Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C. 20554

In the Matter of

Implementation of Section 6002(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993

Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market Conditions With Respect to Commercial Mobile Services
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

SIXTH REPORT

 Adopted: June 20, 2001	Released: July 17, 2001

By the Commission:

Table of Contents

Page
I.	INTRODUCTION	3
A.	Overview	3
B.	Status of Competition	4
C.	Industry Development	5
II.	THE CMRS INDUSTRY	9
A.	Mobile Telephony	9
1.	Mobile Telephone Overview and Analysis	9
a.Market Structure	9
b.Market Performance	21
c.Continued Rise of Digital	25
d.Pricing Data and Trends	27
e.Wireless/Wireline Competition	32
2.	Other Competitors: Resellers and Satellite Operators	34
a.Resellers	34
b.Satellite Operators	35
3.	International Developments	39
a.Foreign Investment in U.S. Mobile Operators	39
b.U.S. Investment in Foreign Mobile Operators	39
c.International Comparisons	41
B.	Mobile Data	46
1.	Introduction	46
a.Domestic Developments	46
b.International Developments	47
c.3G Developments	48
2.	Current Offerings	53
a.Paging/Messaging	53
b.Mobile Telephone Operator Offerings	59
c.Handheld Devices	64
d.Dedicated Data Networks	69
3.	Developing Mobile Data Services	71
a.WAP	71
b.M-Commerce	73
c.Location-Based Services	74
d.Short Range Data Transmissions	77
4.	Telemetry and Telematics	80
III.	CONCLUSION	82
IV.	ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS	83

APPENDIX A: Fixed Wireless Voice and Data Services
APPENDIX B: Spectrum Auctions Tables
APPENDIX C: Mobile Telephony Tables
APPENDIX D: Mobile Data Tables
APPENDIX E: Maps

I.
INTRODUCTION
A. Overview
In 1993, Congress created the statutory classification of Commercial Mobile Services1 to promote the consistent regulation of mobile radio services that are similar in nature.2 At the same time, Congress established the promotion of competition as a fundamental goal for CMRS policy formation and regulation. To measure progress toward this goal, Congress required the Federal Communications Commission ("Commission") to submit annual reports that analyze competitive conditions in the industry.3 This report is the sixth of the Commission's annual reports on the state of CMRS competition.4

CMRS includes a large number of terrestrial services and also includes mobile satellite services involving the provision of such service.5 As in the past, this report bases its analysis on a consumer-oriented view of wireless services by focusing on specific product categories, regardless of their regulatory classification. In some cases, this includes an analysis of offerings outside the umbrella of "services" specifically designated by the Commission as CMRS.6 However, because licensees of these other spectrum-based services often compete with CMRS providers, as well as with other providers of telecommunications services, the Commission believes that it is important to consider them in the analysis.

The structure of this report differs from the structure of the Fifth Report7 because it focuses on two categories of wireless services: mobile telephony8 and mobile data.9 This is a departure from the report's previous editions, in which there was also a separate section for dispatch services. While traditional dispatch service continues to be provided,10 there has been an increasing convergence of services provided by dispatch and other mobile telephony providers.11 Moreover, public information regarding dispatch services, as distinct from mobile telephony services, has become more limited. In the Fifth Report, public information was available regarding four providers of dispatch services. Two of these providers, Nextel Communications, Inc. ("Nextel") and Southern LINC, a unit of energy concern Southern Company, offer dual, mobile telephony-dispatch services that straddle the mobile telephony and dispatch sectors. Of the other two major providers of dispatch services discussed in the Fifth Report, Chadmoore Wireless Group, Inc. ("Chadmoore") and Mobex Communications, Inc. ("Mobex"), Nextel has announced plans to acquire Chadmoore and buy Mobex's SMR licenses.12 Therefore, for purposes of this report, it is more appropriate to analyze these services as part of the mobile telephony sector.

In addition, we no longer analyze the broadband PCS and cellular sectors separately within the mobile telephony section. As noted above, this report bases its analysis on a consumer-oriented view of wireless services. While some differences remain between analog (traditionally cellular) and digital (traditionally broadband PCS) services, many of the largest operators hold both cellular and broadband PCS licenses, and most use digital technology with both types of licenses. More than 62 percent of all subscribers currently have digital service, and from a consumer's perspective digital service in the cellular band is virtually identical to digital service in the PCS band.13

We emphasize that the two service categories discussed in consumer-oriented terms in this report are not as clearly delineated when viewed from the carriers' perspective. For example, many mobile telephony operators also offer mobile data services. Therefore, while these service categories are used to provide structure for this CMRS competition report, the Commission's view of operators is not limited by the categories in which this report places them.

B. Status of Competition
In the year 2000, the CMRS industry continued to experience increased competition and innovation as evidenced by lower prices for consumers and increased diversity of service offerings. The process of carriers building nationwide footprints14 continues to be a significant trend in the mobile telephone sector. The year 2000 saw a number of operators fill in gaps in their coverage through mergers, acquisitions, and license swaps.15 In parallel with the process of footprint building, mobile telephone operators continue to deploy their networks in an increasing number of markets, expand their digital footprints, and develop innovative pricing plans.

Since the Fifth Report, the mobile data sector has continued its transition from paging/messaging to mobile Internet access services. Numerous companies, including paging/messaging carriers, mobile telephone carriers, handheld personal digital assistant ("PDA") manufacturers, and dedicated data network operators, now offer a myriad of mobile Internet access products on a variety of mobile devices. Since late 1999, seven major mobile telephone operators have begun offering mobile data services, including "wireless web," Short Messaging Service ("SMS"), and e-mail, on mobile telephone handsets.16 Four of those seven operators reported mobile Internet usage at the end of 2000 and had a combined total of 2.5 million mobile Internet users.17 While the number of traditional one-way paging subscribers declined in 2000, the number of advanced messaging subscribers increased as paging/messaging carriers continued to roll out advanced messaging and Internet-based services.18 In addition, mobile Internet access is currently available on three types of handheld PDA devices.19

C. Industry Development
Mobile Telephony. Since the release of the Fifth Report, the mobile telephony sector of CMRS has experienced another year of strong growth and competitive development.20 In the twelve months ending December 2000, the mobile telephony sector generated over $52.5 billion in revenues, increased subscribership from 86.0 million to 109.5 million, and produced a nationwide penetration rate of roughly 39 percent.21 We note that 39 percent represents an overall average and provides no information on segment-specific growth rates or market penetration by demographic variables (e.g., penetration rates in rural vs. urban areas). Broadband PCS carriers and digital SMR providers continue to deploy their networks.22 To date, 259 million people, or almost 91 percent of the total U.S. population, have access to three or more different operators (cellular, broadband PCS, and/or digital SMR providers) offering mobile telephone service in the counties in which they live.23 Over 214 million people, or 75 percent of the U.S. population, live in areas with five or more mobile telephone operators competing to offer service.24 And 133 million people, or 47 percent of the population, can choose from at least six different mobile telephone operators.25

The rise of digital technology in the mobile telephone sector continues unabated.26 The combined effect of increasing digital and declining analog customers has been that, at the end of 2000, digital customers made up 62 percent of the industry total, up from 51 percent at the end of 1999 and 30 percent two years ago.27 Finally, in part because of growing competition in the marketplace, it appears that the average price of mobile telephone service has fallen substantially during the year since the Fifth Report, continuing the trend of the last several years.28 According to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, the price of mobile telephone service declined by 12.3 percent during 2000.29 Another analyst estimates that mobile telephone prices fell 25 percent between 1999 and 2000.30

Mobile Data. This report divides current mobile data offerings into four categories: paging/messaging services; mobile telephone Internet access; data services offered over handheld PDA devices with a mobile Internet connection; and mobile data offerings by dedicated data network operators. In addition to these current mobile data offerings, there are a number of mobile data services and technologies in development, including Wireless Application Protocol ("WAP"), location-based services, and m-commerce, which will likely play a more prominent role in the mobile data industry as it evolves.31 Many analysts expect that the development and deployment of advanced wireless or Third Generation ("3G") services32 will increase the growth of mobile data services over the next several years. During 2000 and early 2001, several U.S. mobile telephone carriers announced their 3G rollout plans. At least six carriers expect to begin deploying network technologies during late 2001 and early 2002 that will allow for mobile Internet access speeds of up to 144 kbps.33

II. THE CMRS INDUSTRY
A. Mobile Telephony
This report defines the mobile telephone sector to include all operators that offer commercially available interconnected mobile phone services. These operators provide access to the public switched telephone network ("PSTN") via mobile communication devices employing radiowave technology to transmit calls. As discussed in previous reports,34 providers using cellular radiotelephone, broadband PCS, and SMR licenses dominate this sector.35 Resellers and operators using satellite systems also offer mobile telephone services. Because these licensees offer mobile telephone services that are essentially interchangeable from the perspective of most consumers, they are discussed in this report as a cohesive industry sector.

The discussion below describes the mobile telephone market as a whole and includes sections on market structure, market performance, digital technologies, pricing, and wireless-wireline competition. This is followed by discussions of resellers and satellite providers as well as international developments.

1. Mobile Telephone Overview and Analysis
a. Market Structure
(i) Spectrum Allocation
Mobile telephony operators primarily use three types of spectrum licenses to provide service: cellular, broadband PCS, and SMR.

Cellular - The Commission began licensing commercial cellular providers in 1981 and completed licensing the majority of operators by 1992. The Commission divided the United States and its possessions into 734 cellular market areas ("CMAs"), including 305 Metropolitan Statistical Areas ("MSAs"), 428 Rural Service Areas ("RSAs"), and a market for the Gulf of Mexico. Two cellular systems were licensed in each market area. The Commission allocated 50 megahertz of spectrum in the 800 MHz frequency band for the two competing cellular systems in each market (25 megahertz for each system).

Broadband PCS - Broadband PCS is similar to cellular service, except that broadband PCS systems operate in different spectrum bands and are designed to use a digital format. Broadband PCS licenses have been assigned through auction, beginning in 1995.36 The most recent broadband PCS auction was completed in 2001.37 The Commission has set aside the spectrum between 1850 MHz and 1990 MHz for broadband PCS. This spectrum includes 120 megahertz for mobile telephony, divided originally into three blocks of 30 megahertz each (blocks A, B, and C) and three blocks of 10 megahertz each (blocks D, E, and F).38 Two of the 30 megahertz blocks (A and B blocks) are assigned on the basis of 51 Major Trading Areas ("MTAs").39 One of the 30 megahertz blocks (C block) and all three of the 10 megahertz blocks are assigned on the basis of 493 BTAs.40

SMR - The Commission first established SMR in 1979 to provide for land mobile communications on a commercial basis. The Commission initially licensed spectrum in the 800 and 900 MHz bands for this service, in non-contiguous bands, on a site-by-site basis.41 The Commission has since licensed additional SMR spectrum through auctions,42 so that there are at least 26.5 megahertz of spectrum available for SMR services.43 While Commission policy permits flexible use of this spectrum, including the provision of paging, dispatch, mobile voice, mobile data, facsimile, or combinations of these services, 44 the primary use for SMR traditionally has been dispatch services.45 Dispatch differs from mobile voice communications offered by PCS and cellular carriers in that it allows both one-to-one and one-to-many communication (including real-time conferencing with groups), and it generally does not operate through interconnection with the public switched telephone network.46 SMR systems have also had the ability to offer interconnected service, but until the development of digital technologies, analog SMR systems had very limited capacity to provide mobile telephony. In recent years, however, the nature of SMR service has evolved significantly. SMR providers such as Nextel and Southern LINC have used digital technologies to increase spectral efficiency and become more significant competitors in mobile telephony, while also providing dispatch functionality as part of their service offerings.47 At the same time, traditional dispatch services are being provided increasingly on non-SMR spectrum bands.48 Furthermore, in apparent response to the dispatch functionality of SMR services, cellular and PCS carriers have recently begun to offer dispatch-like options (e.g., group calling and conferencing) as part of their service offerings, particularly for businesses.49

Spectrum Cap - In every geographical area, the Commission has authorized at least eight different mobile telephony licensees (two cellular and six broadband PCS), not including additional digital SMR licensees.50 Moreover, under Commission rules, broadband PCS, cellular, and auctioned SMR licensees may disaggregate (divide the spectrum into smaller amounts of bandwidth) or partition (divide the license into smaller geographical areas) their licenses, or both, to other entities.51 Many licensees have more than one license in a particular market. However, under the Commission's CMRS spectrum cap (which applies to 180 MHz of spectrum), no entity may control more than 45 megahertz of cellular,52 broadband PCS, and SMR53 spectrum in an urban market, or more than 55 megahertz in a rural market.54 Therefore, the spectrum cap ensures that there are at least four different licensees in every market, and as a practical matter, there are generally five or more licensees in every market.

(ii) Convergence of Cellular and PCS
Cellular and PCS networks use the same basic design. Both use a series of low-power transmitters to serve relatively small areas ("cells"), and both employ frequency reuse to maximize spectrum efficiency.55 In the past, the primary difference was that cellular networks used an analog technology, while PCS networks were designed from the start to use a digital format. Digital technology provides better sound quality and increases spectral efficiency in comparison to analog technology. Increased capacity on digital networks has in turn permitted companies to offer calling plans with large buckets of relatively inexpensive minutes, free enhanced services such as voicemail and caller ID, and wireless data and mobile Internet offerings.56

Four of the largest mobile telephony companies - AT&T Wireless Group ("AT&T Wireless"), Verizon Wireless, LLC ("Verizon Wireless"),57 Cingular Wireless, LLC ("Cingular Wireless")58 and ALLTEL Corp. ("ALLTEL") - hold both cellular and broadband PCS licenses, and these carriers have deployed digital technology extensively throughout their cellular networks.59 Even operators with only cellular licenses, such as United States Cellular Corp. ("US Cellular"), are well along in the conversion of their analog networks to digital. Several manufacturers produce dual and tri-mode handsets for operators with both analog and digital networks, allowing customers to move between digital and analog areas with ease.60 More than 62 percent of all mobile telephony subscribers use digital service now, and from a customer's perspective digital service in the cellular band is virtually identical to digital service in the PCS band.

(iii) Building Nationwide Networks
In the United States, there are six nationwide mobile telephony operators: AT&T Wireless, Sprint PCS,61 Verizon Wireless, VoiceStream Wireless Corp. ("VoiceStream"), Cingular Wireless, and Nextel. In comparison, there were three nationwide mobile telephony operators at the end of 1999.62 In addition to the nationwide operators, there are a number of large regional players, including Western Wireless Corp. ("Western Wireless"), US Cellular, Dobson Communications Corp. ("Dobson"), and ALLTEL.

The Commission has concluded previously that operators with larger footprints can achieve certain economies of scale and increased efficiencies compared to operators with smaller footprints.63 Such benefits, along with advances such as digital technology, have permitted companies to introduce and expand innovative pricing plans such as digital-one-rate ("DOR") type plans,64 reducing prices to consumers.65

(a) Combinations, Sales, and License Swaps
Since the end of 1999, carriers have continued to build nationwide footprints using combinations, acquisitions, and license swaps.66 One of the driving forces behind many of these transactions has been the desire of large regional carriers to enhance their ability to compete with existing nationwide operators that offer attractive nationwide pricing plans. National operators have also sought to fills in gap in their coverage.67

Between year end 1999 and the publication of the Fifth Report in mid-2000, eight of the top 25 mobile telephone operators (based on year-end 1999 subscribership) had merged to form two larger carriers,68 and the proposed joint venture between SBC and BellSouth was pending before the Commission.69 Since the writing of the Fifth Report, that joint venture has been completed, and a number of other combinations, sales, and license swaps have been announced.70 The most significant are discussed below.

Combinations
Cingular - On October 5, 2000, SBC and BellSouth launched their new national wireless joint venture under the name Cingular Wireless.71 At the time of its closing, the merged company served more than 19 million customers and had licenses covering approximately 190 million potential customers, or "POPs,"72 in 38 states, the District of Columbia, and two U.S. territories.73 SBC contributed 60 percent of the assets to the new company, while BellSouth contributed 40 percent of the assets, but the companies are sharing control equally.74

VoiceStream/Powertel/Deutsche Telekom - On May 31, 2001, Deutsche Telekom AG ("Deutsche Telekom") completed its acquisition of VoiceStream and Powertel, Inc. ("Powertel").75 This merger combines the two largest GSM wireless providers in the United States.76 In the United States, the merged entity holds licenses covering over 272 million POPs, representing 97 percent of the U.S. population.77 As of the year-end 2000, VoiceStream and Powertel provided service to a total of 4.8 million U.S. wireless customers.78

Verizon Wireless/Price Wireless - On November 15, 2000, Verizon Wireless announced it had signed an agreement to acquire Price Communications Wireless ("Price Wireless"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Price Communications, Inc., for approximately $2 billion.79 This agreement is conditioned on the completion of Verizon Wireless's planned initial public offering ("IPO") by September 30, 2001. Price Wireless's network covers 3.4 million POPs in 16 markets, and the company serves 500,000 customers throughout Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and Florida.80 Price Wireless's network uses TDMA, which Verizon Wireless plans to convert to CDMA as quickly as possible after the closing.

Nextel/Chadmoore - In August 2000, Nextel agreed to acquire Chadmoore, a dispatch company with licenses covering 180 small to medium-sized markets.81 The companies expect to complete the merger by the second half of 2001,82 assuming the proposed transfer of control is approved by the Commission and consumated.

License Sales and Swaps
Verizon/ALLTEL Sale - On February 20, 2001, Verizon Wireless completed its acquisition of 20 unbuilt 10 megahertz PCS licenses in six states from ALLTEL.83 These new licenses will increase Verizon Wireless's footprint by some 2 million POPs and increase its spectrum holdings in current licensed service areas totaling about 9 million POPs. The new licenses cover markets in Georgia, Missouri, Tennessee, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Financial details of the agreement were not disclosed.

Cingular/VoiceStream Swap - In a major step to expand their market coverage, Cingular and VoiceStream exchanged broadband PCS licenses covering approximately 35 million POPs.84 Cingular Wireless acquired 10 megahertz of VoiceStream's spectrum in the New York MTA,85 as well as 10 megahertz of its spectrum in both the St. Louis and Detroit BTAs. VoiceStream received 10 megahertz of spectrum in the Los Angeles and San Francisco MTAs, which include the entire states of California and Nevada. The swap was completed in May 2001.86

AT&T/Sprint Swap - On November 3, 2000, AT&T Wireless and Sprint PCS announced an agreement to exchange licenses for certain 10 megahertz blocks of PCS spectrum in markets around the country, covering approximately 18.5 million POPs. 87 Sprint is gaining spectrum in Georgia, North Carolina, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas, while AT&T Wireless is receiving spectrum in California, Florida, Texas, Utah, and Washington.88 The companies are also swapping spectrum within the same BTA (Hartford, Connecticut).89

Nextel/Mobex/Arch - Nextel is in the process of acquiring additional SMR spectrum from several carriers.90 Mobex, another SMR service provider, is in the process of transferring its 284 800 MHz and 900 MHz licenses to Nextel.91 In January 2001, Arch Wireless, Inc. ("Arch") agreed to sell its SMR licenses to Nextel.92 If Nextel completes all its pending acquisitions (including Chadmoore), it will have approximately 20 megahertz of spectrum in 52 of the top 100 U.S. markets.93

While the most high-profile transactions have involved nationwide operators, smaller operators have also made acquisitions to increase the size of their footprints. Leap Wireless International, Inc. ("Leap"), for example, has purchased dozens of spectrum licenses from other licensees since 1999.94 And on November 13, 2000, TeleCorp PCS, Inc. ("TeleCorp") completed its acquisition of fellow AT&T affiliate, Tritel, Inc.95

(b) Affiliations
In addition to extending their networks through combinations or license acquisitions, three national operators have extended their coverage through affiliations with smaller carriers.96 These affiliations create a "family" of operating companies with much closer relationships than those formed by traditional roaming97 agreements. The affiliations were established to accelerate the build-out of the larger companies' networks by granting smaller affiliates the exclusive right to offer mobile telephony for those companies, in some cases under the larger companies' brand names, in selected mid-sized and smaller markets.98

AT&T - The AT&T family consists of AT&T Wireless's cellular and PCS properties, as well as the ventures it has with four companies: TeleCorp, Triton PCS Holdings, Inc. ("Triton PCS"), Cincinnati Bell Wireless, LLC ("Cincinnati Bell Wireless"),99 and Dobson. AT&T Wireless has sold portions of some of its broadband PCS licenses to the ventures with the first three companies in return for a minority ownership interest in the ventures. These three affiliates are currently deploying TDMA technology and AT&T Wireless service under the brand name SunCom in certain areas of the country.100 In a somewhat different arrangement, AT&T Wireless and Dobson own equal interests in a joint venture, American Cellular Corporation, which provides service primarily in rural areas of the Midwestern and eastern United States.101 AT&T Wireless owns approximately 12 percent of Dobson.102

Sprint PCS - The Sprint PCS family consists of Sprint PCS and 14 affiliates.103 Each of the affiliates has an agreement with Sprint PCS to use the latter's PCS licenses to deploy CDMA technology and Sprint PCS-branded service in specific areas of the country.104 Some of the affiliates also hold their own broadband PCS licenses, and at least two affiliates - US Unwired, Inc. ("US Unwired") and Via Wireless, LLC ("Via")105 - are using a combination of their own spectrum licenses and Sprint's to deploy service.

Nextel - The Nextel family consists of Nextel and Nextel Partners, Inc. ("Nextel Partners"). In an arrangement similar to that of AT&T with its affiliates, Nextel has sold some of its SMR licenses to Nextel Partners in return for a minority ownership interest in the company.106 Nextel Partners is building out an iDEN network, and Nextel is providing many of the support services.107

(iv) Auction No. 35
On January 26, 2001, the Commission's most recent auction of C and F block broadband PCS licenses, Auction No. 35, closed. The Commission offered a total of 422 C and F block broadband PCS licenses covering 195 markets, and all of the licenses were sold.108 Many licenses in the auction were available because parties that had won licenses for the same spectrum had defaulted on their installment or other payments to the Commission, while others were available because licenses had been unsold in previous auctions.109 Net high bids totaled $16.9 billion.110 The Auction No. 35 licenses produced significantly more revenue than many analysts expected,111 and much more revenue than the $5.2 billion raised in earlier auctions of licenses for the same spectrum.112

Auction No. 35 differed in significant ways from the earlier C and F block auctions. Participation in earlier auctions had been limited solely to "entrepreneurs" (applicants, including attributable investors and affiliates, with gross revenue of less than $125 million in each of the preceding two years and less than $500 million in total assets).113 Shortly before Auction No. 35, that restriction was partially lifted,114 allowing non-entrepreneurs to bid on 252 of the available 422 licenses.115

Winning bids were highest for densely populated, urban BTAs. The New York BTA alone, for example, raised $5.6 billion, 33 percent of the total auction receipts, for three 10 megahertz licenses.116 The top ten markets (by population) accounted for $10.1 billion, or 60 percent of the total.117 Ten bidders' total net high bids accounted for the lion's share of the auction receipts (98.7 percent).118

The large sum of money committed in Auction 35 surprised many in the investment community. As one analyst commented in reference to Verizon Wireless's $8.8 billion in bids, "What Do They Know We Don't Know?"119 More understated, another analyst commented that the auction prices paid were "quite high."120 While obviously only the bidders knew their auction strategies, analysts perceived some common goals, including adding capacity, filling-in footprint holes, and expanding regional clusters.121 One analyst believed that the auction prices reflected how larger operators value a true national footprint as well as the additional services that can be used with the new spectrum.122

b. Market Performance
Some of the key metrics reported by mobile telephone operators, such as subscriber growth, average monthly usage per subscriber, and average revenue per subscriber, demonstrate the increased demand for and reliance placed on mobile services. In addition, continued downward price trends,123 churn, and continued expansion of mobile networks into new and existing markets demonstrate a high level of competition for mobile telephony customers.

(i) Subscriber Growth
In 2000, the mobile telephone sector experienced another record year. As of December 2000, the industry estimates that the sector had over 109.5 million subscribers,124 which translates into a nationwide penetration rate of roughly 39 percent.125 This figure also represents a 28 percent increase over the 86.0 million subscribers reported for December 1999. Also, the absolute increase of 23.5 million subscribers represents the largest 12-month jump in subscribership in the history of the sector, surpassing 1999's previous record of 16.9 million additional subscribers. In addition to the overall penetration rate of 39 percent, a recent study found that 46 percent of households with incomes of at least $25,000 have wireless service, up from 35 percent in 1998.126

(ii) Minutes-of-Use
While estimates of average minutes-of-use per subscriber per month ("MOUs") vary, all show an increase between 1999 and 2000. Increasing MOUs most likely are a result of the decreasing prices and the wider acceptance of and reliance upon wireless service.127 Some analysts speculate that higher usage also reflects how carriers are using minutes as a promotional device to entice and retain customers. Giving customers more minutes not only makes them feel that they are getting more for their money,128 but makes them increasingly dependent on their cell phones and on particular companies.129

According to the CTIA mobile telephone survey, MOUs were 255 between July and December 2000, an increase of 38 percent from 185 MOUs during the same period in 1999.130 Other analysts, using different methodologies, also report higher MOUs in 2000. Paul Kagan and Associates estimated MOUs of 335 in mid-2000, up from 261 in mid-1999.131 J.D. Powers & Associates estimated 320 MOUs, an increase of 32 percent from 242 a year earlier, and a 61 percent increase from 1998.132 Taken together, these average 303 MOUs in 2000, a 32 percent increase from an average of 229 MOUs in 1999. Using a somewhat different metric, International Data Corporation ("IDC") found that U.S. household wireless usage (which can include multiple wireless units within a particular household) was 247 MOUs in 2000, compared with 155 MOUs in 1999 and 89 MOUs in 1998.133

(iii) Average Revenue Per Unit
Increased MOUs may counteract any negative effect of falling prices on the average monthly revenue per subscriber (often referred to as average revenue per unit, or "ARPU"). For the mobile telephone sector, ARPU has decreased almost continuously since CTIA began tracking it in 1987, going from a peak of $98.02 in December 1988 to a low of $39.43 in December 1998.134 However, since 1999, ARPU has begun increasing, first to $41.24 in December 1999, then to $45.27 in December 2000, a 15 percent increase over the last two years. As previously discussed in the Fifth Report, analysts attribute this rise to customers using their phones more often.135

(iv) Churn
Churn refers to the number of customers an operator loses over a given period of time. Mobile telephone operators usually express churn in terms of average percent churn per month. For example, an operator might report average monthly churn of 2 percent in a given fiscal quarter. In other words, on average, the operator lost 2 percent of its customers in each of the quarter's three months. At this rate, the operator would lose 24 percent of its customers in a single year.136 Given that churn provides an approximate measure of the frequency with which subscribers switch operators,137 it is often used as an indicator of increasing competition. Most carriers report churn rates between 1.5 percent and 3 percent per month.138

According to one recent survey, almost one in five wireless subscribers have switched carriers in the past year.139 Sixteen percent of those who switched said that their primary reason for doing so was dissatisfaction with their current pricing plan.140 Twelve percent dropped their current service in search of better network quality, and 10 percent left in order to take advantage of a competitor's promotion.141 The survey also found that almost half (44 percent) of all wireless users have no strong commitment to stay with their current carrier.142 In addition, according to another survey released in May 2000, only 60 percent of subscribers had a "contract,"143 down from 70 percent a year earlier.144

(v) Market Entry
To track the level of competition in the mobile telephony market, the Commission has compiled a list of counties with some level of coverage by mobile telephone providers.145 This analysis is based on publicly available sources of information released by the operators such as news releases, filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and coverage maps available on operators' Internet sites.146

There are several important caveats to note when considering these data. First, to be considered as "covering" a county, an operator need only be offering service in a portion of that county. Second, multiple operators shown as covering the same county are not necessarily providing service to the same portion of that county. Consequently, some of the counties included in this analysis may have only a small amount of coverage from a particular provider. Third, the POPs and square miles figures in this analysis include all of the POPs and all of the square miles in a county considered to have coverage.147 Therefore, this analysis overstates the total coverage in terms of both geographic areas and populations covered.

To date, 259 million people, or almost 91 percent of the total U.S. population, have three or more different operators (cellular, PCS, and/or digital SMR) offering mobile telephone service in the counties in which they live.148 However, these counties make up only 40 percent of the total land area of the United States, reflecting the nation's uneven population distribution.149 On the other hand, the land area of these counties, 1.4 million square miles, is roughly equal to the combined land area of the 15 members of the European Union.150 In addition, over 214 million people, or 75 percent of the U.S. population, live in areas with five or more mobile telephone operators competing to offer service.151

While growth in the percentage of the population covered by three or more providers has been small in the past year,152 the percentage growth of the population covered by six or more providers has been significant. Over 133 million people, or 47 percent of the U.S. population, live in areas with six or more mobile telephone operators competing to offer service, an increase of 35 percent from 1999.153 And 34 million people, or about 12 percent of the population, can now choose from among seven or more different mobile telephone operators, an increase of 170 percent from 1999.154

c. Continued Rise of Digital
The rise of digital technology in the mobile telephone sector documented in the last two reports continues.155 During 2000, the number of customers subscribing to digital services jumped 55 percent from approximately 44.3 million to 67.7 million.156 Digital subscribers now make up 62 percent of all wireless subscribers, up from 51 percent last year, and 30 percent at the end of 1998. The four primary competing digital technologies experienced growth in subscribership ranging from 44 to 72 percent. In addition, almost all new mobile phones sales are digital.157

Even as new subscribers are overwhelmingly signing up for digital service,158 operators continue to move their existing subscriber base from analog to digital services.159 At the end of 2000, for example, 90.1 percent of AT&T Wireless's nearly 15.2 million consolidated subscribers used digital service, up from 79.2 percent a year earlier.160 More than half of Verizon Wireless's customers now subscribe to its digital services, and those customers generate more than 80 percent of the company's "busy-hour" usage.161 Cingular Wireless states that 85 percent of its customers subscribe to digital service.162

Operators also continued to expand the footprints of their chosen digital technology in 2000. This drive stems from operators with analog networks, who need to improve capacity, increase their advanced service offerings, and provide compatibility for digital-based roaming partners, as well as from new, all-digital network operators who need to expand their footprints to increase their competitiveness.163

Four major mobile telephone operators - AT&T Wireless, Verizon Wireless, Cingular Wireless, and ALLTEL - are both cellular and broadband PCS licensees, and these carriers have deployed digital technology extensively throughout their networks. Ninety-nine percent of AT&T Wireless's network has been upgraded to digital.164 Verizon Wireless's digital network reaches approximately 75 percent of its covered POPs,165 Cingular Wireless's, 95 percent;166 and ALLTEL's, over 85 percent.167 Even operators with only cellular licenses are well along in the conversion of their analog networks to digital. US Cellular, for example, offers digital service in 85 percent of its coverage areas using a mix of TDMA and CDMA. CTIA estimates that carriers have designated four times as many channels for digital use as for analog use.168

(i) Coverage by Technology Type
Of the six nationwide mobile telephone operators, Sprint PCS and Verizon Wireless have CDMA as their digital technology, AT&T Wireless uses TDMA,169 VoiceStream uses GSM, and Nextel uses iDEN. Cingular Wireless has a mix of TDMA and GSM networks.

To date, 271 million people, or 95 percent of the total U.S. population, live in counties where operators offer digital mobile telephone service, using CDMA, TDMA, GSM, and/or iDEN technologies.170 These counties make up 57 percent of the total land area of the United States. To estimate the current levels of deployment of the four main digital mobile telephone technologies individually, the Commission has prepared maps of each technology combining the coverage by all of the relevant operators.171

CDMA and TDMA technologies are available to roughly equal numbers of Americans. CDMA has been launched in at least some portion of counties containing 242 million people, or 85 percent of the U.S. population,172 while TDMA has been launched in at least some portion of counties containing 238 million people, or 83 percent of the U.S. population.173 GSM has been launched in at least some portion of counties containing 197 million people, or approximately 69 percent of the U.S. population.174

Digital SMR operators are the only users of iDEN technology in the United States. To date, digital SMR operators have launched iDEN-based service in at least some portion of counties containing over 232 million people, or approximately 81 percent of the U.S. population.175

d. Pricing Data and Trends
It is difficult to identify sources of information that track mobile telephone prices in a comprehensive manner.176 However, a number of reports and other available data indicate that the entrance of new competitors into the mobile telephone market continues to reduce prices. Because these studies use different methodologies and market samples, their findings vary and are comparable only in the broadest terms. Nevertheless, they clearly show that the average price of mobile telephony service has fallen since the Fifth Report, continuing the trend of the last several years.

According to one economic research and consulting firm, prices declined roughly 7 percent in 2000.177 The average cost of monthly service - which was calculated across four typical usage plans (30, 150, 300 and 600 minutes) across 25 major cities - dropped from $42.53 in December 1999 to $39.60 in December 2000. Data are not currently available for smaller markets. The biggest price declines came for customers who subscribed to plans offering 600 minutes of talk time each month, whose prices dropped by 10.1 percent, while those on monthly plans with fewer minutes saw more modest reductions. In evaluating pricing plans offered in major markets across the nation, another analyst estimates that the average price per minute for wireless service fell by 25 percent between 1999 and 2000.178

Another source of price information is the cellular telephone services component of the Consumer Price Index ("Cellular CPI") produced by the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics.179 During 2000, the Cellular CPI180 decreased by 12.3 percent while the overall CPI increased by 3.4 percent. In comparison, the local telephone services component increased by 5.5 percent while the long distance telephone services component decreased by 9.2 percent. The Cellular CPI has declined almost 30 percent since the end of 1997.

(i) Developments in Pricing Plans
The continued rollout of differentiated pricing plans indicates a competitive marketplace. In the mobile telephone sector, a single operator often tries a new and innovative pricing plan, and is later imitated by competitors if the plan proves to be successful. For example, many in the industry questioned AT&T Wireless's wisdom when it introduced the first DOR plan in May 1998.181 Today virtually all of the major operators offer a similar type of DOR pricing plan that allows customers to purchase a bucket of MOUs on a nationwide or nearly nationwide network without incurring roaming or long distance charges.182

In addition to the national pricing plan trend, a number of large carriers - including AT&T Wireless, Verizon Wireless, and Cingular Wireless - have begun offering regional DOR calling plans.183 These plans give customers a bucket of MOUs to use in a particular region without incurring roaming or long distance charges. Verizon Wireless's SingleRate West calling plan, for example, allows customers to call from anywhere to anywhere in an 11-state region without incurring additional charges.184 Cingular Wireless has five regional calling plans, as well as plans that allow subscribers to choose the areas that define the home-calling region.185 Analysts believe these plans are designed to compete against regional competitors such as Powertel and Qwest Communications International, Inc. ("Qwest").186 Leap, through its subsidiary Cricket, allows subscribers to make unlimited local calls and receive calls from anywhere in the world for one flat rate of $30 per month. For a further discussion, see Section II.A.1.e, infra.

For the global traveler, AT&T Wireless and Nextel have come out with pricing plans that provide subscribers with one (terrestrial-based) mobile phone and one phone number worldwide. For an additional $5 monthly fee to their domestic service plan, Nextel Worldwide subscribers can use their phones outside the United States and pay a flat rate per minute pricing based on the country from which they are calling.187 Rates range from $0.99 per minute for most of Europe; $1.99 per minute for Asia, South America, and the Middle East; and $2.99 - $4.99 per minute for select countries in Africa, Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. Nextel Worldwide customers access the service through a dual mode iDEN/GSM phone. AT&T Wireless's WorldConnect service costs an additional $7.99 a month, plus a $25 fee for an AT&T Wireless WorldConnect card.188 Each call made or received while abroad is billed at a rate of $0.99 per minute plus additional long distance charges based on the international zone in which the user is located.189 AT&T Wireless WorldConnect subscribers must use a dual TDMA/GSM capable phone to access international services.190

(ii) Roaming
All mobile calling plans specify a calling area - such as a particular metropolitan area, the East Coast, or the entire United States - within which the subscriber can make a call without additional charges. When a subscriber exits this area, or "roams," he or she incurs additional charges for each minute of use. Sometimes these roaming charges go directly to the subscriber's carrier, and sometimes the charges are used to pay a carrier other than the subscriber's, on whose network the subscriber was roaming.191 This source of revenue is particularly important to rural and smaller carriers.192

Roaming rates have been declining, continuing the trend described in the Fifth Report.193 One analyst estimates that the average per minute roaming rate for six large regional carriers declined by 18 percent, from $0.43 in 1999 to $0.36 in 2000.194 US Cellular attributed a recent decline in its roaming revenue, in part, to a general decline in roaming rates throughout the industry.195 The company expects the downward trend to continue as new wireless operators begin service in the company's markets, and its roaming partners are able to switch their business to these new operators.196 CTIA also reported the first year-over-year decline in roaming revenues for the mobile telephony industry since it began tracking the amounts in 1989, from $4.1 billion at the end of 1999 to $3.9 billion at the end of 2000.197 CTIA attributes this to "increasingly large footprints of each carrier and wireless companies treating many calls as local, instead of roaming."198

Despite per minute reductions and the industry-wide fall in roaming revenues, declining roaming revenues is the exception for regional and rural carriers. In a recent study comparing the 1999 and 2000 roaming revenues of 12 such carriers, only the two largest carriers showed declines (US Cellular and ALLTEL).199 The rest showed increases in roaming revenue, as roaming MOUs outpaced the decline in roaming rates for these companies.200

(iii) Prepaid Service
In the United States, most mobile telephony subscribers pay their phone bills after they have incurred charges (known as postpaid service). Prepaid service, in contrast, requires customers to pay for a fixed amount of minutes prior to making calls. One analyst estimated that approximately 11 percent of U.S. wireless phone users subscribed to prepaid plans at the end of 2000, up from 6 percent in 1999.201 This contrasts sharply with the experience with prepaid wireless plans in Europe. According to one analyst's estimates, prepaid users accounted for 79 percent of all new wireless customers in Western Europe in 2000, and now account for approximately 60 percent all wireless customers there.202

A large number of carriers now offer some form of prepaid plan, including Verizon Wireless, AT&T Wireless, BellSouth and SBC (individually, and not through Cingular Wireless),203 Sprint PCS, VoiceStream, ALLTEL, US Cellular, Centennial Communications Corp., CenturyTel, Inc., Cincinnati Bell Wireless, Dobson, Rural Cellular Corporation ("Rural Cellular"), TeleCorp, Triton PCS, Qwest, and Powertel.204 In addition, the unlimited local calling plans described in the Wireless/Wireline section below are all prepaid plans.

Powertel is particularly aggressive in the prepaid market. As of year-end 2000, Powertel reported that 54 percent of its subscriber base was on prepaid pricing.205 In the fourth quarter of 2000, 83 percent of Powertel's 104,000 new subscribers were prepaid.206

e. Wireless/Wireline Competition
According to a recent survey by the Yankee Group, about 3 percent of mobile telephone subscribers rely on their wireless phone as their only phone.207 While most wireless customers may not be willing to "cut the cord" just yet in the sense of canceling their subscription to wireline telephone service, it is indisputable that wireless service has significantly changed the way Americans communicate. Initially a business tool, wireless phones have become a mass-market consumer device. According to one survey, 77 percent of wireless customers said they use their phones primarily for personal calls.208 For some, wireless service is no longer a complement to wireline service but has become the preferred method of communication. In a survey performed for the Consumer Electronics Association, three in 10 wireless phone users stated they would rather give up their home telephone than their wireless phone.209 Among wireless users aged 18 to 34 years old, that figure rose to 45 percent.

In some areas, wireless use has begun to erode wireline revenue due to "technology substitution," that is, the substitution of new technologies for existing ones.210 BellSouth, for example, stated in February 2001 that it was exiting the payphone business in part due to business lost to wireless phones.211 Twenty million mobile telephone customers have service plans that do not charge extra for long distance,212 and at least one analyst believes that such plans are reducing wireline long distance minutes and revenues.213 Another analyst estimates that 20 percent of all outbound wireless voice minutes are used for long distance.214 AT&T blamed its fourth quarter 2000 $1.7 billion loss in part on customers abandoning wireline long distance calls for wireless phones, e-mail and prepaid calling cards.215 In one survey conducted in January 2000, 12 percent of respondents said they purchased a wireless phone instead of installing an additional wireline phone.216

A few wireless carriers have begun offering service plans designed to compete directly with wireline local telephone service.217 For example, Leap, through its Cricket subsidiary, now offers its Comfortable Wireless mobile telephone service in 12 markets, predominately in the South and Southwest.218 At the end of 2000, Leap had more than 190,000 customers, up nearly nine-fold from the 22,000 customers reported at the beginning of the year.219 Leap's service allows subscribers to make unlimited local calls and receive calls from anywhere in the world for one flat rate of $30 per month.220 Roaming outside the local area is not available,221 and customers pay extra for long distance calls.222 According to Leap, about half of its customers view their phones as replacements for first or second lines,223 and about 7 percent of its customers in its Nashville and Chattanooga markets have dropped their wireline home phones altogether.224 In November 2000, Leap also claimed that 60 percent of its customers use their wireless phones as their primary phone.225

Leap's service plans seem to have encouraged its competition to develop similar offerings.226 In August 2000, US Cellular launched its flat-rate wireless plan, MetroZone, in a Leap market, Knoxville, Tennessee. US Cellular advertises MetroZone as an "alternative to traditional phone service or as a second line option."227 ALLTEL is test marketing its own "all-you-can-talk" local wireless service plan in five other markets where Leap has launched.228 The plan, known as Boomerang in Arizona and New Mexico, and MetroTalk in Arkansas and North Carolina, costs about $30 per month.

In January 2001, Rural Cellular (through its subsidiary Unicel) began offering Go About Phone service. The Go About plan includes 3,000 minutes per month229 in the local calling area for about $40 (long distance is extra). Rural Cellular calls its plan "another option for . . . primary and secondary phone lines."230

2. Other Competitors: Resellers and Satellite Operators
This section discusses two other types of operators that are competing in the mobile telephone segment: resellers and satellite operators.

a. Resellers
Resellers offer service to consumers by purchasing airtime at wholesale rates from facilities-based providers and reselling it at retail prices.231 In 2000, the top 20 resale providers had just over 3 million subscribers, which is an increase of 100 percent over 1999.232 WorldCom continues to be the largest reseller, with over 2 million customers, accounting for 65 percent of all the subscribers reported by the 20 largest resellers.233

b. Satellite Operators
In the past six years an increasing number of satellite operators have offered mobile services in the U.S., including Motient, TMI, Inmarsat, Iridium and Globalstar. Several of the companies have experienced financial difficulties during the past two years. Two companies, Iridium LLC. (Iridium") which has an operating satellite system, and ICO Global Communications ("ICO") which did not have a system in operation declared bankruptcy under Chapter 11 and emerged from bankruptcy in 2000. Another company, Globalstar Telecommunications LTD. ("Globalstar") is currently offering service but failed to make certain debt payments in 2000. Five of these companies are briefly described below.

Iridium Iridium launched commercial mobile telephone service via satellite in November 1998.234 The company declared bankruptcy in August 1999,235 and discontinued service in March 2000.236 In August 2000, Motorola, which had been maintaining the Iridium system, began planning to decommission the system's satellites.237 However, before the decommission schedule was finalized, Motorola (a major investor in Iridium), other Iridium investors, and the bankruptcy court entertained several bids for Iridium's assets.238 In November 2000, they accepted a bid from a group of investors called Iridium Satellite LLC ("Iridium Satellite") who offered to buy Iridium for $25 million, including $6.5 million in cash.239 On December 12, 2000, Iridium Satellite completed its acquisition of Iridium's assets.240

Iridium Satellite reinitiated service at the end of March 2001.241 Iridium Satellite expects mobile satellite service to cost about $1.50 per minute, and handset prices will begin at $950 for the Motorola handset.242 At the time it reinstated mobile satellite service, Iridium Satellite had at least 20,000 users and $3 million per month in revenues due to a two-year contract signed with the Department of Defense in December 2000.243 Iridium Satellite plans to target 30,000 former Iridium customers to renew service contracts.244 Former customers will be offered free software upgrades for their phones along with other promotions the company is formulating.245 Iridium Satellite officials have expressed optimism about their chances for success, pointing to relatively low operating costs and a low break-even mark.246

ICO ICO emerged from bankruptcy in May 2000 following a $1.2 billion investment led by Craig McCaw.247 The new company is named New ICO Global Communications Ltd. ("New ICO"), and it plans to merge with Teledesic Corporation, a broadband data satellite services company owned by Craig McCaw.248 The two companies will become subsidiaries of the holding company ICO Teledesic Global Ltd., which is already a controlling shareholder of New ICO.249 New ICO plans to market mobile and fixed satellite voice and data services by delivering high-speed services such as wireless Internet access.250 New ICO's network will consist of 12 satellites.251 Recently, New ICO asked the Commission to permit it to use its spectrum to provide a terrestrial service that would be ancillary to and serve its satellite network.252 New ICO states that it needs this authority in order to provide service inside buildings and in certain urban areas in order to operate a viable business.253

Globalstar In February 2000, Globalstar initiated commercial mobile voice service via satellite and was the only satellite carrier providing such service as of year-end 2000. Globalstar had about 31,000 subscribers as of year-end 2000, and about $3.7 million in revenue over the course of the year.254 Analysts and Globalstar management agree that the company will be unable to generate profits until it has close to one million subscribers.255 To attract customers, Globalstar has offered several promotions throughout the year and cut prices for both its phones and service.256 Its mobile satellite phones, manufactured by QUALCOMM, Inc. retail for approximately $1,200, but when offered as part of a promotion, can cost as low as $800.257 Per month service charges range from $24.95 with zero minutes to $499.95 for 500 minutes. Additional minutes cost between $0.99 and $1.69, depending on the service plan chosen.258 Globalstar has nearly 20 distributors of its products and services in the United States.259

During the second half of 2000, Globalstar experienced financial difficulties. In June, Globalstar failed to repay a $250 million loan, forcing guarantor Lockheed Martin Corporation to make the debt payment.260 In September, Globalstar received a $56 million equity investment followed by $105 million in a stock purchase plan with Bear, Stearns International Ltd. ("Bear Stearns").261 Despite these new funds from Bear Stearns, Globalstar suspended its debt payments in January 2001.262

Inmarsat Inmarsat, offers mobile communications services including telephony, telex, fax, electronic mail, position reporting and disaster communications.263 They are currently authorized to provide some types of international telephony service to and from the U.S. and to provide maritime mobile service, although they are not currently authorized to provide domestic U.S. telephony service. An application to do so is pending before the Federal Communications Commission.

Motient Motient, formally known as American Mobile Satellite Corporation, was founded in 1988. Among other services, Motient currently offers satellite telephone data and fax service and satellite dispatch services.264 TMI Communications, located in Ottawa, Canada and Motient have announced their intent to merge and create a new entity named Mobile Satellite Ventures.265 Although TMI is a Canadian company, it has received two blanket earth station licenses from the FCC to provide service to mobile terminals located in the United States. As part of their application to the FCC to authorize the transfer related to the merger, the applicants have requested authority to operate terrestrial base stations in the same band as their satellite service.266

3. International Developments
a. Foreign Investment in U.S. Mobile Operators
U.S. mobile telecommunications companies continued to form alliances with their foreign counterparts during 2000. In a series of transactions completed in the first half of 2000, Bell Atlantic Corp., GTE Corp., and Vodafone combined their cellular and broadband PCS licenses into a single company, Verizon Wireless.267 Verizon (the company resulting from the combination of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp.) owns 55 percent of Verizon Wireless, and Vodafone owns 45 percent.268 In July 2000, Germany's Deutsche Telekom announced an agreement to acquire VoiceStream.269 Also, in August 2000, Deutsche Telekom and Powertel entered into a separate agreement for Deutsche Telekom to acquire Powertel.270 The mergers closed on May 31, 2001, following the Commission's approval of the parties' request to transfer control of licenses and authorizations held by VoiceStream and Powertel to Deutsche Telekom.271

Another notable foreign entry into the U.S. mobile market in 2000 was the acquisition by Japan's NTT DoCoMo, Inc. ("NTT DoCoMo") of an approximate 16 percent stake in AT&T Wireless.272 NTT DoCoMo's investment in AT&T Wireless cemented the formation of a strategic alliance to develop the next generation of mobile multimedia services on a global-standard, high-speed wireless network. NTT DoCoMo is the largest mobile service provider in Japan, with over 50 percent of the mobile market. DoCoMo's i-mode, a wireless data service launched in February 1999, had attracted 21.7 million subscribers, or more than 18 percent of the population, as of March 30, 2001.273

b. U.S. Investment in Foreign Mobile Operators
U.S. mobile telephone operators started the year 2000 with a large portfolio of investments in foreign mobile telephone companies.274 While this portfolio remains largely intact, a few foreign holdings were divested in the course of the year. For example, SBC reached agreements in 2000 to sell off its ownership stakes in Swiss mobile operator diAx and Norwegian mobile operator NetCom.275

In addition, following NTT DoCoMo's acquisition of a minority stake in AT&T Wireless, AT&T agreed to divest its 10 percent interest in Japan Telecom by selling this interest to UK-based mobile operator Vodafone.276 Japan Telecom is the principal shareholder (54 percent) in J-Phone, which as Japan's third largest mobile service provider competes directly with NTT DoCoMo. AT&T's 10 percent stake in Japan Telecom had been part of a 30 percent interest that AT&T held jointly with its global joint venture partner British Telecommunications.

The 3G licensing process in Europe afforded new opportunities for U.S. mobile telecommunications companies to gain entry to the European mobile market in 2000. To date, thirteen countries in Western Europe have awarded licenses for 3G services. In order to ensure that one or more new operators enter the market, the majority of Western European countries (including the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and Portugal) have awarded at least one more license than the number of incumbent mobile operators.

Despite the opportunities afforded to new entrants, U.S. telecommunications companies without ownership stakes in incumbent European mobile operators participated only to a limited extent in 3G licensing in Europe and were unsuccessful in winning licenses in the European 3G markets in which they did compete. For example, WorldCom Wireless (UK) Limited ("WorldCom UK"), a wholly owned subsidiary of WorldCom, was one of nine new entrants and thirteen companies in total to bid for the five 3G licenses offered for auction in the United Kingdom. However, intense competition drove license prices to record-breaking levels, causing WorldCom UK to drop out before the auction concluded. Subsequently, both WorldCom and Talkline, a joint venture of SBC and TeleDanmark, withdrew from participation in the German 3G auction partly to avoid a repetition of the intense bidding competition and high license prices generated by the British auction. While bidding competition and license prices were much lower in the remaining European 3G auctions, U.S. companies made no attempt to participate in these auctions as new entrants.

Only U.S. companies with ownership stakes in incumbent European mobile operators have succeeded so far in winning pieces of the new 3G licenses awarded by European governments. Winners of 3G licenses with equity participation by U.S. companies include E-Plus Hutchison in Germany (BellSouth has a 22.5 percent ownership interest in venture partner E-Plus), Omnitel in Italy (Verizon has a 23.1 percent interest), and Belgacom Mobile in Belgium (SBC owns 17.5 percent of Belgacom S.A.). In addition, SBC indirectly owns portions of 3G license winners 3G Blue in the Netherlands, dSpeed in Switzerland, and Connect Austria through its ownership stakes in TeleDanmark (41.6 percent) and Belgacom S.A. (17.5 percent). Both Belgacom and TeleDanmark are partners in a joint venture (with Deutsche Telekom and Dutch incumbent Ben) that owns 3G Blue, while TeleDanmark owns a controlling stake in dSpeed and is a partner in a consortium (with Viag Interkom, Orange, and Telenor) that owns Connect Austria.

U.S. companies have been more successful in expanding their presence in South America than in Europe. For example, in February 2001 Swedish operator Telia and Telecom Americas - a consortium of SBC (11.4 percent), Bell Canada International (44.3 percent), and America Movil (44.3 percent) - reached an agreement in principle whereby Telia will sell its financial interests in Brazilian mobile operator Tess S.A. ("Tess") to Telecom Americas.277 Acquisition of Tess, which holds a regional PCS license for Sao Paulo interior, will expand Telecom Americas' footprint in Brazil, where its holdings include Algar Telecom Leste, a Rio de Janeiro mobile operator in which SBC and Telmex jointly own a 25 percent stake. Some analysts have predicted that Telecom Americas will likely merge its Brazilian mobile assets with those of BellSouth, which currently operates PCS networks in metropolitan Sao Paulo and a group of northeastern states.278

c. International Comparisons
As in 1999, rapid growth of mobile subscribership in the mobile telephone markets of Western European countries continued in the year 2000. With the addition of approximately 90 million new subscribers, the number of mobile subscribers in Western Europe grew by 58 percent to nearly 245 million in 2000.279 Mobile penetration in Western Europe averaged 62.5 percent as of December 31, 2000, up from 40 percent at the end of 1999.280

Differences in the penetration rates of individual countries narrowed slightly as mobile subscribership tended to grow more rapidly in countries with below-average penetration rates than in countries that had already achieved the world's highest penetration rates. At the end of 1999, for example, Finland had Europe's (and the world's) highest penetration rate at 65 percent, while Germany's 28 percent penetration rate was the lowest in Western Europe.281 By the end of 2000, Germany's penetration rate had climbed by more than 30 percentage points to 58.1 percent, the largest penetration gain in Western Europe for the year.282 In contrast, Finland had the smallest penetration gain (7.5 percent) in Western Europe during 2000, giving it an end-year penetration rate of nearly 73 percent.283 Norway overtook Finland as the Western European country with the highest penetration rate in 2000 (81.2 percent), while France had the lowest penetration rate (50 percent).284 Thus, the ratio between the highest and the lowest penetration rate in Western Europe was approximately 1.6 (81:50) at the end of 2000, down from approximately 2.3 (65:28) at the end of 1999.

The addition of prepaid subscriptions appears to have been the major driver of mobile subscriber growth in Western Europe in 2000. Prepaid users accounted for an estimated 79 percent of new subscribers in Western Europe in 2000, and as of September 2000 represented 58 percent of all Western European mobile phone users, up from 51 percent at the end of 1999.285 The market share of prepaid users in individual countries varies widely, ranging from a high of 84 percent of all users in Italy to a low of 34 percent in Switzerland as of September 2000.286 Germany's mobile boom in 2000 was heavily driven by growth in prepaid subscribers, with the share of prepaid subscribers in the total subscriber base rising from 22 percent at the end of 1999 to 45 percent in September 2000.287 In contrast, France, with the lowest mobile penetration rate, had a relatively low share of prepaid subscribers, estimated at 43 percent as of September 2000.288 In addition, prepaid subscribers have never been a particularly important driver of mobile subscriber growth in Finland because of low fees for contract subscribers.289

The growing importance of prepaid users in European mobile subscriber growth is linked to recent reports casting doubt on the reliability of industry subscriber figures for Western Europe. Because prepaid phones do not require customers to sign monthly contracts or make monthly payments, prepaid users are difficult for operators to track. Reports suggest that industry subscriber figures may contain a certain level of "double counting" due in part to the large number of mobile phones purchased by prepaid users simply to replace existing handsets and to take advantage of handset subsidies.290 Carphone Warehouse, Europe's largest mobile phone retailer, estimates that as many as 75 percent of phones purchased recently in its London stores represent replacements rather than new customers.291

Operators try to adjust their subscriber totals to allow for customer upgrades by excluding handsets not used for a certain period, but there is no agreed standard among operators regarding the period of time to use. In the United Kingdom, Orange, France Telecom's UK subsidiary, excludes prepaid customers after three months of inactivity.292 In March 2001 the UK's Vodafone announced plans to follow Orange by ignoring any customers who had not used their phones for more than three months.293 However, BT Cellnet counts customers who have not used their phones for up to six months, and One2One, the UK subsidiary of Germany's Deutsche Telekom, counts customers even if they have not made a call for a year.294 Mobile phone retailers believe that even a three-month cut off period is too generous because few new users are likely to remain silent for more than a few weeks.295

Estimates of the level of double counting vary. Vodafone initially estimated that its total UK subscriber figures might fall by around nine percent as a result of its decision to exclude any customers who had not used their phones for more than three months.296 Subsequently, Vodafone released figures that showed inactivity levels of 12 percent in the UK, 13 percent in Germany, and 7 percent in Italy.297 However, independent research on mobile phone use in the UK suggests that industry subscriber figures may overstate the number of mobile subscribers by as much as 25 percent.298 Based on a poll of 4,000 people conducted in December 2000, the Gartner Group estimated that only 30 million residents, or 63 percent of adults, used mobile phones in the UK.299 In contrast, industry figures showed there were more than 40 million active users in the UK at that time, equivalent to 90 percent of adults.

The Fifth Report observed that the most prominent difference between the U.S. and Western European mobile telephone markets is that Western European markets are achieving greater penetration levels and higher average penetration growth than the U.S. market.300 Despite rapid growth in U.S. mobile subscribership in the intervening period, the Western European markets continued to achieve greater mobile penetration levels than the U.S. in the year 2000, and by a wider margin than at the end of 1999. As noted previously, the United States finished the year 2000 with a mobile penetration level of approximately 39 percent, as compared with the Western European average of 62.5 percent. The ratio of the average Western European mobile penetration level to the U.S. penetration level was 1.6 at the end of 2000, up from 1.25 at the end of 1999. While two of the Western European countries, Germany and Belgium, had lower penetration levels than the United States at the end of 1999, both Germany and Belgium, along with all other Western European countries, finished the year 2000 with higher penetration levels than the United States.

The mobile telephone markets of advanced industrialized countries in the Asian-Pacific region are also achieving greater penetration levels than the U.S., but the difference is not as significant. At the end of 2000, Japan had a mobile penetration rate of 45.7 percent, up from 37 percent at the end of 1999.301 Australia and New Zealand finished the year 2000 with penetration rates of 53.3 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively.302 Thus, even compared with the Asian-Pacific mobile telephone markets, the mobile penetration levels achieved in Western Europe appear to be relatively high.

Given current penetration levels, analysts predict that subscriber growth will slow in Western Europe during 2001 and 2002. One group of analysts projects subscriber growth in Western Europe to decelerate to 20 percent in 2001 and 11 percent in 2002, with only around 50 million new subscribers in 2001.303 This projected slowdown in European mobile subscriber growth, together with continued steady, or possibly even accelerated, U.S. mobile subscriber growth during this period, is expected to narrow the difference between penetration levels in the U.S. and Western Europe.304

Already there have been signs that this predicted slowdown was starting to occur in the first half of 2001. The UK's Vodafone, the world's largest mobile operator, reported a sharp slowdown in subscriber growth figures for the first quarter of 2001, particularly in Germany and Italy, which previously had been among its strongest markets.305 In Germany, Vodafone's subsidiary added 1.6 million subscribers in the first quarter of 2001, compared with about 2.7 million in each of the three previous quarters.306

Based on forecasts of average MOUs for the end of 2000, the Fifth Report further observed that U.S. subscribers are using their mobile phones more intensively than European subscribers.307 This conclusion has been validated by actual estimates of MOUs for the end of 2000. According to one such estimate, average MOUs in Western Europe dropped to 140 minutes per subscriber per month in 2000, down 2 percent from 144 minutes in 1999.308 This compares with a range of estimates of MOUs in the U.S. during 2000 that taken together average 303 minutes per subscriber per month.309 Because prepaid subscribers tend to use their mobile phones much less than contract customers, the relatively high share of prepaid users in the Western European subscriber base pulls down estimates of average mobile usage. Thus, mobile phone usage by contract customers in Western Europe averages 209 minutes per month, whereas prepaid users talk for only 59 minutes per month on average.310 In the United Kingdom, operator Orange's "bucket plans" encourage its contract customers to use their mobile phones for an estimated 303 minutes per month, as compared with an average of 68 minutes per month for UK Orange's prepaid subscribers.311

While a higher percentage of the population in Western Europe and Japan currently subscribes to mobile telephone service, estimates of the cost of a "basket" of mobile services suggest that certain classes of users may be paying less for mobile telephone service in the United States. Using a methodology that has been approved by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") as the official OECD basket methodology, Teligen has developed a pair of baskets representing two usage profiles, one for business users and the other for residential users (personal use).312 The business basket has a much higher call volume than the residential basket, among other differences.The prices for each basket are taken from a selected calling plan of a single operator, and the two baskets are updated on a quarterly basis with the latest available prices for the calling plan.313 Based on prices as of February 1, 2001, Teligen's business basket estimates show that the cost of mobile service to business users in the United States is well below the average for Western Europe.314 However, Teligen's residential basket estimates suggest that the cost of mobile service for personal use in the United States during the same time period is above the Western European average.315

The World Bank has likewise built models for the purpose of comparing the price of wireless communications services in the United States, Europe, and emerging markets. The comparisons are limited to a selection of highly competitive local markets, mainly very large or capital cities such as London, Milan, New York, and Washington. The models are based on the assumption that the customer always chooses the best (least-cost) pricing scheme for a certain bundle of minutes. For example, one model takes a selection of U.S. and international wireless operators and calculates how much increments of 10 minutes of use would cost a subscriber to each of the operators over a wide range of minutes of use per month. The results of the World Bank's models show that U.S. wireless providers are the cheapest for virtually every class of user (more than 90 percent of the user classes selected), rather than just business users.316

B. Mobile Data
1. Introduction
a. Domestic Developments
Mobile data service is the delivery of non-voice information to a mobile device. Mobile data service includes everything from paging messages to web access on a mobile phone to e-mail delivery. This report divides current mobile data offerings into four categories or sub-sectors, all of which are discussed below. The first category is traditional one-way paging and advanced messaging services offered by paging/messaging carriers using paging and narrowband PCS spectrum. The second category consists of mobile data services,317 such as wireless web,318 e-mail, and SMS,319 provided by mobile telephone operators using cellular, broadband PCS, and SMR spectrum. The third category is data services offered over handheld PDA320 devices with a mobile Internet connection, either through a built-in wireless modem or with the attachment of a wireless modem card, an advanced messaging device, or a mobile phone. The fourth category is mobile data services provided by dedicated data network operators. Currently, there are three major companies that operate dedicated data networks: Motient Corporation ("Motient"), Cingular Interactive, Inc. ("Cingular Interactive," formerly BellSouth Wireless Data), and Metricom, Inc. ("Metricom"). These three companies use 800 MHz, 900 MHz, and unlicensed and Wireless Communications Service ("WCS") spectrum, respectively.321

While this report discusses current mobile data offerings in four general categories, several providers and technologies bridge the various sectors. For example, Research in Motion Limited ("RIM") manufactures and sells handheld PDA devices with built-in wireless modems that connect to the Internet over Motient's and Cingular Interactive's dedicated data networks.322 RIM also offers a wireless e-mail access service called BlackBerry, which is co-branded and resold by several different mobile data companies. In addition, users of handheld PDAs made by Palm, Inc. ("Palm") and Handspring, Inc. ("Handspring") can access the Internet while mobile by attaching their devices to a mobile phone, thereby piggybacking on the mobile telephone's Internet connection.

In addition to discussing the four categories of current mobile data offerings mentioned above, the report examines certain developing mobile data services and technologies, including WAP, location-based services, m-commerce, and short-range data transmissions. These technologies and services are starting to become integrated into existing mobile data products and have the potential to influence greatly the evolution of the mobile data industry. The mobile data section concludes with a discussion of wireless telemetry services.

The mobile data industry has grown substantially since the writing of the Fifth Report. As of the summer of 2000, four leading mobile telephone carriers - Sprint PCS, AT&T Wireless, Verizon Wireless, and Nextel - had launched mobile Internet access products. By the end of 2000, these four carriers had nearly 2.5 million mobile data users combined.323 Three additional mobile telephone carriers, VoiceStream, ALLTEL, and Cingular Wireless, have also launched their own mobile Internet access services since the writing of the Fifth Report.324 During 2000, paging/messaging carriers also continued to market web-based products on advanced, two-way devices. PDA manufacturers began offering additional handheld devices with wireless Internet connectivity and expanded their Internet-based content and services. In addition, Metricom began offering Ricochet, its wireless Internet access service provided by modem devices attached to laptop computers, in 15 markets during 2000.325 Ricochet gives users Internet access speeds of up to 128 kbps in 13 of those 15 markets.326

b. International Developments
While mobile data products are gaining popularity in the United States, these types of products have even more users in other countries. For example, in Japan, 21.7 million people, or 15 percent of the population, subscribed to NTT DoCoMo's i-mode mobile Internet service at the end of March 2001.327 This represented 60 percent of DoCoMo's 36 million total mobile telephone subscribers328 and was a 245 percent increase from the 5.8 million i-mode subscribers in March 2000.329 In Europe, SMS has become increasingly popular. In December 2000, mobile telephone users in the United Kingdom sent 756 million SMS messages, almost triple the 271 million sent in December 1999.330 In Germany, 1.8 billion SMS messages were sent during December 2000, almost four times the 500 million sent during December 1999.331 And in Finland, 90 percent of mobile telephone subscribers use SMS and send a total of over 75 million messages per month.332

c. 3G Developments
As explained above, Third Generation, or "3G," generally refers to high-speed advanced mobile services and the next generation of technologies - beyond the current 2G technologies of CDMA, TDMA, GSM, and iDEN - that will make such services possible. The Fifth Report discussed in depth the various 2.5G and 3G technology standards in development and which of these technologies mobile telephone carriers would likely use to migrate from their current 2G technologies in order to offer mobile data services at higher speeds.333 As explained above, the term 2.5G is used to describe the interim technologies that carriers will use while migrating from their current 2G technologies to 3G technologies.

Since the writing of the Fifth Report, several developments have occurred on the road to 3G. During 2000 and 2001, many mobile telephone operators in the United States made announcements regarding the deployment of 2.5G and 3G networks, conducted trials of 2.5G and 3G technologies, and signed contracts with equipment vendors.334 However, many analysts and industry players believe that the widespread deployment of 3G networks and other advanced wireless technologies is still several years away, given certain technological and economic obstacles yet to be overcome.335 As discussed below, some mobile carriers outside the United States have delayed the launch of their 2.5 and 3G networks - some of which were originally scheduled to occur during the first half of 2001 - due to various hardware and software problems.

In the United States, carriers have been given the flexibility to choose which technology to use to deploy voice, as well as advanced mobile data, services. The two largest mobile telephone carriers that currently use CDMA as their 2G technology, Verizon Wireless and Sprint PCS, announced in early 2001 that they plan to roll out cdma2000 1X as the first phase of their 3G technology rollout during 2001.336 Cdma2000 1X is expected to double voice capacity as compared with current CDMA networks and increase data transfer speeds to 144 kbps.337 Both carriers plan to deploy cdma2000 1xEV, Verizon Wireless in 2002 and Sprint PCS in 2003, which is expected to boost network data speeds to 2.4 Mbps.338 In addition, Nextel has announced that it plans to overlay cdma2000 technology on its existing iDEN network.339

The major GSM and TDMA carriers in the United States, AT&T Wireless, VoiceStream, and Cingular Wireless, are taking a different migration path to 3G technology. All three carriers plan to deploy GPRS340 technology during 2001,341 which is expected to raise data transfer speeds to between 25 and 144 kbps.342 AT&T Wireless, which currently uses TDMA as its 2G technology, announced in November 2000 that it will begin deploying a GSM and GPRS overlay on its existing TDMA network during 2001.343 After rolling out GPRS, these three carriers are expected to eventually migrate to and possibly deploy EDGE as an intermediate technology between GPRS and WCDMA.344 EDGE is expected to raise network speeds to 384 kbps, WCDMA to 2 Mbps.345 Cingular Wireless is reportedly planning to build out EDGE to all of its markets during 2002 and 2003.346 AT&T Wireless has announced that it expects to migrate to EDGE during 2002 and to WCDMA beginning in 2003.347 In addition, in conjunction with the substantial investment it received from NTT DoCoMo, AT&T Wireless has announced it will begin offering i-mode in early 2002, initially in Seattle and eventually to the rest of the country over one to two years.348

While U.S. carriers are allowed to upgrade their existing networks and use their existing spectrum to offer advanced mobile services, many claim they need additional spectrum in order to offer mobile Internet access at higher, 3G-level speeds. The Commission is responding to this increased demand for spectrum by trying to identify spectrum to license for advanced mobile services, including 3G. In January 2001, the Commission released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking exploring the possibilities of using five different spectrum bands for advanced mobile services: 1710-1755 MHz, 1755-1850 MHz, 2110-2155 MHz, 2160-2165 MHz, and 2500-2690 MHz .349 Two of these bands, 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2150 MHz, are subject to a statutory auction deadline of September 2002.350

The 1710-1850 MHz and 2500-2690 MHz bands are two of the three bands that members of the 2000 World Radiocommunication Conference ("WRC-2000") identified for possible implementation of 3G services.351 In the United States, the 1710-1850 MHz band is currently used by the Department of Defense for military purposes,352 and the 2500-2690 MHz band is used by Multipoint Distribution Service ("MDS") and Instructional Television Fixed Service ("ITFS") operators to offer fixed wireless educational and commercial video services, as well as high-speed Internet access to homes and small businesses on a limited, but growing, basis.353 In March 2001, the Commission and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ("NTIA") released final studies of how both of these bands are currently used and their potential for accommodating advanced mobile services.354

In addition, the Commission is scheduled to begin auctioning licenses for 30 megahertz of spectrum in the upper 700 MHz band on September 12, 2001.355 This spectrum is part of a larger band, 698-806 MHz, that the WRC-2000 identified for possible implementation of 3G systems.356 Mobile operators could use the spectrum in the upper 700 MHz band to offer high-speed mobile Internet access once it is licensed.357

European and Asian countries continued to license spectrum for 3G services during 2000.358 At the writing of the Fifth Report, the United Kingdom had completed its 3G auction, and Finland and Spain had awarded 3G licenses through "beauty contests."359 Since that time, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland have completed 3G spectrum auctions, while Japan, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and South Korea have awarded 3G licenses using beauty contests. Unlike the United States, European and other countries have made 3G spectrum available only for the deployment specific technologies, in this case GPRS and WCDMA. Therefore, carriers in those countries are not allowed to deploy 3G technologies in the same spectrum bands as their current 2G networks but must use separate bands for the different technologies.

Like the U.S. carriers discussed above, mobile carriers abroad have announced plans to roll out commercial 3G services over the next several years, although many delayed their initial launch dates during early 2001.360 In Japan, for example, NTT DoCoMo had positioned itself to be the first carrier to introduce 3G mobile services with a rollout date of May 2001. However, in April 2001, the company announced it would delay its 3G launch to October 2001 due to technological problems.361 In May 2001, BT delayed the launch of 3G services on the Isle of Man from the end of May 2001 until at least September 2001 due to software problems with handsets.362

2. Current Offerings
a. Paging/Messaging
Since the writing of the Fifth Report, paging/messaging carriers have continued to position themselves as major players in the mobile data sector.363 By mid-year 2000, several carriers were offering advanced messaging services over their own networks.364 These services include e-mail, Internet-based offerings, personalized web content, two-way messaging and 1.5 way guaranteed messaging.365 Advanced messaging services allow carriers to generate higher revenues per user than traditional one-way paging services.366 As a result, carriers can remain profitable with fewer subscribers. Analysts believe that traditional paging companies that are innovative and develop services beyond one-way paging and messaging will be the most successful.367 As discussed below, during 2000, many paging/messaging carriers continued to form strategic partnerships with content providers and software developers in order to expand their Internet offerings.

(i) Industry Structure and Performance
Subscribership and revenues in the paging/messaging industry declined during 2000.368 According to one analyst, the total number of paging/messaging subscribers fell 1 percent from 45.8 million in 1999 to 45.3 million in 2000.369 In addition, revenues in the paging/messaging sector decreased from $5.25 billion in 1999 to $5.1 billion during 2000.370 However, during 2000, the number of advanced messaging subscribers increased over 70 percent from 700,000 to 1.2 million subscribers, and revenues attributed to advanced messaging were $257 million at year end 2000, a 46 percent increase over 1999's advanced messaging revenues of $176 million.371

Arch and Metrocall, Inc. ("Metrocall") are the largest carriers in the paging/messaging sector,372 together accounting for approximately 45 percent of the subscribers in the paging/messaging sector.373 Other major carriers include SkyTel Communications, Inc. ("SkyTel"),374 WebLink Wireless, Inc. ("WebLink"), and Verizon Wireless Messaging Services, Inc. ("Verizon Messaging").375 Cingular Interactive and Motient also provide advanced messaging services,376 and are discussed in more detail in the Dedicated Data Network section of this report.

Among other satellite companies, Orbcomm and Motient offer satellite messaging, paging, e-mail and other data services. Orbcomm provides two-way monitoring, tracking and satellite messaging service using low-earth orbiting satellites. In February 2001 Orbcomm sent over 872,000 messages.377

During 2000, carriers also made efforts to expand their subscriber base with new market offerings.378 For example the CampusLink program initiated by Metrocall encourages the use of advanced messaging services among college students. CampusLink allows university departments to use wireless devices to inform students of upcoming events such as orientation, class scheduling changes and other helpful campus-oriented events.379

(a) Mergers, Acquisitions, and Restructurings
Arch Communications and Paging Network, Inc. ("PageNet"), completed their merger on November 10, 2000.380 In addition to the Arch-PageNet merger, there were several other small mergers of regional carriers.381

Since January 1, 2000, other developments in the paging/messaging industry include three of the top five paging companies filing for bankruptcy.382 These three companies are TSR Wireless, Inc. ("TSR Wireless"), Metrocall, and WebLink. TSR Wireless, the largest privately held paging company with 2.5 million subscribers, filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on December 4, 2000.383 On March 28, 2001, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved the Asset Purchase Agreements of TSR Wireless's licenses by Space Data Research, LLC ("Space Data"), SkyTel, and Network Services, LLC.384 Prior to filing for bankruptcy, TSR Wireless had been activating 35,000 new subscribers a month.385

On April 2, 2001, Metrocall and WebLink announced that the two companies would merge through concurrent future Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings.386 However, on May 16, 2001 the two companies announced that they were abandoning this plan, and on May 24, 2001 WebLink announced that it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.387
In addition, in September 2000 Orbcomm filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11, but continued to provide service.388 In April 2001 Orbcomm was purchased by International Licensees, LLC.389
In previous CMRS Competition Reports, the Commission concluded that the paging industry was highly competitive.390 Notwithstanding the merger activity of the past year, the Commission has a number of reasons to believe that the level of competition in this industry segment remains consistent with previous years. First, there is still an average of 28 paging licensees serving each of the 25 largest cities in the United States (not including resellers) and an average of 10 paging licensees serving each of the 25 smallest MSAs.391 Second, the costs of switching carriers for consumers remain relatively low. Third paging carriers are facing strong competition from other sectors of the wireless industry.

(ii) Advanced Internet-Based Offerings
In addition to traditional one-way messaging, paging/messaging carriers are offering advanced messaging services,392 including e-mail, organizer applications and Internet content, in response to increasing customer demand for advanced mobile data services.393 As evidence of this increased demand, during 2000, 300,000 one-way paging subscribers migrated to advanced messaging services.394 Because of the increased revenue potential, some carriers are attempting to identify efficient ways to speed the migration from one-way messaging to advanced messaging. For example, Arch launched a customer database management program that enables the company to identify and market advanced messaging services to its one-way paging users.395

(a) Types of services and content
Studies indicate that subscribers view e-mail access as one of the most important features of advanced messaging devices.396 According to the Strategis Group, more than 30 million e-mail users said that e-mail is the most important offering for wireless data service.397 Most of the major paging/messaging carriers allow users to send, as well as receive, e-mail messages with two-way devices. Some carriers offer the ability to converge e-mail from several different e-mail accounts into a single account. For example, Arch provides the Arch Message Center Service which allows users to access consolidated e-mail, address books, and schedules from any web-connected desktop or through an Arch advanced messaging device.398 Arch's service is nationwide, includes Internet content at no additional charge and is priced at $14.95 to send or receive 25,000 characters.399 Other carriers allow customers to filter their e-mail, read headers, or read the entire message and attachments.400 Many of the advanced messaging devices also provide additional organizational features that create a hybrid two-way pager/PDA.401

Paging/messaging companies also offer customers the ability to receive personalized Internet content through their advanced messaging devices.402 Users can register via the Internet with services that allow them to receive specific types of Internet content including sports scores, weather, stock quotes, driving directions, movie schedules, restaurant listings, and travel information.403

The various advanced messaging product offerings have created tiering in the market that allows for both lower-priced limited-service products and higher-priced, feature-rich products.404 For example, SkyTel offers SkyWord, a lower-tiered messaging product that offers the ability to receive text messages and limited access to news updates. SkyTel also offers SkyWriter, a higher-tiered product that offers guaranteed two-way messaging with the ability to send messages up to 500 characters in length to any e-mail address, other SkyTel pager or telephone, and unlimited access to customized Internet content.405

(b) Partnerships
During 2000, paging/messaging companies continued to form partnerships and joint ventures that allow subscribers to use enhanced applications, such as Internet and e-mail access.406 For example, Microsoft Corporation ("Microsoft") offers WebLink's two-way subscribers Internet content via the MSN Network,407 and OracleMobile, Inc. has executed agreements with several mobile data carriers to provide access to Internet content via advanced messaging devices. GoAmerica Communications, Corp. ("GoAmerica") provides personalized content to Arch subscribers via its Go.Web Internet service,408 and Lifeminders, Inc. provides Internet content and custom reminder messages to Metrocall's subscribers.409

In addition, advanced paging/messaging providers have co-branded wireless messaging devices with companies that include: traditional paging carriers,410 Internet sites,411 Internet service providers,412 resellers,413 equipment manufacturers414 and Internet portals.415 These co-branded products include the names of both companies on the product itself. For example, Arch has teamed with America Online, Inc. ("AOL") to provide two-way wireless messaging capabilities for the AOL Mobile Messenger Service. The service will also offer AOL's instant messenger and e-mail service.416

b. Mobile Telephone Operator Offerings
The major mobile telephone carriers continued to develop mobile data capabilities throughout 2000. Consumers are offered web access, SMS, and e-mail on their mobile phones. Each type of offering is discussed below.

(i) Wireless Web
Using their existing networks, seven providers417 currently offer text-based wireless web418 services via mobile telephone handsets at speeds ranging from 9.6 to 19.2 kbps.419 During 2000, providers introduced new web-enabled phones and offered promotions throughout the year to encourage customers to use wireless web services. Mobile telephone providers continue to expand their wireless web networks and service capabilities and to migrate their networks to higher speed technologies during 2001.

The wireless web services currently offered by mobile telephone carriers enable customers to surf web sites for news, stock quotes, traffic reports, weather forecasts, movie listings, shopping, and other text-based information. Some mobile Internet users can also transact business, such as trading stocks or buying movie tickets, using their mobile phone. Wireless web customers have access to different content than is available with wireline web access, due to the fact that many content providers have redesigned their sites for wireless use.420 Sites that have not been redesigned for wireless use may be difficult to download on mobile devices or may present only limited text-based information. The specific web content available to wireless web users also varies by carrier. Some carriers' plans allow users to access all web sites, while others give users access to only a limited number of sites. This latter method of delivering web content is often called the "walled garden" approach, and the web sites available to users are dictated in part by contracts and arrangements wireless carriers sign with content providers.421 AT&T Wireless, on the other hand, allows users who subscribe to their premium service to type any web site address into their phone.422 Even when the full array of available content has been predetermined by carriers, users have some flexibility through customizing their mobile handset screens. Mobile telephone carriers often allow wireless web users to customize their mobile handset screens, so that they can connect to more easily to the web sites they find most relevant.423 ALLTEL, for instance, allows customers to choose one of four default screens.424

At the end of 2000, over 2.5 million people, or about 2.3 percent of all mobile telephone subscribers, used wireless web services.425 Sprint PCS led the sector with over one million users.426 Sprint PCS claims that 80 percent of the handsets it offers are web-enabled, and approximately 10 percent of its total voice subscribers are using web services.427 Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless are the next largest wireless web providers, claiming 750,000 and 459,000 wireless web users, respectively.428

Sprint PCS and Verizon Wireless began offering wireless web access in 1999.429 Both carriers continued to develop and enhance their offerings during 2000. As of January 2001, Sprint PCS offered 18 Internet-ready phones to its customers,430 more than any other carrier. Also during 2000, Verizon Wireless expanded its mobile data service areas and now offers wireless web services in more than 80 cities nationwide.431 Both carriers offer similar wireless web pricing plans. Under these plans, customers pay an additional monthly fee for Internet access, and the Internet access minutes are deducted from the customer's minutes included in their monthly service plans. If customers exceed their allotted monthly minutes, they must pay per-minute airtime charges for wireless web or voice service.432 This type of pricing plan, which is also offered by other carriers, ranges from $6 to $14 per month for wireless web access.433

AT&T Wireless and Nextel initiated mobile web service during the second quarter of 2000.434 Both companies offer "free" wireless web services; meaning their customers pay no additional monthly charge (beyond voice service) for basic wireless web access, and wireless web usage is not deducted from their monthly bucket of voice minutes. In addition, AT&T Wireless and Nextel also offer enhanced mobile Internet services for a monthly fee with features such as e-mail, contact lists, and calendar.435 AT&T Wireless estimates that about 15 to 20 percent of its wireless web users are paying for these enhanced services.436

ALLTEL and Cingular Wireless began offering wireless web services during the third quarter of 2000,437 and VoiceStream rolled out wireless web service in a limited number of markets at the end of 2000.438 During the first quarter of 2001, Cingular Wireless and ALLTEL offered free wireless web service for a limited time to new customers.439 Otherwise, all three companies offer pricing plans similar to those of Sprint PCS and Verizon Wireless.

(ii) SMS
SMS provides the ability to send and receive text messages to and from mobile handsets with message length ranging from 120 to 256 characters.440 SMS also can be used to deliver a wide range of information to mobile users, including stock prices, sport scores, news headlines, weather reports, and horoscopes. Worldwide, SMS has become increasingly popular, growing from 3 billion messages sent in December 1999 to 15 billion messages in December 2000.441

Two-way SMS was not introduced in the United States until 2000. VoiceStream was the first to offer this service, beginning in May 2000.442 Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless introduced two-way SMS services during the fourth quarter of 2000.443 More recently, TeleCorp began offering two-way SMS in limited areas on its network during the first quarter of 2001.444 VoiceStream now offers an SMS-like service called e-notes; e-notes allows VoiceStream subscribers to send short e-mail messages to other VoiceStream subscribers, to any wireless phone with an e-mail address and to any Internet e-mail address.445

Pricing plans for SMS vary by mobile telephone carrier, and are incurred in addition to monthly voice and/or wireless web service plan fees. Subscribers typically pay different prices to send and receive messages, although providers often charge a fixed monthly fee for a set number of messages.446 Both Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless offer two SMS pricing plans. Verizon Wireless offers customers a plan for $2.99 per month to send and receive 100 messages and a plan for $7.99 per month for 600 messages. With both plans, additional sent messages are $0.10 and received messages are $0.02.447 AT&T Wireless offers a plan that allows subscribers to receive 250 messages for free and pay $0.10 per sent or additional received messages. Alternatively, customers can pay $4.99 for 500 sent or received messages and $0.10 per additional message.448

At the end of 2000, Sprint PCS began offering AOL Instant Messenger, an SMS-type service, to its mobile customers.449 Instant messaging ("IM") services, such as AOL Instant Messenger ("AIM"), enable users to send and receive messages within a community of users, creating a chat-style atmosphere, whereas SMS is communication between two individuals.450 Sprint PCS phones give AIM users functions similar to those offered on PCs. From their Sprint PCS mobile phone, an AIM user is able to tell whether or not someone from their "buddy list" - a list of other AIM users with whom the initial user communicates - is online. In addition, AIM users can communicate with their "buddies" regardless of whether the buddies are on a PC or on a Sprint PCS mobile phone.451 VoiceStream has also partnered with AOL to deliver AIM service to its customers starting in May 2001.452

(iii) E-mail
As an enhancement to SMS and wireless web services the seven mobile telephone carriers discussed in section II.B.2.a. offer e-mail access via wireless devices. E-mails can be sent and received using a mobile handset. Customers are assigned an e-mail address that can be customized and maintained using their mobile device or through a wired Internet connection. Each of the mobile telephone carriers, except VoiceStream, bundles e-mail and related functions with wireless web service, and therefore does not charge for e-mail separately. VoiceStream offers e-mail as part of its e-notes service, discussed above. For example, Nextel allows its paid wireless web customers to access e-mail accounts from their mobile phones. Users can access a select group of Internet Service Provider e-mail accounts, such as Earthlink, Inc. ("Earthlink"), Mindspring, and Prodigy. In addition, Nextel users can access e-mail accounts that use POP3 protocol.453

c. Handheld Devices
Several handheld PDA devices currently offer users a wireless connection to the Internet, either through a built-in wireless modem, through a separate wireless modem attachment, or by attaching a mobile telephone to the PDA.454 Like web-enabled mobile phones, these devices provide users with access to e-mail and web content455 while mobile. Handheld devices generally have larger screens and greater functionality456 than mobile telephones but do not have a built-in voice component.457

The three principal categories of handheld devices with a wireless Internet connection are: 1) devices that use the PalmOS operating system, including the Palm devices and the Handspring Visor; 2) devices made by RIM that run RIM's BlackBerry service; and 3) devices that run Microsoft's Pocket PC or Windows CE operating system. The Fifth Report discussed the first three categories of devices. New to the section this year is the Handspring Visor, which can now achieve wireless Internet access with the attachment of a wireless modem card, an advanced messaging device, or a mobile phone. Since the writing of the Fifth Report, manufacturers Palm, RIM, and Pocket PC have begun to offer additional handheld devices with wireless Internet connectivity and have expanded their Internet-based content and services. Palm claimed a 61 percent market share of all handheld retail sales made during January 2001, Handspring claimed 26 percent, and Pocket PC manufacturers claimed a combined 9 percent.458

(i) PalmOS Devices
There are two handheld devices manufacturers who run the PalmOS operating system: Palm and Handspring. Palm currently offers three ways to access the Internet wirelessly with its different handheld models. First, the Palm VIIx,459 an updated version of the Palm VII discussed in the Fifth Report, has a built-in wireless modem that gives Palm VIIx and Palm VII users access the Internet at speeds of 9 kbps through Palm's Palm.Net service.460 Palm.Net includes web clipping applications, which allow users to view over 580 web-clipped Internet sites,461 and mobile e-mail access to a Palm.net account.462 Palm.Net service connects to the data network of Cingular Interactive and can be used in 260 cities nationwide with no roaming charges.463

Users of Palm's other PDAs, including the Palm m105, Palm III, and Palm V series, can connect to the Internet by attaching a mobile phone or wireless modem to their devices, but do not receive Palm's Palm.net service. However, Palm users who connect to the Internet by attaching a mobile phone (with either a cable or infrared signal)464 can reach over 450 web-clipped sites,465 send and receive e-mail messages with Palm's MultiMail software and a Hotmail, Earthlink, or Yahoo!, Inc. ("Yahoo") account,466 and, if they use a GSM handset, can send and receive text messages with SMS.467 Palm III and Palm V series users can also connect to the Internet by attaching a wireless modem card, such as those made by Minstrel, to their handheld devices.468 Wireless modem card users can receive mobile access to web content and e-mail messages, as well as access to corporate intranets and databases, at speeds of around 19.2 kbps.469 Palm V Minstrel users can also choose between GoAmerica470 or OmniSky Corporation ("OmniSky")471 as their wireless Internet service provider ("WISP").472

While Handspring's PDA, the Visor, uses the same operating system as the Palm devices, the Visor has a Springboard, a place on the device where users can attach various modules. Springboard modules include attachments used for mobile communication as well as other types of attachments, such as digital cameras, MP3 players, Global Positioning System ("GPS") devices, games, and e-books.473 The Visor can access the web and e-mail wirelessly with the attachment of one of three different types of Springboard modules: a CDPD wireless modem card such as the Minstrel S, a Glenayre Technologies, Inc. ("Glenayre") @ctivelink advanced messaging module, or the VisorPhone.474 Visor users can choose from three wireless Internet services to use with the Minstrel wireless modem: GoAmerica, OmniSky, or YadaYada.475 Glenayre's @ctivelink module allows Visor users to send and receive e-mail messages, and receive web content updates, such as sports scores, weather reports, and stock quotes.476 The @ctivelink module connects to Arch Wireless's two-way wireless data network.477 The VisorPhone module allows the Visor to function as a mobile telephone and gives users a mobile voice as well as data connection. VisorPhone users can check e-mail, send and receive SMS messages, and access the web at 14.4 kbps.478 The VisorPhone connects to the GSM networks operated by VoiceStream and Cingular Wireless.479

(ii) RIM Devices and BlackBerry Service
RIM currently manufactures and sells four models of handheld devices - the RIM 957, the RIM 857, the RIM 950, and RIM 850 - all of which connect to the Internet wirelessly using built-in wireless modems.480 The RIM 950 and RIM 850 are similar in size to two-way advanced messaging devices, while the RIM 857 and RIM 957 are similar to the handheld PDA devices discussed in this section. All four devices have PDA organizer software and full QWERTY keypads. RIM offers mobile Internet access service for the RIM 850 and RIM 857 over Motient's DataTAC network, while the RIM 950 and RIM 957 operate using Cingular Interactive's Mobitex network.481

All of RIM's devices include RIM's BlackBerry e-mail service.482 BlackBerry allows users to receive, compose, send, file, and filter messages from existing e-mail accounts while mobile. RIM offers two versions of Blackberry - one for businesses and one individual consumers.483 BlackBerry is available from RIM, as well as several resellers, including Cingular Interactive, Motient, GoAmerica, Compaq Computer Corporation ("Compaq"), Earthlink, Amazon.com, Inc., Handango, Inc., Aether Systems, Inc., and Vaultus, Inc., many of whom offer co-branded versions of the BlackBerry service.484 Many of these co-branded services include access to web content and intranets, as well as e-mail.485 In addition to the Blackberry partnerships, RIM has formed a partnership with AOL in which AOL offers its AOL Mobile Messenger service, which includes mobile access to AOL e-mail and AIM, on RIM's devices.486

(iii) Pocket PC Devices
As mentioned in the Fifth Report, Microsoft launched its latest handheld operating system, Pocket PC, in April 2000. Pocket PC is an updated version of Windows CE and includes PDA versions of many of Microsoft's desktop software applications, including Word, Excel, Outlook, and Internet Explorer. Three companies, Hewlett-Packard ("HP"), Casio, Inc. ("Casio"), and Compaq, currently manufacture handheld devices that run Pocket PC and that can connect to the Internet wirelessly.487 These devices, the HP Jornada, the Casio E-125, and the Compaq iPAQ, do not have built-in wireless modems, but require separate wireless modem attachments in order to access the Internet. The HP Jornada uses a Minstrel 540 wireless modem,488 the Casio E-125 requires a Nextcell PocketSpider modem,489 and the Compaq iPAQ requires a PC Card Expansion Pack and Sierra Wireless Aircard 300.490 Both the Casio E-125 and the Compaq iPAQ use GoAmerica as their WISP.491 HP Jornada users can choose between GoAmerica or OmniSky.492

d. Dedicated Data Networks
There are a number of operators offering mobile data services over dedicated data networks. A number of these networks began by initially serving vertical markets such as asset tracking and field service and have evolved to serve horizontal markets such as messaging and Internet access. The three major dedicated data network providers are Motient, Cingular Interactive, and Metricom.

(i) Motient
Motient provides mobile data services to a variety of users including messaging to mobile professionals, as well as telemetry, transportation, and field services.493 It operates in the 800 MHz SMR band.494 In April 2000, RIM announced it would use Motient's DataTAC network to provide wireless Internet connectivity to its RIM 850 and RIM 857 BlackBerry subscribers.495 Motient also co-brands RIM's BlackBerry e-mail service, calling it "BlackBerry by Motient." In addition, Motient provides a two-way messaging and e-mail service called eLink and recently introduced "eLink Fortified with Yahoo."496 Through this service, subscribers can send and receive Yahoo mail and instant messages as well as access Yahoo content and services.497 GoAmerica and Aether also co-brand RIM devices using Motient's network.498 Finally, Palm uses Motient's network to connect its Palm V and VII users to the Internet and other Palm.net applications.499

At year-end 2000, Motient had more than 45,000 eLink subscribers compared to fewer than 3,000 at year end 1999.500

(ii) Cingular Interactive
Cingular Interactive operates as a business unit of Cingular Wireless.501 Cingular Interactive offers a variety of mobile data services including advanced messaging and, similar to Motient, provides wireless Internet connectivity for RIM 950 and RIM 957 BlackBerry and Palm VII handheld devices through its Mobitex network operating in the 900 MHz band. In addition, Fidelity and AOL use Cingular Interactive's network to provide services to wireless devices.502 AOL Mobile Communicator permits AOL members to check their e-mail and exchange instant messages.503 During 2000, Cingular Interactive introduced a co-branded RIM BlackBerry service called MyBiz Interactive offering messaging and e-mail services.504
During 2000, the company added 90,000 subscribers on average per quarter.505 By year end, the company had more than doubled its subscriber base, closing the year with more than 570,000 MyBiz Interactive, Palm.Net, Fidelity, AOL Mobile Communicator, and RIM BlackBerry subscribers compared to 200,000 at year end 1999.506

(iii) Metricom
Metricom offers mobile data services using the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz unlicensed bands, as well as 2.3 GHz Wireless Communications Service ("WCS") licensed spectrum. The company's primary service offering, Ricochet, offers mobile access to the Internet and to corporate networks via a wireless modem attached to a laptop.507 In the third quarter of 2000, Metricom launched its new Ricochet service, which operates at average speeds of 128 kbps, in nine markets across the United States.508 The new service is now available in 13 markets, including Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York City, and San Francisco.509 Metricom continues to operate its 28.8 kbps speed service in portions of San Francisco and in the Seattle and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas while these markets are converted to 128 kbps service.510 Metricom has announced plans to ultimately launch the 128 kbps service in a total of 46 metropolitan areas.511 The monthly subscription fee for Ricochet's 128 kbps service ranges from $44.95 to $79.95.512

A number of companies resell Metricom's services including WorldCom, Juno, SkyTel, UUNet, Wireless WebConnect!, GoAmerica, EarthLink, and Compaq.513 At the end of 2000, Metricom had 34,000 subscribers, including 12,200 128 kbps service subscribers.514 By comparison, in 1999 Metricom had 29,700 subscribers, all of which were for its 28.8 kbps service.515

3. Developing Mobile Data Services
The technologies and services discussed below are largely in development and not offered on a large scale, at least not in the United States. As they evolve, they will likely play a larger role in the mobile data industry.

a. WAP
Wireless Application Protocol, or WAP, is a set of technologies that allows mobile phones, handheld PDAs, and other portable devices to access the Internet. LM Ericsson Telephone Company ("Ericsson"), Nokia Corp. ("Nokia"), Motorola, all equipment manufacturers; and Openwave Systems,516 a software company, founded the WAP Forum in June 1997 to establish a global, open industry standard for bringing the Internet to handheld devices and wireless phones. WAP is a "technology enabler," meaning that it is not a product itself but a set of non-proprietary standards that the entire wireless data industry can use to develop its products. The goal of WAP has been to allow all wireless devices, regardless of their manufacturer or network, to access the Internet in essentially the same way.

As mentioned in the Fifth Report, WAP is a means of helping the wireless industry overcome the challenges of accessing the Internet from a handheld device or mobile phone.517 Since 1997, more than 600 companies have joined the WAP Forum,518 including mobile telephone and data carriers with more than 300 million subscribers worldwide.519 As of October 2000, there were at least 35 types of WAP-enabled phones available worldwide from the major equipment manufacturers.520 In addition, 40 different WAP-enabled handset models are in production, but not yet commercially available.521

While WAP has many positive features, some members of the wireless industry note that certain problems have arisen with the implementation of the standard. For example, the way in which vendors have integrated WAP into their products has sometimes made those products incompatible with others.522 Another criticism of WAP has been the lack of an end-to-end security solution to enable m-commerce applications.523 As a result of these problems, WAP has received some negative reviews within the industry, 524 particularly regarding rollout of WAP in Europe.525 However, many still believe WAP will be one of the many available wireless interfaces integrated into mobile phones and will be a necessary step in mobile data evolution.526

b. M-Commerce
M-commerce is the term used for commercial transactions that are conducted via a mobile device, such as a mobile phone or PDA. Consumers currently use a number of m-commerce applications, including financial transactions, ticket purchases, and comparison-shopping.527 For example, Fidelity Investments allows account holders to use mobile devices to complete stock transactions and monitor their investment accounts.528 Also, travel websites such as Expedia.com allow consumers to conduct various m-commerce transactions, including purchasing airplane tickets and making hotel reservations.529

During 2000, it is estimated that businesses and consumers spent $210 million for m-commerce advertising, applications and transactions.530 While mobile data services are relatively new, analysts believe that there will be strong growth in the number of consumers who will participate in m-commerce 531 and the revenues generated from the transactions during the next five years.532

Technological advancements are spurring growth in the number of m-commerce applications. Technological advancements include WAP,533 Handheld Device Markup Language ("HDML"), Extensible Markup Language ("XML"), and Bluetooth.534 HDML and WAP are two of the most prominent tools that are used to enable mobile web browsing.535 XML is increasingly being used in the creation of web sites viewed by consumers on handhelds and mobile phones. Bluetooth is used for wireless communication between electronic devices. These technological advancements enhance the user's web browsing experience and provide efficient ways to conduct m-commerce transactions. There are several examples of the use of Bluetooth technology to facilitate m-commerce transactions. Bluetooth has been integrated into vending machines in several Nordic countries, including Finland.536 In February 2001, Holiday Inn unveiled its first Bluetooth enabled hotel, which allows automatic room service menu downloads and checkout via a Bluetooth enabled device.537 In addition, companies have committed to developing technology and payment systems to facilitate m-commerce. For example, Yahoo and Visa have developed payment systems to facilitate m-commerce transactions.538

Finally, there are several industry organizations that seek to standardize the architecture and methods used to conduct m-commerce transactions. These organizations include the Global Mobile Commerce Forum, the Mobey Forum, and the Mobile Electronics Transactions Initiative.539

c. Location-Based Services
The Commission's Enhanced 911 rules ("E911") provide that starting on October 1, 2001, wireless carriers must begin to phase in automatic location identification ("ALI") for 911 calls to public safety answering points ("PSAP") that have requested it.540 In order to comply with this requirement, carriers have two options; they can employ network-based or handset-based location fixing technology.541 In addition, a third "hybrid" approach, specific to GSM, has been approved for use by VoiceStream in a waiver granted last year.542 Most carriers have announced plans to comply with these requirements. For example, Sprint recently announced its plan to employ handset-based triangulation technology that automatically locates the user via wireless assisted GPS technology.543 On the other hand, Verizon Wireless announced it would be implementing a network-based solution and has been conducting field tests of such systems from a number of technology vendors.544

In addition to E911 purposes, ALI could potentially be used for a variety of other location-based services such as driving directions, mobile yellow pages, and the location of retailers, restaurants, or movie theaters. Application service providers are currently developing software that will enable a range of location-based services and can be tailored to a customer's needs based upon their location. For example, AirFlash, Inc. is an application service provider that develops software that plots the location of businesses, hotels and restaurants. The software also allows the user to share the information with others via e-mail.545

As the requirement for more precise location information emerges from the Commission's E911 rules, both industry and the public have begun to contemplate the potential wireless privacy considerations of the misuse of such information. In 1999, Congress adopted the Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act ("911 Act") to encourage the use of wireless services and to promote public safety by providing protection to users' location information and specifying the conditions for the release of such information. Specifically, Section 5 of the 911 Act amended Section 222 of the Communications Act that governs carriers' use or disclosure of customer proprietary network information ("CPNI"). Under the 911 Act, the disclosure or use of wireless location information is further restricted without the "express prior authorization of the customer," except in specified emergency situations to respond to a wireless user's emergency call or in the transmission of automatic crash data. On November 22, 2000, the CTIA petitioned the Commission to initiate a rulemaking to implement the 911 Act's CPNI amendments on wireless privacy. CTIA's petition requests that rules be adopted to ensure that wireless customers have the opportunity to provide fully-informed consent to allow the use of their location-based information, while assuring carriers the opportunity to develop new and valuable location-based wireless services. On March 16, 2001, the Commission sought comment on the CTIA petition. By subsequent public notice, the Commission extended the pleading cycle. Reply comments were due by April 24, 2001. The record generated by this pleading cycle is under Commission review.

In September 2000, Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia founded the Location Interoperability Forum. The Forum's purpose is to define, develop, and promote a common and ubiquitous location services solution.546 Companies have also entered into a number of partnerships to develop location-based services. For example, MapInfo, Inc. and Lucent Technologies, Inc. ("Lucent") have partnered to enable wireless carriers to efficiently deliver personalized Internet services based on a customer's current or intended location.547 The partners plan to make location-based services available using WAP over GSM networks. Lucent and MapInfo also plan to develop location-based services for next generation technologies.

During 2000, in-vehicle location-based telematics548 services became more widespread.549 Location-based services first appeared in vehicles as navigational devices using GPS technology to determine the vehicle's location. Many of these devices use a small screen and an extensive database contained on CD-ROM to display maps and directions.550 However, OnStar, a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors, Inc. ("GM") formed in 1996,551 employs both GPS technology and terrestrial wireless networks. The basic, original OnStar service connects drivers to a live OnStar operator who pinpoints the location of the vehicle and provides verbal driving directions.552 OnStar also offer a variety of other in-vehicle communication and location-based, telematics services, including remote access to a vehicle's horn, door locks, and headlights; automatic alerting of public safety officials if an airbag is deployed; roadside assistance; mobile telephone service; and e-mail and Internet access.553 As of January 2001, OnStar was available in 35 vehicle models and had nearly 820,000 subscribers.554

In addition to GM's OnStar, Harman International manufactures a similar location-based system for BMW's 7 series and for various Porsche and Audi models, which includes a touch-screen and mouse used to control satellite-based navigation services, mobile telephone service, and e-mail and Internet access.555 Furthermore, a service similar to OnStar, called Tele-Aid, is currently offered in a few Mercedes-Benz models, including the ML series sport utility vehicles.556

d. Short Range Data Transmissions
Short-range data transmission is device-to-device communication over short distances. Infrared, a well-established technology, is currently used in some PDAs to allow users to transfer data between two devices. Infrared is also the technology commonly used in remote controls and it requires line-of-sight transmission. Another technology used for short-range data transmissions is Bluetooth, which will enable multipoint, broadcasting applications.

Bluetooth is a technology used to establish wireless connectivity between electronic devices that are up to 10 meters apart.557 Bluetooth allows users to send signals and transfer data among numerous electronic devices, thus creating a personal area network ("PAN").558 Bluetooth uses unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band and transmits data at speeds close to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth also uses frequency hopping spread spectrum techniques to provide enhanced communications performance and an initial level of transmission security.559

As mentioned in the Fifth Report, Bluetooth is widely backed by major players in the wireless industry, including Ericsson, Intel Corp., International Business Machines Corp. ("IBM"), Nokia, Toshiba, 3Com Corp., Lucent, Microsoft, and Motorola.560 As a result of industry cooperation, analysts forecast a large market for Bluetooth products. For example, Cahners In-Stat Group estimates there will be 1.4 billion Bluetooth-enabled products by 2005.561 ING Barings expects Bluetooth chips to generate $3 billion in revenues by 2003.562

Bluetooth-enabled chips for laptops, desktop PCs, and mobile phones were the first products to be made available in 2000.563 Analysts expect Bluetooth-enabled products to hit the market en masse in late 2001.564 As of December 2000, chips cost about $20 each.565 However, analysts believe that chip prices will likely decrease to $5, which will increase the viability of Bluetooth-enabled devices.566

Another wireless networking technology sharing the 2.4 GHz frequency band with Bluetooth is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers567 ("IEEE") 802.11b standard, also called wireless fidelity ("WiFi"). The 802.11b standard is used in devices to connect to wireless local area networks ("WLANs"), and allows a maximum throughput of 11 Mbps.568 The technology is being implemented by a number of vendors in public places such as airports, hotels and Starbucks stores569 to allow users wireless access via 802.11b-enabled notebook computers, handheld devices, smartphones and pocket PCs. In addition, the 802.11b standard is being integrated into many products, including notebook computers, desktop PCs and handheld devices. For example, Apple Computer, Inc. ("Apple") introduced AirPort in July 1999 for use in schools and homes.570 AirPort, which is designed to work with Apple's desktop and laptop computers, uses the 802.11b standard to allow multiple users to share an Internet connection wirelessly.571 HomeRF, developed by the Home Radio Frequency Working Group,572 also operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, using a combination of data networking technologies derived in part from the 802.11b standard, and cordless phone technologies adapted from DECT.573

Unlicensed spectrum is also used to provide fixed wireless high-speed Internet access to homes and businesses in neighborhoods and communities across the United States. See Appendix A, infra, for a discussion of these services.

Analysts have made several predictions about the growth of the wireless LAN market and 802.11b. Frost & Sullivan predicts that wireless LAN industry revenues will reach $884 million by 2002, compared to $415 million in revenues forecast in 1999.574 Cahners In-Stat Group expects that more than 10 million 802.11b products will be installed by the end of 2001,575 and Gartner Group estimates 95 percent of notebook computers will be 802.11b-enabled by 2005.576

On May 11, 2001, the Commission released a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Order, amending Part 15 of the Commission's rules for spread spectrum devices. The Commission proposes the following changes to systems operating in the 2.4 GHz band: to revise rules for frequency hopping spread spectrum systems; to eliminate the processing gain for direct sequence spread spectrum systems; and to allow digital transmission technologies to operate pursuant to the same rules as spread spectrum systems.577

4. Telemetry and Telematics
Telemetry and telematics both involve the use of wireless technology to transfer data between systems and devices. Wireless telemetry is the monitoring of mobile or fixed equipment in a remote location. The most common example of wireless telemetry is the remote monitoring of utility meters by utility and energy companies, called automatic meter reading ("AMR"). With telematics systems, a person in a remote location can access information using various wireless technologies. Telematics is most often used to describe vehicle navigation systems, such as OnStar, where drivers and passengers employ GPS technology to obtain directions, track their location, and obtain assistance when a vehicle is in an accident. These systems were discussed in more detail above in the Location-Based Services Section of this report.578

In addition to AMR, wireless telemetry systems can also be used to monitor health care equipment, HVAC systems, gas and oil pipelines, vending machines, alarm systems, parking meters, streetlights, smoke/fire detectors, factory process systems, and photocopiers. Moreover, companies can employ wireless telemetry to remotely monitor the location and status of vehicles. A few examples of this include LoJack, corporate fleet tracking, and remote engine diagnostic systems. LoJack is a system used to recover stolen vehicles. Consumers can purchase the LoJack VHF transponder unit for their vehicles, and the LoJack Corporation and law enforcement agencies maintain the system used to track the location of vehicles in the case that they are stolen.579 Over 40,000 stolen vehicles equipped with LoJack have been recovered by U.S. law enforcement agencies.580

The two major AMR providers are Schlumberger Resource Management Services, Inc. ("Schlumberger") and Itron, Inc ("Itron").581 As mentioned in the Fifth Report, Schlumberger completed its acquisition of CellNet Data Systems in May 2000582 and, since that time, has continued to use CellNet as the brand name for its wireless telemetry services in North America. In February 2001, Schlumberger announced that it had connected five million consumers to its CellNet wireless telemetry network,583 a 67 percent increase over the three million units CellNet had connected at the end of 1999.584 Schlumberger also had contracts to connect an additional three million consumers to its network.585 During 2000, Schlumberger acquired an exclusive license to use and sell Metricom's UtiliNet RF technology.586 Itron focuses exclusively on providing AMR telemetry equipment and is the largest provider in that market. As of the end of 2000, Itron had connected over 17 million AMR units, a 10 percent increase from the previous year, for 650 utility companies.587

Many mobile data providers discussed above, including WebLink, SkyTel, Motient, and Cingular Interactive, offer a variety of telemetry services, either directly to end users or through other telemetry providers who create and maintain telemetry computers systems for end users but rely on the networks of mobile data providers.588 As mentioned in the Fifth Report, many analysts and industry players believe that the telemetry market represents a significant business opportunity for paging/messaging carriers.589 In addition, two companies, Aeris.net ("Aeris") and Cellemetry, lease capacity on mobile telephone networks to offer telemetry products. Aeris sells the use of its network to other telemetry service providers. During 2000, Aeris signed several contracts590 with telemetry providers who offer services such as AMR, mobile asset tracking, and the monitoring of petrochemical assets, tanks, and generators.591

III. CONCLUSION
The past year has continued the positive trends of increased competition in the CMRS industry described in the Fifth Report. First, during 2000 mobile telephone subscribership climbed 23.5 million, to 109.5 million. That represents a 28 percent increase over a year earlier and is the largest twelve-month increase in total number of subscribers in the history of the sector, surpassing even 1999's record breaking 16.9 million additional subscribers. This subscriber growth brought the U.S. wireless penetration rate to 39 percent. In addition, other key metrics demonstrate the increased demand for and reliance placed on mobile services. During 2000, average MOUs increased by 32 percent and ARPU increased 10 percent, while, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the price of mobile telephone service fell by 12.3 percent.

Second, the deployment and acceptance of digital technology continued unabated, with 95 percent of the total U.S. population living in counties where operators offer digital mobile telephone service and 62 of all mobile telephone subscribers using digital phones at the end of 2000.592 The widespread adoption of digital technology is not only increasing spectral efficiency and lowering network costs, but causing a convergence between cellular and PCS.

Third, mobile telephony providers continued to expand their nationwide footprints and buildout their networks. To date, 259 million people, or 91 percent of the total U.S. population, have three or more different operators offering mobile telephone service in the counties in which they live. Over 214 million people, or 75 percent of the U.S. population, live in areas with five or more mobile telephone operators competing to offer service. And 133 million people, or almost 47 percent of the population, can choose from among six or more different mobile telephone operators.

Fourth, competition has been instrumental in shaping the mobile data sector. A variety of mobile data services, ranging from paging to e-mail to web access to SMS, are currently available on a variety of devices from numerous providers, including mobile telephone operators, paging/messaging carriers, handheld PDA device providers, and dedicated data network operators. The six nationwide mobile telephone carriers currently offer mobile Internet access services and had at least 2.5 million mobile Internet users as of the end of 2000.593 Paging/messaging operators, who face intense competition from each other as well as other mobile data providers, have continued to diversify their services by offering their customers a variety of advanced messaging and Internet-based services. In addition to mobile telephone and paging/messaging carriers, increased competition in the mobile data sector has come from handheld devices with wireless Internet connections, as well as the mobile data services offered by dedicated data network operators.

The evolution of mobile data services and technologies is proceeding rapidly. Mobile telephone carriers are planning to deploy 3G technologies over the next few years in order to offer mobile Internet access at higher speeds, ultimately up to 2 Mbps. At least six major carriers currently plan to roll out technologies during 2001 that will allow them to increase data transfer speeds from 9.6 to 19.2 kbps to up to 144 kbps. A number of mobile data technologies and services, including WAP, Bluetooth, location-based services, and m-commerce, are currently being developed and will likely facilitate growth in the mobile data industry as it evolves.

Finally, mobile services are changing the way Americans communicate. Initially a business tool, mobile phones have become a mass-market consumer device. One survey found that the overwhelming majority of mobile telephone customers use their phones primarily for personal calls.594 And for some, particularly younger Americans, wireless service is no longer a compliment to wireline service, but has become the preferred method of communication.

IV. ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS
This Sixth Report is issued pursuant to authority contained in Section 332 (c)(1)(C) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  322 (c)(1)(C).

It is ORDERED that the Secretary shall send copies of this Report to the appropriate committees and subcommittees of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

			FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

			Magalie Roman Salas
			Secretary

APPENDIX A:
FIXED WIRELESS VOICE AND DATA SERVICES

I. INTRODUCTION
In this section, the Commission reviews the state of competition provided by fixed wireless595 operators for voice and data services in both residential and business markets. While some spectrum traditionally used for CMRS is also being used for fixed wireless service,596 other spectrum bands, including Multipoint Distribution Service ("MDS"), Wireless Communications Service ("WCS"), unlicensed spectrum bands, 24 GHz, Local Multipoint Distribution Service ("LMDS"), and 39 GHz, are also being used to provide such service. For discussion purposes, operators are divided into two categories: lowerband providers (800 MHz to 5.8 GHz) and upperband providers (24 GHz to 39 GHz).

A. Fixed Wireless Access
In a fixed wireless access system, a provider attaches a radio transmitter to a customer's premises that communicates with the provider's central antenna site. This antenna site acts as the gateway to the PSTN or the Internet. This technology functions as a replacement for the "last mile" of copper wire that has traditionally provided individual customers with telecommunications services, thus allowing a wireless provider to compete with a traditional wireline service provider. The "last mile" is also referred to as the "local loop"; thus, fixed wireless access is often referred to as "Wireless Local Loop," or "WLL" for short.

WLLs afford fixed wireless competitors direct access to an individual customer's building, thereby lessening their reliance on the facilities of local exchange carriers ("LECs"). In addition to providing new competition in existing markets, fixed wireless systems can provide new services and expand capacity into areas considered too expensive to serve with available wireline technologies. Fixed wireless technology can provide broadband, or high-speed, services faster and for less money than wireline technologies. The Commission has used the term "broadband services" to refer to a larger set of services that end users can access with asymmetric capabilities and speeds that are less than 200 kbps, but are generally considered high-speed (i.e.,greater than 128 kbps in a wireless environment or 144 kbps in a wireline environment.597

Lower Network Deployment Costs. Fixed wireless operators claim that their networks have a significantly lower cost structure than wireline systems for two primary reasons.598 First, wireless networks are free of many of the installation and maintenance costs incurred with wiring a customer's building to a central office. Second, unlike a wireline network, in which an entire market must be wired before initiating service, a wireless network can be deployed incrementally as more customers are added. Therefore, the capital expenditures of a fixed wireless network are much lower.

Underserved Markets. In general, penetration by existing high-speed wireline systems is relatively low. For example, only a small percentage of office buildings have access to fiber optic lines.599 Therefore, many businesses with volume too low for expensive fiber connections are potential customers for fixed wireless carriers.600 In addition, fixed wireless access has the potential to provide broadband services to residential customers in both urban and rural markets, including those without access to broadband services through cable modems or DSL.601 Moreover, fixed wireless can be an efficient means of providing basic telephone and data services to isolated areas and other market segments that are not currently reached by traditional telephone networks.

B. Comparison of Lower and Upper Bands
As mentioned above, fixed wireless operators use several different spectrum bands to provide voice and data services. These bands are grouped into two categories - lowerbands and upperbands - because of their similar technical characteristics and use by carriers. The lowerbands consist of the cellular (800 MHz) and broadband PCS (1900 MHz) bands, the MDS (2.5-2.7 GHz) band, the WCS (2.3 GHz) band, and the unlicensed bands. The upperbands consist of the 24 GHz (DEMS) band, the LMDS (28 GHz) band, and the 39 GHz band.

The lowerbands can serve a wider geographic area with a single transmitter than the upperbands (see Figure 1 below). Lowerbands have a service radius of five to 35 miles from a central hub, depending on the particular band, the power of the transmitter, and the terrain. Upperband operators, on the other hand, face significant losses of signal strength due to atmospheric conditions, most notably precipitation (i.e., rain, snow, and fog).602 Therefore, the range of individual transmitters in the upperbands is approximately two to five miles.

With the exception of carriers that use PCS spectrum,603 both upper and lower band operators currently require a clear line-of-sight between their transmitters and their customers' receivers. However, recent technological developments may help to overcome this line-of-sight restriction. For example, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ("OFDM") is a technology standard currently being developed for use in multiple wireless products, including wireless LANs, mobile wireless systems, and broadband fixed wireless access.604 OFDM has the potential to overcome the line-of-sight restriction that fixed wireless operators face by redirecting signals as they bounce off buildings and other objects.605 OFDM is also expected to increase the speeds of wireless networks.606 Fixed wireless equipment vendors, such as Cisco Systems, NextNet Wireless, and Hybrid Networks, Inc. ("Hybrid Networks"), are developing non-line-of-sight products for fixed wireless carriers,607 and AT&T currently uses OFDM technology in its fixed wireless service, as discussed below.608

Upperband operators can transfer data at much higher speeds than lowerband operators because upperband operators have much larger spectrum allocations. The highest reported speed offered by a lowerband carrier is around 25 Mbps, versus 155 Mbps for upperband providers (see Figure 2).

The lower and upperband operators generally serve two distinct markets. Like many wireline competitive local exchange carriers ("CLECs"), upperband operators sell very high-speed broadband and data services, as well as local and long distance voice services, to business customers, mainly in urban areas. Moreover, many upperband carriers use wireline fiber networks in conjuction with their fixed wireless technology. Lowerband operators, on the other hand, generally offer high-speed Internet access at around 1.5 Mbps to residential and small office/home office ("SOHO") customers in a range of geographic areas that includes rural and underserved areas.609 One analyst estimated that at the end of 2000 there were 230,000 total fixed wireless subscribers in the upper and lower bands, including 80,000 residential customers.610

Both upperband and lowerband carriers use multiple spectrum bands to offer identical services. For example, AT&T uses both PCS and WCS spectrum for its Digital Broadband product.611 And Winstar Communications, Inc. ("Winstar") has used both 39 GHz and LMDS spectrum to offer its package of voice and broadband services.

Most fixed wireless carriers use either point-to-point ("PTP") or point-to-multipoint ("PTMP") transmission technologies, or a mix of the two, in their systems. In a PTP network, at the hub,612 there is a single transmitting dish for each customer on the network. In a PTMP network, multiple customers can be serviced by a single specialized transmitter at the hub. PTMP has a number of advantages over PTP.613 PTMP allows for the cost of the hub site antenna to be allocated over numerous customer building sites, rather than just one, and reduces the capital expenditures necessary to bring service to a particular building.614 In addition, the use of PTMP allows fixed wireless operators to allocate and share network capacity on an as-needed basis and supply customers with bandwidth-on-demand to address their dynamic capacity needs.615

II. LOWERBANDS
A. Introduction
The following spectrum bands below 6 GHz are used to offer commercial fixed wireless services: Cellular/PCS, MDS, WCS, and Unlicensed. In previous CMRS Reports, these bands and the operators that use them were discussed separately. However, because these bands have similar technical characteristics, because they are used to offer similar services, and because many lowerband operators employ more than one of these bands to offer these services, they are now discussed in one cohesive lowerbands section. Yet, in order to provide background on these four bands before discussing trends and individual lowerband operators, a brief description of each band follows.

Cellular/PCS: In the United States, WLL in the cellular and broadband PCS bands is still in an early stage of development, is currently targeted at residential subscribers, and is secondary to the use of the spectrum for mobile products. AT&T is currently the only carrier to use PCS spectrum to offer high-speed Internet access.616 A handful of other operators are using their existing cellular or PCS infrastructure to offer fixed wireless voice services, but none offers those services at higher speeds.617 In order to receive universal service funds to offset high-cost residential telephone service,618 wireless carriers, like local wireline carriers, must be granted Eligible Telecommunications Carrier ("ETC") status by the state in which they plan to operate.619 A few operators in the cellular and PCS bands have been granted ETC status and have become eligible for universal service funds, including Sprint PCS in California and Arkansas, United States Cellular Corp. in Washington, and Centennial Communications in Puerto Rico.620 As of year-end 2000, Western Wireless had received ETC approval in 10 states and had applications pending in three additional states.621 At that time, the company was offering service to 2,500 customers in 100 communities in five states.622

MDS: What is commonly referred to as MDS or wireless cable spectrum includes 33 different 6 megahertz channels in the 2.1-2.2 GHz and 2.5-2.7 GHz spectrum bands. These channels include the Multipoint Distribution Service ("MDS"), Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ("MMDS"), and Instructional Television Fixed Service ("ITFS") channels. MDS operators generally use the MMDS and MDS channels and lease excess capacity from ITFS operators, and often hold licenses for spectrum in different markets. MDS has become a new vehicle for offering high-speed Internet access and broadband services to residential and SOHO customers. MDS companies were originally licensed to provide analog television programming to homes. However, since 1997, they have instead refocused their business operations on offering high-speed Internet access.

WCS: WCS spectrum is located in the 2.3 GHz band. There are two 10 megahertz blocks of WCS spectrum covering the 52 Major Economic Areas (MEAs) of the United States, and two 5 megahertz blocks covering the 12 Regional Economic Area Groupings (REAGs). The spectrum was auctioned in April 1997 with flexible rules for its use by licensees.623 AT&T and WorldCom are currently using WCS spectrum to offer fixed wireless services in a few markets.624

Unlicensed: Unlicensed spectrum consisting of 26 megahertz in the 900 MHz band, 83.5 megahertz in the 2.4 GHz band, and 300 megahertz in the 5 GHz band is also used for fixed wireless communications.625 Operators can use these bands without an FCC license for a variety of radio transmissions, but are not protected from interference and may not cause interference to licensed users in the spectrum. Unlicensed fixed applications primarily use spread spectrum technology for long range transmissions in order to minimize the risk of interference with other operators. Unlicensed spectrum is used for many purposes, including short-range data transmissions,626 cordless phones, microwave ovens, and amateur radio; however, Appendix A focuses on its use for high-speed Internet access and other commercial broadband services.627

B. Recent Developments
During 2000, fixed wireless carriers took advantage of the Commission's increased flexibility regarding the use of MDS licenses. In September 1998, the Commission issued an order authorizing the use of MDS spectrum for two-way services.628 During August 2000, MDS licensees submitted approximately 2,300 applications to offer two-way services during a two-week filing window.629 On February 1, 2001, the Commission listed the applications that had been accepted for filing, and if no petitions to deny were filed on these applications within 60 days, they would be automatically granted.

In addition, as mentioned in Section II.B.1.c., supra, the Commission began the process of allocating spectrum for advanced wireless services, including 3G, during 2000. One of the bands under consideration for 3G services is the 2500-2690 MHz band, which is currently used by MDS and ITFS operators.630 In March 2001, the Commission and NTIA released final studies of how this band is used and its potential for accommodating 3G mobile systems.631

C. Rollout
Over the past year, the Commission has begun tracking the rollout of fixed wireless services on a county-by-county basis.632 Based on its analysis, the Commission estimates that there are at least 276 different lowerband operators providing fixed wireless services in 526 different counties.633 These counties contain 150 million people, or 53 percent of the U.S. population.634

D. Major Lowerband Operators
AT&T Digital Broadband. At the writing of the Fifth Report, AT&T was serving 2,800 residential customers in the Dallas-Fort Worth, TX area with its fixed wireless Digital Broadband service.635 Since then, it has launched the service in San Diego and Los Angeles, CA; Houston, TX; and Anchorage, AK.636 As of January 2001, it had sold a total of 20,000 lines to 12,000 households.637 AT&T plans to deploy the service to 10 additional markets by the end of 2001, when the company expects it will cover about 3.5 million homes and have 100,000 customers.638 AT&T uses broadband PCS spectrum for Digital Broadband in Dallas, Anchorage, and San Diego, but uses WCS spectrum in Los Angeles and Houston and plans to use WCS spectrum in all of its subsequent fixed wireless rollouts.639 Using WCS for fixed wireless allows AT&T to allocate all of its broadband PCS spectrum for mobile service.640

For $34.95 per month, AT&T's Digital Broadband service gives users up to four voice lines, unlimited local calling, long distance calling at five cents per minute for in-state calls and seven cents per minute for out-of-state calls, three advanced calling features, and unlimited, "always-on" Internet access for up to five computers with downstream speeds of up to 512 kbps and upstream speeds of 128 kbps.641 AT&T is planning to boost its downstream speeds to one Mbps in the future.642 Furthermore, AT&T reports that 60 percent of its customers sign up for voice, as well as data, service.643

AT&T reports that, in Dallas, it is using the same towers to provide both fixed and mobile services and that only five additional towers had to be erected for Digital Broadband.644 In Anchorage, AT&T reportedly uses 20 towers for Digital Broadband, most of which are already used for mobile telephone service.645

AT&T originally planned to deploy Digital Broadband to homes and small businesses in markets not covered by its wireline broadband properties, namely its cable systems or arrangements with cable operators, which cover about 50 percent of U.S. markets.646 However, because AT&T is planning to split itself into four separate companies, its fixed wireless assets will become part of AT&T Wireless, while its cable properties will become part of AT&T Broadband.647 AT&T has attempted to avoid potential competition between its two spin-offs by prohibiting AT&T Wireless from offering fixed wireless service under the AT&T brand name in markets where AT&T Broadband is offering cable modem service.648

Sprint. As of April 2001, Sprint had launched Broadband Direct, its commercial MDS-based high-speed Internet access service, in 16 cities across the United States.649 As of October 2000, Sprint had approximately 10,000 customers in Phoenix, its first Broadband Direct market.650

Sprint's residential Broadband Direct service costs $39.95 per month for downstream speeds of one Mbps651 and upstream speeds of 512 kbps. Sprint also charges $299 for installation, and $99 for equipment with a two-year contract or $299 for equipment for service on a monthly basis.652 As mentioned in the Fifth Report, Sprint completed a major investment in MDS equipment manufacturer, Hybrid Networks, in 1999 and is using Hybrid Network's equipment in all of its Broadband Direct rollouts.653

Sprint holds MDS licenses covering 30 million people in 90 markets654 and plans to offer its fixed wireless product in 40 markets by the end of 2001.655 Sprint is targeting the 50 million homes it believes will not have access to any other type of broadband service over the next few years.656 In August 2000, Sprint filed applications to offer two-way services in 45 markets.657

In July 2000, Sprint, WorldCom, and Nucentrix Broadband Services, Inc. ("Nucentrix") developed technical agreements on spectrum management issues. These agreements allow MDS carriers to serve their entire geographic footprint without interference from MDS carriers in adjacent markets. More than 12 carriers have agreed to abide by the technical standards in the agreements.658

WorldCom. As the result of a series of acquisitions in 1999, WorldCom holds MDS licenses covering 45 million households in 78 markets.659 WorldCom is using these licenses to offer fixed wireless high-speed Internet access to residential and SOHO customers. As of January 2001, the company had launched service in three markets, Memphis, TN; Baton Rouge, LA; and Jackson, MS, and was running service trials in two additional markets: Boston, MA; and Dallas-Fort Worth, TX. In all of these cities except Boston, WorldCom is using both MDS and WCS spectrum.660 In August, WorldCom filed applications to offer two-way service in 60 markets661 and, at that time, planned to roll out fixed wireless service to 30 metropolitan areas by the end of 2001.662

WorldCom is charging its residential customers $39.95 per month for two-way speeds of up to 310 kbps and businesses $300-$600 per month for speeds ranging from 128 kbps to 8 Mbps.663

In addition to its commercial rollout plans, WorldCom announced in April 2000 that it would use MDS to deliver high-speed Internet access to schools, libraries, and community centers in four communities - Raleigh, NC; Houma, LA; Dothan, AL; and Hattiesburg, MS - beginning in August 2000 for the 2000/2001 school year.664

Nucentrix. Nucentrix currently offers two-way high-speed MDS-based Internet access service in Austin and Sherman-Denison, TX,665 and is conducting a trial of the service in Amarillo, TX. In February 2001, Nucentrix announced it would extend its trial in Amarillo, where it is testing Cisco's VOFDM technology with over 125 customers, until April 2001.666 Nucentrix holds MDS licenses that cover 90 small and medium markets across Texas and the Midwest.667 In August 2000, Nucentrix filed applications to offer two-way service in 70 markets.668

Other MDS Operators. In addition to the three companies discussed above, at least 23 other companies offer fixed wireless services using MDS spectrum in approximately 28 different counties.669 These companies are generally small, independent MDS licensees offering Internet access at speeds of up to 11 Mbps downstream to a limited number of residential and small business customers in one to three markets apiece. These markets are generally smaller towns and cities. For example, LMA Systems offers two-way Internet access at 1.54 Mbps downstream and 768 kbps upstream in Wilkes-Barre and Sunbury, PA.670 In addition, Alaska Wireless offers two-way MDS-based Internet access in Fairbanks, AK.671 Some MDS carriers - including QuadraVision in Carson City and Reno, NV and American Rural TV in La Junta, CO - offer fixed wireless Internet access on a one-way basis and use a telephone line for the return path.

Providers in the Unlicensed Band. As mentioned above, Metricom uses unlicensed, as well as WCS, spectrum for Ricochet, its wireless Internet access service provided by modem devices attached to laptop computers.672 Ricochet offers users mobile Internet access speeds of 128 kbps in 13 markets,673 including Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York City, and San Francisco.674 Metricom continues to operate its 28.8 kbps speed service in portions of San Francisco and in the Seattle and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas while these markets are converted to 128 kbps service.675

Most of the other companies that use unlicensed spectrum to offer Internet access are local and regional ISPs that offer the service on a fixed, not mobile, basis in an average of three markets apiece. Many of these companies offer traditional wireline dial-up Internet access as well. In part because companies operate in these bands without a license from the Commission, it is difficult to track who is operating where. Estimates of the number of companies using unlicensed spectrum to provide Internet access vary. One equipment manufacturer estimates there are around 800,676 while another believes there are 50 to 100.677 One industry analyst estimates there are just under 200.678 Based on obtainable, publicly-available information, the Commission estimates there are at least 241 different companies using unlicensed spectrum to provide high-speed fixed wireless Internet access in approximately 503 different counties.679 Approximately 143 million people (or 50 percent of the U.S. population) live in counties with at least unlicensed fixed wireless Internet provider.

Most unlicensed operators offer Internet access speeds ranging from 384 kbps to 15 Mbps, with some advertising speeds as high as 100 Mbps. Many of the carriers are targeting business customers, while others serve both businesses and residences. Furthermore, many operators offer unlicensed Internet access in rural and underserved areas. For example, Canyon Country Communications offers Internet access in Page, AZ; Planet Connect offers fixed wireless service in Bristol, Seymour, Newport, and Greeneville, TN; and DATACentric sells the service in Lufkin, Conroe, and Bryan-College Station, TX.680

Unlicensed spectrum is also used for short-range data transmissions and wireless LAN/WAN connections. For example, MobileStar Networking Corp. ("MobileStar") uses unlicensed spectrum to provide WLAN service in over 370 locations across the United States, including airports, hotels, restaurants, and multi-tenant office buildings.681 Bluetooth and 802.11b, as discussed above, are two short range data transmission technology standards that operate using unlicensed spectrum.682 Bluetooth is currently being integrated into numerous electronic devices, such as mobile phones, handheld devices, and personal computers, in order to allow users to transfer data among the devices without using wires or cables. 802.11b is a technology that is used to connect multiple computers to servers in wireless LANs.683

III. UPPERBANDS

The upperband carriers use three different bands - the 24 GHz band, the 28 GHz (LMDS) band, and the 39 GHz band - to offer business customers a variety of voice and broadband services, such as video programming distribution, video teleconferencing, and wireless local loop telephony, as well as Internet access and other high-speed data transmission services.684 Upperband carriers operate in 83 counties across the United States.685 As is the case with lowerband operators, many upperband operators use multiple spectrum bands to offer nearly identical services. Recent developments in the upperband fixed wireless sector, as well as the major upperband operators, are discussed in detail below.

A. Recent Developments
Auctions. As discussed in the Fifth Report, the Commission completed the auction of 2,450 39-GHz licenses in May 2000.686 During 2000 and 2001, the Commission adopted rules for auctioning and licensing 24 GHz spectrum.687 24 GHz licenses will consist of 80 megahertz of spectrum in each of the 172 Economic Areas ("EAs") in the United States, and licensees will be permitted to offer a variety of fixed wireless services.688 As with the 39 GHz band, the 24 GHz band is encumbered by existing fixed wireless operators, in this case, mainly Teligent, Inc. ("Teligent").

Bankruptcies. During 2000 and early 2001, financing for all CLECs, including upperband fixed wireless carriers, dropped significantly from its 1999 levels. CLECs have traditionally required large investments to deploy their networks and build their businesses. Analysts believe that the slowing economy and declining stock values in 2000, as well as the substantial debt incurred by major upperband carriers and their inability to show a profit, have made it difficult for these companies to acquire additional financing.689 The result of these financial difficulties has been that three major upperband carriers, Winstar, Advanced Radio Telecom Corp. ("ART"), and Teligent, declared bankruptcy during the first half of 2001.

On April 18, 2001, Winstar filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.690 At the same time, the company filed a $10 billion lawsuit against Lucent alleging that Lucent had violated its vendor financing agreement with Winstar and had thereby forced Winstar into bankruptcy.691 At the time of its bankruptcy, Winstar obtained $75 million in debtor-in-possession ("DIP") financing from several investment banks and planned to continue operating and serving its existing customers.692

On March 30, 2001, ART announced its plans to file a petition for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to distressed capital markets and its inability to obtain financing.693 The company stated it would continue to serve its existing customers for 30 days in order to enable them to transition to other service providers.694 Prior to its bankruptcy, ART sold fixed wireless broadband services wholesale and to business customers in nine U.S. markets.695 The company held 39 GHz licenses covering the entire United States. 696 In August 2000, ART completed the acquisition of 366 39 GHz licenses from Broadstream Communications Corporation and its affiliates, and 14 39 GHz licenses from Bachow Communications Incorporated.697

On May 21, 2001, Teligent filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after the company failed to come up with additional financing and faced default on its credit agreement.698 During the month prior to its bankruptcy, IDT Corp. ("IDT"), a wholesale long distance and prepaid calling card provider that also purchases telecommunications assets at a discount, became the largest shareholder in Teligent.699 Coincident with that, Teligent announced its plans to scale back operations of the company.700 Teligent plans to reorganize and has received funding in order to continue its operations in the near term.701

Flat Rate Pricing Plans. During 2000 and early 2001, four upperband carriers - Winstar, Teligent, XO Communications, Inc. ("XO," formerly Nextlink Communications), and ART - began offering flat rate pricing plans designed for small and medium sized businesses. For example, Teligent announced the launch of its Integrated Access service in its top 21 markets during February 2001.702 With Integrated Access, businesses can receive a bundle of digital and analog voice and data services over a single high-capacity link for a low flat monthly rate.703 Teligent has been targeting businesses with around 25 employees for the service.704 In September 2000, XO introduced XOptions in all of its markets. XOptions is a group of flat-rate service packages combining local, long distance, Internet access, and web-hosting services.705

B. Major Operators
Teligent. Since 1998, Teligent has provided a bundle of broadband fixed wireless telecommunications services to small and medium sized businesses using a combination of its 24 GHz licenses, which cover 74 markets nationwide,706 and leased wireline networks. At the end of 2000, Teligent's customer base had grown to 35,500, up 236 percent from its 15,000 customers at the end of 1999.707 Teligent had also installed 490,318 lines, up 195 percent from the end of 1999, and had 4,469 buildings "on-net" (i.e., connected to Teligent's network), up 79 percent from 2,500 at the end of 1999.708 Of those 4,469 on-net buildings, 60 percent had fixed wireless installations.709 And 90 percent of the 327 on-net buildings added during the fourth quarter of 2000 were equipped with fixed wireless connections.710

Despite this growth, Teligent's financial difficulties, including a heavy debt load and inability to obtain additional financing, forced the company into bankruptcy in May 2001. As of April 2001, Teligent had been serving 43 U.S. markets.711 Teligent recently announced its plan to cut back operations in at least 11 markets.712

Winstar. As of April 2001, Winstar was using its 28 GHz and 39 GHz licenses to provide a package of WLL services in 60 markets nationwide. Winstar sells local, long distance, high-speed data and Internet access, and information services to business customers and other carriers at speeds up to 155 Mbps.713 Winstar finished 2000 with 1,040,000 access lines, an increase of 68 percent from the end of 1999.714 Approximately 52 percent of those one million lines were on-net, and 85 percent of the 120,000 lines added during the fourth quarter of 2000 were on-net.715 Winstar also had 4,400 buildings on-net at the end of 2000, up 159 percent from its 1,700 buildings on-net at the end of 1999.716 Those 4,400 buildings contain 125,000 businesses.717 Winstar also had access rights to over 14,700 buildings, which contain 400 hub sites.718 At the end of 2000, 250 of those hub sites were operational, up from 142 at the end of 1999.719 On April 5, 2001, Winstar announced that, due to its financial difficulties, it was halting its plans for domestic and international expansion,720 and on April 18, 2001, the company filed for bankruptcy.721

XO Communications (formerly Nextlink). XO holds LMDS and 39 GHz licenses covering 95 percent of the population of the 30 largest U.S. cities and offers fixed wireless broadband services using those licenses to business customers in 27 markets.722 XO also operates facilities-based CLEC networks that provide wireline telecommunications services in 53 markets across the United States. 723 The company uses both wireline and fixed wireless technologies to connect its customers to its network, and in places where a fiber connection is not practical or economic, XO deploys fixed wireless broadband connections between an antenna on its customer's roof and an antenna attached to XO's fiber ring.724 XO claimed that, as of February 2001, it served more than 1,900 buildings using its own facilities.725

In June 2000, XO completed its acquisition of DSL provider, Concentric Network Corporation ("Concentric").726 Prior to the merger, XO had formed a partnership with Concentric, in which the companies jointly offered voice, DSL, and dedicated Internet services, with one bill and one point of contact.727 The DSL facilities give XO a third facilities-based vehicle, in addition to fiber and fixed wireless, for accessing business customers. 728

Touch America. Touch America holds LMDS licenses covering significant portions of the inland Pacific Northwest, northern and central Rocky Mountain regions and the northern Plains states.729 The company uses both its fixed wireless and wireline assets, which include an 18,000-route-mile fiber network, to provide voice and data services to business and government customers, as well as to other carriers. Touch America currently offers voice and data services using LMDS spectrum in four locations: Billings and Butte, MT; Boise, ID; and Spokane, WA.730 In each city, Touch America has deployed one base station with a three mile radius.731

Touch America is the wholly owned telecommunications subsidiary of the Montana Power Company, which, in March 2000, decided to divest its energy businesses to focus exclusively on telecommunications.732 Montana Power expects to complete the divestiture by the second quarter of 2001, at which time Touch America will become the name of the parent corporation.733 In June 2000, Touch America completed the acquisition of Qwest Communication International's long-distance business, which included 250,000 customers throughout the 14-state territory of the former US WEST.734

HighSpeed Communications. HighSpeed Communications ("HighSpeed," formerly HighSpeed.Com) holds LMDS licenses covering nearly 14 million POPs throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Hawaii, Colorado and Nevada, as well as a large part of the Central Valley of California.735 HighSpeed has begun offering service using its LMDS licenses in Walla Walla, WA; Bend, OR; Bakersfield, CA and Boise, ID.736 The company targets small and medium-sized business customers in tier 1 and tier 2 markets in the western United States and offers only data, not voice, services at speeds ranging from 1.54 to 155 Mbps.737 In two of its markets, HighSpeed has deployed service by purchasing or partnering with a local ISP.738 In 1999, XO (then Nextlink) acquired a 15 percent equity position in HighSpeed.739

e-xpedient/CAVU Inc. ("e-xpedient"). E-xpedient holds 39 GHz licenses and offers fixed wireless broadband services to businesses in multi-tenant buildings in six cities: Salt Lake City, UT; Cleveland, OH; Oklahoma City, OK; Jacksonville, FL; Orlando, FL; and Miami, FL.740 In Miami, e-pedient also uses 60 GHz spectrum and free-space optics technology.741 E-xpedient has set up its network in a ring configuration by linking 10 to 20 buildings in a ring with fixed wireless connections and creating a 100 Mbps IP-based path in each direction. The company offers 100 Mbps Internet access starting at $100 per month to all of the customers located in its networked buildings.742
Table 1: Fixed Wireless Internet Access Offerings with MDS/ITFS Spectrum

Company
Location
Reported Speed
Advanced Wireless Systems, Inc.
Reading, PA
Clarksville, TN
Shreveport, LA
Mobile, AL
Baton Rouge, LA
N/A
Alaska Wireless Cable
Fairbanks, AK
N/A
American Rural TV
La Junta, CO
N/A
Bay Junction Technology/ iSpeed
Santa Clara, CA
1.5 Mbps
Cache Valley AIRNET
Cache Valley, UT
5 Mbps
CFW Communications (formerly R&B Telephone)
Daleville, VA
10 Mbps
Digital Broadcast Corp.
Roanoke, VA
N/A
HiWAAY Information Services
Huntsville, AL
256 kbps
IJNT.net, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT
Beaumont, TX
10 Mbps
LMA Systems
Sunbury, PA
Wilkes-Barre, PA
768 kbps-1.54 Mbps
NextNet (equipment trials)
Olympia, WA
Waseca, MN
N/A
Nucentrix Broadband Networks, Inc.
Austin, TX
Sherman, TX
Amarillo, TX (trial)
1.54 Mbps
Ohio Valley Wireless - Cable
Evansville, IN
1.5 Mbps
Oxford Telecom
Portland, ME
N/A
QuadraVision
Reno/Sparks, NV
Carson City, NV
1.5 Mbps
Rocky Mountain Internet
Denver, CO
750 kbps
Sioux Valley Wireless
Sioux Falls, SD
4 Mbps
SkyLynx Communications
Fresno, CA
Sarasota, FL
11 Mbps
SoFast Internet Services
Great Falls, MT
128 kbps-1.5 Mbps
Sprint
16 markets nationwide
512 kbps - 1 Mbps
Telecom Wireless Corp./ TCOM Ventures
Key West, FL
N/A
Third Rail Communications
Nashua, NH
N/A
Universal Rapid Access
Logan, UT
N/A
U.S. Interactive dba AccelerNet
Houston, TX
10 Mbps
Virginia Communications/ eSpeed
Prescott Valley, AZ
768 kbps
WatchTV
Lima, OH
N/A
Wireless First
Traverse City, MI
256 kbps
World Wide Wireless Communications
Concord, CA
9 Mbps
WorldCom
Baton Rouge, LA
Jackson, MI
Memphis, TN
310 kbps (residential)
8 Mbps (business)

Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX (trial)
Boston, MA (trial)
310 kbps (residential)
8 Mbps (business)

Source: Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings through April 2001.

Table 2: LMDS Launches

Company
Location
Status
XO Communications
27 markets nationwide
Launched commercial service after field tests
Winstar

Holds 9 LMDS A-block licenses, including the San Francisco-Oakland BTA
Uses LMDS licenses in conjunction with 39 GHz licenses to offer package of WLL services to businesses; declared bankruptcy in April 2001
South Central Telecom
Medicine Lodge, KS
Offers telemedicine, distance learning, and leased line services
Virginia Tech University
Blacksburg,VA
Uses 4 LMDS licenses to provide two-way high-speed data, voice, and video from an on-campus to three off-campus office buildings
Touch America
Billings and Butte, MT
Full voice and data service to business and government
SpeedUS.com (formerly CellularVision)
New York metro
Facilities-based high-speed Internet service
Central Texas Communications
San Angelo and Goldthwaite, TX
Offers voice and high-speed Internet access to businesses at 128 kbps to 10 Mbps
PVT Networks (subsidiary of Penasco Valley Telephone)
Artesia, NM
Testing LMDS
US Unwired
Lake Charles, LA
Voice and data trials
Liberty Cellular (acquired by Alltel)
Salina, KS
Service trial started in mid-1999
Home Telephone, Inc.
Charleston, SC
Trials
HighSpeed Communications
Walla Walla, WA
Bend, OR
Boise, ID
Bakersfield, CA
data services to small and medium-sized businesses at speeds ranging from 1.54 to 155 Mbps
Prime Companies, Inc.
8 LMDS licenses cover one million people and 35,000 businesses in western Pennsylvania and southern New York
Offers broadband service to businesses in New Castle and Oil City, PA; also uses unlicensed spectrum to serve residential customers
Frazier/King Media
Irving, TX
LMDS demonstration to deliver voice, data, and video services to residences and businesses

Source: Rulemaking to Amend Parts 1, 2, 21, and 25 of the Commission's Rules to Redesignate the 27.5-29.5 GHz Frequency Band, to Reallocate the 29.5-30.0 GHz Frequency Band, to Establish Rules and Policies for Local Multipoint Distribution Service and for Fixed Satellite Services, Third Report and Order and Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 00-223, Appendix B, released June 27, 2000; Information is also based on publicly available documents through April 2001 such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

APPENDIX B:
SPECTRUM AUCTIONS

 Table of Contents

Table 1A: FCC Auctions Summary - Service Design 	B-2

Table 1B: FCC Auctions Summary - Auction Results 	 B-4

Table 2: 700 MHz Guard Band Auction #33 Results	 B-5

Table 3: SMR 800 MHz General Category Auction #34 Results 	 B-5

Table 4: PCS C & F Block Auction #35 Results	 B-6

Table 5: SMR 800 MHz Lower 80 Channels Auction #36 Results 	 B-7

Table 6: 700 MHz Guard Band Auction #38 Results 	 B-7

Table 1A: FCC Auctions Summary - Service Design

Auction Number and Name

Number of Licenses (1)
Geographic License Scheme (2)
Spectrum per license
Total Spectrum per Market
Service Description
1
Nationwide Narrowband PCS
11 (3)
Nationwide
11 blocks: 5 = 50/50 kHz, 3 = 50/12.5 kHz, 2 = 50 kHz
0.7875 MHz
Advanced paging/data
2
Interactive Video and Data Service
594
MSA
2 blocks of 500 kHz
1 MHz
Interactive data
3
Regional Narrowband PCS
30
Regional
6 blocks: 2 = 50/50 kHz, 4 = 50/12.5 kHz
0.45 MHz
Advanced paging/data
4
A & B block Broadband PCS
102 (4)
MTA
2 blocks of 30 MHz
60 MHz
Mobile voice and data
5/10/22
C block Broadband PCS (5)
493
BTA
1 block of 30 MHz or 2 blocks of 15 MHz
30 MHz
Mobile voice and data
6
Multichannel Distribution Service
493
BTA
Max of 13 channels of 6 MHz
78 MHz (6)
Wireless cable
7
900 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio
1020
MTA
20 blocks of .25 MHz
5 MHz
Mobile voice and data
8
Digital Broadcast Service (7)
1
Full US Coverage
500 MHz
437.5 MHz
Multichannel video
9
Digital Broadcast Service (7)
1
Partial US Coverage
Uses same spectrum as full coverage license
375 MHz
Multichannel video
11/
22
D, E, & F block Broadband PCS (8)
1479
BTA
3 blocks of 10 MHz
30 MHz
Mobile voice and data
12
Cellular Unserved
14
MSA/RSA
2 blocks of 25 MHz
50 MHz
Mobile voice and data
13
Interactive Video and Data Service
981
MSA/RSA
2 blocks of 500 kHz
1 MHz
Interactive data
14
Wireless Communications Service
128
MEA/REAG
4 blocks: 2 = 10 MHz, 2 = 5 MHz
30 MHz
(9)
15
Digital Audio Radio Service
2
Full US Coverage
2 blocks of 12.5 MHz
25 MHz
Multichannel audio
16
Upper 800 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio
525
EA
3 blocks: 1 MHz, 3 MHz , and 6 MHz
10 MHz
Mobile voice and data
17/
23
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
986 (10)
BTA
2 blocks: 1150 MHz and 150 MHz
1300 MHz
Fixed voice, data and video
18/
24
220 MHz
908
National, EAG, EA
13 blocks: 3 = 100 kHz, 5 = 100 kHz, 5 = 150 kHz
1.55 MHz
Voice, data, paging, fixed
20
VHF Public Coast
42
Pub. Coast Station Areas
1 block between 350 and 500 kHz
350 to 500 kHz
Fixed and mobile
21
Location and Monitoring Service
528
EA
3 blocks: 2 = 6 MHz, 1 = 2.25 MHz
14.25 MHz
Mobile telemetry
25/
27/
28
"Closed" Broadcast
118
n/a
(11)
(11)
Broadcast TV and radio
26
929 and 931 MHz Paging Service
2,499
MEA
49 blocks of 20 kHz: 12 in 929 Band, 37 in 931 band.
790 kHz
Paging and messaging
30
39 GHz
2,450
EA
14 Blocks of 100 MHz
1400 MHz
Fixed (12)
33/
38
700 MHz Guard Band
104
MEA
2 Blocks: 1= 4 MHz, 1 = 2 MHz
6 MHz
(13)
34
SMR 800 MHz General Category
1,050
EA
6 Blocks of 1.25 MHz (14)
7.5 MHz
Mobile voice and data
35
PCS C & F Block (5)
422 (15)
BTA
Up to 4 blocks of 10 MHz; Up to 2 blocks of 15 MHz
10 to 40 MHz
Mobile voice and data
36
SMR 800 MHz Lower 80 Channels
2,800
EA
16 Blocks of .25 MHz
4 MHz
Mobile voice and data

Source: Federal Communications Commission

(1) This is the total number of licenses initially auctioned in each service. It does not take into account any partitioning and disaggregation activity. Some of these licenses may not have been granted.
(2) MTAs = Major Trading Areas, BTAs = Basic Trading Areas, MSAs = Metropolitan Statistical Areas, RSAs = Rural Service Areas, MEAs = Major Economic Areas, REAGs = Regional Economic Area Groups, EAs = Economic Areas.
(3) Includes one pioneer preference license.
(4) Includes three pioneer preference licenses.
(5) To date, four auctions have been completed that included C block PCS licenses (Auctions Nos. 5, 10, 22 amd 35).
(6) To be precise, Multipoint Distribution Service ( MDS ) total spectrum should be 76 MHz because Channel 2 was originally 6 MHz only in the top 50 markets. In the rest of the markets, it was Channel 2A with 4 MHz. As noted in the MDS Auction Procedures, Terms, and Conditions: "In 1992, the 2160-2162 MHz frequency was reallocated to emerging technologies, and thus, any subsequent MDS use of these 2 MHz will be secondary."
(7) There is a total of 500 MHz of DBS downlink spectrum available. The same spectrum can be reused at each of the eight U.S. DBS orbital slots. The figures in the table are (28/32) x500 and (24/32) x500, respectively, but they each refer to portions of the same 500 MHz of spectrum.
(8) To date, two auctions have been completed that included DEF block PCS licenses, the original and one reauction.
(9) WCS is permitted to implement a wide range of services, subject to FCC engineering requirements, including fixed, mobile, radio location, and broadcasting-satellite (sound) service.
(10) Cellularvision, Inc. has been granted a pioneer preference for a portion of the 1150 MHz New York BTA, of which 850 MHz was subsequently sold to Winstar Communications, Inc.
(11) The "Closed" Broadcast auctions included a number of different licenses used for broadcast television and radio. The types of licenses included: AM Broadcast (10 kHz per license), FM Broadcast (200 kHz per license), FM Translator (200 kHz), TV Broadcast (6 MHz per license), Low Power TV (6 MHz per license), and TV Translator (6 MHz per license).
(12) Mobile communications are subject to the development of inter-licensee and inter-service interference criteria.
(13) The Guard Band Manager is a new class of commercial licensee engaged solely in the business of leasing spectrum to third parties on a for-profit basis. The Guard Band Manager may subdivide its spectrum in any manner it chooses and make it available to system operators, or directly to end users for fixed or mobile communications. Entities that employ a cellular system architecture are prohibited from operating in this band.
(14) Additionally, the Commission offered 3 EA licenses in the 800 MHz Upper Band: one 1 MHz license in Honolulu, HI (EA 172); one 3 MHz license and one 6 MHz license in Guam and Northern Mariana Islands (EA 173).
(15) 170 licenses were available only to entrepreneurs in closed bidding. 252 licenses were available to all bidders in open bidding.

Table 1B: FCC Auctions Summary
Auction Results

Auction Number(s) and Name
Total Winning Bids (1)
Auction Began
Auction
Ended
# Rounds
Number of Winning Bidders
1
Nationwide Narrowband PCS
$650,306,674
7/25/94
7/29/94
47
6
2
Interactive Video and Data Service
$213,892,375
7/28/94
7/29/94
Oral
Outcry
178
3
Regional Narrowband PCS
$392,706,797
10/26/94
11/8/94
105
9
4
A & B block Broadband PCS
$7,721,184,171
12/5/94
3/13/95
112
18
5/
10/
22
C block Broadband PCS (2)
$10,071,708,841.50
$904,607,466.75
$409,936,425.00
12/18/95
7/3/96
3/23/99
5/6/96
7/16/96
4/15/99
184
25
78
89
7
57
6
Multichannel Distribution Service
$216,239,603
11/13/95
3/28/96
181
67
7
900 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio
$204,267,144
12/5/95
4/15/96
168
80
8
Digital Broadcast Service
$682,500,000
1/24/96
1/25/96
19
1
9
Digital Broadcast Service
$52,295,000
1/25/96
1/26/96
25
1
11/
22
D, E, & F block Broadband PCS (3)
$2,517,439,565
$2,904,520
8/26/96
3/23/99
1/14/97
4/15/99
276
78
125
6
12
Cellular Unserved
$1,842,533
1/13/97
1/21/97
36
10
14
Wireless Communications Service
$13,638,940
4/15/97
4/25/97
29
17
15
Digital Audio Radio Service
$173,234,888
4/1/97
4/2/97
25
2
16
Upper 800 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio
$96,232,060
10/28/97
12/8/98
235
14
17/
23
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
$578,663,029
$45,064,450
2/18/98
4/27/99
3/25/98
5/12/99
127
43
104
40
18/
24
220 MHz
$21,650,301
$1,924,950
9/15/98
6/8/99
10/22/98
6/30/99
173
71
44
16
20
VHF Public Coast
$7,459,200
12/3/98
12/14/98
44
4
21
Location and Monitoring Service
$3,438,294
2/23/99
3/5/99
54
4
25/
27/
28
"Closed" Broadcast Auction
$57,820,350
$172,250
$1,210,000
9/28/99
10/6/99
3/21/00
10/8/99
10/8/99
3/24/00
35
15
26

91
1
2
26
929 and 931 MHz Paging Service
$4,122,500
2/24/00
3/2/00
28
78
30
39 GHz
$410,649,085
4/12/00
5/8/00
73
29
33/
38
700 MHz Guard Band
$519,892,575
$20,961,500
9/6/00
2/13/01
9/21/00
2/21/01
66
38
9
3
34
SMR 800 MHz General Category
$319,451,810
8/16/00
9/1/00
76
14
35
PCS C & F Block
$16,857,046,150
12/12/00
1/26/01
101
35
36
SMR 800 MHz Lower 80 Channels
$28,978,385
11/1/00
12/5/00
151
22

Source: Federal Communications Commission

Notes:
(1) Total Winning Bids includes high bids from the auction (net of any bidding credits) plus the price paid for any pioneer preference licenses.
(2) C block broadband PCS was auctioned in three auctions. Please note that because licenses are in more than one auction, simply summing together the figures for Total Winning Bids, Bid Price, and Number of Winning Bidders will result in over counting.
(3) DEF block broadband PCS was auctioned in two auctions. Please note that because licenses are in more than one auction, simply summing together the figures for Total Winning Bids, Bid Price, and Number of Winning Bidders will result in over counting.

Table 2: 700 MHz Guard Band Auction #33 Results

Bidder Name
Total High Bids
POPs
Net High Bids (1)
Nextel Spectrum Acquisition Corp.
37
226,892,282
$337,862,000
Pegasus Guard Band, LLC
31
147,056,258
$91,498,300
Access Spectrum, LLC
19
93,171,133
$69,065,775
PTPMS II Communications, L.L.C.
3
6,377,407
$6,279,000
Black Rock Partners, LP
2
5,787,033
$2,547,750
Dominion 700, Inc.
1
7,745,433
$6,320,000
Motorola Spectrum, Inc.
1
4,310,367
$6,235,000
Harbor Wireless LLC
1
550,043
$42,750
Radiofone Nationwide PCS, L.L.C.
1
0
$42,000
Source: Federal Communications Commission
Notes: (1) As of the close of the auction.

Table 3: SMR 800 MHz General Category Auction #34 Results

Bidder Name
Total High Bids
 POPs
Net High Bids (1)
Nextel Spectrum Acquisition Corp.
800
1,260,351,563
$231,567,200
Southern Communications Services, Inc
89
90,834,191
$50,855,000
Preferred Acquisitions Inc
38
81,157,644
$31,670,600
Nevada Wireless LLC
37
17,066,215
$774,020
Motient Communications Company
33
28,406,946
$3,361,300
Silver Palm Communications, Inc.
10
6,373,807
$393,000
A.R.C., Inc.
6
5,051,115
$487,500
Communications Equipment, Inc.
6
3,370,315
$56,420
Western Communications, Inc.
3
640,391
$75,985
Choice Phone LLC
2
352,994
$106,600
Mobile Relay Associates
2
2,315,083
$26,250
Winsome Paging Inc.
2
1,101,512
$7,800
Communication Specialists Inc.
1
176,497
$64,350
Linda Sue and Herschel Bruce Williamson
1
285,955
$5,785
Source: Federal Communications Commission
Notes: (1) As of the close of the auction.

Table 4: PCS C & F Block Auction #35 Results

Bidder Name
Total High Bids
POPs
Net High Bids (1)
Cellco Partnership, d/b/a Verizon Wireless
113
150,682,267
$8,781,393,000
Alaska Native Wireless, L.L.C.
44
64,718,725
$2,893,144,250
Salmon PCS, LLC
79
71,921,921
$2,348,774,750
DCC PCS, Inc.
14
17,709,151
$546,074,000
Cook Inlet/VS GSM V PCS, LLC
22
17,685,514
$506,376,000
VoiceStream PCS BTA I License Corporation
19
11,304,761
$482,653,000
Leap Wireless International, Inc.
22
20,025,113
$350,060,750
Black Crow Wireless, LP
17
10,185,736
$283,885,000
SVC BidCo, LP
5
8,339,270
$281,944,000
Lafayette Communications Company L.L.C.
14
6,141,572
$170,340,150
NORTHCOAST COMMUNICATIONS, L.L.C.
11
6,292,576
$112,705,000
Summit Wireless, LLC
13
1,962,700
$34,992,250
3DL Wireless, LLC
3
1,701,084
$15,597,000
TPS Utilicom, Inc.
4
1,097,971
$13,817,000
MCG PCS II, Inc.
3
1,310,634
$7,378,000
Unbound PCS, LLC
1
816,101
$6,952,000
Theta Communications, LLC
1
260,538
$4,017,000
NTCH, Inc.
7
1,104,500
$2,591,250
LastWave Partners
1
424,766
$1,864,000
SLO Cellular, Inc.
1
247,523
$1,563,000
VINCENT D. McBRIDE
1
504,859
$1,534,000
Purchase Communications
2
434,164
$1,522,000
3G PCS, LLC
3
364,024
$1,270,000
Mint GSM Services Inc.
2
325,532
$1,053,500
Scott Reiter
4
362,871
$971,250
Commnet PCS, Inc.
2
246,369
$899,250
DEVTEL, LLC
2
332,618
$768,000
Polycell Communications, Inc.
2
332,618
$730,500
Poplar PCS-Central, LLC
2
282,260
$600,750
Global Telecommunications, Inc.
2
176,000
$369,750
Coloma Spectrum, LLC
2
173,872
$338,250
ALPINE PCS, INC.
1
118,558
$323,000
T.K.O. Communications, LLC
1
52,677
$281,250
PCS Partners, L.P.
1
123,121
$144,750
Citifone PCS, LLC
1
67,165
$118,500
Source: Federal Communications Commission
Notes: (1) As of the close of the auction.

Table 5: SMR 800 MHz Lower 80 Channels Auction #36 Results

Bidder Name
Total High Bids
POPs
Net High Bids (1)
Nextel Spectrum Acquisition Corp.
2579
3,794,345,853
$27,149,100
Southern Communications Services, Inc
90
75,489,735
$817,500
Nevada Wireless
29
32,479,461
$95,485
A.R.C., Inc.
21
20,965,725
$303,745
Silver Palm Communications, Inc.
14
10,817,023
$53,625
NextMobile Inc.
13
59,724,080
$130,845
Skitronics, Inc.
8
6,591,930
$90,610
L.P. Ganacias Enterprises, Inc.
8
1,411,976
$5,395
Scott C. MacIntyre
7
16,772,902
$223,860
Western Communications, Inc.
6
1,822,969
$4,745
TOTAL COM INC.
4
4,594,811
$24,505
GALESBURG COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
4
2,143,952
$2,665
SR Communications Associates DBA COMMUNICATIONS AS
3
1,658,569
$1,950
Reisenweaver Communications, Inc.
2
3,208,646
$49,500
Gateway Wireless Services, L.C.
2
2,188,426
$2,470
Motient Communications Company
2
2,049,563
$4,800
CENTRE COMMUNICATIONS, INC
2
1,597,652
$1,495
Ragan Communications, Inc.
2
1,047,438
$13,000
Michael A. Wolf dba W S Electronics
1
1,125,936
$715
UNITED COMMUNICATIONS CO.
1
499,681
$845
Redi-Call Communications Company
1
290,800
$780
Valley Cable & Satellite Communications, Inc.
1
84,696
$750
Source: Federal Communications Commission
Notes: (1) As of the close of the auction.

Table 6: 700 MHz Guard Band Auction #38 Results

Bidder Name
Total High Bids
POPs
Net High Bids (1)
Access Spectrum, LLC
2
3,947,695.00
$9,271,500
Nextel Spectrum Acquisition Corp.
3
4,904,414.00
$7,849,000
Pegasus Guard Band, LLC
3
4,371,373.00
$3,841,000
Source: Federal Communications Commission
Notes: (1) As of the close of the auction.

APPENDIX C:
MOBILE TELEPHONY

 Table of Contents

Table 1: CTIA's Semi-Annual Mobile Telephone Industry Survey 	 C-2

Table 2: FCC's Semi-Annual Local Telephone Competition Survey	C-3

Table 3: Top 25 Mobile Telephone Operators by Subscribers 	 C-4

Table 4: Estimated Mobile Telephone Rollouts by Number of Launches by County	 C-5

Table 5: County Quartiles with Estimated Rollout by at least 3 Mobile Telephone Providers 	 C-5

Table 6: Estimated U.S Digital Mobile Telephone Subscribers 	 C-6

Table 7: Mobile Telephone Digital Coverage	 C-7

Table 8: Change in CPI 	 C-7

Table 9: Top 20 Mobile Telephone Resellers 	 C-8

Table 10: Foreign Holdings of U.S. Mobile Telephone Operators	 C-9

Table 1: CTIA's Semi-Annual Mobile Telephone Industry Survey

Date
Estimated Subscribers
Total Six-Month Service Revenues (000s)
Roamer Services Revenues
Cell Sites
Employees
Cumulative Capital Investment (000s)
Average Local Monthly Bill
Jan 85
91,600
$178,085

346
1,404
$354,760

June 85
203,600
$176,231

599
1,697
$588,751

Dec 85
340,213
$306,197

913
2,727
$911,167

June 86
500,000
$360,585

1,194
3,556
$1,140,163

Dec 86
681,825
$462,467

1,531
4,334
$1,436,753

June 87
883,778
$479,514

1,732
5,656
$1,724,348

Dec 87
1,230,855
$672,005

2,305
7,147
$2,234,635
$96.83
June 88
1,608,697
$886,075

2,789
9,154
$2,589,589
$95.00
Dec 88
2,069,441
$1,073,473
$89,331
3,209
11,400
$3,274,105
$98.02
June 89
2,691,793
$1,406,463
$121,368
3,577
13,719
$3,675,473
$85.52
Dec 89
3,508,944
$1,934,132
$173,199
4,169
15,927
$4,480,141
$83.94
June 90
4,368,686
$2,126,362
$192,350
4,768
18,973
$5,211,765
$83.94
Dec 90
5,283,055
$2,422,458
$263,660
5,616
21,382
$6,281,596
$80.90
June 91
6,380,053
$2,653,505
$302,329
6,685
25,545
$7,429,739
$74.56
Dec 91
7,557,148
$3,055,017
$401,325
7,847
26,327
$8,671,544
$72.74
June 92
8,892,535
$3,633,285
$436,725
8,901
30,595
$9,276,139
$68.51
Dec 92
11,032,753
$4,189,441
$537,146
10,307
34,348
$11,262,070
$68.68
June 93
13,067,318
$4,819,259
$587,347
11,551
36,501
$12,775,967
$67.31
Dec 93
16,009,461
$6,072,906
$774,266
12,805
39,775
$13,946,406
$61.48
June 94
19,283,306
$6,519,030
$778,116
14,740
45,606
$16,107,920
$58.65
Dec 94
24,134,421
$7,710,890
$1,052,666
17,920
53,902
$18,938,677
$56.21
June 95
28,154,415
$8,740,352
$1,120,337
19,833
60,624
$21,709,286
$52.45
Dec 95
33,785,661
$10,331,614
$1,422,233
22,663
68,165
$24,080,466
$51.00
June 96
38,195,466
$11,194,247
$1,314,943
24,802
73,365
$26,707,046
$48.84
Dec 96
44,042,992
$12,440,724
$1,465,992
30,045
84,161
$32,573,522
$47.70
June 97
48,705,553
$13,134,551
$1,392,440
38,650
97,039
$37,454,294
$43.86
Dec 97
55,312,293
$14,351,082
$1,581,765
51,600
109,387
$46,057,911
$42.78
June 98
60,831,431
$15,286,660
$1,584,891
57,674
113,111
$50,178,812
$39.88
Dec 98
69,209,321
$17,846,515
$1,915,578
65,887
134,754
$60,542,774
$39.43
June 99
76,284,753
$19,368,304
$1,922,416
74,157
141,929
$66,782,827
$40.24
Dec 99
86,047,003
$20,650,185
$2,163,001
81,698
155,817
$71,264,865
$41.24
June 00
97,035,925
$24,645,365
$1,971,625
95,733
159,645
$76,652,358
$45.15
Dec 00
109,478,031
$27,820,655
$1,911,356
104,288
184,449
$89,624,387
$45.27

Source: Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association, Semi-Annual Mobile Telephone Industry Survey <.http://www.wow-com.com/wirelesssurvey/>.

Table 2: FCC's Semi-Annual Local Telephone Competition Survey

Mobile Wireless Telephone Subscribers (as of Dec. 31, 2000)
State
Dec 2000 Reporting Carriers 1/
Dec 2000 Percent Resold 2/
Subscribers
Dec 1999
Subscribers
June 2000
Subscribers Dec 2000
Percent Change
Dec 99 - Dec 00
Alabama
9
1%
1,080,410
1,253,084
1,386,294
28%
Alaska
*
*
165,221
169,892
*
*
Arizona
11
7
1,125,321
1,624,668
1,829,695
63
Arkansas
5
2
719,919
715,467
743,928
3
California
10
5
8,544,941
12,283,369
12,649,508
48
Colorado
8
4
1,552,718
1,654,989
1,856,075
20
Connecticut
6
7
1,077,089
1,136,618
1,277,123
19
Delaware
6
0
270,848
275,219
371,014
37
DistrictofColumbia
6
10
910,116
333,815
928,962
2
Florida
9
6
5,158,079
4,983,478
6,369,985
23
Georgia
11
6
2,538,983
2,687,238
2,739,000
8
Hawaii
7
0
288,425
454,364
524,291
82
Idaho
4
23
271,436
296,066
344,564
27
Illinois
10
10
3,922,482
4,309,660
5,143,767
31
Indiana
10
6
1,318,975
1,717,378
1,715,074
30
Iowa
7
62
774,773
975,629
832,106
7
Kansas
10
4
669,472
724,024
801,293
20
Kentucky
9
2
911,700
999,544
942,545
3
Louisiana
11
4
1,227,106
1,294,693
1,306,457
6
Maine
5
32
187,003
283,640
359,786
92
Maryland
7
6
1,473,494
2,013,058
1,894,251
29
Massachusetts
6
4
1,892,014
2,228,169
2,649,130
40
Michigan
11
9
3,512,813
3,423,535
3,488,826
-1
Minnesota
12
2
1,550,411
1,595,560
1,740,654
12
Mississippi
7
0
673,355
509,038
786,577
17
Missouri
8
8
1,855,452
1,848,775
1,767,411
-5
Montana
*
12
*
*
*
*
Nebraska
5
1
576,296
600,885
659,380
14
Nevada
6
3
750,335
825,163
684,752
-9
NewHampshire
8
35
280,508
309,263
387,264
38
NewJersey
6
2
2,289,181
2,750,024
3,575,130
56
NewMexico
5
41
363,827
395,111
443,343
22
NewYork
6
11
4,833,816
5,016,524
5,736,660
19
NorthCarolina
11
13
2,536,068
2,730,178
3,105,811
22
NorthDakota
*
2
*
*
*
*
Ohio
11
6
3,237,786
3,278,960
3,987,192
23
Oklahoma
13
10
826,637
979,513
2,271,755
175
Oregon
8
11
914,848
1,082,425
1,201,207
31
Pennsylvania
10
6
2,767,474
3,850,372
4,014,894
45
PuertoRico
4
27
*
1,090,005
926,448
*
RhodeIsland
6
39
279,304
313,550
355,889
27
SouthCarolina
9
7
1,137,232
1,236,338
1,392,586
22
SouthDakota
*
3
*
*
*
*
Tennessee
10
11
1,529,054
1,876,444
1,962,568
28
Texas
19
8
5,792,453
6,705,423
7,489,180
29
Utah
8
5
643,824
692,006
750,244
17
Vermont
*
13
*
*
*
*
VirginIslands
0
NA
*
0
0
NA
Virginia
12
8
1,860,262
2,447,687
2,450,289
32
Washington
9
8
1,873,475
2,144,767
2,286,082
22
WestVirginia
6
25
241,265
347,916
355,989
48
Wisconsin
10
45
1,525,818
1,342,908
1,595,728
5
Wyoming
4
1
127,634
*
*
*
Nationwide
77
9%
79,696,083
90,643,058
101,212,054
27%

* Data withheld to maintain firm confidentiality.
1/ Carriers with under 10,000 subscribers in a state were not required to report for that state.
2/ Percentage of wireless lines resold to other wireless carriers.
Source: Local Telephone Competition: Status as of December 31, 2000, Federal Communications Commission, May 2001 (Table 9: Mobile Wireless Telephone Subscribers).

Table 3: Top 25 Mobile Telephone Operators by Subscribers
(in thousands)

Year-End 1999
Pro Forma Year-End 1999
Year-End 2000

Operator
Total
Operator
Total
Operator
Total
1
SBC
11,151
Verizon Wireless (3)
25,790
Verizon Wireless
27,505
2
AT&T Wireless
9,600
SBC-BellSouth
16,488
Cingular
19,681
3
Vodafone-AirT
9,133
AT&T Wireless
9,987
AT&T
15,163
4
Bell Atlantic
7,688
Sprint PCS
5,727
Sprint PCS
9,543
5
GTE
7,146
ALLTEL
5,019
Nextel
6,678
6
Sprint PCS
5,727
Nextel
4,516
ALLTEL
6,300
7
BellSouth
5,337
US Cellular
2,602
VoiceStream
3,879
8
ALLTEL
5,019
VoiceStream
2,204
US Cellular
3,061
9
Nextel
4,516
Western Wireless
835
Western Wireless
1,050
10
US Cellular
2,602
CenturyTel
707
Powertel
908
11
PrimeCo
1,400
Dobson Comm.
660
Qwest
805
12
Omnipoint
935
Powertel
546
CenturyTel
751
13
VoiceStream
846
Centennial
503
TeleCorp
666
14
Western Wirlss
835
US West
466
Dobson Comm.
654
15
CenturyTel
707
Rural Cellular
466
Rural Cellular
552
16
Powertel
546
Price Comm.
454
Price Comm
528
17
Centennial
503
PR Tel. Co. (1)
254
Centennial
665
18
US West
466
Triton PCS
195
Triton PCS
446
19
Dobson Comm.
445
Cincinnati Bell
162
Cincinnati Bell
339
20
American
431
Midwest Wireless
150
PR Tel. Co.
335
21
Price Comm.
454
TeleCorp
142
Nextel Partners
227
22
Aerial
423
Cellcom (NE Comm. of WI.)
130
Midwest Wireless
208
23
CommNet
423
US Unwired
93
Cellcom
190
24
PR Tel. Co. (1)
254
Bluegrass Cellular
75
Leap Wireless
190
25
Rural Cellular
242
PCS One (2)
50
Ntelos
168

Sources: For 1999, see Fifth Report, at 17749. For 2000, except for Cellcom and Midwest Wireless, publicly available company documents such as operators' news releases and filings made with the Securities and Exchange Commission. For 2000, Cellcom and Midwest Wireless results are from Cellular Carriers, RCR WIRELESS, Mar. 5, 2001.

Notes:
(1) Puerto Rico Telephone Co. Inc.'s subscribers are as of June 30, 1999.
(2) PCS One is a joint venture between a subsidiary of VoiceStream and D&E Communications, Inc.
(3) In Verizon's 2000 10-K, the company reported 1999 Pro Forma subscribers as 23,791,000.

Table 4: Estimated Mobile Telephone Rollouts
by Number of Launches by County

Total Number of Providers in a County
Number of Counties
POPs Contained in Those Counties (1)
% of Total US POPs
Square Miles Contained in Those Counties
% of Total US Square Miles
3 or More
1812
259,008,748
90.8%
 1,420,596
40.3%
4 or More
1273
240,652,202
84.4%
 960,596
27.3%
5 or More
906
214,143,935
75.1%
 676,621
19.2%
6 or More
485
133,133,133
46.7%
 364,547
10.4%
7 or More
138
33,845,568
11.9%
 112,353
3.2%

Table 5: County Quartiles with Estimated Rollout by at least 3 Mobile Telephone Providers

County Quartile Based on Population
Total Number of Counties (2)
Number of Counties with at least 3 Providers
Percent of Counties in Quartile with at least 3 Providers
POPs in Those Counties (1)
Percent of Quartile POPs with at least 3 Providers
1st Quartile
805
750
93.2%
229,657,015
97.9%
2nd Quartile
805
530
65.8%
21,118,979
67.2%
3rd Quartile
805
387
48.1%
7,099,963
50.2%
4th Quartile
804
145
18.0%
1,132,791
22.6%

Source: Federal Communications Commission estimates based on publicly available information.

Notes:
(1) POPs from the 2000 Census.
(2) United States and Puerto Rico

Table 6: Estimated U.S. Digital Mobile Telephone Subscribers

Technology
1997 Subscribers
1998 Subscribers
97/98
Percent Change
1999 Subscribers
98/99
Percent Change
2000 Subscribers
99/00
Percent Change
Percent of Total Digital Subs
GSM Subs
1,200,000
2,700,000
125%
5,200,000
93%
7,900,000
52%
12%
TDMA Subs
3,800,000
8,700,000
129%
18,000,000
107%
25,900,000
44%
38%
CDMA Subs
1,400,000
6,400,000
357%
15,600,000
144%
26,800,000
72%
40%
iDEN Subs
1,300,000
2,900,000
123%
4,800,000
66%
7,100,000
48%
10%
Total Digital Subs
7,700,000
20,700,000
169%
43,600,000
111%
67,700,000
55%

Percent of Total
14%
30%
115%
51%
69%
62%
22%

Analog Cellular Subs
47,600,000
48,500,000
2%
42,400,000
-13%
41,800,000
-1%

Percent of Total
86%
70%
-19%
49%
-30%
38%
-23%

Total Mobile Phone Subs (1)
55,300,000
69,200,000
25%
86,000,000
24%
109,500,000
27%

Sources:
CDMA: 1997-1999 - Fifth Report, at 17752. 2000 - CDMA Development Group, CDMA Worldwide Subscribers (visited May 17, 2001) < http://www.cdg.org/world/cdma_world_subscriber.asp>. The figure was reported for North America as a whole and was adjusted for the United States by removing the estimated Canadian CDMA subscriber of BCE Mobile Communications, Inc., Telus Corp., and Aliant Inc.
TDMA: 1997-1999 - Fifth Report, at 17752. 2000 - Conversation with Ben Harvey, Director for North America & Membership, Universal Wireless Communications Consortium, Mar. 2001. The figure was reported for North America as a whole and was adjusted for the United States by removing the estimated TDMA subscriber of Rogers Cantel Mobile Communications, Inc. and American Movil, S.A. de C.V's Mexican wireless unit, Telcel.
GSM: 1997-1999- Fifth Report, at 17752. 2000 - GSM North American Customers Top 10 Million Mark, News Release, GSM North American, Mar. 27, 2001. The figure was reported for North America as a whole and was adjusted for the United States by removing the estimated GSM subscribers of Microcell Telecommunications, Inc.
iDEN: 1997-1999 - Fifth Report, at 17752. 2000 - The iDEN figures are the combined estimated digital SMR subscribers for Nextel, Nextel Partners, Southern LINC, and Pacific Wireless Technologies, Inc.

Notes:
(1) Total Mobile Phone Subs: Appendix C, Table 1, at C-2.

Table 7: Mobile Telephone Digital Coverage

Technology
POPs in Those Areas (1)
% of Total POPs (2)
Square Miles Contained in Those Counties
% of Total Square Miles
TDMA
237,706,818
83.3%
1,471,170.0
41.8%
CDMA
241,997,667
84.8%
1,236,939.5
35.1%
GSM
196,851,329
69.0%
787,255.0
22.4%
iDEN
231,573,819
81.2%
960,801.2
27.3%
Total Digital
271,077,680
95.0%
2,015,882.7
57.2%

Source: Federal Communications Commission estimates based on publicly available information.

Notes:
(1) Broadband PCS and digital SMR licensees are analyzed by county; cellular licensees are analyzed by cellular market areas ("CMAs").
(2) POPs from the 2000 Census.

 Table 8: Change in CPI

CPI
Cellular CPI
All Telephone CPI
Local Telephone CPI
Long Distance Telephone CPI

Index Value
Annual Change
Index Value
Annual Change
Index Value
Annual Change
Index Value
Annual Change
Index Value
Annual Change
Dec-97
100

100

100

100

100

Dec-98
101.6
1.6%
91.7
-8.3%
100.3
0.3%
101.3
1.3%
99.9
-0.1%
Dec-99
104.3
2.7%
81.1
-11.6%
100.7
0.4%
104.2
2.8%
98.6
-1.3%
Dec-00
107.9
3.4%
71.1
-12.3%
98.4
-2.3%
110.0
5.5%
89.5
-9.2%

Dec-97 to Dec-00

7.9%

-28.9%

-1.6%

10.0%

-10.5%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 9: Top 20 Mobile Telephone Resellers: 1999 - 2000

1999

2000

Operator
Resale Subscribers
Operator
Resale Subscribers
MCI WorldCom
950,000
MCI WorldCom
2,000,000
Progressive Concepts
77,500
PageTel Wireless
185,000
CellNet Communications
55,000
Areawide Cellular
118,000
Discount Cellular Inc.
46,079
Page Plus Cellular
100,000
Prime Matrix Wireless
46,000
Direct Communications
93,000
DCN Wireless/Robo Wireless
41,896
AirPage
80,146
Select Wireless
40,000
Progressive Concepts
80,000
Anything Wireless
28,000
Locus Telecommunications
75,000
Fox Communications
26,000
Cellnet Communications
53,000
Cellular Plus Systems
23,000
DCN Wireless
41,775
Marathon Communications
20,000
PreCell Cellular
40,000
Cellnet of Ohio Inc.
17,650
Discount Cellular
36,546
SkyNet
17,609
Consumer Cellular
25,000
Car Phones Express
14,863
Page Express
24,182
The Mobile Phone Co.
11,500
Cellular Plus Systems, Inc
20,000
Pacific Cellular
10,500
Car Phones Express Inc.
20,000
San Diego Wireless
10,162
SkyNet
16,846
Apex Wireless
8,500
Cellnet of Ohio Inc.
16,750
Personal Cellular Service
3,700
Aircell Communications
15,000
Phase 2 Cellular
3,500
Central Cellular
15,000
Total
1,451,459

3,055,245
MCI WorldCom's Percentage of top 20
65.5%

65.5%

Sources:
1999: RCR Top 20 Resellers, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, Jan. 10, 2000, at 16.
2000: RCR Top 20 Resellers, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan. 8, 2001, at 18.

Note:
Resellers are defined as those companies that do not own a mobile phone network or license and resell wireless airtime from a licenses carriers' mobile switching center

Table 10: U.S. Mobile Telephone Operators'
Holdings in Foreign Mobile Operators

Operator
Country
Subscribers
(Brand name)
Venture
Ownership (%)
SBC
France
9.319 million
Cegetel (owns 80% of cellular company Societe Francaise de Radiotelephone)
15 (through JV with Vivendi)

Denmark
1.741 million
Tele Danmark
41.6

Belgium
3.062 million
(Proximus)
Belgacom
17.5 (controls 24.36% through investment in Tele Danmark, which owns 16.5% of Belgacom)

South Africa
3.619 million (Vodacom)
Telkom SA(owns 50% of Vodacom)
18

Canada
2.22 million
 (Bell Mobility)
Bell Canada
20

Mexico
9.775 million
(Telcel)
Telmex
8.5

Taiwan
605,000
TransAsia Tele-communications
19.4

Brazil
1.450 million
Algar Telecom Leste S.A.
25 (through Telecom Americas consortium with Bell Canada International and Telmex)

Brazil (Sao Paulo state)
940,000
Tess S.A.
62 (through Telecom Americas consortium with Bell Canada International and Telmex)
BellSouth
Uruguay
126,748
(Movicom)
Abiatar
46

Guatemala
Mid-2000 Launch
BellSouth Guatemala
60

Nicaragua
90,294
Nicacell
89

Ecuador
225,180
Otecel
89.4

Panama
205,564
BellSouth Panama
43.7

Brazil (Sao Paulo)

3,708,090

BCP/BSE
46

Brazil (northeast)

Brazil (central western & northern regions)

Tele Centro Oeste Celular
17.3

Venezuela
3,234,972
Telcel
78.2

Argentina
1,606,704
Movicom/
BellSouth
65

Chile
690,720
BellSouth Chile
100

Columbia
859,366
Celumovil
66

Peru
361,367
Tele 2000
96.8

Germany
6,068,224
E-Plus
22.5 (shares equal control of E-Plus with KPN through ownership in BellSouth GmbH)

Denmark
810,251
Sonofon
46.5

Israel
1,856,488
Cellcom
34.7

India
36,899
SkyCell Communications
50
AT&T
Canada
3 million
Rogers Cantel
17

India
176,800
Birla Communications Ltd.
49

Taiwan
3.211 million
FarEasTone
14

Czech Republic
2.11 million
EuroTel Praha
24.5

Slovakia
493,030
EuroTel Bratislava
24.5

India
606,200
(BPL Mobile)
BPL Cellular
49
Verizon
Italy
15 million
Omnitel Pronto Italia
23.1

Mexico
1.7 million
Iusacell
37.2

Czech Republic
2.11 million
EuroTel Praha
24.5

Slovakia
493,030
EuroTel Bratislava
24.5

Greece
1.645 million
STET Hellas
20

Indonesia
765,000
Excelcomindo
23.1

Japan
3.84 million
Tu-Ka
2.7-5

New Zealand
1.2 million
Telecom New Zealand
24.9

Philippines
26,000
(Extelcom)
BayanTel (owns 46.6% stake in wireless provider Extelcom)
19.4

Argentina
950,000
(CTI Movil)
CTI Holdings
59.5

Canada
2.156 million
TELUS Corporation
22

Venezuela
1.7 million
CANTV
28.5

Taiwan
5.1 million
Taiwan Cellular Corporation
13.5

Dominican Republic
393,000
CODETEL
100
Leap Wireless International
Mexico
536,000
Pegaso PCS
20.1
Sprint PCS
Mexico
536,000
Pegaso PCS
25
Western Wireless International
Ireland

678,000 for all foreign ventures
Launched 2/01
Meteor
78

Iceland

55,000
TAL
57.3

Slovenia

Licensed 11/00
Western Wireless
100

Croatia

470,000
VIPnet
19

Georgia

NA
MagtiCom
14.5

Ghana

NA
Western Telesystems
56.7

Cote d'Ivoire

Launched 9/00
CORA de Comstar
40

Bolivia

Launched 11/00
NuevaTel
67

Haiti

NA
COMCEL
51
Nextel International
Canada
2.156 million
TELUS Corp.
4.8

Japan
49,000
NEXNET Co.
32

Argentina
134,000
Nextel Communications Argentina
100

Brazil
322,000
Nextel Telecomunicacoes
100

Mexico
218,000
Nextel De Mexico
100

Peru
68,000
Nextel del Peru
100

Philippines
42,000
Nextel Communications Philippines, Inc.
51

Sources: Publicly available information such as operators' news releases, web sites and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the web site of the European Radiocommunications Office, and the following sources: Cellular Telephone Subscribers by Network, ASIACOM, Mar. 6, 2001, at 7-10; David Luhnow, Telefonica Unit in Talks to Buy Mexican Stake, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, May 14, 2001, at 13 and 16.

APPENDIX D:
MOBILE DATA

 Table of Contents

Table 1: Contracts in the United States 	D-2

Table 2: Trials in the United States 	 D-3

Table 3: 3G Spectrum Licensing Abroad	 D-4

Table 4: Mobile Internet Access Services	 D-6

Table 5: 1996 - 1999 Paging/Messaging Industry Numbers	 D-7

Table 6: 1996 - 1999 Number of Paging/Messaging Units by Publicly-Held Company 	 D-8

Table 7: 1996 - 1999 Revenues by Publicly-Held Company 	 D-9

Table 8: Advanced Messaging Services	 D-10

Table 9: Handheld Devices with Mobile Internet Access	 D-11

Table 10: Bluetooth-Enabled Devices	 D-12

Table 11: Telemetry Services	 D-13

Table 1: Contracts in the United States

Hardware Company
Carrier Company
Announcement
Value
Summary
Ericsson
Pacific Bell Wireless
February 2000
N/A
Pacific Bell has selected Ericsson to provide GPRS technology on its existing network.

VoiceStream
May 2000
$350 Million
Ericsson will provide GPRS and WAP network infrastructure equipment and handsets.

BellSouth
May 2000
$750 Million
Ericsson will upgrade BellSouth's networks so they are ready for migration to 3G.

AT&T Wireless
November 2000
N/A
Ericsson will provide AT&T Wireless network equipment and mobile phones for its GPRS network.
Lucent
AT&T Wireless
November 2000
N/A
GSM with GPRS base stations; AT&T Wireless selected Lucent as its major 3G equipment provider.

Verizon Wireless
March 2001
$5 Billion
Lucent will provide Verizon Wireless products, services and software for its cdma2000 3G1XRTT network.

Nextel
March 2001
N/A
Lucent will provide high-speed network switches for Nextel's iDEN network.
Motorola
Sprint PCS
January 2001
N/A
Motorola will provide Sprint with cdma2000 network upgrades to 1x packet data capability.
Nokia
AT&T Wireless
November 2000
N/A
Nokia will provide AT&T Wireless GPRS, triple-mode base station radio solutions.
Nortel
AT&T Wireless
November 2000
N/A
Nortel will supply AT&T Wireless with 3G infrastructure equipment.

Source: The information provided above is illustrative of technology contracts and should not be considered an exhaustive list. Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Table 2: Tests/Trials in the United States

Hardware
Company
Carrier
Company
Announcement
Summary
Nortel Networks
AT&T Wireless
June 2000
Nortel and AT&T Wireless will conduct non-commercial trials of GPRS.

Verizon Wireless
November 2000
Nortel and Verizon Wireless completed trial of cdma2000 high-speed data and voice transmissions.
Lucent
Symmetry Communications Systems
January 2000
Symmetry and Lucent have agreed to collaborate on interoperability testing of 2.5G wireless network elements.

QUALCOMM
April 2000
The companies have collaborated on 3G wireless data technology, resulting in the first live transmissions of over-the-air data using cdma2000-1x technology.

Sprint PCS
June 2000
Will test 1x Evolution (1xEV) technology which is based on HDR and incorporates 1xRTT.

Verizon Wireless
July 2000
Verizon and Lucent completed a wireless data transmission at ten times faster than current CDMA transmission speeds. The wireless transmission was complete via a 3G network installed by Lucent.

Verizon Wireless
November 2000
Lucent and Verizon will trial cdma2000 1xEV for 3G mobile data services.

Sprint
April 2001
Lucent and Sprint complete a trial of the fastest 3G data call at a speed up to 2.4 Mbps. The test was completed using CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology. Testing will continue through June 2001.
Motorola
N/A
February 2000
The company announced the successful completion of a voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) call on top of a 3G high-speed packet data call at 384 Kbps.

Sprint PCS
March 2001
Sprint PCS will work with Motorola to conduct Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME) lab trials. J2ME may be used to deliver applications to customers over 3G networks.
QUALCOMM
Sprint PCS & Samsung Telecommunications America
March 2000
The companies announced that they have successfully completed the first voice call by a carrier using 3G CDMA 1x technology in North America.

Sprint PCS
May 2000
The companies announced U.S. trials of a 3G CDMA 1x Multi-Carrier (MC) voice and data solutions began in April 2000.

Sources: The information provided above is illustrative of tests and trials and should not be considered an exhaustive list. Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Table 3: 3G Licensing Abroad
Country

(status)
Spectrum
(MHz)
Number of Licenses
Assignment
Method
Auction Revenue
Or License Fee

Foreign
Currency
US Dollars
Austria

 (Awarded November 2000)
145
4-6
(6 awarded)
Auction
(with pre-qualification based on assessment of technical & economic abilities)
ATS 11.443 billion
$714 million
Australia

(Awarded March 2001)
140 in capital cities
4 or more
(6 awarded)
Auction
$1.170 billion
$575 million

110 in Canberra
3 or more
(5 awarded)

40 in regional areas
2 or more
(3 awarded)

Belgium

(Awarded March 2001)

140

(105 sold)
4
(3 awarded)
Auction
Euros 450.2 million
$419 million
Denmark

(Scheduled for October 2001)
140
4
Auction
To be determined
Finland

(Awarded March 1999)
140
4
Beauty contest
No charge for license - Annual spectrum fee of Euros 1000 per 25 KHz
Annual spectrum fee of $890 per 25 KHz
France

(2 awarded May 2001)
140
4
(2 bids received)
Beauty contest with entrance fee
FFr 32.5 billion per license
$4.74 billion per license
Germany

(Awarded August 2000)
145
4-6
(6 awarded)
Auction
99.368 billion DM
$46.214 billion
Greece

(Expected July 2001)
140
4
Auction
To be determined
Hong Kong

(Expected mid-2001)
140
4
Combination
(pre-qualification followed by auction)
Royalty percentage of service revenue to be determined by auction
Italy

(Awarded October 2000)
145
(145 MHz auctioned & 20 MHz sold at fixed price to two winning entrants)
5
Combination (pre-qualification beauty contest followed by competitive bids)
L 23.55 billion
$10.084 billion
Ireland

(Expected May-June 2001)
140
4
Beauty contest
To be determined
Japan

(Awarded July 2000)
120
3
Beauty contest
Not available
Netherlands

(Awarded July 2000)
145

5
Auction
Fl 5.918 billion
$2.515 billion
Norway

(Awarded November 2000)
140
4
Beauty contest
Kr 400 million + annual fee of Kr 20 million per license
$43 million + annual fee of $2.2 million per license
Portugal

(Awarded November 2000)
140
4
Beauty contest
80 billion Escudos + annual license fee
$357 million + annual license fee
Singapore

(Originally scheduled for April 2001)
140
4
Auction
(may not take place given only 4 bidders)
To be determined
South Korea

(2 awarded December 2000; 1 more expected May 2001)
Not available
3
(2 awarded)
Beauty contest
Not available
Spain

(Awarded March 2000)
140
4
Beauty contest
Euros 520 million + annual fee of Euros 150 million per license
$462.8 million + annual fee of $133.5 million per license
Sweden

(Awarded December 2000)
140
4
Beauty contest
SKr 400,000 + annual fee of 0.15% of turnover
$44,000 + annual fee of 0.15% of turnover
Switzerland

(Awarded December 2000)
140
4
Auction
CHF 205 million
$120 million
Taiwan

(Expected December 2001)
170
5
Combination (pre-qualification followed by auction)
To be determined
UK

(Awarded April 2000)
140
5

Auction
22.4774 billion
$35.411 billion

Sources: Publicly available information such as web sites of national regulatory authorities, the EU Commission, and the ITU.

Table 4: Mobile Internet Access Services

ISP
Price per month
Notes
ALLTEL
 Free with select Total Freedom rate plans
 $5.95 with select digital rate plans
Users can customize their wireless web home pages to include pertinent information and tools, such as a list of bookmarks.
AT&T Wireless
 Free with AT&T Wireless calling plan
 $6.99 to $14.99 for additional services
Basic free service includes access to over 80 web sites. Plus and Premium plans include access to all web sites, email, calendar, contact list, and other features.
Cingular Wireless
 $6.99
Available in 13 cities. Provides content such as movie listings, stock quotes, news, weather and yellow pages.
Earthlink
 $79.95 unlimited Ricochet service
Service available on Ricochet devices in 3 Ricochet cities: Atlanta, Phoenix, and San Diego.
GoAmerica
 $9.95 for 25k
 $59.95 unlimited
 $74.95 unlimited Ricochet services
Available to users of several different devices. Includes access to a Go.Web e-mail account or to an existing web-based e-mail account, and to nearly any web site that has been designed for mobile access. Users can customize content through a MyGo.Web portal.
Juno
 $79.95 unlimited Ricochet service
Service available on Ricochet devices in 15 cities served by Ricochet.
Nextel Online
 From $14.95
Partnered w/ MSN Mobile. Allows Internet access via Nextel phone or utilize phone as a modem for full web access.
OmniSky
 $39.95 unlimited
Available to users of several different devices. Includes access to an existing web-based or Microsoft Outlook e-mail account, and to a variety of web content that has been designed for mobile access. Users can customize content with My OmniSky.
Palm.Net
 $9.99 50 KB
 $24.99 150 KB
 $44.99 unlimited
Available to the Palm VII and VIIx. Includes mobile e-mail access to a Palm.Net account and access to over 580 web-clipped sites.
Ricochet
 $74.95 or $75.95 unlimited 128 kbps service
Modem attachment provides mobile Internet access for laptops. Service available at 128 kbps in 13 cities (Atlanta, Baltimore, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, and San Francisco), and at 28 kbps in three cities (Seattle, Washington, D.C., and parts of San Francisco Bay Area) while it upgrades to 128 kbps.
Sprint PCS
 From $9.99 with Sprint PCS calling plan
Calling plan minutes can be used for either calls or Internet. Includes access to over 80 web sites.
Vaultus (formerly MobileLogic.web)
 $70.00
Wireless web access package, including software, wireless Internet airtime, wireless data modem, and technical support. MobileLogic.web software compresses and optimizes web pages to deliver a faster transmission over the wireless link.
Verizon Wireless
 $6.95
Allows users to customize content, either with a handset or through a wired PC at MyVZW.com, Verizon's portal.
VoiceStream
 $4.99
Allows limited Internet e-mail capacity and basic web info in the form of text messages for stock quotes, sports scores, etc. Powered by InfoStream (Infospace).
Wireless Web Connect
$74.95 unlimited Ricochet service
Service available on Ricochet devices in 15 cities served by Ricochet.
WorldCom
$79.95 unlimited Ricochet service
Service available in 8 Ricochet cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, New York, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and San Diego.

Sources: The information provided above is illustrative of Internet access services provided by mobile telephone operators in 2000 and should not be considered an exhaustive list. Information is based on publicly available company documents such as news releases, company web sites, SEC filings, and newspaper and periodical articles.

Table 5: 1998 -2000 Paging/Messaging Industry Numbers

Paging/ Messaging Units
Percent Growth
Advanced Messaging Subscribers
Percent Growth
Advanced Messaging
Revenues
Percent Growth
Average Monthly Revenue Per Unit
1998
45,100,000
4.40%
500,000
150%
$125,000,000
101%
$28.85
1999
45,800,000
1.55%
700,000
40%
$176,000,000
41%
$23.62
2000
45,300,000
-1.09%
1,200,000
71%
$257,000,000
46%
$22.29

Source: THE STRATEGIS GROUP, U.S. PAGING SUBSCRIBERS AND REVENUES: 1995-2004 (2000).

Table 6: 1996 - 2000 Number of Paging/Messaging Units by Publicly-Held Company

Company
1996
growth
1997
growth
1998
growth
1999
growth
2000
Arch (1)
16,246,574
7.68%
17,494,743
-1.45%
17,240,908
-7.83%
15,891,000
-25.15%
11,894,000
Metrocall (2)
4,576,148
16.50%
5,331,177
6.16%
5,659,550
4.74%
5,927,939
5.51%
6,254,373
Vodafone AirTouch (3)
2,850,000
8.81%
3,101,000
10.35%
3,422,000
 n/a
 n/a
n/a
n/a
WebLink Wireless
1,851,445
35.75%
2,513,337
4.19%
2,618,527
1.70%
2,662,995
-16.70%
2,218,340
Ameritech (4)
1,140,000
31.58%
1,500,000
2.80%
1,542,000
 n/a
 n/a
n/a
n/a
SkyTel (5)
907,300
20.90%
1,096,900
29.62%
1,421,800
 n/a
 n/a
n/a
n/a
American Paging (6)
777,400
4.33%
811,100
n/a
n/a
 n/a
 n/a
n/a
n/a
Preferred Networks
362,481
25.47%
454,795
15.50%
525,274
0.07%
525,622
-14.39%
450,000
Teletouch (7)
195,500
64.25%
321,100
8.91%
349,700
12.73%
394,200
4.43%
411,700
Paging Partners (8)
83,000
81.93%
151,000
19.87%
181,000
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Aquis Communications
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
375,000
-8.8%
342,000

Sources: Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Notes:

(1) In June 1999, Arch completed its acquisition of MobileMedia. The Arch figures for 1996, 1997, and 1998 include MobileMedia subscribers. On November 10, 2000, Arch Wireless completed its merger with PageNet. The Arch figures for 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 include PageNet subscribers.
(2) On December 30, 1997, Metrocall completed its acquisition of ProNet. The Metrocall figures for 1996 include ProNet subscribers. On October 2, 1998, Metrocall completed its acquisition of AT&T. Metrocall's figures for 1996 and 1997 include the AT&T subscribers.
(3) Vodafone AirTouch does not report paging subscribers.
(4) Ameritech was acquired by SBC in 1999, which does not report paging subscribers.
(5) SkyTel was acquired by WorldCom, Inc. which does not report paging subscribers.
(6) American Paging was acquired by TSR Wireless, LLC, a privately held company in 1998.
(7) In September 2000, Teletouch acquired GTE's Texarkana paging operations. The Teletouch figures for 2000 include GTE's Texarkana subscribers.
(8) Paging Partners was acquired by Aquis Communications on March 31, 1999.

TABLE 7: 1996 - 2000 REVENUES BY PUBLICLY-HELD COMPANY

Company
1996
growth
1997
growth
1998
growth
1999
growth
2000
Arch (1)
$1,794,567
5.05%
$1,885,209
1.28%
$1,909,343
-14.55 %
$1,631,547
-47.83%
$851,082
Metrocall (2)
$247,101
17.10%
$289,364
60.60%
$464,724
31.30%
$610,187
-7.90%
$561,983
Vodafone AirTouch (3)
$343,000
7.58%
$369,000
13.55%
$419,000
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
WebLink Wireless
$221,592
25.36%
$277,778
12.19%
$311,652
4.34%
$325,165
-10.82%
$289,976
SkyTel (4)
$330,239
14.27%
$377,366
28.87%
$486,304
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
American Paging (5)
$104,187
-9.38%
$94,413
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Preferred Networks
$11,734
52.67%
$17,914
9.23%
$19,567
n/a
$17,033
-17.19%
$14,105
Teletouch (6)
$31,725
30.46%
$41,389
9.11%
$45,159
13.24%
$51,138
10.66%
$56,591
Paging Partners (7)
$6,910
31.24%
$9,069
n/a
$9,902
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Aquis Communications
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
$31,159
-7.95%
$28,683

Sources: Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Notes:

(1) The Arch figures are pro forma figures estimated to include MobileMedia's and PageNet's operations.
(2) The Metrocall figures are pro forma figures estimated to include ProNet's operations. AT&T did not separately report paging figures.
(3) Vodafone AirTouch does not report paging figures.
(4) SkyTel was acquired by WorldCom, Inc. which does not report paging figures.
(5) American Paging was acquired by TSR Wireless, LLC, a privately held company in 1998.
(6) In September 2000, Teletouch acquired GTE's Texarkana paging operations. The Teletouch figures for 2000 include GTE's Texarkana subscribers.
(7) Paging Partners was acquired by Aquis Communications on March 31, 1999.
(8) On June 16, 2000, Aquis completed its acquisition of Suburban Connect and on February 1, 2000 the company completed its acquisition of SourceOne Paging. The Aquis figures for 2000 include Suburban Connect and SourceOne subscribers.

TABLE 8: ADVANCED MESSAGING SERVICES

ISP
Notes
Device
Cost
Monthly Cost
Arch
Offers mobile e-mail, customized profile to personalize messages, text messages up to 5,000 characters, and assured delivery where messages are stored for up to 96 hours when the unit is turned off or outside coverage areas. Also offers the ability to download wireless applications including flight updates, ATM and restaurant locations and maps.
Motorola T900, Motorola PageWriter 2000x
$179.95
Arch Webster 100
$14.95 to $39.95
Cingular Interactive
Offers quick response time, interactive messaging. Special confirmation feature indicates messages are "delivered" and "read". Able to retrieve and manage e-mail messages from different sources. Can use the same e-mail address for handheld as used for desktop PC. Offers access to wireless Web content including headlines, horoscopes and weather forecasts.
RIM 950
$399
$44.99
Motient
Offers the eLink wireless e-mail service. ELink lets users send and receive real-time e-mail messages from virtually anywhere in the United States. It also acts as an inbox, information manager, pager and calendar.
RIM 850
$399
$24.95 to $59.95
Metrocall
Offers interactive messaging, and the ability to send and receive e-mail. The service can be integrated with desktop e-mail. Also, user can access and customize Internet content.
Motorola T900,
RIM 850
$149.95
$399
$29.95 to $59.95
SkyTel
Ability to send and receive e-mail messages of up to 2,000 characters. Offers guaranteed delivery for storage up to 72 hours and nationwide coverage.
Motorola PF1500,
Glenayre AccessMate,

$135
$150
SkyWord Plus
$29.95

Glenayre AccessLink II, Motorola Timeport T935,
Motorola Talkabout T900
$195;
$399;
$180
SkyWriter
$24.95

RIM 850
$395
ELink
$59.95
WebLink Wireless
With WebLink Wireless service, users are able to send instant messages to other wireless devices or to send e-mail to any Internet address. Offers the ability to access Internet content including news, sports, and weather.
Motorola Talkabout T900; Timeport P935; PageWriter 2000x, Glenayre AccessLink II
$99.95
$499.95
$19.95 to $29.95
Verizon
Offers interactive messaging and access to Internet content including news, weather, stock reports, sports updates and more.
Motorola Talkabout T900
$124.95
$12.95 to $29.95

Sources: Information is based on publicly available documents through the end of 2000 such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Table 9: Handheld Devices with Mobile Internet Access

Handheld/PDA
Manufacturer
Wireless Internet Connection
Price
Casio E-125
Casio
Nextcell Pocket Spider Modem
$549.99
Compaq iPAQ -series
Compaq
PC Card Expansion Pack and Sierra Wireless Aircard 300
$599
Visor -series
Handspring
Novatel Minstrel S wireless modem, VisorPhone, or Glenayre @ctiveLink advanced messaging module
$149-$449
HP Jornada -series
Hewlett-Packard
Minstrel 540 wireless modem
$499
Palm VII and VIIx
Palm
Built-In Wireless
$399 ($299
Palm III and V
Palm
Mobile phone or Novatel Minstrel wireless modem
$329-$349
Palm m105
Palm
Mobile phone
$199
RIM 850/950/857/957
Research in Motion
Built-In Wireless
$399-$499

Sources: Information is based on publicly available documents through the end of 2000 such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

Table 10: Bluetooth-Enabled Devices

Company
Product Name
Product Type
Ericsson
R520m/R520mc
Mobile phone

Bluetooth Headset
Mobile phone accessory
Fujitsu
Lifebook C-6632, Lifebook B-2547, or FMV BIBLIO NE7/####
Mobile computers

Bluetooth Wireless Modem Access Point
Computer accessory
IBM
Bluetooth PC-Card
Computer accessory
Motorola
Bluetooth PC-Card
Computer accessory

Timeport 270
Mobile phone
NEC Corp.
Bluetooth Printer Adaptor
Computer accessory
Siemens
Bluetooth MPI-Adapter
Mobile phone accessory
Sony
Notebook Computers PCG-1524 and PCG-3314
Mobile computers
Toshiba
Bluetooth PC-Card
Computer accessory

Bluetooth Data Projector Kit
Office equipment
WIDCOMM
BlueConnect
Computer accessory
Xircom
RealPort 2 Bluetooth Adapter
Computer accessory

Sources: The information provided above is illustrative of the qualified Bluetooth-enabled devices available from equipment manufacturers and should not be considered an exhaustive list. Information is based on the Bluetooth Qualification web site: <http://qualweb.opengroup.org/Template.cfm?LinkQualified=QualifiedProducts>.

Table 11: Telemetry Services

Company
Status
Schlumberger
5 million wireless telemetry customers in North America connected as of February 2001.
Itron
Offers AMR exclusively; had shipped 17 million AMR units at YE 2000 (10 percent increase from YE 1999) to over 650 utilities.
Aeris's MicroBurst
Leases the control channel of cellular networks from cellular carriers covering 98 percent of United States. During 2000, Aeris signed agreements with the following telemetry providers: SupplyNet Communications for the inventory and logistics management of liquid and gas filled tanks (allows distributors to remotely monitor the storage conditions and content levels of tanks); Telemetry Technologies for mobile asset tracking, automatic meter reading, and petrochemical asset, tank, and generator monitoring; LoJack to pinpoint the locations of vehicles and provide motorists with services such as emergency roadside assistance, remote door unlock, and E911; and the DPL Group to provide telemetry services for DPL's vending machine and vehicle fleet monitoring devices.
Cellemetry Data Service
Operating unit of NumereX Technologies; leases capacity from cellular carriers covering 99 percent of U.S. cellular markets. Provides two-way, wireless data connectivity for a variety of machine-to-machine communications that remotely monitor, measure, or track fixed and mobile assets. Remote monitoring equipment manufacturer, OmniMetrix, uses Cellemetry network to provide Caterpillar with wireless remote status and location monitoring for its fixed and mobile generator sets. Cellemetry signed agreements with Advanced Monitoring & Control, Inc. to provide monitoring of natural gas transport pipelines, and with Eberwhite Data Technologies, Inc. to monitor various attributes of liquid and gas storage tanks.
WebLink Wireless Inc.
Its telemetry business unity, Wireless Control Systems, sells the use of its narrowband PCS spectrum for remote monitoring services; has contracts to deploy security alarm monitoring and HVAC control systems.
Motient
Offers telemetry services such as AMR, asset tracking, and vending machine monitoring.
Cingular Interactive
Resells network to telemetry providers, such as alarm, billboard sign, and vending machine monitoring companies. EverTrac, Inc., a joint venture of Computer Associates International, Inc. and United Microelectronics Corporation, will use Cingular Interactive network to send fleet vehicle data, such as fuel consumption, mileage and location, from vehicles to offices.
SkyTel Reflex Telemetry Services
Offers telemetry services for nearly any type of machine measurement system. Uses narrowband PCS spectrum, satellite backhaul, and CreataLink2 XT wireless data transceiver devices to monitor and transmit remote data for its customers. Data transfer speeds are 25.6 kbps.

Sources: Information is based on publicly available documents such as news releases, newspaper and periodical articles, company web pages, and SEC filings.

APPENDIX E:
MAPS

 Table of Contents

Map 1: Mobile Telephone Operator Coverage Estimated by County 	E-2

Map 2: Estimated Rollout with Any Digital Coverage	E-3

Map 3: Estimated Rollout with CDMA-Based Coverage	E-4

Map 4: Estimated Rollout with TDMA-Based Coverage	E-5

Map 5: Estimated Rollout with GSM-Based Coverage 	E-6

Map 6: Estimated Rollout with iDEN-Based Coverage	E-7

Map 7: Lowerband Fixed Wireless Internet Access Rollout Estimated by County	E-8

Map 8: Rollout of Fixed Wireless Internet Access via Unlicensed Spectrum	E-9

Map 9: U.S. Markets with Upperband Fixed Wireless Deployment.	E-10

Map 1

Map 2

Map 3

Map 4

Map 5

Map 6

Map 7

Map 8

Map 9

1	Commercial Mobile Services came to be known by the Commission as the Commercial Mobile Radio Services, or "CMRS."
2	The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-66, Title VI,  6002(b), amending the Communications Act of 1934 and codified at 47 U.S.C.  332(c).
3	Id. codified at 47 U.S.C.  332(c)(1)(C).
4 	This report, like the others before it, discusses CMRS as a whole because Congress called on the Commission to report on "competitive market conditions with respect to commercial mobile services." 47 U.S.C.  332 (c)(1)(C). Any individual proceeding in which the Commission defines relevant product and geographic markets, such as an application for approval of a license transfer, may present facts pointing to narrower or broader product markets than any used, suggested, or implied in this report.
5 	47 CFR 20.9.
6	See, e.g., Section II.A.2.b, Satellite Operators, infra, which includes a discussion of satellite services that are regulated as commercial mobile radio services as well as satellite services that may compete with CMRS, even though they are not subject to the CMRS rules.
7	Implementation of Section 6002(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market Conditions with Respect to Commercial Mobile Services, Fifth Report, 15 FCC Rcd 17660 (2000) ("Fifth Report"). A copy of the Fifth Report that includes color versions of the maps may be found on the Commission's Internet site at <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/reports/fc000289.pdf>.
8	This report defines the mobile telephone segment to include the provision of mobile telephony services by cellular, broadband Personal Communications Services ("broadband PCS"), and digital Specialized Mobile Radio ("SMR") operators.
9	Mobile data service is the delivery of non-voice information to a mobile device and includes everything from paging messages to web access on a mobile phone to e-mail delivery. Participants include both CMRS and non-CMRS providers, many of whom also offer mobile telephony services.
10 	A number of providers continue to provide both commercial and private dispatch services at 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 220 MHz, 217-219 MHz, and 450-470 MHz. See Applications of Motorola, Inc.; Motorola SMR, Inc.; and Motorola Communications and Electronics, Inc. Assignors; and FCI 900, Inc., Assignee; for Consent to Assignment of 900 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio Licenses, Order, DA 01-947 (rel. Apr. 17, 2001) ("Motorola Order"). Dispatch and SMR are often used interchangeably, although SMR refers to specific spectrum ranges. See Section II.A.1.a(i), Spectrum Allocation, infra.
11 	See Dan Meyer, The Winds Of Change: Southern LINC, Nextel Partners Define Their Roles In Market, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Nov. 13, 2000; and note 47, infra. See also, Motorola Order, at 12. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau noted in that Order that it recognized 'the increasing convergence of CMRS services' and that it "may well adopt a broader market definition in reviewing future transactions." Nothing in this report should be construed as the Commission taking such action on that market definition.
12 	See Section II.A.1.a(iii)(a), Combinations, Sales, and License Swaps, infra.
13 	See Section II.A.1.c, Continued Rise of Digital, infra.
14 	Generally, "footprint" is an industry term of art referring to the total geographic area in which a wireless provider offers service or is licensed to offer service.
15 	See Section II.A.1.a(iii)(a), Combinations, Sales, and License Swaps, infra.
16	See Section II.B.2.b, Mobile Telephone Operator Offerings, infra. Unless otherwise noted, the terms "wireless web" and "mobile web" are used throughout the Introduction and Section II.B, Mobile Data, to mean mobile Internet access via mobile telephone handsets.
17 	Id. Because some mobile telephone carriers offer mobile Internet access without a separate subscription beyond voice service, the term "users" is used instead of "subscribers." Mobile telephone carriers generally define their mobile Internet "users" as customers who have connected to the Internet using their mobile handsets within a certain period of time.
18 	See Section II.B.2.a, Paging/Messaging, infra.
19 	See Section II.B.2.c, Handheld Devices, infra.
20 	All of the data in this report are taken from publicly available sources. These sources include: trade associations, securities analysts, company releases and web sites, filings with the SEC, newspaper and periodical articles, and certain materials made available to the Commission that were prepared by research companies and consultants that study various aspects of the wireless industry. The accuracy of the data from these materials, however, was not independently verified by the Commission. The inclusion of these data in this report does not constitute a representation or warranty by the Commission of their accuracy or completeness.
21 	See Appendix C, Table 1, at C-2. The nationwide penetration rate is calculated by dividing total mobile telephone subscribers by the total U.S. population. According to the 2000 Census, the population of the United States on April 1, 2000 was 283.0 million. In 1999, the U.S. population was estimated to be 271.0 million. See Fifth Report, at 17663. The 1999 population estimate appears to be lower than what the actual population was at that time. Therefore, a comparison of the 1999 and 2000 penetration rates would make the rate of increase in wireless penetration look lower than it actually was.
22	See Section II.A.1.b(v), Market Entry, infra, for a detailed discussion.
23 	See Appendix C, Table 4, at C-5.
24 	Id.
25 	Id.
26 	The four main digital technologies used in the United States are: Code Division Multiple Access ("CDMA"), Global System Mobile Communications ("GSM"), integrated Digital Enhanced Network ("iDEN"), and Time Division Multiple Access ("TDMA").
27 	See Section II.A.1.c, Continued Rise of Digital, infra, for a detailed discussion.
28	See Section II.A.1.d, Pricing Data and Trends, infra, for a detailed discussion of price competition.
29	Id.
30 	Id.
31 	See Section II.B.3, Developing Mobile Data Services, infra.
32 	3G generally refers to high-speed advanced mobile services and the technologies that will make such services available. 3G speeds are expected to reach 2 Mbps from a fixed location, 384 kbps at pedestrian speeds, and 144 kbps at traveling speeds of 100 kilometers per hour. See Fifth Report, at 17695. "2.5G" refers to the interim technologies that carriers will use while migrating from their current 2G technologies of CDMA, TDMA, GSM, and iDEN to 3G technologies. Some members of the wireless industry label certain technologies as "3G," while others label the same technology as "2.5G." Therefore, it is difficult to place the next generation of network technologies into catergories, but the 2.5G and 3G technologies include General Packet Radio Service ("GPRS"), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution ("EDGE"), Wideband CDMA ("WCDMA"), cdma2000 1X, cdma2000 1XEV, and cdma2000 3XRTT. WCDMA is also known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). The general migration path for GSM and TDMA carriers is to implement GPRS, then possibly EDGE and eventually WCDMA, while the current CDMA carriers will likely deploy the cdma2000 technologies. See Section II.B.1.c, 3G Developments, infra.
33 	See Section II.B.1.c, 3G Developments, infra. These carriers include the six nationwide mobile telephone carriers discussed in Section II.A.1.a(iii), Building Nationwide Networks, infra.
34	See Implementation of Section 6002(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market Conditions with Respect to Commercial Mobile Services, Fourth Report, 14 FCC Rcd 10145 (1999) ("Fourth Report"), at 10151-10152, and Fifth Report, at 17668.
35	As codified at 47 C.F.R.  22.900, 24.200, 90.601.
36 	The first auction was for two license blocks of 30 megahertz each. FCC Grants 99 Licenses For Broadband Personal Communications Services In Major Trading Areas, News Release, Federal Communications Commission, June 23, 1995. The Commission has had five additional broadband PCS auctions. See Federal Communications Commission, Completed Auctions (visited Apr. 13, 2001) <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/serv8.html>. Three licenses were also awarded as part of a pioneer preference program in 1994. Three Pioneer Preference PCS Applications Granted, News Release, Federal Communications Commission, Dec. 14, 1994.
37 	See Section II.A.1.a(iv), Auction No. 35, infra.
38	The Commission's broadband PCS allocation includes 20 megahertz of spectrum at 1910 MHz - 1930 MHz for unlicensed broadband PCS. Unlicensed broadband PCS is used for short-range communications such as local area networks in offices. Such systems operate with very low power and have a limit on the duration of transmissions.
39	Major Trading Areas are Material Copyright (c) 1992 Rand McNally & Company. Rights granted pursuant to a license from Rand McNally & Company through an arrangement with the Federal Communications Commission. Rand McNally's MTA specification contains 47 geographic areas covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For its spectrum auctions, the Commission has added three MTA-like areas: Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. In addition, Alaska was separated from the Seattle MTA into its own MTA-like area. MTAs are combinations of two or more Basic Trading Areas ("BTAs"). BTAs are Material Copyright (c) 1992 Rand McNally & Company. Rights granted pursuant to a license from Rand McNally & Company through an arrangement with the Federal Communications Commission. BTAs are geographic areas drawn based on the counties in which residents of a given BTA make the bulk of their shopping goods purchases. Rand McNally's BTA specification contains 487 geographic areas covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For its spectrum auctions, the Commission added additional BTA-like areas for: American Samoa; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Mayagez/Aguadilla-Ponce, Puerto Rico; and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
40	In June 1998, broadband PCS C block licensees were permitted to elect to disaggregate their licenses and return 15 megahertz of C block spectrum to the Commission. As a result, a number of licensees elected to disaggregate some or all of their licenses, creating some BTAs with seven broadband PCS spectrum licenses. See Amendment of the Commission's Rules Regarding Installment Payment Financing for Personal Communications Services (PCS) Licensees, Second Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 12 FCC Rcd 16436 (1997); Amendment of the Commission's Rules Regarding Installment Payment Financing for Personal Communications Services (PCS) Licensees, Order on Reconsideration of the Second Report and Order, 13 FCC Rcd 8345 (1998). See also Section II.A.1.a(iv), Auction No. 35, infra, for additional recent changes.
41 	The "900 MHz" SMR band refers to spectrum allocated in the 896-901 and 935-940 MHz bands; the "800 MHz" band refers to spectrum allocated in the 806-824 and 851-869 MHz bands. See 47 C.F.R. 90.603; see also 47 C.F.R.  90.7 (defining "specialized mobile radio system").
42 	The Commission has had four auctions for SMR licenses. Federal Communications Commission, Completed Auctions (visited Apr. 4, 2001) <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/serv8.html#completed>.
43 	Five megahertz in the 900 MHz band (200 paired channels x 12.5 kHz/channel). See 47 C.F.R. 90.617, Table 4B. 21.5 megahertz in the 800 MHz band: 14 megahertz in the 800 SMR Service (280 paired channels x 25 kHz/channel) and 7.5 megahertz in the 800 MHz General Category (150 paired channels x 25 kHz/channel). See 47 C.F.R. 90.615, Table 1 (SMR General Category) and 47 C.F.R. 90.617, Table 4A (SMR Service). The Commission has also recently amended its rules to allow Business and Industrial/Land Transportation licensees in the 800 MHz band to use their spectrum for CMRS operations under certain conditions. Implementation of Sections 309(j) and 337 of the Communications Act of 1934 as Amended Promotion of Spectrum Efficient Technologies on Certain Part 90 Frequencies; Establishment of Public Service Radio Pool in the Private Mobile Frequencies Below 800 MHz; Petition for Rule Making of The American Mobile Telecommunications Association, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, FCC 00-403 (rel. Nov. 20, 2000), at  110-111. This could make up to five megahertz of additional spectrum available for digital SMR providers: 2.5 megahertz in the Industrial/Land Transportation Category (50 paired channels x 25 kHz/channel) and 2.5 megahertz in the Business Category (50 paired channels x 25 kHz/channel). See 47 C.F.R. 90.617, Tables 2A and 3A.
44 	Principles for Reallocation of Spectrum to Encourage the Development of Telecommunications Technologies for the New Millennium, Policy Statement, 14 FCC Rcd 19868 (1999); see also Applications of Various Subsidiaries and Affiliates of Geotek Communications, Inc. and FCI 900, Inc., Memorandum Opinion and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 790 (2000), at  25.
45 	Dispatch services allow two-way, real-time, voice communications between fixed units and mobile units (e.g., between a taxicab dispatch office and a taxi) or between two or more mobile units (e.g., between a car and a truck). See Fifth Report, at 17727-17728, for a detailed discussion.
46 	See The Strategis Group, THE STATE OF THE SMR INDUSTRY: NEXTEL AND DISPATCH COMMUNICATIONS (Sept. 2000), at 57; The Strategis Group, U.S. DISPATCH MARKETS (Jan. 2000) at 1. See also Motorola Order, at  13.
47 	According to Nextel, "[We are] referred to as an 'SMR provider' . . ., although [our] services compete directly with and are regulated virtually identically to those of cellular and PCS providers." Nextel, Automatic and Manual Roaming Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Comments, WT Docket No. 00-193, at note 4. However, in comparison with cellular and broadband PCS providers, digital SMR providers are more focused on the business than the individual consumer market. See, e.g., Nextel Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 14, 2000, at 16.
48 	 "Trunked" dispatch, which refers to dispatch offered on systems allowing automatic sharing of multiple radio channels, is available on spectrum allocated in the 217-219, 220-222, and 450-470 MHz frequency bands. See Motorola Order, at  18-20 for a detailed discussion.
49 	Id., at  22.
50 	Some markets may have fewer licensees because certain auction winners have defaulted on payments to the Commission, because some licensees returned their licenses, or because some licenses went unsold in auction.
51 	47 CFR  24.714 (PCS); 47 CFR  22.948 (cellular); 47 CFR  22.948; 47 CFR  90.813,  90.911 (auctioned SMR).
52 	In addition, the Commission's rules limit an entity from having cross-interests in cellular licenses on both blocks within a geographic area. 47 CFR  22.942.
53 	No more than 10 megahertz of SMR spectrum is attributable to an entity under the cap. 47 CFR  20.6(b).
54	47 CFR  20.6(a). The Commission is currently reviewing whether it should alter its spectrum cap rules. 2000 Biennial Regulatory Review Spectrum Aggregation Limits for Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, WT Docket No. 01-14 (rel. Jan 23, 2001).
55 	PCS and cellular networks are both "cellular" systems, since both divide service regions into many small areas called "cells." Cells can be as small as an individual building or as big as 20 miles across, or any size in between. Each cell is equipped with its own radio transmitter/receiver antenna. Service regions are divided into cells so that individual radio frequencies may be used over and over again in different cells ("frequency reuse"), allowing for more calls in the system. When a person makes a call on a wireless phone, the message is transmitted to the nearest antenna, which connects with the local phone network. When a person is using a wireless phone and approaches the boundary of one cell, the wireless network senses that the signal is becoming weak and automatically hands off the call to the antenna in the next cell. US Unwired, About Cellular (visited Mar. 8, 2001) <http://www.usunwired.com/wireless/cellular/cellular.cfm>. SMR and cellular/broadband PCS convergence is not discussed here because no mobile telephony operator uses cellular or broadband PCS spectrum in addition to SMR spectrum.
56 	Dan Meyer, Analog Service Not Fading Away, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan 18, 2001, at 18; see also Verizon Wireless, Inc., SEC Form S-1, Aug. 24, 2000, at 84. See Section II.B, Mobile Data, infra.
57 	Verizon Wireless is a joint venture of Verizon Communications, Inc. ("Verizon") and Vodafone Group PLC ("Vodafone"). Verizon owns 55 percent of Verizon Wireless, and Vodafone owns 45 percent.
58 	Cingular Wireless is a subsidiary of Cingular, LLC ("Cingular"), a joint venture of SBC Communications, Inc. ("SBC") and BellSouth Corporation ("BellSouth"). See Section II.A.1.a(iii)(a), Combinations, Sales, and License Swaps, infra.
59 	See Section II.A.1.c, Continued Rise of Digital, infra. It should be noted that companies with both types of licenses do not manage their business along spectrum divisions. See, e.g., AT&T Wireless Group Earnings Commentary, AT&T Wireless, Jan. 29, 2001, at 6, available at <http://www.att.com/wirelessir/pdf/004q_cmnt.pdf>.
60 	Operators with cellular and PCS licenses in the same area need phones that can operate on analog cellular networks (800 MHz), cellular networks converted to digital (800 MHz), and digital PCS networks (1900 MHz).
61 	Sprint PCS is a wholly owned tracking group of Sprint Corp. ("Sprint").
62 	See Fifth Report, at 17669. When an operator is described as being "nationwide," it does not necessarily mean that the operator's license areas, service areas, or pricing plans cover the entire land area of the United States. The six mobile telephony carriers that analyst reports typically describe as nationwide all offer service in at least some portion of the western, Midwestern, and eastern United States. See Colette Fleming, Mark Kinarney, and Rohit Sharma, The Urge to Merge - 2000, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, May 22, 2000, at 4-5.
63 	See Fifth Report, at 17669, but see Section II.A.1.a(iii)(a), Combinations, Sales, and License Swaps, infra.
64 	For a discussion of DOR plans, see Fifth Report, at 17675-17676; Fourth Report, at 10155-10156.
65 	See Section II.A.1.d(i), Developments in Pricing Plans, infra.
66 	The Commission must consent to the transfer of control or assignment of all spectrum licenses used to provide wireless telecommunications services. 47 CFR 1.948. The Commission has reviewed thousands of wireless transactions in addition to the ones discussed below. In 2000, the Commission received 2,510 applications involving either the assignment of licenses or the transfer of control of entities holding licenses. In all, these applications involved 32,047 wireless licenses. On average, the Commission received 210 such applications a month, and, on average, the Commission acted on these transactions within 66 days of their appearance on public notice as accepted for filing (or within 50 days of receipt, if the particular application was not required to be placed on public notice).
67	For a more complete discussion of the motivations for this phenomenon, see Fourth Report, at 10159-10160.
68 	The wireless assets of Bell Atlantic Corp., GTE Corp. ("GTE"), PrimeCo Personal Communications, and CommNet Cellular, Inc., along with the U.S. wireless assets of Vodafone, became part of Verizon Wireless; and Omnipoint Corp. and Aerial Communications, Inc. became part of VoiceStream. See Fifth Report, at 17669-17670.
69 	The joint venture between SBC and BellSouth was announced in April 2000. BellSouth, SBC Create 2nd Largest Wireless Company With $10.2 Billion in Revenues, News Release, BellSouth, Apr. 5, 2000.
70 	See Combinations Section, infra.
71 	It's Cingular. New Nationwide Wireless Service Is Born: Joint Venture of SBC and BellSouth Becomes Single Source for Nationwide Wireless Voice, Internet and Data Services, News Release, Cingular Wireless, Oct. 5, 2000.
72 	POPs is an industry term referring to population, usually the number of people covered by a given wireless license or footprint. One "POP" equals one person.
73 	It's Cingular. New Nationwide Wireless Service Is Born: Joint Venture of SBC and BellSouth Becomes Single Source for Nationwide Wireless Voice, Internet and Data Services, News Release, Cingular Wireless, Oct. 5, 2000.
74 	Id.; Application of SBC Communications Inc. and Bellsouth Corporation for Consent to Transfer of Control or Assignment of Licenses and Authorizations, Memorandum Opinion and Order, DA 00-2223 (rel. Sept. 29, 2000), at  7.
75 	See Section II.A.3.a, Foreign Investment in U.S. Mobile Operators, infra, for a discussion of the Deutsche Telekom/VoiceStream merger.
76 	Powertel held wireless licenses in areas where VoiceStream did not market its wireless services. Powertel to be Acquired: VoiceStream Coverage to Expand to More Than 245 Million Potential U.S. Wireless Customers, News Release, VoiceStream, Aug. 27, 2000.
77 	VoiceStream Wireless Announces 2000 Financial Results, News Release, VoiceStream, Feb. 14, 2001.
78 	See Appendix C, Table 3, at C-4.
79 	Verizon Wireless to Purchase Price Communications Wireless for $2.06 Billion, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Nov. 15, 2000.
80 	According to Verizon Wireless, the deal will significantly enhance the footprint and customer base of Verizon Wireless operations in the Southeast. Id.
81 	Nextel Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 14, 2000, at 13.
82 	Id.
83 	Verizon Wireless Completes Purchase Of 20 PCS Licenses In Six States From ALLTEL, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Feb. 20, 2001.
84 	 Cingular, VoiceStream to Swap Wireless Spectrum Covering Over 35 Million People, News Release, VoiceStream and Cingular Wireless, Nov. 2, 2000.
85 	The New York MTA covers all five boroughs of New York City, all of Long Island, as well as parts of upstate New York, northeast Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and parts of Connecticut. Through this transaction, Cingular Wireless gains access to an additional 19 million POPs in the New York metropolitan area. Cingular, VoiceStream to Swap Wireless Spectrum Covering Over 35 Million People, News Release, VoiceStream and Cingular Wireless, Nov. 2, 2000.
86 	See Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Assignment of Authorization and Transfer of Control Appplications Action, Public Notice, Report No. 885 (rel. June 13, 2001), at 11-12.
87 	AT&T Wireless To Exchange PCS Spectrum With Sprint, News Release, AT&T, Nov. 3, 2000.
88 	See AT&T Wireless PCS,LLC, Application for Consent to Assignment of Licenses, FCC File No. 0000439317 (filed Apr. 26, 2001) (Exhibit 1: Explanation of Transaction and Public Interest Statement ).
89 	Id.
90 	In addition, Motorola, Inc. ("Motorola") received consent to transfer 59 900 MHz licenses to Nextel in April 2001. Motorola Order.
91 	 Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Grants Consent for Assignment of Licenses from Mobex License Company to Nextel Communications, Inc., Public Notice, DA 01-493 (rel. Feb 22, 2001) (800 MHz licenses); Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Grants Consent to Assign 900 MHz SMR Licenses, Public Notice, DA 01-515 (Feb. 27, 2001) (900 MHz licenses).
92 	Nextel to Purchase SMR Spectrum From Arch Wireless, News Release, Nextel, Jan. 24, 2001. Arch had acquired the licenses from PageNet when it bought that company in November 2000. Arch Wireless Completes Merger with PageNet, News Release, Arch, Nov. 20, 2000. See also Arch Wireless and Nextel Communications, Inc. Seek Consent to Assign 900 MHz SMR Licenses, Public Notice, DA 01-499 (rel. Feb 26, 2001).
93 	In the 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Nextel Reports Record Year 2000 Financial Results, News Release, Nextel, Feb. 16, 2001.
94 	Leap Wireless International, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Mar. 2, 2001,at 31-32
95	TeleCorp and Tritel Complete Merger Creating Top Ten Wireless, News Release, TeleCorp, Nov. 13, 2000. In a separate transaction, TeleCorp and AT&T Wireless completed an exchange of wireless properties and rights to acquire additional wireless properties in a move to improve the respective service areas of both companies. TeleCorp received licenses covering approximately 4 million people in Wisconsin and Iowa. In return, AT&T Wireless received TeleCorp's wireless systems in New England, including Worcester and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and southern New Hampshire, covering a population base of approximately 1.9 million people. As a result of the completion of these transactions, TeleCorp's licensed service area increased by a net amount of approximately 18 million people. Taken as a whole, TeleCorp's business now includes PCS licenses covering approximately 35 million people. Id.
96 	In a change from the Fifth Report, VoiceStream is no longer discussed in this section because it has acquired from its primary affiliate, Cook Inlet, the overwhelming majority of licenses in which the two companies shared interests. VoiceStream, Cook Inlet Complete License Swap, News Release, VoiceStream, Dec. 12, 2000. See also, Fifth Report, at 17687-17688.
97 	See Section II.A.1.d(ii), Roaming, infra, for a definition and detailed discussion of roaming.
98 	"For example, to facilitate rapid deployment of its network throughout suburban, tertiary and rural areas of the country and move towards more ubiquitous nationwide service, Nextel entered into an agreement with Nextel Partners . . . to construct iDEN coverage using Commission licensed frequencies disaggregated by Nextel to [Nextel Partners], and offering its services to the public under the Nextel brand according to strict service quality standards." Nextel, Automatic and Manual Roaming Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Comments, WT Docket No. 00-193, at note 20.
99 	Cincinnati Bell Wireless is a joint venture of Broadwing, Inc. ("Broadwing") and AT&T Wireless, in which AT&T Wireless owns 19.9 percent and Broadwing owns the remaining 80.1 percent. Broadwing, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Mar. 16, 2001, at 4.
100 	Cincinnati Bell Wireless services are sold under the Cincinnati Bell Wireless brand name.
101 	Dobson Communications Corp., SEC Form 8-K, Mar. 9, 2000, at 2. On May 30, 2000, AT&T and Dobson entered into an agreement to expand the operations of the joint venture into northeastern Oklahoma and several adjacent counties in Kansas. Under this agreement, AT&T contributed PCS licenses to the joint venture. Dobson Communications Corp., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 14, 2000, at 18.
102 	DCC PCS, Inc., Auction No. 35, FCC Form 601, Exhibit A (submitted Feb 21, 2001). AT&T has stated that it is evaluating its relationship with Dobson. AT&T Will Continue to Evaluate Dobson Stake, Yahoo! News, Feb. 20, 2001 <http://biz.yahoo.com/rf/010220/n20434866.html>.
103 	Margo McCall, Market Madness Hinders Wireless Consolidation, WIRELESS WEEK, Apr. 9, 2001, at 15. Two Sprint PCS affiliates - Bright Personal Communications Services, Inc. and Horizon Personal Communications, Inc. - merged in June 2000. Bright PCS and Horizon PCS Sign Agreement to Form Largest Sprint PCS Network Partner, News Release, Telephone Service Company, June 16, 2000. Three other Sprint PCS affiliates, Washington Oregon Wireless, Roberts Wireless Communications, and Southwest PCS Holdings, Inc. merged into a fourth affiliate, Alamosa Holdings, Inc. ("Alamosa"). Alamosa PCS Becomes Largest Sprint PCS Network Partner With Completion of The Roberts Wireless and Washington Oregon Wireless Mergers, News Release, Alamosa, Feb. 14, 2001; Alamosa Closes Third Network Partner Transaction, News Release, Alamosa, Apr. 2, 2001. See also note 105.
104 	See, e.g., US Unwired Inc., SEC Form 4249(B)(1), May 17, 2000, at 7.
105 	Via is being bought by another Sprint PCS affiliate, UbiquiTel, Inc. ("UbiquiTel"). UbiquiTel to Acquire VIA Wireless, News Release, UbiquiTel, Feb. 23, 2001. In March 2000, UbiquiTel signed an agreement with VoiceStream to sell Via's California properties to VoiceStream after UbiquiTel completes the acquisition of Via. UbiquiTel to Sell Spectrum, News Release, UbiquiTel, Mar. 6, 2001.
106 	See note 98 and Nextel Partners, Inc., SEC Form S-4/A, Nov. 9, 2000, at 1. As of Sept. 30, 2000, Nextel owned 32.4 percent of Nextel Partners. Nextel Partners, SEC Form S-4/A, Nov. 9, 2000, at 1.
107 	Nextel Partners, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 15, 1999, at 9.
108 	Federal Communications Commission, Auction #35: C & F Block Auction - Charts, Results for All Markets (visited Apr. 2, 2001) <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/c_f_blk/35market.xls>.
109 	C And F Block Broadband PCS Spectrum Auction Scheduled For November 29, 2000, Rescheduled For December 12, 2000, Public Notice, Sept. 6, 2000. Potential bidders for Auction No. 35 and other interested parties were notified of the possible pendency of various proceedings that might have related to the licenses available in Auction No. 35, including proceedings initiated by parties claiming to have continuing interests in Auction No. 35 licenses, despite the failure of those parties to meet payment obligations. Id.; C and F Block Broadband PCS Spectrum Auction Scheduled for December 12, 2000, Public Notice, Oct. 12, 2000. See also Public Notice DA 00-49 Auction of C and F Block Broadband PCS Licenses NextWave Personal Communications, Inc. and NextWave Power Partners Inc. Petition for Reconsideration; In re Settlement Request Pursuant to DA 99-745 For Various Broadband PCS C block Licenses, Order on Reconsideration, 15 FCC Rcd 17,500 (2000), appeal docketed sub nom., NextWave Personal Communications, Inc. v. FCC, Nos. 00-1402, 00-1403 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 15, 2000). Potential bidders were cautioned that they were solely responsible for identifying risks associated with such pending proceedings and for investigating and evaluating the degree to which such matters might affect their ability to bid on or otherwise acquire licenses in Auction No. 35. C and F Block Broadband PCS Spectrum Auction Scheduled For November 29, 2000, Rescheduled For December 12, 2000, Public Notice, Sept. 6, 2000; C and F Block Broadband PCS Spectrum Auction Scheduled for December 12, 2000, Public Notice, Oct. 12, 2000.
110 	Federal Communications Commission, C and F Block Broadband PCS License Auction Fact Sheet Auction No. 35 (visited Apr. 2, 2001) < http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/c_f_blk1.html>.
111 	While a number of analysts had predicted prices of $10 billion or more for these licenses, few had predicted numbers quite so high. Lehman Brothers had estimated $11 billion, and Raymond James & Associates had predicted $8 to $10 billion. John M. Bensche and Courtney B. Kelleher, Wireless Services Industry Update: C and F Block Re-auction Concludes, Nets $16.9B, Equity Research, Lehman Brothers, Jan.29, 2001, at 8; Ric Prentiss, et al., Super Auction XXXV Is Over, Equity Research, Raymond James & Associates, Jan. 30, 2001, at 1. Investment bank ING Barings did suggest a "high-end" of $18.7 billion, citing the prices paid in the UK and German 3G auctions from 2000 as indicative of spectrum value. Frank Marsala and Dave B. Rao, Bidders Approved in 1.9 GHz Auction, Wireless Telecommunications, ING Barings, Dec. 5, 2000, at 3. However, ING Barings said it "did not expect to see the high-end." Id at 4.
112 	Federal Communications Commission, General Auction Data: PCS Blocks A-F Aggregation (visited Apr. 2, 2001) <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/summary/abcdef2.xls>. The file was last revised June 14, 1999, and includes results from Auction No. 22.
113 	Amendment of the Commission's Rules Regarding Installment Payment Financing for Personal Communications Services (PCS) Licensees, Sixth Report And Order And Order On Reconsideration, 15 FCC Rcd 16266, 16282 (2000) ("Auction 35 Order").
114 	Id., at 16275-82.
115 	Federal Communications Commission, Auction #35: C & F Block Auction - Charts, Results for All Markets (visited Apr. 2, 2001) <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/c_f_blk/35market.xls>.
116 	Id.
117 	Id.
118 	The top 10 bidders were Cellco Partnership, d/b/a Verizon Wireless ("Verizon Wireless"); Alaska Native Wireless, L.L.C. ("Alaska Native"); Salmon PCS, LLC ("Salmon"); DCC PCS, Inc. ("DCC PCS"); Cook Inlet/VS GSM V PCS, LLC ("Cook Inlet/VS GSM"); VoiceStream PCS BTA I License Corporation ("VoiceStream"); Leap Wireless International, Inc.; Black Crow Wireless, L.P. ("Black Crow"); SVC BidCo, L.P. ("SVC BidCo"); and Lafayette Communications Company L.L.C. ("Lafayette"). See Appendix B, Table 4, at B-6.
119 	John M. Bensche and Courtney B. Kelleher, Wireless Services Industry Update: C and F Block Re-auction Concludes, Nets $16.9B, Equity Research, Lehman Brothers, Jan.29, 2001, at 2. Peter Friedland of W.R. Hambrecht & Co. said, "If someone told me before the auction that Verizon was going to bid half of the total bids in the auction, I would have found that hard to believe." Dan Meyer, Re-auction Brings in Record $17B, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, at 61-62.
120 	Ric Prentiss, et al., Super Auction XXXV is Over, Equity Research, Raymond James & Associates, Jan. 30, 2001, at 1.
121 	See, e.g., Ric Prentiss, et al., Super Auction XXXV is Over, Equity Research, Raymond James & Associates, Jan. 30, 2001, at 2; and John M. Bensche and Courtney B. Kelleher, U.S. Spectrum Auciton Guide, Equity Research, Lehman Brothers, Feb. 14, 2001, at 1.
122 	Dan Meyer, Re-auction Brings in Record $17B, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, at 62 (citing Larry Swasey of Allied Business Intelligence, Inc.).
123 	See II.A.1.d, Pricing Data and Trends, infra.
124	See Appendix C, Table 2, at C-2. Since the Commission's local competition and broadband data gathering program was adopted in March 2000, mobile wireless carriers with over 10,000 facility based subscribers in a state are now required to report the number of their subscribers in those states twice a year to the Commission (as the information is filed on FCC Form 477, we will refer hereinafter to the results gathered through the program as FCC Form 477). In their most recent filings, operators reported that, as of December 31, 2000, they served 101.2 million subscribers. See Appendix C, Table 2, at C-3. That estimate differs by approximately 8 percent from Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association's ("CTIA") December 31, 2000 estimate of 109.5 million. To maintain consistency with previous reports, this report uses CTIA's estimate. The Commission does not at this time determine which is the better estimate. However, the Commission does recognize that its reporting rules result in some level of undercount of total industry subscribers since it does not count at all subscribers served by mobile telephony providers in states where the provider has less than 10,000 customers. See Local Competition and Broadband Reporting, Report and Order, 15 FCC 7717, 7743 (2000).
125	DCC PCS, Inc., Auction No. 35, FCC Form 601, Exhibit A (submitted Feb 21, 2001).
126	Wireless Usage Continues to Climb as Flat-Rate Pricing and Free Minutes Become More Prevalent in the Marketplace, News Release, J.D. Power and Associates, Sept. 26, 2000. An additional 8 percent of households indicate that they plan to subscribe to wireless services within the next year. Id.
127 	 Michael Rollins, et al., Wireless by the Minute, Equity Research, Salomon Smith Barney, Jan. 8, 2001, at 5.
128 	According to Scott Relf, senior vice president of Sprint PCS, "Generally speaking, most plans have more than enough minutes and consumers can't use them all. But the consumer feels they're getting more of a tangible value when they get more of them." Caroline E. Mayer, Griping About Cellular Bills: Differences From 'Regular' Phones Take New Users by Surprise, WASHINTON POST, Feb. 28, 2001, at G17.
129 	"[Companies] want to get people to be using their wireless more than their home phone and if you give people more minutes, they will give out their cell phone numbers much more," according to Alan Brune, vice president of marketing of Telephia, a San Francisco marketing firm specializing in wireless data. "And if they give out their phone numbers, they'll be reluctant to switch to another firm because right now they can't transfer their phone number with them." Caroline E. Mayer, Griping About Cellular Bills: Differences From 'Regular' Phones Take New Users by Surprise, WASHINTON POST, Feb. 28, 2001, at G17.
130	Peggy Albright, CTIA Survey Reflects Industry Strength, WIRELESS WEEK, Apr. 30, 2001, at 3 (citing CTIA). CTIA aggregated all of the carriers' MOUs from July 1 through December 31, 2000, then divided by the average number of subscribers, and then divided by six. Telephone conversation with Pramesh Jobanputra, CTIA, Apr. 30, 2001.
131	Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., Minutes Up By 28% in Quarter; Acquisition Costs Continue Decline, WIRELESS MARKET STATS, Aug. 14, 2000, at 6.
132 	Newer Wireless Telephony Entrants Make Dramatic Impact in the Wireless Marketplace, News Release, J.D. Power and Associates, Sept. 23, 1999; Wireless Usage Continues to Climb as Flat-Rate Pricing And Free Minutes Become More Prevalent in the Marketplace, News Release, J.D. Power and Associates, Sept. 26, 2000.
133 	Mobile Phone Users Use Significantly More Minutes in 2000, News Release, IDC, May 9, 2000.
134	See Appendix C, Table 1, at C-2.
135	Michael Rollins, et al., Wireless by the Minute, Equity Research, Salomon Smith Barney, Jan. 8, 2001, at 4; Caroline E. Mayer, Griping About Cellular Bills: Differences From 'Regular' Phones Take New Users by Surprise, WASHINTON POST, Feb. 28, 2001, at G17 (citing Travis Larson of CTIA); Fifth Report, at 17682.
136 	This assumes that each churned customer is a unique individual and that the same customers do not churn multiple times.
137 	Some subscribers do not sign on with another carriers once they leave their current one. See note 139, infra.
138	See, e.g., Michael Rollins, et al., Wireless by the Minute, Equity Research, Salomon Smith Barney, Jan. 8, 2001, at 27 (Figure 27: Subscribers).
139 	Wireless Phone User Habits Indicate That Switching Providers Is A Significant Industry Concern, News Release, Telephia, Jan. 16, 2001. In addition to the 20 percent of subscribers who switched carriers in the past year, approximately 8 to 10 percent of wireless subscribers temporarily suspended, or in some cases disconnected, their service. Id.
140 	Id.
141 	Id. Other common reasons for switching included calling coverage, customer service, additional product features, and an employer switching providers. Id.
142 	Id.
143 	For purposes of this report, a contract is for a specified period of time, as opposed to a month-to-month agreement.
144 	Mobile Phone Users Use Significantly More Minutes in 2000, News Release, IDC, May 9, 2000.
145	In past editions of this report, the Commission provided summaries of estimated coverage by BTAs. Starting with the Fifth Report, the Commission decided to re-estimate and enhance these coverage maps using county boundaries in an attempt to provide a more precise picture of network deployments.
146 	The Commission has buildout rules for geographic area licenses, although they do not require operators to deploy networks such that the entire geographic area of a specific license receives coverage. For example, the construction requirements for 30 megahertz broadband PCS licenses state that an operator's network must serve an area containing at least one-third of the license area's population within five years of the license being granted and two-thirds of the population within 10 years. See 47 C.F.R.  24.203(a). Similarly, the construction requirements for 10 and 15 megahertz broadband PCS licenses state that an operator must cover one-quarter of a license area's population, or provide "substantial service," within five years of being licensed. See 47 C.F.R.  24.203(b). The details concerning exactly which geographic areas or portions of the population should be covered to meet these requirements are left to the operators. In addition, decisions about whether to increase coverage above these requirements are left to the operators. For information on the buildout requirements for cellular licenses, see 47 C.F.R.  22.946, 22.947, 22.949, 22.951.
147 	All population figures are based on the Bureau of the Census's 2000 county population.
148 	See Appendix C, Table 4, at C-5.
149 	Id.
150 	See Fifth Report, at 17677.
151 	Id.
152 	Only 3 percent, due to its previous high level of 87.8 percent. See Fifth Report, at 17747.
153	See Appendix C, Table 4, at C-5.
154	Id.
155	See Fourth Report, at 10154, and Fifth Report, at 17672-17673.
156	See Appendix C, Table 6, at C-6. The number of analog subscribers remained approximately the same as 1999, slightly less than 42 million.
157 	See, e.g., Leif Soderberg, Sr. VP & GM Strategy Business Development and Industry Relations PCS, Motorola, Inc., Presentation, UBS Warburg Fifth Global Telecom Conference, Nov. 11, 2000 (handset forecast for 2000). In 2000, Motorola announced that it would discontinue making analog handsets. Motorola, First Quarter Earnings Release Conference Call, Apr. 11, 2001, available at < http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=MOT&script=1200>.
158 	For example, in the Washington/Baltimore region, 90 percent of Verizon Wireless's new customers are digital. Rob Pegoraro, The Decline (But Not Fall) Of Analog Cellular, THE WASHINGTON POST, Sept. 29, 2000, at E15 (citing a Verizon spokeswoman).
159 	 According to Verizon Wireless, "We are aggressively encouraging our customers to make the switch from analog to digital." Dan Meyer, Analog Service Not Fading Away, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan 18, 2001, at 18. Both AT&T and Cingular plan to move their analog subscribers onto digital plans over the next few years. Id. ALLTEL believes migrating customers to digital will help it to reduce churn. ALLTEL Corp., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 13, 2000, at 19.
160 	AT&T Wireless Group Earnings Commentary, AT&T, Jan. 29, 2001, at 1, available at <http://www.att.com/wirelessir/pdf/004q_cmnt.pdf>.
161 	Verizon Communications Posts Strong Results For Fourth Quarter and 2000, News Release, Verizon, Feb. 1, 2001. The "busy-hour" is the hour of the day during which a telephone system carries the most traffic.
162 	Dan Meyer, Analog Service Not Fading Away, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan 18, 2001, at 18.
163	See Fourth Report, at 10170.
164 	AT&T Wireless Group Earnings Commentary, AT&T, Jan. 29, 2001, at 1, available at <http://www.att.com/wirelessir/pdf/004q_cmnt.pdf>.
165 	Verizon Wireless, Inc., SEC Form S-1, Aug. 24, 2000, at 1.
166 	BellSouth Corporation, SEC Form 10-K, Mar. 2, 2001, at 13.
167 	Dan Reingold, et al., CSFB Global Telecom CEO Conference Summary, U.S./Wireline Telecommunications Services, Credit Suisse First Boston, Mar. 19, 2001, at 29.
168 	Heather Forsgren Weaver, FCC to Assess Whether to Eliminate Analog Set Aside, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan 29, 2001, at 19.
169 	AT&T has announced plans to overlay GSM on its TDMA network in order to improve its wireless data capabilities and migrate to 3G technology. See Section II.B.1.c, 3G Developments, infra.
170	The broadband PCS-based coverage is estimated using counties and the cellular-based coverage is estimated using CMAs. The same caveats mentioned in Section II.A.1.b(v), Market Entry, supra, apply to this analysis as well.
171	See Appendix E, Maps 2-6, at E-3 - E-7.
172	See Appendix C, Table 7, at C-10 and Appendix E, Map 3, at E-4.
173	Id. at C-10 and E-5.
174	Id. at C-10 and E-6.
175	Id. at C-10 and E-7.
176	See Fourth Report, at 10164-10165.
177 	Econ One, Cell Service Costs Drop Nearly 7% in 2000, News Release, Jan 18, 2001.
178 	The Strategis Group, Inc., 2001.
179	Appendix C, Table 8, at C-7. The Consumer Price Index ("CPI") is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services. The basket of goods includes over 200 categories including items such as food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education, and communications. The CPI provides a way for consumers to compare what the market basket of goods and services costs this month with what the same market basket cost a month or a year ago. Starting in December of 1998, this basket of goods included a category for cellular telephone services. All CPI figures discussed in this paragraph were taken from U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics databases found on the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Internet site at <http://www.bls.gov/sahome.html>. The index used in this analysis, the CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), represents about 87 percent of the total U.S. population. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index: Frequently Asked Questions (visited June 18, 2001) <http://www.bls.gov/cpifaq.htm>.
180 	The Cellular CPI includes charges from all telephone companies that supply "cellular telephone services," which are defined as "domestic personal consumer phone services where the telephone instrument is portable and it sends/receives signals for calls by wireless transmission." This measure does not includes business calls, telephone equipment rental, portable radios and pagers. Bureau of Labor Statistics, How BLS Measures Price Change for Cellular Telephone Service in the Consumer Price Index (visited May 14, 2001) <http://www.bls.gov/cpifactc.htm>.
181	See AT&T Launches First National One-Rate Wireless Service Plan, News Release, AT&T Corporation ("AT&T"), May 7, 1998.
182 	See Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., National One-Rate Plans Take Off, WIRELESS MARKET STATS, June 16, 2000, at 11.
183 	Deborah Mendez-Wilson, Big Carriers Get Personal With Regional Calling Plans, WIRELESSWEEK, Feb 26, 2001, at 12.
184 	Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, California, Oregon, and Washington. Verizon Wireless Debuts SingleRate West, News Release, Verizon, Feb. 20, 2001.
185 	Deborah Mendez-Wilson, Big Carriers Get Personal With Regional Calling Plans, WIRELESSWEEK, Feb 26, 2001, at 12.
186 	Id.
187 	Nextel Introduces Nextel Worldwide Service - Offers Convenience of One Phone, One Number, Worldwide, News Release, Nextel, Apr. 3, 2000. Nextel Worldwide service was designed in response to a survey, sponsored by Nextel, that found that most business travelers do not use cell phones when they travel abroad. Id.
188 	AT&T Wireless, AT&T WorldConnect (visited Mar. 9, 2001) <http://www.attws.com/business/gov/explore/intl_calling/world_connect/>. The WorldConnect card allows the phone to work internationally.
189 	Id.
190 	Id.
191 	The fees that a carrier collects from non-subscribers using its network are called "outcollect" fees, and the fees that a carrier pays for its subscribers to roam on other networks are called "incollect" fees. Margo McCall, Roaming Feeds Regional Carriers, WIRELESS WEEK, Mar. 26, 2001, at 23.
192 	For example, Dobson got 45 percent of its operating revenues through roaming charges in the third quarter of 2000. Dobson Communications Corp., SEC Form 10Q, Nov. 14, 2000, at 4. See also, Kelly Carroll, Wireless: The Rural Way, TELEPHONY, Jan. 1, 2001 (Rural Cellular Corp. states that "[r]oaming is critical for us"), available in 2001 WL 6907667; and Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., In Spite of Rate Stepdowns, Roaming Still a Cash Cow for Rural Carriers, WIRELESS TELECOM INVESTOR, Feb. 22, 2001, at 4 (showing roaming revenue as percentage of total revenues).
193 	See Fifth Report, at 17679.
194 	Linda J. Mutschler, et al., The Next Generation V: Wireless in the US, Equity Research, Merrill Lynch, Mar. 9, 2001, at 9. Solomon Smth Barney also estimates 2000 roaming rates to be about the same ($0.35). Michael Rollins, et al., Wireless by the Minute, Salomon Smith Barney, Equity Research, Jan. 8, 2001, at 11. See also, Kelly Carroll, Wireless: The Rural Way, TELEPHONY, Jan. 1, 2001 ("roaming prices continue to decline"), available in 2001 WL 6907667. Verizon Wireless's preliminary analysis of its roaming amounts payable and receivable between December 1999 and December 2000 showed a decline in roaming costs from between 5 and 64 percent. Verizon Wireless, Automatic and Manual Roaming Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Comments, WT Docket No. 00-193, at 4, but see Id., at note 9. Corr Wireless Communications, LLC, a rural mobile telephony provider, claims that the rates it receives for roaming have been declining for years, and that its rates with Cingular Wireless fell to an all time low of $0.25 per minute in 2000. Corr Wireless Communications, LLC, Automatic and Manual Roaming Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Comments, WT Docket No. 00-193, at 2.
195 	United States Cellular Corp., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 13, 2000, at 4.
196 	Id.
197	See Appendix C, Table 1, at C-2.
198 	Wireless Subscribership Up 28% in Year 2000: CTIA releases Semi-Annual Wireless Industry Survey, News Release, CTIA, Apr. 24, 2001.
199 	Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., In Spite of Rate Stepdowns, Roaming Still a Cash Cow for Rural Carriers, WIRELESS TELECOM INVESTOR, Feb. 22, 2001, at 4
200 	Id.
201 	Johnathan Burns, Tales Of The Tape:Prepaid Wireless A New Way Of Wireless, DOW JONES NEWSWIRE, Jan. 29, 2001 (citing Knox Bricken of the Yankee Group). Another analyst estimated that 10 percent of users had prepaid plans. Elizabeth V. Mooney, Prepaid rings up sales, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan. 22, 2001, at 20 (citing Michael Doherty of Ovum, Inc.). For 1999 percentage, see Fifth Report, at 17680.
202 	John Jensen, et al., Mobile Matters: How Long Before the Present Stops . . . and the Future Begins?, Equity Research, J.P. Morgan Securities, at 9-10. This is up from 51 percent in 1999. Id. One analyst suggests two main reasons for the greater number of prepaid subscribers in Europe: (1) European consumers are much more accustomed to prepaying for purchases; and (2) calling party pays enables prepaid wireless subscribers to use the phone for incoming calls without incurring any charges. Todd Rethemeier, The Mobile Millennium - Wireless Telecommunications Services, J.P. Morgan Securities, May 3, 2000, at 13. One analyst believes that if credit checks were illegal in the United States, as they are in Italy, prepaid would be much more common here: wireless operators would promote prepaid plans more aggressively if they were unable to exclude customers from their postpaid plans who had a history of non-payment of bills. Adam Zawel, Prepaid Wireless Series, Part 4: The United States Just Doesn't Get It . . . Yet, The Yankee Group, June 2000, at 5, 8.
203 	Ayse Ozgur Aytar, The State of the U.S. Prepaid Market, WIRELESSNOW GUEST COLUMN, Feb. 6, 2001.
204 	Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., Prepaid Proliferation, WIRELESS MARKET STATS, May 18, 2000, at 2-4.
205 	Powertel, Inc. Announces Preliminary Fourth Quarter 2000 Financial Results, News Release, Powertel, Feb. 1, 2001.
206 	Id.
207 	Judy Saries, Wireless Users Hanging Up On Landline Phones, NASHVILLE BUSINESS JOURNAL, Feb. 2, 2001. CTIA estimates that number could be as high as 5 percent, based on a February 2000 survey it sponsored. Consumers Replacing Landline Phones with Wireless, KNIGHT RIDDER/TRIBUNE BUSINESS NEWS, Jan. 10, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2837499.
208 	Majority of Customers Use Cell Phones for Personal Calls, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan. 29, 2001, at 29 (citing a survey conducted by Cellular One Group).
209 	Will Wireless Phones Make Traditional Home Telephones Obsolete?, News Release, Consumer Electronics Association, Apr. 6, 2000.
210 	Andrew Backover, AT&T Loss Reflects Long-Distance Shift Consumers Turn To Calling Cards, Wireless, USA TODAY, Jan. 30, 2001, at B3. A similar term, "landline displacement," refers more specifically to the substitution of mobile phones for wireline phones. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, Wireless Takes a Bite of Pay-phone Biz, WIRELESSWEEK, Feb 12, 2001, at 5.
211 	BellSouth Announces Plans For Public Communications Unit, News Release, BellSouth, Feb. 2, 2001. According to Charlie Coe, President of BellSouth Network Services, "BellSouth has carefully evaluated the market trends in the payphone business which indicate that our customers are opting for the new technology options we provide, including wireless telephones and interactive pagers." Industry insiders expect the payphone business to continue to shrink as wireless penetration increases. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, Wireless Takes a Bite of Pay-phone Biz, WIRELESSWEEK, Feb 12, 2001, at 5.
212 	Andrew Backover, AT&T Loss Reflects Long-Distance Shift Consumers Turn To Calling Cards, Wireless, USA TODAY, Jan. 30, 2001, at B3.
213 	Id (citing analyst Peter Friedland at W.R. Hambrecht).
214 	Michael Rollins, et al., Wireless by the Minute, Equity Research, Salomon Smith Barney, Jan. 8, 2001, at 8. Sprint PCS markets its nationwide digital wireless network as a long-distance alternative. Andrew Backover, AT&T Loss Reflects Long-Distance Shift Consumers Turn To Calling Cards, Wireless, USA TODAY, Jan. 30, 2001, at B3.
215 	Andrew Backover, AT&T Loss Reflects Long-Distance Shift Consumers Turn To Calling Cards, Wireless, USA TODAY, Jan. 30, 2001, at B3.
216 	Callie Nelson, Replacing Landline with Wireless: How Far Can It Go?, IDC, Dec. 2000 (citing IDC's Personal Wireless Communications User Survey, 2000).
217 	One analyst argues that recent price reductions give wireless price parity with wireline, at least at pricing around $130 per month. See Daniel J. Berninger, Telephony Unplugged: Wireless Achieves Price Parity with Wireline (visited Mar. 8, 2001) <http://slides.pulver.com/slides/login.asp>.
218 	Leap, Cricket (visited Mar. 9, 2001) <http://www.leapwireless.com/bcindex.html>. Chattanooga, Nashville, Knoxville, and Memphis, TN; Charlotte and Greensboro, NC; Tulsa, OK; Tucson, AZ; Wichita, KS; Little Rock, AR; Albuquerque and Santa Fe, NM; and Salt Lake City, UT. Leap, Cricket Service Areas (visited Mar. 5, 2001) <http://www.cricketcommunications.com/areas.asp>. See also Fifth Report, at 17673.
219 	Leap Reports Results for Fourth Quarter of Fiscal 2000, News Release, Leap, Feb. 14, 2001.
220 	The monthly fee varies slightly by service area.
221 	Roaming is not available even in other Leap markets. Leap, Automatic and Manual Roaming Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Comments, WT Docket No. 00-193, at 6.
222 	Leap, Operating Companies (visited Mar. 5, 2001) <http://www.leapwireless.com/site/index.html>.
223	S. Flannery, Telecom - Wireline: What Are The Competitors Up To?, Industry Report, Morgan Stanley, Dean Witter, Feb. 14, 2001, at 2 (citing Harvey White, Chairman and CEO of Leap Wireless International, Inc.).
224 	Utah Residents Begin to Use Cell Phones as Primary Communications Device, KNIGHT RIDDER/TRIBUNE BUSINESS NEWS, Feb. 5, 2001, available in 2001 WL 12166453.
225 	Deborah Young, Usurping Wired Services: Lofty Goal, But ... , WIRELESS REVIEW, Nov. 1, 2000, available in 2001 WL 7119447.
226 	As mentioned in the Fifth Report, Midwest Wireless had launched an unlimited local calling plan called Realm in four Minnesota communities in March 2000. See Fifth Report, at 17674.
227 	U.S. Cellular Launches MetroZone In Knoxville, News Release, U.S. Cellular, Aug. 1, 2000.
228 	Little Rock, AK; Charlotte and Greensville, NC; Tucson, AZ; and Albuquerque, NM. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, Boomerang Bounces into Court, WIRELESS WEEK, Feb. 5, 2001, at 5.
229 	Cricket states that, on average, its customers use 1,000 minutes a month, a figure which the company claims is comparable to typical landline usage. Leap Wireless International, Inc. Request for Waiver and Extension of the Broadband PCS Construction Requirements of Commission Rule 24.203(a) and (b), FCC File No. 0000436815 (filed Apr. 26, 2001), at 2.
230 	Unicel Offers Landline Alternative: Unicel Go About Phone is the Mobile Phone That Reaches All Over Town, News Release, Rural Cellular, Jan. 11, 2001.
231	Interconnection and Resale Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, First Report and Order, 11 FCC Rcd 18455, 18457 (1996).
232	See Appendix C, Table 9, at C-8.
233 	In November 2000, WorldCom announced plans to issue two tracking stocks for its businesses, "WorldCom" and "MCI" shares. Its "WorldCom" shares will reflect the performance of the assets of its wireless resale business. WorldCom to Realign Businesses, Create Two Tracking Stocks, News Release, WorldCom, Nov. 1, 2000.
234 	The World's First Global Satellite Telephone and Paging Company Starts Service Today; Iridium Ushers in New Era of Global Communication, News Release, Iridium, Nov. 1, 1998.
235	 Iridium Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, Defaults on Bond Payment, MOBILE SATELLITE NEWS, Aug. 19, 1999, available in 1999 WL 8217611.
236 	Motorola Readies Fall of Iridium Satellites; No Rescuer Found for Phone System, CHICAGO TRIBUNE, Aug. 24, 2000, available in 2000 WL 3700414.
237 	Id.; Hilary Smith, Castle Harlan withdraws offer to salvage Iridium, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Aug. 7, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26131991.
238 	Hilary Smith, Iridium resurrection in the works, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Nov. 27, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26131991.
239 	Iridium's Last Stand?, MOBILE SATELLITE NEWS, Nov. 2, 2000, available in 2000 WL 9328211.
240 	Iridium North America, Homepage (visited Jan. 4, 2001) <http://www.iridiumusa.com>.
241 	Iridium Satellite LLC Launches Global Communications Services, News Release, Iridium Satellite, Mar. 28, 2001.
242 	Iridium Satellite does not set the price for per minute mobile satellite service. Pricing plans are set by Iridium Satellite's wireless partners, and Iridium Satellite expects its wireless partners to charge as low as $1.50 per minute. Motorola has agreed to continue manufacturing handsets for Iridium Satellite. Motorola plans to release an upgraded phone in July 2001 that will cost about $1,495. Iridium Is Expected to Announce Relaunch of Mobile-Phone Service, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Mar. 28, 2001. Transcript of a conference call regarding Iridium Satellite LLC, FITZGERALD COMMUNICATIONS, Dec. 12, 2000.
243 	Malcolm Spicer, Iridium Satellite Lands Defense Contract, CT WIRELESS, Dec. 7, 2000, available in 2000 WL 6392736.
244 	Transcript of a conference call regarding Iridium Satellite LLC, FITZGERALD COMMUNICATIONS, Dec. 12, 2000.
245 	Id.
246 	Dan Colussy, Chairman of Iridium Satellite, said operating costs are $7 million per month. Colussy also expects Iridium Satellite will be able to break even with approximately 60,000 subscribers, about the same number of subscribers Iridium had when the company shut down its system. Transcript of a conference call regarding Iridium Satellite LLC, FITZGERALD COMMUNICATIONS, Dec. 12, 2000.
247 	Michael J. Martinez, Teledesic, ICO To Merge, AP ONLINE, May 17, 2000.
248	Id.
249 	ICO-Teledesic Global Announces Investment Agreements Totaling More Than $1 Billion, News Release, Teledesic Corporation, Jul. 11, 2000.
250 	New ICO Global Communications Ltd., SEC Form S-4, Sept. 20, 2000, at 91.
251 	Id.
252 	New ICO made a request in March 2001 for the Commission to grant it the authority to install and connect its satellite system to a terrestrial cellular network. This request would require the Commission to amend the 2 GHz spectrum rules for MSS operators. Bruce Branch, McCaw Creates Stir By Asking FCC For Terrestrial Spectrum, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, Apr. 4, 2001, available in 2001 WL 5052893; Barnaby J. Feder, Satellite Venture Seeks Right To Offer Land-Based Service, NEW YORK TIMES, Apr. 2, 2001, at C-2.
253 	New ICO, Quick Facts (visited Jan. 19, 2001) <http://www.icoglobal.net/press/facts/indes.html>.
254 	Globalstar Reports Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results, News Release, Globalstar, Apr. 2, 2001.
255 	Andy Pasztor, Globalstar Suspends Payments on Debt, Plans to Pursue 'Strategic Alternatives', THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Jan. 17, 2001, at A-16; Amy Hellickson, Globalstar Shares Plunge as Customers Fall Short, BLOOMBERG, Oct. 13, 2000; Satellite communications: Lost in space, THE ECONOMIST, Nov. 4, 2000. Analysts predictions about Globalstar's break-even point vary slightly. William Kidd, an analyst with C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, says 770,000 customers are needed, while Marc Nabi, an analyst with Merrill Lynch, claims the break-even point is 1.6 million customers.
256 	Globalstar USA To The Rescue Of Iridium Customers Left Holding The Phone:Distributors Offer Trade-in Rebates for Iridium Phones, News Release, Globalstar, Mar. 16, 2000; Globalstar Slashes Airtime, Hardware Costs, WIRELESSNOW, Mar. 27, 2000; Spring Forward With Globalstar USA: Limited Promotional Rates; Introducing Beyond 50 Minute Plan, News Release, Globalstar, Mar. 31, 2000; Globalstar Discounts U.S. Prices, WIRELESSNOW, Jul. 17, 2000; Globalstar USA Announces "Time or Money" Promotion, News Release, Globalstar, Oct. 16, 2000.
257	 Peter H. Lewis, E-Mail At Full Sail, Via Satellite Phone And Laptop, FORTUNE MAGAZINE, Jan. 22, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2172246.
258 	Globalstar, Globalstar Pricing and Promotions (visited Jan. 18, 2001) <http://www.globalstarusa.com/pricing>.
259 	Globalstar, Globalstar USA : Our Distributors (visited Jan. 18, 2001) <http://www.globalstarusa.com/dealer>.
260 	Bruce Branch, $250 Million Repaid: Lockheed Martin Forced to Pay Globalstar Loan Guarantee, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, Jul. 5, 2000, available in 2000 WL 4695709. In August, Merrill Lynch released a report warning that Globalstar "could face liquidity issues" in the first half of 2001. Marc E. Nabi, et al., Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd., Merrill Lynch, Aug. 1, 2000, at 5.
261 	Michael Rapoport, Globalstar-Bear Stearns Deal Still Puzzles, DOW JONES NEWSWIRES, Oct. 13, 2000.
262 	Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd., SEC Form 8-K, Jan. 16, 2001. The company has $195 million in cash left for operations. Some analysts believe the company will soon declare bankruptcy, following the paths of Iridium and ICO. William Kidd, et al., Satellite Communications 2001 Outlook & Investment Guide: Fluid Times Require Long-Term Direction, C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, Jan. 22, 2001, at 121; William Kidd, et al., Globalstar Defaults on Debt Payments and Looks to Restructure, Satellites, C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, Jan. 16, 2001; Bruce Branch, Globalstar Reorganizes Finances by Suspending Payments, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, Jan. 17, 2001; Andy Pasztor and Jeff Cole, Loral Chief Bernard Schwartz Seeks One More Feat: Salvaging Globalstar, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Jan. 26, 2001 ("Globalstar is 'surviving on the kindness of others' because bondholders could push it into bankruptcy proceedings at any time, [Bernard Schwartz] notes.").
263	Robert B. Kaimowitz, et al., The Satellite Communications Industry, Efficient Infrastructure 2000, ING Barings, Mar. 2000 at 127. Inmarsat, Inmarsat Homepage (visited May 29, 2001) <http://www.inmarsat.com/welcome.html>.
264	Motient, Products and Services (visited May 29, 2001) <http://www.motient.com/Content/Products_Services/products_services.htm>.
265	William Kidd, et al., Hotbird, C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, Mar.12, 2001 at 40.
266	Application filed by Motient Services Inc. and Mobile Satellite Ventures Subsidiary LLC for Assignment of Licenses and Authority to Launch and Operate a Next-Generation Mobile Satellite Service System (March 1, 2001).
267	See Fifth Report, at 17670.
268 	Id.
269 	Id., at 17671.
270 	Applications of VoiceStream Wireless Corporation, Powertel, Inc., and Deutsche Telekom AG, for Consent to Transfer Control of Licenses and Authorizations, Memorandum Opinion And Order, FCC 01-142 (rel. Apr. 27, 2001), at 10.
271 	FCC Approves Deutsche Telekom/VoiceStream/Powertel Request to Transfer Control of Licenses, News Release, Federal Communications Commission, Apr. 25, 2001; Deutsche Telekom Completes Acquisitions of VoiceStream Wireless Corporation and Powertel, Inc. and Reports Merger Considerations, News Release, Deutsche Telekom, May 31, 2001.
272 	AT&T and NTT DoCoMo Announce Strategic Wireless Alliance, News Release, AT&T, Nov. 30, 2000; AT&T Wireless and NTT DoCoMo Commence Strategic Wireless Alliance, News Release, AT&T, Jan. 22, 2001.
273 	NTT DoCoMo, Increase of Subscriber Number of iMode (visited May 15, 2001) <http://www.nttdocomo.com/i/i_m_scr..html>.
274 	See Appendix C, Table 10, at C-9, for a summary of U.S. operators' foreign holdings.
275 	Emily Bourne, Bidders Line Up for Norwegian 3G Licenses, TOTAL TELECOM, Aug. 14, 2000; Anne Young, Swiss UMTS Auction is Postponed as Five Become Four, TOTAL TELECOM, Nov. 13, 2000.
276 	Thorold Barker, Vodafone Pays $1.35bn to Up Japan Telecom Stake, FINANCIAL TIMES, Feb. 26, 2001; Vodafone Set to Expand Japan Stake-AT&T to Sell 10 percent of Japan Telecom in $1.35 Billion Deal, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Feb. 26, 2001, at A14; Richard Waters, Vodafone Eyes Japan Stake, FINANCIAL TIMES, Feb. 25, 2001.
277 	Telia to Sell Mobile Operator Tess (Brazil) to Telecom Americas, News Release, Telia, Feb. 13, 2001.
278 	Jonathan Karp, Wireless Rivals Rewire Things in Brazil, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Jan. 25, 2001, at A14.
279 	John Jensen, et al., Mobile Matters, Equity Research, J.P. Morgan Securities, Mar. 2001, at 6.
280	 Fanos Hira, et al., The Cellular Review, Equity Research, Bear Stearns, Feb. 2001, at 21. The average penetration rate for the end of 1999 is taken from the Fifth Report, at 17684.
281 	Fifth Report, at 17684.
282 	Fanos Hira, et al., The Cellular Review, Equity Research, Bear Stearns, Feb. 2001, at 21-22.
283 	Id.
284 	Id.
285 	John Jensen, et al., Mobile Matters, Equity Research, J.P. Morgan Securities, Mar. 2001, at 9.
286 	Id., at 10.
287 	Id.
288 	Id.
289 	Id.
290	Dan Roberts, UK Mobile Users Overstated, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 16, 2001; Reuters staff, Vodafone Says Figures Overstate Mobile Ownership, TOTAL TELECOM, Mar. 14, 2001.
291	Dan Roberts, Carphone Contests Mobile Phone Growth Rates, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 8, 2001.
292	Id.
293	Dan Roberts, UK Mobile Users Overstated, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 16, 2001.
294	Dan Roberts, Carphone Contests Mobile Phone Growth Rates, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 8, 2001.
295	Id.
296	Dan Roberts, User Figures Haunt Vodafone, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 17, 2001; Reuters staff, Vodafone Says Figures Overstate Mobile Ownership, TOTAL TELECOM, Mar. 14, 2001.
297	FT.com staff, Vodafone Users Spend Less, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 25, 2001.
298	Dan Roberts, UK Mobile Users Overstated, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 16, 2001.
299	Id.
300 	See Fifth Report, at 17683.
301 	Cellular Telephone Subscription by Country, ASIACOM, Mar. 6, 2001, at 7.
302 	Id.
303 	John Jensen, et al., Mobile Matters, Equity Research, J.P. Morgan Securities, Mar. 2001, at 13.
304 	John M. Bensche, et al., U.S. Spectrum Auction Guide, Equity Research, Lehman Brothers, Feb. 14, 2001, at 6, 8.
305 	Dan Roberts, Vodafone Signals Saturation, FINANCIAL TIMES, Apr. 5, 2001.
306 	Id.
307 	Fifth Report, at 17684.
308 	John Jensen, et al., Mobile Matters, Equity Research, J.P. Morgan Securities, Mar. 2001, at 22. This estimate of average MOUs in Western Europe includes only voice and not SMS or other mobile data services. Id.
309 	See Section II.A.1.b(ii), Minutes-of-Use, supra.
310	Fanos Hira, et al., Orange, Equity Research, Bear Stearns, Apr. 26, 2001, at 17.
311	Id.
312 	T-Basket - Telecommunications Cost Indicators Using the OECD Basket Methodology, Teligen Limited, Feb. 2001.
313 	Some countries, including the United States, are represented by two residential and business baskets apiece, each basket corresponding to a different operator's calling plan. In the case of the United States, Teligen uses prices from Sprint PCS Free & Clear 180 Plan and Qwest's Standard 150 plan. In addition, while most of the calling plans for other countries include rates for local, national, and international service, the rates for the two U.S. calling plans are valid for local service in the Washington, D.C. (Sprint PCS) and the Denver, Colorado (Qwest) areas only.
314 	Id.
315 	Id.
316 	Conversations with Carlo Maria Rossotto, Regulatory Economist, World Bank (Jan. 30, 2001 and Feb. 9, 2001).
317 	Unless otherwise noted, throughout Section II.B "mobile Internet access" in relation to mobile telephone carriers refers to Internet access on mobile telephone handsets, not Internet access on a laptop computer connected to a mobile telephone.
318 	Unless otherwise noted, the terms "wireless web" and "mobile web" are used throughout Section II.B to mean mobile Internet access via mobile telephone handsets.
319 	SMS provides the ability to send and receive text messages to and from mobile handsets with message length ranging from 120 to 256 characters. See note 440, infra.
320 	PDAs are handheld devices that include organizer software, such as an appointment calendar, directory, to-do list, and memo pad, and that can be connected to a user's desktop computer to ensure that the data on both devices are synchronized. Many PDAs allow users to download additional software, and some PDAs allow users to attach external devices, such as a keyboard, digital camera, location device, mobile phone, or wireless modem. This report uses the terms "handheld," "PDA," "handheld device," "handheld PDA," and "PDA device" interchangeably and focuses on handheld PDAs with a wireless Internet connection.
321 	See Appendix A for a discussion of the use of unlicensed and WCS spectrum for fixed wireless services.
322 	See Section II.B.2.c(ii), RIM Devices and BlackBerry Service, infra.
323 	The count of mobile data users was calculated based on year-end company news releases, and estimates for companies that did not disclose year-end 2000 mobile data user numbers. Analysts have estimated the number of mobile data users to be in the range of 2 to 3 million users. The Yankee Group estimates there were more than 2 million wireless data users at the end of 2000. See Dan Meyer, Speed Bumps Limits Of Wireless Web Stifle Early Growth, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan. 29, 2001, at 16. The Strategis Group estimated there were approximately 3 million cellular/PCS/ESMR mobile data subscribers in 2000. See THE STRATEGIS GROUP, U.S. Mobile Data Marketplace: 2001 (2001), at 116 ("2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report"). Because some mobile telephone carriers offer mobile Internet access without a separate subscription beyond voice service, the term "users" is used instead of "subscribers." Mobile telephone carriers generally define their mobile Internet "users" as customers who have connected to the Internet using their mobile handsets within a certain period of time.
324 	See Section II.B.2.d(iii), Metricom, infra.
325 	Ricochet wireless modems, as well as Ricochet monthly Internet service, are sold by Metricom. Metricom uses the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz unlicensed bands, as well as WCS, for Ricochet. See Section II.B.2.d(iii), Metricom, infra.
326 	Internet access speeds in the other markets are approximately 28.8 kbps. See Metricom, Coverage Maps (visited Feb. 19, 2001) <http://www.metricom.com/about_us/coverage_maps/index.html>; Section II.B.2.d(iii), Metricom, infra.
327 	NTT DoCoMo, Increase of Subscriber Number of i-mode (visited May 15, 2001) <http://www.nttdocomo.com/i/inumber.html>.
328 	NTT DoCoMo, NTT DoCoMo's Number of Subscribers as of March, 2001 (visited Apr. 30, 2001) <http://www.nttdocomo.com/corporate/ir/index.html>.
329 	NTT DoCoMo, Increase of Subscriber Number of i-mode (visited Mar. 5, 2001) <http://www.nttdocomo.com/i/inumber.html>.
330 	3 Billion G-Mails in December '99 Short Messages Hit the Mark for Consumers, News Release, GSM Association, Feb. 2, 2000; More Than 200 Billion GSM Text Messages Forecast for Full Year 2001, News Release, GSM Association, Feb. 12, 2001.
331 	Id.
332 	Steve Gold, More Finns Swap Their Fixed Lines for Mobile Phones, NEWSBYTES NEWS NETWORK, June 1, 2000, available in 2000 WL 21178000; Peter H. Lewis, Norse Riders Of The Wireless Wave Scandinavians Lead The World In The "Mobile Lifestyle" Via Wireless Communications, STAR-TRIBUNE (Minneapolis-St. Paul), July 24, 2000, available in 2000 WL 6981691.
333 	See Fifth Report, at 17697-17703.
334 	See Appendix D, Tables 1 and 2, at D-2 - D-3, for an overview of 2.5G and 3G contracts and trials in the United States.
335 	Jerry Yang, CEO of Yahoo, Inc., stated in March 2001, "While it's hard to look out five years, wireless is still in need of innovation until the economy picks up again - the return on investment is needed.... The hockey stick curve representing a massive takeoff of wireless keeps getting pushed out two or three years. I think it will have really taken off when voice becomes a small part of what's being delivered." See Patrick Mannion, Wireless 2001 Keynoters Embrace Innovation, ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TIMES, Mar. 26, 2001. In April 2001, Cahners In-Stat Group predicted that delays in handset introductions, lower than expected consumer demand, and high spectrum costs will delay 3G deployment, and stated, "Although the market may take off in several years, the short-term prospects for the technology that enables video calls, high-speed Internet access, multimedia services and other features are bleak." See In-Stat Predicts Bleak Short Term Prospects for Wireless 3G, Despite Heavy Technology Investment by Carriers, BUSINESS WIRE, Apr. 24, 2001. Ben Thacker, an analyst with Visiongain, reported in April 2001 that many in the wireless industry do not expect to see 3G networks rolled out on a widespread basis until the second half of 2003, about one year later than many had previously expected. See Sylvia Dennis, 3G Plans Still Up In The Air - Report, NEWSBYTES, Apr. 30, 2001. See also, Obstacles on the Road to Wireless, New Media Investor, Mar. 29, 2001; Reshma Kapadia, Web Executives Play Down Wireless Internet Hype, REUTERS, Mar. 16, 2001; Peter S. Goodman, Where's the Wireless Web?, WASHINGTON POST, Mar. 30, 2001, at E-1. See note 340, infra, for a discussion of GPRS handset problems.
336 	Sprint Leads Evolution to 3G with Nation's Clearest, Fastest, Most Economical Migration Strategy, News Release, Sprint PCS, Mar. 20, 2001; Verizon Wireless and Lucent Technologies Plan to Speed Introduction of Third-Generation (3G) Technologies to U.S., News Release, Verizon Wireless, Mar. 19, 2001; 2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 57-58.
337 	2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 57.
338 	Id., at 57-58; Verizon Wireless and Lucent Technologies Plan to Speed Introduction of Third-Generation (3G) Technologies to U.S., News Release, Verizon Wireless, Mar. 19, 2001.
339 	Nextel Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001, at 12; Sam Omatseye, Technology Wars Set to Play Out in Japan, U.S., RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Apr. 23, 2001, at 8; Marisa Torrieri, Nextel's Numbers Still Low, But Promise High, WIRELESS DATA NEWS, Mar. 28, 2001.
340 	GPRS is a packet-based data-only network upgrade that allows for faster data rates by aggregating up to eight 14.4 kbps channels. See Fifth Report, at 17700. This channel aggregation reportedly caused unacceptable heating and battery drain problems in the initial GPRS handset models. Accordingly, handset manufacturers have been forced to limit the amount of channel aggregation, which has therefore limited GPRS data speeds to 20-30 kbps. See Peggy Albright, Will GPRS Comply with SAR Standards?, WIRELESS WEEK, Apr. 30, 2001; Paul Durman, Technical Bugs Plague Phones, SUNDAY TIMES (LONDON), Mar. 4, 2001. However, recent technological developments may begin to address these GPRS handset problems. See Tropian to Discuss Breakthrough RF Solution for High-Speed Wireless Data at GPRS Conference in Rome; Company's Breakthrough Products Support 1G to 3G in a Single Chipset, BUSINESS WIRE, May 11, 2001.
341 	Cingular Wireless has announced it will offer GPRS in the areas currently served by its GSM networks. Cingular Wireless First to Usher in Next Generation of Wireless Internet with Faster, Always-on Service, News Release, Cingular Wireless, Mar. 20, 2001; 2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 58-59. Samsung Telecommunications America and VoiceStream Wireless to Develop GPRS Mobile Phones Standardized on the Microsoft Mobile Explorer and "Stinger" Smart Phone Platforms, News Release, VoiceStream, Nov. 6, 2000.
342 	Predictions about GPRS speeds vary. See Peggy Albright, Roll Out The GPRS Handsets, WIRELESS WEEK, Feb. 19, 2001, at 19 ("Most [GPRS networks] will operate at around 20 to 30 kbps on the downlink"); Grahame Lynch, Dropping EDGE could regain edge for AT&T, AMERICA'S NETWORK, Feb. 1, 2001, at 20 (The GPRS "platform currently supports real-world speeds of between 25 kbps and 50 kbps at the cell."). Several sources estimate maximum GPRS speeds will be 115 kbps. See Harry Newton, Newton's Telecom Dictionary: 16th Expanded & Updated Edition, CMP Books, July 2000, at 397; Grahame Lynch and Fiona Chau, Surprise Twists In CDMA's Future, AMERICA'S NETWORK, Nov. 15, 2000, at 30; Bambi Francisco, The 'Wireless Web' Die Is Cast, CBS.MARKETWATCH.COM, Dec. 31, 2000; GSM World, GSM - Glossary of Terms (visited Feb. 26, 2001) <http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/glossary.html>. However, at least one source reports AT&T Wireless's GPRS network will reach speeds of 144 kbps. See Denise Pappalardo, AT&T Wireless Maps Major 3G Plan, NETWORK WORLD, Dec. 11, 2000, at 41.
343 	See AT&T Corp., SEC Form 10-K405/A, Apr. 17, 2001 ("AT&T Wireless Group recently announced plans to deploy a GSM platform for interim improvements in wireless data capabilities on the evolutionary path to third generation services, as well as associated voice services. This platform will be deployed as an overlay on AT&T Wireless Group's second generation voice network. GSM platform deployment is planned to begin in the second half of 2001.").
344 	Denise Pappalardo, AT&T Wireless Maps Major 3G Plan, NETWORK WORLD, Dec. 11, 2000, at 41; Cingular's GSM Flirtation May Stem From AT&T Actions, TELE.COM, Feb. 5, 2001, available in 2001 WL 8103883; Nikki Swartz, The Cingular Sensation, Wireless Review, Jan. 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 6905154; 2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 56-59.
345 	2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 56-59.
346 	Id., at 58-59; Nikki Swartz, The Cingular Sensation, WIRELESS REVIEW, Jan. 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 6905154.
347 	See AT&T Corp., SEC Form 10-K405/A, Apr. 17, 2001; Telephony, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, June 5, 2001.
348 	NTT DoCoMo, AT&T Wireless To Offer Wireless Web Svc in US, DOW JONES INTERNATIONAL NEWS, Mar. 14, 2001.
349 	Amendment of Part 2 of the Commission's Rules to Allocate Spectrum Below 3 GHz for Mobile and Fixed Services to Support the Introduction of New Advanced Wireless Services, including Third Generation Wireless Systems, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Order, ET Docket No. 00-258 (rel. Jan. 5, 2001) ("Advanced Wireless NPRM & Order").
350 	Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-33, 111 Stat. 251  3002(b), 3002(c) (1997). The 1710-1755 MHz band will be transferred from the Department of Defense to the Commission pursuant to statutory requirements. However, federal government use of the band can continue within 16 protected areas. See Principles for Reallocation of Spectrum to Encourage the Development of Telecommunications Technologies for the New Millennium, FCC 99-354, Policy Statement, 14 FCC Rcd 19868 (1999) ("1999 Policy Statement"); Advanced Wireless NPRM & Order. In 1999, the Commission proposed allocating the 2110-2150 MHz band for advanced fixed and mobile services, of which one possible use would be 3G mobile systems. See 1999 Policy Statement.
351 	The third band was 806-960 MHz. Provisional Final Acts of World Radio Conference (Istanbul-WRC-2000).
352 	Department of Commerce, The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems in the 1710-1850 MHz Band: Federal Operations, Relocation Costs, and Operational Impacts, Final Report, March 2001, at xiv.
353 	Federal Communications Commission, Spectrum Study of the 2500-2690 MHz Band, The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems, Final Report, Mar. 30, 2001. See Appendix A, infra, for a discussion of fixed wireless Internet offerings by MDS operators.
354 	Federal Communications Commission, Spectrum Study of the 2500-2690 MHz Band, The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems, Final Report, Mar. 30, 2001; Department of Commerce, The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems in the 1710-1850 MHz Band: Federal Operations, Relocation Costs, and Operational Impacts, Final Report, March 2001.
355 	One 10-megahertz license and one 20-megahertz license will be offered in each of the six Economic Area Groups ("EAGs") that cover the United States. See Service Rules for the 746-764 and 776-794 MHz Bands, and Revisions to Part 27 of the Commission's Rules, WT Docket No. 99-168, First Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 476 (2000).
356 	See Advanced Wireless NPRM & Order,  4 and note 12; Provisional Final Acts of World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul-WRC-2000), Resolution 223.
357 	This spectrum is currently encumbered by television broadcasters in channels 60-69 who are permitted by statue to continue operations until December 31, 2006, at which time their markets are to be converted to digital television ("DTV"). See 47 U.S.C.  337(e); 47 U.S.C.  309(j)(14). However, incumbent broadcasters may extend their operations beyond this date if certain DTV service penetration targets are not met. One of these targets is that 85 percent of the household in a given television market must have a digital TV receiver or digital TV converter technology. See 47 U.S.C.  309(j)(14). See also Service Rules for the 746-764 and 776-794 MHz Bands, and Revisions to Part 27 of the Commission's Rules, WT Docket No. 99-168, First Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 476 (2000); Reallocation and Service Rules for the 698-746 MHz Spectrum Band (Television Channels 52-59), Notice of Proposed Rule Making, GN Docket No. 01-74, FCC 01-91, 20-26 (rel. Mar. 28, 2001).
358 	See Section II.A.3, International Developments, supra. See Appendix D, Table 3, at D-4 for an overview of 3G licensing abroad.
359 	In a "beauty contest," also called a comparative tender, applicants and their bids are judged by government agencies based on criteria set out beforehand, such as their financial resources, their commitment to meet specified investment and build-out targets, and their ability to promote certain objectives such as the rapid introduction of service, wide geographic coverage, reasonable prices, quality and reliability.
360 	Akiko Kashiwagi and Clay Chandler, Next-Generation Wireless on Hold; Japanese Phone Giant's 4-Month Postponement Follows Delays in Europe, U.S., THE WASHINGTON POST, Apr. 25, 2001, at E-3; NCC Warns of 3G Delays, GLOBAL NEWS WIRE, Apr. 25, 2001.
361 	Yuri Kageyama, NTT DoCoMo Delays Rollout of Next-Generation Wireless Service, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, Apr. 24, 2001; Yuri Kageyama, NTT DoCoMo Explains Decision on Limited 3G Rollout, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, Apr. 26, 2001. At that time, NTT DoCoMo stated it would run a trial of its 3G technology with 5,000 customers in Tokyo between May and October, 2001. Akiko Kashiwagi and Clay Chandler, Next-Generation Wireless on Hold; Japanese Phone Giant's 4-Month Postponement Follows Delays in Europe, U.S., THE WASHINGTON POST, Apr. 25, 2001, at E-3. In May 2001, NTT DoCoMo stated it would not be able to offer 3G mobile phone service throughout all of Japan until at least 2004. New Mobile Phones Delayed in Japan, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, May 22, 2001.
362 	Richard Baum, BT Delays First 3G Launch As Mobiles Fail, REUTERS, May 14, 2001. The software problem reportedly prevents the network from seamlessly passing the call to a radio in the next cell. Id.
363 	Cynthia M. Motz, CFA, Hey Babe, Take a Walk on the Wireless Side, U.S. Wireless Telecommunications Services, Credit Suisse First Boston, May 5, 2000, at 12.
364 	See Appendix D, Table 8, at D-10.
365 	See Fifth Report, at 17717.
366 	Jennifer Mears, Paging Carriers Learn to Fly; One-way Providers Metamorphose into Two-way Messaging, WIRELESS WEEK, Aug. 28, 2000.
367 	Marisa Torrieri, Company Woes Prove Messaging's Not the Savior, WIRELESS DATA NEWS, Jan. 31, 2000 (citing Rob Hegblom from the Strategis Group).
368 	See Appendix D, Tables 5-7, at D-7 - D-9.
369 	U.S. Paging Subscribers and Revenues, PCIA Global Wireless Portfolio, at 10, 2000 Edition (citing the Strategis Group). The number of one-way subscribers fell 2.2 percent from 45.1 million in 1999 to 44.1 million in 2000. Id.
370 	Id.
371 	Id.
372 	Top Paging Carriers, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, July 11, 2000.
373 	Figure based on Third Quarter 2000 results. See Appendix D, Table 6, at D-8.
374 	SkyTel Communications, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of WorldCom that was acquired on October 1, 1999. See Fifth Report, at 17720-17721.
375 	GTE's remaining paging operations and AirTouch Communications's paging opertions are now combined as Verizon Wireless Interactive Messaging Services, Inc. See Verizon Wireless Messaging Services, Company Information (visited Apr. 27, 2001) <http://www.airtouchpaging.com/index.asp>.
376 	See Section II.B.2.d, Dedicated Data Networks, infra.
377 	Hotbird, C. E. Unterberg, Towbin, Mar. 12, 2001, at 43.
378 	Metrocall Launches 'CampusLink' Marketing Campaign Targeting Class of '04; Wireless Leader Will Commence Aggressive Marketing Initiative at Schools from Coast to Coast, News Release, Metrocall, Apr. 20, 2000.
379 	CampusLink has been implemented at Loyola-Marymount University in Louisiana and the Colorado School of Mines. Metrocall conducted a trial of CampusLink with alphanumeric pagers at Loyola-Marymount University with 1,000 students, many of whom opted to retain services after the free trial period expired. Metrocall Launches 'CampusLink' Marketing Campaign Targeting Class of '04; Wireless Leader Will Commence Aggressive Marketing Initiative at Schools from Coast to Coast, News Release, Metrocall, Apr. 20, 2000. Metrocall has agreements with several other colleges to participate in CampusLink during the summer and fall of 2001. Conversation with Michael T. Scanlon, Metrocall, Mar. 27, 2001.
380 	Arch Wireless Completes Merger with PageNet, Becomes Leading Provider of Two-way Internet Messaging, News Release, Arch, Nov. 20, 2000; see Fifth Report, at 17720-17721, for details of the merger.
381 	Aquis Communications, Inc. ("Aquis") acquired several small, regional paging companies. Aquis increased its subscriber base through the strategic regional acquisitions of Suburban Connect and SourceOne Paging. SourceOne Paging operated in several major Midwestern cities including: Chicago, Minneapolis, and Detroit. Aquis had been managing the operations of SourceOne since August 1999. Aquis Communications Acquires Suburban Paging, News Release, Aquis, June 16, 2000. Suburban Connect, a metropolitan Philadelphia paging company, had 19,000 subscribers. Aquis Completes SourceOne Wireless Acquisitions, News Release, Aquis, Feb. 1, 2000. Teletouch Communications, Inc. ("Teletouch"), a regional paging/messaging carrier that focuses on smaller metropolitan markets in the south, acquired GTE's Texarkana paging operations when GTE sold several of its paging operations following the merger that created Verizon Wireless. The acquisition provided immediate positive cash flow for Teletouch. Teletouch Communications Acquires Texarkana Paging Operations and Paging Frequency, BUSINESS WIRE, Sept. 27, 2000.
382 	Top Paging Carriers, RCR, July 11, 2000.
383 	Chapter 7 bankruptcy requires liquidation of assets. Yuki Noguchi, Pager Firm is Latest to Pull the Plug; Failure of TSR Wireless Shows Industry Woes, THE WASHINGTON POST, Dec. 7, 2000, available in 2000 WL 29920221. TSR wireless had been operating a 30-state network. The company has over $200 million in debt outstanding to creditors. J.B. Houck, TSR Wireless Still Paging, for Now, WIRELESS NEWSFACTOR, Dec. 15, 2000. Its assets include its network, subscriber base, 275 retail outlets, numerous one-way licenses, one national narrowband PCS license, five regional narrowband PCS licenses, and 2,000 antennas. Mike Dano, Questions Linger About TSR Demise, GLOBAL WIRELESS, Jan. 1, 2001.
384 	Mike Dano, Three Companies Pay $12.2M for TSR Assets, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Apr. 2, 2001, available in 2001 WL 8869219. Space Data has agreed to purchase TSR Wireless's national narrowband PCS license for $2.6 million, and SkyTel has agreed to purchase its five regional narrowband PCS licenses for $3.6 million. Id. Network Services, LLC has agreed to purchase all of TSR Wireless's one-way paging assets for $6 million. Bankruptcy Court Approves TSR Wireless Asset Purchase Agreement by Network Services, LLC., News Release, Network Services, LLC, Mar. 28, 2001. The applications for the Commission's consent to transfer control of the narrowband PCS licenses to Space Data and SkyTel are currently pending. See ULS File No. 0000423487, received Apr. 10, 2001; ULS File No. 0000417882, received Apr. 24, 2001. Space Data is planning to use the narrowband PCS license to operate a free-floating, balloon-borne communications system to provide two-way paging - a type of operation not specifically mentioned in the narrowband PCS rules. Therefore, Space Data filed with its application a Request for Declaratory Ruling or, in the alternative, for Waiver regarding the Commission's rules. On Apr. 19, 2001, the Commission released a Public Notice seeking comment on Space Data's request. See Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Seeks Comment on Space Data Research, LLC's Request for Declaratory Rule or Waiver Regarding the Narrowband PCS Rules, Public Notice, DA 01-970, rel. Apr. 19, 2001.
385 	Mike Dano, Questions Linger About TSR Demise, GLOBAL WIRELESS, Jan. 1, 2001.
386 	WebLink and Metrocall to Merger in Chapter 11 Deal, News Release, WebLink, Apr. 2, 2001.
387 	WebLink intends to restructure its debt by converting high-yield notes worth $470 million into equity. WebLink Wireless, Inc. Announces Chapter 11 Filing; Intent to Convert All High-Yield Debt to Equity, WebLink, News Release, May 24, 2001.
388 	Hotbird, C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, Mar. 12, 2001, at 43.
389 	Orbcomm (visited May 25, 2001) <http://www.orbcomm.com>.
390 	See Fifth Report, at 17721-17722.
391 	RCR Publications, RCR'S 1999 PAGING DATABASE, 1999.
392 	See Appendix D, Table 8, at D-10.
393 	WebLink Wireless, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 14, 2000, at 4.
394 	U.S. Paging Subscribers and Revenues, PCIA Global Wireless Portfolio, at 10, 2000 Edition (citing the Strategis Group).
395 	Arch Launches Customer Database Management Program to Better Identify and Target Two-Way Messaging Users, Arch, News Release, Feb. 19, 2001.
396 	Marisa Torrieri, Trends and Analysis from the Mobile Messaging and Internet Applications Conference, WIRELESS DATA NEWS, Aug. 2, 2000, available in 2000 WL 7382594.
397 	Id.
398 	New Arch Wireless Service Enables Access to Home and Office E-mail Anytime, Anywhere, News Release, Arch, Oct. 25, 2000.
399 	Users can also send e-mails from their advanced messaging devices. Arch, Product Information (visited Feb. 21, 2001) <http://store.arch.com/Forms/Pager.cfm?agentid=arch&cfid=378974&cftoken=1609540&PagerType=webster>.
400 	WebLink Wireless Offers Wireless Access to Personal E-mail, News Release, WebLink, Jan. 5, 2001.
401 	See Section II.B.2.c, Handheld Devices, infra.
402 	SkyTel, Strategy.com to Provide Personalized Financial News to Wireless Customers, News Release, SkyTel, Nov. 9, 2000; Arch Partners with GoAmerica to Offer Wireless Internet for Mobile Data Market, News Release, Arch, Apr. 12, 2000; Metrocall, Lifeminders Partner to Wirelessly Deliver Personalized Information and Reminder Messages to Customers, News Release, Metrocall, June 28, 2000.
403 	Subscribers to the Internet content services offered by paging/messaging carriers do not have access to the same type of content available with wireline web access, but only to content that has been specially-designed for these services.
404 	Monica Rogers, Paging Industry Battling to Adapt; More Functions, Wide Service Area are Selling Points, CRAIN'S CHICAGO BUSINESS, July 24, 2000.
405 	SkyTel, Product Information (visited Mar. 30, 2001) <http://www.skytel.com>.
406 	WebLink Wireless Signs Contracts with Notify Technology Corporation to Provide Wireless Access to Personal and Business E-mail, News Release, WebLink, Dec. 7, 2000; Verizon Wireless Messaging Services Selects Critical Path to Provide Wireless Messaging Infrastructure for Millions of Paging Customers, News Release, Verizon Messaging, Nov. 6, 2000; WebLink Wireless Teams with Cross Communications, RPA Wireless, and Veriprise Wireless, News Release, WebLink, Sept. 26, 2000.
407 	WebLink Wireless Signs Strategic Alliance with Teletouch Communications to Provide Wireless Data Services, News Release, WebLink, Mar. 15, 2000.
408 	Arch Partners with GoAmerica to Offer Wireless Internet for Mobile Data Market, News Release, Arch, Apr. 12, 2000.
409 	Metrocall, Lifeminders Partner to Wirelessly Deliver Personalized Information and Reminder Messages to Customers, News Release, Metrocall, June 28, 2000.
410 	WebLink Wireless Signs Strategic Alliance with Teletouch Communications to Provide Wireless Data Services, News Release, WebLink, Mar. 15, 2000; WebLink Wireless Signs Seven Additional Wireless Data Carrier Contracts; Relationships Reinforce WebLink Wireless' Position as the Industry's Carriers' Carrier, News Release, WebLink, Feb. 24, 2000; Aquis Signs Strategic Agreement with WebLink Wireless to Provide Two-Way Wireless Data Services, News Release, Aquis, May 1, 2000.
411 	Arch, Weather.com Launch the Weather Channel Pager, Wireless Service offers Customized Weather Updates and Forecasts, News Release, Arch, June 21, 2000.
412 	America Online and Arch Communications Plan to Deliver Wireless AOL Applications for 'AOL Mobile Messenger,' News Release, Arch, Feb. 28, 2000.
413 	Excel Launches 2-way Messaging Through WebLink Wireless, News Release, WebLink, Nov. 1, 2000.
414 	Staying in Touch Gets Easier with BlackBerry by SkyTel, News Release, SkyTel, May 31, 2000.
415 	Yahoo! and WebLink Wireless Team to Bring Web Services to 2-Way Messaging Devices, News Release, WebLink, Oct. 16, 2000.
416 	America Online and Arch Communications Plan to Deliver Wireless AOL Applications for "AOL Mobile Messenger," News Release, Arch, Feb. 28, 2000.
417	 The seven wireless carriers offering wireless web service are ALLTEL, AT&T Wireless, Cingular Wireless, Nextel, Sprint PCS, Verizon Wireless, and VoiceStream.
418 	As mentioned above in note 318, supra, the terms "wireless web" and "mobile web" are used throughout Section II.B to mean mobile Internet access via mobile telephone handsets.
419 	The technologies and speeds used for wireless web services vary by mobile telephone carrier. Sprint PCS and Verizon Wireless currently have a maximum network speeds of 14.4 kbps. AT&T Wireless uses its Cellular Digital Packet Data ("CDPD") network for its wireless web service and transfers data at rates of up to 19.2 kbps. Nextel uses iDEN to deliver data at a rate of 9.6 kbps. Sprint Announces Record Fourth Quarter, Yearly Results, News Release, Sprint, Feb. 1, 2001; Richard Hoffman, A World Without Wires, NETWORK COMPUTING, July 10, 2000, available in 2000 WL 11054317; AT&T Wireless, AT&T Wireless Services: FAQs (visited Jan. 29, 2001) <http://www.attws.com/business/lcorp/explore/wireless_ip/cust_serv/faqs/csgenfaq.shtml>; Kirk Laughlin, Can American Wireless Afford 3G?, AMERICA'S NETWORK, Nov. 15, 2000, available in 2000 WL 10795176.
420 	Ian Austen, The New Wireless Web, NEW YORK TIMES, Sept. 28, 2000, at G-1.
421 	Dan Meyer, Speed Bumps; Limits Of Wireless Web Stifle Early Growth, RCR WIRELESS NEWS, Jan. 29, 2001, at 16. Industry speculation estimates AOL paid Sprint PCS $50 million "for top billing on subscriber's screens."
422 	Users view specially designed content when they surf to wireless-enabled web sites. For web sites that have not been wireless-enabled, some text information is usually available. AT&T Wireless, AT&T Wireless Services - AT&T Digital PocketNet Service - Data Plans (date visited May 17, 2001) <http://www.attws.com/personal/exployre/pocketnet/data_plans.html>. Telephone message from Danielle Perry, AT&T Wireless, May 17, 2001.
423 	ALLTEL Lavishes Users With Choices; Gives Up Sweetheart Content Deals, CT WIRELESS, Aug. 25, 2000, available in 2000 WL 6392363; Sprint Introduces "My Wireless Web," A Personal Page to Manage Wireless Phone Content, News Release, Sprint PCS, Oct. 3, 2000; Wireless Internet Access Gets Personal, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Aug. 21, 2000.
424 	ALLTEL Offers First Ready-to-Use Wireless Internet Service; 'Web Unwired' Gives Customers Freedom to Customize Service, News Release, ALLTEL, Aug. 23, 2000.
425 	There were approximately 110 million wireless subscribers by year-end 2000. See Section II.A.1.b(i), Subscriber Growth, supra, and note 323, supra.
426 	Tim Paradis, Sprint PCS Tops 1M Wireless Web Customers, DOW JONES NEWSWIRES, Jan. 8, 2001; Arthur B. Krause, Charles Levine and Kurt Fawkes, SprintPCS Group 4q00 Results Conference Call, Sprint PCS, Feb. 1, 2001; Sprint Hits One Million Mobile Users Nationwide on the Sprint PCS Wireless Web, News Release, Sprint PCS, Jan. 8, 2001.
427 	Arthur B. Krause, Charles Levine and Kurt Fawkes, SprintPCS Group 4q00 Results Conference Call, Sprint PCS, Feb. 1, 2001.
428 	Verizon Communications, Inc., Verizon Communications Investor Quarterly 4Q '00, Feb. 1, 2001; AT&T Wireless Group, AT&T Wireless Group Earnings Commentary, Jan. 29, 2001.
429 	Hilary Smith, Dispatch, Data to Drive Carrier Differentiation, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Oct. 25, 1999, available in 1999 WL 28240970; Bell Atlantic Mobile Introduces New, Simple Choice for Wireless Internet, E-Mail Access, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Nov. 8, 1999.
430 	Sprint and Unplugged Games, Inc. to Launch New Wireless Games On the Sprint PCS Wireless Web, News Release, Sprint PCS, Jan. 30, 2001.
431 	Verizon Wireless, Welcome To Verizon Wireless (visited Jan. 24, 2001) <http://www.verizonwireless.com/mobileweb/mw_coverage.html>.
432 	In addition to paying monthly service fees and airtime charges, all mobile telephone Internet customers must purchase new Internet-ready handsets.
433 	See Appendix D, Table 4, at D-6.
434 	AT&T Wireless Services Introduces Free, Unlimited Access To The Wireless Internet, News Release, AT&T Wireless, May 17, 2000; Nextel Introduces Nextel Online(SM): Wireless Internet Service for Business, News Release, Nextel, Apr. 25, 2000.
435 	AT&T Wireless Services Introduces Free, Unlimited Access To The Wireless Internet, News Release, AT&T Wireless, May 17, 2000; Nextel, Nextel Rates (visited Feb. 23, 2001) <http://www.nextel.com/rates/rates.shtml>.
436 	AT&T Wireless 4Q 2000 Earnings Conference Call, AT&T Wireless, Jan. 29, 2001.
437 	ALLTEL Offers First Ready-to-Use Wireless Internet Service; 'Web-Unwired' Gives Customers Freedom to Customize Service, News Release, ALLTEL, Aug. 23, 2000; Jon Van, Cautious Attraction to Wireless Web, CHICAGO TRIBUNE, Oct. 19, 2000, available in 2000 WL 3722847.
438 	2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 43.
439 	ALLTEL offers wireless Internet in Mobile, Pensacola areas, News Release, ALLTEL, Jan. 29, 2001; Cingular, My Wireless Window - Wireless Internet - Pricing (visited Feb. 2, 2001) <http://www.mywirelesswindow.com/myww/pricing>.
440 	Andrew M. Seybold, Short Messaging Service (SMS), MOTHERING MAGAZINE, June 25, 1999. GSM networks permit messages of 160 characters, CDMA permits 256 characters, and iDEN allows 140 characters. SSB Report, at 30; Verizon Wireless Introduces Mobile Messenger(SM) in Texas and Coast to Coast; Let Your Fingers Do the Talking With Two-Way Text Messaging, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Jan. 29, 2001. U.S. carriers have set varying character limits. For example, Verizon Wireless limits users to 120 characters.
441 	3 Billion G-Mails in December '99; Short Messages Hit the Mark For Consumers, News Release, GSM Association, Feb. 2, 2000; More Than 200 Billion GSM text messages forecast for full year 2001, News Release, GSM Association, Feb. 12, 2001.
442 	VoiceStream Wireless Launches Wireless Internet Services, News Release, VoiceStream, May 10, 2000.
443 	AT&T Wireless Brings the International Text Messaging Craze to the U.S., News Release, AT&T Wireless, Oct. 17, 2000; Verizon Wireless Customers Can Now Let Their Fingers Do The Talking, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Nov. 30, 2000.
444 	TeleCorp PCS Introduces Two-Way Short Messaging Service, News Release, TeleCorp, Feb. 27, 2001.
445 	VoiceStream, VoiceStream - products & services (visited Feb. 28, 2001) <http://www.voicestream.com/products/services/atstream.asp>.
446 	In addition to paying service plan fees, customers must also purchase handsets capable of text messaging.
447 	Verizon Wireless Introduces Mobile Messenger(SM) in Texas and Coast to Coast; Let Your Fingers Do the Talking With Two-Way Text Messaging, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Jan. 29, 2001.
448 	AT&T Wireless Brings the International Text Messaging Craze to the U.S., News Release, AT&T Wireless, Oct. 17, 2000.
449 	Sprint and America Online Launch the AOL Instant Messenger Service on the Sprint PCS Wireless Web, News Release, Sprint PCS, Oct. 19, 2000.
450 	Devine Kofiloto and Mike Woolfrey, 'SMS - unexploited potential' Messaging conference hears, EMC Market Data, Jan. 31, 2001.
451 	eCare, E-mail correspondence, Sprint PCS, May 16, 2001.
452 	Jason Philyaw, VoiceStream To Offer AOL Instant Message To Customers, DOW JONES NEWSWIRE, May 21, 2001.
453 	POP3 is a protocol for receiving e-mail that is used by many companies and ISPs. Nextel, Nextel - Mobile Email (visited Mar. 29, 2001) <http://www.nextel.com/wireless/email/emailandmore.shtml>.
454 	See Appendix D, Table 9, at D-11 for an overview of handheld devices with mobile Internet access.
455 	As with Internet access via mobile telephones, the content available on handheld devices with mobile Internet access differs from the content available with wireline web access and varies by device and wireless Internet service provider. See Section II.B.2.b(i), Wireless Web. The type of mobile Internet content available on various handheld devices is described below.
456 	Handheld PDAs generally include the PDA functions described in note 320, supra.
457 	One handheld device discussed below, the Handspring Visor, allows users to attach a VisorPhone to the handheld device, thereby giving them mobile voice and Internet access. See Section II.B.2.c(i), PalmOS Devices, infra.
458 	R. Gardner, Handheld Devices: The PDA Weekly, Salomon Smith Barney, Feb. 23, 2001, at 2. These market share percentages include only point-of-sale cash register sales made at retailers such as CompUSA, Office Depot, etc. plus certain mail order catalogs. It does not include the other sales channels used by RIM; therefore, sales of RIM's blackberry devices are not included. E-mail communication with Cynthia S. Hiponia, Associate, Salomon Smith Barney, May 25, 2001.
459 	At the beginning of 2001, the list price of the Palm VIIx was $399, an 11 percent decrease from the $450 price of the Palm VII in the spring of 2000. In addition, in February 2001, Palm began offering a $100 rebate on the Palm VIIx with a 12-month subscription to Palm.net. See R. Gardner, Handheld Devices: The PDA Weekly, Salomon Smith Barney, Feb. 23, 2001, at 1; Palm, Palm VII Series (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <https://store.palm.com/Catalog/>; Fifth Report, at 17723. Palm has made few changes to its Palm.Net monthly service pricing since the Fifth Report. For $44.99 per month, subscribers can get unlimited Internet access, and for $9.99 per month, they can download 50 kilobytes (or about 150 screens) of content. Palm changed its mid-level pricing plan from $39.95 for 300 kilobytes, to $24.99 for 150 kilobyes (or about 450 screens). Palm, Palm.Net Service Plans (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/serviceplans.html>.
460 	Marge Brown, Palm/Handspring: Services, PC MAGAZINE, Mar. 29, 2001, available in 2001 WL 4946173.
461 	Web clipping allows Palm devices to display small amounts of text information from popular Internet sites that have been specially designed for the proprietary Palm platform. Users can access information from these sites but cannot surf beyond them. See Fifth Report, at 17723. The web clipping applications of Palm's content partners come pre-loaded on the Palm VIIx and give users access to sites such as Yahoo!, E*Trade, Travelocity, ABCNEWS.com, and ESPN.com. See Palm, Web Clipping Applications (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/webclipping.html>; Palm, Web Clipping Application Partners (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/qa_logos.html>.
462 	Palm, Palm.Net Wireless Communication Service (visited Mar. 16, 2001) http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/wireless.html>. Palm.net's e-mail product is called iMessenger. With iMessenger, Palm.Net subscribers can automatically receive the first 500 characters of each message sent to their personal Palm.Net e-mail account, and then have the option to read the next 500 characters, download the entire message, or read it later. Palm, iMessenger Wireless Internet Messaging (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/imessenger.html>.
463 	See Fifth Report, at 17723; Palm, Palm.Net Service Coverage (visited Apr. 2, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/products/palmvii/map.html>.
464 	Users who connect through a mobile phone must also install Palm's Mobile Internet Kit software. Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/software/mik/>; Palm, Palm m105 Handheld (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <https://store.palm.com/Catalog/>. See Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/software/mik/phone.html> for a list of mobile handsets that can be attached to Palm devices, and the type of connection (either cable or infrared) that each uses.
465 	Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit FAQs (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/software/mik/faq.html#3>; Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit (visited Mar. 16, 2001) http://www.palm.com/software/mik/>.
466 	Id.
467 	With Palm devices, users can store and retrieve their SMS messages. Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit FAQs (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/software/mik/faq.html#3>. When users are piggybacking on the mobile telephone's mobile Internet connection, many factors associated with the connections, including speed, reliability, and service pricing, are dependent upon the mobile telephone carrier providing the Internet access. Palm does not charge a monthly service fee for this type of access; however, Palm Mobile Internet Kit users must pay whatever wireless web access fees their mobile telephone carrier charges. Palm, Palm Mobile Internet Kit FAQs (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/software/mik/faq.html#3>. See Section II.B.2.b, Mobile Telephone Operator Offerings, supra.
468 	Palm, Wireless Internet and E-mail (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.palm.com/wireless/>. The Minstrel V and Minstrel III work with the Palm V and Palm III, respectively. Both Minstrel modems cost $369. All of Minstrel wireless modems are made by Novatel Wireless, Inc. ("Novatel") and use CDPD networks for mobile Internet access. Novatel, Minstrel V (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.novatelwireless.com/palmtop/minstrel5.html>; Novatel, Minstrel III (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.novatelwireless.com/palmtop/minstrel3.html>.
469 	Novatel, Minstrel V (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.novatelwireless.com/palmtop/minstrel5.html>; Novatel, Minstrel III (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.novatelwireless.com/palmtop/minstrel3.html>. In the future, Palm and Motient plan to offer a Palm V cradle that will have always-on wireless Internet access to Motient's wireless data network. Motient to Provide Palm Users with Wireless Connectivity, PR NEWSWIRE, Feb. 7, 2001.
470 	GoAmerica's Go.Web gives users access to a new Go.Web e-mail account or to an existing web-based e-mail account, and to nearly any web site that has been designed for use on a mobile device. GoAmerica, Go.Web Service (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.goamerica.com/goweb/>. Go.Web allows users to customize the content they wish to receive through its MyGo.Web portal. GoAmerica, Go.Web Service (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.goamerica.com/goweb/>.
471 	OmniSky provides e-mail access to an existing web-based or Microsoft Outlook e-mail account. OmniSky, Wireless E-mail & Internet (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.omnisky.com/products/>. Like GoAmerica, OmniSky allows users to access a variety of web content that has been designed for mobile devices and to personalize the content they receive with My OmniSky. OmniSky, Wireless E-mail & Internet (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.omnisky.com/products/>.
472 	OmniSky, Wireless E-mail & Internet (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.omnisky.com/products/>; GoAmerica, Novatel Wireless Minstrel V (visited Mar. 19, 2001) <http://www.goamerica.net/showcase/minstrel5/>. Like many landline ISPs, WISPs GoAmerica and OmniSky are neither carriers nor equipment manufacturers but instead provide their subscribers with access to the Internet, including web content and e-mail, from various mobile devices discussed in Section II.B.2.c.
473 	Handspring, Springboard Modules (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/sbmodules/index.jhtml>.
474 	Handspring, Springboard Modules Communications and Wireless (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/sbmodules/CommunicationsAndWireless.jhtml>; Handspring, Give Your Visor a Dial Tone (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/visorphone/index.jhtml>.
475 	Handspring, Springboard Modules Communications and Wireless (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/sbmodules/CommunicationsAndWireless.jhtml>.
476 	Handspring, @ctivelink Wireless Messaging Module (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/sbmodules/activelinkdetails.jhtml>. Glenayre announced in May 2001 that it planned to exit the wireless messaging business over the coming year and instead focus on providing access to voicemail and e-mail via the Internet and cellular phones. Paging Firm Glenayre to Cut 700 Jobs, REUTERS, May 23, 2001.
477 	Arch Wireless Introduces the 'Arch Webster(tm) 300' With the Glenayre @ctiveLink(tm) Module, PR NEWSWIRE, Mar. 21, 2001. See Section II.B.2.a, Paging/Messaging, supra.
478 	Handspring, Give Your Visor a Dial Tone (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/visorphone/index.jhtml>.
479 	Handspring, VisorPhone FAQs (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/visorphone/faqs.jhtml>; Rob Pegoraro, Handheld Meets Phone, With Promising Results, THE WASHINGTON POST, Mar. 9, 2001. The Minstrel wireless modems and VisorPhone cost $299 each, and the @ctivelink module costs $179. Handspring, Springboard Modules Communication and Wireless (visited Apr. 24, 2001) <http://www.handspring.com/products/sbmodules/CommunicationsAndWireless.jhtml>.
480 	RIM, Available Services (visited Mar. 18, 2000) <http://www.rim.net/products/handhelds/services/index.shtml>.
481 	See Section II.B.2.d, Dedicated Data Networks, infra, for a discussion of Motient and Cingular Interactive.
482 	RIM, Available Services (visited Mar. 18, 2000) <http://www.rim.net/products/handhelds/services/index.shtml>.
483 	RIM, BlackBerry Enterprise Solutions (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/solutions/enterprise/index.shtml>; RIM, BlackBerry Home/Personal Solutions (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/solutions/home/index.shtml>; RIM, Wireless E-mail Solutions (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/solutions/index.shtml>. BlackBerry Enterprise Edition is for businesses and BlackBerry Internet Edition for individual customers. Enterprise Edition is designed for use with Microsoft Exchange or Lotus Domino and can be integrated with corporate servers. Individual BlackBerry e-mail service costs $39.99 per month, and services such as paging and North American roaming cost extra. RIM, BlackBerry Exchange Edition (visited Mar. 18, 2000) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/pricing/us/bbee.shtml.
484 	RIM, BlackBerry eMarketplace (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/index.shtml>; Research In Motion Reports 45% Sequential Revenue Growth in Q3, News Release, RIM, Dec. 20, 2000; RIM, BlackBerry Flat-Rate Pricing (visited Mar. 18, 2000) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/pricing/index.shtml>.
485 	Some of the co-branded BlackBerry services are only available on certain RIM devices. RIM, BlackBerry eMarketplace GoAmerica (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/resellers/us/goamerica.shtml>; RIM, BlackBerry eMarketplace Cingular (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/resellers/us/cingular.shtml>. Compaq has co-branded not only RIM's BlackBerry service, but two of its devices as well. It has branded the RIM 950 as the iPAQ W1000 and the RIM 957 as the iPAQ H1000, and offers the iPAQ BlackBerry Wireless E-mail Solution on both. RIM, BlackBerry eMarketplace Compaq (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/resellers/us/compaq.shtml>. GoAmerica has added its wireless Internet service, Go.Web, to BlackBerry, so users can access the web and corporate intranets, as well as existing e-mail accounts, on the RIM 850, RIM 950, and RIM 957. RIM, BlackBerry eMarketplace GoAmerica (visited Mar. 18, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/resellers/us/goamerica.shtml>. The co-branded BlackBerry services offered by Cingular Interactive and Motient are discussed in Section II.B.2.d, infra.
486 	Research In Motion Reports 45% Sequential Revenue Growth in Q3, News Release, RIM, Dec. 20, 2000; America Online Unveils New AOL Mobile Communicator Two-way Wireless Handheld Device, News Release, RIM, Nov. 30, 2000.
487 	Microsoft, Mobile Devices, Get Connected (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.microsoft.com/mobile/pocketpc/wireless/connected.asp>.
488 	Novatel, Minstrel 540 (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.novatelwireless.com/palmtop/minstrel540.html>. Like the Minstrel V and Minstrel III discussed above, the Minstrel 540 uses CDPD networks and transfers data at speeds of 19.2 kbps. Id.
489 	Casio, PocketSpider GoAmerica Wireless Internet Services (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.casio.com/pocketspider/>.
490 	Compaq, Accessories (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www5.compaq.com/products/handhelds/pocketpc/accessories.html#wireless>.
491 	Microsoft, Mobile Devices, Get Connected (visited Mar. 16, 2001) <http://www.microsoft.com/mobile/pocketpc/wireless/connected.asp>.
492 	Id.
493 	Motient Corporation, SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 14, 2000. Motient provides wireless voice services via its satellite subsidiary. Id. Motient was formerly known as American Mobile Satellite Corporation and included the acquisition of ARDIS Company. Motient Corporation, SEC Form 10-Q, May 15, 1998.

494 	Motient Corporation, SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001.
495 	2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 67. See Section II.B.2.c(ii), RIM Devices and BlackBerry Service, supra.
496 	Peggy Albright, Motient's Big Push for a Consumer Base, WIRELESS WEEK, Jan. 15, 2001.
497 	Motient (visited Mar. 14, 2001) <http://www.motient.com>.
498 	RIM, BlackBerry (visited Mar. 14, 2001) <http://www.blackberry.net/purchase/emarketplace/resellers/us>.
499 	Mike Mayor, New Cradle to Keep Palm Users Turned On, WIRELESS NEWS FACTOR, Feb. 8, 2001. See also Section II.B.2.c(i), PalmOS Devices, supra.
500 	Motient Corporation, SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001, at F-5.
501 	BellSouth Wireless Data Brings in New Year with New Name - Cingular Interactive, News Release, Cingular Interactive, Jan. 10, 2001.
502 	Cingular Interactive's Subscriber Count Eclipses 570,000 as Company Celebrates Banner Year, News Release, Cingular Interactive, Jan. 23, 2001 ("Cingular Interactive News Release").
503 	Id.
504 	Id.
505 	Cingular Interactive Introduces Operation Platinum Standard to Continue Meeting Service and Coverage Needs, News Release, Cingular Interactive, Feb. 5, 2001.
506 	Cingular Interactive News Release.
507 	Metricom, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 13, 2000, at 11.
508 	Id.
509 	Metricom, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 30, 2001, at 1.
510 	Id.
511 	Metricom, Inc., SEC Form 10-Q, Nov. 13, 2000, at 11.
512 	San Diego Gains Competitive Advantage..., News Release, Metricom, Inc., May 17, 2001; Metricom, Get Ricochet (visited May 22, 2001) <wysiwyg://19/http://www.ricochet.com/ric...t_advantage/getricochet/matrix_live.html>.
513 	Metricom, Metricom Partners and Resellers (visited Apr. 25, 2001) <http://www.metricom.com/partners_resellers/index.html>.
514 	Metricom Reports Fourth Quarter 2000 Results, News Release, Metricom, Feb. 8, 2001.
515 	Id.
516 	Openwave Systems was formed by the November 17, 2000, merger between Phone.com and Software.com. Phone.com and Software.com Announce Completion of Merger, News Release, Openwave, Nov. 17, 2000.
517 	See Fifth Report, at 17704-17706.
518 	WAP Forum, The Future of WAP, Presentation, Feb. 2001 at 3.
519 	Id.
520 	WAP-enabled handsets as at October 2000, MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL, Dec./Jan. 2000/2001, at 99 (Source: EMC).
521 	Id.
522 	Peter Rysavy, WAP: Untangling the Wireless Standard, NETWORK COMPUTING, Nov. 27, 2000.
523 	Id. See Section II.B.3.b, M-Commerce, infra.
524 	The uncertainty the industry has about WAP is most evident on the cover of the December/January 2000/2001 issue of Mobile Communications International, on which the question "On fire or burnt out?" is posed about WAP. See also Peter Rysavy, E-Commerce Unleashed, NETWORK COMPUTING, Jan. 22, 2001, available in 2001 WL 9806388 ("E-Commerce Unleashed"); Jim Thompson, WAP- The Technology Everyone Loves to Hate - A Potential Force in Mobile Wireless Access, BOARDWATCH, Feb. 2001; Peter Rysavy, WAP: Untangling the Wireless Standard, NETWORK COMPUTING, Nov. 27, 2000 ("WAP is not a cure-all, and skeptics consider it an interim technology at best.").
525 	Many in the industry have been disappointed with WAP following its commercial introduction in January 2000 in Europe. Some of the disappointment in Europe has been caused by shortages of WAP phones; slow mobile network speeds, and the incompatibility between WAP devices and WAP applications. Mike Hibberd, How it all began, MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL, Dec./Jan. 2000/2001; Matt Hamblen, WAP Gets Both Jeers, Cheers for Usability, COMPUTERWORLD, Dec. 18, 2000; Reinhardt Krause, Does Standard For Wireless Web Pages Have Legs?, INVESTOR'S BUSINESS DAILY, Sept. 15, 2000; Antony Bruno, Sky's the limit for domestic WAP rollout, RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Aug, 21, 2000.
526 	The Strategis Group lists three wireless web interfaces: WAP, cHTML, and Microsoft Mobile Explorer. NTT DoCoMo's iMode service is based on cHTML, and Microsoft's Mobile Explorer supports both HTML and WAP. 2001 Strategis Mobile Data Report, at 12; Jim Thompson, WAP- The Technology Everyone Loves to Hate - A Potential Force in Mobile Wireless Access, BOARDWATCH, Feb. 2001; Shyam Kamadolli, The Yap about WAP, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Dec. 1, 2000 ("WAP seems to be a sure bet, at least in the near term.").
527 	E-Commerce Unleashed.
528 	Fidelity has been offering wireless access to accounts since 1998. Recently, the company began permitting access to 401K accounts via mobile devices. Deborah Bach, Fidelity Pouncing, Others Still Waiting on Wireless, AMERICAN BANKER, May 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 3911224.
529 	Karen Kaplan, M-Commerce Gives Shell-Shocked Web a Glimmer of Light, LOS ANGELES TIMES, Mar. 12, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2469205.
530 	Charles V. Zehren, Advertisers Set Sights on Wireless Hand-Helds to Target Their Message, NEWSDAY, Oct. 19, 2000, available in 2000 WL 3722888 (citing the Kelsey Group).
531 	Herman Mehling, Anytime, Anywhere E-Commerce Beckons, VARBUSINESS, Oct. 16, 2000, available in 2000 WL 8236782 (citing IDC).
532 	Welcome to Vodafone Bank, How May We Serve Your Financial Needs, AMERICAN BANKER, Oct. 17, 2000, available in 2000 WL 25346208 (citing Nortel Networks and the Gartner Group).
533 	See Section II.B.3.a, WAP, supra.
534 	See Section II.B.3.d, Short Range Data Transmissions, infra, for a discussion of Bluetooth.
535 	E-Commerce Unleashed.
536 	Justin Pearse, European Vending Association Plans Phone-Paid Vending, NEW MEDIA AGE, March 8, 2001, available in 2001 WL 11317272. The European Vending Association has includes Sonera, Mobilix and Cellpoint. Together the EVA will work to drive m-commerce via vending machines throughout Europe and the United States. Id.
537 	Bass Hotels, Inc., which owns the Holiday Inn chain, plans to use Bluetooth in all of its properties, including its Crowne Plaza and Intercontinental chains. Leo Lewis, Room bkd 4u @ Hldy In - CU L8R, THE INDEPENDENT, Feb. 4, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2792121. In April, Starwood Hotels & Resorts International announced that it would implement m-commerce services for guests using Bluetooth at 120 locations in North America and Europe. Market Currents, MBUSINESS, April 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 20266214.
538 	Yahoo! Launches Two Mobile E-Commerce Services, News Release, Yahoo, Oct. 19, 2000; Thyron Teams Up with Visa at Cartes 2000, M2PRESSWIRE, Oct. 20, 2000, available in 2000 WL 28277241
539 	E-Commerce Unleashed. Telecommunications operators, Internet content providers, and equipment suppliers founded the Global Mobile Commerce Forum in 1997 to support the development of m-commerce. The Forum is comprised of 48 members including BT Cellnet, Virgin Mobile, InfoSpace, Orange and Motorola (visited Mar. 27, 2001) <http://www.GMCForum.com>. The Mobey Forum convened in May 2000 to encourage the use of mobile technology in the financial services sector. The Mobey Forum is comprised of 98 members including ABN-AMBRO Bank, Deutsche Bank, Visa International, Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens (visited Mar. 27, 2001) <http://www.mobeyforum.org>. The Mobile Electronics Transaction Initiative was founded in April 2000 by Motorola, Ericsson, and Lucent to create an open industry framework for secure m-commerce transactions (visited Mar. 27, 2001) <http://www.wideopen.com/computerworld/725.html>.
540 	Under Phase II E911 rules, wireless carriers must provide a PSAP the telephone number of the wireless caller and a precise measurement of the location of the caller, by latitude and longitude. See Fifth Report, at 17712-17713.
541 	Location Based Services: The Next Wave of Wireless Services, Allied Business Intelligence, Feb. 21, 2001.
542 	Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems, Fourth Memorandum Opinion and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 17442 (2000).
543 	See Sprint PCS, Revision of the Commission's Rules To Ensure Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems, Phase II Implementation Report, CC Docket No. 94-102, Nov. 9, 2000; Fifth Report, at 17712-17713.
544 	See Verizon Wireless, Revision of the Commission's Rules To Ensure Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems, E911 Phase II Carrier Report, CC Docket No. 94-102, Nov. 9, 2000; Verizon Wireless and TruePosition Announce Successful Completion of Location System Test in Manhattan, News Release, Verizon Wireless, Dec. 19, 2000.
545 	Joshua L. Kwan, New Wireless Technology Tracks Location, KNIGHT RIDDER /TRIBUNE BUSINESS NEWS, Oct. 16, 2000, available in 2000 WL 28272653.
546 	SignalSoft Becomes First Member of Location Interoperability Forum, News Release, SignalSoft, Corp., Oct. 15, 2000.
547 	MapInfo/Lucent to Develop Applications for Mobile Internet, TELEPHONE IP NEWS, Nov. 1, 2000, available in 2000 WL 2145020.
548 	See Section II.B.4, Telemetry and Telematics, infra, for a further discussion of telematics.
549 	Steve Ditlea, Wheels Online, MC TECHNOLOGY MARKETING INTELLIGENCE, March 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 15717085.
550 	The CD-ROM dependent location based devices require drivers to program the destination into an in-dash console while the vehicle is stopped, in order to avoid distraction. These location based devices are available for $1,500 to $2,000, including installation. Cade Metz, Nokia Gets Behind the Wheel, PC MAGAZINE, March 12, 2001, available in 2001 WL 4945975; G. Chambers Williams III, Global Positioning System Guides Drivers Now, SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS NEWS, March 25, 2001, available in 2001 WL 17167238.
551 	The number of subscribers includes the owners of GM's high-end models who receive the service free for one year whether they use it or not. The OnStar system connects to a live OnStar operator who can pinpoint the location of the vehicle and provide verbal driving instructions. Steve Ditlea, Wheels Online, MC TECHNOLOGY MARKETING INTELLIGENCE, March 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 15717085.
552 	Steve Ditlea, Wheels Online, MC TECHNOLOGY MARKETING INTELLIGENCE, March 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 15717085.
553 	There are two OnStar service plans: the Safety & Security Plan and the Premium Plan. The Safety & Security Plan offers live connection to an OnStar operator, remote accesss to the vehicle's horn, door locks and headlights, and public safety officials if the airbag deploys. This plan costs $16.95 per month. The Premium Plan allows subscribers to pre-purchase voice and data minutes from Verizon Wireless. Each vehicle that is equipped with the Premium service has its own phone number for incoming and outgoing calls. In addition, the Premium Plan allows subscribers to use voice commands to access e-mail and Internet content, such as news, stock quotes, sports scores and weather reports. This plans costs $34.95 per month. Steve Ditlea, Wheels Online, MC TECHNOLOGY MARKETING INTELLIGENCE, March 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 15717085. OnStar has also partnered with Fidelity Investments to offer in-vehicle access to stock trading and investment accounts with the Premium Plan. Beth Healy, GM's OnStar Service Offers Hands-Free Market Data, BOSTON GLOBE, Feb. 25, 2001, available in 2001 WL 9341166.
554 	The number of subscribers includes the owners of GM's high-end models who receive the service free for one year whether they use it or not. Steve Ditlea, Wheels Online, MC TECHNOLOGY MARKETING INTELLIGENCE, March 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 15717085.
555 	Harman International's system, called Becker Online Pro, is currently being sold in Europe in the BMW 7-series models. A similar system is scheduled to appear in the United States in the 2002 BMW 7-series, Porsche and Audi models. Jerry Knight, Harman Fine Tuning A 'Telematics' Plan, THE WASHINGTON POST, March 8, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2549423.
556 	Mercedez-Benz plans to make the TeleAid system available in its 2002 models. The annual subscription rate for Tele-Aid is $125.00. Jim Mateja, Variety is Standard on Mercedes SUVs, SOUTH FLORIDA SUN-SENTINEL, Feb. 23, 2001, avaiable in 2001 WL 2661136.
557 	The name Bluetooth comes from the Danish King Harald Blatand II who peacefully unified Denmark and Norway. The range of Bluetooth-enabled devices may be extended to 100 meters with additional amplifiers. Bluetooth Special Interest Group, FAQ: Bluetooth Trademark (visited Oct. 25, 2000) <http://www.bluetooth.com/bluetoothguide/faq/8.asp>.
558 	Personal Area Network ("PAN") is a term being used to describe the network that is created when wireless devices are connected in a small office or home environment. Motorola, Motorola Bluetooth [Personal Area Networks] (visited Feb. 12, 2001) <http://www.motorola.com/bluetooth/pan/pan.html>; Compaq, Wireless personal area network (visited Feb. 12, 2001) <http://www5.compaq.com/products/wireless/wpan>.
559 	The Bluetooth standard calls for frequency hopping, spread-spectrum techniques that make 1,600 hops per second among different frequencies within the 2.4 GHz ISM band. On its website, the Bluetooth SIG mentions that two other security features available are encryption and authentication. Both features may be employed on an application level. Bluetooth Special Interest Group, FAQ - Security (visited Oct. 25, 2000) <http://www.bluetooth.com/bluetoothguide/faq/5.asp>; Art Wittmann, Brush Up on Bluetooth, NETWORK COMPUTING, June 28, 1999, available in 1999 WL 8445722.
560 	See Fifth Report, at 17706. Bluetooth has been under development since 1994 when Ericsson began conducting a feasibility study. In 1998, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed. The group, which promotes the Bluetooth standard, has over 2,000 adopter companies.
561 	Cahners In-Stat Group, selected data from "Bluetooth 2000: To Enable the Star Trek Generation," <http://www.instat.com>; Cathleen Moore, Bluetooth-enabled products finally hit market, INFOWORLD, Dec. 18, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26552351.
562 	Liz Vaughan-Adams, Giving Bluetooth a little extra bite, THE INDEPENDENT, Feb. 21, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2796148.
563 	See Appendix D, Table 10, at D-12.
564 	Sarah L. Robers-Witt, Will Bluetooth Bite Soon?, PC MAGAZINE, Jan. 1, 2001, available in 2001 WL 4945284. For a list of products available at the end of 2000 and those slated to begin selling in 2001, see Appendix D, Table 10, at D-12.
565 	Survey, Is Bluetooth worth the wait?, THE ECONOMIST, Dec. 9, 2000, available in 2000 WL 8144813; Dan Meyer, Bluetooth At The Gate; Ready To Run: SIG Works Through Testing Issues, Standards Setting And Early Hype, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Sept. 25, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26131159.
566 	Dan Meyer, Bluetooth At The Gate; Ready To Run: SIG Works Through Testing Issues, Standards Setting And Early Hype, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Sept. 25, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26131159; Bluetooth Gaining Speed, But Obstacles Remain, CT WIRELESS, Volume 4 Issue 185, Sept. 26, 2000, available in 2000 WL 6392471.
567 	The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ("IEEE") is a technical society that sponsors conferences, publishes technical papers, and provides a forum for the development of standards. IEEE standards include those for computers and telecommunications, specifically standards used for LANs such as 802.11b. Harry Newton, Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 1998, at 358.
568 	J. William Gurley, The next big thing? Try 802.11b, CNET.COM, Feb. 19, 2001; Curtis Franklin, Cut The Cord, INTERNETWEEK, Mar. 12, 2001, available in 2001 WL 8007251; Terry Sweeney, 802.11B: One Standard Worth Waiting For, TECHWEBUK.COM, Nov. 16, 2000.
569 	John C. Dvorak, Wireless Whale, FORBES, Mar. 5, 2001, available in 2001 WL 2184050; Michael Dell Puts Wireless in Focus; Sees Standards, Notebooks as Easy Way for Customers to be Connected, BUSINESS WIRE, Mar. 20, 2001. In January 2001, Starbucks announced it will begin installing MobileStar Network Corporation's wireless broadband network in stores, allowing customers with 802.11b-enabled notebook computers, handheld devices, smartphones and pocket PCs to access broadband content and services in Starbucks stores. Starbucks and Microsoft Blend Coffee Retailer's Expertise With Technology Leader's Software and Services to Deliver Wireless Cof, News Release, Starbucks, Jan. 3, 2001.
570 	Apple Introduces AirPort Wireless Networking, News Release, Apple, Jul. 21, 1999
571 	AirPort works with Apple's iBook, iMac, PowerBook G4, Power Mac G4 Cube and Power Mac G4. Apple, Apple - AirPort (visited May 21, 2001) <http://www.apple.com/airport/>.
572 	Members include Siemens, Compaq, Motorola, National Semiconductor, and Proxim. HomeRF, Frequently Asked Questions (visted June 18, 2001) <http://www.homerf.org/about/faq_general.html>.
573 	Id. DECT is the Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephone standard that is widely used across Europe. Id.
574 	Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance, Wi-Fi Value and the Benefit of Standards (visited Apr. 30, 2001) <http://www.wi-fi.org/benefitsfaq.asp>.
575 	Toni Kistner, Small businesses warming to 802.11b, NETWORK WORLD, Apr. 23, 2001.
576 	J. William Gurley, The next big thing? Try 802.11b, CNET.COM, Feb. 19, 2001.
577 	Amendment of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Spread Spectrum Devices and Wi-LAN, Inc. Application for Certification of an Intentional Radiator Under Part 15 of The Commission's Rules, Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking And Order, DA 00-2317 (rel. May 11, 2001).
578 	See Section II.B.3.c, Location-Based Services, supra.
579 	LoJack Corporation, SEC Form 10-K/A, Mar. 13, 2000.
580 	LoJack Corporation, Company Overview (visited May 25, 2001) <http://www.lojack.com/about/index.htm>.
581 	See Appendix D, Table 11, at D-13 for an overview of their services.
582 	See Fifth Report, at 17726.
583 	Schlumberger RMS Reaches Major Milestone, Connects 5 Millionth Consumer to Wireless Fixed Network, News Release, Schlumberger, Feb. 26, 2001.
584 	CellNet Installs Three Millionth Device into Wireless Network, NETWORKS UPDATE, Dec. 1, 1999, available in 1999 WL 11391122.
585 	Schlumberger RMS Reaches Major Milestone, Connects 5 Millionth Consumer to Wireless Fixed Network, News Release, Schlumberger, Feb. 26, 2001.
586 	Schlumberger Ltd, SEC Form 10-Q, May 12, 2000.
587 	Itron, Inc. Expresses Confidence in Fourth Quarter Guidance; Reports Strong Fourth Quarter Bookings, News Release, Itron, Dec. 22, 2000; Itron and eMobile Data Sign Exclusive Development, License and Distribution Agreements, News Release, Itron, Feb. 6, 2001.
588 	See Appendix D, Table 11, at D-13 for the details on the services offered by these carriers.
589 	See Fifth Report, at 17727.
590 	See Appendix D, Table 11, at D-13 for details on these contracts.
591 	Telemetry Technologies To Deploy Aeris.Net's Microburst(tm) Technology, News Release, Aeris, May 19, 2000.
592 	See Section II.A.1.c, Continued Rise of Digital, supra.
593 	See Section II.B.2.a, Paging/Messaging, supra.
594 	See Section II.A.1.e, Wireless/Wireline Competition, supra.
595 	"Fixed wireless" services are also sometimes referred to as "wireless broadband" or "wireless DSL." The Commission endeavors to make its information as up-to-date as possible, and, unless otherwise noted, the data in this section of the report covers the period through May 2001. Because the fixed wireless sector changes so rapidly, some of the information may not be current as you are reading it.
596	"Licensees of cellular systems may use alternative cellular technologies and/or provide fixed services on a co-primary basis with their mobile offerings, including personal communications services . . . on the spectrum within their assigned channel block." 47 CFR  22.902(d).
597	In contrast, in its first report on the deployment of advanced telecommunication services, the Commission defined "advanced telecommunications capability" as upstream and downstream communications paths "having the capability of supporting . . . a speed . . . in excess of 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in the last mile." Inquiry Concerning The Deployment Of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Report, 14 FCC Rcd 2398, 2406, at  20 (1999). See also, Local Competition and Broadband Reporting, Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 7717, 7720, at note 8 (2000).
598 	See Fifth Report, at 17785.
599 	Estimates of this market vary. Teligent estimates 3 to 4 percent of the office buildings in the United States are wired through fiber; however, these buildings account for 30 percent of business phone lines. Stan Draenos, Wireless Goes the Last Mile, UPSIDE TODAY, Oct. 9, 2000, available in 2000 WL 4725953 (quoting Bruce Wagner, Senior VP for field operations at Teligent). The Strategis Group estimates 4 percent of all buildings in the United States are connected by fiber. See Arielle Emmett, Alcatel's LMDS Strategy: "Scars, Welts and Staying Power," BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, Mar. 2001, at 32. McKinsey & Company and J.P. Morgan Securities estimate that 5 percent of large U.S. buildings are of sufficient size and relative proximity to be targeted by fiber. Broadband 2001, McKinsey & Company and J.P. Morgan Securities, 2001.
600	Robertson Stephens estimates that there are 8 million small and medium-sized businesses in the United States. Jim Friedland and Amy Roth, Broadband Wireless Access: Beyond the Reach of Fiber, Robertson Stephens Telecom Services Research, Feb. 18, 2000, at 1. Lehman Brothers estimates that mid-sized businesses use 25 to 35 million access lines. Tim Luke, Introducing the Broadband Wireless Equipment Market, Lehman Brothers, Aug. 5, 1999, at 6.
601	Inquiry Concerning The Deployment Of Advanced Telecommunications Capability To All Americans In A Reasonable And Timely Fashion, And Possible Steps To Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant To Section 706 Of The Telecommunications Act Of 1996, Report, 14 FCC Rcd 2398, 2422 (2000).
602	However, by adjusting factors such as cell size and transmission power, the networks can be engineered to the standard level of reliability in a telecommunications network, 99.999 percent. This level of reliability is also known as "five 9's."
603 	Gerry Blackwell, Project Angel: Very Much Alive and Kicking, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, Mar. 2001, at 44 ("Blackwell Project Angel Article")
604 	Steve Stroh, OFDM Forum Grinds On With Mission, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, Jan. 2001, at 8 ("Stroh OFDM Article"); Jim Grier, Enabling Fast Networks with OFDM, COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, Feb. 1, 2001, <http://www.csdmag.com/story/OEG20010122S0078>. OFDM is sometimes referred to as multi-carrier or discrete multi-tone modulation. See Jim Grier, Enabling Fast Networks with OFDM, COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, Feb. 1, 2001, <http://www.csdmag.com/story/OEG20010122S0078>.
605 	Stroh OFDM Article; See Fifth Report, at 17793.
606 	Stroh OFDM Article; Jim Grier, Enabling Fast Networks with OFDM, COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, Feb. 1, 2001, available at <http://www.csdmag.com/story/OEG20010122S0078>.
607 	See Fifth Report, at 17793; Hybrid Networks to Develop Non-Line-of-Sight Wireless Broadband Router, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, Jan. 2001, at 9.
608 	Blackwell Project Angel Article. See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra, for a discussion of AT&T's Digital Broadband service.
609 	See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra. See also Appendix E, Map 7, p. E-8.
610 	Elizabeth Douglas, Putting Broadband on the Air Wireless Technology is Speeding the Spread of Residential Service, LOS ANGELES TIMES, Oct. 19, 2000, available in 2000 WL 25909045 (quoting Brian Gilman, senior analyst at eMarketer Inc.) ("Douglas Broadband Article"); Joan Van Tassel, Fixed Wireless Coming Despite AT&T Restructuring, LOS ANGELES BUSINESS JOURNAL, Nov. 6, 2000, available in 2000 WL 27194905 (quoting eMarketer).
611 	See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra.
612 	A hub is the point on a network where circuits or lines are connected. See Harry Newton, Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 16th Ed., at 430.
613	Fixed wireless equipment maker P-Com believes that PTP technology offers a better solution than PTMP for customer requirements above 45 Mbps. John Hodulik, Broadband Wireless Conference Call Series # 4 with P-Com, PaineWebber, Apr. 12, 2000.
614	Winstar Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-K405, Dec. 31, 1999, at 3-4.
615	Id.
616 	See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra.
617	Centennial Communications has been operating a WLL system in Puerto Rico since 1997 using its broadband PCS spectrum. Its offering involves restricting the use of a mobile phone to one location, and many of its WLL customers use their handsets for their primary telecommunications line. Bringing Local Loop to Puerto Rico, WIRELESS BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY, Jan. 1998, at 27; Elizabeth V. Mooney, Wireless Is Foundation To Launch Other Services, RCR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Nov. 8, 1999; Hargray Wireless, WLL offerings (visited Feb. 23, 2000) <http://www.hargraywireless.com/products/plans.html>.
618	According to Western Wireless Chairman and CEO John Stanton, "If our competitor has the subsidies and we do not, then we can't compete on equal footing." Western Wireless Breaks ETC Barrier For Wireless Providers, COMMUNICATIONS TODAY, Oct. 5, 1999, available in 1999 WL 28525915.
619	47 U.S.C.  214(e)(2).
620	See Fifth Report at 17788; Marcia Martinek, No Place Like Home, WIRELESS REVIEW, Oct. 1, 2000, available in 2000 WL 7119421; Universal Service Administrative Company, Federal Universal Service Support Mechanisms Fund Size Projections and Contribution Base for the First Quarter 2001, Appendix LI2, available at Quarterly Administrative Filings, High Cost & Low Income, Schools & Libraries, and Rural Health Care, <http://www.fcc.gov/ccb/universal_service/quarter.html#2001>.
621 	Western Wireless Corp., SEC Form 10-K405, Mar. 30, 2001, at 7.
622 	Ric Prentiss, et. al., WWCA Reports 4Q00: Revenues and EBITDA Beat Our Expectations, Higher Churn, RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC., Feb. 13, 2001, at 1.
623 	See FCC Auctions website (visited Jan. 24, 2001) http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/ ("WCS spectrum may be used for any fixed, mobile, radiolocation or broadcast-satellite (sound) use consistent with the international agreements concerning spectrum allocations, and subject to the technical rules of Part 27, Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations.")
624 	See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra.
625 	See, generally, 47 CFR Part 15.
626 	See Section II.B.3.d., Short-Range Data Transmission, supra.
627 	See Section II.D, Major Lowerband Operators, infra.
628	See Fifth Report, at 17789.
629 	Prior to August 2000, several companies offered two-way MDS services pursuant to waivers granted by the Commission.
630 	See Section II.B.1.c., 3G Developments, supra.
631 	Federal Communications Commission, Spectrum Study of the 2500-2690 MHz Band The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems, Final Report, Mar. 30, 2001. Department of Commerce, The Potential for Accommodating Third Generation Mobile Systems in the 1710-1850 MHz Band: Federal Operations, Relocation Costs, and Operational Impacts, Final Report, Mar. 2001.
632 	This analysis is based on publicly-available information, such as news articles and operators' press releases, SEC filings, and web sites. There are several caveats to note when considering this data. First, in order to be considered as "covering" a county, an operator need only be offering service in a portion of that county. Second, the POPs and square mile figures in this analysis include all of the POPs and all of the square miles in a county considered to have coverage. Third, all population figures are based on 2000 Census estimates. Fourth, because some lowerband carriers serve small and remote locations and because unlicensed operators provide service without a license from the Commission, it is difficult to assess precisely who is operating where in the lowerbands. Therefore, the analysis may not include certain companies that do not make the information on their fixed wireless offerings easily obtainable or publicly available.
633 	See Appendix E, Map 7, p. E-8.
634 	Many of these lowerband providers serve only business customers. Residential fixed wireless Internet access is available in at least 333 different counties. These counties contain approximately 100 million people or 35 percent of the U.S. population.
635 	Digital Broadband is also referred to as Project Angel. See Fifth Report, at 17787.
636 	Blackwell Project Angel Article; Marcia Martinek, Angel in the Outfield, WIRELESS REVIEW, Sept. 30, 2000, available in 2000 WL 7119396 ("Angel in the Outfield"); Douglas Broadband Article.
637 	Sue Marek, AT&T Wireless Trims Angel's Wings, WIRELESS WEEK, Feb. 5, 2001, at 6.
638 	Id. AT&T initially planned to serve 40 markets and 1.5 million potential customers by the end of 2001, but scaled back its plans in January 2001. Id.; Angel in the Outfield.
639 	Blackwell Project Angel Article; AT&T Names Next Fixed Wireless Cities, Selects Spectrum, WASHINGTON TELECOM NEWSWIRE, July 25, 2000, available in 2000 WL 6837556 (quoting John Zeglis, Chairman of AT&T Wireless Group)
640 	Blackwell Project Angel Article. AT&T also holds 39 GHz and LMDS licenses, although the company has released little public information on how it is using this spectrum. See Fifth Report, at 17801.
641 	Blackwell Project Angel Article; AT&T, Digital Broadband Services California (visited Apr. 4, 2001) <http://www.iatt.com/local/ca/local/local_services.html>. Digital Broadband costs AT&T $700-$750 per customer to deploy, and about two-thirds of that expense is for end-user equipment. AT&T expects prices to fall to around $500 per customer eventually. Jeff May, Out of Thin Air - AT&T's Home-Grown 'Fixed Wireless' Technology Has Yet to Bear Fruit, THE STAR-LEDGER, Sept. 10, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26254641.
642 	Douglas Broadband Article.
643 	Jeff May, Out of Thin Air - AT&T's Home-Grown 'Fixed Wireless' Technology Has Yet to Bear Fruit, THE STAR-LEDGER, Sept. 10, 2000, available in 2000 WL 26254641.
644 	Angel in the Outfield.
645 	Wireless Internet Gets Early Test in Alaska, ASSOCIATED PRESS, Sept. 16, 2000.
646	See Fifth Report, at 17787.
647 	AT&T Splits into 4 Companies, Spinning Off Wireless Entirely, MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS REPORT, Oct. 30, 2000, available in 2000 WL 8763494.
648 	Id.
649 	Phonenix and Tucson, AZ; San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Fresno, CA; Denver, Boulder, and Colorado Springs, CO; Melbourne, FL; Wichita, KS; Detroit, MI; Oklahoma City, OK; Houston, TX; Salt Lake City, UT; and Chicago, IL. See Sprint Introduces New Broadband Fixed Wireless Service to Chicago's Residential and Small Business Customers, News Release, Sprint, Mar. 26, 2001.
650 	Douglas Broadband Article.
651	Sprint Rolls Out Wireless DSL in Phoenix, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, May 9, 2000.
652 	This is in Denver. Erika Stutzman, Sprint Wireless Comes to Boulder, Colo., Area, KNIGHT-RIDDER TRIBUNE BUSINESS NEWS: DAILY CAMERA - BOULDER, COLORADO, Nov. 14, 2000, available in 2000 WL 29453622.
653 	Sprint Selects Hybrid Networks' Fixed Broadband Wireless System For Deployment of Sprint Broadband Direct in Fresno, Calif., News Release, Hybrid Networks, Jan. 23, 2001.
654 	Douglas Broadband Article.
655 	Id.
656 	Id. (quoting Timothy Sutton, president of Sprint's broadband wireless group).
657 	Sprint Files for Two-Way MMMDS Licenses in 45 Major Markets; Services Area Covers Nearly 25 Million Households, Plus Small Businesses, PR NEWSWIRE, Aug. 22, 2000.
658 	Nucentrix, Sprint, and WorldCom Announce Spectrum Management Plans, News Release, Sprint, July 10, 2000.
659 	See Fifth Report, at 17789.
660	Id., at 17790.
661 	Matt Moore, WorldCom Seeking Licenses for Fixed-Wireless Services, ASSOCIATED PRESS NEWSWIRES, Aug. 15, 2000.
662 	Greg Keizer, E-Goals for '01, SMALL BUSINESS ADVISOR FROM ZDWIRE, Dec. 28, 2000, available in 2000 WL 31553911.
663	Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., WIRELESS/PRIVATE CABLE INVESTOR, Mar. 9, 2000, at 1. WorldCom has stated that its capital expenditures for rolling out MMDS services are approximately $2000 per square mile. Telephony, COMMUNICATIONS DAILY, Mar. 8, 2000.
664	MCI WorldCom's Wireless Internet to Help Bridge the Digital Divide, News Release, WorldCom, Apr. 26, 2000.
665	Nucentrix Broadband Networks Announces Effectiveness of Shelf, BUSINESS WIRE, Dec. 17, 1999.
666 	Nucentix and Cisco Extend Broadband Wireless Trial in Amarillo, News Release, Nucentrix, Feb. 2, 2001.
667 	Id.
668 	Nucentrix Broadband Networks Announces FCC Notice of Fixed Wireless Applications, News Release, Nucentrix, Nov. 30, 2000.
669 	See Table 1, p. A-20.
670 	LMA Systems, Coverage Areas (visited Mar. 6, 2001) <http://www.lmasys.com/homepage.htm>.
671 	Regional Wireless Operators Select Hybrid Networks' 2-Way Today Solution to Launch Multiple Markets, PR NEWSWIRE, Jan 10, 2000.
672 	See Section II.B.2.d(iii), Metricom, supra.
673 	Metricom, Coverage Maps (visited Feb. 19, 2001) <http://www.metricom.com/about_us/coverage_maps/index.html>.
674 	Metricom, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 30, 2001, at 1.
675 	Id.
676 	Unlicensed Update - The Service Providers, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, June/July 2000, at 25 (citing Tom Walusek, BreezeCOM). According to Walusek, the 800 includes ISPs with only one functioning link. Id.
677 	Id. (citing Scott Plumlee, C-Spec).
678 	Unlicensed Update - The Service Providers, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, June/July 2000, at 25 (citing Andy Fuertes, Allied Business Intelligence).
679 	See Appendix E, Map 8, p. E-9. This does not include Metricom, as its service is mobile. In addition, many of these companies offer only business service. Residential fixed wireless Internet access via unlicensed spectrum is offered in at least 309 different counties. These counties contain approximately 83 million people or 29 percent of the U.S. population.
680 	See note 632, supra.
681 	MobileStar, Locations (visited May 28, 2001) <http://www.mobilestar.net/locations/page5.asp>. Mobile professionals who subscribe to MobileStar's service can bring their handheld devices and laptop computers to these locations and obtain high-speed Internet access without attaching a cord or cable. The buildings may then connect to the Internet using wireline technology.
682 	See Section II.B.3.d., Short Range Data Transmissions, supra, for a detailed discussion.
683 	Id.
684	24 GHz spans 24.25 - 25.25 GHz; LMDS spans 27.5 - 31.3 GHz; 39 GHz spans 38.6 - 40.0 GHz. 39 GHz is often referred to as 38 GHz.
685 	See Appendix E, Map 9, at E-10.
686 	See Fifth Report, at 17795.
687 	Amendments To Parts 1, 2, 87 and 101 of the Commission's Rules To License Fixed Services at 24 GHz, Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd 16934 (2000); Amendments To Parts 1, 2, 87 and 101 of the Commission's Rules To License Fixed Services at 24 GHz, Order on Reconsideration, FCC 01-151 (rel. May 17, 2001).
688 	Id.
689 	Scott Moritz, Funding Crunch Threatens Winstar, Networking Backers, THESTREET.COM, Feb. 27, 2001; Eileen Kinsella, Sector Spotlight: Banks Wince at Looming Telecom Debt Worries, THESTREET.COM, Mar. 5, 2001; Teligent Posts Wider 4th-Quarter Loss on Aggressive Network Expansion, DOW JONES NEWS SERVICE, Feb. 28, 2001; Peter Loftus, Data-Equipment Firms Trim Views as Spending Slims, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Jan. 16, 2001, available in 2001 WL-WSJ 2851064.
690 	Winstar Files Voluntary Chapter 11 Petition, News Release, Winstar, Apr. 18, 2001.
691 	Winstar and Lucent had a five-year supply agreement, and Lucent had lent Winstar $700 million. On April 16, 2001, Lucent declared that Winstar was in default on that agreement. Jonathan Stempel, Winstar Files for Bankruptcy, Blames Lucent, Reuters, Apr. 18, 2001. Winstar is suing Lucent for breach on contract on its strategic partnership agreement with Winstar. Winstar is also seeking $90 million in immediate injunctive relief, which Winstar claims Lucent failed to pay to Winstar on March 30, 2001 as part of their agreement. However, Winstar claims that its ability to emerge from bankruptcy is not contingent on the receipt of any damage award in this lawsuit. Winstar Files $10 Billion Suit Against Lucent Technologies, News Release, Winstar, Apr. 18, 2001.
692 	Winstar Files Voluntary Chapter 11 Petition, News Release, Winstar, Apr. 18, 2001.
693 	Advanced Radio Telecom to File Petition for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, News Release, ART, Mar. 30, 2001.
694 	Id.
695 	See Fifth Report, at 17800; Advanced Radio Telecom Announces New Customers, News Release, ART, Dec. 8, 2000; Advanced Radio Telecom Announces Third Quarter 2000 Financial Results, News Release, ART, Nov. 13, 2000 (San Jose, Los Angeles, Washington DC, Houston, Seattle, Phoenix, Portland, Dallas/Ft. Worth, and San Diego).
696 	Advanced Radio Telecom Announces Third Quarter 2000 Financial Results, News Release, ART, Nov. 13, 2000. Qwest Communications International Inc. ("Qwest") has a 19 percent stake in ART. See Fifth Report, at 17800.
697	See Fifth Report, at 17800; Advanced Radio Telecom Closes Major Acquisitions, News Release, ART, Aug. 28, 2000.
698 	Teligent Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, REUTERS, May 21, 2001.
699 	Shawn Young, IDT Scavenges for Bargains In Phone-Upstart Wreckage, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, May 11, 2001, available at www.wsj.com; Yuki Noguchi, Teligent to Cut 900 Jobs - Sources Say Firm Is Near Bankruptcy, WASHINGTON POST, May 11, 2001, at E-1.
700 	Id.
701 	Teligent Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, REUTERS, May 21, 2001.
702 	Teligent Launches High-Capacity 'Integrated Access' Solution for Businesses, News Release, Teligent, Feb. 21, 2001.
703 	Id.
704 	Id.
705	Nextlink and Concentric Become XO Communications, News Release, XO, Sept. 25, 2000; XO Communications $45O Mln Notes Rated CCC+ By S&P, CAPITAL MARKETS REPORT, Jan. 9, 2001.
706	Teligent Reports Third Quarter Financial Results, Completes Launch of First 15 Markets, News Release, Teligent, Nov. 11, 1998.
707 	Teligent Reports $152 Million in 2000 Revenue; Records Nearly 400 Percent Growth in Second Full Year of Operations, News Release, Teligent, Feb. 28, 2001.
708 	Id.
709 	Id.
710 	Id.
711	See Teligent, About Us (visited Apr. 23, 2001) <http://www.teligent.com/docs/aboutus.html>.
712 	Yuki Noguchi, Teligent to Cut 900 Jobs - Sources Say Firm Is Near Bankruptcy, WASHINGTON POST, May 11, 2001, at E-1.
713 	See Fifth Report, at 17797.
714 	Winstar Reports Strong Fourth Quarter Results, News Release, Winstar, Feb. 27, 2001; See Fourth Report, at E-13.
715 	Winstar Reports Strong Fourth Quarter Results, News Release, Winstar, Feb. 27, 2001.
716 	Id.
717 	Id.
718 	Id.
719 	Id.
720 	Winstar Communications Cuts 2,000 Jobs, REUTERS, Apr. 5, 2001.
721 	Winstar Files Voluntary Chapter 11 Petition, News Release, Winstar, Apr. 18, 2001.
722 	XO Communications Reports Strong Fourth Quarter Results, News Release, XO, Feb. 5, 2001; XO Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001, at 2.
723	XO Communications $45O Mln Notes Rated CCC+ By S&P, CAPITAL MARKETS REPORT, Jan. 9, 2001. XO operates 35 metropolitan fiber networks in 21 states and the District of Columbia. XO Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001, at 2.
724	XO Communications, Inc., SEC Form 10-K, Apr. 2, 2001, at 11.
725 	XO Communications Reports Strong Fourth Quarter Results, News Release, XO, Feb. 5, 2001.
726 	Nextlink and Concentric Close $2.54 Billion Equity Value Merger Creating Broadband Communications Powerhouse, BUSINESS WIRE, June 19, 2000.
727 	Id.
728 	Id.
729 	See Fifth Report, at 17799.
730	Gerry Blackwell, Bringing State-of-the-Art Broadband Services to Big Sky Country, B BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, June/July 2000, at 14. See Table A-2, p. A-21.
731	Gerry Blackwell, Bringing State-of-the-Art Broadband Services to Big Sky Country, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, June/July 2000, at 14.
732	Montana Power to Divest Energy Businesses, Company to Become Touch America, News Release, Touch America, Mar. 28, 2000.
733 	Earnings up as Montana Power Becomes Touch America, ASSOCIATED PRESS NEWSWIRES, Jan. 30, 2001; Montana Power Reports 2000 Annual and Fourth-Quarter Earnings, News Release, Montana Power Company, Jan. 30, 2001.
734	Earnings up as Montana Power Becomes Touch America, ASSOCIATED PRESS NEWSWIRES, Jan. 30, 2001; Touch America Completes Acquisition of Qwest Communications' 14-State Long Distance Business, News Release, Touch America, June 30, 2000. See Fifth Report, at 17799.
735	HighSpeed.Com Completes Acquisition of LMDS Licenses in Nevada, News Release, Highspeed, Oct. 27, 2000.
736	Timothy Downs, Speed to Market the Calling Card of LMDS Licensee HighSpeed.Com, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, June/July 2000, at 13, 32.
737	Id.
738	Id.
739	Id.
740 	Charles F. Mason, Can a Broadband Wireless Carrier Provide Both Quality Service and Profits?, BROADBAND WIRELESS BUSINESS, Jan. 2001, at 1, 16; e-xpedient, Markets (visited Apr. 23, 2001) <http://www.e-xpedient.com/customer/markets.html>.
741 	e-xpedient Launches First Commercial Network to Use 60 GHz and Free-Space Optics to Deliver 100 Mbps Internet Access to Businesses in Miami, News Release, e-xpedient, Apr. 17, 2001.
742 	Steve Stroh, Going Wireless with Invisible Fiber, BOARDWATCH, Feb. 2001.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 01-192

64

	Federal Communications Commission	FCC 01-192

A-4

A-1

Federal Communications Commission FCC 01-192

B-7

C-10

D-4

Federal Communications Commission FCC 01-192

E-10