INDEX

ABSORPTION
buccal, 29
chewing tobacco, 281
cigarette smoke, 29, 281
lung, 29

nicotine polacrilex gum, 281
other tobacco expoeure, 29
smoking behavior, 153

ABSTINENCE
(See also CESSATION OF SMOK-
  MG; DEPRIVATION; WITH-
  DRAWAL SYMPTOMS; WITH-
  DRAWAL SYNDROME)
aggression, 203
spontaneous withdrawal assessment,
   293

weight gain, relapse predictor, 440
withdrawal syndrome, reinforce-
ment, 197

ACBTYLCHOLINE
desynchronisation of electroenceph-
  alograms, 110

high-affinity binding sites, 90, 92
nicotinic cholinergic agonista, 81
receptor measurement, 53
release in cerebral cortex, 96
turnover in hippocampus and fron-
tal cortex, 98

ADDICTION

definitions, 7, 149, 247-248, 249-
25(x296

effecta of selected drugs, 299-303
identification of hazardous drugs,
304

nicotine and tobacco, 6, 8
perceived functions of smoking, 397
relationship to physical dependence,
296

ADOLIBCENTS
epidemiological studies, 261-262
initiation of use, 259-265
multidrug use, 259265

ADOLESCENTS-ConM.
negative- and positive-affect regula-
  tion, smoking, 399
perceptions of stress, 121
smoking prevalence, 573-577
vulnerability factors, 266-267
weight control and smoking, 438

ADVERTISING
increased drug use, 365
low-yield cigarettes, health risks,
   566

AGE FACTORS
body weight effects, 415, 41-18,
  424, 431
relapse, 316
smoking cessation, 580-581
smoking prevalence, 569, 579

ALCOHOL
aversive stimuli, 286
discriminative effects, 272
multidrug use, 261-264
place conditioning, 285
prohibition and decreased use, 365
reinforcement, 282

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
abuse, smoking as risk factor, 401
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers, 417-418, 431
cigarette consumption effects, 167
smoking prevalence among alcohol-
   ics, 402

ALKALOIDS, TOBACCO
2,3'dipyridyl, structure, 27
G'oxoanabasine. structure, 27
anabaseine, structure, 27
anabasine, structure, 27, 28
anatabine, structure, 27, 28
metanicotine, structure, 27
myosmine, structure, 27, 28
N-formyl-nornicotine, content, 28
N'-methylanabasine, structure, 27
N'-methylanatabine, structure, 27

619


INDEX

ALKALOIDS, TOBACCO-Contd.
N'-nitrosonornicotine, structure, 27
nicotine N-oxide, structure, 27
nicotyrine, structure, 27
nornicotine, structure, 27, 28
nornicotyrine, structure, 27
pharmacologic effects, 56
pseudooxynicotine, structure, 27

AMPHEH'AMINES
cigarette consumption effects, 167
discrimination, 172, 275-276

ANABASINE
content, 28
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 172
respiratory and cardiovascular ef-
  fects, 57
structure, 27

ANTAGONISTS
mecamylamine, 484-485
naloxoneprecipitated withdrawal
  syndrome, 297
nicotine effects in brain, reinforce
  ment, 192
precipitated withdrawal syndrome,
   293
pretreatment, smoke intake, 166

ANIURTY
consumption increases, 404
deprivation, 405
neuroticism and adult smoking
  habit, 402
pain thresholds, abstinence vs.
  high-nicotine cigarettes, 406-407
reduction, affect regulation, smok-
  ing, 396, 397
reduction, cognitive appraisal, 411-
   412
weight gain, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 422
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201, 204
withdrawal symptom, with nicotine
  polacrilex gum, 208, 210

ARBCOLINE
discriminative stimulus, 172, 175
hippocampal theta activity, 109

ATROPINE
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 174
effects on desynchronixation, 109
effects on radioligand binding, 90

620

ATROPINB-Contd.
low dependence potential, 285

AUDITION
amplitude decreases, withdrawal
  symptom, 204
auditory evoked response during
  smoking abstinence, 202
information task, smoking effects,
   385
psychological enhancement and
  sensory gratification, 413
vigilance tasks, smoking effects,
   383

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
myenteric plexus, 96
peripheral cholinergic neuron stim-
  ulation, 79
phasic increases, emotional stimula-
  tion, 411

AVERSIVE THERAPY
contingency contracting, 494-495
covert sensitization, 488
directed smoking, 488
less severe techniques, 492-493
rapid smoking, 501
relaxation training, 49W94
unpleasant conditions, 501

BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL
associated stimuli, 309
drug seeking, 309
food intake and body weight, nic-
  otine administration, 434
negative-affect-reducing properties
  of nicotine, 407
physical activity, nicotine adminis-
  tration and cessation, 435
place preference or aversion, 194-
   195
reinforcing drug effects, 279
self-administration of drugs, 279

BEHAVIOR, HUMAN
classically conditioned, 307
cocaine deprivation, 310
compulsive drug use, 250
counseling, 502-503
drug seeking, 310
nicotine self-administration, nega-
  tive reinforcement, 193-194
nicotine self-administration, re
  sponse rates, 192
operant, 307


INDEX

BEHAVIOR, HUMAN-ConM.
repetitive and stereotypic drug use,
   8
respondent, 367
treatment strategies, 487-503

BELGIUM
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 419, 420

BIOASSAYS
cotinine and nicotine, 4243
enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-
  my, 43
gas chromatography, 43
mass spectrometry, 43
radioimmunoassay, 43

BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
blood cotinine, 38, 42
blood nicotine, 42
carboxyhemoglobin, 42, 514
cotinine, 515
metabolism of nicotine, 41
salivary cotinine levels, 42
thiocyanate, 514-515
urinary cotinine levels, 42

BLACK AMERICANS
(See also ETHNIC GROUPS)
cessation motivation and success,
   510
cessation of smoking, 508-509
church and fraternal roles, 511512
coronary risk trial, 511
health care access, 569
physician influence, 511
quit-smoking treatments, 511512
smoking and quitting patterns, 510
social norms and advertising, 509-
   510
sociodemographic factors, 509

BLOCKADE THERAPY
mecamylamine, 484-485
opioid dependence, 484
tobacco dependence, 484-485

BLOOD

carboxyhemoglobin, 39
cotinine, 38
nicotine, 30-33, 38-39
pH and nicotine measures, 41
wound healing, 600

BLOOD PRESSURE
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapse, 202, 205

BLOOD PRBSSURE-Contd.
hypertension relationship to smok-
  ing, 600-601

stress and nicotine, 409

BODY HEIGHT
smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex-
  smokers, 416, 418

BODY TEMPERATURE
changes, withdrawal symptom, 202
skin, changes during abstinence or
  relapse, 202, 205

BODY WEIGHT
adipose tissue, relative nicotine lev-
  el, 32

carbohydrate metabolism and smok-
ing, 107

changes during abstinence or re
lapse, 205

control, smoking and nicotine ef-
fects, 381

gains after nicotine cessation, ani-
mals, 432

hypothalamic consummatory drive
model, nicotine, 412-413
nicotine administration, animals,
with food intake, 434
nicotine polacrilex gum, effects, 432
smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex-
smokers, 414-441
smoking cessation effects, 199, 202,
439
weight loss and nicotine, animals,
432

BRAIN
alpha, beta, and theta power, with
  smoking, Ill-112
anteroventral thalamic nucleus, 86,
   94
blood-brain barrier, nicotine isome
  thonium penetration, 57
caudate nucleus, 94
central grey matter, 86-87
cerebellum, 94
cerebral cortex, 94
chemical mediation of nicotine, 8
cortical arousal, withdrawal symp
  tom, 202, 204
cortical electric potentials, with-
  drawal symptom, 206
cortical evoked potentials, with-
  drawal symptoms with nicotine
  polacrilex gum, 208

621


INDEX

BRAINAontd.
dentate gyrus, 94
electrocortical effects of nicotine,
   107-l 12
expectancy and orienting waves,
   115
frontoparietal cortex, 86-87
glucose utilization, nicotine stimula
  tion, 81, 86-88
hippocampus, 94, 99-100, 109
homovanillic acid levels after nic-
  otine exposure, 110
hypothalamus, 94, 97
interanteromedial thalamic nucleus,
   86
interpeduncular nucleus, 86, 94, 95
interpeduncular nucleus and medi-
  al habenula, SH-labeled nicotine,
   81
lateral geniculate body, 86
lateral habenulae, 86
lateralized affective processors mod-
  el, stressful conditions, 412
locus coeruleus, 95
medial habenulae, 86, 94, 95
metabolism, binding sites, 85-86
nerve cells, nicotine concentrations,
   85
nicotine concentrations, animals,
   82-85
nicotine levels, discrimination stim-
  ulus, 174
nicotine polacrilex gum, 111-112
nicotine-induced desynchronization,
   109
physiological effects of nicotine in-
  jections, 9697
presubiculum, 94
putamen, 94
rapid nicotine uptake, 32-33
rat cerebellum, nicotine effects, 92-
  93
relative nicotine level, 32
retrosplenial cortex, 86
substantia nigra pars compacta, 94
superior colliculus, 86, 94
ventral tegmental area, 86-88, 94

BUNGAROTOXIN
binding sites, 47
binding studies, mammalian brain,
   91-94
nicotinic choline@ receptors, 88-
   89

622

BUNGAROTOXIN-ConM.
receptor measurement, 53

CAFFBINE
cigarette consumption effects, 167
nonreinforcer, 281

CANADA
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 417

CARBON MONOXIDE
carboxyhemoglobin content, 59
smoking behavior, 154
toxicity, 59
visual information processing task,
  smoking effects, 384

CARBOXYHBMOGLOBIN
carbon monoxide exposure, 59
concentration, 39

CARCINOGENBSIS
benzofa)pyrene-tetradecanoyl phor-
  bol acetate, 604
bladder, 604
respiratory tract, 664
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(See also CORONARY HEART DIS-
  EASE)
acute tolerance, 48, 49
atherosclerosis, 596598
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 417, 422,
   427
carbon monoxide effects, 596
cardiomyopathy, 599-666
contribution of nicotine, 56
coronary artery disease, 598
lowdensity lipoproteins, 596
nicotine and carbon monoxide, 116-
   117
nicotine effects, 596601
stress and smoking, 118
Surgeon General's Report, 12
thrombosis, 597-598
very low-density lipoproteins, 596

CATECHOLAMINBS
amniotic fluid, 603
nicotine effects on central neurons,
   100
release from extra-adrenal chromaf-
  iin tissues, 97-98


INDEX

CELLS
nerve, nicotine concentrations, 85

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
nicotine concentrations, 83-84
nicotine isomethonium, 57
nicotinic cholinergic receptors, 89
pre or postsynaptic release of ace-
  tylcholine, 95
psychoactive drugs, 267
tranquilization effects of nicotine,
   409

CESSATION OF SMOKING
f&e also ABSTINENCE; DEPRIVA-
  TION; WITHDRAWAL SYMP-
  TOMS; WITHDRAWAL SYN-
  DROME)
blacks vs. whites, 572
criteria, 516
heavy vs. light smokers, success
   rates, 577
males vs. females, 580, 581
measurements, 576, 580
men, neuroticism, 402
physical activity changes, 435
program development, nicotine ad-
  diction, 6
quit attempts, 150
quit difficulty and daily consump
  tion, 206
quit ratios by age and sax, 1965 to
  1985, 531
relapse and psychophysiological re
  activity, 120
spontaneous remission, 255-259
stages, 518
Surgeon General's Report, 12
trials, 489-496
weight gain, 414, 416, 422, 423,
  424, 425, 431, 439-440

CESSATION OF SMOKING,
METHODS
(See also NICOTINE DELIVERY,
  ALTERNATE; NICOTINE POLA-
  CRILEX GUM; NICOTINE RE
  PLACEMENT; TREATMENT)
acupuncture, 564
contingency contracting, 494-495
hypnosis, 504
nicotine addiction, 8-9
nicotine fading, 497-499
nicotine vapor inhaler, 212
selfefflcacy, 497

CESSATION OF SMOKING,
MEI'HODS-ConM.
similarity to methods for other
  drugs, 467
stimulus control, 497

CHEMICAL DETECTION
biological samples, 256, 259
interpretation, 259
sensitivity, 259
specificity, 259

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
nicotine, 27
nicotine metabolites, 35
tobacco alkaloids, minor, 27

CHEWING TOBACCO
nicotine absorption, 29, 31
nicotine levels, 38

CHILDREN
negative- and positive-affect regula-
  tion, smoking, 399
smoking and body weight beliefs,
   438

CHOLINERGIC AGENTS
acetylcholine release, 81
interaction with biogenic amine
  pathways, 98
nicotine effects on central and pe
  ripheral nervous systems, 96-97

CIGAR SMOKING
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers, 417, 419
nicotine levels, 38
prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580,
   582
Surgeon General's Report, 12

CIGARIWlXS, HIGH-NICOTINE
affect modulation, 405
blood nicotine levels, 39
brand loyalty, 567
carboxyhemoglobin levels, 39
effects on recall, 389
emphysema, 604
knee-jerk reflex, 45
visual information processing task,
  smoking effects, 384
yields of nicotine, 26

CIGARETTES, HIGH-TAR
brand loyalty, 567
visual information processing task,
  smoking effects, 384

623


INDEX

CIGARETTES, HIGH-YIELD
carbon monoxide, 59
heart rate, partial tolerance, 55-56
smoking behavior, 163

CIGARETTES, LOW-NICOTINE
affect modulation, 405
effects on recall, 389
emphysema, 604
knee-jerk reflex, 45
Surgeon General's Report, 12
visual information processing task,
  smoking effects. 3,84

CIGARETTES, LOW-TAR
Surgeon General's Report, 12
visual information processing task,
  smoking effects, 364

CIGARETTES, LOW-YIELD
carbon monoxide, 59
consumption. health risks, 566
heart rate, partial tolerance, 5.%56
vented, smoke concentration, 159-
   161

COCAINE
cost, 283-284
crack, 281
increase in use, 305306
multidrug use, 261-264
place conditioning, 285
starter drug, 278

COFFEE CONSUMPTION
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 437

COGNITION
concentration difficulty, withdrawal
  symptom  199 201, 204. 205.
          1 1
  208, 210
euphoria and dysphoria. 117
oral contraceptive use, response to
   stress, 118-119
stressor response among women,
   118
task performance, 394

CONDITIONING
behavioral tolerance, 269
cues to smoke, 465
drug use as learned behavior, 307-
   309
drug-opposite response, 289
nicotine addiction 465
pharmacologic and psychological
   factors, 465
physiological reactions, 466

624

CONDITIONING-Contd.
place preference and aversion, 194,
   284

placebo effects, 309
taste aversion, 194

CONSUMPTION
adolescents, 260
adolescents, stress factor, 400
adults, effects of stress, 401
body weight effects, 415, 416, 417,
  419, 420, 423, 426, 431
children, smoking and body weight
  beliefs, 438

frequency and multiple drugs, 263-
264

heavy smokers, stress, 403
heavy vs. light smokers, smoking
cessation success, 577
high-yield cigarettes, 163
multiple drugs, 260
occasional tobacco use, 253-254
prediction, 262-263
progression of drug use, 261-263
race, age, and gender factors, 579
severity of withdrawal symptoms,
206
United States, 1973 to 1987, 567
United States, estimation through
taxes, 565
United States, per capita decline,
565-566

CONTROLLED SMOKING
compensatory behavior, 499-500
outcomes, 499-500
parameters, 499
prospects for abstinence, 500

COPING STRATEGIES
cognitive versus behavioral tech-
  niques, 530-531
retrospective bias, 531
self-punitive cognitions, 531
short- and long-term effects, 496
skill-based treatment, 532
skills training, 496
stimulus control, 530-531
stress and smoking habit, 402
willpower, 531

CORONARY HEART DISEASE
!See also CARDIOVASCULAR SYS
  TEM!
ischemia, mortality
myocardial infarct, 598-599


INDEX

CORONARY HEART DISEASE+
  Contd.
myocardial infarct, weight gain af-
   ter smoking cessation or continu-
   ation, 426
pharmacodynamic aspects, nicotine,
   56
risk, 598
stress and smoking, 118
Surgeon General's Report, 11
CORTICOSTEROIDS
corticosterone and tolerance, 52
plasma corticosterone levels, 100-
   101, 103
plasma levels and cigarette smok-
   ing, 104-106
COST
alternate nicotine delivery systems,
   214
individual and social, 252
positive and negative incentives,
   284
required work, 2KJ-284
time, 283
COTINmE
bioassay comparison, -0
biochemical detection, 515
blood levels with nicotine polacri-
  lex gum, withdrawal symptoms,
   209
content, 28
daily cigarette consumption, 160
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
   mals, 172
levels and severity of withdrawal
  symptoms, 206-207
metabolites, 34
nicotine metabolite, 34-36
structure, 27
tobacco-use marker, 36, 40
CRAVING
abstinence, 205
definitions, 295
gender difference, 523
measurement problems, 211
mecamylamine effects, 485
nicotine polacrilex gum, -209,
  210, 475
plasma nicotine levels, 211
precipitating factors, 211
recurrent and persistent, absti-
  nence, 8
relapse, 205, 523

CRAVING-ConM.
sensory stimuli, 211
smokeless tobacco withdrawal
  symptom, 207
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201, 204

CYTISINE
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 172-173
respiratory and cardiovascular ef-
  fects, 57

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
6'eg~) SOCIOECONOMIC FAG
cigarettes and smokeless tobacco,
   306
marital status, 571
smoking prevalence, 569, 571
women and youth, 396

DENMARK
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 418

DEPENDENCE
aversive limits, 266
behavioral effects, 286
cross-tolerance, 292
definitions, 7, 198, 247-246, 245-
   250
drug use, 12
interoceptive drug effects, 266
levels, 253
neuroadaptation, 266
physiological effects, 286
positive reinforcement, 266
potential testing, 269-270, 285-286
progression, 253
unconditioned stimuli, 266

DEPRESSION
Navy men, cigarette consumption,
   404
nicotine polacrilex gum, 208-210
withdrawal symptom, 201

DEPRIVATION
(See also ABSTINENCE; CRSSA-
  TION OF SMOKING; WITH-
  DRAWAL SYMPTOMS; WITH-
  DRAWAL SYNDROME)
attention span of smokers, 366
effects on memory, 336
negative affect, 405, 406
smoking rates and behavior, 164
stress, relapse, 402

625


INDEX

DIAZEPAM
nicotine-induced antagonism, 175
withdrawal syndrome, 297

DIET
alkaline, smoking behavior, 163-
   164
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapse, 205, 206, 433-434
changes, smokeless tobacco with-
  drawal symptom, 207
food intake and appetite, withdraw-
  al symptom, 202
food intake and smoking-related
  energy imbalance, 434
hunger, hypothalamic consummate
  ry drive model, nicotine, 412-413
hunger, withdrawal symptom with
  nicotine polacrilex gum, 209, 210
sweet food intake and weight gain
  after smoking cessation, 433-434

DISCRIMINATION
behavior, 274
drug similarity, 274
generalization. 274
intravenous nicotine administration,
   humans, 176177
metrazol, animals, 175
nicotine, administration method,
  animals, 171-172
nicotine, humans, 176-177
nicotine, pentolinium pretreatment.
   176-177
nicotine vs. 3-methyl-pyridylpyrolli-
  dine, 173
specificity, 275276
testing, 274-277

DIZZINESS
acute sensitivity, 45, 47
tobacco poisoning, 595

DOPAMINE
control over acetylcholine turnover,
   98
cue properties of nicotine, 97
nicotine agonists, 54
stimulation by nicotine, 54
turnover and release, 100-101

DOSE CONTROL
brand switching, 162
consistent nicotine intake, 158
function of time, 164
nicotine reinforcement, animals,
   189-190

626

DOSE CONTROWonM.
ventilated cigarette holders, 159

DOSE-RESPONSE
amphetamines, 282
aversive limits, 282
biphasic effects, 44
compensatory nicotine intake, 283
heart rate changes, 56
psychoactivity, 272
self-administration and reinforce-
  ment, 282
self-reported effects, 274
titration-studies, nicotine, 282-283
tobacco smoke, 282
withdrawal reactions, 293

DRUG ABUSE
adolescents, smoking as risk factor,
   400-401

liability factors, 304

DYSPHORIA

nicotine dose increases, 178

EDUCATION

high school dropouts, smoking
prevalence, 574
smoking prevalence, 1985, 571

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
activating effects of nicotine, 81-82
activity in rats, 52
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapse, 205, 206
distinct central nervous system ef-
  fects, 108-109

history of nicotine studies, 108-109
nicotine-induced desynchronization,
112

parallels with self-reports, 274
power spectral analysis, 110
withdrawal symptoms with nicotine
polacrilex gum, 208

ELIMINATION
acid loading, 40-41
alkaline loading, 4041
kinetics, 38
measurement of smoke intake, 152
renal nicotine, 4Wl
tolerance measure, 289
urinary tract, 33, 34, 36, 37

EMPHYSEMA
Surgeon General's Report, 11
weight gain, smokers vs. nonsmok-
   ers. 426


INDEX

ENDOCRINE
adrenal cortex, 104-106
follicle-stimulating hormone, 100-
   102
growth hormone, 101
luteinizing hormone, 100-102
nicotine effects, 96
prolactin, 100-102
thyroid, 104
thyroid-stimulating hormone, 100-
   102

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
conditioned responses, 306
contingent reinforcement, 306
drug costs, 306
economic factors, 266
individual reactions, 529
negative affect, 530
other smokers, 529-530
parental drug use, 266
peer smoking, 526
place conditioning, 284-285
relationship to direct drug effects,
  308, 309
smoking cues, 526, 529-530
spousal smoking, 526-527
stimulus control, 497
stress, 536
withdrawal effects, 204, 310-311

EF'INEPHRINE
levels during abstinence or relapse,
  204, 205

serum concentrations, 97

JWI-INIC GROUPS
(see also BLACK AMERICANS;
  HISPANIC AMERICANS)
black Americans, 508-512
black vs. white males, smoking
  prevalence, 569
black vs. white pregnant smokers
  vs. nonsmokers, body weight,
  418, 424

blacks, smokers vs. nonsmokers
and ex-smokers, body weight,
419
blacks vs. whites, cigarette con-
sumption, 577
blacks vs. whites, smoking preva-
lence, 572, 579
Hispanic Americans, 512-513
Hispanic, smoking prevalence, 569-
570
Oriental alcoholism, 290

ETHNIC GROUPS-Contd.
Oriental aversion to alcohol, 290

=-SMOKERS
body weight, vs. smokers and non-
  smokers, 416430
spontaneous remission, 466
withdrawal symptoms, 199-200

EYES
nicotine concentrations, 83
pupil enlargement after nicotine
  use, 274
pupillary constriction from opioids,
   291
visual evoked response during
  smoking abstinence, 202

FINLAND
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 429

FRANCE
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
   ers and ex-smokers, 422

GANGLIA
localization of nicotine, animals, 85
peripheral cholinergic neuron stim-
  ulation, 79
GASTROINTWTiNAL SYSTEM
heartburn, 607
peptic ulcer, 605607
relative nicotine level, 32
small bowel, nicotine reabsorption,
   33
stomach, nicotine concentrations,
   82-83

GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
adolescent drug use, 266267
vulnerability factors, 266

HAIR
nicotine recovery, 33

HEADACHE
acute sensitivity, 45, 47
tobacco poisoning, 595
HEART
acute nicotine tolerance, 48, 49
arrhythmia, 599
nicotine concentrations, animals, 84
relative nicotine level, 32

HEART RATE
abstinence or relapse, 122-123. 202,
  204. 205, 206

627


INDEX

HEART RATE-Co&d.
acute tolerance, 48, 49
drug and environmental effects,
   308
nicotine-induced tachycardia, 291
smokeless tobacco withdrawal
  symptom, 207
stress and nicotine, 409
stress and smoking, 118
tachycardia, 492-493
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201
withdrawal symptom with nicotine
  polacrilex gum, 210

HEROIN
cigarette consumption effects, 167
methadone effect, 236

HEXAMETHONIUM
acetylcholine release blocked, 81
attenuated amine release, 98
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 174
inhibiting effects on nicotine, 88,
   92-93
smoke-induced edema, 179

HISPANIC AMERICANS
(See also ETHNIC GROUPS)
gender difference, 512
physician influence, 513
prevalence of smoking, 512
smoking cessation, 512-513
smoking correlates, 512-513

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
addictive behavior, 269
discovery of nicotine, 10
medicinal vs. harmful effects, 9-10
nicotine addiction, 16-11
nicotine pharmacology, 10-11
tobacco use, 9

HORMONES
adrenocorticotropic, acetylcholine
  effects, 97
adrenocorticotropic, nicotine effects,
  100-103, 105-106
androgen, testosterone levels, and
  smoking, 106
    .
argmme vasopressin, nicotine-
  induced release, 102-103
estrogen production and metabo-
  lism, smoking effects, 106
pro-opiomelanocortin, acetylcholine
  effects, 97

628

HORMONES--Contd.
pro-opiomelanocortin, factors influ-
  encing release, 103-104
prolactin, luteinizing, and follicle
  stimulating, 52

HYPOTHALAMUS
consummatory drive model, nic-
  otine, 412-413
neuroendocrine function, 52

HYPOXEMIA
fetal development, 603
subsequent behavioral abnormali-
  ties, 603

IMPATIENCE
nicotine polacrilex gum, 210
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201

INHALATION PARAMETERS
measurement techniques, 152
published values, 156-157

INITIATION
aversive reactions, 264-265
dependence, cigarettes vs. nicotine
  polacrilex gum, 215
drug classes, 259, 261-265
environmental motivations, 278
experimental use, 265
smokeless tobacco, 265, 564
social and pharmacologic factors,
   264-265
stress and early smoking onset, 399
Surgeon General's Report, 12
weight control and smoking, 436
women, neuroticism, 402

INTEROCEPTIVE EFFECTS
definition, 170
dependence potential testing, 270-
   271

mood and feeling, 270
morning withdrawal cues, 307-306
perception, smoke and nicotine, 179
subjective pleasure, 308
taste, airway irritation, 179

IRRITABILITY
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapse, 205, 206
nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201

JAPAN

body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers and ex-smokers, 420


INDEX

KIDNEYS
nicotine concentrations, 82-84
nicotine elimination, 33, 37
relative nicotine level, 32

MAINTENANCE OF SMOKINWntd.
weight control, 438

LEARNING
behavioral tolerance, 289
letter-digit substitution task, smok-
  ing effects, 386-387
nicotine and smoking effects, hu-
  mans and animals, 386
paired-associated, smoking effects,
  387, 388
serial, retention, smoking effects,
   388
state-dependent, definition, 389
verbal rote, smoking effects, 387-
   388

MARIJUANA SMOKING
cigarette consumption effects, 168
multidrug use, 261-264
smoking as risk factor, 401

LIVER
drug detoxification and tolerance,
   290
nicotine concentrations, 83-84
nicotine metabolism, 37
relative nicotine level, 32

LOBELINE
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 173
respiratory and cardiovascular ef-
  fects, 57

LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
decreases with nicotine, 49, 51
nicotine induced, 53

MECAMYLAMINE
brain and spinal cord effects, 89
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 173-174
dose-response, 93
effects on desynchronization, 109
local cerebral glucose utilization,
   86-88
nicotine conditioning taste aversion,
   196
nicotine-induced antagonism, 175
nicotinic receptors blocked, 81
place preference, nicotine effects,
   195
pretreatment, effect on conditioned
  reinforcer, 191
pretreatment, harshness ratings of
  smoke, 179
pretreatment, negative nicotine re-
  inforcement, 193
pretreatment, nicotine discrimina-
  tion, 176-177
pretreatment, nicotine polacrilex
  gum, discrimination, 178
pretreatment, smoke intake, 166

LUNG DISEASES
bronchoconstriction, 664
cancer, Surgeon General's Report,
   11
chronic bronchial wall inflamma-
  tion, 663
emphysema, 663
nicotine toxicity, 603604
pulmonary epithelial permeability,
   604
Surgeon General's Report, 12

MEMORY

(See also RECALL)
delayed, smoking effects, 388
immediate, smoking effects, 388
nicotine and smoking effects, hu-
mans and animals, 386
recognition study, state-dependent,
390

task performance, 394
verbal, smoking and nicotine ef-
fects, 389

LUNGS
afferent neuron stimulation, 116
nicotine concentrations, animals, 84
relative nicotine level, 32
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
(LSD)
nonreinforcer, 281, 282, 285
MAINTENANCE OF SMOKING
Surgeon General's Report, 12

words and order, smoking effects,
389

METABOLISM
(See also PHYSICAL ACTIVITY)
animal, body weight, smoke expo-
  sure or nicotine administration,
   436

body weight and smoking, 434,
435437

629


INDEX

METABOLISM-Contd.
decreased, withdrawal symptom,
   263
nicotine clearance, 40
nicotine metabolites, 34, 35, 36
rate, 37
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 53
smoking cessation effects, 433, 436

METHADONE
cigarette consumption effects, 167
effect on heroin use, 266
efficacy, 296

MOOD
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapee, 205-206
hedonic systems model, negative af-
  fect, 411
regulation, smoking and drug use,
   401
regulation, subjective well-being,
  smoking effects, 394-399

MORPHINE
discrimination, 275-276
euphoria and self-administration,
   277
physical dependence, withdrawal,
   294
place conditioning, 265

MOTIVATION
behavioral tolerance, 239
gender differences, 506
self-perceived reasons for smoking,
   398
treatment enhancement, 332-334

MOTOR BEHAVIOR
alcohol-induced muscle relaxation,
   291
smoking and nicotine effects, 392
   393
task performance, 394

MUCOUS MEMBRANES
cardiovascular effects of nicotine,
   596

MUSCLES
alcohol-induced relaxation, 291
N-methylnicotinium ion, pressor
  and neuromuscular effects, 57
relative nicotine level, 32
tonic and phasic muscular activity,
  nicotine effects, 410

630

MUTAGENESIS
Salmonella typhimurium assays,
   605

NALOXONE
cigarette consumption effects, 168
opioid withdrawal, 297

NAUSEA
acute sensitivity, 45, 47
tobacco poisoning, 595

TI-IE NETHERLANDS
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 430

NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION
nicotine effects, 95-96

NEW YORK
smokeless tobacco use, 1966, 561

NEW ZEALAND
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 421

NICOTINE
content, different tobaccoa, 26
intake, 40
place conditioning, 285
sensitivity, ti7
structure, 27

MCOTINE AEROSOLS
respiratory sensations, plasma nic-
  otine levels, 179-180
tobacco-like sensations, cessation
  method, 166

NICOTINE CONTENT
cigarettes vs. chewing tobacco,
  snuff, 26
high-yield cigarettes, 26
low-yield cigarettes, 26

NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTER-
NATE

Bee also CESSATION OF SMOK-
ING, METHODS; NICOTINE
POLACRILEX GUM; NICOTINE
REPLACEMENT; TREATMEN'I'l
chewable product, FDA ruling,
212-213

dependence potential, 214
nicotine polacrilex gum, depen-
dence and withdrawal, 20'7-206
potential for abuse with concurrent
tobacco use, 213-214
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
crilex gum, 215


INDEX

NICOTINE DELIVERY,
ALTERNATE-Contd.
tolerance, physical dependence,
  withdrawal symptom alleviation,
   212
toothpaste-like formulation, FDA
  review, 212
toxic effects, convenience, depen-
  dence potential, 213

NICOTINE FADING
combination with self-monitoring,
   498
definition, 497
low-tar and -nicotine brands, 497-
   498
outcomes, 49S.499

NICOTINE MEX'ABOLISM
nicotine-l'-N-oxide, 36
pathways, 34-37
tachyphylaxis, 50

NICOTINE PHARMACOLOGY
addictive properties, 6
discrimination effecta, 272
pharmacokinetics, 25, 32
stimulant and depressant effects,
   79
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215

NICOTINE POLACRILEX GUM
(See also CESSATION OF SMOK-
  ING, METHODS; NICOTINE
  DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC-
  OTINE REPLACEMENT;
  TREATMENT)
absorption, 29, 31
affect modulation, 405
blood levels of nicotine, 472
body weight effects, 432
combined with behavioral therapy,
   476
coronary heart disease, 599
craving reduction, 475
dose-patient relationship, 478-479
duration of use, 478
efficacy trials, 473-474, 475-478,
   486
fetal development, 60243
followup, 477
mood regulation during smoking
  cessation, 406
physical dependence, 210
physician trials, 476-477
poststimulus components, 115

NICOTINE POLACRILEX GUM-
Gmtd.
pretreatment, smoking behavior,
   165
relapse, 477478
safety vs. cigarettes, 214-215
stimulus effects, 178
temporary treatment aid, 214
toxicity, 213
weight gain, 423
withdrawal symptom alleviation,
  207, 208, 472

NICOTINE REPLACEMENT
(See also CESSATION OF SMOK-
  ING, METHODS; NICOTINE
  DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC-
  OTINE POLACRILEX GUM;
  TREATMENT)
addiction treatment, 7
aerosols, 480
comparisons of preparations, 46O-
   481
dependence, 481
forms and rationale, 471
nasal solutions, 479
polacrilex gum, 471-479
side effects, 480
transdermal patches, 479-480

NITROSAMINES
American snuff, 605
chemical structure, 606
mainstream tobacco smoke, 605

NOREPINEPHRINE
levels during abstinence or relapse,
   205
neuroendocrine activity, 101
nicotine effects, 100-101
release in hypothalamus, 97

NORNICOTINE
content, 28
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
  mals, 172
structure, 27

NORWAY

body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers and ex-smokers, 417, 418,
421, 426

OCCUPATIONS
asbestos workers, 422
civil servants, 422
factory workers, 419
farm workers, 594

631


INDEX

OCCUPATIONS-Contd.
government workers, 418
insurance company employees, 416
manufacturing company employees,
   419
nurses, 439
physicians, 438
steei workers, 419
telephone company employees,
  420, 423
OPIOIDS
addiction, 247
addictive patterns, 282
chipping, 253
discriminative effects, 272
fetal syndrome, 251-252
physical dependence potential, 286-
   287
protracted withdrawal, 253
tolerance, 287
withdrawal, 291-294

OXOTREMORINE
discrimination, nicotine-trained ani-
   mals, 172
muscarinic cholinergic agonist, 52
PANCREAS
body weight and smoking, 107
PASSIVE SMOKING
Surgeon General's Report, 12
PEER GROUPS
relapse, 321-322
treatment, 334

PENTOBARBITAL
depressant, cigarette consumption
  effects, 167
discrimination, 275-276
PERFORMANCE
impairment, withdrawal symptom,
   204, 205, 206
nicotine polacrilex gum, 203, 208
problem solving, attention, and
  memory, 391
PERIPHERAL EFFECTS OF NIC-
  OTINE
discriminative stimulus, 173
overview, 79
PHARMACODYNAMICS
cardiovascular changes, 55-56
daily smoking patterns, 55
definition, 25
dose-response, 44

632

PHARMACODYNAMICS-Contd.
tolerance, 44-46

PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
alprazolam, 482
blockade therapy, 328
clonidine, 328329, 482-483
deterrents, 329
drug replacement therapy, 326-328
mood changes, 483-484
relief from withdrawal symptoms,
   327
symptomatic treatment, 328, 481-
   483

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
(See also METABOLISM)
body weight differences, smokers
  vs. nonsmokers, 434
body weight, smoking cessation,
   435
decreased energy expenditure, with-
  drawal symptom, 203
exercise tolerance, 600
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 435

PIPE SMOKING
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers, 417, 419
coronary heart disease, 598
nicotine levels, 38
prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580,
   582
Surgeon General's Report, 12

POLAND
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 420

POLYDRUG DEPENDENCE
adolescents, 259-260
frequency of use, 263-264
initiation of cigarette and other
  drug use, 259-260
prediction, 262-263
preference tests, 272-273
progression of use, 261-263
tobacco-opioids-alcohol-stimulants,
   254

POTENTIALS, SENSORY EVENT-
RELATED

auditory function and nicotine,
112-113

contingent negative variation, 114-
115


INDEX

POTENTIALS, SENSORY EVENT-
RELATED--Co&d.
visual function and nicotine, 11%
   114

PREGNANCY

amniotic fluid, nicotine recovery,
33

body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers, 416, 418, 424, 426, 429
breast-milk fluid, nicotine levels, 33
low birth weight, 602
nicotine effects on animals. 602
perinatal mortality, 602
placenta, carbon monoxide and nic-
otine, 602

placenta, nicotine penetration, 33
prematurity, 602
spontaneous abortion, 602

PRETREATMENT
lidocaine, airway sensations, 169
nicotine, smoking behavior, 165-166
pentolinium, nicotine discrimina-
  tion, 176-177
pimozide, taste aversion, 196

PREVENTION OF SMOKING
aversive smoking, 501-502
program development, nicotine ad-
  diction, 6
skills training, 501

PSEUDOOXYNICOTINE
structure, 27

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
multiple diagnosis, 254
negative affect of smoking, 403
neuroticism, 401-402
tobacco-nicotine dependence and
  withdrawal, 12

PSYCHOACTIVITY
drug classification, 269-270
interoceptive effects, 270
mood and feeling, 270-271
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215

PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE
letter crossing tests, smoking ef-
  fects, 384

smoking abstinence vs. nicotine po-
lacrilex gum, 203
smoking and nicotine effects, 381
smoking effects, methodological lim-
itations, 382

PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE-
Contd.
Stroop test, nicotine effects, 385-
   386
sustained attention tasks, defini-
  tion, 382

PUFFING PARAMETERS
definitions, 153
frequency, duration, volume, inter-
  puff interval, 153-154
interdependent relationships among
  measures, 153
measurement techniques. 151-152
published values, 156-157
visual information processing,
  smoking effects, 384
within-cigarette changes, nicotine
  dose, 155158

RAPID SMOKING
aversive smoking cessation therapy,
   196-197
cardiovascular and pulmonary
  risks, 493
comparison with other techniques,
   492493
conditioned aversive response, 492
rapid puffing, 501-503
single and multicomponent proce-
  dures, 491492
stress, 494
tachycardia, 492-493

REACTION TIME
simple and complex, smoking ef-
  fects, 392-393
smoking abstinence vs. nicotine
  polacrilex gum, 203
visual and auditory, smoking ef-
  fects, 385

visual information processing,
smoking effects, 384
visual, smoking effects, 383

RECALL

(See also MEMORY)
immediate, nicotine effects, 388
short- and long-term, nicotine tab-
lets, 390

state-dependent, smoking vs. no-
smoking conditions, 390
verbal rote learning, smoking ef-
fects, 387-388

RECEPTORS
adaption to drug, 289
binding sites. minor alkaloids. 56

633


INDEX

RECEPTORS-Contd.
constitutional tolerance, 290
dihydro-beta-erythroidine, rat brain,
   91
disuifoton, 3H-nicotine binding, 54
functional or pharmacodynamic tol-
  erance, 289

RECEPTORS, CHOLINERGIC
distribution of `H-acetylcholine and
  3H-nicotine, 80
neuron stimulation, 79
regulation of 3H-nicotine sites in
  mice, 80

RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC
aversive effects of nicotine injec-
  tions, 193
binding sites, 53
chronic tolerance, 53
ganglionic and neuromuscular
  types, a-439
high-affinity sites, 90, 92-94
locomotor activity, 53
low-affinity sites, 90-91
peripheral nervous system, 88-89
primary and secondary binding
  sites, 86
radioligand binding studies, 89-92
tolerance, 54

REINFORCEMENT
evaluation, 279-281
negative, behavior modification, 193
negative, nicotine injection, 193
nicotine addiction, 6
positive, continuous, intravenous
  nicotine, 182
positive, intermittent, intravenous
  nicotine, 189, 190-191
positive, nicotine, review, 183-168
potential of various drugs, 305
self-administration, 276-279
stimulus effects, 268
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215

REINFORCERS
cocaine vs. nicotine, 189-190
definition, 170
positive, biobehavioral mechanism,
  dependence-producing drugs,
   181-182
psychoactive drugs, 8

634

RELAPSE
Gee also SPONTANEOUS REMIS
   SION)
abstinence violation effect, 532
age factors, 316
alcohol and opioid dependencies,
   316
attribution theory, 525-526
biochemical detection, 313
correlates, 315, 317-319
definition, 312, 518
demographics, 520
drug dependence severity, 315-316
drug use, 8
family support, 321, 324
frequency of smoking, 521
gender differences, 520
high-risk factors, 519, 529-530
long-term abstinence difficulties,
   311
measurement, 313
negative emotions, 322-324
peer drug use, 321-322
prevention skills, 330-331
psychiatric impairment, 316
quitting history, 312, 522
rates by drug class, 313-314
self-efficacy, 524-525
sensory cues, 121-123
smoking history, 521
social learning theory, 519
treatment effectiveness, 315, 320-
   321
treatment modalities, 312-313
typologies, 521-522
weight gain, risk factor, 440, 523-
   524
withdrawal and dependence, 522-
   523
withdrawal symptom alleviation,
  205
work and leisure activities, 322,
   324

RESEARCH METHODS
biochemical markers, 514-515
carbon monoxide, 514
carboxyhemoglobin, 514
confounding design factors, 119-120
cotinine assays, 515
nicotine dosage control, 119
self-reports, 515
study design, 513-514
suspect data, 514


R-NESS
changes during abstinence or re-
  lapse, 205
nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210
withdrawal symptom, 199, 201

SEROTONIN
intemeuronal communication sys-
   tern, 98

pharmacological effects of nicotine,
99-100

ROLLYOUR-OWN
prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580,
   562

SEX RATIO

adolescents, weight control and
smoking, 438

SALIVA
nicotine secretion, 33
tobacco poisoning, 595

body weight, smokers vs. nonamok-
em, 415, 417, 421, 431
cessation and relapse rates, 505-
508

SATIATION
comparison with comprehensive
  procedure, 501-502
single and multicomponent proce-
  dures, 488, 491

education, 506507
heavy vs. light smokers, 577
high school seniors, smoking preva-
lence, 574-576
Hispanics, smoking prevalence,
569-570

SELF-ADMINISTRATION
abstinence symptoms, 310
adjunctive, schedule-induced behav-
  ior, 278-279
alcohol, 278, 281
amphetamine, 278, 281
animal research methods, 27%Z%O
behavioral process, 158
cocaine, 278-281
compulsive use, 149
drive state, 277
drug substitution, 278
environmental pressure, 278
free sampling, 277
graduation, 277-278
human and animal studies, 276
   277
human research methods, LB&281
initiation, 277
intravenous nicotine, response
  rates, humans, 192
morphine, 278, 281
nicotine, 278-281
pentobarbiti, 278, 281
positive reinforcement, 276-277,
   279
reinforcing effects, 279-280
reinitiation of drug use, 310
voluntary conditions, 279

motivation to quit, 506
neuroticism and adult smoking
habit, 402

smokeless tobacco use, 1970 to
1986, 580, 583
smoking cessation rates, 580, 581
smoking prevalence, 569, 572, 573,
579

social support, 508
social values and beliefs, 507
stress and smoking, 118, 508
weight gain after smoking cessa-
tion, 416, 433, 507-506

SENSATION
environmental stimulus, condi-
  tioned reinforcers, 191
place conditioning, 284
psychological enhancement and
  sensory gratification, 413

INDEX

SLEEP
disturbances, nicotine polacrilex
  gum, 208, 210
disturbances, smokeless tobacco
  withdrawal symptom, 207
disturbances, withdrawal symptom,
  202, 204, 205, 206

SMELL
aversion to alcohol, 230
environmental stimulus, condi-
  tioned reinforcers, 191
receptors, 58-59
tobacco grade and type, 53-59
tobacco smoke, place conditioning,
   285

SMOKE CONSTITUENTS
acetaldehyde effects, 60
benxo(a)pyrene, 604
brand switching, 162
nonnicotine, tracheobronchial sensa-
  tions, 168-169

635


INDEX

SMOKE INHALATION, ANIMAL
lungs, spleen, intestine, and brain,
  nicotine concentrations, 84

SMOKELESS TOBACCO
(See also SNUFF)
addiction, with nicotine, 13
demographic changes, 306
nicotine dependence, 214
starter products, 265
withdrawal symptoms, 207

SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE
gum and mouth diseases and neo-
  plasms, 213
prevalence, 1970 to 1986, 580, 583

SMOKING ANTECEDENTS
anxious, aggressive, and neurotic
  personality traits, 402
personality measures, 402
stress, adolescents, 400

SMOKING ARTICLES
ventilated cigarette holders, 159

SMOKING BEHAVIOR
biochemical and behavioral mea-
  sures, 154
carbon monoxide intake, 154
cigarette length, 161
consistent patterns, 155
measurement techniques, 150-152
perceived functions of smoking, 397
Surgeon General's Report, 12
switching cigarette brands, 161-162
taste and smell, 58-59

SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS
multicomponent, smoking cessation,
   501-503
Surgeon General's Report, 12
SMOKING HABIT
negative- and positive-affect regula-
   tion, 399
smoking-related disease diagnosis,
   150
United States, adults, prevalence,
   565-567
young adults, prevalence and con-
  sumption, 578
SMOKING SURVEYS
adolescents, 573-577
Adult Use of Tobacco Survey, 572
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveil-
  lance System, 573
Current Population Survey, 573

636

SMOKING SURVEYS-Contd.
Hispanic Health and Nutrition Ex-
  amination Survey, 569-570
National Health Interview Surveys,
  56.%566, 568569, 572
self-reported smoking status, un-
  derreporting, 567-568
tobacco use trends, 9

SNUFF
(See also SMOKELESS TOBACCO)
angina pectoris, 600
dipping prevalence, 1970 to 1986,
  580, 583
nicotine absorption, 29-31
nicotine levels, 38
paroxysmal hypertension, 600

SOCIAL SUPPORT
buddy system, 495
gender differences, 508
global support, 527
partner support, 527-528
smoking cessation. 526-527
spouse, 495

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
(See also DEMOGRAPHIC FAG
  TORS)
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  em, 420, 428
ethnic, class, gender differences,
   505
smoking prevalence, 1985, 571
treatment and prevalence, 467

SPONTANEOUS REMISSION
(See also RELAPSE)
comparison by drug class, 255-259
contributing factors, 255-259
studies, 257-258

STATEDEPENDENT LEARNING
abstinence vs. smoking, 393-394
definition, nicotine, humans, 181,
   389
nicotine effects, 387

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Addiction Research Center Invento-
  ry, 271-272
discrimination procedures, 271
Morphine Benzedrine Group scale,
   271-273
overlap of drug classes, 271

STIMULANTS
addiction, 247


INDEX

STIMULAmnM.
addictive patterns, 282
discriminative effects, 272
nicotine, 177

STRESS
abstaining and coping, 528-529
adult cigarette consumption, 401
affect modulation, smoking and nic-
  otine effects, 405-408
affect regulation, smoking, 395-399
consumption increases, 404
elimination of nicotine, 41
Hassles Scale, 528
hedonic systems model, negative af-
  fect, 411
initiation and consumption risk,
   413-414
lateralized affective processors mod-
  el, 412
low- vs. high-nicotine cigarettes,
   405
management skills, 332
Navy men, smoking habit, 403-404
nicotine polacrilex gum, 405
nicotine withdrawal, conditioned re-
  sponses, 408
nurses, smoking habit, 403
perceived stress, 528
perceptual and painendurance
  thresholds, nicotine effects, 410
psychophysiological reactivity, 117-
  122
reduction, gender differences, 508,
   528
reduction, neurochemical role of
  nicotine, 408-409
reduction, smokers vs. nonsmokers,
  407
relationship to relapse, 528529
risk factor for adolescent smokjng,
  399-401
smoking and nicotine effects, 381
smoking cessation relapse, 402, 528
subjective well-being, smoking ef-
  fects, 394-395

STUDENTS

high school boys, body weight and
smoking, 438

high school seniors, smoking preva-
lence, 574-576
junior and senior high school,
stress and smoking initiation,
400

SWEDEN
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 426

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYS-
TEM
arousal regulation with nicotine,
   409

TAR CONTENT
sales-weighted average yield, 566
smoking maintenance, 58
tobacco taste characteristics, 58

TASTE
environmental stimulus, condi-
  tioned reinforcers, 191
iirst cigarette of day, 47
menthol popularity among black
  Americans, 510
receptors, 58
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215
tobacco grade and type, 58
tobacco smoke, place conditioning,
   285

TASTE AVERSION
alcohol, 280
apomorphine vs. nicotine, 196
chlorisondomine, 196
nicotine conditioning, animals, 196
   196

TAXATION
reflection of cigarette consumption,
   565

TERATOGBNICITY
animals, 601
humans, 601-602

THERAPY
approved drug uses, 298
deterrent, silver acetate, 485A86
replacement, 326323
symptomatic, 328
TOBACCO CONSTITUENTS
beta-carbolines, pharmacologic ef-
  fects, 60

TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES
smoke condensate, sensory effects,
   169

TOLERANCE
acquired reaction, 289
acute, tachyphylaxis, 44, 47-50
animal and human studies, 251

637


INDEX

TOLERANCE-4ont.d.
behavioral, 44
behavioral and physiological re-
  sponses to nicotine, 197
chronic, 44, 50-54
constitutional reaction, 290
cross-tolerance, 288, 292
dependence potential testing, 286
dose escalation, 50, 51
intoxication, 251
limits on escalation, 286-287
measures, 288
mechanisms, 288-290
nicotine addiction, 6
nicotine uptake, 8
pharmacodynamic, functional, 44
pharmacokinetic. dispositional, 44
toxic effects, 45

TOXICITY
acute, 593-596
acute sensitivity, 45, 46
children, 595
chronic, 596
nicotine polacrilex gum, 595-596
physiological and psychological, 252

TREATMENT
(See dso CESSATION OF SMOK-
  ING, METHODS; NICOTINE
  DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC
  OTINE PGLACRILEX GUM;
  NICOTINE REPLACEMENT)
abstinence maintenance, 503
behavioral strategies, 329-334
blockade therapy, 328
clonidine, 328-329
family support, 333
goals, 325
leisure activity skills, 331-332
loss of control, 325
methodology, 513-516
motivation enhancement, 332-334
nicotine polacrilex gum, maintain-
  ing physical dependence, 210
overview, 465470
peer suppcrt, 334
pharmacologic approaches, 326-329
professional contact, 333
relapse prevention skills, 330-331
relief from withdrawal symptoms,
   327
replacement therapy, 326328
stress management skills, 332
symptomatic therapy, 328

638

TREMOR
hand, changes during abstinence or
  relapse, 205
smoking effects, 392

TWINS
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers, 417

TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN-
HIBITOR
histofluorescence studies, 100

UNITED KINGDOM
Wales, body weight, smokers vs.
  nonsmokers and ex-smokers, 416

URINE
acidification and cigarette consump
  tion, 163
cotinine, 36, 37
nicotine isomethonium, 57
nicotine-N-oxide, 36, 37
pH and stress, 41
unchanged nicotine content, 33

VISION
conditioned reinforcer, nicotine de
  livery, 191
environmental stimulus, 191
information processing tank, smok-
  ing effects, 384
peripheral vision monitoring, smok-
  ing effects, 385
place conditioning, tobacco smoke,
   285
psychological enhancement and
  sensory gratification, 413
rapid visual information task,
  smoking effects, 385
vigilance tasks, nicotine tablet ef-
  fects, 383
vigilance tasks, smoking effecta,
   383

WEST VIRGINL4
smokeless tobacco use, 1986, 581

WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS
(See also ABSTINENCE; CESSA-
  TION OF SMOKING; DEPRIVA-
  TION; WITHDRAWAL SYN-
  DROME)
aggression, 203
anxiety, 199, 201, 204, 208, 210
behavioral and physiological seque-
  lae, 251
biting, animals, 204-205


INDEX

WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS-Contd
body temperature changes, 202
concentration difficulty, 199, 201,
  204, 205, 208, 210
conditioned drug seeking, 310
craving, 199, 201, 204, 208-209, 210
depression, 201, 208-210
electroencephalography changes,
   208

environmental and pharmacologic
factors, 198

environmental stimuli, 310
fatigue, 201, 202, 205
further drug intake, 8
hearing amplitude decreases, 204
hunger, food intake, 202, 207, 209,
210, 412-413, 434
hypothalamic consummatory drive
model, nicotine, 412413
identified, 198-199
increased heart rate, 210
irritability, impatience, 199, 201,
208, 210

measurements and techniques, 199-
200

metabolism changes, 203, 433, 436
negative affect reduction, nicotine,
408

nervousness, 199, 201
nicotine blood levels with nicotine
polacrilex gum, 209
nicotine polacrilex gum, 207, 208,
472

opioids, 291, 292
performance, 208
physical complaints, 199, 201, 208
plasma nicotine levels and symp

tom severity, 206207
rebound phenomena, 204
respiration rate decrease, 202
restlessness, 199, 201, 208, 210
sleep disturbances, 202, 204, 205,
206, 207, 208

stress, 402, 408, 528, 529

WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMSXontd.
tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola-
  crilex gum, 215
weight gain, 414, 416, 422, 423,
  424, 425, 431, 438, 439-440, 523

WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
(See also ABSTINENCE; CESSA-
  TION OF SMOKING; DEPRIVA-
  TION; WITHDRAWAL SYMP-
  TOMS)
American Psychiatric Association,
  recognition, 295
autonomic measures, 291
behavioral, 291
dependence potential testing, 286
distinctive signs, 296-297
evidence of addiction, 6, 294295
precipitated responses, 293
protracted, 253
somatomotor measures, 291
spontaneous reactions, opioids and
  depressants, 292
variability, 294-295

WOMEN
black, smoking prevalence, 569
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
   ers, 420
education, 506507
electroencephalograms of neonates
  from smokers, 112
prolactin and breast feeding, smok-
  ing effects, 102
smoking prevalence, 569
social factors, 507508
stress and smoking, 400, 508
Surgeon General's Report, 12
treatment programs, 467
weight control, 439, 507-508
weight gain, 523

WORKPLACE
Surgeon General's Report, 12
YUGOSLAVIA
body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers and ex-smokers, 425

639

f? U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19&3- 2 2 3 - 6 7 2 , 0