/99  Johnson     CTD/HYD       DQE Reports rcvd by PI
          Kristy will be mailing you our responses to both 
          reports (and submitting some revised data) shortly.  Please 
          don't make any changes to the CTD data for these cruises 
          until you have our replies in hand.
                    
08/17/99  Anderson    SUM/HYD       Data Update
          p14ssu.txt:
            Reformatted to conform with the WHPO standard .sum format.   
            Mostly adding and/or deleting spaces.   
          p14shy.txt:
            Reordered pressures that were not in descending order.  
            Changed station 21 cast 1 to cast 2 to conform with the 
          sum file:
            Changed station 77 cast 1 to cast 2 to conform with the 
              .sum file.  
            Ran over wocecvt and sumchk without any errors. 
                    
03/20/00  Diggs       SUM/HYD       Website Updated    
          SUM and HYD files are now out on the website, and all tables
          have been updated.

04/19/00  Bartolacci  DELC14        Website Updated: no samples collected
          However I'd like to clarify this with you, because the DOC file that 
          we have indicates that some 900 or so samples were taken for both 
          C14 and C113, did they not get processed?  (There are columns in the 
          data file for both of these parameters  that will need to be edited 
          out.)  When I first started working  for Lynne on the atlas I 
          emailed Paul Quay about this but  never got a reply.
                    
04/20/00  Key         DELC14        No Data Submitted  See note:  P14S15S 
          is problematic. Paul did collect samples which could have been used 
          for C-13 and C-14. I'm pretty sure that many of the C-13 samples 
          have been analyzed.  Unfortunately, in his proposal, Paul did not 
          request funding for C-14 analysis. Paul saved an aliquot of the 
          extracted CO2 gas which can be analyzed for C-14 if we can get the 
          funds. We plan on submitting a proposal which, if funded, will cover 
          C-14 anlaysis costs on a few cruises including:
          
          P14S15S
          EqPac (Fall and Spring; NOAA)
          P1 (Japanese E-W transect)
          Unnamed German cruise in the upwelling region west of S. Am.
                    
06/13/00  Bullister   BTL/SUM/DOC   Final Data Rcvd @ WHPO  DQE-
          related and other updates. See note:  I just re-sent p14sp15s 
          .sea, .sum and .doc files to the WHPO ftp site.
          
          The file names are:
          p14sp15s.doc.senttoWHPO12jun2000
          p14sp15s.sea.senttoWHPO12jun2000
          p14sp15s.sum.senttoWHPO12jun2000
          
          These files have a number of updates compared to the 'p14s' files 
          now posted at the WHPO web site.  Please note that the data in these 
          files (and in the old 'p14s' posted at the WHPO web site) are for 
          both p14s AND p15s- both sections were done on the same expedition.
          
          The .sea file now ncludes tcarbn, alkali and pH data; the CFC data 
          are reported on the SI093 calibration scale.  
          
          We have incorporated most of the changes recommended in A. Mantyla's 
          DQE recommendations.  Details of these changes are included at the 
          end of the p14sp15s.doc.senttoWHPO12jun2000 file.
          
          I'd appreciate any comments.
          
          John Bullister
          
          PS: Please note that the formatting instructions given for delc13 in 
          the WHPO 90-1 manual posted at the WHPO web site still ask for F8.1. 
          This should be F8.2.   A lot of the value of the delc13 data is lost 
          if they are only reported to 1 decimal precision.
                    
06/17/00  Bartolacci  BTL/SUM/DOC   Website Updated  files added to 
          website  I have updated the current sumfile and doc file for this 
          cruise as well as the bottle file.
          
          The new bottle file contains:
          CTDRAW  CTDPRS  CTDTMP  CTDSAL  CTDOXY  THETA    SALNTY  OXYGEN  
          SILCAT  NITRAT  NITRIT  PHSPHT  CFC-11  CFC-12   DELC14  DELC13  
          C14ERR  C13ERR  TCARBN  ALKALI  PCO2    PCO2TMP  PH      PHTEMP
          
          There is no data in the columns for DELC14,  DELC13 C14ERR,  C13ERR, 
          PCO2TMP  and PHTEMP
                    
06/20/00  Bartolacci  BTL/SUM       Website Updated; See note: 
          I have replaced the summary, bottle and added an additional 
          documentation file. All entries and references to this line have 
          been updated.  Columns for DELC14/13 and C14ER/C13ER PCO2TMP and 
          PHTMP are filled with missing data values. Bullister has been 
          notified via email that the above changes have been made.
                    
06/24/00  Bullister   PCO2          Submitted; 
          Need to be merged into BTL file; See note:  
            I just received a revised pCO2 data file for the 
            P14SP15S cruise, along with a short description of the analytical 
            methods used, all from the PI (Rik Wanninkhof; 
            wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov)
            
            I just put 2 files at the WHPO INCOMING ftp site:
            p14sp15spco2.dat
            p14sp15spco2.txt
            
            Could you please merge the pco2 data into the p14sp15shy.txt file at 
            your site, and include the text of p14sp15spco2.txt in the cruise 
            documentation file?
                    
07/05/00  McNichol    DELC13        Submitted  csv for p15s leg only
          I have just uploaded three files p15sbmt2.csv, p15submt.des, 
          and p13submt.des to your ftp site.  The csv file contains the 
          following fields in a comma-delimited file:
            LabID, Trackline, Station, cast, niskin, del13C, QC
          The LabID is to distinguish between the two laboratories where the 
          majority of the measurements were made--University of Washington and 
          NOSAMS, WHOI.
          
          The files labelled des describe the samples flagged with a "6" in 
          greater detail.  Can you accept these as well?
          
          Paul Quay and I would like to append a statement *somewhere* 
          indicating the status of our laboratory data comparisons.  Do you 
          have an appropriate place for this?
                    
09/29/00  McNichol    DELC13        Data are Public; See Note:
          All the Pacific data (most of which I still need to send you) 
          is public.  I should be sending you a pile of data next month.
          
          Also, if the future, if you have a question that you need answered 
          immediately, the best person to get in contact with besides me is 
          Dana Stuart.  Her contact info is dstuart@whoi.edu
                    
11/21/00  Uribe       DOC           Submitted  See Note:  
          2000.11.21  KJU
          File contained here is CRUISE SUMMARIES and NOT sumfiles.  Files 
          listed below should be  considered WHP DOC files. Documention is 
          online.
          
          2000.10.11 KJU
          Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
          directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
          cruise. All of them are sumfiles.
          Received 1997 August 15th.
                    
03/15/01  Key         DELC14        Measured as per .DOC  
          Funding now available to analyze  Got word from Eric this A.M. that he 
          will fund NOSAMS at the rate of 1000/year to analyze previously 
          collected, but unfunded C14 samples. Highest priority will be to fill 
          in Pacific "holes" starting with P14S15S (NOAA), P15N (Wong) and P1 
          (Japan). Policy decision supported by WOCE SSC. Eric would, if 
          possible, like these data to be included in the atlas. In reality I 
          don't know if this is possible/practical, but I will do everything 
          possible to expedite. Scheduling at NOSAMS will be complicated, but 
          order listed above is the "scientific" priority as of now.
                    
06/22/01  Uribe       CTD/BTL       Website Updated; CSV File Added
          CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.
                    
10/01/01  Muus        CFC/BTL/SUM   Data Merged into BTL file  
          CFCs merged into BTL, SUM file modified, CSV file updated  Merged July 
          2001 CFCs into bottle file, modified SUM file WOCE SECT column to 
          allow conversion to exchange format, made new exchange file and 
          place all on web. 
          
          Notes on P14S CFC merging Sept 26, 2001.     D. Muus
          
          1. New CFC-11 and CFC-12 from:
             /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/pacific/p14/p14s/original/ 
             20010709_CFC_UPDT_WISEGARVER_P14SP15S/20010709.173406_ 
             WISEGARVER_P14SP15S/20010709.173406_WISEGARVER_P14SP15S_p14s_
             CFC_DQE.dat
           
             merged into SEA file taken from web Sept 26, 2001 
             (20000616SIOWHPODMB)
          
             Most "1"s in QUALT1 changed to "9"s and QUALT2 replaced by new 
             QUALT1 prior to merging. CTDOXY has values for Stations 1 through 3 
             but QUALT1 code is "1". Bottle oxygens taken on Station 1 and from 
             Station 4 on. No bottle oxygens on Stations 2 and 3. QUALT1 code 
             for CTDOXY is "2" from Station 4 on. Left "1"s as quality codes for 
             Station 1 - 3 CTDOXY as caution to users.

  
          2. Conversion from woce bottle format to exchange format failed using 
             the web SUMMARY file (20000616SIOWHPODMB). Modified SUM file by 
             replacing blanks in WOCE SECT columns for Stations 1 - 3 with "x"s. 
             Moved WOCE SECT header so column is left justified. Conversion to 
             exchange file worked after these modifications made.

          3. Exchange file checked using Java Ocean Atlas.
                    
01/22/02  Uribe       CTD           Website Updated  CSV File Added; see note:
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online. Files for station 21 and 77 has a mismatch in the cast 
          number in the sumfile. The sumfile contained data for a cast 1 but 
          the CTD files said cast 2 so the CTD files were modified for the 
          purpose of the conversion.
                    
          
06/21/02  Kappa       Doc           PDF & TXT files updted, new sections added: 
          New sections include a CTD cast summary and CTD oxygen algorithm 
          parameters tables, HYD DQE report, CTD DQE report, PI response to
          CTD DQE report, CFC DQE report, Report on CO2fugacity Measurements, 
          and WHPO data processing notes.

          PDF Cruise Report includes all the above, plus figures and internal
          links between figures and table of contents and relevant text.