- M

ITAL Y.

(Dootor Alan GreRp;)
Ootober 1924 - April. 1928.

plan of the Report ......................................
Outline ..................................................
General Introduction

aistory .............................................
Geography and Climnte ...............................
Transportation ard CllrU8te ..........................
sooh1 Picture ......................................
aonomic Simtion ..................................
Government ..........................................
Political Situation .................................
Genela1 OrnsJlhbtiOn Of mUCatiOn ...................

     Elementary Schools .............................
      Seoondarg Mumtion ............................
Universities .............................................
LIiscellaneoas mutational ................................
Introductory Kote to Individual Sdrools ..................

Wividual Lfedical Schools=
   Turin ...............................................
   Genoa ...............................................
   Pavia ...............................................
   Padua ...............................................
  Bologm .............................................
   Xilan ...............................................
   Nodena ..............................................
   palma ...............................................
   Bisa ................................................

.Rome ................................................
Florence ............................................
Sim ..............................................
Perugia .............................................
Camerino ............................................
Naples ..............................................
Bari ................................................
Palenno .............................................
Catania .............................................
Messina .............................................
cagliari ............................................
Sassari ..............................................

Schools Of Pharmacy . Dentistm . gidwifem & Veterinary Med o
   Phamaoy ............................................

Veterinary Eiedicine .................................
Nidwifery ...........................................
Hospitals and Nursing ...............................

Pledical Profession and the Practice of bledicine ..........
Comnents on some of the Sub.iects of ::edical Mucation in

                                  Italy ...
Present Difficulties of Medical Mucation in Italy .......
Recommcnciatims ..........................................
Append ix .

Publioatiors on file in the Paris Office .............
Copies of Letters Jf Notifioation and Presentation ...
Schedule of Visits ...................................
Developmental Plan for Selected Institut os in Italy ...

DOctiStv ...........................................

Lwr.

1
3

6
19
20
21
24
32
34
4Q
43
53
63
84
92

97
122
134
142
149
160
168
176
179
189
198
207
213
223
226
239
244
252
259
267
276
282
282
287
289
290
291
293

309
313
a16

320
324
327
328 o

*d

.........

P

PLAN OF THJ3 REPORT

  The report is divided into the following eectiona :-

1 -  Notes on the original material, its ~BOB and storage.

2 -

3 -

Outline of the report proper,

Information arranged on basis of outline.

4 -

5 -

6 - Recommendationa,

Comment8 on subjacte of medical inatruction 86 given in Italy.
General remarks on present. difficulties in medioal education, in

Italy.

7 - Appendix.

1 -  Notes on Original Material.

  Information contained in thia report has been secured from
offioial publications of the univereitiee and medioal faoultiea,
government reportb, convereations with professora, student6 and

others closely connected with medical education in Italy;  observ-

ations made during visit6 to the Medioal Faculties and Hoepitale,
and also from the preliminary report on Italy furnished by New York

Office,

Cutulogues, government publioations and other printed matter

will be found liated in the Appendix.

2

Report of conversations and impressions gathered during vfeite

ere filed by subject in Pari8 Office (followtng outline).

information of this sort is to be found in Dootor Gregg's diary of

Visita in Ituly.

a Pew translatione have been made of more important documents.

attempt will be made to keep a aurrent file of university catalogues

and it is likely that in the future this aouroe of information will

be more satisfactory than in the past since recent regulstions provide

that these catalogues shell in the future contain uniform and exact

information regarding several phases of university aotivity whioh

have only in some instanaes appeared in the past.

Some

The printed matter is almoet entirely in Italian;

History of the State.
&ea asd Papulation*
Geography and Climate.
Trsnsportatlon and Oonmnuriaation.
Sooial Piatwe.
Econmia Situation.
Organisation of Governnent o
PolitiaaX Situation.

TpYP08 Of SohOOlS o
rnollment .
Courses.
Teachers o
Buildings snd Racllit ies.
Results of Elementary S&ools.

Type8 Of sChOOl8*
Ekwollment o
CIaUrses.
Teachera o
Buildings and Facilities.
Results.

UNIVW IT 13s.

'P

Pensions.
Foreign Contacts.
Student Societies.
Lib Wigs o
Musema and Observetorieo.
smmod SOoietieB.

AL

BESSIm Si? IOaLS .

WW SChOOlS o
3bgineering Sohools.
Sohools of Agriaulture.
Sdhoole of Theology.
Ooermerce and Ebonamic Sciences.
Polytsohnio Institutes.

IKDIvmufi s CHOOLS OE' KEDICINE.

Introduotory Notes.
Locat icm .
Hi story.
enisat ion.
General University Financee.
Mediaal School Pinanues.
Bulldinge.
Uboratory Faailities .
Cliniaal Baoillties.
Library Faoil it ies o
3+aculty.
Admission Require;ments.
Fees of Students.
Degrees and Qualif iaat ions o
Curricalum.
Number of Students.
Source of Students.
Distribution of Graduates.
Importame as a Xedical Centre.
Status of Research.
Training and Development of Teaching Forow.

General hpressions.
Distribution of Physicians.
Eaonania Statue.

(Cont hued overleaf) o

EEDICAL PROF3SSION BND THE PRACTICE OF XEDICINE.

(Continued)/

SCieXltifiC BeSOUrceS Of PhySiChIl6.
Xedical Sects ad Quacks.
Wmen in Yedfoine.
Post Graduate Study.
Attitude towards Een of Foreign Training.
Ddioal Societies and Congressea.
Nedioal Publioations in the Country.
liledical Publishers arrl Dealers.

GE?llUAI, INTRODCCTION

Hi a tor;e.

The History of Italy exerts, even at the present day,

a very great influenoe on the type of education which is found

there.  In no other way can the differences between the various.

seotions of Italy be understood, nor can traditions and organiz-

ation of the Univeraities be explained without some emphasis on

their historioal background. The briefest, and perhaps most

effective method of indicating the complicated hiatory of Italy,

i~ to indicate by centuries or epoohe the history of that country.

This ie dven in the following table, the first paragraph refer-

ring to Political and Cultural history, the seoond, more etrictly

conoerning the history of Universitiea and intelleotual movemente.

A summary of the important influence in the history of medicine

of Italy is dven at the olose.

'.

',

Seventh Century, B.C.

Greeks appeared in Sicily. Oenoa founded by Liguriana. The

                          Sioily beoame

'.

met of' Italy is ocoupied by various small nations,
a seoond Ctreeue (hhgna Or<oia) and remained so until about the 10th

Century, B.D.

Italy thus beoame a etore house of Qreek influenoe

for all time.

lived in Sicily at ~ome time.

mpedocles, grchimedee, Aeechylus, Pindar, all

406 E. q.

Carthaginians took Sicily end established contacts

with the Phoenician culture.

210 B.C.

236 B.C. Roman6 took Sardinia from Phoenicians, In this

Perugia conquered by Rome.

oentury Milan

Southern Italy and Sioily, hut. Greekinfluence continued there for

much longer period.

wa~ conquered by Rome and Romans obtained hold over

124 R.C. wsclepisdes of Bithynin eatablished Greek medioine

at Rome. - Pliny the Elder, 23-79 A.D. -

_c-- 161 A.D.

Gulen in Rome.

Fourth Century,

AeDe

Southern and Western Romn hpire divided between Conatantinople

tmd Itdy where Bendquartere rere Milan and Ravenna.

Roman Empire

becomes Christian.

Tifth Century.

Rome falls to Barbarians. Ulan ravaged by Attila, Ostrogoths

and Lombards, and Naples Rnd Sardinia sacked by Vandals.

Theodoeius the Great founded School of Law at Bologna.

Sixth Centurx

Lombard8 established in IJilan, jP gaining control over

Padua and Bologna.

      -- Seventh Centurz
Arab Coraaires raid Southern Italy, 667.

Perugia

destroyed by the Gothem

Eighth Century

Domination of Charlemagne who, in 774, t.ook Lalan, Genoa,

Turin, Fadua, Bologna and gave Florence ita political oreanisa-

tion and made present of city of Perugia to the Popes.

Montecassino and Salerno Benedictin hoepitals bugail hoaeing the

Ninth CenturJ

Saracens gain control of Sicily.

Rome beeomes subjeot of

feudal ware which lasted until the 15th Cent.ury, temporal power

of the Popes having been estaklished by Charlemagne.

'.

Xedioal

School in Salerno beoomes definitely prominent.

Soror founded

the hospital of Santa Maria in Sienna. Pcrvitl established a oenter

of atudiets 825.

Tenth Century.

Xilan in 960 fell under German Emperors.

Padua ravaRed by

9

Eungarians.

Eleventh Century.

Normans in control of Ncrples and Sicily 1042 to 119%

Pisa

a Republio of warrior6 during this and following century.

fell under Pis8 in 1025 a6 reward for the expuleion of Saracens;  the

Scrrdinia

era of the independenoe of various coPrmUnea.

Lombard league defeat Frederick Bcrrbarosa.

Miltin and Bologna in

Reoords mention four city hospitals in Rome;  school at Selerno

au ti ve o

Twelfth Century.

Naples under Oerman control.

House of Hohenetauf'en, 1194 to

1268.

independent republic.

Republic of Oenoa at war with Piaa and Venice,

Sienna beoame

This is the century when the following universitiee definitely

came into existence:-

Sienna, Modsna, Piea, Parma and Bologna.

Pope Innocent I11 initiated the movement of building hoepitala

under religious inspeotion.

preeerve mediaal law and are in cloee contact with aohool at Sulerno.

Monke at Eontecsssino collect and

Thirteenth Century.

Houpe of mjou in Naples, 12651442. Sicily an independent

kingdom under House of iuagon, 1282-1442.

bagon, Padua under Qerman aontrol, Florence under the control of

In 1297, Sardinia under

the Popea.
Piaa overwhelmed by Genoa in 1284 in naval battle,

The beginning of the [3uelf'-Ghi%elline warfare.

Pudua established aa civic university in 1222 destined to

                    Perugia reoognieed in

be the oenter of learning of Averroea.

1266. Sienna recognized in 1246. Nuples founded by Frederick

I1 in 1224.                      In 1224 aleo Charles I

of Anjou allowed a modification of the medioel school at Sderno

which changed it from a monastic-lay to a purely lay control.

Uondino, Professor of matomy, Sulioeto of Surgery, at Eologna.

Mesaina in the eame year.

Pourteenth Century.

Genoa under Brench. Parma held by Verona. Bologna sold

by the Visoonti in Milan to the Pope in 1360.

Rome during thie

century had a population of 17.000.

to l3T7. The Black Death appeared. (3uelf-Ohibelline warfare in

Plorsnoe.

Popee at Avignon in 1309

University of Rome oreated in 1305, Palermo 1312, Florence

1520 88 Studium Generale. Piaa 1343. Pavia founded in 1361.

at the time of Black Death, 1348, the first Quarantine ever

established me obeerved in Venico.

Florence. Lanfkanchi of Milan who later moved to Paris and has

been oalled

The epoch of Dante in

'Fcrther of Frenoh Clinioal 6urgez-y.'

Fifteenth Centuq

Sioily and Naples under Spanish House of kragon in 1442-1496.

SardiniR under Spanish Vioeroy in 1479.

triumphant in Tlorence.

&moa under the Frenuh;

it remained.

In 1444 the Medici family

Ulan under the Sforzee in 1450-1535.

Padua under the domination of Venice, where

Fall of Constanrinople in 1451.

University of Turin founded in 1404;

Oatania founded in 1454.

Printing invented in 1450.

ita height during this oentury.

treatment of the siek beuame the funotion of the hospital e.t about

thia time owing to the effectiveness of meroury inunotfon.

in general, however, merely devoted to housing of sick. First

lazaretto established in Plra in 1464, 8s B detention station for

plague euspeats and victims, in a emall house building near the

church of San Lasarro.

Hoczpitstl construction over hrope in

Sudhoff believee that definite

Hoepitale

Leoniosno of Padua tranalated Hippooratee in 1480.

@reek

culture came to Italy through Byzantine scholar8 escaped from

Conetantinople, t.he medioal world thua beooming more familiar with

writing8 of Plrtto, and Hippocratee, in oontrast with merely Galen

and Aristotle.

Thomas Linaure graduated at Pudua.

Sixteenth Century.

The time of Spanish Vioeroy in Ntiples and Sicily, 1503-1707,

Oenoa under the Austrians; Turin under the Trench; Florenoe an

independent duchy, controlling Piea af'ter 1509. Parma in 1512

given by Pope Paul I11 to Pierre Farneee, his natural son.   In

1512 also Bologna beoame part of the Holy Roman Fimpire until 1796.

In 1535 Milan under Spanieh-Austrian HOUBO.

Spain puts Sienna to the Duohy of Tu~oany.

aut ho ri ty .

In 1557, King of

Perugia under papal

Leonard0 da Vinei in 1500.

Veealius proeeotor at Padua in

154 attaoked for hie heterodox mitinge.

went to Gpain.

ab aquapendente wa8 pupil of Fallopiue and master of Harvey.

ersity of Ytroerata established am Studium Oenerale in 1549.

of Yeaeina founded in 1548.

aroee in Naples in 1560, ta ensure the freedom of eoientiete from

persecution by clerioa. Pbraoel~u8 etudied at Perrara in 1515. In

1553 the first ohair of Simples established at Padua.  University of
Urbino recognized in 1564,

He burnt hie book and

His pupil ma Pallopius who euoceeded him.

Babrioiue

Univ-

Univereity

First soientifio eociety, that of Porta,

Seventeenth Century,

Northern Italy under Spanish-Austrian Houee.

Southern Italy

also under Spain.
5OO,OOO victims and downfall of its powere in 1630,

Bubonic plague in the Republio of Venioe,

Aoademia of the Likii eetablished in 1603 as a alosed

corporation of scientists.

founded Histology and l@bryology and waa Professor at Bologna,

Piaa and Meseina. Pre-eminenae of Italian schools of mediaine

passed to Paris, Montpellier and Leyden,

Harvey studied at Padua. Malpighi

'.

Eighteenth Centurg:

Auetrian Viaeroys in Sicily and Naples in 1707-1734:  then

                                    Sardinia

Bourbon reign, 173k1860, Kingdom of the Two sicilies.

fell to the House of Savoy, 1720.

Turin in 1798 taken by the

French.

In 1714 Ulan was Austrian.

In 1731 Parma given to the

Bourbon Prince.

In 1735 Hlan taken by the French and held until

1814. University of Camerino founded in 1727. Cagliari allowed
to confer degrees in 1765,

This was the century of the following prominent fiwres: blorgagni

at Padua, Galwni at Bologna, Volta and Scarpa at Pavia, Ramazzini
first student of the hygiene of ocoupations, Yahe4fa Lancisi

advanced his belief in the importanae of mosquitoes in swamp

fever or malaria,

Palem hee~-uiri+wa4~ in 1785.

Nineteenth Centurx

In 1801 the Bourbone in Parma expelled by Napoleon.

                        Parma

In 1806 Napoleon plaoed his "rother
In 1814 Turin beoame oapital of King-

made Trench Duchy in 1807.

Joseph ae King of Naples.

dom of Sardinia.

1815, Bologna, dafter 90 years of Trench rule, beoame property
of the Pope until 1848.. In 1848 the revolt of Milan against

Austria after the battle of Ugenta, Milan+s given to House of

Savoy.
1860, liaribaldi' s viotorious marqh.

by Italy by plebieoite.  In 1861-1870, Florsnoe oapital of new
Italy. In 1870 Rome beoame oapital. Florence has established

In the same year Milan became Austrian.

In

In 1858 war between King of Sardinia and Aust.ria.

                In

Kingdom of Naples joined

a8 Univereity in 1850.

education in Italy.

In 1859 the Casati Law passed reforming
Royal Aoademy of Xedicine in Rome in 1875.

The History of Italy is important in the history of medical

                 Southern Italy perpetuated

eduoation for the following reasone:

the culture of hoient Greeoe.  Italy h proved the main point

of entranoe for the aulture of the Ambe and the Hebrews in the

Fifteenth Century.

on the Fall of Constantinople.

Italy wae the asylum for Byzantine oulture

Furthermore, it wa8 in Italy that

the sick were provided for by hospital8 where previouely they

had exhibited themselves in the market places ae objects merely

of charity,and found. lodging where they could.

the oenter of thie long Penineula, lines of travel for pilgrim-

ages, eto., passed throunh many Italian cities and the religious

orders so highly centralized in Italy aoted a8 points of promotion

of learning and be store-houses of manueoripts and books during

Middle-Ages and the Renaieeance.

Xith Eome at

AREA AhTD POPULATION

The area of Italy is 310,200 equare kilometme;

264,000 of

them is available for agriculture and forests.  The area of Texas

is 688,000 aquare kilometres, that of New &exico, /l7,OOO, of hTew
York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania the area is 265,000 square kilom.

The population of the last three states ie about 22 million,

that of Italy ie 38,800,000,

population a8 the three states, New York, New Jersy and Pennsylvania,
it. would have approximately 26 million people;

The density is 123 to the equare kilometre.

millioa, Italians reside in foreim countriea. To-the area of

Italy proper should be added the African colonies:-

If Italy had the same density of

it hae near 39 million.

                 1
It ie calculated that 7 2

AREA -- POPUT.,ATION

LIBIA         1 , 650 , 000       1 , 070,000

SII'IITIIREA          1190000       580 , 000

SOldLIT,h'U7)        ?65,000        450 , 000

JUBBLA?VD         91.600         75.000

SI CI LI A.Ii I SLLYDS    280,000        104,000

The historical repriona of Italy continue to be the true land

marhof the country and express natural divisions.

Northern Italy consiRting of Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy and Veneto.

Central Italy, hbilia, Toscany, the Umbrian Marshes and Abmzzo.

Southern Italy, of k~o~ise, Campana, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria

and Laaio (Roman district,), the islands, Sicily and Sardinia,

These are:-

The kingdom is officially divi-ded, however, into 76 ad+n&&eW

provinoes ruled by Prefecte and aut-divided into Ilcircondarii" which

are adminifftered by--su't;-prefeote.  These are given hereffith with the

population of each:-

ALESSANDRIA 781,750 ma 623,598 NOVARA 724,855

TORINC 1 . 253, 445 QENOA 975 e 700

ILPERIA 150,817
COKO 630,977 CREYONA 357,605 IMNTOVA 376.901

            LA SPEZIA 209,482

BERGAL:O 555,686 BRESCTA 652,225

MILAN0 1,906,211 PAVIA 449,425 SONDRIO 1?1,184

BELLUNO 234,583 PADOVA 588,047 ROVIGO &? 8 218

TRE'VISO

VI CENZA

TRIESTE

BOLOGNA

UODENA

RAVENNA

PIRENZE

LUCCA

SIENA

WCERATA

AQUILA D'
@RUZZI

CWOBASSO
(MOLISE)

C ASERT A

548,487 V2NEZIA 519,208 VERONA 52?# 39O

542,346 BEIULI 956,439 T,REMTO 641D T47

325,940   ISTXIA    299,295   CARNARO    84,686

642,674   FERRATA   546,015   FOKLI    391,026

395,513   P~RllrVL    361 e 786   PIACENZA   291,400

257,604 REGGIO- 347,095 AREZZO 298D 5l9

EUILIA

981,850 GROSSETTO 164,990 LIVORTJO 143,723

389,519 USSA &
       CARRARA

247,842 ANCONA

267,718 PESBRO &

DRBINO

340,909 ATdLLINO

823,132 BAPOLI

BAR1 (PUGLIE) 952,511 FOGGIA

LECCE 611,141 POTENZA

(BASILICA)

178,510 PISA 360,787

334,654 ASCOLI- 265,164

PICENO

280,760 PERGGIA 636, 380

376,242 TEWO ?19,990

903,385 BENEVl3NTO 267,171

1,468,640 SALERNO 584,313

458 , 502 TBRBKTO 274,907

(JOKIO

468,557 COThlZARO 514,123

COSENZA    495,884   ~WIO    502,311  CALTANISSETTA 38 5,675

CATANIA    876,265   BIRGENTI   4-11 o 281  MESSINA 582 , 064

( CALBRIA)

PALEmO    840,g6   SIRBCUS4   536,614   TRAPANI    409,247

CAGLIARI    530,232   SBSSARI   333.942   zBR11.    18 1623

ROMA (LA2101 1,618,982

OEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The important featuree in the geogrnphy of' Italy are the

btrcbbone of mountains whioh separate the P6 Valley from middle

Italy, the dryness and eterility of the soil of' Southern Italy

and the large amount of water power amilable in the North.

There has been eoneiderable deforeetation throughout Italy and

this haa reeulted in a very preoarious living for the agricultural

population of the wholly mountainous motion, and a large amount

of almost useless land in the lowlande along the coast.    AS a

conaequenoe of all these facta, Northern Italy is preeminently

induRtria1 in contrast with the South which, though agricultural,

is 80 limited in its resources a6 to be much the poorer part of

the country.

  Sardinia and Sicily, th#ough much richer agriculturally than

Southern Italy, art neverthelees very backward both in agriculture

and industry.

in re80uree8 to Southern Branee.

past e.nd ie not productive.

overpopulated in relation to productive oapacity.

The regions of Milan and Turin are oloesly comparable

          Central Italy lives lrtrgely in the

Southern Italy and Sicily are greatly

20

TRANSPORTATION BM) COMMUNICATION

Railroads of Italy are largely those of the State,

Mueeolini has been unable to turn over this railroad system to

private ownership, the main reaeon being that it is impossible

to eradicate the pass system by which the majority of the trawl-

ling public in the first and second claaeee obtain reduoed ratee,

for example: senators, deputies, ex-deputiee, commercial travel-

lers; teaohers of all ranks, journalists, officere and exrofficer8,

all public ofticiala and all wounded vetersna.   The deficit of

the etate railoraye-mover a billion lire in 1921-1922, and 906

million lira in 1922-1923. Electrifioation is projected, eihe

the present extremely high price of ooal make the maintenance

very costly. In 1922, railways totalled 21,000 kilometrea,

4,400 of which were privately owned.

of Italy, is, by the faetaat trains, distant from the following

plaoos-: Paris 32 hours - Vienna 30 - Palermo 19 - Trieste

17 - Turin 14 - Venioe 13 - Ulan 12 - Genoa 10 -
Bologna 9 .. Floranoe 6 - Naples 5.

From these facta itkill be seen that Turin and Genoa are

Rome, as political oapital

almost as much under French as under Italian influence, and that

Milan is close to Germany and Switzerland.

Telegraph eervlce in Italy ie good.

Mails of t&e first

class good within Ifxtly, but eubjeat to delay6 during the paet

two yesre to and from countries outside of Italye

mail, paroela poet, exprees and freight ore not satisfactorily

rafe, losses by theft being extremely commtrn.

Third olass

SOCIAL PICTURE

The eoafal picture of Italy is oharaoteriaed prinaipally by,

First, the regional divereity of ouatoms, moo, dialeots and

general culture, and ssoond, by the very great over crrowding of

the population.

raoe and oalture are due to the uomplioated history of the oountry.

Spanish and French influenoes and traditions for example are still

etrong in Southern Italy, whereaa in the Po Valley Oernran influcnoeo

are predominating.   In one acnae it ie fallaoione to aoment on the

It will be reen that man7 of' the differences in

Italian oharsotsr shoe Italy is merely a politioal entity, and in

reality rather a federation of entirely dissimilar provinoes.  There

are eane thirty-two dioleots in Italy.

to another Italian of another distant provfnos a8 a foreigner.

this sectionalism the great over orowding in question has contributed

aoneiberably since it has disoouraged travel within the oountug,

250,000 Italians must find a home by emigration every year, nor is it

merely the labourihg olaeees which provide the neoeesity for emigration.

An Italian peasant will refer

To

Competition within the oountry for every sort of poeition ie

bitter and unrelenting. Unfortunately, the condition of general

education is not such as to make that competition always on the basis

of training or fitness..

The claims of relatives or ffienda often

play a deciding part in young men'8 hopes of securing a livelihood

aithin Italy.

Land ownership still shows a trace of the feudal influence.

Large estates are common and many of the traditions and circumstances

of Italian life tend to keep the labourers on these estate8 ill-educated,

submissive and exceedingly difficult to influence away from their

traditional condition.

the South and in the Islands than in the North where inciustrial life

Thim feudal flavour is more pronounced in

has affected the customa oonsiderably.

Italy ia largely in the hende of Germans who are also etrong in banking

circles, but it must be noted that the character of the Northern Italian

Industrial organization in

is better adapted to the demand of industrial life thRn that of the

Italinn of the South.

The Italian charaater, tlnd this is especially true of every Italian

not in the purely labouring classe8, is highly individual. Prezzolini,

in hiR book on the Italian culture, says :- "Italians cannot create

methods or train dieciples.

and then die or change.....

Italians are too individual .*...They are people full of,originality".

Thinge last for the life of only one man

There are no organizations in Germany ..a.

c1S

A

Observation abundantly confirms these remarks.

  In religion the majoritr of Italians are, at least nominally,

catholic8.

is about 3%; Jews 1%.

The proportion of Pro testants of various denominations

To add to the wry oomplicated situation it must be noted that

Italy at present is pawing through a series of political ahangea

of far-reaahing charaoter, and exoeedingly diff'icult,even for the

Italians, to understand.

ECONOMIC SITUATION

It is impoesible to form an intelligent opinion upon the

Economic situation of Italy under the extremely complicated and

uncertain conditions of the present day. I therefore confine

information to the rates of exchange of the lira, the cost of

living and the general view of the Government's budget for varioua

characteristio years during recent history.

In the first place,

it is of broad importance to note that the eoonoc;ic position of

Italy is balanced, if at all, by the remittances of emigrants

and the sums received from foreim visitors to Italy.

These two

Cources are oalculated to have provided during 1925 between 5 and

6 billion Liras. There are factors which, unfortunately, are

highly influenoed by politioal conditione and the popular belief

within and outside of Italy in the stability of t,he Italian

Government.

The Lira in relation to the dollar has pursued the following

course :-

In 1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
192!

Jan. 1924
Feb. 1925
July 1925

Liras

11

II

I?

It

It

II

I?

I?

?I

?I

I)

I?

5.28
6.18
6.67
7841
7.85
8.70
21.12
23 8 57
21.19
21.81
23.0-
24.40
27 . 20

to the Dollar

n

n

It

?I

I8

n

tl

I?

II

11

n

I1

The coet of living in Italy $n 1924-1925,  is calculated

as being 6 and 7 times what it WBB in lqr14.

neoeseity like Cardiff' coal coet 50 Lira8 in 1914;. in January

1925, the same cost 350 Liras.

The state budget for the Kingdom of Italy are given here-

An eeeential

with:-

THE STATE BUDGET (E~rpensss3 in Unita of 1000

Emenses by Hnistry:

Treaaury

Pinanae

Justice & Culte

Toreign Af'fairs

Co lo ni e e

Publia Instruotion

Interior

Publio Works

Posts & Telegraph

War (incl. arm8 & ammun.)

Navy

Shipping & R.R.

Agrioulturo

Industry & Commerce

1918-19

3 o 311 o 914

709.385

83.489

59.718

167.686

352.637

363.205

326.988

39 2.071

(Cont'd overleaf)

26

Expensea by Enistry: 191514 1918-12 1920-2'1

Labour & Social Inuurance - - - -.-- 126.245

---.I.

Military Assistance & Tar - - - 1.77'7.370

pensions

For emergency food purch. --- 3.213

For Liberated Territory

5 5'7 03% 648.951

(Trieete, etc., 1 ---

NOTE - -

New Prime Ministers are in the habit in Italy of adding

or suppreasine Ministries on their assuming power.

in the name of convenience or economy, or to satisfy some poli-

This io done

tician who is included in the new combination.

not perceptibly increased.

The expense is

It only means reradjuetment of offioes.

The tendenoy of kssolini's government seems to be to reduce and

concentrate responsibilities..... fewer ministers and a few more

undsrsecretariea who learn the ropes.

Fimres for 1922-23 and 122+24 (Provisory) are on separate sheet.

Elank space mean8 that the figures are included in the

budget of another ministry, owing to some concentration.

The State Budget (Expenses) continued...

Expenses by Ministry:

Tr eaaury

Finance

1923-24 (Provisory)

27

19 2F 24 ( Pro vi 3 o ry8

Juatice & Culte (Clergy)

ete.,

Poreign Affairs

Colonies

Publio Instruotion

Interior

Public Works

Posts & Telegraph

War

Navy

Shipping & 3.R.

Agriculture

Industry & Comeroe

Labour & Sooial Ineuranoe

A&ilit.Ass, & Far pensions

366 o 175

118 . 460

9 23 o 420

879.165

1*050*005

1 . 090.616

2 . 307.538

1 o 556.369

96. 661 1
      (
96.774 1
      (
7.797 1

none noted

for Ehergency food purohaaee    I1 II

for Liberated Territories       8t I1

TOTALS :

411 . 068

144,507

4130 971

1.065.0~

687.36

744.253

9 34.186

2,367.455

1.154.304

---a

169 . 048

none noted

#I n

It @I

  The anistry of Agriculture, that of Industry & Commerce,
that of Labour and Social Ineurance are now one: ECONOMIA NAZIONALE.
  Those of Posts, Telegra>h & Telephone, of R.B. end Shipping
are one: COWICAZIONI.

THE STATE BUDGET in Unite of 1000

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Origin of amounts reoeived         191914 1918-19

1. Taxes on trade transactions       337.367 929 o 20 5

2. Taxes on Purchases of neoessities    527.717 10053.295

3. Industrial Yonopolies          547.120 1.521.087

4. Commercial Monopolies                     --- ----

5. Direct Taxes               540.689 2.065.567

6. Postal, Telegraph & Telephone      170.446 331 . 477

7. Other Entries :90*407 - 582354

TOTAL: 2. 523.746 9 o 675 o 845

Totals: : 15.207.4?9 18 6 820.099 19 .TOO 0 608 15.805548 20.5p.309

Note:

Budgets in Italy are usually discussed late.

ny means of monthly provisory separate votes en bloc.

the Frenoh "douzi8me provisoire".

for 192524 are tentative.

Provision is made

Same as

Hence the figurea given above

TRAPSLATE2 7ROX I TALIAN

29

Lain l'eatures of the Economic

Situation -- of Italy --

Bank Notes in C!ircuJa_t,iG

OctllSer, 1924...........

December , 1920
    It    1921

    I)    1922

1921

It

..........

..........

..........

..........

Pinances :

Definite Bud@
Jhd ge t Es tima t.e

II It

Por account   For account     Reduction
of commerce   of the State   of the circula-

tion for account

-.- ---

of the State -

(in million Lires)

19 23-19 24
1924- 1925
19 25-19 26

-

Internal. Debt of the St,

De cenber ,
November,

II

*..

o

.................. Deficit : 413 million Lire

.................. SurpIxs : 178 million Lire

.................. balances-

1922 ............ 34,470
1923 ............ 55,579
1924 ............ ?0,6,73

(in million Lires)

....... 59,671 .....
....... 40,035 .....
....... 61,567 .....

t,o tal

Etations of Soverment Bonds ("Coneolibte 5%" and "Xendita $,50$1) ;

Ceceaber 31, 1921 ............ 77.32 ............. 71.95

  I1 1923 ............ 90.50 77.75

II 1922 ............ 84.84 .............  77.72

11 1924 ............ 99.50 .............  82.50

.............

30

Ceposits in Savings Banks. :

December, 1915
    n    1920

    11    1922

     1923
October, 1924

1)

............

............

............

............

............

Ordinary Savings Post Office

Sank a Savingx Banks

(in million Lires)

- Rate - of .- '9orts" . --

(backx+rdation) of 3ollars nnd Sterling.

AS AGAINST ITALIAX LIU: .-

Dollars Sterling

---

June, 1921 ............... 27 1/2 Centesimi 100 Centesimi
                             35
January,l922 27 112 I1
  .. 1923 ............... 22 1/2         '55
Augmt, 1923 10 50
                                    10
Jannary,l924 tl
       ............... 8
December.1924 .............. - 2 It

n

II

...............

11 I1

n

...............

11

&icultural Production :

   ?ive Years
average 191 5- 19 20

1924

(in "quintali" - one "quintale
equals 130 'kilos or 220 Ibs.)

Wheat .................. 44,140,000
Eaize .................. 21,136,000
Potatoee ............... 14,003,000

Rice ................... 5,016,000

Sugar Beets ............ l2,5l2,OOO
Grapes  o o . o l . o o . o l o . . o o o  61,297,000

46,212,000

26,5r30,000
19,395ro03

?5,C)OO, 300

73.364,003

31

Cansumption of Electrioal Energy :

In 1398 ................. 180,000 Kilowatt-hours

IC

I1

1908 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o  ~,ooO,OOO,~OO
1915 ................. 2,~00,000,000
,1918 ................. 3,830,000,000
1924 ................. 5,500,000,000

n

n

Unemployment :

Number of Unemployed

December, 1921 ..................   541 a 77 5
.n 1922 .................. 381,868
    1923 .................. 258,580
October, 1924 .................. 119,000

It

Total Capital of the Joint Stock Companies  :

(in million Lire81

December, 1900 .................. 2,023.6
     1910 4,952.5

     1922 21,512.1

n

..................

n 1914 .................. 5,516.6

n
n 1923 .................. 23,824.4

1918 ma rn o o o a o o o o 0. o o 0. o

10,969e7

It

..................

1924 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

28,729.7

tl

Trade Balanc~

Importe. Exports Unfsvqur&ble

Trade balance

1922  o o o o o o 0 a o o o .a o o a.

o o o

9,302.2 2.4

1925 ...................... 17,23500 11,058.8 "a:$s*2

Birst 11 months of 1924 ammo 16,889m9 12,534.5 `8 355*4

(in million of Lire)

Revenue from Tourists and Remittanoes of EkniRrante-,:

PRIOR TO THE WAR ........... 1,000,000,090

Lire per year

n

1922 ....................... 4,0~000,000 .

1923 ....................... 5 to 6,000,000,000 Lire

32

GOVERNUENT -

The government of Italy at8 present is so far removed from

it8 pre-war organization and conatitutional baeis, eo rapidly
influenoed by political and eocial foroes and so uncertain of
the future, that a detailed description would be of merely aca-

demio int.erest.  Appesrancee seem to justify the impression that
the povernment of Italy could be deeuribed aa a limited monarohy,

at present fully oontrolled

party,

   The Crown is very much

King is involved on neither

as an institution the morn

by the minority rule of the Fascist

in the baceround at present.

aide of the political division  and

has the support of t.he great majority.

The

0

of the Italians.

for example to sign martial lane presented to him by Facta group,
in November 1922,

closely and acts through hinte and indireot methods of influenoe,
although in public appearing to be quite isolated from the situation.

The King ha8 ocoasionnaly vetoed laws and refused

He watchsa the internal Rituation of Italy very

The Senate consiete of approximately 400 senator8 including the

Princes of the Royal HOUBO.

life. lhe aenators nre nominated by the King, but. their appointment

Appointment by the crown ie msde for

3 3

met be re.tified by the Senate before they can sit

salariee, take the oath and vote. Several nominations me conse-

cyently rejected each year and 80 the  Senate remains the one

Conservative end influential body in Italian polit.io8.

a180 act8 at3 speoial High Oourt of Juatice entru8te& with trying

in it, draw

The Senate

scnatore or ministers charged Fith treason or crime.

The Chamber of 3e:uties was composed until 1925 of 775 members

on the 'eorutin de liste' ayetern. A new law returning to the ancient

wag of local selcotion and eleotion wae paseed in January 1925 and
it provideu for 560 deputies, approximately 1 for 70,000 of population.

Thin enables, in theory at least, the individual judgement on

separate oa'ndidatee instead of the approval or rejeotion  I en bloc'

of a liet of 15 or 20 names prepared by the leaders of the voting

die trict,

The 8'mmber is elected for 'j yeam, but can be dissolved by the

        New elections must take place within four monthe

Crown at any time.

of dissolution.

  iroposcsls for lane maF come from the crown or either ChRmber,

hut. lane requiring financial expenditure (of course the most important)

must first have the approval of the Chamber of Deputiee.

34

ItRly ie, officially divided into 75 provinces and these are

Rdministsred by Prefects appointed or removed at will by the

Uinister of the Interior after deliberation with hie Council of

liinistere. This virtually meane that Mussolini, since he holde

most of the portfolios himself in hie cabinet, is entirely in

command of provincial as well as national government.

  In the governnent of the present day in Italy, one ia impress-
ed by the great preoccupation of the large proportion of the Rbleet
men Fith political rather tbn ndminietrative, or executive problems.

It is also clear that in spite of the great. centralizfition of

Government in Uussolini's hands, there is much power behind poli-

tical pressure from different regions within the countrg.

Public order is, for the purpose of the foreigner8 at leaet,

well maintained by the National Police, the "oarebinieri" . The
preaence of a large army of uniformed Paacisti, quite apart from

araed

the regular army,  ensuree the "prestige" of the Zascist Party through

ite obvious menace of physical violence to any orgmieed opposition.

POLITICAL SITTJATION

It ie hardly possible to eeparate the political situation from

35

the deecription of goverment since it appears to be inclusive

of government and more important than the eetabliahed government.

  It is imposei%le to give a olear pioture of the political

situation in Italy.

a certainty that what ie known is liable to sudden and radioal

c hang e 8.

There is muoh that is not known and there ia

Af'ter the war there was a politioal paralyeiff, the stalemate

between a large number of politioal parties.

the Communist group in 1919 to 1920 haa probably been exaggerated.

The efforta of the Syndioaliste to take over industrial enterprisee

was cleverly handled by the then Premier Ciiolotti who quietly

allowed the Syndialiete to take over some factoriee and proved,.

to the eatisfaction of every one, their almoet ridiculous incompetr

ence in industrial management.

Rome and their mizing the reins of Government.

and was supported by many men more oompetent than his fervent

Faeoisti and not highly sympathetio to the original orientation

of the Faeciet Party;  only in thie way could national order'be

maintained, and in this manner the Tascista obtained the reputation

The importanoe of

Then oame the ?asofst maroh on

lduasolini ohoae

of curbing radical ...

groups who tended towards revolution end disorder.

two years it is probable that no other eingle group could have

maintained order in Italy better than the Faecist Party,  but it

is a mistake to consider that party ss either reaationnary,  law-

abiding or intelligent.

During the paet

IJuoaolini has teen ill during the past year andtb renewed

acte of violence by the Faacisti, the first of whiah was the

ktteoti murder,* have reduced Mussolini'e personal 'prestige'.

Constitutional government does not exist.

syetem by rhich so-called Dearee-lawe are effeotive;aa many a8

2000 of these may be pssaed in a day and do not require the aupport

of the Chamber in order to become effective.

There is at preeent a

Extreme oentraliaation of power ia ominous.

It. is relatively

*

eaey for the country to fall in the hands of a dictator, but greater

difficultise and diaturbances arise when that Dictator losee his

power and the prooese of deoentralization begins.  Although the

Gentile law on education is perhaps the onl'y constructive pieoe

of Faecist legislation, it is wrong to infer that. the Zaeoisti,  a8

a party, are interested in education; almost the contrary ie the

aase and certainly a large number of the University profeesors are

definitely opposed to the Fdsciet government.

  True information regarding political change is almost impossible

to obtain eince newspapers. printing information or opinion unfavour

able to the Faecisti, are promptly and sternly suppressed.

I append a oomparison between the Fascisti Government and the

Government of Soviete, by Qeorge Raffalovitoh, resident in Italy

during the paet three yeam and a close atudent of political con-

ditions.   It might be noted that the author of this comparison is

a friend of Tchitcherin and a partisan of Uusaolini, though sharply

critioal of many of the subordinate leaders of the Fascieti.

FASCISM

Italy tends to utmost

Centralization for an in=
creaee of national co-
ordinated effort. The
ancient divisions-are not
reoognized,but the tradit-
ions- are stronger than any
go vernment .

  Intense nationalism.
(King and Country) Italy a
oult.. Xenophobia- fanned by
quoted misetatsmente of
Foreign Prom, and the feel-
ing of economic help3eesneas,
but moderated by need of tour
iste' trade,and sharp turns in
the exchange. Foreign Polioy
based on bitter waiting for a
chance to correot Destiny.
Leadera all ekpensionists.

BOLSHEVISM

Russia, split into eeveral

federated States but working together,
tends to utmost uentralization for
increasing of national oo-ordinated
effort.  Smtes may quit Union or
split up, or ohange parties by
a gr e erne nt o

  Intense Nationalism. Russia a
Cult. (Oasis of Workere) . 'Revolution
must be eafeguarded'. Xenophobia
fanned by quoted mi~etatements of the
foreign Press,and by a feeling of
uphill task. Boreign Policy naturalt).
one of Ru88h under all regimes,but
run on franker lines.
ed of Pan-Slavism and of foetering
nationalistio movements in Asia.

Leader8 euspect-

Pcrscism

Reaction againet inefficient
and violent rule of workers in
1921.  Aim at obtention of mort
rights for workers. 8 hour day.
Physical education enuouraged.
In practice Baecisti have pre-
ference over others. Small
Sweat shope still prevalent.

Bolshevism

Reaction againet rule of smug
rent-holdere, absentee nobles and
Court favouritee and officiala.
Peaeant proprietors and small
offioial ulase (recruited from
workers) are in the ascendent. Non-
productive claeses ostracised, Vork-
er8 have preference over others.
Woman and child lfibour thoroughly
protected.

Country kept well in hand by
i?aecisti,hut majority of them
far from filly conscious of aim
of Museolini.
tyrants. The important leadera,
needing their local help, close
their eyes to irrational abuse
of form. Opposition financially
strong but not ot,herwise.

Uany of them local

Parliament preserved, but de-
prived of dignrty and represent-
ativeness. Professional politic-
ime at a disoount. Grand Council
of E'asciem and Representatives of
the CorporatLons gradually depriv-
ing Chamber of all initiative.

EIussolini and Farinacci hold

most of the power, a8 they have most
of the braine and steadiness;  their
only oheck now being the Nationalist
wing.  The beat men are nos gradual-
ly making their way, both in Govern-
ment and in Party.

Minister;Skl stability uncertain.
Progress and Order depende entirely
on stability and good health of one
manr Centralization not spoken of,
but increasing.

A special Army of Uilitia is ueed

for t.he retention of Power.

Minority rule. Small group of
youthful leaders slowly learning
to control power, atill working
partly from the outside. Stiprem-
acy of untried and unknown young
men willing to risk their  wins.

Country thoroughly kept in hand
by the Bolshevists.
petty local tyrants, but the govern-
ment has efficient means of checking
them.

There are many

Democratic and parliament rule
abolished. iio professional po1it.i-
ians. all leadere are bureaucrats.
Sepresentation Vested in an e1aborat.e
system of the council of Vorkers,
2easants and Soldiers of the Union,
with several thousand delegates.

The 27 member8 of the Tsik (Central

   They keep each other in

Executive Committee) have all the
power.
check. The T.S,I.K. is not to be
confused with the Tceka.

Great statility of the CoIDmiesaries.

Regime seems assured and secure.
Increase of regionalism for local
affair a.

A speoial Police force is used for

the retention of Power.

Small group of men hold concentrated

power from the inside. Supremacy of
tried men, known long before the war
to the Ruesian workers and to the
intellectuals of Europe. Uany coming
fron old families and the bourgeoisi~.

Fa a ci am

363

Bolshevism.

Noetly from the lower bourgeoisie
Gradual addition of ariatoorate.
d large number fought with die
tinction in the .gr,af%er being
aatiw, interventioniete in 1915.

Most of the executive work done

by the non Fasoisti. Few ideae.
Blajority of men are weducated.
Little oars for modern eduoation.
Religion much encouraged. Scien-
tifio etudiss reduaed. Better oare
given to Museume and new exaavat-
ions undertaken. artists few and
not encouraged. uta and Crafte
gain, but taste in oolonre and
deooration remaine privilege of
very few.

The family basis of society.
Individual liberty depending on
town or village Frrsoieti. Poli-
tiosl liberty, inooneietent and
unoertain, depending on regione
and on working of expression of
cri ti oi sm.

Capital encouraged. Internation-
al banking etill oontrole finanaes.
Indireot taxation hit8 poor man.
Swte is gaining meane of oheoking
trade and banking, but proceed6
cautiously. Corruption praotfoally
unchecked.

Sooial code being in prooees of

revi eion.

Order good. EXY'icienoy of Publio

Servioe improved.

Looal wtee given to oertain
oategoriee of women,but absolute
dependenoy of women to family
romaine untouched.

Work not aompuleory,  but all will

eventually belong to one of the
three amalgamated corporations.
Thils ie not merely a sop to Syndio-
aliet ring bf Party,but part of a
plan to improve status of workers.

Oradual added sprinkling of trained
workers. i("t of the leaders took
any military part in the war.

Bolahevista bo their own workr

Bubbling eth ideas. Highly educat-
ed leaders. Extreme care of eduoat-
ional programs. Religion ridiculed.
Soientifio studies encouraged.
artists neither encouraged nor die
aouraged, but plen~if'ul. (3reat
Renaiseanoe of Art6 and Crafts.
Senestional in taste.

The nowparaeite individue is
the basis of sooiety. Individual
liberty reetricted. Politioal
liberty nil. Opposition Rilenoed
by oentral power.

Capitalism anoertain of its groundr

State the only banker.  All trading
done through the State. Difftoulty
of oontrolling illegal trading.
Corruption eeverely dealth with, if
disoovered. ( Confiecation)

Soeial oode and family relations
well in advanoe of most eountries.

Order strictly enforoed. ETfioienoy

of Publia Servioee gradually improv-
ing.

Legal and practioal equality of

man and women.

Compulsory work. Work or starve
or join the gang.  Despite all
aontingenoiee of the hour, workera
are deoidedlg better proteoted
8gai.net employera than elsewhere.

GXRZRAL ORGANIZATION 03' DUCATION

-

-- --

The entire educational system of Itsly ie controlled by the

Yinister of lublic Instruction who is appoin+ed 'cy the Covernment.

in ?over.  He is assisted in his duties by various councils,  the.

most important of Thich is the Superior Council of 56 members

consisting of sir aenatore, sir deputies, 12 men chosen by the

Knister of Public Tnstruction and 12 named by ?he Vnivereity

profe~t~or8.  The authority of the ?'iniPter of Fuklic Instruction

is centralized in tke Committee made up of this Superior Council

of agroxfmately twelve members.  The Fork of the b5nistry ie

divided into three divisions:- the f'iret uoncerns itself rith

the personnel of univeroities and superior imtitutee with cot+

petitione for the universitj: chaire, nominetiona, promotions, trans-

fers, leaves of absmce ar,d retircnient, disciplinary ue~sures,

legislation concerning the facultiea, control of the conditione

governing the "liberi Locente", and the intelleotual and oultural

relations with forsign countriee.

executive officera. The second division concerns itaelf with the

buildings, scientific material and administration of fellowships on

epecicrl funde, t.hc control of stucents and foundation8 for superior

This is in the hands of four

42

instruction, the assignrmnt of atate funds for eduoation, Thia

is in the hands of three adrninietretive officers. The third

division concern8 itself with the librariee, scientific and literary

inotitutiona and associations.

,

involved in the Gentile Reform which vas a law passed in September 1923
and attempted rather radical re-organization of instruction, from

elementary 8ChOOlS upwerd,

met by Fide-spread opposition and resulted in the early resignation

of Qentile as sinister, ad even of hie lesa radical 8ucces8or,

Zassati, it is extreaely difficult to describe the situation of

general educetion in Italy.

Gentile Reform ie imposaible of execution, in another, another part,

SO that it oannot be stated tht this reform is as yet  effective.

It8 rsain objeote were to extend primary education,to reclassify the
seoondary achools,emphaeieing the coureea in religious and humanit-
arian etuciiee eommLat at the expenes of scientifio training, to
make entrance to and the graduation from the universities more dif-
ficult.and to abolieh the university degree0 as qualifiostion pure
and eimple for the practice of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and law,
subatituting state examinations quite apart from university control.

d large part of the organization of instruction in Italy io

Owing to the faot that this law was

In certain diatricts one part of t.he

43

The present Minister of Education,Fedele,made a declaration

on January 9th. 1925, that complete rev&&ian to the previoue eyatem

oouldlbe expected but tiiat the Gentile Reform needed "a oautioua

prooees of revision shoe a eohool is a delioate organism and,

interfered with, the Italian culture might feel the ehook for

many yearan. The present state, therefore, of education is, in
theory, very clear end comprisdby the puragrapha of thi Gentile

law of September 1923  b In practioe ohaotio difference8 of opinion

are at the bottom of the delays and qualifications in the applic-

ation of the Gentile law.

not

It was only in

ELEivIENTARY SCHOOLS

1800, thanka to Napoleon, that Italy began to

taka serious etepa towards a spread of education, but his inf'luenoe

affsoted only Piedmont, Benoa, Rome and Naplee. The general

eduoation system at present ia baaed upon the Caesati Act of November
15th,1869.  It has been amended eeveral times previoue to the Gentile

Reform.

15th. 1877, the Coppino Act.

Compulsory education in Italy ha8 existed only sinoe July

From the passing of that Act all

children who haw completed their sixth year must attend echo01

and those who do not attend private ebhools or have primte tutors,

must attend the public elementary school of the commune.

1904, ohildren had to attend public eohoole until their ninth year.

In 1904 the limit wa8 extended to their twelfth gear.

Until

The budget for elementary education in Italy in 1924 was

186 million lira, at that time, approximately 840,000 dollars.

Laws on Elementary soh_o_o~b

  Attendance at present is obligatory between the sixth and the

fourteenth year. Control for thia attendance rests, first of all,

with the Mayor of' the commune; he publishes and posts every year

the list of all children who must attend and the notice must be on

the wall of the Tom Hall for one month before the opening of 8dxt01b

There is a school board appointed for two yeara,  the member8 of

rhioh may be re-elected; it coneista of the Magoz or the special

school delegate, the President of a local charity association, a

local magie.Ixat,e,a eanitary officer, one male teacher, one female .

teaoher belonging to the looal publio school and one or two parent8

of pupils.  In the larger centers, the school inspeotor of the

district is a member ex-officio. When ohildren fail to attend

8ohoo1, an inspector visits the parentu who can be proceeded against

legally, 3ut apparently in a very mild fashion ainoe the fine ia of

50 centesimi (or 2 mille), and after two inflictions thereof, can

be raised to 3 lira, then to 6, and to a maximum of 10 lira.

Pine curiously entails the refusal of a permit to carry weapons:

Ehployers of children are aleo reaponeible to the  same extent as

the parent8.  (Turther exteneive information is on file in the

Parie offioe. See AyFendix on books in PRria office dealing with

this matter) .

This

e

Type of SahoolB,

Elementary education i9 divided into three periods .

ErepRrRtorg

coneisting of the sixth, seventh and eighth years; the inferior

course of 3 years, comprising children in their ninth, tenth and

eleventh years of age, and the Superior 2 years'  course for children

of twelve and thirteen yeara.  This last 2 years course prepares for

entrance into the "gimnasii" or the-'lyo&es',  or into trade sahoola.

There is furthermore a provision for infants of three to six yearc

in the form of kinder9arten echoola or "asili".

- Enrollment.

The enrollment of children in the asili and elementary schools

is aignifiaant in indicatiug the general charaster of education in

the different parts of Italy.  r'ollowing table regarding asili for

46

children of three to six years showsperhaps more clearly than in

any other pray the interest0 and economic capacity of different regions

in Italy for education since it is likely that the figures given for

elementary education are influenced by local pride, shame, eto., to

be somewhat more optimistic than ie the oaee.

It is likely, t.herefore,

that the figures for the asili are more characteristic and more

significant :-

                                          No,of Children

Region Pupils NO. Of ASili per lssilo o inhabitante.

Population Enroll, Fer 1000

Lombardia 116 , 400 1795 1 aeilo pr. 2,846 Inh. 22

Piemonte 56,800 1139 n 2,980 16

I1

Liguria 16.400 225 5,823 12
                       6,845 7

8 , 600 168 n

Marche

Veneto 46,200 558 n " 7,085 11

Emilia 23.400 381 I) 7,751 " 7

                                      13
Lazio 19.000 192

H

II I' 7.915 It

Umbria      4,700      91     tt 8,096         6

Campania    31 , 600    387      I$ m' 9,242   It 8

Basilicata    3,400     50       'I 9,356  It 7

n

                           11 10

Toecana 17,400 296 I1 It 9,563 6

9,420 It

Sardegna 8 0 900 92

It

Abrus zi     6,800     106        'I 10,310 6

Moliae     1,600     25        It 13,745 5

Calabria     7,300      92 n    16,339 4

I1

I1

                                        6
Puglie 16 , 300 136 17,237
Sicilia 12,200 169 It 24,450 It 2

It

4 4'

  Elementary sehool attendmoe in Italy for the year 1916 was
given aa 4,263,000 (5) or 114 per 1000 inhabitants, in contrast with
198 per 1000 inhabitants in the United States.

In 1916, there were a total of 100,105 , loner elementary schools,

and 20,091 higher tt

II

The pupils in the lower schools were :

1,655,733 Boys, and

1,511,512 Qirls,

Totalling . . . 9,167,245

In the higher elementary sohools a marked drop is noted in that
they were .... a.........a.,8..~~eOOe8 291,206 Boys, and

233,573 Girl!

524,779

Totalling o . . o

It must be noted that the government ha8 no means of providing

an elementary school unleee at least 44 children from six to fourteen
years of age can be colleoted to attend it.
in emall centera over l&e areas makes it bpossible to give normal
elementary schooling to many children.

Sparee population scattered

Cour 8es.
Teachers must give inatruction at least 180 days during the echo01

year.

The hours of teaching in the elementary school are twenty five

(XI Including 571,000 enrolled in asili or kindergartens.

per week.

Subjects offidially required are as follows:-

Religion - Reading - Spelling - Arithmetic - Calligraphy -

aecitatione - Written Exercicea in Italian - History - Rights

and hties - Hygiene - Drawing & Deafgn - Geography - bnual

Labour and Gymnastice.

Teacher8 .

The teachere in the elementary sohoole are moetly women.

Previoue to the Gentile Seform their ealaries were pclid by the

Citiee and Towns on the following soale:-

Period of trial......................   3,100 Liras, a Year

After appointment ...................  5,600

Over 4 years of service .............  1,900 ..

n 8 n      11 ............. 4,000 ..

11 12 I1 1t   ............... 4,300 11

             n   n 4,600 .

"15 " .............

It

W

'I 20 " n .............. 4,900 n

24 It n 5,100

.............

11

In Township8 of over 5,000 inhabitants there wa8 an increase

on the following baais:-

49

5,000 to 19,000 Inhabitants, inorease of...

200 Lira8

n

up to o o "*000 n ..e 300 "

n

... 600 "

50,000 II W

                        ... 800 "

n 230,000 11 It e.. 1000 "

100,000 tt n

n

.*e 1200 "

Over 200,000 n

This doubtlees to compensate for larger classere,

Sinos the Gentile Reform the minimum teacherssalary is

5,600 Liras, a Year,

n

bzaximum. o 9,500

Indemnitiee for larger oitiee are euppressed, but -,QO Lira8

ie given after 8 year8 of uervios, -,SO0 L. for eaoh sucoeding period
of 8 years of 86rViC8b

understand that throughout Italy there is great abure by the ele-

mentary school teachers through the medium of leaves of absence.

A e7eoial report has been issued by the Enieter on this bubject

with a detailed analyeia of the causes of these absencee on the part

of elementary school teaahers.

cost the Italian government during 1920-1921 a total of 50 million

Lira paid for servicee not rendered.

In view' of these salaries, it is easy to

Thie report states that such absences

Buildings.

Great. difficulties exist apparently in Italy at the present

time in supplying the schools with adequate housing.

entitled "IL URTIilIO", or the martvrdom in the schools,  the fol-

In a book

lowing figures indicate the extremely unsatisfactory situation in
the point af school buildings.  In Italy, in general, 20% of the

schools are either lacking buildingo entirely or aith buildings
very badly adapted to the purpoee of inatruction.
the South of Italy ehow a defect a8 high a8 50% of the oahoole
being unhoueed, or badly housed, and even in Genoa which repre-
sents the best of all districts in Italy, slightly less than one
sixth of the schoole are without buildings or lacking adequate

Provincee in

acoommodation.

Reaulte and General Eutimate.

The most reoent figures regarding illiteracy are for 1311.

Illiteracy is here understood as the inability to read.

The following table by regions gives the official figures:-

Piemonte ........... 11%

Lotnbardia .......... 13

Liguria ............ 17

Veneto ............. 25

Lazio .............. 33

Emilia ............. 35

Toscana ............ 37

Umbria ............. 49

Marsbe ............. 51

Campania ........... 54

Sardegna ........... 58

Sicilia ............ 58

Abruzzi ............ 58

Molise ............. 59

Puglie ............. 59

Baeilicata ......... 65

Calabria ........... 70

Another method of establishing the effectivenese of elementary

eduoation is to consider the number of ohildren on the Sohoo~ liets.

the number in attendance and the number securine promotion on the

basis of the total number of ohildren who should be going to echool .

Them are. given in the following table:-

Piemonte .........

Lipria ..........

Lombarida ........

Veneto ...........

Emilia ............

Toaoana ..........

Uarche.* .........

Umbria ...........

LRZiO.a...m. .....

Abruzzi ..........

KOliBO ...........

Caqania .........

Puglie ...........

Basilicata. ......

Calabria .........

Sicilia ..........

Sardegna .........

.M

L

Percrentage
listed .

83

79

97

112

105

84

95

32

72

81

69

62

66

68

41

59

72

E e r o enta ge
in attend .

73

71

86

94

90

70

78

74

60

66

53

48

55

54

32

47

57

Percentage ee cur ing
  Promotion .

54

49

56

60

55

45

47

42

37

35

?5

30

34

33

18

35

Y

Includes ohildren from devastated area8 .

SECOhQARY EI)U2ATTON 0

Types of Secondary Sohoola.

The Royal Decree of Pay Sth, 1

       25 divides Reaondary education

It may be aafely inferred tbat PO  recent a

                         The crrte-

into three catagories.

piece of legislation i3 not 86 get completely in foroe.

gories rere re-established rather than armted

existed il; theory before,  but tteir aims and cliaracter

ive types of sohoola had begun to be abused and indistinct.

since they hnd

9s distinct-

The categories are as follows;-

1) Complemontery sc!~ools vhiz'n afc intended to coqlete

the instruotion imparted in the elementary achoole.

  These schools have R 3 gears oourse only.

2) Schools int,ended to prepare for the exeroioe of oertain

profeeeiona; technical institutes and normal achoole~

plo prep~re eleroentary teachera.

f) Schools (to .repare students for the higher studied such

ee Licei, Qinnaei and Licei Scientifici. In "hie Frd

group also belongs the Girls4 Licei which is for general

aulture purpose8 without looking forward to any definite

profeesion.

6 A coneiderable amount of information. in addition to that giwn here, is on

file in Paris office.

It me tc intent,ioi-.., ::i tile forqgoinrl. categories, to =lake

e~ch Francr, of seci;cda,ry teaching 8. definite and r8thc.r

close unit..

Among these t.jrp~-e of s=;soola e general division on the bnsis

of grnde of etudies pureued ii8.e been eetnblished. Schools of the

loFer grade are as follows:- the complensntary school, the gym-

negiu.r, the lorer gradea of t.lie t.ECiiiii.CB1 inst.i:iite 3~2 the lover

grR.des of tile noma1 school.  The second, or higher -rade of Pchoo19
comFriec:- t.he lyceo, lice0 Rcientifico, the Girls' lycee and the

higher grade8 of the tschiml inpt.itutes end thz  normal e21iOOl8.

The PC~OO~E referred to above my Fe completely supported r'ron

putlic f'ucde, partly supported, or nn'lrely private inetitutions,

13 1917 :,he 'kinnasi" vere divided as follows::-

250, supported rrorr put.:.ic fundR,

44, tmksidized, and

275, private.

T i.Lie Liaei for the saxe year Ehoved,

145, Pupported from t'ne putlic filndo,

23, subsidized, and

59, private.

The Fupnort. referred t~o ikon: the public funds comes frorc tiit3

ltalian g3v0ri.in~nt, the provinces ~nd tile conmunes. '2.e rmunlcipel

support for the LiO ei and Ginnasi, which are located in provincial
capitale. is obligatory only for the communes.

extent of this support from the local eouraesfbr the Lioei and Ginnasi

Some ideas of the

may be obtained from the fact that oitiee under ?O,OOO, which are

provincial oapitals, muat contribute o o o o o o o o o o o

for eaoh echool. Above 30,000 inhabitants..... 80,000 It I@

60,000 Lire a year

'I 100,000 n 100,000 'I

11

- Enrollment and Fee8 of Students.

Figure8 are available for the enrollment in secondary schools

             These are 88 follows:-

for the year 1920-21.

Governmental 1920-21

Teschers Student e

                                male female

Complementary b.em4.l25 440 1,514 226 27,234
Normal ............ 170 1,287 1,816 2,024 32,356

--

No. male female

Ginnasi e o o o o o o o o o b 701 j,lll 63 39,937 17,352

Technical School6 . 421 4,5371 2,696 84.~06 48,948

Technical rnstituts 91 2,175 154 27,342 7,372

-

Totala : 1,276 13,133 7,122 167,657 116,184

To tal

27,460

34, 380

57,289

16 , 644

133, 354

34,714

5 (i

Private Secondary School0

Teachers Students

Mo. Male Female Male Female

complementary .....  96 Bigures      10 4,080

Norm1 ............   42 not        34 1.040

.

Ginnaei ........... 257 avail- 12.727 598

Technical Schools o 190 11,612 2.529

Teohn. Institutes . 36

-

Totale : 706

To tal

4.090

1 o 074

13.325

1 s755

14.161

2.679

57.084

  Attendance at secondary schools during 1916-1917 is given as

a total of  235.947, somewhat low probably on acoount of the Far.

This reeults in an average of eix etudentn per 1000 of population

in contrast with 28 per 1000 of population in the United States,

Fees of Students in the liceo, either classical or scientific

are ae follows :-

General Examinations Fee for entrenoe ............ 60 Lire

Speoial Examination Fee ........................... 150 ..

Matriculation ..................................... 60 ..

attendance fees for each olass n

.................... 300

Promotion Examinations ............................ 100 ..

For the Q@nasium, Attendance feee for each clase,

for the 1st. 2nd and 3rd yeare.,...*.........

160 Liras

btriculation... .................................. 60 .

Attendanoe for each class in the 4th and 5th year.

200 "

Fees for other eeoondary 8ChOOlS on fila.

Course8 o

Full programs are on file for Complementary SOh0018,  Teohnioal

Institutee, Normal eohoole and Oirle' Lyoeee.

The following table give8 the number of hours per reek and

the aubjeots utudied in the Ginnaei and the classical and ecientifio

Liae i :-

Subjeots

Itnlian Lfinguage
Latin language
Week language
Foreign language
History & Geography
Mathematics

Secondary Sohool Coureee - Government program8

Io GYWASIUY

Years: I    I1 I11    Iv v

HOWE: 7    7 7    5 5
      8    7 7    6 6

a 3
5 5 4 3 3
12 2 2 2

W

It

      - - - 4 4
n 4 4 4

n

11

TOTAL

TI, LYCEUX

Subj ect8

Ita1 isn lettere
Latin letters
Greek letter8
Hie tory
Philolsophy & Political
Economy
&thematic8 & Physics
Tat. Scionces, Chemistry
& Geography
HiFtory of Art

TOTAL

Yeare:

Hours:

?I

tt

tt

tt

11

It

*I

It

I I1 I11

4 4 3
4 4 3
4 4 3
'I 'I ?

3 ? I
4 4 5

2 2

5

- 2 2

25 26 25

111. SCIENTIFIC LYCEXJM

Sub j e ct 8 Yeare: c I I1 IT1 IV

1te.lian letters Hours:
Latin letters 0
Toreign lsnguage n
History It
Philosophy & Polit,Economy ''
Mathematics & Phy~ica 11
Net, Sciences,Chemis.Oeogr. I'
Drawing 0

44
44
44
?3

- (..

55
31

3 3
4 4

f 1
2 2
4 4
6 6
2 2
2 2

TOTAL " 26 25 26 26

It will be not.ed that. no laboratory work is given in the

~cientific 00ur8ea of the secondary schools.

Teachera.

The teachers of secondary schools, among whom the proportlcn

of women is steadily increasing, are chosen under the direction of

the Unister of Public Instruction by competitive examination 'for

each specially indioated vacancy.

is 45,

ore and obtained a pension in other forms of Government eervice.

Men and nomen compete on equal terme.

aompoeed

single sohool profeeeors in active service, the commission being

selected by the ?anieter of Publio Instruction.

The age limit for competitors

unlesa candidates have previously been appointed a2! Profees-

Examining comiseion ie

of a maJority of Univereity profesaorsand a minority of

Unless the post in question & accepted by the auccessful

candidate, he, or she, does not have an opportunity for another

post without another examination.

by the Minister of Public Inetruotion.

significantly that 'coaching' is forbidden as a means of occup-

ation to teachers in the c8ee of students of their own eohool and

that special notice must be given of such private tutoring and no

more than two students may be taugtt at the same time.

Transfers can only be granted

A law provides somewhat

Teachers are obliged to replace their colleagues who are abeent

or il1,in addition to their regular work.

Salaries for teachere in secondary achools range from

   a minimum of 5,100 Liras, a Year ($204)

and a maximum of 14,500 " " ($570)

  for the higheetpaid men on the roll of Honour :

  In many ca8e8 these salaries are eked out by the teaoher

holding two or three positione, and oonsequently dividing his time,

Buildinge and Equipment.

There is an obvious inference to be drawn from the Royal Decree

of September 27,1923, which require8 every seoondary institute in

Italy to be supplied with certain basio essentials in the matter of

equipment.

library, a studente' library, mapa, copies of works of Art and in

the ca8e of the iaei, one laboratory of Physic8 and one laboratory

of Chemietry and Natural Soienoea.

similarly be provided with a laboratory of Physioe, and a laboratory

for Chemistry .fc IVatural Scienaee.  This muet not be underetood to

mean a laboratory for the itudente' uae, but rather for purposes

of demonetration. In common with all other eduaational inetitub

ions in Italy, the secondary sohoole are not, in many oaaes, well

housed.

Thin law requires that there shall be a teachers'

The Lioei Suientifiui muat

They are obliged to operate in convents and other old

'DuilCinp poorly adapted to their needs.

There is apparently no possibility under the preeent budget

for the functionqing of rural aeoondary SCh0016, specially in the

case of the Licei and Licei Soisntifici.  Provinoial capitals are

almost without exception the only localities where these higher

schools are found.

Results in Itsiian Education.

From the point of view of preparation for medicine,  the

secondary education in Italy is defective.

marked in the Natural Sciences where the students' knowledge is

purely theoretioal,  since there is no equipment in the sohools

for individual work in Cheaistry, Biology or Phyeica,

ion of mrious profesaors in medical schools with whom I spoke was

that the preparation in Natural Scienoee vhioh is given in second-

ary school8 van uniformly poor.

private secondary i3Ch0018 are not. in this particular superior to

the general average.

This is perhaps most

The impreae-

Thie would seem to indioate tht

  There is on file in the Paris office a publication of t3e

Unioter of FuZlic Instruction which contains deacriptione of the

graduating examinations of all the different types of secondary

sCh0018*

In the Liaeo Saientifico the examination in Physics ie a

TO minuteoral affair. In Chemistry, Natural Science8 and Geography,

the examination conaiats of a 15 minutasconversation o Them

examications contrast rather sharply with the examination in

Mathematics which may be 5 hours long, and the Lath, which is

given in tko eectione and allowed to occupy 10 hour6 of written

work, together with 25 minutee oral examination. Foreign languages

also coma in for 5 hours of written and 50 minutes of oral teats.

There are ir all 24 universities in Italy v-ttk a total

attsndance, ificluding certain affiliated superior inetitutes,

of a'tout 50,009 students, or 1.7 per 1000 of population as

conpared with the proportion of 5 per 1000 inhakitants in the

United States. Cf these 24 universities, 21 he.ve faculties of

medicifie or 1 rnedioal school per 1,851,000 inhakitanta, as compared

with a ratio of 1 medical eohool per l,25O,OOO inhabitants in the

         X
linited States, Considering ti;e conparativa ereae of the 7Jnitsd

States and Italy, it Rill ke seen at once that Ite.ly hae more

UI

universities than rue required, from a ~~~apni&gll point of view.

The excess is principally in northern Italy and in the islands of

Sicily and Sardinia.

   It Rae with the intent to reduce the number of existent. 'mi-

versities that the ?overfincat in 1925 attempted to classify these

institutions into the follorring categoriee; University of Type "A"

ml~ich are wholly supported by the ItRlian government, except for

smll foundations for apecific purposes estaUished by individuals

in

of

in

1:

conneotion with ttese univarsitie~. There ere 10 universitiee

T-r J? e "A",

pert supported by the government and in part by either provincial or...

.I 8.

Second rank dre those universities Type E. which are

!There are 17 mediad sohoole in Eew York, bTew Jersey and
Pennsylvania. See 'age 15.

muniuipal oontributions.

among  them several of the univereities which the government eduuat-

ional authorities regard a8 of doubtful importenoe.

addition the so-called "Free-Universities", 4 in number which are

aholly negleoted by the atate and muet find their entire support

from provinoial, munioipal or private aourcea.

There are 10 of these inatitutions and

There are in

In respect to numbers of students, prestige, equipment and

etandarda of work, there are aide variations within eaoh of these

groups. Type A. Univereitige, in general, are infinitely superior

to thoee of Type Bee

however, the younger faoultiee of Milan and Florenae whiah, in

prestige, equipment and quality of work are already quite superior

of 8ome of the univereitiee of Type A. and are likely,  in the

future, to aoquire even greater advantagee,

Among the type B. inetitution8 there are,

The following table has been prepared from the annual cata-

logues of the univereitiee and where theae are lauking for the

aoademio year 192301924, figure8 have been obtained from earlier

ea tal0 pes o

m 1'3 lC?YIllO

R. Siciiola di lngegncrirt

W

lp

n

*

W

Palerrno

Pisa __

Roina

R. Sciioln di architettiim Homa

nr a c,Cil':t tn

Mcasiiin

Istituti superiori di Magistero pareggiati

TYPE "A" UNIVERSITIES

Numbere Enrolled by Faoultiee and Sohools

Name To tal
and Enroll Saien- Letr Phalmr Vet. Affiliated
Year ment Law Med. 088. tera , my. Medo Obst. Sup. Inet.

Bologna
192524

Cagliari
132924

Oenoa
192F24

Nerplee
132F24

Padua
1923-24

Palermo
1918-19

Pevia
192924

Pisa
1923-24

Rome
1923-24

Turin
192?-24

210 3

407

1515

5617

2216

2702

1977

1269

4583

2249

379 792 405

84 152 104

400 403 420

1552 2171 1053

564 681 420

927 634 617

603 681 386

242 343 386

1426 ijoi 1034

679 612 348

216

m-

124

430

185

41 3

73

140

448

223

253 --- 68 Engineering

%6Q -0- 7

110 --- 58

363 - 98

258 -- 108 Engin. 637

6 --- 65 (~1

211 --- 23

130 - 28 Agrio. 139
         Engin. 156

              Architecture
           En gine er ing

287 - 87

266 - 12l

(x) -

Normal School - 250.

Type "B" Universitiee,

NalUe To tal
and Enroll- Soien- Le% Pharm- Vet, Af'f'iliated
Year ment. Law Med. ue8. ters aog. Mod. Obet, Sup, Inet.

Catania 1079 359 315 116 185 61 - 43

192p24

Florenoe

(Not a true Universitr until 192425.

Figure8 applied to 1

  tho then denominated Superior Inetitute

814 - 237 144 169 14 - ---

liessina (~1
1920121

Uacqrata
1918-19

Hodena
192F24

Parma
1922-23

Saeeari
192+21

Sienna
192524

Hilan

973- 279 217 245 89 78 --- 63 Norm,Sohool

271

359 (No other fauulties)

269 83 119 -- - 67 .- -

447 QOO 166 - a- 71 -- 10

(Predoue to 1924 uoneieted of a oolleotion of Superior
Inetitutee and graduate oourees.
mignifioant exuspt: Letter8 m-and Vet, lied. z. The
medioal ooursei were in the epeoialtim and Nos. are not listed),

No figuree are ooneequsntly

(x) Normal aourees at Uesrina: 250.

TYPE "0" 0 FREE UNIVERSITIES.

(XI

40 - 46 sinus disoon!d

65 -

Fer rara cf)

1918-19 470 277 42

Perugia 333 68 78 --- HI 61 91 35
1922-23

25 12 22

U-

Camerino 239 70 110 --

1918-19

In Torment upon the above tables it may be noted that thoae

universities for which information is available only ae recently a8
1918-1919, are likely to have a considerably smal1.r number of

students at the preeent einoe directly after the war all univers-

ities were crowded.  Credit even in the medical school vae given

d

to returnesoldiera for work which they have never done,in virtue

of their having defended their Fatherland.

number of etyJdents to frequent the universities and the memory 3f'

the relatively protected existence of medical officere in the back

areaa, during the Far,  etiaulated a large number of young aen to

take up the medical career.

Thie encouraged a large

The schools of midFifery are not ordinarily riven the et\me

                           The superior

importance and poeition ae theschool of pharmaoy.

inetitutee are affiliated in their uoureeR with the universitiee,

but from an administrative point of view are eeparate.

Control and Organization.

The universitiee of Type  "A" are state bodies whose eupport

--

comes entirely from the government of Italy with a poeeible except-

ion of a few private grants or small subeidiee from province8 or

muniuipal governments. The tendency ie, however, for looal govern-

menta to be relatively much lese sympathetic to the needs of

universities of Type "A", whose financial statue is guaranteed

ky the National government.

  Univeraitiea of Type "3)' receive a certain amount of state

aid for the maintenance of laboratories, olinioa.and buildings.

Universities of Type "C" are entirely neglected by the state

financially.

Over all these institutione, however, the state has ereruieed

control of the courses and general types of instruction.

Gentile Reform is attempting, however, to modify somewhat the type

of state control and to allow individual fauulties a larger amount

of autonomy in the choice of teaching methods and course8 offered.

In theory the Gentile Reform ia,  in 80 far as the universities are

concerned, claimed to allow greater freedom of teaching and a larger

degree of academic autonomy.

ing is being accomplished in the aenee that the curricula are begin-

ning to show considerable differences from one university to another

in contrast to the previous uniformity,

coureeo. The government has, however, in the matter of administrative

autonomy, been sharply critieiecd by the profeseoriate throughout

Italy becauee t.he choiue of the rector and the dean8 of the faculties

The

In praotioe, a larger freedom in teach-

in at least the obligetory

6 if

has been more highly oentralized in the hands of the l!inistry of

Public Instruotion than ever before.

government a8 a necessary temporary step.

a6 to just how temporary this arrangement ail1 he.

etate supported institutions with the uniform curriculum and the right

to confer degrees that are the sole legal aualification for the

practioe of a profession and with a considerable amount of internal

freedom of administration because the rector and deana were elected

by their faculties, the present state of affairs is that of state

supported inetitutions with varying curricula and R conaiderable loes

of autonomy beoaues the reotor and deans are eelected by the Yinistry

of lublio Instruotion.

will be able to impose the system of state examination8 for the

practice of medicine, law and pharmacy.

This has been defended by the

It is still open to doubt

     Instead of the

It is still doubtful whether the government

The present ealariee of the profeseors are paid by the govern-

ment in Types "4" and 'I B *'* , the maintenance budgets as between

facultiee are determined by university authorities out of lump sum

grants from the government.

responsibility for the final allotment of the moneys.

The government iR thus free from direot

The law of September 1923 list8 the following authorities in the

gooernuent of the univerffities. First, the rector. This officer

wed to be one of the prot'esRor8 ohosen by the Crown from a list

of three candidates propoeed by an assembly of profegsora.

the rector is nominated by the Crown through the Ministry of Publio

Instruotion, which, in effect, is a nomination by the government

in power.  The appointment of the 3ector is annual, except in

Naples, where it is for two years.

ative officer, confer8 degrees in the nsme of the King,  maintains

general univeraity difmipline, preaides over neetings of the

Academic 'Jouncil and the aseembly of professom,  and tnakee annual

reports to the ministry.

faculty to another. Seoond, Academic Senate. Aocording to the

new law this is composGof' the rector, who is the presiding officer,

also the outgoing rector and the deans of the facultieR and the

directore of the component 8choolR.

to the former.

but it has some definite powers such as the approving of the

credentials of foreign students and haR always had the determination

of the general edxcational polizy and the arrangement of the studies.

At present

He is a responsible administr-

This office frequently rotates from one

The Academic Senate oorresponda

auademic __ 3ouncil.

Its duties are largely advisory

Vith the increaaed freedom in the arrangement ...............

of the curriculum; the Academic Senate'e influenoe is somewhat

lar ger .

Thirdly, the Ad-ainistrative Council. This con~iats of the

- I-

_I ------ - _,--_ -- -- ~ ..,

rector who ie presiding officer, two members elected by the general

aseembly of professors, ohoaen among the regular yrofeaeora of the

facult,y and two representatives of the government. If gome other

organization or person supporte the university to an extent of not

lese than one tenth of the state contrihut,ion, they may be appointed

mernbereto this Council which adminieters the property of the uni-

vsraity, prepares the fisual report8 for the curretit year end the

budget for the coming year.

Fourthlx, Deans of the Facultr and Directors of Schools.

The

._

_-

-*--_. . __

.-. -- --

diecipline of the faculties ia enciiarged to their "preside",  or

?resident.

Ministry of Publia Instruction. They Bene from 1 to ? years and

The "preeide" it3 nominated through the reator by the

may be re-aFpointed.

  i'~..Ja,c~J,~g.~!2~~~11. The faoulty counoil f oonsists of

the Dean Rnd the regular prof'essora of the facu1t.y. The facuity

council ia entrusted with formulating the programe of the  courses

X

to be given in the following year.

Thee programs must be submitted

to the Academio Senate.

The posit,ion of the free universities is at present rather

dukious since the Uinister of Public Instruotion has the power to

determine whether the financial ait.uation and t,he chRraoter of tsaoh-

ing given in the free univerffitiee are satisfactory and if theae are

not satisfactory these institutions may be suppressed by Royal deoree.

COUseB.

Detailed reports of the courses are on file in the Paris

office

for all universities and for the different degrees whioh they

give.

The following gives the number of years neceswry to aeoure a

degree or a diploma in the varioua faculties and schools to be found

in the universitAes.

Taculty of Lettere, Degree in Lettere or in

Philosophy, either of t.heas taking. .............. 4 .

Faculty of Mediaine. * D.eae-0 in medioins & __ eurgery. ..

2actllty of Mathematioal ~oienoee, Physios and
Natural History.  Degree in Kathematioe or
in PhyRios, or in Chemistry, or in Natural
  Scienoes....b.b........b...b.bo.bb...b.o........b 4 .

6

..

-

-..

Sohool of Pharmaoy. Degree in phnrmcy & Chemietry 5 "

Diploma in pharmaoy............. 4 .

In both oases the final year is spent in an Bpproved pharmaoy

doing graotical work.

National

School of Dentistry at the

I

University of Rome. Degree in 6 Years

School of Engineering.

             Degree in Civil
Engineerinc, in Industrial Engineering
or in Naval ~ngineerins,..............e....~. 5

School of Naval Engineerinz as in the

School of engineer inn,.....,..^....... ....... 5

School of Architecture, Degree in Architect. 5

Sohool of Industrial Chemistry, Degree

in Induetrial Che~stry,..............~.~.... 5

The feee, exclusive of laboratory fees for the

different faculties are

Pacu1t.y of Law....

Faculty of Letters

& Phjlooophy

Faoul ty o f Sedi c j. ne

g: Surgery

?ace of Ihthematical
Sciences,Physics &
Natural Sciences

School of Phamacy:

a) coureer of chem+
ietry & pharmaoy

b) course6 of pharm.

School of Engineer g .

School of Architect.

Tui -

tion

700

350

750

350

500

600

800

800

5ven at3 follows:-

Sp e cia1
Tuitial
Tax.

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Specia:
char&
for An',

=% p* c -

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

Extra Tax
for Orad-
uating Exam.

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

-

I Not yet in Funation.

L ., .

d 'P

A8 a general rule the course8 inFhysias, Qlenistry, Biology

and Botany which fonn a large part of the first year Of studies in

the medical faculties are givtm by profeesors in the Faculty of

Sciences rather than by the professors of the medioal school proper.

For this reason, the general equipnent of the faculty of acienoes in these

sub3ects is of interest in tie consideration of medical education.   Them

cour~e8 are, however, of relatively little interest to the student8,and

the general hpression recoived is that the instruction given ia so

largely didacticr 88 to be seriously defective frm the point of view

of preparing $he atudents for subsequent laboratory Work or a tlxrmgh

understanding of the experimental scimoes.

The teauhers in the Universities are divided into the following

oategoriee:-

1. Ordinary (permanent) - flSta'bile'f in Italian
2. &traorclinary (gernanent after three years of servioe)
9.

Substitute (not being permanent rank) - **I1lwrioatoft in Italian.

!&ere we also f'emeritusif grofessora, but at the present time the

Gentile Reform is attanpting to suppress the Further continuation of

this group of ifemBritusif profe88om.

  Belm the flsubstitutef' professor8 erne the flAggregatift (agreg6s)

who are found in a few Italian universities (These may substitute for

grofessors and, for work performed, reoeive a small fee - not 88 import-

ant as in Prance) -

!&e next large group is that of the itAlutirf or

first asFietanta, and then the still larger group of "aseistenti"

or second aecistants.

In the category of the "aiuti" md "aseistent.it',

t.hc Sentile Reporn, nap attempted to effect. a considerable modification.

rreviously the clasn of asaiatante had a definite position a8

employee8 of the state; this enabled the assistant to move froni

one Tacufty t.o another, ret8ining hi0 poeition and the rights of

senority and pay accumulated frore the beginning of his assistantship.

The Senti1.e 2eform divorcee the assistant claee from its connection

v5t.h state errployeee, forces their selection to be ent.iralj. local pnd

practically completely discourages their moving from one institution

to another.

paesage of the Gentile Reform a.re allowed to retain their standing

ae stRte employeeR in regard to pensions, terms of service, etc,.
All new menshave no Soverncent. Atatus vhatsoever.

Uen who he16 a poeition of assistmt previous to the

(XI

Frofessors are created by means of a s::sten known as  t.he

"e3ncorao". When a vacancy occuru in a faculty the candidates who

ais11 to compete for t!ie position, submit to the faculty documented

evidence regarding themselves, their publicatione and other oTAalifi-

cations.

diCstes.~nd suhmits thie trio of names to the Yinlstry of ?zt,lic

Tte faculty selectR a trio of namen frots among these can-

(XI i.0. aeeistants.

Instruotion,whi& dsoifles with the advice of the Superior Qouncil

rho shall receive the post or in certain case8 may request recon-

eideration by the faoulty and the proposal of a new trio of names.

This is the method followed in the smaller and lees influential

facultise.

be filled by oalling a person already profeseor in one of the emall-

er echools; thuo it, happens that the faculties of Sardinia and

Sicily being small are ueed as proving grounds for the young profess-

ora.

system and are living in hopes of being celled later to more important

posts.

The more desirable poste in the larger faculties may

They may have been created profeosors there by the "concoreo"

Previous to the Gentile Reform the "conoorao" vas run in a

different way. It wa0 then possible to oandidates, not necessarily

selected orwby the faculty, t.o enter the "ConcorBo" for a

vacant poat and the deoieion lap  in the hande of a committee appointed

by the Ministry of Publio Instruotion,
criticism in that it makee/impoasible for a young man of ability to

The preaent. system is open to

it

secure a position in a faoulty unless the faoulty uhooses to consider

him .

The preeent system is said to be rapidly becoming the tool of

faculty politics and restrioting the choice of profeeaors to merely

a seleotion of the most popular and promising among the "liberi

doeenti" of the same faotalty.

academio rank was long and arduous, but during the war all Nconcorsin

were suspended and now so many vaaancies exist that advancement is

more rapid.

danger of being rearuited from inadequately prepared young men and

in a speeoh reoantly in the Senate the Minister of Publio Instruction

admitted that great deficienciee had been observed in the preparation

of candidatee for the "conoorai".

ars previous to the Gentile Reform resulted in the constant ciraulat.

ion of professore among eepeoially the leas important universities in

Italy.

of the universities

conetant movements among the professor olaee had oertain advantages,

though in the smaller sohools the turnover appears to have been at

times prejudiaial to the aontinuity of teclohing methods and soliderity

among the profeesora as a group.

out is dlffioult to say,

is of oonaiderable importanoe : the retirement age for professore ie

75 yeara,   This inevitably hae resulted in the continuance of men

far beyond the time of their maximum ueefulneea.

men in semring appointment as professore, it being of frequent ocour-

renue that a firet aaaietant etayed as long (18 20 years before being

able to seoure a position of professor.

Before the war progression in

It is EO rapid indeed that the profeseoriate is in

The syatem of selection of profess-

with the very great sectionalism to be observed on the part

(in the seme of origin of studente), these

How,the present system will work

One other point, in conneotion with teaohers

It hae delayed younger

Baaording to the 1923 dearee, salaries of profeseore are

given in the following table.

Statement of National. Assooiation of University Professore.

Presumably the gratuity of 6,000 Lire oontinuea in all claseee.

The extraordinary profeseore reaeive .... 12,000 Lire

4.000 Lire additional gratuity.

and

Teashing.

  Tho teaching in the Italian universities ie charaoterised by

the following features. Piret, the importanoe and prominenoe of

the didaotia leoture delivered by the ordinary profeeeor in oontrast

to the amount of individual instruction given by hie asaistants;

eeoondly, the failure to provide for individual experiment by the

etudents in the laboratories of the experiments1 saien~eef

the existeaoe of the "Liberf Doeentin

an extra mural aohool (as in Naplee the medical eohool) not under the

third,

system which tends to develop

oontrol of' the regular profeenors, ill-equipped in the uase of the

experimenhl eoienoes and tending to degenerate into ooaohing for

the final examinationa; fourth, the indifferenoe of the regular

professors and aeeistanta to the etudents of average eapacity, though

the system of the "interni" or 8p~9Oial students af'f'ords unuaual

opportunitiee to a mall number of superior men who are fairly well

taken oare of'. No eff'ort is made, however, to make nure that the

medioore or inferior student is given an opportunity equal to the

reat of hie fellows and this is eepeoially true in the laboratory

soienoer;

what more than eeems wiae, but recent developments are tending to

reduos the importanoe of the theses and if the Gentile Reform attempts

to substitute the state examination as a qualification for practice

some marked modifiuation of the examination for the University degree

may be expected.

fifth, final examination and theses are emphasized some-

Building$ and Bacilitiee.

ae a rule the Italian universitiee have all building9 epaoioaely

and even beautifully aonstnoted exaept in the uasee the more recent

acientifio laboratories.

These buildings follow IS historiual rather

than a logical plan of distribution and are even oftentimes: incon-

veniently arranged even for the purpose of mere lecturer.  Fortun-

ately, the buildings related to the eciences are often more modern,

but it is common to see even in the more nodern construction8 that

the space devoted to the students' individual practical work ie very

small .

Libraries are largely departmental, widely scattered and poorly

administered.

and a large rroportion of a2paratu8 and goneral material ha8 not been

renewed or supglisd since the war. The great historical traditions

of Italy act as a real obetacle in the point of facilitiee and 3uild-

ings for the univereities, but the principal difficulty at present is

the economic one.

Poreign periodicals are now prohibitively expensive

Financer .

  In higher eduoation the Italian government is Rpending about 18

million Lira8 a year (7,500,000 dollarrr) A large amount, of this goes

to salaries to professors as state employees and is indepedent of the

sllotffient made for maintenance of the various univereities in vlzich

there may be teaching.

various univereitiee for maintenance. The claea "A" universitiee

--

The balanca isqent in lump sum grants to the

receive from 2 to 6 million Lirae-for maintenance. It is exceed-

ingly difficult to obtain the statement8 of the finances for the

claes "A" universities.  For olass 'IB" the law of September 1923

provided that the state should make the following contributions:-

Bari.. .............. 1,285,000 Liras

Catania..,..,....,.. 1,520,000 .

Tlorenue ........... 2,400,000 ..

Messina ............ 1,020,000 ..

Milan .............. ?30,@00 "

Uodena,Parma dc Siena 1,000,000 " each

Sassari ............ 900,000 ..

Kacera ta o o . o o o o o o . o 150,000 "

Of any 8ums received by the university, the nedical faculty'eshare

ie distinctly the largest. Appearanaes pointed nearly everprhere to

the fact that before the war the support of a moderate number of the

univer~ities was fairly adequate to the inexpeneive d-ctic type of

tesching, but that since 1915 conditione have grown muah worse especial-

ly in the courses where lectures

be relied upon for adequate preparation of the students.

and written examinations uould not

For further details of universitj- finanoea in specific fauulties

see later in thle report for examples.

Qeneral Impreseione.

In a general coneidarrtion of the present situation of univere-

                                      there are

ity instruction in Italy, one is impressed by four facts:

too many unlversitieff in Italy from a geographic point of vim.
Taking Bologna a8 a center and describing a oircle with a radius
of about 80 milee, there are found within such a cirole the uni-
versities of Siena, 3'lorence, Pisa, Padua, Parma, Uodena and Terrara.
Each of these universities has its om history, which together with

a strong seotional spirit makes it extremely difficult
consider putlicly a greater aentralizrtion to be accomplished by

B reduction i,n the number of univereities in Italy.

remember however, that within the State of Pennsylvania and flew York
alone there are 17 medical school@ in constrast to the 21 mediaal
facultis8 in Italy and that the present system of teaohing in Italy
with very few resistants and instruetore it may be better to have a
smalldr number of universities than to-centralize, as for example
in Naplee, and have the resultant over-crowding of students badly

provided for.

even to

One must

Italy is only a political entity;& provincial or eectianal

feeling ia very etrong.

The population doe8 not move and the school

in a  given

near-by communes.

the province of 'Tenioe, and in other parts of Italy where the

communioations are more difficult and the population legs wealthy

the eelectionalism and isolation in the universities is even more

marked,

region oounts its 1argep.t number of stuhnts from the

Two-thirds of the student8 at Padua come from

The present orpmization in the Ita1 ian univereitiee involves

a very close  connection vith the centralized authority. of the Knistry

of Public 1notructi.on. It is open to question whether the administra-

tion of the universities is not too closely tied to authority which

is largely political and transj.t.ory in itR policy.

ities enjoyed larger autonomy and independence financially from the

oentral government, their poftition would not be so strictly dependent

upon politias and 80 gravely upset by the preeent political uncertain-

ty in Italy.

Had the univera-

Yore important than any of the preceding factors is the present

economic difficulty.

1914 as 130, De Stefani, the Minister of Finance reports that in 1923

salaries-in Ttaly were 4-80 and the cost of living 432.  Tt is an

economio difficulty incressed by the constant over-production of

Basing the salary and the cost of livigg in

(T)

(x) In general, not aoademic or governmental.

Yr

himan beings in the Italian peninaula ana heightened azain by the

dissdwntageous poeition of the Lira in comparison to other national

ourrenciea,  Equipsent 8.nd journals coming from abroad are prohibit-

ivslg expensive,

Labour costa renhr new buildings impossible and

the condition of the national treasury renders adequate salary in-

creases for the profeseors a8 extrenely difficult to obtain. Under

these conditions the Italian universitiee are severely handioapped

and no promise of inmediate improvement can be seen in the future.

Pensions.

Professore have a right to retire on pension when

-

t'ney have had 55 years of lminterxupted eervice or when tney have

reached the age of 60

retire at. the age of 75. (Detail& of retirement rules on fils.)  The

witn 25 years servioe.

They ere obliged to

pension is based on the salary OF the three pars preceding retire-

ment.

and/it is calculated at 1/?5th times the number of years sarved.
order to enjoy the pension rights a professor must turn Sack 35 of
his salary when it ie 3,000 Liraa or leaa; 5%. for a &ary up to,

and including 6,000 Lire and

In the case of 35 gears of service it ie 100% of the

salriry

   In

o them i a8

for a salary over 6.000 Lire.

Foreign Contacts.

French is the easiest language for the Itslians to learn and

for the subjeats of Art, Setters and Philosophy the contact with

France iR the predominating one.

contact with Germany and Austria is, if not predominent, at leaet

far more important than in the caee of letters and philosophy,

mong the iatelleotuals in Italy the English language occupies a

very definitely subordinate position.

In sciences and comerce the

There is in EnglRnd an

Anglo-Italian league with a membership

of 500 to 600.  It encourages the visits of authorities from both

countries, naintaine travelling echolarehip6 for Italian etudents

and a center in London for Italian teaohers and etudents.

LL 8omewh~t smaller institute exists in New York under the title

of "Istituto di Cultura ItaiihnaH, address: Room 305 at 399 Broadway,

It is eeteblished under the auepiaee of Columbia University with the

aim to serve a8 a center of Italian culture and to keep headquarters for

prominent Italian echolars during their etay in America.

American-Italian institute in Rome under the leaderehip of Nelson P.

Gay, which attempts to act aa intermediary between American and Italy

and as a means of information (Details on file). Address: 271 Corso

Umberto 1. Rona, Italy.

There is an

A definite bid for foreign students hae been made by the Minister

of Pyblio Instruction in remitting moat of the feea for instruction

for any foreign etudents.
making a bidfw ;-nfluenoe, through intellectual channels, the Adriatia

and aegsan oountries.  Padua, among her 3,000 students, hae 43 from
Rumania, 14 from Austria, 10 from Asia Minor, 9 from Poland, 8 from
Ru8ei8, 6 from Yugoelavia.  Pavia had 63 Rumanian students in 1917,
18 from Switzerland, 4 from Turkey, 3 from Bulgaria, Brasil, Hungary

and Russia respecti~ely.
3reeks, Poles and Hungarians that it WRB obliged to close ita doors

to f'urther foreigners.

The University of Bari is preeminent in

Bari had 80 large a number of Rumanfano,

Student8

There are in the main ineignificant and purely for sooial puposes.

So oi e ti 8s.

Two universities visited poasessed aotivs funotionning atudenta'

hoeterlsi

very low pricee and administered by the university authorities.

tbese at Pcrdua and Bari, providing food and lodging at

Librariea.

   The  following list of the more important librariee in Italy,
in relation to university life, furnishes an idea of the reeouroes

available to etubente.

Itdy ie on file.

A oomplete liet of all the librariee in

B OLO (3NA
CAGLIARI
CATAii I A

CUOnA
FIRENZE

18

If

11

   n

GENO'JA
LUGCA
USSISA
MILAUO
XO':Ei\is

NQOLI

?I

10

It

II

II

PADOVA
PALERHO

PAVIP
ROUh

PBRU ..

I1

11

I1

tI

It

I*

SASSARI
TOaIdO
VZNXZIA

Government Public Libraries

    .. Year 1 ..

..

Universitary .....................

It

I8

.....................

.....................

Ventimiliana .....................
Government .....................
Marucelliana .....................
Oentral National ................
Mediceo Laurenziana ..............
Riccardiana .....................
Universitary .....................
Government ......................
Universitary .....................
National .........................
Estenee ..........................
Universitary .....................

National & Luoohsei Yalli ........
San 3iaoomo .....................
Zoo1 Station .....................
Branoaodana .....................
Universitary .....................
National .........................
Palatina & Musical Section .......
Universitary .....................
Central. National V . Eimanuele o o o e
Universitary .....................
Casanatense ......................
Angelica .........................
Santa Ceoilia (musio) ............
Lanciaiana ......................
Vallecelliana ....................
Universitary .....................
National .........................
National of San ECarco ............

&I

.....................

Number

.. ......

40 . 318

13.865

49.560

8 o 357

1.967

13.954
20.699
11.277
75.532
21 e 598

63. 663

94, 471
51.943

.

.

52. 741

50 o 000
  409
43 o 970
81. 471
20 . 251
131. 591
156. 605
38.185
12. 459
5. 574
2. 961
   110
  532
15.156
940 172
42.919

.

No . of readers
(by library)

22.3b8

11.915

46. 689

6.407

25.541

81,471

2.962

11. 311

16 . 568
6.467

58.627

.

50.243
17.203

m

41.286

a

.

  317
70.611
57.378
17. 418
83.719
156.445
33.528
13.754

5. 752
1.756
  89
342
12.008
79 o 099
34.918

942.848

It may be observed tht library buildings are in general anti-

auated, that libraries visited are not administered on modern

lines nnd th? the scope of tneir usefulnose is very restricted in

the point of uee by the students.

the users of libraries in Italy is in general greatly doubted bj

those i;l chRrge of libraries.  The housing and location io usually

unfortunate from the stand point of the studonto.

The Lonest;. Rnd reliability of

Uueeurane.

A complete liRt of ecientific meeuma in Italy is on file.

Learned Societiea.

Theee are largely on regional basis and a full list is on rile.

--

---

2 KC  s s IO xu s 2 HO OL s

            .---
-- -- -

Law.

A list  of the Law schools in Ita;;- naa been given above under

II_

univprsities. The 2urricula are to >e found in the university

catalogies on file in _Oaris office.

Fees have been given under ITniversitiee.

There are usually 14 prof'eeRora in the lav fRculty of a clesa

One example is here riven.

FACOLTA DI (XJRISPRUDENZA

Ordine degli sfudi e Orario delle lezioni per l'anno accademico 1924-1925

St.oi4a del Uiimitto roiuano . . . . . . . . .

AKNOTAZIONI

.....

Ktntistic:i . . . . . . ..

IUo,cofia de 1 I, i 12 it to . . . . . . . . . . .

Ecoiionii:i politicn . . . . . . .....

Istituzioni cli Diritto pth11;dtA . . , . . . . .

D i ri t to civ i I c . . . . . . . . .

Diritto iwniHiio . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Storia del Diritto itdiltno. . . . . . . . .
1)iritt.o iimrninistrativu e Scienwr dell' Ammi-

di Siena, approvato con ordinanza
Minisferiale del 22 novembre 1924.

Anno :Z.

Diritto acclesiastico . . .

Diritto Civile . . . . .

Diritto i~oiiiaiio . . . .

I )iri t to c pi*ocdiii~a pii a le

Stcwia tiel I)irit,to italiano .

Diritto atiiiiiiiiistrativii . .

Diritto costitiizionalc. . .

Diritto iilteivlii~iol~~lc . .

. . . . . . . .

.... ....

...... ..

... .....

. . . . . . . .

........

.. ......

. 1 . . . . . .

Axxno 4.

IJiritto e IJI*OCedIll'il pennle . . . . . . . .

Diritto coiiii~iercialt. . ...... ...

Scieiiza delle FiIliitlst. . ... I ....

Diiaitto yi~oc~ssut-~le civile . . . . . . . . .

Nediciiiit Ieg:ilr. . . . . . . . . . . . .

CORSI LlBERl

Dei delitti contro 1' Amllliiiistilazioiie della gin-
stixiii lie1 .r-igentt? codice italiano i**) . . .

11 processo penale itdiano (**%) . . . . . .
Medicilia Legtile tlclle Assicurazioni Sociali (***'I

I

i

I

I

II Segretario

II PRESIDE

F. VIRGIL11

"A" university; in ?;apI.es 16, ir !iorae 23.

given 'jy various icdlviduals in Italy that tic belief is tLat too
m8.y Iaayers  re 3eing produced relnt'nely to i!ie needs or tke

e?at.e. Tile number cf etudents of law in the Class "A" faculties

arn0unt.s to 5,723 in contrast to S,?W of medi.3al students in tl;e

same institutions. (3 slass "A" f'acultiee 1927-1924) o

?reqaent expression R'RS

- Engineering .

In engineering during the year 1920-1921, 8.090 etudenta were

divided in superior institutes called Sohoole of Appliaation for

Engineering at the following plaoes: Turin, YiY.an, Bologna, Rome

and Naplea.

of the faoulty of the university and not at eeparate institutee in

Genoa, Pisa, Palerslo and Padua. The number of students was no+,

ascertained,

There are also courtitee of engineering given 8s part.

Agrimlture. -

For aany detail6 conoerning agricult,ure referenoe may be made

to the report by A.R. Mann of the International Education Board,

diary from October 1st to November 15th. 1324.

The instilutea of agrioulturo are not under the Ministry of

Public Tnotruction bat, under that of Agriculture.

There are superior schools of agri-sulture at Nilan, Pisa,

Rol-oqa and NapleR (Portici) .

There -is an iwtitute of experi!aent-

at agricultxre at Perugia and an institlrte of' forastry at 7lorenc.e.

- The o lqsx.

There are no faoulties of Theology in any faculty or univers-

ity, these havinz been suppressed in 1777. All theological teach-

ing is done in chmch ~1ohoo19.

-_-. Conmrce -.- and ~ . Economio . -_I - Scisnces.

The total enrollment in these branohes 11 1323 was about 7,OCIO.

There are govsmmsnt superior uch3019 of Comerce in Turin, Genoa,

Venicg, T'rie~t~, Roms and Rari. T3 W?an +,:?ere ia the so-called

Soccani TJnivereity of Commerce which enrolls a larffer nllrnber than

any other single school of cosrnerce.

Political acienoea are also dealt with in this univeroity.

PdIi technic lnstl t~tes.

Those are found in Turin, Milan and Naplea and they are  ment5oned

~ . ._ - - --- --- - - .

in the order of their importance and enrollment.

Introductory to Notes on Individual Sohools.

The order in which the medioal faoulties are presented in the

following pages is, in the main, a geogrephioal one.

School8 are

grouped by the region in which they are found and the differentiation

is made between Type ttAn ,Type "B" o and Type 18C1B

univereitiee.

The order follows :-

Northern Italy :

Type "Aft Type ''B" Type OOtv

1 Turin 6 Yilan
2 Genoa 7 Modena
5 Pavia 8 Parma
4 Padua
5 Bologna

Central Italy :

9 Pies     11 Florenoe   Perugia  13
10 Rome     12 Sienna     Camerino  14

Southern ItaQ :

15 Naples 16 Bari

Sicilx :

17 Palermo 18 Catania
        19 Msssina

Sardinia :

20 Cagliari 21 Sassari

Notes on the medical faculties have been prepared on the baain of

a uniform outline.

A few introrluotory comments are necessary.

Location.

Under this heading are given the alkntfauts regarding
population and location of the faculty in Italy.  Location
of the medical faoulty buildings in the tome is deecribed
under the heading of "Buildings".

Hi sto rg.

In moat cams the notes given for the hietory of the
faoultiee are oonsiderably condensed from the material
on file in various publiuatione kept in the Pari8 office.

The histarfoal notes refer to the university rather
than exclusively to the medical faculty.

Organization.

Notes under this heading ooncorn the organization of
the Faculty of Medicine only.  Turin is taken ae the
type since the organization of the Qgdioal facultiee
in Italy is uniform in Type "Art and "B" facultiea.
Pkr+gia ia charaoteristic of "fie- rtCR  organization.
Por information as to whet other faculties are found
with the medical faculty to compose each university,
eee Page 66 o

General Univc
ersity and
medical sohool
f inanoes o

Recent legislation haa been paesed requiring for the
first time the publiaation of the baeia information
in regard to univereity finanoes.
it p088ibh to eewe f'urther information which was
difficult to obtain at the time of the first visit in
Italy.
that in many oama the authorities did not have clear
and incluaive etatsments of the 8ouroee of revenue or
the t9pe of expenditures.  Furthermore, they were at
a loes to know why18uteider was entitled to request
euoh information.  Owing to the effort8 of the govern-
ment to diminish the number of medical faoultiee in Italy
there is considerable auapicion of any investigation of
thio sort.  In addition, a requeet so unusual in Italy
made on the part of a repreeentative of the Foundation
would have been mieunderstood and would haw excited
hopes of large and imediate finanoial aasietanoe.
Consequently, no speoial effort was made at the time
of this first viait to obtain detailed information
regarding finanoial matters, especially in view of the
fact that the general oharacter of the income and
expenditure8 of the Italian universities oan be studied
in the finanoial report8 given for Type "A" univeraitiea
in the oaie of Rome, Bologna, CLttania and Cagliari. For
Type "B" univereitiee, in the oaae of Ueeeina and Modena;
and for Type '*C1t universitiee, in the case of Perugiti.
Brequentlg it ma poeeible to learn the budgets of the
institutes or olinioe ainoe this is a matter of oomon
ando gy.

This faot will make

The 4iffieulties in obtaining information were

build in^^.

Maps are provided ehowing the general location of insti-
tutee and clinios in the towns, and eone oomment ia added
regarding the general charaoter of the more important
olinica or laboratoriee visited.

Laboratory Notes upon observation8 made during visita are made by
Faoilities. subject of instruction, for example, anstomy,Physiology

etc., and contain my impressions together with inform-
ation secured from the professor or hie assistante

Cliniaal
Facilities.

Libraries,

Faoul ty.

orally at the time of visit.
in general the same;
assistants and allievi interni, and number of students.
Thennotes on method of iastruotion when and how teaching
is given; impreseions of building, epaco, allotment,
equipment and apparatus and condition of librariee.
Statement of amount of budget. Speoial consideration
of the eystem of teaching by Liberi Docenti is given
under Naplee, though the system in a lese extreme form
is found in all the other Italian medioal faoultiee.

The order followed is

name of profeeeor, number of

The desoription ia given of information and impressions
obtained at the time of my visits.
to that under Laboratory $aoilities", including the
name of the profeseor, nunber of staff and allievi md
number of etudente. Methods of instruution, &maription
of hospital, building, umber of bede, outymtienta'
eervice, condition of laboratoriee and of libraries and
the amount of the budget.
under Naples.

The order is similar

System of Liberi Dooenti given

Deeoription ia given of university libraries.
library fauilitiee in the tom mentioned on page87   .
Library faoilitiee of separate institute8 and alinios,
notee under Ltiboratory and Cliniaal Faoilitias.

Other

The names of professors and of the first assistante (or
aiuti) are given.
frequently as to make it unimportant to reoord their
names.
and aiuti are oonsiderable and the list Can only be
oonaidered acourate for the year 192p24.

The other aasistants ohange so

Indeed, the changes in the ranks of professors

.--I__ admission. xdmission conditions are uniform throughout Italy. They

are deeoribed in full under Turin with some minor notea
under Xeasina and ocoasional oomments were needed under
other faculties.

Feea, Scholar  The basia fees of matriculation, tuition and graduation
ships and Stud-  are uniform throughout Italy and are given under Turin.
ente' Expense8. Full statements regarding syoial scholarehips available

for medical etudenta are found in the catalogues for the
following institutions only :-
Prrlermo - Rome = Sienna - Modem - Padua - Tlorenoe -
Pavia - Perugia and Genoa.
The students' expensea are described rather fully under
Florence and rsferredbder Naples.

X

Degrees.

mdificatione given under Turin are uniform for the
rest of Italy.

X

On file in the Paris Offioe.

Currimlum.

Qhe currimliun is given under eaoh inxti tution where
important.  In Xaplas the official curriculum is not
given since it is almoot mesninglsss owing to t'ne
absenteeism of' students from the offioial courses and
the importance of imtruction given by the Li3eri
Docenti who number almost 500 and whose coursos it ia
obvioudy impoesible to secure informatior, upon,
order of studies is given in the catalogues of the
following universities;-
Turin, Genoa, Pavia, Padua, Bologna, Uilan, Modena,
Pisa, Rone, Catania, Ideasine. (Bor 1920) Cagliui find
Stiemri.

The

Number of
Students.

Soiuce of
students.

The number of stlldents is given for all facultiea, exoept
Camerino? 3n page
of oonparison. For Panna, See under "Pama".

under Turin for the sake of ease

Very little definite irformation is known in moat of' the
faculties of Ituly on this point And impresaiona and
inferenaes are therefore necessary.
Distribution of Graduates follow closely in all proba-
bility the souroe of students, i.e., students returned
to their homet,-towns after cozrpleting their medical
uourae. An exoeption to this is found in the south
of Italy where many atudents attend the university of
Maples and soatter throughout Italy for the pract-ice of
their profession.

Distribution
of Graduatee. -

O-;;ing to the fact that the law requires the pharmacies in
Italy to have a ooxplete list of qualified practitioners
giving the euhool from whiah they graduated,  a table was
prepared from these publications and ia given on page 116 .I
Such information wan not poeeible to 8ecure in Rome nor
in Nhples.  It must be noted that on these lists appear
tne names of the university professors who,  a8 a group,
represent a larger number of different faculties tksn
the non-academia praotitioners in the same tom.  Under
Some and Maplee are given dessriPtions of the way and
which an aver~ge chsa scatters immediately af'ter grad-
ua t io n.

Imp or tan c e
as a Medical
-I__.-< rjenter.

Under +,his heading is given in the case of each faculty
the estimate of its iinlportanoe relative to the other
faculties in Italy based upon prestige, general stmdards
of work, faoilitiee for instruction and probable f'uture.

StAtUR Of
Be sear o h.

Pvery university catalogue in Italy contains a list of t.he
titles of scientifio' papers produced by the profemore.

x

also exoeptillp; Palerrno,- Xilan, Florence and Eari beinf;. newly
elstablished faculties, ]lad 110 COrnPlete figures.

Training of
Teacher 8. -

ThiR constitutes a very large amount of material since
the titles are ueually given of all publications sinae
the individual began to write scientifiu papers.
information is readily aoailable on the publimtiono
of any profeeeor in any faculty,  but the list is too
long for repetition in this report.
general impressions are given of the etatus of reaearoh
baaed upon the qualiiU'ty and interests of the outstand-
ing imlividual together with the status of faoilities
of investigative work in eeoh faculty.

Full

Consequently

Full notes are found under Turin deecribing the ordinary
aoademiu oareer in medizine. Further information is
given also under Perugia.  Under (fenoa is given an
important and intereeting report of the National COUP
miasion of' university profeasore which concern8 the
present status of aoademia life in Italy - ite pro-
blems-and recommendations made by thoee in a position
to understand all the phases of the awdemis life in
Italy.

Turin

9 Y'

1NDT'JIDUAT.I rnICBL ScIiOO?,S.

-=-

u- TURIN

Location.

Turin is the oanital of the Piedmont built on the PO

-I-

at the foot

of a range of hille. Climate bracing. Large industrlal center, in

close cultlira1 relations with Branoe*

higher level thm anywhere else except Milan.

5lO,l)OO.

               The general eduoation has a

                    Population in 1924,

Form with Milan and Genoa the so-called induatrial tri-

angle of Northern Italy.

IIgIrJ o

(Full details on file).

Studio of Turin created by edi3t of

the anti-pope Benedict XI11 in 1434 when both Savoy and Piedmont be-

longed to Avignon.

Under French donination from 1536 to 1560.

Apparently due to the opposition of the Jesuit+s, Turin lost Frestige

from 1530 to 2713.  Brief oeriod of activity fron 1719 to 1710, then

new decadence under clerical influenoea until a second Brenoh period

from 1798 to 1814.

Organi sation. -

For general organization in relation to the univereity,  see

under Univereity organization.

a Preside and a Council composed of the head orofeeaors of each

The rnedioal faoultg consiets of

clinto or institute.

The functions of adminiat,ration are divided

as follows:-  the determination of budget allotments may be recom-
mended by the Preside and the faculty Counci.1, but final authority

Turin

9 i;

reate with the aaadeaia Benate and the administratiw oounail of

the univereity.

expenditure of the amount alloted to his olinio or inetitute,

The order and ohoicr of studies and oour~ea to be given ie de-

termined by the faoulty council with final approval of the aardemio

senate; under the Gentile Reform a ooneidcrably larger freedom ia

aooorded the faaultiea and the universitiee in this particular.

The rsleot.ion of profeesore under the Ciontile Reform is made a

eubJeat of larger local aontrol ainoe the faeulty 5.8 allowd to

propose a trio of name8 for the approval and final releution by

the Ministry of Publia Instruotion, inetead of the former method

Eaoh professor ha8 oomparative freedom in the

of eelsetion by u committee of profesaors subjeot by subject and

ohoeen from all t,he faaultler of Italy,  In this way the faoulty

of eaoh aohool ia  :able to aontrol the eelsction of f'uture pro-

femora.  The disoipline of students is entrusted to the prerida

of the faculty rho in espeoially diffioult ea800 may oomult the

rector of the university.

In general the faoulty of medioine in Turin Ta8 in all the

other univereitier in Italy consiete of rather loosely organized

olinios and institater of the pro-olinioal eaienoer with large

looal autonomy.

It is in those regular inst,itutions that most

of the important and neoeaaary couraee are given, but the teaohing

force ie enpplemented by the "liberi docenten who give supplementary

and facultative oouraes under euch circumstanoes acd with snoh

reeources as they happen individually to oontrol. In Turin, the

instruction by t.he "liberi docente" i8 not a very important phase

of the medical faculty's rork.

6- General Universitj- Finance, -

NO statement. ie given by the Universfty of Turin and no requeet

wae made. For an example of Type "A" university finance, eee under

Bologna or Rome

-.--- Yedical Sohool Fixta..

No atatement me afforded of the msdioal 8ChOOl finance in

Turin.

A8 in other mediaal fauultiee in Italy the eahrien of

profeesore are paid directly by the government.

maintenanoe of clinics and inetitutee is alloted by the univereity

The income for

senate and council and the sal8ries of Rubordinate pereonnel to-

gether with those of the first and aeaond ae~ietante is determined

by the univer8it.y.

For the endowuent or inoome of individual clinioe or

instit.ut.ea, oee under Clinic8 and Inetitutes.

  In the preliminary report the budget8 of varioue institutes
are given for the yeare 1918-1919 and may be aompared with other

facultiee of the aame grade.

BuilBinga.

The accompanying map ehoks that the buildinge in the univere-

fty of Turin are well grouped and centralized.

considerable activity during the past twenty yenre,  eo ?.hat the

aoientific inatitutes are fairly modern and adequatx!.

of ophthalmology and neumpatholow are at eome distance from the

There he been

The clinics

university hoepita1 whioh is an old structure ill-adapted for cli-
nical teaching,'

Laboratory c_- facilltiee,

Visited inntit.utes of Anatomy, Physiology, Phmmacology,

General Pathology and medical and Rurgioal olinios.

- Anat-:

well-housed in main building, two floor8 given

to anatomy rtth about 25 raoma, large dissection room and mom
for allievi ; 2nd floor devoteJto histo10~ and roome for eesist-

ants and profeeeor.

Exuellent general impreesion and work very aative.

if.+

I

In fhbruary 1925, it WRE announced t.hat,govarnment had coneented
to give 12 million lira8 for a large new hoepital torarde which
a private family hes indiaated that it would give 10 million lirm.

PIANTA

I) I

ki) f

Turin

20 allirvi. 100 students. Profesaor gives two courses, one in

elementary histology and the eeoond in eyetematio anatomy.

every day, professor giving demonetratlone four times a week to groups

of 25 subdivided in seotions of 5 men;

hours. No exaggeration of the importanos of desoriptive anatomy.

Professor Levi espeoially intereeted in tiesue culture.

Leotures

these demonstratione laat two

Phyeio1og:- Profeesor Herlitzka. Extensive department with

60 roome, ample space for allied and assistante;

going on at present.

emphaaia on phyaiological chemistry, exoellent library, good apparatus

but somewhat antiquated.

etudente, 4 allied.

not muoh work

One graduate fellow from Argentina.

Not great

Course given in 2nd and 3rd yeare. 100

  - Qeneral --- Patho1.:-

equiTped but aotively in uas.

Professor Azzi for the epeoial aourae in bacteriology whizh beuomes

next year a eeparate ohair.

though Morpurgo is eepeoially interested in tumors.

need8 reoent journale.

Profeseor Moqurgo.

8 roome, not very well

Spaoe given in this department to

Thia oourse devcted to general pathology

Library badly

Pharmacology:- Professor Giaooea. 1 aaeistant, 2 allied.

Adequate space, defeotive library for journals of past six years.

Equipment moderately good.

very aotivs but ha8 exoellent judgement.

separate course of phannaoognosg.

The professor 72 years old and no longer

Ia anxious to develop

Iu2

Turin

Clinical facilities. --

Uedical clinio.

Profeeaor Uiohele at San GioTanni Hospital.

Old inadequate building. Two floor8 oontaining wards, clinical

lecture hall and four small laboratories for olinioal pathology

together with five small laboratories and inadequate library for

the u8e of amistante and interne. 52 beds in total.

lent-ly kept.

(Paid) one being especially in oharge of laboratory work, 6 to 8

voluntary aesistanta. 6 to 10 allievi interni.

5th and 6th years do ward work, eaoh one getting from 2 to 5 oases

each year for thorough study.

bedside clinioa week. The nesistante give daily clinioe. desist-

ants work from 9 in the morning till 5 p.m. and from 5 to 7 pama

when on full time.

work outeide the hospital.

abY e impreeaion.

Warde ercel-

Good work in active progreee.

1 Aiuto, 4 aesietante,

The etudsnta of the

Professor givee 3 leotures end 2

Full time assletante have very little time for

    Conduct of olinio give8 highly favour-

Surgical clinic;

Profeeeor Carli at San Giovanni Hospital.

Two Aiuti, three paid aeeistante.
year by another profeeftor drawing from 60 beds.  Clinioal surgery

ocoupie8 5th and 6th years, Werde large and old-fashiored, Poor

nureing mrvioe, emall and inadequate operating room. Laboratorier

Surgical Pathology given in 4th

Turin

and library also in poor oondition.  66 bede ia all. Profeeeor

theoretically ha8 right, to use cases from other wards in hospital

which are, however,  in the aontrol of chiefs of service who do not

hold university appolntmente and object to their oases being used.

Outpatient department 1000 oases a year, not muoh used for teaohing.

The allied never'get more than experienoe at dreeeingwamb and

general ward work.

Operating done principally by the profeseor.

0

0 3

0

It ia customary in Italy for the oivil hospitals to devote

one or two of their wards in medicine and surgery for the une of

the university clinics.

caments and surgioal instruments and laboratory equipment together

The university pays for the speoial medi-

with a certain sum per oooupied bed to the administration of the

hospital.

The other wards of the hoepital are in charge of con-

temporariee of the prof'esaors, these men being called  "primarii".

They are often "liberi dooente", but frequently do not hold any

university appointment.

often are very jealous of their oases being used by the university

They are.praotitionere of the oity and

teaohers for demonetration or study, These ttprimariiw haw, a8 a

rule, considerable authority in the hoepital government and although

their catma are not quite so well treated be the eases in the univera-

lty's wards, they are powerful enough to constitute an important group

whooe interest8 must be aonsidered by the university professorfl.

Turin

4'

Ll!Y

Library.

The National Univereity library im one of t,he most, important

-

of Italy. It contains over 400,000 volunes, 1,50C,m&nuscripts and

more t.hRn 600 journale. Continuation Of Pubscription to many

journals ha8 beoome too expen~ive,

In addition to the university

library the separate institute8 have individual libraries which

have been more seriouely affected by present econoaio orisis, Many

files of journals complete up to 1915, but equipment in all inetit,utes

and especially in clinics ie seriouRly dcfeotive.

Facultz.

-.

The folloeng ie the list of t.he fkoulty and the first e,ssiat-

ants for the year 1923-1924:

INSTITUTE OF N09U EUUA!! ANATOkT

52 CorRo Xaeaimo d'dzeglio

Professor Giuseppe Levi - - - - - -
Tullio Terni - - - - - - - - - - -
Olivieri Glivo - - - - -- - - 9 - 9
Giovanni Bruno - - - - - - - - - -
Carlo Ferrio - - - - - - - - - - -

Director
Aiuto '

It

It

n

INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY         ' 30 Corao Raffaello
Profesaor Amedeo Herlitzka  - - 9 - Director 'L,
Tullio Qayda - - .- - - - -  - - 0 0 Aiuto -

INSTITUTE 03' PATHOLOGICAL ANATOBQP

                    15 Via Eaposizione
Profeseor Fetrucaio Vanzetti - - - Dire o tor *:,
Pino Pompeo Foltr- - - - - 9 - - -

Aiuto ~

iNSTTTUIE 03' OENERAL PATHOLOQY 50 Coreo Raffaello
Profesaor Benedetto Yorpurgo - - - Director Ii
Azzo Azzi - 9 - - - - - - - o o 0 Aiuto

Turin

105

IASTITUTE OB PHAliUCOLGGY

30 Corso Raf'faello

Professor Piero (3iacoea - - - - Direc:tpr 3
Serafino Dezzani Aiuto-"

INSTITUTE 03 LEGAL EEDICINE

26 via Hahelangelo

Profesaor Maria Carrara - - - -
Giorgio Canuto .. - - - - - - - ICCtO / : oharge

Director, -_ tampornry or in L7

INSTITUTE OF HYGXENE

37 via Bidone
Direator ri
   Aiuto 1

Prof CEIIOT Arnalda Maggiora-Vergano
Giuaeppe Sangiorgf - - - - - - -

XNSTITUTE & SCHOOL OF PERFECTIONMENT

IN HYGIENE h SANITATION

                     37 via Bidone
Professor Arnaldo Maggiora - - - Director [G'

UEDICAL CLINIC Hospital San Giovanni 24 via 8. Masaim

Professor Perdinando Michele - - Direotor '/
Lorenzo Borelli- - - - - -  - - -
Carlo ffamna - - - - - - - - - -

Aiuto ,'

n

SURQICAL CLIKIC

San Giovanni Holspital 36 via del Ospedale

Profeesor Antonio Carl8 - - - - - Director ' 1
Ottorino Uffreduzzi - - - - - - - Aiuto '
Gian Maria Faeiani - - - - - - -

n

M)ICAI, PATHOLOGY San Qiovanni Hospital,

Profeasor Bngelo Ceooni - - - 0 -

Di r eo to r

Pietro Sieto - - - - - - - - - - dint0 1'

I"

SURGICAL PATH3LOGY.San Oiovanni Hoepital

Prof'eseor Ottorino Uffreduzei - - Director (in charge 1
Carlo Andrea Bertocohi - - - - - - Aluto
Adalgiso Rrrco - - - - - - 9 - - -

ti

CLINIC OF OBSTETRICS AND GYh'ECOLOGY 14 Piazze Cavour

Professor Oiuseppe Vioarelli - - - Director '3

N.N. Aiuto

CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS

San Giovanni Boepital

Profeasor G, B. Allaria - - - -

Director -_/- I

CLIIJTC OB OPHTHALMOLOGY 19, Via Juvara
Professor Pilippo aecial-Cirincione Dire-ctor 15
Dr. Giaointo Yosso - - - .. 9 - - Aiuto _,

INS TI TUTE OF NEXJROP ATHOLO GY

4, Via Quatro Marzo

Profesaor Camillo Negro - - - - Direotor I!

ZLINIC OF PSYZHIATRY           3, Vi.@ Campana
Professor Erneato Lugaro - - - -    Direotor \'I
Dr. Alfred0 Coppola - - - - - -       Aiuto 4'

CLINIC OF EAR-NOSE & THROAT

San Qiovanni Hospital

Professor Ctiuseppe Gavello - - - Director ;i

DERMO SPPHILOPATHICAL CLINIC San Luigi Rasp. 40 Via San Chiaro

& San Lazzaro I' 14 Corso Cairoli

Profeseor Iader Cappelli - - - - Director J "
Felice Bernucoi - 9 - - - - - - Aiuto ,

Admi 6 8 ion .

The admisaion requirements are unifom throughout all the faoultiee

of medicine in Italy.

defeota in entering alaases.

superiority of eduoation in the Piedmont providea a group of young

men better prepared for entrance to medical faculty than anywhere else

in Italy with the possible exoeption of Milan, Pavia and Bologna.

No special comment was made at Turin regarding

It is highly likely that general

Graduatos of the liceo or lycee, or of the lioeo scientific0 or

of the gymnasium are adrnitteci upon presentation of the certificate

of graduation from either of these  sctoole.

It haa been commented

that whereas the lice0 ueed to give 5 years in total of eoienoe,

now under the Gentile Reform only 3 years are given.

that the preparation in biology is very poor and that no student

It ie certain

oomes to the medioal faoulty with a working familiarity with the

apparatue commonly ueed in chemistry or physics.

poor preparation ia unifezrp.

At least this

Two years are given in the lioeo

scientific0 to physioa and 1 to chemfstry and in no oase doe8

adequate laboratory work aoaompsny the 1eot.ures in the licei.

Beer. Scholarahips and Students' Expenees.

rooording to the 1923 law the fee8 in facultis8 of medioine

and aurgarp are:

Ilatrioulation. .............. 300 Lira8
Annual Tuition. . rn . . o . o o o . o o o   750 "
Fee for Annual Examination... 50 .
Annual aurahatgo............ 100 .
Diploma.. ................... 300 .

Suroharge for diploma. o . o *ao 75 "

In practiac at present, however, there ia ooneidsrable variation

between different faoultbs and a more aeeurate atatsment for Turin

may be made aa followis:

Pbtriculation ............... 300 Lira@
Annual Tuition. o o a o o o a a . o o . o .
Fee for Annual Examination... 150 .
Annual 8urOharge............~ 100 .
Diploma ..................... 500 F
Surcharge for diploma........ 75 .

750

"

and in addition epecial laboratory fees aa follows:-

anatomy, 20 Liras, let. and 2nd year eaah; miorosoope rental 15

Lira8 in the 2nd year; topographical anatomy, 15 Lira~, 2nd year;

Physiology, 40 Liras, 2nd year; 55 Lirae, 3rd year; Chendstq
80 Liras, pharmacology 25 Lirss; pathology and general pathology

10 Liras eaoh; legal medicine 25 Liras; obstetrics 10 Liras;

Clfniae in total 50 Lirae.

diseection

In an eatimate appearing in "I1 Policlinico" for 1925, t&

cal3ulation of students' expenses in Italy was as follom:

Tuition and Peer

1280 L. a year

Living expenses          6200 .a

            Total      7480 n

giving a total of 44,880 Liras for the 6 yeare coureee

It may be

aeaurned also that for two years after graduation the family of a

medical student may have to support him einoe positione are exceed-

ingly difficult to obtain unlers the etudent after graduation is

willing tc go imediately into a emall town and is able to find

euah an opening.  These figures are probably aonewhat below the

aoet of medical education for the etudent in Turin. NO announoement

appeam in the publication of the Univereity of Turin regarding

scholarahips or prizes; the80 are ordinarily of a very amll value

at the present day, being the income of funds invested many gears

am*

areea.

  The medical school8 in Italy give only one degree which ie

called the Laurea di Medioina and ie the equivalent of the M.D.

degree in the United States. This degree is eaid to be recognized

in England but not in the coloniee of England, It is eaid alao to

be reoogniztd in the Orient and by Serbia.

\ a"
i

(J 'fi ' \Jet\

$ f\#-,

(XI o

The new law of the @entile Reform attempts to do away with the

validity of the aoademia degree for the practice of medioine and

to eubst,itute a state exaxdoation leaving the academic degree a

character purely aoadsmic and witoh no legal value,

Thie ha8 met

with great opposition end up to the present no such state examin-

ation for the licence to pracltice medicine bas been held.  Previourr

to 1923 it was neoesaary for the candidate for graduation to auhmit

a written theffis

fac3ult.y counoil at leaet 6 months before graduation, Two oral theses

the subject of which me approved of by the

allso used to be presented but not. on the timme subject a8 the written

one.

aomatittee selected by the faculty.

The oandidate was obliged to defend thees theeea before a

the Gentile

Since/ Reform several inetitut-

(x) o

"When obtained by men of Juco-Slave cit.lzenshfp". -ProfeRsor

Jo hano vi ch.

ion8 have given up the thesm.Turin no longer oontinues it.

For the couraeer of nPerPeoolonamsnton whieh are aubetantially

post-graduate courae~ in speoialtles a aertifioate is given and

at least 1 year met be spent to obtain it.

of the new law that no physician or surgeon call himaelf a

speoialist unleera he had obtained a diploma of thie rort.

It is the intention

Curriculum.

Tho sohool yesr at Turin begine with examinntione which last

from Ootober 16th to Howmber 7th. On November 7th the regular

1eot.ares begin and continue to Deoember 21st. The Chriatmar vacation
ends on Janusrg 10th. A Lenten rooems cornem from Februarg 28th to
brah 6th and the Eaeter vacation laster from April 17th to May let.

Leoturse oontinue from May let till June 20th when sxamiaatione begin,

ending on July 31et.

during the year.

This give8 a total of 161 daya for leaturer

The courees are divided into obligatory and optional;  the latter

being given in large part by the "liberi dooentsn.

table gives the regular coureea of the faau1t.g of medicine.

important to remember that all aourees which are deeignated aa having

The following

It ie

Turin

_- l1

"exercioea" are given during the number of houre speaified;  thie

does not. mean that the individual student receive8 the same numker

of hour8 of instruction sinoe the clase is divided into 3 or 4 groups.

It is not pooeible to aRsUme from this eahedule for example that

each student receives 3 hours of pediatrics with exercice8, i.8.

olinical work.

variations between the courmi in their sub-divisions into groups

are 80 ereat that it is impossible to determine the mount of

instruction received by individual students.

He may have 3 hours every third re0k;individual

Examination6 in

First Yes Per week floups of 8ub.jects.

Chem. organic and inorganic 2 hrs

-

-

Physics ..b4.abbee.~...
General Biology
Anatomy leotures

Chem. lab. exarcieee

It diaeection

Second Year

Ana tomy le c t.ure 8

Histology exercises
Physiology lecturee
       exer oi scs

diseection

tt

Third Year

--

Phyeiolo gy lecture 8

General pathology
leoturee and exerc,
Baot eriolo gy and
serology
Pharmacology & materia
mediaa leoturee and
exeraisss

0 exercises

I Physias and chemistry
3"
6

2 (PI

la et

6 hrs.
18   a
9   18

4 I'
4

4 hre
4*

9

3 "

6"

General biology and
desariptire anatow
hietology and embryologl.

.#ti

Physiology and phyaio'l.
ohemistry

Oeneral pathology &
p harm co lo gy

Turin

I12

Bourtt Year

Per week

Hygiene leatures 3 hrs

Surgical pathology
with exercises 3"

Yedioal pathology
with excroises 3"
Medical aemeiotice 3"

              3"
Surgical n

exeroiaes 3K

Pathol. anatomy

with exercises /XHa

Fifth Year

Clinical medicine 5 hre II
Clinioal surgery 3 ('

Op htha lmolo with

excr cieer 3n

with exeroiaes 3"

with exerciaee 3"

exercise8 2

n

Demtol. & Syphilis

Ear nose 4 Throat

Topog. anatomy &

Legal medicine

Pathol. anat.sxero. 3 I(

operative med. 3 " R

with exercises 3"n

Birth fear

Mediaal alinio
Surgical "

Clin. obstetrias
and gyneoology
with exercises
Clinioal psyahiatry
with exercises
Clinical neurology
with exeroises
Pediatrioe with

exorcise8

exercises

6 1/2 hrs.
3 hre
2"

Examination8 in

group8 of eub.ieote.

Hygiene and pathol.

anatomy

Medical pathology &

8eUd.Oti 01

Surgiaal pathology &

semeiotioe.

Btf

Top0 graphioal anatomy
and operative mea,

Clini aal ophthalmology

Clin. dermatol. &

Snhil.

Legal medicine

Clinical medicine and

pediatri w

Obstetriue and gynecol.

3"

3".

Neurology & Payohiatry

3"

3"

General surgery dc an
ear nose & throat.

I  Possibly more time than thie

### Student8 oannot be promoted
  before pasaing all previous
  examinations.

I Corsi liberi Bono stati clsssificati cqmt Jegue: OATEGORIA A, Corsi pareggiati; B, Corsi non pareggiati ;

ABBA. ..
ARULLAXI .
ADDENIXO .
AXZI ...
Ba R GE LLIXI
BATTISTIXI .

BURZIO . .
CAMERA . .
CAXELLI. .
CaKsvxE *

CSSASSS . ,

. Polizia medica .......... @t,B    ) Gbcadi .......
. Nenropatologia ....... 0 +I3 ) ~~iQtyeni, 8mWa.i e anbu,to
. Psicopstologin .......... (. B j ;linrtecli, gioz!ecl.i e mbato
. Ortopedia chirurgica ..... * .(.B ) L.r~si.edi, nzercoledi e zenedi

. Patologia generale del ricari hio .

. Patologia e Ternpia delle maiattie dtji1:a:+

. .Profilassi c terapia delle malsttie mcrddi ( )O B

B

. , . ( > C20stud.) .Ma.rtedi, griovedi e sahto

......

parato circolaborio .... .(YB j Doale,licft.

  l'apparat,o geiiito-urinario feritiuinilc . (      j .Lw~li e ?~~orcoletli ...
. Diapoattica c t,erapia deruioeifi1oyatic:i; . ( >> R ) lvnrted~i e scl7mto ...
. CIinica chirurgica ......... (> B     Xarletli, giovetli e scchnto
. Ort.o~)cdia ileuto-facciale ... * .(>S j Ikt, dostinure
. Teciiicx radiologica  ........ ( .+ C10 stnii. j Lwiccli e ,ceiiardi
. Diapiost,ica e t,ecnoIogia medica . , , ( B R j ;Itcirteiji, gioverli e stbtmto
. Protilassi dclle malattie infettive . I . ( B R j Jturtedi .......
. Xeuropatologia .......... ( ;B U ) GioiwJi .......
. 'l'ecnica batteriologica ....... j Iht de.s.tiwre .....

1ogic.a ............ (P B ,vfl?.tsni c sctb(cto (I * .
. Psicliiatria sociale e forenae ..... ( b B ) Ve.tlei.(?i .......

j Giocecli ore 18, s(i,bato

.

Pa'tologitt dellc affezioni c,IiiiurgicLe clci -

.....

...

( B

. Semeioticn e diagnostica oto-rinc- laringo-

. Chirurgia ed ortopedia infantili , . , . ( B R j .Lwit& uier~0Tac7i e t*euercli
. Seiueiutica pediatrics (con esercit. j ratiche) ( B B    ) Lwit.c!c!i, wtercolecli e SveiLerdi
. Dei vaccini e sierj in torapin ocdare ed

orpiio-terayia a.pplicata alle rnalattie
clell`occliio             .(,H ) ?%le,.& .......

. T ecii i ca oto -r i 110-1 ari n,gologi ca,  dc.11 e ma -
lttttie iufettivo c,on speciaLe ~*iysrua.:do
  atla diftexite .......... ;' B C`10stud.j Domeit.icc   ......

. Tec,iiica f.,tl.niacologica  ....... [ 2, C15 stnd.) Dct. t?esti)cts.rc! .....
. Istologia qenerale .........       ) Litntdil merco7er7d e vei~~di
. Seineiotici iwuropatologica e paichiittrica (,      ) 3rrl?.tedi, giorcdi e .!.ctbnto
, Pat.ologin e Terapiit generale diirurgica . i B B j C`iovedi e dow)aiccc , . .
. Patologia chirurgica dell' apparato `.itlw-

  motore. ........... (: * B j illorcote& e wu.erdi . ,
. Patologia chirurgica dello stomaco e &A-

                           ) Ik. destiiziire .....
. Xicroscopis e fisica npplicata all`igi6m . ( B 1715 stud.) Lt~~ecl2,, mercole(7i o ,aenerri"i
. Yatologia oliirurgica dirnmtratiw.         j ~it,?tedi, ~)te~~tt.cti e ceiterili
. Semeiologia e diagnostica urologi.cn . . i )) R ) Xwtedi e gio,t:sdi ...

1,ziene sessuale ( U j I)(imc)tic[i ......
. Clinioa niedioa e terapeutic,a ..... i, B 13    j Xei*colerli t: rllomczicrt .
. Ihgxio8tic.a e profilassi dermo$ifilL\r.. tica. (. * B    ) L1171f3ki. e $ir)l'cCla. ...
. T3i:tgnostica istopat,ologica ...... (, . R     `t hi ti,&, we YCO letti e v e?& errti
. Patologia speciale modica ...... < b) B    ) Sctbctto. .......
. Tecnic,:; fisiologicn ......... < :* 020 atud.j L7c~e&, mercolcdi e coterdi
. Xedicina operatoria  ........ I :+ R    ) Ltc.ti.ce& niemoled.i c ae?~er,.tli
. Cliirtir,~iia dell'occhio ........ (1 ~' U    ) Lwccti, mercoletli e 2ve)Lerdi.

. Tecnica oto-rino-laringologica . . . (. \' R j ;7-1(~tetli e giocedi ...
. C1inic.z ginecologica ..... . . (.- B ) I)owie?zicn .......

. Pisiopatologia della gravidsnzs ...         j I)onieii,icn ......

.........

B 1y
R

l'intestiuo ............ (, )t 3

                    ... (I > 13

. .........

.

. Maluttie doll'apparato digerent.e , . , . t !' R 1 Dcc destitacrre .....

. Ortopedin pratica ......... ( '* B j X(trtedi. e snbato ...

Ore 13 R. Istitulo d'lgiene
B 16 R. Clinica Neuropatologica
), 19 H. ClinilA Medica

1) 15`/, Ospedale JIaria Vittoria

B lol/x R. Clinica Medica
19 H. Manicomio

11

R. Istiluto di Patologia generale

BS
BY
'a IS

* 1s
Y, 12
  13
'a 14

h

n

R. Cliriica Chiiwyica
Osped;ilt: Ala uriziano
R. Istitulo di I'atologia chirurgica
O.<petlale JIauriziano
Ospcdale S. Gioraiini
H. Clinica JIedica.
11. Istitiito d'lgieix
H. Islittito di &eiirop;rtologia
Ospedale hlaurizianr,

*

P 18 H. CIioica Chirurgica
I, 1`7 Ospedale S. Gio\-iinIli
)> 9 Ospedale S. Laxzm
1()-11'/2 Ospedale S. Giovanni
Y) 1% 1)ispensario Cellico, ria Ymchiglis, 3
x
3 18 R. Clinics Medica
> 16 11. Istituto di Fisiologia Umana
)t 7 R. Clinica Cl~il-iir~gica
r S Ospe(1ale Ohalinico
1 Ospedale Naiiriziano
B 17 Ospedale Slauriziano
B $I Osyedale Maria Vittona
B IS Ospedale S. Giovanni

11 Ospedale filaria Vittoria

R. IsLitiito di Patologia chirurgica

7 R. lstiluto d'lqiene

15 `I, R. lsliluto di hatomia patologica

Turin

.*

Number of Students. -1

-

No Unit ie eet upon the number of' 8t.udente in any faculty of

medicine in Italy.

enrollment are published and it is difficult, owing to ineffective

secretarial work in the universities to learn tho exect number of

students year by year.

In several of the faculties no statiotics of the

The following table gives the number of etudents

enrolled in the calendar year 192pl2924 by yearn in the nedic8.1 course.

Schools not appearing in thie table will be dtolt

wherever posefble giving the most recent figures for enrollment which

were availRble.

with individually

NAkE 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year TOTAL

-

Turin

Genoa

Pavia

Padua

Bologna

Modena

Pisa

Rome

Siena

Perugia

Naples

Catania

Nessine

Ca gli ar i

Seaseri

110

69

135

125

9161

21

55

253

22

17

388

72

60

29

15

131

85

123

118

118

39

51

224

28

21

351

74

42

36

17

91

55

109

111

119

30

50

20 0

27

20

314

53

35

22

21

90

53

a4

77

99

29

57

179

25

20

258

44

24

25

18

93

68

114

104

133

45

61

225

22

--

344

47

30

22

19

97

75

110

119

162

45

67

220

42

--

514

69

26

18

IO

612

4-03

681

674

792

209

343

1301

166

78

2171

559

217

152

100

Turin

Source of Studente,

  A8 ia notable in the 0886 of nearly all the fauul5esof Italy
the eourae of stxdent.8 in the University of Turin ie very largely

from within the province in which the unirersity is situated.

it is aoted that among the doctors practicing in the province of
Turin in 1924, 1,038 graduated at Turin ir. contrast with only 253

from all the other facultfee of Italy, it may be soundly inferred

thst most of the students at Turin come from toms near to that

city,

students attending the university of Turin.

lhan

No ffpres are publiehed to indicate the number of foreign

Distritution of Oraduatee,

  In order to practice medicine legallyevery physician it? Itel7

muRt be ineuribed on the offioial list of the province in ahioh he

is living.  The following table ie made up from these official lists,

the perpendicular column indicating the university and the horizontal

columm indioating the names of the provinces in which these lists

were available and from which this table was prepared.

shows olearly the numerical distribution of the graduate8 of mont of

the medical facultiea in Italy.

This table

Milm and

B a r i do not figure

among the universities since they have not yet graduated any physicians,

Pemgia and Camerico do not appear because they gtve up to the

present only ?he first four yeera of the wdical couree And sinilerly

do not graduate their stud&& List8 for Roaoe and Naples were not

avoilable for thest pro~icces.

province of:

ZSS ii;8

pE2t-I' : IA

"C';E:ZE

DOL0c:a

13

1

2

" U'

-

1

- Importance of Turin a5-C lledioal Center.

  Turin is superior in the point of its pro-msdioal eoienoe

to any other eingle faculty in Italy; the equipment ia better,

the inetltutee are better housed, and more important the pro-

fessors and the tempo of atudenta and profesrors' work appear4

better than in any other faoulty.

in spite of the inadequate facilities of the hospital the quality

of work appeared superior to moet of the clfnioe of medicine in

Italy. In surgery there wae woh lesa evidenoe of good work.

Turin profit8 from the traditione of several of the great

Even in cliaionl medicine

teacher8 of Italy, Yo880, Lombroso, FOE and Bitsozero. These men

have built up their inatitutes and alinics and have rent out pupils

fron Turin to oaoupy -important positiomiin various univereities

throughout Italy.

foreign nations are perhapa etronger in Turin than elsewhere in

Italy. Together with the good equipment and adequate spaae in

Physiology dnd Anatomy and moderately good facilities in pharnaco-

logy and pathology,one notee that the student8 are well dieoiplined

and hard at work.

training of the teachers of medicine in Italy.

The French influenae and contaat with other

Turin oaoupies an important position in the

Stat-is of Researoh.

Turin is no exoeption t,o the general rule throurhout Italy

c-

t3at zedical research is there at its lOWet?t ebb for many yeara,

owing almoat entirely to the eoonomic difficulties cawed by the

depreoiation of the lira.

an

It ie comparatively easy to judge the amount of/individuaIk

publication8 since a full list of eaoh mange publications usually

einoe the beginning of hia academic career is given in every annual

oatalogue pnbliahed by the univeraity. From the catalogue of Turin

it may be inferred that the most active department is that of

anatomy and t,hat physiology, general pathol3gy and pharmoology

foll3w in the order named.

There are a ~ery large number of medical publioatione in Italy.

(See liet of ease later in tJhis report). Although the abundanoe of

journals has the advantage that it allore nearly every professor to

receive in exohange for hie om Tuhlication many journals from other

colleagues in Italy or abroad, this eyatern has the aerious defeot

of making publication easy for rather low standard papera, Almost

the only brnke on hurrying ink pridt is the eoonomic one and thia

is beooming increashgly important.

Training of Teaohem.

In view of the superior facilit.es Turin oooupiea a rather

--a ---I

important position as a training ground for the future teaohers

of the medioal soienoes and even the clinical branaherr in Italy.

The academic career in Italy ueually begins with the oandi-

date as an allievo or intern in one of the institutee. Af'ter grad-

uation the young man who looks forward to an academic oareer muat

secure a voluntary aesistantrhip which he may hold for from 1 to

5 geare under the professor of his chosen subjeot, then follow from

2 to 5 years as a paid assistant at from 50 to 190 Liras a month,

ar even more now that the lira has lost its forme) value. Be is

then likely to beoome Aiato or first assistant for a period of from

1 to 10 or 15 yeam.

During hie period of paid assistantship or

as first assistant he is likely to take the examination8 which

enable him to be a "libero dooenten.

At this point the oareer of

the man in pre-clinical medioal eoisnoe differ8 from the oareer of

the young man who intends to go further in olinioal medioine. The

medical sclentiet usually 2ontinuea as a first aseietant., perhapa

giving some optional cour8e8 as nlibero docente" until the time

when he is fortunate enough to be able to compete 8uooesafull~ for

a chair in one of the universities of Sardinia, Sicily or perhaps

Parm or Modena. The man going into clinical branohea may remain a

"libero Dooente" the rest of his litemkeeping that title for

businem purposes.

for a profeseorship in some one of the smaller faoulties just a8

his pre-oliniaal oolleagueqand enter academia life permanently,

though for 3 years aalled temporary professor (non stabile).

  The selecttion of professors in ai large and important a

facrulty as Turin is never direotly by uonoorso but by the method

of oalling a new profeseor from another faoulty.

He may on the other hand oompete euooesefully

There have been ooneiderable and important uhangee in the

method of' the aotual appointment of profeseors in the Italian

medical faculties, Previously when a professorship fell vacant all

the oandidatea rho desired the place were able to submit their names

and tbeir reoordo to a speoial committee of the superior uounoil

which selected a trio of namds fro3 which the euaoeeeful candidate

waa seleoted by the Ministry of Publiu Inetruotion aoting through

the euperior council. Previouely the superior council was chosen

in part by :he professore of all the unirereities and in part by

the Uinigtry of Publia Instruction; now it is nominated entirely

by the minieter and ie aoneequently definitely political in oharaoter,

  Nm also it ie the medioal faoulty rhiuh seleota the trio of

names from among the candidatee and submttr, this trio to the ministry

through the superior uouncil, and nomination of the suooea8ful uandi-

date is made by the minietry.

not ranted in a faoulty oan nowadays be placed in the faculty einae

This meane that no profeeeor who  is

Turin

I221

hie name would never be proposed to the ministry,

The members of the Superior Council for the mediaal faoulties

of Italy mae follows:-

Trambusti Benoa Biological Sui ences

Donati Padua Surgery

Viola Bologna Yadi oine

Simonetta Perugia Oeneral

A publioation of the National Association of university

professors contains important comment upon the training and select\

ion of teachers throughout the medioal faoultiee of Italy and it3

found on Page 129

  There ie one point of ooneiderable importame in the training

of teachers in Italy and this is the effect of @ingle able indivi-

dualtr-in training a echool of followere,
example of thie interesting phenomenon in having prepared 6 of the

ablest physiologists of Italy at the present day.
the pupils of Mosao, and their name8 are:
Benedicente at Genoa, Herlitzka at Turin, Adduoo at Pisa, FOB. at

Ulan and Patrisi at Bologna.  Young profeesore are known prinofp-

ally by the names of the men under whom they have worked as assiat-

ant or Aiuto and professore gain in prestige for overy former pupil

rho earnre$ a profesaorohip.

Turin furnishes a good

These men are

Brandis at Qenoa,

5

GEENO.

122

Location.

  Qenoa is the largest port in Italy and ha8 a population of
332,000 in the city itself, but counting in nwerouB near-by euhurb8
the population ia, about 600,000 and thet of the provinue, 975,000.
The city ia scsttsred over a series of hilla and tramportation within
the torn is somewhat difficult.  There doe8 not seem to be B very high
tradition of aua;eting eduoation and charitable undertaking@ among the
leading citizens of the town, but the aative commerce and ride contacts
throughout the world give the Qenoese a reputation for being one of the
richest groups in Italy and I very progreesive in their ideas.

Hi st orx,

In the fourteenth century the three 8choola of Law,  Xedicine and
                   The sixteenth century saw these

Theology were very active in Gsnoa.
eohools fa!l under the domination of the Jesuits, In 1775 on the
suppression of thie order a complete re-organization of the medical
eehool took place and the faculty continued with varioue minor changes
until 1875 when it wag plaoed in equalitq with the other important
faculties of Europe.  In 1912 the law gave the university a eubetantial
endowment of 9 million Lirae, conditional upon local support. In
general it may be said that the Univeraity of Oenoa rarely atta9ned the
880e pre-eminenoe that the other faculties in northern Italy have enjoyed,

.

Or pnizetion .

Not. different in any eseential from that of Turin,

Qeneral Univerdty Finance.

Be a c!aas "A" institution the university is entirely 8u ported by

                    No later figUr88 in regard to

the state.
the institutes receiving 203,000 Liras,
university finance are available, except that for the year 1925 the
university reaeived from the oommune of Oenoa l5O,OOO L. ;  from the
province of E)en;a, 54,000 Ll. and from varioue local companiee, banks
and societiee 389,000 L,, making a total of nearly 600,000 Lirae froffi
non-governmental souroe8 o

In 1918-19 the government budget wae about 1 mil ! ion Lirae

Medical School Fine.

Mo other figures were availaFle than those given in the preliminary

report on Itely and since them referred to the year 1918-19 they cannot
be taken as representing present expenditures. ForTgeneral idea regarding
medical faculty finance8 in an Italian medioal echool, eee Keesine., Rome,
and Eologna.

Buildinp.

The attached map shows the present looation of the institute8 and

clinice of
eite ie in
to move to
by the new
univerai t,.v

the Genoa faculty.
the proceea of realieation.
epacioue quartere in tha San Martino section of &nos near-
Civil Hospital.
building8 only two of which are now completed:  these are the

A complete removal from the present

War has interrupted the prdgrese of t.heae

The whole university expects

buildinga" for mathematiam and for general atholoG and pharmaaology.
It seems unlikely that the completion of t e reet of the university
buildings will be accompliehed in the near future.
titutes are housed in an& old 6a win monaetery about ten minutes walk
ia one of the most irregular and ill-adapted building8 for the purpose
of the university hoapital in Italy.

The present ins-

from the clinic8 which are houae B in the Pammatone Hoepital. The latter

Laboratory Bacilities.

Anatomg:

Profeaaor Laahi. 2 Aesiatants, 10 Allievi. Students 150

divided between 1st and 2nd year, about 75 to a class.
into let year containing descriptive anatomy including microsoopia work
with structure and development of each tiaaue and organ , 2nd year,
oomp!.etion of splanchnology.  There is also 8rd year aoarse in topo-
graphical anatomy.  The inetitute is on the ground floor of a convent
together with Profeeso+s\ room and 5 rooms for assietants, a museum and
a lihrary on the 2nd floor.  Ground Moor has two large cold rooms rith
8 tablee for dissection purposee also a leoture room and 2 preparation
roome . Apparatus fair, twelve microscopes only. Studente make no
dralPings.5 to 4 cadaver8 per reek, In general lighting ie poor and there
ie an appearance of orderly decay about the entire place.

Courae divided

Physiology: Profeseor Grandie, 1 amisitant, 6 allievi . Students

138 between 2nd and 3rd year.  Oouree aoneieta of leaturee and a fer
demonstrations. No facilities for experimental work by student. No
emphasis on chemistry. 17 rooms in.an ald eonvent. Oreat dioorder.
Large amount of unused equipment.  NO eigne of autivity of teaahing.
Budget 8,000 Liras a year; vary unfavournble impression,

Pathologioal anatomy: Professor Trambursti. 1 Ai1ta,2 aseistants

(paid), 4 voltmtary aesietantr, 6 allievi.
ation on how courees given,
attached to Pamatone Hospital. Modern facilities, aotive laboratory
about 7 autop~iea a week.

Profeeeor abeent, no inform-

Two floore of relatively new building

Pharmaco1o.g: Professor Benediaente. 3 aasiatants, 4 (0) allievi.

17 emall but very well equipped tooms but act.ive work in progreee. Steady
publications maintained from this laboratory.
maintenanae of this inetitate annually.

8,000 Lira8 allowed for

Legal medicine: Professor absent, one asaietant, no allied. 5

small roome, no evidence of active work. Budget allowe 4,000 Lira8
annunlly.

  Hykiene; Professor Canalis. 2 aaffifftants, 3 allievi. Course purely
didaatia, no relation to local hygienic conditions emphasized.
quartere rith very alight amount of work, principally in baoteriology.
Scope of couree along German line~t. 10 rooms in all, cramped and smll.
7,000 Liras a year for maintenance.  Library and equipment quite inade-
quate o

Poor

Qenoa.

Clinioal Facilitiee.

P Medical Clinic: Professor Pende. Imaeasor of Marigliano. General

organization of olinio diffioult to deeoribe during present interhgnum,
boated in Pammatone Hoepitsl, Pards rretohed and old. 60 bed8 but
material extremely poor and inadequate, beoauee of Mariglianone almoet
exclueire intereat in tuberouloefe.
poor largely in t.te hands of the State doctors who are unvilling from
motives of self interest to send anything to the hospital exoept the
moct dangerous or ohronio of their oases.
poor seleotion of oases for teaahing purposes.  Outpatient department
tries to aounteraot this situation. Reoeives 25 new aaree a day.
Profeaeor Pende will take oharge during Summer of 1925.
small library in the olinic making a rpeoialty of publiaations on
tuker culo si r.

Hedical rervioe in Genoa among the

This has-resulted in a very

There is a

Surgioal olinicr Profeaeor Ilmini. 1 Aiuto, 2 oaaistantm, 2

voluntary amietants, 5 allied..                        Leotures
and olinibs. Wards in Pammatone Hoepitnl. Vretohed conditions, entire-
ly inadequate operating room, no laboratorier worthy the name. In theory
60 beda, in praotiae about 25. Prafeeaional aompetition eo bitter in
ffenoa that very Per case8 ratisfaotory for teaohing are reoeived. General-
ly hopeless appearanoe in this alinio.

Course in 5th and 6th years.

Obststricr. Professor Clfvio. 2 aesiutantr and 4 voluntary assist+

ants.
of 2 to 3 houre three time8 a week.
80journ8 in hospital of a week at a time day and night.
see8 about 25 oa8es deliwred by the end of hie year.
of delivtry, however, ir not done by the atudent but by the midwives.
Thio oondition obtains

allorr the students very little opportunity.
very mall rooms in an old convent.  Infanta in awe room with mothers.
40 bed8 for obstetric8 and 20 for gyneCOlOgp.A88~8t~~t8 in rotation
between these two rervioea for 1 month at a time. Leboratoriee old and
dust oovered, apparently only for routine work on rare oooaaion8. O.P.D.
has 60 visit8 a day it is aaid; other clinics not visited.
  Librar . University library has 160,ooo volume8, 25,000 pamphlet8
and a+ 0 journale. In addition it reoeivee a large number of journals
for the Aaademy of medioine.
8,000 Lira8 a year or $320.
of pharmaaology and pathological anatomy extremely poor.

Course oonsists of leotures 3 times a reek and practioal exerciser
                Practioal work aeourcd by 3 separate
                                  The student thus
                           The praotioal work

       There ir a sahool

Wards netohedly orowdeb in

enerally in Italian PacultAea.

of midwives with about % 0 pupils using the obststriaal material. This

The government,grant for purahaaeu ie

Departmrntal librariee with the exception

Faoulty. Inetitute of Normal Human Anatomy. 5 via Bertani.

Professor Pilade Lsohi 0 - - - - - - Director
Carlo (laafid - - - - - - 0 0 0 - Aiuto

Institute of Physiology 5, vis Bertapi

Profeeeor Valentino Qrandir - - - Director

Beorgio Botondi - - - - - -

- - -

Uuto

INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL MATOM
Profeeeor Aldo Babris - - - - -
Laoiano Cirio - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Professor Arnaldo Trambueti - -
Hario Capooaooia - - - - - -   -

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY

PrOfe88Or fiberioo Benedicente -
Irene Muzio - - - - - - - - - --

INSTITUTE OB LEGAL MEDICINE

Profeesor Qian Perrando - - - -

INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE

Professor Pietro Oanali~ - - - -
Fulvio Pulgher - - - - - - - - -

MEDICAL CLINIC

,Professor Nioola Pende - - - .L -

SURGICAL CLINIO

Profeeaor Giussppe Tuaini - - - -
Pietro Marognia - - - - - - - - -

YEDICAL PATHOLOGY

Professor Panagino Livierato - - -
Coeimo Rubino - - - - - - - - - -

OBSTETRICS & OYKECOLOGY

Profeseor Innooente Clivi0 - - - -
Carlo Veroesi - - - - - - - - - -

PEDIATRIC CLINIC

Profeaaor Dante Paochioni - - - - -
Dario Caffarens - - - - - - - - -

CLINIC OF OPHTEALMOLOGY

Professor Qiuseppe Ovio - - - - - -
Ruggsro Pardo - - - - - - - - - - -

Pammatone Hospital

Direator 9

Aiut o 'p

5 via Bertani
Director
Aiuto "

5 via Bertani
Dirsctor 5

Aiuto ,,`

5 via Bertani
  Director

5 via Bertani
Director 7

Aiuto ,'.

Pammatone Hoopital

Pannnatone Hoepital

Direator

Director
Muto /

BarnPatone Hospital

Director ,c,
auto '

Parmnatone Hospital

Direutor 1
Aiuu '

Pamatone HoRpital

Director ts

Aiuto '

Pametone Roa ita1

Director 1 J

Aiufo ,.`-

Panmcrtone Hospital

Dirsotor 9
Aiuto /

INSTITUTE OF NEUROPATHOLOQY & PSYCHIATRYPamnatone Hoepita1

Profeenor Pnriao Yoreelli - - - - -

Direutor !Y

Yoirrey Kobylinuky - - - - - - - -

Aiuto ,

CLINIC OF EAR, NOSE & THROAT

Pammatone Hoepita1

Profeeeor Julio llaeini - - - - - -

Profeeeor Pranaesco Badaeli - - - - Director I c/

Director 1(1

CLINIC OF DEiRMATOLOOY Pammrtone Hoepital

Luigi Bussslai - - - - - - -- - - -

Aiuto

The publications of the above are given by titlea in the aatalogue

of the UniverRity of Genoa on file in the Paris office.

Adniesion. (See under Turin).

Fees, Scholarahip and Students' E~~nsee.
(See undue: Turin).

               There are listed in the univereity catalogue
11 fellowships fo,r which are specifically concerned with medical students
or medical subjects.

Degrees. (See under Turin).

Curriculum.

  The echool year at 5mOa begin8 with examination on October 16th.
Lecture8 begin on November 7th. Christma reaees laetsfrom Deoember
22nd to January 9th. Lenten recesa from Merch let to 6th. Easter
vncation from April 13th to 28th.  The term ends on June 17th for
lectures and August 1st for e~aminations.

Botany, 3 hre of lectures and exercieea per week

Chemistry,
organic and inorganic, 4 l/2
Anatomy,

First Year:

Zoology, 4 1/2 hr8. a n n

lect. & exera. p. week

Lectures 3 hra. a wk. dieeeotion apparently

n

9"

Second Year:

-

Third Pear:

6

-- Fourth Year:

Fifth Year:

PhyRics,
Anatomy , 3
Comp. anatomy, k3 It
Phyeiolo 0, 4 1/2
Embryology, 3 'I

1 1/2 a wk. lectures & exercises

n

9

I1

" aFparently

n

Top0 graphi cal Ana tomy, 3 hrs. a wk.

Normal anatomy, lectures 3 I1

I*                        apparently
            exeruia.  9

I1

n I1

Phya io10 gy , 3"

U laborat. (7) exeru. 3 hre. a wk.

General Pathology Leatures 5 hre,exerc. 3 hre. 'I

Surgical Clinic,

Uedical pathology,

Medical clinic,

Pathol. anatomy,

n

I1

Pharmcology,

Pedis triae,

Yedicel olfnic, as in

Hygiene

Ophthalmology,

#

n

n

n

3 a nk.

lectures 3    I' I1
alinice 3    'I n
lectures 12    "
exerais. 6           I1
lecturee 6           n

lectures 3 'I n

exercis.
lectures 3 n
exercis. 1 1/2 "

n

exorcia. 3 n

7 to 8 hr6 I(

4th year

lectures 3 n

$1

11

tl

exercis.  4 "
leatures  7
exercis.  1 "

Qenoa

ii'ifth Year:

Sixth Year:

Dermatology,

Pathol. anatomy,

Oper. medicine,

Medical olinic,

88 in Qthnyear

Legel medicine

Neurol.& Psych,

N

n

n

Ob8tm & Opecolm

I(

Ear,nose & Throat,

Radio logy ,

le o tur ea
excereis.
lecturee
erer oie o
1 ec ture s
exercis,

(see under
1 e c tur e 8
exercia.
le o tur e II
exer a i 8,
1 eo tur e e
excroia o
1 eo ture s
exercise

3 hrEm a Wk,
4*    " aDparsntly
zn      n

I

p N

n

3"

thia course)
3 hrR. a wk.
3"

f II n
3"
3"
3 "
3"

I1

n

n

n

I1

I*

2"

The amount of hours in the above table deeignated ae for exeroiaea

represent8 from  3 to 5 times a8 much a8 the individual student reoeivee
or spende in laboratory work, or cliniual work.
claases are divided into from 3 to 5 groups which rotate in their
laboratory or alirical work.  It should further be noted that in very
fer cases does laboratory work mean anything but attendance at demonetrs-
tioas aonduotsd by the professor or hie aesiatante.

This is because the

Number of Studente.

--

(see under Turin) Page 114.

Source of Studente,

-- -- -

No statement is made in the catalogue relative to the number of

foretgn etudente during the past year.
the medical faculty, eince among the doctors in the pmvinoe of Benoa
797 gradsated froa that univcraity in oontraat to 267 from other
faoaltiea in Italy, it may be inferred that met of the students come
froa the provinoe of !3enoa and return to it to yraotioe medicine,

In 1920 there were 3 suoh in

llte_t,fi bu tiLC o f B radua t a 8.

(See table given under Turin.)  pwe 116.

Importanoe as a medical oente:.

It is often obeerved by Italians that a great deal of money is

made in Genoa but it ie seldom devoted to eduuational purposes.
does not have a great reputation in Italy a8 a iource of teachers in
medioine.
of it.
in emaller sohoola eitnated In emaller aitiee get better olinioal train-
ing beuause the pre-eminence of their profeeaors is greater in comparison
to the other looal practitioners,

Oenoa

It ie better horn a8 a very luorative aity for the praotioe
Professor Trarnbueti'e assistant is of the opinion that student8

This does aort seem to be applioable

(fenoa.

to the caae of Oenoa where great profeesional rivalry limit8 the arcount
of cliiical material controlled by the professors.

When the new laboratories are moved to the buildings projected for

them In the San Martino distriot where they will be far better housed
mil i?l cloaer relation with thcnew clinloa already under c3nR+;ruction
there. thP position of Genoa a8 a medioal famlty may improve subbetan-
t ia Uyrn

Status ofssearch.

  The puhlimtions of the members of the faculty of medizine are on
file in the Paris office.  The department of pharmcology appeared to
be the most active anong thoffe vieited.
aeerne to be lees productive in this line than many othere of the northern
Italian f aoul ti 8s rn

In general the Tacuity of Senoa

Training -- of Teqch-.

  Genoa hag not been distinguished iri the mediml eoiences a~ a achool
from whioh many of the profeeeors in Italy have graduated.
more eignificant,however, in the purely clinioal branches eince the con-
eiderable wealth of Genoa oontinues to attract able clinician8 who tire
also teachera and the pupils of these men leave Gsnoa to ocoupy teaching
positione elsewhere. Barloaao, the new profesflor at Modena, a previoua
Aiuto of Yarigliano in medic?ine, is a recent example.

It ha8 been

The general problem6 of the selection and trainirg of teachere is

eimilar to that deacribed under Turin. The following re;lort ia of great
interest in the question:

Statement of National association of Univeraity

Profeseori.

---

ConsLderationa and popoaale upon a few points of the Gentile

Reform concernirg higher education (i.8. UniVsr8itg education).

------

Recruiting of New Profeesore.

---

The creation of new Univeraities, the number of vaoant Chairs, and

a stidy of euch figures with the number end the quality of the poeeible
oandfdates, the thought. of what is being prepared for the imediate
f'uture of Italian Univereitg life, these considerationa must certainly
oauee a fear that the apring ahenoe originates the University teaching
body will eoon be dried up.
reserves of well prepared young men, and we shall see rise to Professar-
ship those also who do not repreeent much more than a ho e.  Thie rapid

ation of the Faculties, were it not a elgn of a wholeaale deeertion from
the University oareer.

imperative that all the efforte of the rulere and of the teaching body
converge to incite the beet element8 to follow the carier of higher
education.

The next "conoorei" will absorb the last

arrival of the young men might be oonsid~red a8 a benefic 1 ent rejuven-

This is a moet eerioue peril for the Nation as a whole,  and it is

----- The Election of the Ret*.

  All are agreed that the Rector
Academic bodv. The latter however

ehoald have authority over the
has a feuling of independence, rhich

always goes kith high intelle&ality, and like8 to impose over itself
a local university goverment, electing to rule it a colleague who oan
enjoy all ite trust.
needs of its om University and the qualities which render a colleague
ept to fill worthily and usefully the char e of a Reotor.

bound by the vote of hie oolleagues and his authority is thereby diminished.
lie do not share this point of view;
difficult to oonfer greater authority upon the Rector if the vote of' his
colleagues appointed him for five years.

Nobody knosa better than the Aoademic Body the

It wau objected

that when the Rector is elected by the Aca i emic Body he feels himself

but in any oaee it would not be

- The Eleotion of the Pre&ill. (x)

To confer to the Preside the complete truet of his colleagues, his

arpointment must be entrusted to the Paaulty; becauee if it is just that
the Reator Rhould exerziee the eupreme cont,rol over everything that con-
cerns tne University it is no leea fair that the PreRide, as representative
of the i?aoulty, should receive greater liberty and independence.

Transfera-of - the Profeesora-from the Free Univereitiee to the
Royal Ones.

The nerspspars have published a desire voiced by the Superior Council,

rejected the firet time by the Minister Gentile, represented to H.E.
Casati, tending to obtain the transferability of the full Professore
of Free Universities to the Royal Universities, if they have entered
the career by means of a regular concorso.
Professore in queation should have entered their career after the com-
petition of three, reaulting from a concorso openNed before the Present
law by a R_ojal Unlversitz, and had not found during the year an opening
in a Royal Univerihitg, it woul3 be equivalent to admitting the euppreee-
ion of the time list establiehed by the old law for taking adrantage
of the competition by three, and that the tige paeeed in the Free Uni-
versities be equivalent as time paseed in euperior teaching.  The major-
ity admit that the regulation would be fair if taken in this sonee.  But
if on the other hand it means admitting the poeebility of transferring
Profesaors who have won concorsi gene3 by the Prec Univeraitiee before
the resent law, the matter appears in a very different light. One
ED&~O=S Free Universitier was always a member of the Commie-
sions which decided the concorsi, and the co  osition of the 0omission
therefore was not the one which wae presoribe  for the concorsi of Boval
Univeraitiee. The difference is espeoiolly great between the two km
of coaoorei if one cofisidere that only a few oandidates took part in the
competitions for the e  Unioersitiea a8 these did not give the right
to a Cheir in Royal Univeroitiee. If the rieht is now given to them suddenly
to be trabeferrod to Royal Universities, an injustioe would thus be
conmi:ted against thoee who, owing to t,he very terms of the concareo,
tgok no part in it.
took advantage of reduced concorsi, without measuring themselves against
a7 1 possible competitors,

If this meanB that the

It would also constitute a ?rivilege for those who

(x) Dean of a Taculty.

Oenoa.

231

The didactio autnnomy has been granted to the Univereitiea, but

was it the best way to raise the tone of the etudiee,  and to raiee the
best elements for the teaohing profession3
may nor ask and obtain the tranefer of a Profeeeor from another Uni-
versity, but Professor8 oannot compete for ohairs in a faculty that
does not want them.  This privilege of the Faoulty and the impossibility
of defending the Profeeaors against what might be the Faculties' capriae

     revents the improvement of the Facultiee, to which the right to
not lower OnlTl t e f: r own value ahould not be left, but also it takes away any
faith in the poeeibility that the best men oan prevail at any time during
their career.  Examples are not infrequent of eminent profeeaore who
were not wanted by certain Faculties but rho entered them by the main
road of the concoreo, and rho are today their glory.
the aonf'idence in the Pairnese of the aareer,,you have o ened the ray to
looal favoritiem. If' a man knows how to plaoe himself !. n the ahador of
a Faculty and poeeibly close to eome profeeaor near the age limit,  an
atmoephere of good-uill and of favoritiom rather than aritiaal judgement,
will gradually create itself around him, and thua will the loaal oareer
of the candidate be greatly facilitated.  From the moment when the
faculty must propose three names of candidates for the oonoormo,  there
rill be lacking the pouaibility of anyone ahoosing with abeol-ite confi-
donee.  The Yaculty itealf will then assume the responeibility,  even if
only in firet instance, of a judge; while thie ehould only be given to
one rho posaessee the competenae to    judge. Thue there can prevail
criteria of affection or of looal opportunity,  above the criteria of
learning and of juetice.

It ie true that a ic'aoulty

If you take away

  Let the country return to the national coupetitions open to all,
8VBA if only opened upon the request of the faoulties, and the peril
derivin from too reat a dldactio autonomy will be avoided, The country

of them ite own life in ite om looal uolour, but let there be founded
onoe more in great unity the soientif'io life of the Nation, infusing in
t e outh the truat that no road will be cl.oeed to whoever deserves to

must no! be divide i into 80 many centere of oulture, living each one

8 Bg va ae.

  Many are of opinion that we ahould go beak to the National eleotion
of the ealeating Commissions and that, to avoid the eventual oreation
of electoral ohapela which would bring forth always the same judgeey we
aould apply the systbm of the repreeentaton of' the minority 88 well
as the majorities giving them three commlssic3leos each, if the deaiding
Commieaion must be of five members.

  AS to the Aaaiatanta, there is no doubt but that the org of alarm
whioh oomee Prom ever  part oonoerniag the future of the Italian Uni-

granted the applioation of the remedies which we have called for above
conaerning the eystem of the reoruiting of the Profeeeore, there will
rtill remain open the very eeriourr problem of the position oreated by
the Gentile Reform to the Assietants.  It ie true that the A8SiBtsnt8'
position ie but a temporary period in their uareer and not an end in
itself, a atage of transition towards the obtention of a Chair; but it
is true also that the stage of the Aeeistant may, and a8 a matter of
fact should, last a long tire, in order to prepare re11 the future
Professor.

versities brings to t 1 e front rank the problem of the aseietanta.

Even

But the present law puts the Aeeiatants in a morally inferior

Genoa.

position, by relegating them to the categoyy of the Technical and
SuSnftern Pemonel, and in a matsrially inadeqmte one - aduncertain
at that - by removing them from the liet of Government, Official8 and
placing them in the category of private errplDgeas sf' the several Uni-
versity administratic~ns,  It makes of the7 a class different from tht
of the Univsrsitp teaching Corpa, and renders ueeleps the years pasaed
a8 Asoistant, for tho pwpose of the State Prnqion to which they will
Secoroe entitled for the years lived a8 3rofesmrs.  we csmot be eur-

                         men desert the Univsraity
&rem, and if, in particular, the Cha 31"""' rs of Pure Scisnaee reraain
priaed if, under such conditions, the

deprived of As~istants.  The decay of Science which follows from thie
constitutes the moat serious, the saddest threat far the heritage of
ow University life. Let the Assistant8 be readmitted in the clase of'
State officials, and take away any difference between those naw in
offise and those who will bo appoigted in future.  Let there be fixed
new offijial regulationo whish limit the nmber of Alilti and of As8iSt-
anta fqr eazh University, ner and old; and, if it, be considered fair
to retain the actml apetem of appointmnt of Amiatmts by "coneorao",
let the right of transfer from one Chair to another be conceded from
one University to anather, of the A~ceistants already in function.  Then
saah Univareity will bP able to intesrate by its own mean8 the State
lists, anpointing asuistants above QUO~R a8 is he13 nezesaary in certsin
Institutes,  and them Kill conRtitute the nursery of future Stfits Aiuti
and Ausiatants.

  LE, the Einister of Public Tnetruction mmt not heaLtate in heeding
this cry of alarm, and in reviRing frorn thebeginning the queetion of the
recriiiting of ASFi8tant.3, and their moral and eeonomIc poaftions, Only
by a wise and urgmtly needed modification of the present Law can the
State avoid thn grave decadence which threatens the Higher Teaohing,

___---I----- Elsction of the Superlor Council.

LE. Fentile, in the couree of his epeech of inaugxation of the

firat session of the new Superior Counail, expressed the opinian that
the Niniater can only have the full reeoonsi1:ilit.y of his om adims,
when he will have chosen himself his om advisers, selectidg them from
ainang those whom he holde the most adapted for their technical compet-
e.ce. we do not wish to discuss here the doctrinal value of thi8
ConceptLon whizh has found many supportere, but re vieh only to point
aut what conssquenoee may derive from it,
permanence of the Superior Council8 are closely bound in with the
Minister who has choeen them; and the eleution every  even years is
purely fornal.
one l-7 one, and disniBs them or conl'arm them accorhlng to whether he
has or not entire confidence in them.  Fron their side the Superior
Councilors ptou13 have to  place their post at the dispasal of every
new binister, If the latter were to canf'irn blindly those Councilors
eelectsd by hi5 predecessor, the informative conception indioated
above waul5 be defeated;  and the new Minis+,er would find the Council
aon?romissd for having foilowed the directions of his ~redece8~3r.

The appointment and the

Each new Unigter would have to re-apqraise the advisers

The Superior.Counci1, elected under the Frsaent system, eeea then

its om fate tied to that of the politics of the day and to the ~~ce8s-9
ion of Governmnts.
by some, were the Counzil k, elected by the Teaching body, it wuli give
Setter guarantees of independence and of continuity in the exercise of
its most isportant mission.

On the o%her hand, and thie 18 the opinion profeeaed

Substitutes to Full Profes~ore. ~-

  The Article 5 of the Royal Decree No. 1585 of September 25th. 1924
etates that paid "incarichi" (subtitutes)  could be entruated to full
professore in their own or any other university.
secona paragraph that the ttincarico" could not be held in the same sub-
ject for more than two yeare.

But it added at the

It is not to be thoughtof that the Legislator could have wished by

such an order to avoid that a full Chair be left vacant for over two
years, since the Article 6 dealt with thia point.  The above nuoted order
defeats the reasons which might have induced a hculty to  confer an
"incarico" to R full profeseor.
ly in 6ome facultiea after the law had fixed the maxim number of full
profeseors which they could have.  The faculty would be compelled after
two years to confer the "inoaricon to another teacher or to change the
name of the course, with evident and serious damsge to the seriou~ness
and the efficacy of the atudies.  Once the principle ia admitted that an
"incarico" oan be conferred to a full professor within the limits establish-
ed by Article 6 it should be left to the wisdom of the faculties to make
a free application of the measure, without fear that they would abuse this
liberty..

Such a necessity was strongly felt, especial-

Signed by Carlo FOB of Ulan.

PAVIA

Lo cation.

  The town of Pavia is about 3/4 of an hour from Milan by rail.
population is 42,000 with outlying towns near-by coming however to
150,000,
470,000.
shadowed by the great city of Milan nearby and considerable difficult.
iee are experienoed in securing a wide eeleation of material.

Its

The population of the provinoe in whioh it is located is
From the point of view of clinical material Pavia ie over

History.

Pavia beoarno established as a definite center of studies in 825 A.D.

The university, however, wae founded by a Decree of Charles IV in 1361
and recognized by the Pope in 1389.  The university attained great pro-
minence in the XVth oentury, ita hospital being built also during that
period,  Pavia vas aleo prominent in the XVIth oentury which marked the
foundation of the two oollegee Borromeo and Ohislieri.
Spanish domination me unfavourable to Pada, but in the XVIIIth century
under the Reform instituted by Maria Theresa, Pavia regained its earlier
prominence. It was also later to be especially favoured by Napoleon,and
again by the Italian government through the Casati Law.  During the XIXth
century and the firet t4en years of the XXth century Pavia wa8 one of the
most aotive and important of the Italian universities.

The period of

Organization,

8s a type "A" qtQversitg, Pavia reoeives its support from the State.

There ye, however, ooneiderable additional revenue from endowments whioh
total about 200,000 Lire.  The organization of the univereity ie similar
to that given under Turin with the exoeption that there are two oolleges
affiliated with the univeteity whioh from their individual endowments
Bupply board and room to about 90 of the best eoholare-in the univwreity,
Them are the colleges of Borromeo and Qhielibri,

General University and Medical Faoulty Finanoes.

No statement twoured.

The Yedioal clinio is well endowed, reoeidng

from verious 8ouroe8, it w88 eaid, about 80,000 Lire annuallyr

Buildings,

The accompanying map shows the buildings of the University to be in

two group8 fairly Close to each other.
interrupted in their construction by the war and it is doubtful when they
will be completed since the develppment of the new university at Milan
Rill drain the clinical branahee in Paaa of both their prestige and their
source of patients.
are old and not well-adapted to modern needs,

The ne+ hospital buildings were

The present buildings both scientific and clinical

  matomg: Professor Sal~. Post of aiuto vRcant at presct:t. ?umber
of allitivi not noted.  Course is of the 1st and 2nd yoare and includes
histoloSy. 1st Yenr: bones, muscles, joints and histology. 2nd Year:
Anutomy of organsand nervous system, including histology. Lectures 4
times a week.
depending on the amount of material available.
for a total of 280 etudents.
incisted upon.
be soon finished. 1st floor, lecture and diasecting rooms. Refrigorat-
ing apparatus in basement.
two other small room available.. Library inedequate.. Impression of
excellent routine teaching oompared with moei other institutes in Italy.
Budget given as 10,000 Lire from governmenL, 5,000 from university funds
and 4,000 from students' fee8, and extras. Allied pay 50 Lire special tax..

  Ph siolo : x substitxts profeesor in charge. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant.
and s9---1$ allied Teaching divided over the 2nd and 3rd year.
at Pavia is unusual in that a couree in bio-chemiatry is given during the
1st year of the school and in t'ds course there is desk space for individuel
vork.  ThiR is e new departure and it hae given excellent results,  since
chemical side of physiolow is not prejudiced unfavourably by students'
ignorance. Luboratory housed in old buildings, epace divided into room
for chemistry, graphic records, operatione, microscopical work and lecture
room.  Space inadequate.  Much apparatus and a good deal of it very old.
badequate provision for individual work in physiology.  Librerp mail end
inadequate. Budget not given.

Laboratory work 4 hour8 a day with aesignmsnts,  these

Only 4 cadavers a week

Close mpervision of students' work

Institute housed in old buildings,  but new institute rill

Sm&ll room for histolorn md for assistaritR

Physiology

_c General Patholoey: Professor Perroncito. 1 temporary aiuto and 1

temporary assistant, 2 voluntary aesistants, 6 allievi.
3rd year, a general introduction to pathological conditions.
and histo-pathology,
Demonfitrations in patholow given in groups.
Apparatus adequate. Library small. Evidence- of much activity well euper-
vised.
7,000 from university funds.
books 5,300.. An active and useful institute working under greRt difficultiee

Course in 2nd and
  Bacteriolom

The bacteriology i+iven by a substitute profeseor.

Space fairly adequate.

About 110 students in all, Budget alloa 10,000 Lire from government,

The bill for gas alone is 5,000 Lire and

EIggiene: Professor BertRrellir (In LO Paulo 1910) 1 Hiuto, 1

asaistant, 3 allied. About 100 students. Course follom usual lines.
Infectious diseases, epidemiology Find hygiene of environment, ecant
emphasis or, bacteriology.  Building old, laboratory in confusion and
diaorder, 18 tables for students' work, about 12 room in ~ll. Plan
of teaching said to be influenced by' a echool of hygiene at Suo laulo.
Little evidence of productive work however.

Budget not. given.

Clinical Facilities.

  Medical clinia: - __- - Professor A. Ferrata. 1 aiuto, 5 pAid aseistRnts,
3 voluntary assistants, 50 allied. About 200 students divided between
5th and 6th year.
students and allievi.                         Hoepital
old. 100 beds, Tell equipped and active laboratory.

A good impression is given in regard to work of
  The professor abeent at time of visit..

Hospital include8

lavin

amphithestre and perter6 for allievi.
is used for teaching.
FOU~CAC principally endowment.
adequate choice of clinical material.
up however.

assistants. 90 to 100 students. Surgical material cloeely studied.
Students take history and make examination on the patient comine into
the clinic for illustration or diecussion. One floor of old ward in
hospite.1. 40 beds only, Laboratories inadequate.. Theoretically any
Furgical case in hospital can be used.
crowded. OP3. Paid to have 50 caaee a day, Budget not. given.

    50 Fatients a day in OPD. nhioh

Sorce difficulty experienoed in securing

PudEet said to be 80,000 Lire EL year, from special

Cases seem to be verg well worked

Surpry: Professor Tansini. 4 asoistants, paid; 6 voluntery

Operating rooms disorderly and

Obstetrics & Gyn.: Professor Alfieri. 1 aiuto, 2 aasiamnta, 4

voluntary assistants.
F 3eep in rotation until they have aeen 5 cams delivered;
hospital but condition of ward better than in medical and surgical clinic.
20 beds obetetrice, 30 beds gynecoloa. Complote division between septio
and clean caaea, both as to ward and assistantr. OPD. used as feeder to
hospital, about 30 awe8 a day, 3 dags a week, but cannot be used for
teaching since patients would no longer attend under those conditions.
Cnlg 7 in the achool for rnidrives.
preparation among the eandidates for the School of midrive8 has markedly
diminished in number of Rtudenta. This is the case throughout Italy.

querrtere for studants in the hoEpittrl where they

in an old

The recent 1egiRlation requiring better

   Psychiatry: Professor Rosei. .1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 2 allievi. A
separate institute of modern construction.
about 100 students.  Hospital divided betneen psychiatry and neurolou.
80 beds,  P,rofessor oan u8e insane asylum of the Drovinoe for selection
of oasebandthe OPD. of about10 patients 1 times a week.
Isboratories well hou8ed but inadequate in factlitiea.

Course given iqth year to

        Library and
       Dudqet, not given.

   Lint, of ProfeaRors.

  The publicatione of the follodng professora and assietanta (eriuti)
tire given in the tinnual catalogue of Pavia, on file in Paris Office.

  It may be noted here that. it 1.9 cuRtotllary for every young assistant
or professor who is looking forward to academia promotion to collect and
htlve published a complete list of all his pubiications together with fill
data regarding his academic history, birth certificate, etc. These dossiers
are kept for the purpose of being presented to the judges of any competition
for a professorship in which the mndidate cares to present his credentiala.

For list of profemora, see next page.

Libra r y .

University library 5OO,OOO volumea.

Central position, well patron-

imd by Fctudents.
annually.
for this service.

20,000 Lire from government, 10,000 froni private source8

LOU~S volumes by mail and has a librarian specially trained

L_- University of Pavia

Pavia

IflSTITClE OP NOW mTUN ANATOhY

Profeaaor Luigi Sale 9 9 - 9 - -      Director I Stabile
N.N.                              Aiuto

XNETITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY

Profeseor Auguato Moshini - - - -
The same - - - - - - 9 - 0 0 Aiuto

Director';' eubstitute (non paid)

INSTITUTG OF PATEOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Profeesor Achille Yonti - - - 9 9 Director
Ettore Tibaldi - 9 9 - - - - - - Aiuto

BR2TITCTTE 03' GENERAL I'ATHOLOQY & IIISTOLOGY

Profeseor Aldo Perronolto - - - 9 Director I;,
Piera Locatelli - - - - - - - - 9

Aiuto (provieario)

INSTITUTE 02' PHARUCOLOGY

Professor Attilio Bonanni 9  - - -
Aldo Path - - I - - - - -  - - Aiuta

Dj reutor 5

INSTITUTE OF LEGAL blEDICINE

Profeseor Roberto Uagnenimi - - -
Giovan Battieta Uffei - - - 0 9 Aiuto

Director L

IHSTITUTE OF HYGIENE

Erofaasor Ernest0 Bertarelli - -
Guido Rigobello 9 - - - - - - -

mICAL CLINIC

Professor Adolfo Perreta - - - -
Giovanni (hrglielmo   - 9 - - - - -

SURGICAL CLIEIC

Profeeeor Iginio Tansini- - - - -
Giovanni Morone - - - - - - - - 9

MEZICAL PATHOLOGY

Profeaeor Ehgenio Yorelli - - 0 -
Arrigo Perin - 9 9 - - - -   - - -

Di rector -I

Aiuto

Director

diuto (Provieario)

Director `?

AiUtO

Director `'

BiUtO ,I

SUROICAL PATBOLOGY

Profeesor Oaetano Fiohera - - - -    Direa tor '
Franao Piacaluga - - 0 9 - - 9 -    Aiuto (provieario)

/'

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

Profeesor Emilio illfierig 9 - - - Dirsc t or

Erneato Brugnatelli - - - - - - -

Aiuto

CLINIC OB PEDIATRIC8

Profeseor Luigi Spolverini- - - -
Gian Oarlo Bentivoglio - - -   - 9

Director *'

Aiuto (provisarlo >

OPHTHALMOLOGI~AL CLIHIC

Yrofeseor Amilcare Eietti - - - - - -
Angelo Hicolato - - - - - - - - - - -

CLINIC 03 NERVOUS AND ENTAL DISEASES

Prof'eeeor Ottorino Roeei   - - - - - -
Giovanni Bolzani - - - -   - - - - - -

DERXOSYPHILOP ATHI C CLIBI C

Professor Umberto Kantagazza - - - -
Oiorgio Falohi - - - - - - - -   - - ..

CLIYIC Or' DENTISTRY

Profeeeor Ludovico Voulliaux 9 - - -
Luigi Uapaghi - - - - - - - -   - - -

EAR-NOSE Ah?: TEROAT CLINIC

Professor Enrico Frattl - - - - - - -
                 " 0 - - - - - -

n

t*

INSTITVTE OF RADIOLOGY, ELECTROLOOY

AND PHYSICAL THERAPY

Professor Peliss Peru~aia - - - - - -

INSTITUTE 03' CHEMISTRY FOR IvXDICAL MEN

Professor Nestore Yonti - - - - - - -

Director JU

Aiuto

Director !'
Aiut,o .

Director "-,-

Aiut.0 (provisario)

Dlreator -.

Aiuto (voluntary)

Director ly (sub8t.itute)

Aiuto,

Direotor 1 '-'

Director 3/ 4subatitut.e

AdmiS6ion, See under Turin,

Fees, SoholarRhips and Studenta' kixponees.

For  fee^^ see under Turin.

There are at Pavia some 14 prizes or

fellotehips in the Taculty of Medicine. 5 of which are o en to under-

to obtain free board and room at the two inet,itutions above referred to,
Borromeo and Ghislari.
students in every way possible,

graduates, There are in addition opportunities for the E est echolars

Effort is made at Pavia to accommodate foreign

Scholarshipe vary from 180 to 1800 Lira8

annually.

Degreee. (See under Turin)

Curriculum.

The follcring page giveu the Curriculum and the hour8 of study for

the entire 6 years aourme.

Number of Studer,ts, (See under Turin) Page 114..

Source of Students.

In 1919-20, 18 foreign etudents were registered in the Faoulty of
   A large number of the atudente at Pavia live in Milan, and

Uedicine.

R. UNIVERSITA DI PA

Facolf di

ORDINE DEGLI STUD1 secondo lo Statuto approvato con D. M, 25 ottobre 1924 e ORAKIO apprc

31 PAVIA

e Chirurgia

RARIO approvato dal Consiglio di Facolta per I' anno 1924-1925

---

ESAMI

11. >>
111. Y
I v. 0

V. Y

i`l. >>
v-11. u

dIII. Y

81.
XII.

I

I 11-12 -I
I

11-12

I

111 I1

11-1 1' I-

1 1-12

-

1 1 - I .-)

-

11-12

- !)-IO
- 1 i- 1-1

11-12 -

L

Ill

L

IL SEGRETARlO

Go Servetti

Pavia

take the train each day to and from Pavia.
far as Anatomy i8 aoncerned the morning trsin aarried the Professor,
the asaistenta,mo8t of the etudente and the cadavers to Pavia.
80% of the students at PRvia come from Lombardy.

Indeed it is said that as

Probably

Distribution of Qraduatts.

--

Aside from the raduates of Pavia who o into academio medicine the

great majority sett !? e in Lombardy near Pavfa, eepcially in Milan. See

table on pagem.

Importanoe as medical Center.

  Pavia has been an important medioal uenter but now that the medioal
fauulty of Uilaa has been established it seeme probable that Pavia will
have a very diffiault struggle to maintain it8 old prestige.
largely beoauee it oan never command an adequate eupply of clinical
material and also beURU8e the wealth of Xilan will be deflected to the

University there rather than ae of old to Pavia.
is having on Pavia ia 8 oharacterietio example of the individualism and
la& of co-operation which oharacterieee the Ita17 of today.  Pavia had
a uhance, I wae told, to move the mediaal faoulty to Ulan in 1910, They
were stubborn and blind not to do BO.  Instead they secured a grant of a
million Liras-to build new clinics in Pavia and in 1912 began a large
eerie8 of buildings rhioh have stood unfinished for twelve yeare.
entering olaeses in Pavia are scaroely half of what they ueed to be, but
in the medical scienoee Pavia would probably contiziue by reaeon of tra-
dition and rich endowment to compete favourably with Milan for at least
10 years more.

Thia ie

The effeot which Ldflan

The

Status of Reeearah.

Perroncito'e laboratory in Generel Patholoa and Ferrata' 8 Medical

clinia are the 2 momt active centere of reecaroh ir, Pavia.
bat,h of exoellent, reputation in Italy and are teaohing centerR of
considerable importanue.

They are

Training of Profeesore.

(See under Turin & Genoa)

Tdua .

LClPRtiOrr.

The poeition of radw ip important in that it iR the only university

for the vhole of t?.e Ven6:ian provicce ana since this ?rGViric?e ha8
received rece9tly acceseions Foth of territ.org and FoFuiation, Yadua
in the nearest university to that, part of Italy knom a8 the Irrida-ita,
Population of the town is 80,999 iohakltznta, ht, it is a Gentcr 01' the
2iRtrict containir,g more than 10 time& that numkar.

The st,ory of PaduR ie a long one and not. clc~r in it,e earlier et~gee.

The 8t.cdi.o of Tadua WRS a comuranal gro;.t,h;  there is no rezsrd t9At it,
wae Ever officially or even deliberately founded,
emigratior, from Rolcgna made up of both t-eachers and 8tudent.e made
possitle the eatabli~.hment of the aniver8it.y.  There were in 1228 four
gui?d:T 33: FL-~~P:!..~, each with Ft.s om RectGr, ?robably all four ir: Lap.
These were recog9ized by the city in l2hn and municipal Rupport. wat3 pledged
fsr tm chaira of Law and three of Canon Law. Soon after the c'nairs of
rnedfzffle were fcunded\,and ?adv.a waw first. Rpoken of as a rim1 of Eolopa.
Ir, the XVth centwy, PadvR hecam faxone and in ?kit? XVIth century it  rrgs
conRidered t'n~ xopt faxous unirergity in Europe. Absslv.te freedom of
at.;.:c'.ieR was ?.he rule and the 8tl;dent.s hd a lmge prt ir, the selection
of t.he tesclzere. Tt is to be not.& that 8S.nce 14C5, Fadua ~8.c the
Vniver8j.t:; of the Repxtrlic of T;e!:j.ce,
to direct. tke stuctio in 1517.
tke Doges held this position before being mde Chief zegietrates of' the
City of the Sea.  At, that time the pilded et.uder.ts were separated
according to the mtions Rnd fd'w. 22 groups tk.e Germns leading ir,
quant,it.y.  hme folloaed t.he freedorl! of teachi.ng,, the Pstavica -- libertas
vas a great za'zsc of attraction. Harvey and r"ELbriCiG ab, hyxipendente
were actiye ir F8.dua. In the XVTIItki century, Padxa ?.a, m,h reduced
froc itn hi&
A\;striRr s.gair, ir, 1213.
enhexation ia Italy in 1866.

In 1222, a cansiierabls

Yejiiue appoicted special rnagietrs?es

This position was import.er,t, and ze~y of

2::tate.

Lt kecame AiiP?.rian in 1795, 7renct ir. 1305, arid

Then foilcwed the period of decadence ?int,il its

'7

Cr5veruitg L_- -- Finance.

i?adua ia a c

'IH"

              school en?.irely supportxd by the governcent.
In 191%1? thie t
of tte inytitutes 275,303 Limp, tke Univernity cocacrtiua, ~E,!?oo L.
end the incGllie froz extra fees 40,030 T-iras.
were aveilable,
luu,? turn grant is secured fron tho governcent often slilyktly augrrented
by fands raised loca'ly.
of this sort ir. the pst ten year? at Padua.

annilel buclget wae 1,2',0,300 Liraa,

the endc.m,crrt

No subeequent figure8

it T,Q~ be noted ?tat ir, the caee of ner 'Duild:-cycr B

Rare ~RS keen a considerable expendityJre

CITTA DI PA1)OVA

Padua .

-1 i

5L '*

I

Medical School Yinences,

-I__

Figure8 are given io the preliminary report, for +he annual income

of ?he instit,utesin 1918-19.

No more reoent information ms available.

BuilGings .

-

  Since 1491 the university has occupied R building in the center of
the oity previously used ae an inn whose sign raa t.hat of an ox and
hence called even today'I1 Bo"  ,  The medical faaulty oaoupies eome of
the buildin@gehorn in the map on the via Loredan t.ogetter with the new
building atill unfiniehed of Amtomy whioh is nearer the Civil Hospital.
Theee buildings are with the exceptionas of the clinical faoilitiee and
the old. inotitute of anatomy, modern and well planned and built.

Laboratory Faoilities.

Anatoq: Professor Dsnte Bertelli, Direator. 1 aiuto, 2 aesistante.

Apparent1 no allievi. Course in lot and 2nd year, apparently very poorly

at present occupied is old and when visited waB in ala;opt inexcusable
disorder. No adequate provision for etudente, aeeistants or allied.
Library interesting from hietorical point of view only.
of aativity; equipment wretched. Budget not inquired about. New building
construction paralyeed.

given. 1 B 0 students, but only 2 oadavers a week for di~seotion. Building

No evidence

Phyfiiologg: Professor Duaaheachi.

                        2 aseietants, no alaisvi at present.
About 230 students divided between 2nd and 3rd year.
and tempozarily in 8 rooms of Zoology building. An excellent and complete
institution under conatruotion. though work is held up at present. Library
and present equipment inadequate.  Profeasor D. seemed an aotive and well
informed man however.  Budget 18,000 Lire a year.

Housed at present

Pharmacology; Profeeeo? Luigi Sabbatani, Direator o 1 aiut.0, 1

voluntary aesistant, 3 allievi.  Course given in the 4th year,betreen
80 and l@O etudente.
of good work being done, though individual students do not have ideal
opportunities. BuilZing
office giving full deeoription of this inetitute as of 1922,
18 000 Lire, Qeneral- satief aotory impression o

Inatitute also nmd for sohool of pharmacy.

new and well planned, Pamphlet on file in Pari8

Evidence

Budget

Oeneral Patholoq: Profeesor Ignaeio Salvioli. 1 temporary aiuto.

1 voluntary aesistant, 3 allievi. No evidenoe of any teaching activity.
Excellent building, rooms aovered with dust,
scaroaty of microsaopee, only 7 of theme, Library inadequate.

Equipment fair except for

H isno: Professor Odd0 Casagrandi, Director. 1 aiuto, 1 assietant
paid, -3 an voluntary aeeistants, 4 allied.
this inetitate, one for students of mediaine where empheeia ie apecially
in epidemiology, the eecond for rtudtnts in chemistry and pharn;acy, and
the third for etudents of engineering, Por whom house and eoilernitation
are eqhaeized, aloo special aourses for eanitary officer8 and shipe
officere. About 100 students of medicine. Building modern and well

planned. 50 desks in the general exerciee room; no apparatus, however.

3 aourses are given in

Padua .

Profesooleapecialty is ruet in water pipeet
activity even in thie line.

Rot. much evidenae of

Clinical Facilitiee.

ThLpreeent conditions of elinioal fsoilitiea at Padua leaves
much to desired. There is a bitter opposition on the part of the non-
ecademio chiefR of ssrviue ir. the Civil Hoapitel to the authority of
the olinical profeseors.
but notee were not taken.
Profeseor Fasiani diapoeea of 12 bed8 with inadeq
provic)ion. The entire alinical aide of Padua seem 3 to be pam?LLsed by
the glory of the past and the complexity of inherited traditions of
one sort or another.

A brief visit waa paid to the medical clinic

The olinic of surgical pathology under

to laboratory

Library.

University library 2ontaining over 200,000 volumee, housed in new

knildine. Institutes have separate librariee

whose usefulness is very

limited-for referenoea later than 1917.

Professors and Aiuti:

-- -

INSTITUTE OF NOW ANATOMY

Profesaor Dante Bertelli  - - - - - -
Biulio Pranorazi - - - -  - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OP PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Profeeaor Qiovanni Cagnetto- - - - -
aagiolo Brabi8 - - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL SURGERY

Ugo Baceiai - - - - - - - -

Profeeaor Maro Doneti,- - - - - - -

- - . -

DERMOSPPHIL~3PbFIJ CLINIC

Profeesor achille Breda - - - - -- -
Antonio De Oiacomi - - - - - - - - -

CLILVIC 07 NERVOUS & B6EIiTAL DISEASES

Profesaor Ernest0 Belmondo - - - - -
Edgardo Morpurgo - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF 2LINICA.L MEDICIiE

Profeasor Luigi Lucatello - - - - -
Giorgio CevolKotto - - - - - - - - -

OCULISTIC CLINIC

Profesoor Qiuaeype Albertotti- - - -
Giuseppe Margotta - - - - - -   - - -

OBSTETRICS & GYNTXOLOBICAL CLINIC

I'rofeeeor alessandro Bertino - - - - 9
Calliato Bua - - - - - - - - - - -

Via Fallopfo
Direator '

Ainto

Via Loredan

Direator 7-

&ut0 - (sub~titute)

Uivil Hoepital

  Aiuto -

Direator *+

Civil Hoepital

Director :
Aiuto a'

Spedale Civile (Civil Ho~p-1

Director I.
Aiuto ,

Spedale Civile

Director
auto -

Spedale Civile
Direotor 7
Aiuto ,,

Via Tallopio
Director k
Aiuto 1'

Profeesors and Aiuti (Cont'd)

CLINIZ Or' PEDIATRICS Via dlAlviano

Profeseor Guido Berghinx - - - = - =    DirectorT4(substitute)
Qaetano Salvioli - - - - .I) - - - .. - -      Aiuto -1'

INSTITUTE 03' PEYSIOLOGP Via Loredan
Professor Carlo Fob - - - - - - - - - - Director '
AcElle lioncab - - .I - - - = - - siuto /

INSTITUTE OB HYGIENE Via Loredan

Professor Oddo Caeagrandi - 9 = - - - -

Director i,
Aiuto /

Andrea Soarpellini

- - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OB PHARUCOLOGY Via Loredan
                                 Bireotor I *

Professor Luigi Sabbatani - - - - - - -

E. Meneghetti

- - - - - -

- - - - - .I

diuto /

INSTITUTE 07 LEGAL MXDICING Via Loredan

Professor Xttilio Ceiridalli - - - - - - Director I3

INSTITUTE OF GSNERAL YATHOT,OGY Via Loredan
Professor Igmzio Salvioli - - - - - - Director '4
Guido Oselladore - - -. - - - - - - - = Muto /

INSTITUTE OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY

Spedale Civile

Professor 2odolfo Penzo - - - - - - - - Direotor / 5
Antonio Carlo Vel0 .. - - - - - -. - - - Aillto '

INSTITUTE OF WDICAL P$THOLOCIY

Spedale Civile

Aiuto /

Professor Qiulio Andrea Pari - - - - -
Italo Sacchetto - = - - - - - 9 - - - -

Director (&etitute) ia

Admiasion. (See under Turin)

Feee, Scholarships and Studente' Zxpenses.

For - feea, see under Turin.
Students' expeasee are diminiehed through the effort of the University

authoritiae who have provided a epecial eating place where students pay a8
little as 2, 90 L. per meal or in case of separate meals, L. 3.25,
for example, lunohes during the period of one month would cost about 87 Lire,
or $3,60.
ity of hdua.
value of these suholarsups is very small.
scholarship
dram from special foundations.
value of 17,000 Lire,
Lire.
looal fellowships in Italy, the buying power being aboat 1/6 or even 1/10 of
what it was 20 years ago.

Thug,

Scholarahips have long been one of the features of the univers-

the Ministry of I'ublio Inetruction 72 and the other 68 are

They date back as far as 1363.

Naturally at preeent the

      The univeraity gives 100

The 32 etate scholarships have an annualbtal

The 68 private eoholarships have a value of 45,090

Theee sums are charaoteristio of the premnt purchaaing value of

Padua

De gr e ea .

See under Turin.

Cur r i culm

The academic year begins with examinations from October 16th.

Lectures
X'mae

begin on the 6th of November and continue till the 23rd of December.
reoe88 ends 9th of Janusry.
Easter vacation from April *tk, to 22nd.  Leatures terminate 15th of June,
and the final examinations oease on the Wt of July. The currimlum is
on file in Yaris office, but closely resembles that of Pavia.

Lenten recesa only the 27rd and 24th of Bebrumy.

Number of Students.

(See Page 114)

Source of Students.

Together with bari and Uilan, Padua enjoys the largest number of

students from other countries than Italy.
ing the Uedicsl 7aculty however.
element.
foreign group of the Faculty of Xediclne, and the number is probably about
10 or 20.

No exact figures exist ragard-

iiumaniane are prominent among the foreign

In 19191920 there were 9 foreign students registered in the

Of the Italian students the largest portions come from Venezia and

eince Padua is the nearest University for the North-Eastern part of Italp,
a large number of students from the "Irridenta" attend Padua.

Distribution of Uraduatee.

The largest proportion of the graduates of Padua remain in the Vonezia

and in the immediate neighbourhood of the University.,
of the doctors in the province of Padua are from that university,  22 from
Bologna, 17 from Naplea and no more than 3 or 4 from any other univeraitiee
in Italy.

For example, 296

Importance a8 a Etedical Center.

  Padua'e chief iinportance as a center of medical study is due' to its
geograahiaal position and its place as the Univeraity for Venice find the
Venezia.
provided by the government and partly by private endowments, together with
the historical preatige of the Univerftity contribute to the importance of
this school.
than ie ita past, and a8 a medical faculty occupies a plecp, aeoondary to
thoee of the larger cities in

The large number of euholarshipa for poor students partly

It is not likely, horevsr, to have a more distinguished future

Northern Italy.

P adua

Status of Research.

The new buildings in the medical scienoes along the Via Loredan are

eo conotructed ae to provide adequate housing for some research, but at
present. the only active laboratory in this point wae that of dabbatani
in Pharmaoology.
sources and backward in their orientation.

The clinioal bre.nches are 1aRentnbly weak in their re-

Training of Teacherg.

Sabbatani in Yharmacologg meus io be the only professor with any

considerable record as a trainer of invostigatora and teachers.

  Padua is no langer in the class of universities where the best men
are willing to remain permanently and consequently but felr! masters are
identified with the school of Yadua.

BOLOGNA

Bo1 ogna.

*.

L I. I

Location.

Bologna is at the head of the moat fertile valley of' Italy, the

oenter of a thiokly populated and prosperous population.
few hours by rail from Florence, Venioe and Milan.   The present
population of Bologna 88 a aity is given a8 being 219,000.    The

opulation of the province of which it ie the capital ie given a8
342 o 0 00 .
within two hour8 of Bologna, and although regional diffsrenoes are
coneiderable in spite of eaee of tranaportatiou in this valley,
Bologna aomands an important poeltion in this part of Italy.

It is a

Though Perrara, Parma and Modem are all unfveraity towns

Hist04.

  The University of Bologna ie said to be the oldest in Europe
dating from the end of the 11th century.
due to the Fauulty of Law, both civil and canan.
et Salsrno had already begun to deolirte, the mediad school at Bologna
ma at its height.
study of Anatomy on the human oadaver a8 the common privilege of
p hysi oians o

Its early prominence wa8

                    A'hen the aohool

It warn there that bndino re-established the

During the early year8 of the Renaissance the School of Medioins

was the glory of the University of Bologna, and its glory was the
teaching of Anatomy.
Malpighi, Vtilsalva, Morgagni and others.

It was there that leotures were delivered by

From the XVIth to the XIXth century the University wag nnder
                           It is now one of the

churoh control and deolined in importance.
best equipped of the faculties of medioine in Italy.

Organization. flee under Turin.

Qeneral University Finances.

The Royal University of Bologna is a class ''A:'  institution.

In 1918-1919 the annual government budget ne of 1,255,000 Lire.

The income of' the scientific institutes waa 225,500 Lire.
etatement of the present budget of the university obtained.

Ro full

Medioal Sohool Financee.

Professor Ottolenghi furnished the following etatement of the

budget of the Faculty of Medioine fox the year 19291924 :-

Bologna.

Budget of the Faoulty of Medioine.

Reoeived from the State ......................... Lire

n

Tuition. w... ...................................

Total tI

Teacrhing personnel ......................... Lire

Substitute professors ........................

Titulary profeesors .........................
Aitlti ......................................

Assistants .................................

Y

II

Total

SERVIOE:

Teohniaians ................................ Lire
Servants ...................................

n

n

To tal

MAIN TEN AlVCE :

Paid to hospitals for laboratory and olinia
Librarier .................................
Olinice 8 Laborsbrier ....................

W

W

To tal

._ PJ'fj

675754

500,000

1173.754

352.500
@3.000
187.000
60.000
200.000

1222.500

.....

Proportion of the university expensee nhioh
are only applied to the faculty of Mediaine 50%.

ADEN1 STRATION:

lksintenanoe of buildings. Proportion for med.Lire  25.000
                          " go.000
General salarier ***a-*.                " 40.000
General expsneea .......

Ai& to poor studente ...       0 n     w H   50~000
Reserve fund ...........       W                  "   10.000

W II

n W

(x)

Speoial taxea for laboratoriee ahioh do not figure in the
offioial llrt of rtady expsaeea published in the offioial
garotte ............................. Lire 100.000

Bologna.

Buildings o

  As shown by the attached mag, the buildings of the University
of Bologna are fairly well grouped.  The modern buildings are the
Pediatrios clinia and the Institutes of Anatomy and Pathology.  It
will be noted that only the Orthopedic clinio at the "Istituto Rizzoli"
ie at a disadvantageoua distance fron the met of the faculty.
clinice of medicine and Eurgery are both in old and entirely un~atie
factory buildings; that of Pediatrics is modern in every ray.

The

Laboratory Facilities.

Professor Valenti. 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants. Between

120 am&dents-each year, totalling nearly 440 for the 3 years.
Oourse, 1st. 2nd and 3rd years.  The 1st and 2nd, descriptive and the
3rd topographical anatomy. ample material. Dissection room open
every afternuon.                           Histology
is given a8 a separate couree, though Valenti take8 it up to some
extent with gro8s anatomy. Aesistanta conduct quixses. BuilLing
large, well construoted and adequate. Yirst floor: large amphitheatre.
Diosecting hall, 20 tablse.
leboratary for the first assistant or Aiuto. Second floor: oontains
director'e office and laboratory, a library and a room for histological
work.
is given to tie Museun.  Top-floor room for maoeration and for animale.
Refrigerating apparatus in batremento
supply of' reoent journals.  No evidence of mrk on part of aasistanter
and very little on the part of the profes8or.  Budget: 14.0@0 Lire 8
gear. Valenti says that heating the ingtitute conaumee 5.000 out
of the 14.000.

Leaturee 3 times a week by the professor.

There is also a preparation room and a

Bdusewn very large with more than 2000 apecimens;  excee8 spaoe

Laboratory shows usual inadequate

  Physio1oq;- Professor Patrizi. 1 Aiuto who gives course in Bio-
ohemistry, 2 allievi inter&.
and 3rd years, etudents of veterifiary medicine being included. Didactic
leoturee 3 times a week with some demonstratione.
story work.  The institute it3 housed in an old and oramped building
next to that of Anatomy. Entirely inadequate  pace. Pirot floor:
amphitheatre for 200, connected with a dark and badly arranged demonatrat.
iowroom, emall room for practical exeroiees and gas analyses, Second
floor: roome for direotor, aiuto and assiatant with two room8 for
laboratory. 3 small roome for laboratory work; 1 physiological chemistry,
1 histology and 1 for graphic records and oiviseotion.

Students total about 350 being from 2nd

No individual labor-

Pathological Anatotq:- Professor Martinotti. 1 aiuto, no allievl.

Studentls about 370. Oourses given a8 leoturee and dernonatrations. No
individual work by students and autopsies very rare.
mth hoepital to obtain material.  Institute next to that of anatomy in
excellent and spacious quarters; could be put to fine uee. Qround-floor:
large amphitheatre with preparation room attached.
tration holding 50 studente.
experimentsr SeconO floor: hrseum; specimens in the corridors. 2nd room
for chemistry with 10 desks in all,
logioal work.
wed as laboratories.
is half dead.

There is no relation

Large room for demon-

   hod autopsy room and good rooms for animal

        Room for mioroscopical and bactcrio-

Apparatus fair but not in use;  the whole institute

A laboratory for the direct.or and 3 other rooms, 2 of which

Budget is 12.000 Lire with 4,000 extra for heating.

Bologna o

Professor Iw Novi. 1 assistant who teauhee

pharmacognosy; worn allievi interni, 150 students. Couree given for
one year* lecture8 and demonstrations.
work.  Course has been reoently moved to the 2nd year, Le. before
the student ha8 finished anatomy or phyeiology or bio-chamietry.
Laboratories compressed into 8 small roome on the 2nd floor of the
dwelling houee. Pacilitiee entirely inadequate. Apparatus antique.
No facilities for work in hoepi&l.  Budget 7.000 Lire. Novi said
that 3.000 Lire were needed each year to keep warm and said that he
paid it out of hie own pooket, whioh probably means that he advanced
the money until repaid by the university.

No poseibility for individual

lJgiene:- Profeeaor Ottolenghi. 1 dub, 1 assistant, 4 allievi

interni and 4 graduate doctor8 working a8 voluntar assfstante. 130
studente in the couree.                          Other
special 00urse8 for grsduatea who pay a fee of 300 Lfrs.  Laboratory
housed in a transformed house which ia rented for the purpo~e.
roome, aooomodatioas csroded. Fairly good library. Work in active
progress though under limitation6 of epaoe and equipment.

!$yf$!~~ "8@f.s93doffre Wltk i.808 Lire supplement for heating.
One of the most satisfactory hygiene departments in it8 orientation
thue far visited.

One year couree in the 4ti ear.,

  18

Ottolenghi

a1 me c n han most lakoratoriea of Hygiene

Clinical Zacilitiee

  Medicine:- Profeesor Viola. 1 aiuto, 5 aasiatants, 3 voluntary
assistants, very few allievi. About 120 students. Clinical lecture8
3 times a reek; studente in groups of 30 rotate between 4 eerviaes of
medicine and surgery,  Clinic houeed at the Orsola Eospital together
with surgioal olinio. 70 beda for teaching in medicine. OPD used for
teaching though only about 20 visit8 a day.  8 roome uaed a8 olinioal
laborstoriea: 1 physioe, 3 chemietry, 3 histology and 1 epare room.
Not very well supplied with equipment. Library well kept. Viola
an autive teauher and a leader of the so-oalled constitutional euhool
in Italy.  Mor that preeentation of theeee is no longer required in
Bologna, allievi have apparently dropped out.

Pediatrics:- Profeeeor Francioni. 1 aiuto of the univcrBity) 3

  200 Beds houeed in exaellsnt buildings divided 8s fol1owe:-

aseietante from the hospital. 10 allievi interni. HoRpital for
Pediatrics is the Hospital Gozzadini next ta the Orsola , finished
in 1913.
1 administration, Out-patiante and laboratoriem, 1 general madioal,
1 diphteria, 1 meaeles, 1 soarlet fever. Laboratoriea exoellent. Plenty
of spaee.
and tuberoulosis~and nutrition came.
of Florenoe and oonaequently emphasis ie laid on prevention .  The
clinicks a distriot nur8er  Francioni gives 35 general leaturea in
the 5th year, 15 in the 6th year, and a separate course in special
pediatrics to graduates.

4 voluntary assietants, 16 allievi interni.
years (total).
ween male and female surgical wards.

OPD hae 20 to 30 oases a (lay divided among general diseases

Francioni ie a pupil of Combs-

Surperx:- Prcfeeeor Bartolo Negrisoli. 1 aiuto, 3 aseietants,

     Students in groups of 30, utay 2 mont>hs divided be+

400 etudente in last 3

Clinical lectures 3 time a week.

Boloem J "I

2 1

(Cont'd) - Hospital is the Oreola. 30 bed8 for

{aid to have about 1500 operations a year. Wards poor in aupear-
anec), over crowded; nurRing erervice poor and general impreseion
wlfavourable. No opportunities for 6p8Gfal work; almost no labor
atory faoilities whatever.  No plaoe seen for autopeiea, certainly
the professor of anatomical pathology does not do them.  Very poor
library.  OPD 50 viets a day used eomerkat for teaohing,   Thie
hospital is administered by a oongregation of charity and the pro-
feeeore &re appointed as chiefs of eorvice.

university fa charge of the laboratories, 2 aiuti supported by the
institute, 4 assietanb of the institute, 4 allied interni.
Students in the 6th year.  Lectures 'j times a week with practical
ereroiaetit.
examination also obligatory.  Boepital Is called the "Ietituto
Rieeoli"
Building6 in a large park.  From 1364 to 1397 it wa8 a mnastery.
Excellent adaptation hae been made of the buildings, but the upkeep
ia apparently very UOBtlYo  This iaatitute ia an organization
entirely independent of the univereity and of the government,
although its chief' is Profeeeor P R t % i  and ita organization
aocomdates one university aiuto and undertakes the teaohing of
students. 150 bede, 30 of which are for children. At least 30
of the 150 muat be free beds.
Auxiliary hospital of 100 bede For tuberculoaie at OortAna Ampezzo
in the Dolomites.
Putti and ie an admirable plaoe, very well run.  Ample faoilitise
for etudents of all aorta in Orthopediae.
in the OPD.  There are place8 for voluntary asaietante corning from
other countriea Kith living quartere in the inetitute.
aiuto fs responaibls for the operating room, another for Kinesitherapy.
Univereity aiuto in oharge of laboratories.
ant8 have a ward to take ear8 of.
on basis of experience.  Budget not eecureb.

enera !=== eurgery including urology. 8 of these bede are papbeds,

Budget not given.

Orthopedics:- Professor Vittorio Putti. 1 aiuto from the

This couree ie unusual in Italy in being obligatory;

situated about 35 minutes walk from the rest of the 8choo1.

Paying patient8 in 3 claeees.

Hospital is largely the result of Professor

About 30 visits a day

One institute

Eaoh of the 4 aesist-

h.rBe6, good quality, two grade8

Library 3aoilities.

The university library was established in 1711.

  In 1918 it had.206,oco volwnee, 5,000 manuaoripts, 156,000
pamphlets. Annual government endowment about 10,000 Lire. The
clinica and inetitutes of Bologna, however, have most of their books
separately, and of them the librariee of Anatomy, Medlotne and
Orthopedic6 are the best.

Am 88 ion.

See under Turin.

Feee, Soholarshipe and Studente' Exp enees.

Do not vary especial-

ly from other sohools in Italy.

Degrees. See under Turin.

Bologna

.,- .

University of Bolomq

INSTITUTE OR NORMAL WMBN ANATOMY

Profeesor Giulio Valenti - - - - -

Giovanni Perm - - - - -

INSTITIITE OF PHYSIOLOGY

Profeeeor Angelo Ruf'fini- - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Professor Giovanni krtinottf - - -
Dr. Qineeppe Piatooohi -    - - - - 9

INST. OF 6ENERA.L PATHOLOGY & HISTOLOGY

Professor Guido Tizzoni - - - - - -
Dr. Antonio Luttiohau - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Professor Ivo flovi- - - - - - - - *
      5uido Pfcrciaini - - - - -

11

INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MZDICINE

Professor Qiuaeppe ldoriani   - - - -
     Giorgio Benaeei - - - - -

I)

INSTITUTE OP HYGIENE

Profaeaor Donato Ottolanghi - - - -
Dr+ Arturo Tombolato - - - - - - -

MEDICAL CLINIO'

Profeseor Giacinto Viola- - - - -

I) Pranceeao Sohimsi - - -

SURGICAL CLINIC

Professor Bartolo Nigrieoli - - - -
     Augusto Pignatti- -.- - -

n

mr CAL P ATKOLOGY

Profeesor Antonio Oasbarrini- - - -
   " Oreste Cantelli - .. - - -

SUROICAL PATHOLOGY

Profeeaor Alfoneo Poggi = - - - - -
      AlQ Avoni - - - - - - -

n

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Profeesor Paaquals Sfameni- - - - -
Dr. Attilio Oreini - - - - - - - -

Direotor
Ainto

Dir octo r

Dire o to r
AiUto

Director

Aiuto (substitute)

Director
Aiuto

Director
AiUto

Dj. rector
Aiuto

Direotor
Aiuto

Director
Aiuto

Director (substitute)
auto (Voluntary)

Director
Biuto

Director
Afuto

CLDIC OB PEDIATRIC8

Professor Oarlo Frrneioni - - - - * - -
     Maurizio Pinoherb - - - - -

'

DlillLWSYPHILOPATHIC CLII4IO

Profaraor Domnieo Ysioaehi - - - - - -
Dr. Pietor Tarohini - - - - - - - - 0 9

OLIBIO OB DENTIBTBY

Prafereior Arturo Beretta   - - - - - - -

EXPERIIENTPL PHTISIQLO(Ip

Proferror Pletre Albertonf   - - - - - -
Dr. Giorannl Oaetagnari - - - 0 - - - -

Direotor ! 3

Aiuto /'

Direotor 1';

Mute ,<.

Directtor '

Aiuto , Isubetittate)

Bologna

3
3

5@
15
5@
35
25
5@
5.
15

25
315

Inorganir, organic and
pkyrfologieal ckoni rtry

h8eri)tito Anatmy

Top o grap hi ea1 Ana tomy

Inorganic e horistry
Organi e ckorir tq

Third Yo2

?hyriolow 3 5, #onoral ?atholom

bet. loxrriptiro t Topg.

Gonar. ?atk. 3 5@
To?ograpL hat. 3 5@
               , 5,

Ana t0.7 X

5@
3 intorn rervioo Surgical patkology
37@

PtYat'lrl. rnator;l 3 5. ? hp i o 1 o g y
Surgical Patholow

5

oxor c i I o I

Tourtk Toar

-

c)?er. med. 2
Yodical ?ath. 3
Surgical " 3
Mcd. remeiot. `I
I kar-acolo gy 3
#onor. htholon 3
Ued.?ath. ererrir, 4
Clinic Surge 3
?kat, anatoru ?
Sygi ono 3
Xaliolr~ (8) 3

25 Ionoral patholo
7.
50
5@ Surgical prthol.
5. Uodical ormeiotic8
5@ eyoratiyo modiziro

5@
5.
5@

- ?2
5 5@

?harmooh~

Uodical patkolow

lo@ intern 8orv. Hygiene

Curriculum

(Continued 1

Fifth Year Hrs pr WIK. Hrs per Yr.

Pathological Anat. 3 50
Clinioal medioins 3 50
     surgery 3 50
Clin. Neurology & Psy. 3 40
               3 ?

ditto ereroissa-

Dent is try
Skin dinia
Operative mod.
Pediatria alinia

Or t hop ed i co
Hygi one
Legal medicine
Ophthalmology

exerais ea

n

Sixth Year

Uedioal Clinia
Surgioal
Med,Clin, Exercieee

Obatetriae & Oyn.
Orthopedioo
Pediatrios
Ebr,Nose and Throat
Dentietry
Op h t halmolo gy
Clinical Therapy

Surg. W

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
3

3

6
3
3
3
3
3
3
?

f

10
25
25
30
60 int.eervioo
17
50
50

22
405

50
50
100
100
80
17
30
10
10
25
60
532

-

Examination Qr oupe

Patholog. Anat.omy
Nefvous & Mental diseases
Dentistry
Skin and eyphilis
Operative medicine
Pediatrios
Orthopsdi urn
Hyg ion e
Legal Yedioine
Ophthalmology

Yedioal Clinic
Sur gi os1

Obetstrics and Gyneaaology
Orthopedi os
Pedistrias
Ear,None & Throat
Dentietry
Op hthalm lo gy

A rproial report on the now owridum of Bologna, prepared in 1923

f6 Oa-iOPIrile

B0106U8

lhuber of 8tudonta. $53 L

800 Pago U4 o

Tho oatrlog\ro of tho Unirorrity of Bologna giro0

the nwbor of rtudontr inrorfbod In tho moditu1 fa6ulty for tha part10
yoare.
modid rtudontr rhioh ir rbaraotorirtia in all Italy during thir period.

'l'hir is inrfxuotirs am rhowing tho iaareare in tho number ef

Tho figuror aro 88 followaP

&lure of Studentr .

Ao figurer wore avai~ablo to indieate tho IOIIXOO of tho rtudontr in

Bdegnb  Tho rodie81 fadty dratr uhiofly from the oitjt.
iarodiato neighbourloedr with
parte ef Italy rireo Bologna ir vwy aruorriblo in tho point of tra-1.

and the

egrinkling of rtudontr from a11

Dirtribution of Wr(nrk+.

hportanoo am a Hodha1 Oontor.

Seo Pago 116.

  Tho fatourablo looation by rail of Balogna from YILJ partr of Italy,
the rorlth of tho rurroutding rogionr, tho luge population of thir prw-
porour indartrial rortor oomtributa ts nrko tho futuro of Bologna promis-
frg a8 a modiual oontor,
tradition of tho rub01 rKeh appoalr rtrongly to ItaUanr and tho rid0
roputrtion of a fow of tho alinirr, netably that of Orthopedir and te a
lorror oxtent that of mobioiar and pediatrior.

faoulty of tho lart ruod ir orrib )hbmnt and porroraer dirtinotly the
nert prodring futuro.
with Milan and Turin 81 among tho bort in tho llorth of It~ly.

In aUtior to thoro faatare thoro ia the groat

Abong tho Univerritior of Padar, Parma, Yedona and Belegna, the aedioal

It rnnld bo fair to pl.00 thin faeulty togethor

Tho publiuatierr of mrrborr of tho Yodioal Faoulty aro gimn in tho

ortrl0gur of the Uniwrrity of Belogna.
Srugiaal and Orthoprdi& oliniar to h8w been orpoolally retive in publia-
ationr with Pedirtrirr and Obrtotri88 alro prominot.
to Judgo of the quality of ror08reh work doao but aortain17 the Orthopodior
departpent urd the dopartuont of Ey&ome room bort qulifiod to afford
opportx~itior for good rooearoh work.

  here ohor Eygiene, Modioal,

It io mor. diffiwlt

TraininE and Dorslo~rent ef tho Teaohing Forse.

The loaders in training of futuro teaohorr in Italy rho aro to bo

found at Bologna aro :-  Profesrorr - Putti, Viola and Ottolonghi.   ?or
the general wnditionr of teaoherr' training, 8.0 undor ether faoultier.

FTNIVEWITT QP IJXLNV

Le sati o n .

llilrn ir tho principal rity of Nerthorn ItalJ-.

                      ?opulation war

tho fart tkat on-fif'tk of tkr Natienal ha.n ir hold by

862,000 in 1924.
at marly 2 milliano
indiuatod
thir prorinco and onrtLirQ of a11 National Bondr.'
growing in uny myr and may bo ronrilorod intollortually alro tho mat
artire oity in Italy.
than in tko eamo of Flororrr largoly in tho part,

Tho population of tho prorinco of Yflan ir ealoulatod
  Tko roaltk and artiviti48 of thir proriner aro

Tho aitj 5.8 aetiroly

It in proominaatl~r a oft7 of tho f'uturo rsther

Tho cliriral rrtivitior in Milan hato Boor rigourour riaor 1905,

tho &to of tho ertablirhmt ef a number of )ort-graduato OOU~OO~
eennocrtrd with the Uagfioro IO8pitAlo

  Thoro ha*. Soem Ilrrtir, atto~tr~im tho part to rrtabliah tho
Uriror~~t~-$- Uilu (144'7-1767)
ef*P;via noarb7 doubtlorr trndod te roakor thore attomptr.
tho liboratimn of Italy, mriorr irrtitutor grow up, am for oxamplo
tho Soh001  of Enginaoring, tko lrirrtifir and Literary Acaderg in 1860,
tho frporior ScWo01 of Agrieulturr in 1870 rnl tho Royal Clinisal
Inrtitutor for po~t~-grakator~ rtudy in 1905. Frola prirrto initiativo
haw grown the Borrori Cornorrial Srkool (1982) and the Catholic Ilnivera-
ity (19211.  Oltir_~ largolr to tke initiative of ?raforror Uargirgalli
ana to tko rupport oi'tko-l%qsiet ?arty a mornrent to ortrbllrh a uni-
CGati bocuo '3hf'nitoly rr$@talliwd in 1923.
wim t.r %e eempiarn~~f-four iarultior,~~ L~W, ~oa~ieine, ~ottorr and ~rienror.
L esnmatfon~wrr rlperl 0s tk8 28tk of Augurt 1924 lrvrlring tko goverg
&@at of Italy, t&-<eo~Nne8-8~& ~rovlreo of Milam, horpitalr and rariour
othrr arganitatior~ is tho ritra
rerrjty-and it war r~ro~;nizoi

futuro derorroe tm bo and will omntually boromo a mirerrity af char '@An.

Tho prortigo of tho Vrirorritr
                 liitar

Tho uai.~orwity projoctod

Tkir conrortior ertablirkod tho mi-

tho  onrrront by virtu0 of thb cimnsLirr.

T5.i wirerrity wam-plaeod in rlarr -4.- , bu%''by itr importanro and pr03ablr

Or ganization.

The erpnization rf tho Uritrrritjt Ulrr difforr on17 wry rlightly

from orgmizrtionr of -0 nBn urirorrit,ior hithorto dorrribol.
offioorr and gorrrning bodior are tho aamo witk tho oxroption tkat a
largrr rharo in tho eontrol of tkr unirrrrity ir giron-e-tl~orr RrroriaV
ionr or individual8 rhiok rontributo tr tke finanrial myprrt of tho
uiiiv~rrit$~ Fer othr pharor of oryrizatirn), 8.0 urdor Turin.

The-

Bonoral Unirsrrity Financor.

No dofinitso rtatnrrnt of Ircoro or E ondituror oould bo rocurrd

rirre tho wirerrity war barol~. rrtablirka T and had not  rot hgun to

funrtior ratirfactor51~. at tho tino ririt war mado.   More tkan 10 million
Lire L;r# beo~ rorurrd fer tke f'undr nororrrry to omtablirh tho unirerrit~.
but n9 dofinite factr rogarding ~F-I+% ircorrt aro available at prrront.

Binances of the Medioul School.

  Since the Uedioal ic'aculty is in its first year of Cunotion no
figure8 were obtainable for expenses, nor is it likely that an7 budget
was prepared definitely for thir institution.   The olinical branches
of inatruction are &*growths of the previoue post-graduate institutes
and it is probable that their finanoer will con-tinue to be largely sup-
ported by tuition fees of graduate etudente.
expenses of the institutes p medical soienoer ia being ooneumed at
present in equipment and inetallation erpenee~~
able amount of looal pride and a great deal of wealth in Lilm  and
it is probable that the medical faoulty will be able to call ukon a
larger number of reeources financially  than any other university of
Type ''B" in Italy.

A large part of the

There is canaidem

BuildinRs.

As shown in the aocompanying map, there are 3 general districts

in rhioh buildinge related to the medical oouriee are eituated and
these area8 are at some $k distsnoe from each other.
ings of the medical eoientifio inetitutes are outside the city on the
Via Plinio.
with the Pathological anatomy and some of the epeoial clinioe.
the exosption of the new institutes of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharma-
oology, and the surgioal 5.nd obstetric wards and the pathologioal
laboratory the buildinge at Milan  are old and ill-adapted to modern
needs.  No plan at present exists to place the hospital near the new
ins titxteo .

The new build-

The eurgical work is at the Bospital Maggiore together

With

Lab0 rata ry Faci liti e B .

dnato :- Profeesor Livini. Corps of asslatants mt yet ohosen.

Profedvini formerly taught in the poet.graduate courses in anatomy.
Laboratory ie houeed in the new institute of 20 roamsr
floor is the Mueoum, a large room for the allievi irterni and another
large room for demonetrations.  There it3 an exoellent dieseetion room
vith 20
the professorb' roome and rooms for the assistante.

On the firet

and a good amphithestre.

Upstairs there icr a laboratory
     Library inadequate.

Physiology:- Professor Carlo Foa. One assistant. Building in

oourse of construotion, not visited.
in a few room later to become the library, probably of Pharmacology.
Library very inadequate.

Phyeiology is at preaent housed

Pharmaoo1oag:- Professor Adriano Valenti. Bssietante not ohosen.

Professor in course of organiaaing hie teaohing.
housed in 10 new rooms in the same building with Anatomy.
be adequate for lecturee, demonstrations and work by the profesaora and
hie resietants, but no provision 1s made for individual teaching of
etudente. Librarr also very inadequate.

Labor&tory will be

Spaoe will

  Patholo iual Anato Professor Alberto Pepere. 1 aiuto, 1
assiss-keist of 3 houra leoturee, 3 houre practical

exercises and a speoial sootion for work for students in makink autopsiee.

gospital.
the old part of the hospital and larger temporary quarters in another new
building.
contain ample quarters for allied (up to 20 in number),  2 rooms for ass%+
ants and a olass room.
institutea for pathologiual anatomy in Italy.
like the othere, no budget provision being made at preeent for subeaript-
ion of journale or purohase of baok numbere.

to 4 autopeieo a day and a complete oontrol of material from the Maggiore

Pepere at preeent hao four rooms in an old buildin@; next to

His future laboratory is to be ready in about a year dwill

This will provide Pepere with one of the beet

Library very inadequate

Budget not given.

Oooupational Disessee8- Profeeeor Devoto. Thie institute me

not visited but ie raid to be the beet of its kind in Italy.

Clinioal Paoilitier.

  Medioine:- Professor L. Zoia. 3 aesietante, 5 voluntary aaaist-
ants, 10 allied intsrni.
medical pathology and physioal diagnosis.   Half-hour leoturee 3 time
a reek, the rest of the time being devoted to ward-rounds.
has 10 oasas to work over during hie oouree with Zoia.   OPD. not used
for tssohing.  Clinio lodged in the old hospital Fatabenefratelli and
oonsiste of one large lecture room for olinioe, 15 laboratory rooms,  2
wards oontaining a total of 75 beds,
the larger Hoepltal Haggiore whioh may be eent him for teaching purpoaee.
Laboratories for Metabolism, micro-chemiatry and blologioal ohemistry
(the only ones Been in Italy in oonneotion with the medicel olinio).
Zoia aooepte allievi only after they have been allied in phyeioloe or
pathology.  On arrangement with the pathologist Pepere, students oome to
the hoepital for all autopeier from Zoia'a alinio.
ity apparent.  Equipment eomerhat defeotive and library also inadequate.
Budget 18,000 Lire a year oontrasting with 80,000 Lire at the University
of Pavia.

Oourse given in 5th and 6th years, after

Each atudent

Zoia has a eelsotion of oaees at

Evidenoee'* of aotiv-

Surge4:- Profeeaor Baldo Rossi. 3 aeeistante, 8 voluntary aeeiet.

ants, 15 allievi interni.
OPD. for teaching.
group built in 1906.
public operating room, laboratories and library.
at time of vieit.  Seoond floor devoted to surgioal wards, at present 100,
and in the f'uture 120 beds for this alinfo. Roaai will have eeleation of
mrgicrsl oaaee at the admitting servioe of the Uaggiore Hoepital, Autopaise
from this serdoe go to Pepere.
oeuxmr having been eimply ohief of servioe in the aurgical olinic Drevious
to the organization of the university, but is an aotive and intelligent
man. Budget not given.

  kuree gtven in 5th and 6th years.
Hospital a remodelled pavilllon in the Maggiore  -
About 10 room on ground floor, X-Ray equipment,

Will uae

Remodelling under way

Roesi hae not had usual university

Milan

Librarz!.

The library situation at the Medical Faoulty of Milan  is a
     Conaidorin$, Iowever, that the un P vereity

rrerious one and no provision has as
or general library.
hae not had even one year'b hotion, it i,s impoeeible to eoment
adequately upon the present situation whibh vi11 doubtless be im-
proved when other ineta*llation expeneee ham been paid.

n more oo4plete list is on file at the Paris off'ioe.

et been mmds for de artmental

thus

The prinuipal profe~eore named 1FI far for ohaire dllt a8 follows;

Phyeiology ......................
Pathologioal Anatomy .............
Beneral Pathology eet*t*.*.t..t..
Pharmaaology ....................
Legal lledioine ..................
@gene .........................
Ue aim ........................
Surgery .........................
Medioal Pathology ...............
&U'gi 081 e..* *..e.*..**.
Obetstrios Q oyll.,..........e..o.
Pediatrios- .....................
Ophtblmolom ...................
Mental 8 Nervous Disearee e.,e.tt
Dermatology & $philie ..........
Orthopedio8 .....................
Otorbino-laryngology ttet*ttt.t..
Dentietry .......................
Oeaupational Diaaasebc~rt.rttt~tet

W

n

11

It

It

n
n

W

11

n

n

n

W

R

n

W

It

W

H

Carlo Fob
Albsrto Pepere
Piero Rondoni
Adriano Valenti

krioo Bonzani
Luigi Zoia
Baldo Roesi
Domenioo CeecrBiaoohi
Oio vanni Cacr%iglioni
Luigi bngiagalli
Cerare Oattanso
Oarlo Barlini
Carlo Besta-
dgostino Paeini
Riuardo Baleaxsi
Umberto Calemida
Clsetano Paaoli
Luigi Devoto

;latoaio Caazaniga

Admi813iOn. See under Turin

Beee, Soblarehipa and Students' Expenses. See under Turin.

Degreee. See under Turin

See next pap0 for Currioulum.

Milan

CU RRI CULUH

7IRST YEAR LECTURES

EXAUINATI ONS
(given in groupd

Botany

3 hre a wk. 60 hrs a yr,

n

n

Zoology       5n      60
Phyeioa            zn      60
Chemistry      3"      60
Anatomy         4 "      80 #I

H

SECOND YEAR LECTURES

Anatomy 4 hrs a wk. 80 81

Physiology ?n 60 n

TSIRD YEAR LECTURES

-

It

Physiology
General Pathology 3 " H
Bacteriology and
Imnology 2 " 40 " II
Pharmacology 3w " 60 18

3 hre a ak. 60

n 60 ti

FOURTH Y3g LECTURES

Topog. Anatomy
Operative med
KedFoal Pathol.
Surgical
Mod Semeiotic

Surg. n
Hygiene
Pathol. #Anatomy

n 40 n (1

n 4J-J   H
I1 60   11
  50   I'

19 40   n W
  60         n

2 "
2"
3"
3"
2"
2 'I
3 I'
6 ti " 120

I1

W

n

n

n 40 19

PIFTH YEAR LECTURES

Pathol. Anat. 6 hrA. a wk.120
Uedioal Clinia 4 1/2 90 " '
              '"90"
Surgical 4 112
OplAthalmolon 3 hre .
Dermat b I"
Neuro psy. 3"
Dent is t ry ln " .20
Obetet. leoturee 2 "40

                 I*  60 n n
n n  60 18 I(
                 tt  60 n tt

SIXTE YEAR- LECTURES

"gon
II 90 n n

Yedicral Clinic 4 1/2
Surgical 4 2/2
Obstetc-Gyri.# 5 hre 'I 100
Orthop and
traumatol. 3 "
Pediatric I' 3

ti 60   n n
I# 60   n 18

Legal Yedioine 7 I' "60"

Botany - Zoology

Phpios and ChemiRtry

No rmal human En8 toq

Physiology and Pharmacol.

General Pathology and
Bacteriol - Immunology

Topog. anatomy and oper-
ative medicine
Kedical semeiotics and
Patho 10 gy.

Surgical semeiotics and
Sur gi oal patho lo gy
Hygiene

Pathological anatomy

0 p kt ha lmo 1 o g y

Dermatoeyphilolo gy

Neuroology and oeyehiatry

Clinioal medicine

Clinioal surgery and orthop.

Ollnical and theoretical
Obstetrics and gynb
Pediat.rio8
Legal Yediaine

and dentistry

Eleotive wurse8 are also offered as fOllOW8:
Biological ahemiatry, 4th yr general pathologiaal histology, Bemeiotica of
nervous die. 5th yr ophthalmologioal diagnostice, occupational die. eto. ..e

In firet three yeare psyuhology,

R. UNIVERSITA' DI MILANO

FACOLTA DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA

DISCIPLINE

I. ANNO.

Botanica
Zoologia e anatomia comyarata
Fisica
Chimica
Anatomia umana normale

11. ANNO.

Anatomia uniana normale
Fisiologia

Fisiologia
Patologia genep.de
Batteriologia e immunologia
Farrnacologia, tossicologia e tera-

111. ANNO.

pia sperimentale

IV. ANNO.

Anatomia medico-chirurgica
Medicina operatoria
Patologia speciale medica
Patologia speciale chirurgica
Semeiotica medica
Semeiotica chirurgica
Igiene
Anatomia e istologia patologiCa 6

diagnost ica anatomo-patologica

      V. ANNO.
Anatomia e istologia patologica e
diassnnstica anatomn-natnln4ic;r

ANNO SCOLASTICO 1924425

Inszgnante

'I'raverso
Monti
Murani
Bruni G.
Livini

Livini
Fog

Foi
Rondoni
Belfanti

Valenti

Bruni A. C.
Crosti
Cesa-Bianchi
Castiglioni
Carpi
Majocohi
Ronzani

Pepre

Penere

Orario delle Lezioni

Lunedi

14-15
I 5':e- 16'1.
  -

-

-

-

10-1 1

10-1 1
11-12

-

-

9-10
17-18

-

-

-

-

-

11-12

11-12

Plartedj

14-15

-

I5'!:-16

9-10

-*

9-10

-

-

-

15-16

11-12

-

-

9'/2-101
S1/2-9'i2

-

-

14-15

15-16

1 G-lG

__

lercoled

-

!5'(2-16'i

-

-

9-10

9-10
10-11

10-11
11-12

-

-

-

-

-

-

17-18
16-17

-

11-12

11-19

--

Giovedi

-

--

15'i2-16'
14-15
9-10

9-10

-

-

-

15-16

11-12

-

-

9'1.-101i

8'/2-9'/2

-

Y. -

14-15

15-16

re IC

Venerdi

--

.5'!2-1G','s

-

14-15
9-10

9-10
10-1 1

10-11
11-12

-

-

-

-

9'i2-10'!2
8'12 -9'/*
17-18
16-17

-

11-12

1-1 qn

-

Sabato

10-11

5','2-161,

_-

14-15

-

-

-

__

11-12

9-10
17-18

.-

c

-

c

14-15

15-16'

*I? r#-

SEDE

K. Istituto Superiore 14grario - Via Marsala 8
-4cquario Civic0 - Via Gadio 2
R. Politecnico - Piazza Cavour 4
R. Istituto Superiore Agrario - Via Marsala 8
Istituto A4natomico - Citt% degli Studi - Via Plhio

Istituto Anatomico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istituto di Farmacologia - Citt% degli Studi - Via Plinio

Istituto di Farmacologia - Citti degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istit. di Patologia Gener. - Citti degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese - Via Darwin 2

Istituto Farmacologico - CittA degli Studi - Via Plinio

Istituto Anatomico - Citti degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore
Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23
Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore

Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore

rrrioiogia
Patologia genera le
Batteriologia e immunologia
Farmacologia, tossicologia e tera

pia sperimentale

IV. -4NNO.

Ana tomia medico-chirurgica
Medicina operatoria
Patologia speciale medica
Patologia speciale chirurgica
Semeiotica medica
Semeiotica chirurgica
Igiene
Anatomia e istologia patologih

diagnos tica anatomo-pa tologica

      V. ANNO.
Anatomia e istologia patologica

diagnostica anatomo-patologic
Clinica oculistica
Ciinica dermosifilopatica
Clinica malattie nervose e mental
Clinica medica
Clinica chirurgica
Odontoiatria
E'isiologia e propedeutica ostetric

VI. ANNO.

Clinica medica
Clinica chirurgica
Clinica ostetrico-ginecologica
Ortopedia e traumatologia

Clinica pediatrica
Medicina legale

DISCIPLINE FACOLTATIVE

Medicina del lavoro
Otorinolaringoiatria
Clinica malattie epidemiche e con

tagiose
Semeiotica malattie nervose
Ti siol ogia

Radioiogia
Diagnostica oftalmica
Urologia
Istologia patologica generale
Eugene t ica
Psicologia sperimentale
Chiinica biologica
Storia della Medicina
Igiene infantile e Puericoltura
Biologia generale
Antropologia

Milano, 1 dicembre 1924.

Foi
Rondoni
Belfanti

Valenti

Bruni A. C.
Crosti
Cesa-Bianchi
Castiglioni
Carpi
Majocchi
Ronzani

Pepere

Pepere
Denti
Pasini
Besta
Zoja
Rossi
Fasoli
Fossati

Zoja
Rossi
Mangiagalli
Galeazzi

Cattaneo
Cazzaniga

Devoto
Calamida

Polverini
Medea
Ronzoni

Perussia
Baslini
Lasio
Zenoni
Patellani
Doniselli
Foh
Ciacosa
Spolverini
Gianferrari
Sera

10-11
11-12

-

-

9-10
17-18

-

-

-

-

-

11-12

11-12
14-15

z

-

-

Y!2-11

16-17

-

-

9'L- 11

11-12

-

-

14-15

-

8-9

-

10-11

-

17-18

1617

-

-

-

15-16

-

-

-

-

lol~~-ll';

-

-

15-16

11-12

-

  -
9'/2-lo1,?
8'/2-9'/z
  -

-

14-15

15-16

15-16

11-12
14-15
9-10'i2

-

I

-

-

9-10'i2

-

-

-

17-18

-

11-12

-

-

-

16-17

-

-

8-9

-

-

-

-

-

16-17

-

-

L.

10-11
11-12

-

-

-

-

-

-

17-18
16-17

-

11-12

11-12
14-15

-

-

-

9I!>-ll

16-17

-

-

9':2-11
S-9'/2
11-12

-

14-15

-

8-9

14-16
10-1 1

-

-

-

-

9-10
16-17
15-16

-

-

-

15','2-16'

-

IL RETTORE

MANGIAGALLI

-

.-

11-12

9-10
17-18

.-

-

-

-

14-15

15-16

15-16

11-12
14-15
9-10',2

-

-

-

9- 1 O'il

-

15-16

-

17-18

-

11-12

-

I

--

-

-

-

8-9

16-17

15-16

17-18

-

-

-

15'/2-16'

-

Istituto di Farmacologia - Citt% degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istit. di Patologia Gener. - CittA degli Studi - Via Plinio
Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese - Via Darwin 2

Istituto Farmacologico - Citth degli Studi - Via Plinio

Istituto Anatomico - Citth degli Studi - Via Plinio
1st it uto A nat omo-pato logic0 - Ospedale Maggiore
Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23
Ospedale Fatebencsorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore

Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore

Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore
Istituto Oftalmico - Via Castelfidardo 15
Padigl. Dermosifilopatico - Osped. Magg. - Via Pace 9
Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12
Ospedale Fatebenefratelli - Via Fatebenefratelli 9
Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16
Istituto Stomatologico Italian0 - Via Commenda 19
Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12

Ospedale Fatebenefratelli - Via Fatebenefratelli 9
Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16
Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12
Istituto dei Rachitici - Via G. Pini 31 e Istituto Fanny

Clin. Pediatr. G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9
Istituto Fanny Finzi-Ottolenghi - Gorla I

Finzi-Ottolenghi - Gorla I

Clinica del Lavoro - Via S. Barnaba 8
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore

Ospedale dei Contagiosi - Dergano
Padigl. Biffi - Osped. Magg. - Via Franc. Sform 35
Istituto Clinico-sociale per la difesa della tubercolosi

Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore
Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore
Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12
Istit. Pedag. e Psicol. sperimentale - Via Sacchini 30
Istituto Rizzi - Via Commenda 12
Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12
Clin. Pediatr. G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale - Via Sacchini 30
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale - Via Sacchini 30.

- Via Gaudenzio Ferrari 18

IL SEGRETARIO GENEKALE

G. BIRAGHI

--_ __ - -~

'lipoprafia Artonio Cordani - 1339

Number of Studente.

'phe first year at Milan numbered 110 atudente48lnoe this ir the

initial year of the Baoulty'r work,  other yeare ara not given.

-*

The students attending Yilan, Profeasor FOB raid, were largely

from the oity and provinoe of Milan.
will have an undoubted effoot on the enrollment at Pavia in attraoting
atudenta who otherwise would have gone there.

The establirhment of thia faoulty

mortrnoe me a lrediaal Center.

The wealth of oliniual material to be found in Milan, the prestige

oonferred upon the aew univerrity by the well reoognlsed alinioal ine-
tituterr for portrgrcrduate rtudy rhioh have been aotite sinae 1905 and
the faot ,that the ne+ profoseorr at Mlan are without exception young
and ambiUous men at the hei ht of' their mreere w,  ea- strongly

                bub lity, make fo the faot that at
premen the 9Y~e Mfve~rRy%3 %Ian is 5, olaer 44 an8 oonsequentlg not
      by the State. Together with Bologna and Turin, YLlw

                  T
for the ruooeasful future o f this faoulty. The loyal y and wealth of

00 u 11

of the prinoipal plaoer in the msdioal eduoation of

Teaoherr' TraininG.

  The prestige and praatioe already seoured  through the institutes
for poet graduate reeearoh make the Faoulty of Milan likely to be of
importanoe in the training of teaoherr of medicine in Italy in future.
Zoia and Pepere are both highly oapable men able to utilize the great
wealth of' the bUnLoal material at their oommand and it ie to be ex-
peoted that the general atnosphere of hard work and the relatively
.cloee oontaots maintsined by the Milanere with other part8 of &rope
rill enable the80 men to have an important influenoe on Italian medioal
eduaation.  There ie however a definite bhoe that the purely olinioal
raprerentation of the faoulty will prove unduly etrong.

Hodena

- -I 68

UNIVEXSITY OF MODENA

Location.

Moderra is a oity of 84,000 inhabitants looated in a provinoe of

approximately 400,000.
Within the oity proper there are no more than 25,000,
center of an industrious and wealthy farming population.

It ie distant only one hour from Bologna.

bdena is the

Hiatorz.

  The history of thie univereity ia relatively unimportant.  Bounded
in 1306 it ma always over-ohadowad by prominent nsighbourlng iaamier
of Bologna.  The University me restored in 1678 by Dulse Wanoie I1 and
ita greatset reputation me xeaohed under Franc!* TI1 in 1772;-
tleuadenae followed in 1887 when it was.plaoed IJ~ on the same teohnioal
basis as other universities in Italy,

Organization.

Similar to other Class "Bw universities.

University Binanuee.

It le interesting to

the main features of the Budget of "h.8

university uinoe it is fairly typioal of the emaller Italian universitier.

Inaome.

Reoeived from En&~en.l;:.t......*t.~~..~~    10,000 Lire
Annual oontributiona from the Italian OoVm  1,0001000 a

looal organisatione:-
    Commune of lbdsna ................ j90,OOO .
    Saringe Bank of Modena ........... 100,000 .
    Provincre of Hodenr ............... 200,000 .

w n 'I following

Chamber of Oomeroe .............. 10,000
Bank 3. Beminiano of Modem ...... 10,000 14
Popular Bank of Modena 10,000 "
3 Oharitable fotandatione of &dona   16,000
Contributions from 33 surrounding
oomm9nes, totallfng..........~~o~~ 59,650 "

...........

Inoome from Tuition f eeo; . . o . . o . o 6

320,000 "

--w-wo

Total f'unds rsoeived : 2,125,650 Lire

=

Expenditures:-

Salaries: Permanent baohiag $b% i.ei

      12 in Law Fauulty
     16 a Yediaal Faoulty

off ioial prof 8880f8,

and

I(

7 Soienoer

1 "Pharmaoy

totalling. 6 at average of L.

2& 0 eaoh .............

.. h

846,000 Lire

Yodsna

krpendituree (oont'd)

.............. 846,000 Lire

Salaries of Substitute profeseors:

Law Faaulty. ..... 5
Medical .a**-rn5
Saienaes . ....eeT
Pharmaoy ........ 1

Salaries for Assistants:

Med, Fac. Biuti...... 16
Scienoes ........ 4
Pharmacy Biut0,..... 1

at average of 11,000 Lire each,

Sci en o e I 0.. 5
Pharmcy *.. 1

..................

Med. Bac. Aesisti ... 9

I1

11

at average of 10,000 Lire eaoh,  ..................

Teohni oians :

Medical Fat,,  rn..rn 2
Soiences ........  5
Phamoy ........  1

Servants :

Medical F8C.,rn.a.a 16
Law ........ 1
Soiences ........ 9
Pharnraoy ........ 1
Adxninistration ... 4

at average of 8,000 Lire eaoh, ...................

Ohief' midwife in Obstetriaal clinfo,  ........

Personnel of Secrotary'e office, ............

Inauranee oontribution for subordin, person,,

271,000 "

150,000 n

76,000 n

248,000 "

6,000

4,750 "

40,300 "

10,030 "

--a-

To bring forward : 1D715*?50 n

Modena

Expedituree (Conto a)

o 6 o o o o 6. o o o o o 1,716,750 Lire

liaintenanoe Expensea:-

Haintenanos of Clinice, ...................... 88,900

. of Law Institute, .................. 10,000 I'

n . all Medical Inetiiutes, ......... 105,000 M

It for the RectOr'a offbe:-

secretary's office, ............ 10,000 "
ReutOr's office, DD*D*~D*~DD 3 5,000 11
Fuel, ........... 20,000

hulda for poor studente, ........    51 , 000 1)

Beaervo md, ...................    60,000

General total : 2,125,650

Yedioal Yahoo1 Tinanoee.

Included in abom note, of Univeralty

Finances. l'io other informtion ~euured.

Buildin~e.

The accompanying map shore the buildings to be reaeonably well

grouped.

The buildings are all old and ill-adapted for modern uees.

Lab0 ra tori os,.

Notee are on file in Paris offios regarding the laboratories of

Physiology, Qeneral Pathology and Legal Medioine.

Clini 08.

None of these laboratories are adequately equipped lor eatisfactory

in the amoxnt of epace provided.
visited.
laboratory faoilitiee and teaching personnel.

Olinios of medicine and surgery

Notes on fils in Paria officer Inadequate in mmber of beds,

Library Fauilities.

  Opposite the medical and surgieal olinice ie the "Eetenee" library
which attempts to maintain e eatisfaotorg collection on medioal journals.

OR"'

,?PO

Modem

m

          .hi$* librldry ..houGh vel1 loc ttd ip howevc'r
inadequate in number and charact& of journals and booku and not
eatief'actorily administered.  The Superior Institute and clinics
have their am small oolleutions which ham been interrupted con-
siderably since 1915.

Pacul tg.

Names of teaching personnel on file in Pari8 office.

None of

the older men occupy poaitions of any importance in medical education
in Italy..: few of the younger men whose appointment at Modena is the
first etep in their aaademia aareeri may obtain some prominenae later,
but only after they have left thin faculty.

Admi a s i on.

-I_

Unifarm with the other faculties in Italy.

Practioally uniform with other faculties in Italy, though living

expenses are somewhat lower tkn in Bologna.

Degreee.

Uniform with other faoultiee in Italy.

Source of Students.

The students attending the Paonlty of Modena are eharply limited

to the surrounding communes since the reputation of this faculty is
not such as to attract Italiane from other province8,or forsignere.

Dietribution. See Page 116

The support given to the University of Uodena by the surrounding

              Modena im highly a loml school, both

comunea is largely due to the fact that the graduates return to them
cornmunee to practiae medicine.
in its sup9ort and in its influence.

Importance 88 a Teaching Center.

  Uodena is negligible in this regard and would appear one of the
firet universitiea to be auppreeeed providing the central government
were able to enforoe mah a polioy.  This could however be done only
against the angry opposition of the looal pOlftiOian8 if the repion
of Emilia rho138 looal needs for oountry doctors Llodena helps to supply.

Statu8 of Research.

Other than the handicapped ePforts of some of the younger men who

at Modena hold their first position a8 profeaeore, there is no evidence

OROINE 5EGLl STUD1 ED ORARIO

Chimica generate . . . . . .
I-isica speriiiienlalc . . . . . .
Uotniiica applicata alla Mediciiia .
Zoologia cd Ailatomin coiiipaiata
Aiiatornia clescrittivn ec. . . . .

hnatoiiiia dcscrittiva ec. . . . ,
Anatorriia topografica . . . . .
Chimica biologica . . . . . .
Racteriotogia . . . . . . . .

Storia dclla nir!dicina . . . . .

Fisiologia ed cwrcitn7ioiii . . ,

Anntomia topografica . . .
Fisiulogia crl cs~rcitwi~i~ii . .
Patologia genernle . . . . . .
Esrrci7i tli patologia geiicralc .   .

Materia iuedica ed csercitaxioni .

Patologia spccialc ~ncdica . . .

Seiiieiuticaiiierlicn . . . . . .

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Palologia sprc. chirtirgica e seiiiciotica
Ariatoniia patologicn . . . . . . .

fJrof. IIIANCHI . .

% MAZ7.0TTC) .
* f.lF(iUlNOT .

* K(-ISR. . . .

1 SI'EKINO . .

lJrot. SPEHINO . .

D ,2(i(lA/ZI)TTI

> CFNTANNI

3 CtN I'ANNI .

  lJICCININt . .

> VANNI . . .

  VANNl . .

* FlOIil. . .

8 TAROZLI . .

Lunedi

17- IS

11-l!

11-12

17- IS

15- IO

15 17

13- 15

`J- 11

17- IS

11-12

Martedi

15' ,-IO1

11- 15

11-12

II - 12

in- I I

0 IO

IO- I1

5 ' I ti .,

Mercoledi

17- I5

15' ,-lo'

11 I2

I I - I:!

17- LS

19- I(,

15- 17

1.1- 15

0- 11

17- IS

11-11!

Giovedi

~

17- 18

11 ~ I:!

IO ~ 17

11- li

15- IO

I5 IO

I1 12

IO- 1 I

E

11-12

c) - 1 0

10- I1

5' -If)'

. 17-15
. IJ 15
. Io 17
   (I IO
, Ih 17

Venerdi

11 - I2

11-12

li-IS

15- 17

II I:!

15- 16

1.1- 15

0- II

17- 18

Sabato

11 - 12

14- 15

15- IO

15- !(I

11-12

17 IS

11-12

10-11

c)- IO

17- IS1

51 -IW.

Corsi liberi co d,

V.<' It RETTOKE
I? COLOMBINi

:D ORARlO PER L' ANNO'ACCADEMICO 1924-1925

--

Venerdi

11-12

11-12

17- 18

15- 17'

11-12

15- 16

14- 15

9-11

17- 18'/z

-

Sa bato

11 - 12

14- 15

15- 16

15- !6

11 - 12

17-18

11-12

10- 11

9- 10

17- 18. .>

15 l, L.- I6 l('!

Aiiatornia patologica . . . . . . .
Clinica medica ed esercitazioni . . .
Clinica chirurgica . . . , . . . .
Mediciria operatoria . . . . . . .

lgieiie ed esercitazioni. . . . . .

Ortopedia . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiologia ed Elettrologia . . . . .
Odoiitoiatria . . . . . . . . . ,

Clinica medica ed esercitazioni . . .
Clinica chirurgica . . . . . . . .
Clitiica oculistica ed esercitazioni , . .
Clinica dermosifilopatica ed esercitaz. .
Clinica pediatrica ed esercitazioni . .
Clinica mal. mentali e nervose ed esercit.
Medic. legale ed infortunistica ed eserc.

Clinica medica . . . . . . . . .
Cliiiica chirurgica . . . . . . . .

Clinica ostetrica e ginecol. ed esercit. .

T er ap i a gene ralc . . . . . . . . .

Corsi liberi con effetti legali.

Prof. TAROZZI

BARLOCCO

v SCHJASSI

3 SCt-fl Am- -

a GAZZOTTI

B BALL1 . .

B MANICARDI

Prof. -BARtBX e-.

SsfxLAsI
* I'ES

3 COLOMBINI

s SIMONINI . I

DONAGGIO I

a LATTES. .

GUZZONI .

> BARLOCCO

2.:'

Ospedaie civile
1st. anat. patolog.
' Lrif. Igiene hltlnis.
Clinica dermosifi I.

Clinica ostetrica
1st. pat. chirurgica
Ospedale civile
Clinica dermosifil.

Clinica ostetrico-ginecologica . . . . . . .
Clinica pediatrica. . . . . . . . . . . .
AI a la t t i e dr l I' ap pa ra to res pi rat or i o e c i rcol a to rio
Clinica medica . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chirurgia ortopedica e rnedicina operatoria . .
Dell' ariafilassi . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I'atologia speciale chirurgica . , . . . . . .
Trauniatologia di guerra . . . . . . . . .
(I i ii ica ocii I is tica . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sciiieiotica e diagnootica di chirurgia addominale

LaMdi

11-12

8- IO

10- 1 I

14 '!$-I6 I

18- 19

8- 10

10-11

16- 17

14- 15

8- 10

10- 11

NAVA . . .
NIZZOLI. . .
PLESSI . . .
ROCCAVILLA

SILVESTKI . .
TENANI. . .
TlRELLl. . .
TREROTOLI .
VACCARI . .

SEGRE . . .

Mercaledi

--

11-12

8- 10

I4 I/*- 16

10- 11

18-19

a- io

16- 18

14- 15

a- io

Giovedi

10-11

' e 16-17'

I

Vsnerdi

11 - 12

8- IO

l4'!:- I6'il

8; 10

10-11

16- 18

14- I6

8- 10

10- 11

I5 I,':- 16 '/,

Mercolctli Sabato . .
Martedi Sabato . . 15''.-161/2 s
Martecii iiiovecti . . 8- 9
Martedi Sabxto . , 17": 18' lL. ;  :
Giovedi Sabato . . 14-15 J

( tla drstinaisi . . .               B
Lunedi Venerdi . .    15- 16 >

Lunedi Mercoledi . .    15 - 16 V

15- 18 1 Cat. 2.'

Luriedi Veiierdi . . I 18- 19 x

>

I

Ospedale civile
Clinica medica
Clinica chirurgica
Clinica medica

Chinica chirurgica
Clinica oculistica
Ospedale civile

IL PRESIDE DELLA FACOLTA4

E. CENTANNJ

Mo dena

of any research work being carried on, nor any reaeon to believe that
such work could be undertaken on any satiafaotory ecele.

Training of Teachera.

Modena shares with some of the other type B. faculties, eepcoially

those in Sicily tiad Sardinia, the role of proving ground for young
profeesors who have just left the ranke of auto or "Libero l)Ooenten.

Professor Latter in Legal Hediaine, Pggazsotti iA Physiology

and Barloooo in aliniaal medicine ere capable young men vho will
spend from three to five years at Modena before eome opportunity
for advanoement to another more satisfactory faculty moue.

  AS long as euah faoulties aontinus in Italy they will oontinue
tu be a handiaap upon the adequate training of future professors in
the more important faculties,
ary stage in the aoademia oareer of nearly all of the profeeeors of
medioine in Italy, it is dif'ficult to ~ee what advantage an4 ambitioue
and oapable young man oan draw from wasting from two to five yeare
enjoying the title of profeeeor with no facilities to f'urther his
training in hie chosen branoh of medioine.

Sinoe these sohools remain a necess-

Parma

... t

.'

Location.

--__I

Parma ia located about 2 hours from 3ologna in the Po Valley and

is the center for a provinoe of 360,000 people.
tom is about 5O,OOO to 60,0'30.
and the center of a large agricultural population.

        The population of the
It is 1 hour from the city of Nodem

Hietoq.

Parma began ae 8 center of' atudies in the liberal Arts in the 11th

oentiry and me fairly prominent in tho 12th and 13th centuries,  in the
latter of which the echo01 of medicine developed.
its highest reputation in 1545 under the domination of,Farneae.
16th and 17th centuries it was frequented by many students from Germany,
Yungary and other parte of Rlr~pe.
lost much of it$ prestige until Ferdinand I, in 1768 who revived the
position of the university with large gifts.
period the university of Parma was given a number of privi1egee.e~ ecially

the faculty wa8 cloeed to Foreigners and the univerdty me subsequently
suspended until 1854
univereity e

ThF-pniversity reached

In the

Under the Bourbon6 the university

Again in the Na.poleonic

that of absolute independence aoademically.

With the decree of 1 B 31,

     Witkh the Inde2endence of the Yew Italy, the
erienoed better fortune and the numher of students has

grown from 23 3 in 1887 to 772 in 1920.

Previous to the mr a eeriee of new baildings for the medical faculty

was begun.
not however been som leted and the claesification of the university a8
belonging to type 93' plaoes it distinctly hmong the lesser universities
in Itdy.

These buildin@ with the exception of one for Obstetrioe have

- Organization.

Uniform with other type "B" universitiae of Italy.

University Tinanoeo.

No detailed statement regarding University Tinancee was requested.

The university reoeives 1 million Lire annually from the State'and 7OO,OOO
Lire from the provinoial and local sourees. (886 under other Type "Br'
universitiee. 1

Medical Suhool - Finances_. Not obtained.

Buildinaa.

The accompanying map shows the buildiage of the Medical Famlty to

be widely scattered.                      an inadequate
and utterly ineffeative building on the Borgo delle Orselini.   Surgery
and medicine are at praaent installed in a surgical clinic on the Strada
Imbriani in a fairly modern building which is rather crowhed by the
demand8 of the two clinios of surgery and medicine.
Dermatology are housed in a wretched old hospital nhioh is over-crowded

Pre-clinical work is carried on in

Specialties and

i Scala 1: 5GGO

with patient8 and not adapted for teaching,  The new univeraity buildings
which could not be shown on the map obtainable, are at aome distance fron
the city and provide for clinioe and pre-clinical eciencee.   These build-
inge are half finished with the exception of the clinic for ohstetrice ad
gynecology, but their colnpletion is indefinitely postponed.  They are on
tie pavillian system and if completed would provide ample space for the'  -'
demanda of teaohing from this faculty.

- Lab0 ra to ry Pac 11 i ti e8 .

Desoriptions of facilities in Anatomy, Physiology and Iiyglene are on

file in the Paris office.
the simplest demands for teaching and the funds for maintenance are impos-
sibly small.

None of these laboratories are adequate to even

Clinical Pacilities.

Description of clinical facilitiee in surgery iind medicine, dermatology

and gynecology are in file in the Paris office.
is the clinic for gynecology and obstetrica.
two assistants from the facuity, 3ne assistant *om the hospital.
live in for three aervicen bP a week each and umally manage to see about
20 deliveries.  There are 86 bede half of which are used for obstetrim.
Among these 33 bede there are 5 papbeds.
year in obetetriori and 700 cases annually in gnecology.  The hospital is
& clean modern building of two floor8 devoted to wards and laboratories, and
the third floor for dernatalogy pwptsee.
in the eohool of midwifery.
without any consultation of the profeesore or the etaff.   The first floor
devoted to gynecology, operatinproom, laboratories and OPD.;  the seoond
floor for pre and postrparttdm oaBe8, two delivery rooma and 8 separate section
of' 8 bed8 and a treatment room for septic caees.
on file in Paris office.

  The most modern of these
Professor iiccuoci. 1 Aiuto,

Students

There are about 800 births-a

Thirtptwo midrivee are enrolled

The building waa Planned by an architect

Details of other clinic8

Library Facilitiea,

  No central library. Separate clinioe have small collections of books
and journals, the latter in all cages much interrupted since 1915.

Facul Q.

List. of' ',he Faculty on file in Yaris office.

No outstanding men at '

progent fmnd iz this 8choo1.

Admission.

UniPorm with other medical faculties in Italy.

Fees. .- Scholarahipa a_nd Studente' Exnegi.

For general students' ex~jenses ~e.9 under other facultiea. Full

details of examination fees, odee, 3n file.

Curriculxm. .I__

No change from curriculum of 1915 which is on file and whizh is dose-

ly similar to curriculum given under the university of Tlorence,

Number of students.

The students at the university of Parma in the faciilty of medicine have

-II..--._II_

bean a8 forlowe:-

No figures available until 1922,4923 when the houlty of medioine

oontained 165 students.
folio w0 :-

During that year the other faculties were as

Law e.. 123 - Natural Scienoee ... 104 - Certificate in Pharmaoy 24
Diplorn in Pharmacy .... 45 * Veterinary Medicine 62 - Course
for Sanitary Official8 ... 32 - and Obststrioa be, 58- ,
During that year the medioal. echaol graduated 43 etudaats in medicine,

30 in Obstetrice, and 31 sanitary offioiale received diploma for cour88 of
special etudiee.

Source of Students.
The medical Fnculty at Para draws most, of ti'e studentff from tho

-_I

diatrict of Parma, Cremona, Piaconze, Mentova and Brt300ia.

Distribution 7- of GradLLateB. See Page 116

  Perma is comparable with the nearby UnivereitF of Modena.
anoe is purely looal as far a8 the distribution and influenoe of its
graduates goes and the only other olhh ahioh the medioal faculty at
Parma ha8 Le tht it aote a8 a proving groand for the go?mger profeseors-
who may after a short period of eervioe there be oalled to more important
poeitione in the larger faculties.

It8 import-

-- Training and - Dtvelopment of Taechh~ Force.

  Again Parum ranks with Modem in inportttnoe in this yrtiouler.
mfijorlty of the Paculty st Perm are elderly men vho have not been able to
leave this university and the general impression is that 3f an unimportant
and very badly eup.portsd echool.

The

Piaa.

P I SA

Lo cation.

Pisa is a town of ahut ~O,OOO population in a province of ?~O,OOO.
Thew ~,m not apparently many industriea in the town excepting marble works
though some textile industries are said to be located there and to be in
good financial condition.
20 yeare but gives the impreeeion of B quiet arovincial town.
2 hours distant from i1'1orclnce and is on the main line from the North to Rome.
It is probable tht the representatives of this province have considerable
authority in Rome, duritg the war numerous favoumhaving been secured for
the town of Pisa in the way of' flying fields, cantonments, eto..,

The city haa grom considerably in the last

It is about

The University of Piaa can be considered to have 1343 a8 its date of

foundation, since in that year the pontifical bulvrecognized the soh001
of Pisa a8 "etudium generale";  as a center of teadhing Pisa is eve? older.
The papal bull referred to-j?rovided for faculties of theology, aanot -, Z ?,
civil law and medicine,  The university paseed through varfoua vicissitude8
until 1473 when Lorenzo di-Nedioi restored the facultiea by transferrin  to

to the chair of Anatomy Andrea Vesalius, &llopius and Malpighi also taught
at Pisa.  During the early part of the lftti century Piea had no rivals to
fear among other Italian univernities.
with the pendulum in the campanih there.
its prestige succeaefully in the euccaeding centuries and it is nov one of
the 10 universities of Type

PiRa several subjeote which had been tau ht in Florenoe. The Botanioa f
Gardens were founded by Coeimo di lltedici f: n 1744 and it ms-he who called

Gallileo made his famous experiment

The University of Piaa mairhined

the only one of thio t3Te in Txscacy.

CrpinizatLon. See under Turin.

University PinancBgl.
The University of Piaa ee a class "A" institution is entirely supported

by the State.
120,OOC Lire and the endoment of the Institate of 186,500 Lire.
fipree were furnished by the authorities of the university,

In 1918-1919 the annual government budget vas ebout 1 million

No detailed

Kedical School Finenoeer

c

The medical faculty reoeives from the university 5OO,O@O Lire for the
                    of theso 300,000 are devoted to
    No other detailed figures wore available excepting thoee for

maintenclnce of the intitutes and clinics;
the clinics.
the year 1918-3919 which were a8 follow6:-

L- Yearly Incone

hatomica1 Institu.te ...................t.~ 30000 Lire

Cacinet pathologics1 sntLtomy . o o . .
Institute of phpiolopj o o o * o o

    o o o # . o o o

b . . . bo o o b o o

3,000
',,oca
1,090

Inst.

of kiteria medica & Exp. Eharmacy ...

Inatitute of Hygiene ...................
Inst. of General Pathology .............
General Medioal clinic .................
Cabinet of medical pathology O..,,e,,e*a
Operative medioine and surgical clinic .
Cabinet epeaial demonstrative surg.path.
Eye olinio .............................
Debnotyphilopathy clinio .e o o o .. o o . . o o ..
Obatetrios & gyneuologfcal olinio ......
Institute of Legal mediains ............
Cliniu of nervous & mental diseases.....

Yearly Income (cont'd)

1.500 Lire
1.500
20 500
1.000
50000
1,500
1.500
nil. 500
1,000
1.000
1.500

Buildings.

The building8 ae shown in the attached map are somewhat eaattered)

  There struotureer devoted to Physiology and Hygiene are new having been
aompleted in 1914 and 1919 rsepeatively and are in exoellent condition.
olinioe of surgery and medioine are also new building6 and well maintained.
A alinic for neurology and p8yChiatry ie turdor eonatruatAon,  The other
inatitaterr and clinics are housed in antiquated and inadequate quarters.

e new buildin e of P

aiology and Hygiene being at coneiderable dietanee

rom the reet o P the me % ical echool.
4h

The

Laboratory Faoili ti eu o

In the absence of the Professor of Anatomy this institute was not vieited.

Phyaio1ogy:-  Profeseor Adduoo. 1 Aiuto, 1 aeeietant (for bio-chemistry),

eiology ma finished in 1 14 and conBiete of four floors with a generous

10 allievi. 100 to 120 etudente. Coureec given in 2nd and 3rd ears, lrcturee
and demonstrations; no individual laboratory work.
ta p

general eupplier, and room for strin~galvanometer;
to speoial laboratoriee of gss analyrie, electro-physics, balanae room (five
balsnae8), vivireotion (2 rooma), Oark room, room for rtudentr in physical

hOQr, 1 ge lecture hall with exoellent appointmente; library, Profe~eor'~
private library and a meem of phyeiologioal instrumenteo 18 mioroeco 88,.
other equipment rdequate, all in good order and wellaFangedr Fourth f P oor,
for 8 eoial reaearchee, not asen.  Not muah evidenoe of aotivlty.  Budget

                The new hi 9 ding devoted
am0u.n 3 of rpaoe planned in the 4 olloafng way: lsrt floor, eermnte, workshop,

                                  the reoond floor devoted

hy siolog and room for etudenta in bio-chemietry, each with 16 dealti. Third

only B ,000 Lire.

  Pathologfaal Anatolq~.- Prof ee8or Ceearie-Demel. 1 Muto, 1 assistant,
10 tsllievi. 60 studenti. Couree given in the 4th year. 3 hours-a reek
leaturse, 3 hours a week in autopaies and praotiae, 3 hoar8 a week in hieto-
logioal patholo o 16 deskr and classer run Ln eeotionc. Space inadequate
though the buil  ng is o1d;laboratory ocoupiee two floors.  Equipment 8eema
entirely pdequete. 400 autopeier a year. 25 mioro8t1opes. Library is emall
no books or jodrnals In Ehglieh except what the BOP. ha8 given.
aetively in progrecs though budget i8 only 8,000 Lire annually.

Work ie

/!

/
I
I

Pisa.

,.-

General Pathology:- Profelssor Sacerdot.ti. 1 Aiuto and 1 assiatant.

Numker of allicvi not Rtated. 120 students.
years.  Special emphasis on bacteriology which is given by the Aiuto,
ample in the old building which ha been well adapted.
fairly adequate, though much of it dates to before the war.
not muon evidence of aotivity.

COUT~G given in the 2nd and srd

        space
Apparatdu6 in general

Library inadequate;

  Hygiene;- Profeasor De Vestea.  1 Aiuto, 1 aseistant and 1 voluntary
aseistant. 40 to 50 students.  xn entirely new building finished io 1919,
Course given in the 5th  year^  Lecture8 and demonetratioas with some labop
atory work done in eectione eicce 16 deeke on17 are provided for o,u + dents.
The building is rather lavish  in its ap ointments.

for example the seats in the leotura hall are conaidered to be models for
school hygiene,
bath room is found in the building which illuetrates the anparatue that
Professor De Veatea thought a bath-room shoul2. have.
four floors and in general is like the building of' physiology.
shows De Vestea's interest to be principally in teaching hygieng and in
chemietry, rather than in baoteriolog. or preventive medioine.
not in very great quantity, only 10 microecopee, 2 animal houaes, both empty.
Library inadequate.

An attempt has been

made to illustrate in the building itsel P all the latest needs of hygiene,

the windowe R~OW certain forme of ventilation and a special

The institute contains

Equipment

Apparatua

No evidenca of active work in progrem. Budget 8,000 Lire,

Clini ual Facilities a

Medicine:- Professor Queirolo. 1 Aiuto, 4 sssistants and 6 volunte.ry

aesietants. Profeseor wag absent ae he is a Senator.
B8ti8faCtUrya  Clinic contains 4 wards, 78 beds with annexe for 50 isolation
beds.
Fork is in progrees and thRt apparently languidly.  Clinic has a general air
of absentee director8hl.p and of a fine building being operated on a very low
maintenance charge.

  Sur er Professor Taddei. 1 Aiuto, 5 aesistants and 3 volmtary
assis&-Ner building olose to the other clinics howing 90 beds, Fairly
well e uipped and autive, about 900 o eratione a year.

space adscuste.  ?utopaiea, as in the case of mediad clinic done by the
Professor of patholo"Coa1 anatomy. No subdSvisions of surgery; a general
surgery only,

Building new, location

OPD not in function.

Ample space for laboratoriee in which not muah

Cases selected from

generR 4 hoapital admissions. OPD ueo pa very little for teaching. Laboratory

Ophthdrno1o~:- Professor Gonolla. Aiuto'R post not ocuupied. 1

assistant ani 1 volunt,ary assistant.
hospital. Equipment old and dirty. 100 patients in OPD por day. No coment
Forth making.

12 old roopie in the 012 part of the

Budget 4,000 Lire a year.

Neurology and 1'sychiatEg:- Professor Pelizzi, 1 Aiuto, 1 assietant,
                                        Said to httve

2 volwtary aesistants.
50 ~8888 for teaching puqoses*Bef.::~r*ed to by Professor Cesaris-Darnel a8 a
acandal. Not visited.

Next to the clinic of OphthalmoloQ.

Library Facilities.

The university library at Pisa iR mid to have 200,000 volumes, 100,000

pamphlete, 814 manusoripts, 314bcmabala and 380 journals,  It. ia houaed in
the administration builCing anu ie UBeleS8 for the modern neehof a mediuel
faculty,
plemented by the private collectiona of the profeasore;  that of phyeiolom 4
the best, but a11 lacking in receut publications.

Individual imtitutes and clinics have their own libraries sup-

% oCrsona1 tiyycn.

/

IACULTY

Piea.

INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOOY
(x)+Profeseor Vittorio Ada000   - - - - - - - -
  Dr. Giuseppe Buglia t       - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OB PATHOLOQIOAL MATOMY
(x).~Profeeaor Antonio CesarieDemel   - 0 - - -
  Dr. Guido Sotti - 4 - - - - - -   - - -. - -

INSTITlJTE OF GERiRxL PATHOLOGY

(,)c,Profsaeor Cseare Sacerdotti- - - - - - - -

Dr. Bruno Polettini - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF MATERIA MEDICA & PHARMACOLOOY
, Profeseor Dario Baldi- - - - - - - - 9 - -
Dr. Cesars Padsri - - - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OT LEGAL mraIm

8.<Profeesor Carlo Ferrai - - - = ., = - - - -
Dr. Naftali Emdin 9 - - - - - - 0 - * - -

MEDICAL CLINIC
..ProPeseor Oiov. Battista Queirolo   - - - -
Dr. Biulio Carrerae - .. - - - - - - - - -

SURGICAL CLINIC

'Profeonor Domenioo Taddei   - - - - - - - -
Dr. Franoseoo Naseetti- - - - - - = - - -

XEDICAL PATHOLOGY
Profeeeor Carlo Fsdsli- - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Giovanni Oentili - - - - - - - - - 0 -

SURGICAL PATBOLOGY
Profseaor Guido Perrarinf   - - - - - = - 0

Dr. &-angeli

- - - - - - - - - - - - 0

CLINIC OB PEDIATRICS

Professor Gennaro Fiore - - - - - - - -

OPHTH~OLOGICBL CLINIC

~ Professor Biueeppe Qonella - .I - - - - - 0
n*m.

Via Solf erino
Director I

Aiuto

Direotor 'z

AiUtO

Director,
Aiuto

Direotor L1

;oiUta

Director 5
AiUto

Direotor
AiUtO

Direotor '1

Aiuto

Director '.i

AiUto

Director 1

AiUtO

Di r ec to r
AiUtO

Direotor I

PiUtO

Director 'l

AiUtO

Director .

Direotor ,

Aiuto

CLINIC OF NERVOUS AND WTAL DISEASES
I'd Professor (fior. Battista Pellisei - - - - - - -

Director '-

Dr. Umberto Sarteeohi - - 4 - - - - - - - -

9 -

AiUtO/

DERYOSPPHILOPATHIO CLINIU
/'Profeeeor UosFmo Lombardo - - - - - - - - - - -

Director (Substitute):

Ne No AiutCr ,

CLImTC OF DENTISTRY & ~O-LBRYNcfoLO(fT
fLfProfeasor Vittorio Brazzi - - - - - - - - - - -
Drn Franaesoo Maltose - - - - - - - - - - - - -

f tl

Dirrsotor

hut0 ,,

The aoademio gear extendo a8 in the cases of other faaultieo in Italy

from about Ootober 15th to July 31st.
period being devoted exuluaimly to e8aminations.

The first and last 30 days of thie

Obligatory eubjeote are IS follow:-

First Year .+.* Physic8 - Beneral and Organio Ohemistry - Qeneral Botany--

Comparatiw anatomy and Zoology - Beneral Hietology and
l!hbryology - Normal and Desariptive Human anatomy.

Seoond Year ....

Normal and desoriptive Human Anatomy - Physiology - Bio-
logioal Ohemistry - Oeneral Pathology - Physiopathology~

Third Year

. . ..

Physiology - Qeneral Pathology and Physiopathology -
Pharmaoology & Material Medioa - Uoroparaaitology.

Fourth Year ..e.

Anatolllg & Pathologioal Histology - Speoial Medioal Pathology
Special Surgioal Pathology - Applied Anatomy - Radiology -
Operatory Idedioine - Medioal semsiotioa - Surgical Semeiotia
Hygiene - Dentistry - Otho-rhino .Laryngolo&.

Fifth Year .*no

Anatomy and Pathological Hietology - Technia & Diagnoetio
anrtopo-pathology - Oeneral Hedioal elinia - bnersl
eurgioal clinio - Ooulietiaal elinlc - Mental & Nervoua
maladies' olinio.

Sixth Pear

....+ General Medioal Olinio - General Surgioal Clinia - Clinie
   of Pediatrios - Obstetrios & Qyneuology - Legal Yedioins.

Number of Students. See Page ;,'

The students in the follomfng faculties of the univereity are:

Source of Students.

The majority of students in Pis8 aome from the province in which it

ia located together with a few students from the Island of Sardinia.
are as a rule no foreign students registered in this faculty.

There

Distribution of Graduates.

lis will be seen on Page 116 the large number of praotitioners in the

district of Pisa are men trained locaily;
graduatre from Blorence and in considerably less numbers, graduates from
Bologna and Naples.

the next most numerous being

Importtince a8 a Mediual Center.

  As the only Type "Ai8 medical faculty in Tuscany, Pisa commands a
poeition somewhat more important than it would otherwise hold.
hood, however, that the town will never become large enough to provide for
great clinical reiourcee makes it lase likely that in the future Pisa will
occupy an important  osition among the chief faculties in Ita1 b

that the eohool is given the rank of a Type ''A'' faoulty.

The likeli-

Tt hs

more owing to tradit ! OA and political inrluence thm to any ot 1 er factors

Training and Developement of Teaching 30rce.

Professor Pdduco, Professor CesariaDemel, and tn a lese extent, Pro-

fessors Di Veetea and Saoerdotti are men whose abilities and material
equipment qualifJ"yG occupy a position of some importanae as teachere of
young men pllvlning aoademic uareera in medicine.

ant position trnd in general in ita importance as a training center it may
be said to be in the upper rank ,f the second rate institutions.

On the clinical side, however, Pisa occupies a distinctly lees import-

UNIVERSITY 02' ROE.

Looation,

--

  The population of Rome in 1923 was 746,000.
in vhich it is situeted has a population of 1,600,000.   Home ia not an
industrial city nor doe8 it have cultural traditions or activities out-
side of those related to the institutions of the Catholic ohuroh and the
Italian government.  Its central position in Italy and its ihportance
ae the oapital of the country are, however, of great interest in coneider
ing the influence upon medical education in Italy which the r'aoulty of
Medicine at Rome undoubtedly has and will oontinue to have.

The province of Lazio

History.

Rome cannot boast of having one of the oldest univcrsitiee in Italy,

nor is the history of its Studium especially distinguished.
c d'&i~u~_-a ruler of Sicily founded the "Studium Generale" in Rome in 1265.
The greati@-ulaa-d' learning in the middie ages had however but little
effect at Rome in comparison, for example, with the intense aotivity of
Bologna.  In,1303, Bonifaoe VI11 created the university anew and teachera
and students were given epeciaX privileges, but the university of Rome
was soon however, allomd to deaay and to die after a few yefirs of obsoure
exis'tenpe.  A significant faot iR that Petr<c&ki although Roman, went_to-
study at Zrague, left his library to 'Jenioe and cut oiif kle relation with
Rbme almQ~t_~ompletsly.
OY=sinie;f,Colonnaa also sent their sons to Paris and in lfO7 the university
6s aotually cloeed.  The- faculties were reopened in 14-06 but not until
the- pajacly_ 6f $eo X (di Medici) ,did teaching in Rome experiencze any marked
revlval.  By his order demonetratione were added to the leoturee (Charter
oT-Nyvember 4, 1513).
of the faculty at Rome wan one of uncertain support and continuoue threats
of cluewe.
Religious eubjeote and the university was fairly prosperoue.
ihf'IueEde was strongly felt from 1309 to 1813, but subsequent administration
by the Yopee had but little rejuvenating effect.
favoured the Roman faculty in as far a8 his meager means permitted and
since 1875 the prestige and the importance of the university has steadily
inareased. It has, however, never enjoyed the traditional prestige of
many or the universitiee of the North.

Cbxl.m

P---=-

- _-

The old ruling familiee of Rome,  such as the

Down to the middle of the XVIIIth century the history

In 177T_two faoulties were added, that of Languages and

.c_ - ,. _- -

Napoleon' 8

Ihe young King of Italy

Organization.. See under Turin.

University Finances.

From the budget of 19261925, the following figures have been extraoted.

Complete information is on file in Paris office.

INCOME:

Yearly grants from private 8ources ............. J39,OOO Lire
Support from the Gomaune of iiome .............. 100,000
Provincial grants .............................. 50,000

ROM E-

.......... 489,003 Lire

Italian Government ..................................... 5,260,000 .
  I8 .. (Grttnts for Rpeoial purposes) 13,994 I8

........

Income from Endoments, rents, an& other propert.ies .... 116,420 "

StUdOntS' Fee0 **e. e. o o

s o 9 o o o b 0 e. o o s e o e. a o e o o o D b 4 b a

4,345,384

"

45 Substitute professors ..............................
46 fiuti ..............................................

6 Special asnistclnts .................................
47 Technicians ........................................
136 Servants ..........................................

  Nurse8 .............................................
Specinl ExDeileee personnel ............................
Pelisions for dninistrative permnnel .................
Scholarships and grauts for poor students .............

s?eCi&l schools, ................................

83 Assistants .........................................

allotments for aaintenance of clizlics, institutes and

General. administration and maintenance .................
Mis3ellnneous .........................................

537,500 Lire

~06,000
830,000
26,440

1,800,000

407,?56
2,247,677
1 , 777,040

446,530
1,024,MO

54,800
56,302

192,391

To tczl Eq'endlturee: .........

9.70 6 476

-- z -- -

It mud be nofed that the aalaries of tne profeeeorv do not :Ip?ear in
                                                 The

the Pacdty Budget since these are paid directly as Sthte employees.
mount may be calculated approximately at 1,800,000 Lire.

A coqlete statement of Fiamces on file in the Ptlris office.

The

following griints for msint,enanca, exclIsive of heating, are shorn 3elow:-

Amtony ....................... 25,000 Lire

Phyniologloal Chemistry ....... 9,030

Hygiene ....................... 21,300
bteria ldedioa ................ 13,900
Legal Uediciile ................ 11,000
General Patholow ............. 16,090
Surgizal pathology eb.-*.e**.S. l?,OOO
Medi cal P atho lo gy .............   15,000
?sycTnology ** o o . o o o o o o . o o b 4 o e . o    4,000

Physiology e..ee.*eae.e*~.s.*.. Ll,r]c)o

Rome

Geaeral funds for maintenance of beds in the cli~ics,...

7lO,SOO Lire

Surgical clinic .............................. 21,300
Medical zlinic ............................... 21,300
Derm&tolo,g & Syphilis ....................... 17,000

Ophthalmology ................................ 26,0'39
Obstetrics & Gynecology ...................... l9,OOO
Pediatrics ................................... 22,8130
Orthopedic8 .................................. 8,000
3e;itistry .t,.........))))~~1~~~~~~??~~~~?~~t~ 15,000
X.rcy und Eleotro-therapy .................... 11,000

Iieurology and Psychiatry ..................... Il;,600

In tlddition to these for special labortitor; work,

Institutes and clinice are given

o o o . . o o . . o o o o . o o o o

98,900

and for apecia1 demonstrations ......................  27,290
for maintenance of poli-cU.aics .....................  221,800

The above figures are in-rouncl nunbers and give a satisfactory idea of

the support recriveil by the inntitutes and oliilios.
Fintiace8 ia very involved and the above figuros probably represent a miaimum
statement, of the amount8 reoaived by the insti but-es and zlinics,

The statement of tha

  As is shown in the accoapanying !nap the medical faculty is scattered among
a number of building8 with the pre-mediad science8 located in the heart -i-
Rome and the clinical facilities grouped in a large assembly of buildings known
88 the @oli-clinioo outside the old walls of the city; the laboratories of
Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology at present in the Via Depretis are greatly
overcrowded in the old building poorly adaated for ita present iise  .  The
same is true of the building devoted to hygiene.
which is in part roslized,is to group the pre-olinic&l institutes dt the site
shared by the CliniCf3,  The anai-orny building is hulf oompleted md the pathology
buil3iiing is slightly more advanced.
begun.  In genere1 it may be said that LhL plmo for the medical faculty at
Rome which are in the oourse of being realized allow for the wise centralization
of all the pre-clinical and clinical buildings at the Poli-clinioo site, and
with the  assage of time and the improved fincncid condition of the Italian
gcivermeni tWse plana are likely to be fully realized.  Although not conplete-
ly modern the clinical facilities are in general conveniently planned and well
adapted to their funotione, commanding a very large supply of clinical material
for teaohing purpoees.
unbr laboratory and clinical facilities.

  The buildings used by the Faculty of Sciences are soattored in various
parts of the city and there is no likelihood that the ooursee in chemistry,
biology and bo+Yanp will ever be plraaed in convenient relation to the other
institutes of the medical faculty.  Urgent neceseity exists in ccrmpleting
the institutes of nathological anatomy, normal anatomy, general pathology
and pediatric8 clinics.
been oompleted.

The plan for thc future,

Physiology and Hygiene have not yet beeti

Puller description of these buildings rill be found

These buildings were begun in 1900 and have not yet

Rome

,I

   Lab0 rata ry Faci 1 i ti es .

  hato%:- Professor Versari. 1 Aiuto, assistants, 1 voluntary
aesisGnx About 270 etudente.

First Year Bones, joint6 and BBuscles.
2nd Year ....... Nerve6 end circulatory a paratus, histology & typical tissue8.
zjrd ?ear

Courses given in lst, 2nd and 5rd years.

Topographical anatomy, m croecopical and groes splanohnology.

Ample material for dissection.

                     Ry the end of the courses, the student
has made 120 preparations in the forme of regional dissectione.  3 lectures
a week and 3 demonstrations by the assistants.  Present quartero in the Via
DeTretis, very greatly over-crowded and inRdovst.e. Other buildings near
the Policlinic0 ;rovide for an exoellent 3-storb;g  r* Llamture with lateral
rings as dissecting rooms  and central audltorl-an.  'lhe building tiue far
coat 5 million Lire and is not yet completed,    All Versari' e assistants
pasa on to clinical work later.                  Budget 25,OW
Lire.

Some evidence of' aotivity.

Physio1;a:- Professor Baglioni. 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants. No allievi
               Courm given in the 3rd year and consists

mentioned.
of leoturee 3 times a week with demonetratione.
in  group^.
atory looated in the old building at 92 via Depretis whioh houeee Anatomy,
General Pathology, Pathologiaal anatomy and bio-chemistry. Rooms consist
of the professor'e room, sne faireized General clase room, 3 rooms for
assistante, 2 emall rooms for the deqficient library and a small room for
bio-chemistry. Equipment dusty and apparently not in use. Very slight
evidence of any aotivity whatever.  Baglioni much interested in the history
of medicine, but does not seem to have any power to draw etudenta.
ations are laid for a new institute near the policlinico, but erection *of
building is uncertain since all work ma stopped years ago.
be 15,000 Lire for all exi)enoeB, exoept aseiatants'and sermnte'  salaries.

                Prof essor Dioniei. 1 Aiuto, 2 technioians, 25
allievi. About 250 8tUdOntB. Courtle is given in 4th and 5th years. First,
there are 50 daily lessons of 1 hour each in rhioh autopey is done before
the students ae the full clriss. Dionfai relates clinical history before mab
ing the autopsy and brings the two together a8 cloeely as

Hter this aeries of 50 leasons by the autopsy method, 50 more exercise8 are
given by the professor in aystern~tic and theoretical pathology, bttb not
attempting to cover the entire field but only to treat thoroughly some few
aubjecta such as artcrio-sclerosis.  The etudents get a general oompreheneion
of pathology in the second half of thie course together with doing themselves
all the possible autopsies under the direction of Dionisi'e 3 aesietsnta.
These autopsies the students do in groups of 15 at several of the different
hospitals.  Thus, 45 of the 90 or 100 students are at work at anyone time
and meanw'hile,in groupe of 15, other men are etudying microecopical work
throughout the year.  Dionisi has 25 fallievi interni and for these places
he acuepta not the student8 who wish to go into pactice immediately after
graduation, but those men who are expecting to train for hospital interne-
ships;
graduation in order better to prepare themselves for examinations for interne-
ehips at the Policlinico.
these young men at all stages of their careers, and in returnfbr his teaching

0 to 100 students.

Individual work by students
                Labop

Desk amommodations in one r00m14, in Bio-chemiRtry, 12-

Found-

Budget 8Eid to

Pathological anatoq:-

oseible.

Sections

of tiaauee are made and shown next day with the help of on f y 14 microclcopee.

t

themmen often keep on under Dionisi's direotion m# after their

Dionisi has made himself remarkably useful to

Rome

he gets from them when they become interni or even chiefs of services a
large amount of pathological materiel which he can u8e for study End for
teaching.  There is a surprising amount of activity in this institute.
At present the center of activity is in two small laboratory rooms in the
Via Depretis which are very much overcrowded.   At the 2oliclini.w there
are two over-crowded rooms and a mall amphitheatre for autopsies.
gives hie leotures at the Psychiatry clinic.
for individual work by the StUdent8,

~JJ~

De

No opportunities exist

  Genernl 2athology:- Professor Bignami. 1 aiuto and 1 aseistant.
No allievi mentioned.
of 3 hrs a week lsotures with demonstratione, plus practioal exercises
3 hrs a week wdcr the professor and assistants.
3 hours are given by the profeseor.
reoeivea this amount of instruction.
from the professor approximately onoe in every two weeks.
oourse that Baoteriology is presented for the first time to the student.
In general, hcnever, it is an introd.uction to disease ?roces8es. The
laboratory is at 92 via Depretis, much oveporowded, under equipped end
like the other depcrtments uiTh incomplete library facilities.
not much evidence of active work being dons in this inp.t.itxte.
15,000 Lire for all eqensss except service.

100 students in 7 groups of 15.

Course consists

In the latter case the

It does not mean that each student

A student gets an hour's instruction

It is in this

There is
Budget,

Biological Chemist,rp:- Profcesor Lo Monaco o 1 assistant., 1 voluntary

assistant, no allied.
times a week during the ?*$ears.
At this time the student'e inbterest in cb-vd stry is over-shadowed by the
final examinations which fall et the end sf this  '-ear, and therefore the
student ia badly prepared for this course and treats it with tho minim of
attention.  The laboratory consists of 4 room, one of which belongs to
the professor and ie ueed at the eame time as a library.
hopelessly Overcrowded and dioorderly.

80 to 100 students.

Courae given as lectures 5

No room whatever for practical work.

All these roome

  Hygiene:- Professor Sanerelli. 2 aiuti and 2 assistants. Buildina
near other inetitutes on the via Depretis.  First floor, very poor lecture
room, oapacity about 250 and re& of space devoted to anti-rabies service.
Second floor, laboratoriee in bacteriology and Parasitoloey. (Two former
aseietants have recently become professors in these two subjects at Rome
owing to Sanarelli' s political influence) o
with individual etudents' work, 18 desks well lighted and in good order.
This, of course,  means that the class of about 90 met be divided into
aectiono and individual students receive only a small amount of laboratory
work.
work being done in this institute.

Third floor, large laboratory

Lecture8 3 times a week in last year.

No evidence of aotive research

Budget given as 21,000 Lire.

Clinical Facilities.

  Medicine:- ProfeaRor Vb Aecoli. 5 aiuti, 4 paid assistants, 12
voluntary assistants.
Students about 250 in the 4th, 5th and 6th years, principally the last two.   %,
Professor Ascoli gives lectures 3 times a week and twioe 6 week gives 1 hr.~mi
1/2 on clinic81 subjects.
of the aiuti and aaistants for trto weeks period of intensive training.
Medical clinio located at the Policlinico, 90 beds with em11 and well
eouipped OPD. maintained exclusively for teaching and accomodating 10
students at a time.

Number of sllisvi not given, presumably about15.

Students work in groupa of 20 under the direotion

The clinic is on the second floor with aepsrate  .*.

Rome

separate rooms for laborator& of chemistry, bacteriology  eardiograchy,
graphic work and $croocopy. Building constructed in 1890. The most
interesting feature of this service is the utilization of the OPU for
purpo~ee of instruction only. Budget not specified. Good library
facilities.

I e3

Surgery:- Professor Alessandri. 4 aiuti, 4 paid asaistants, who

8re allowed to remain only 8 years.
in the university clinio at the Policlinico group.
Clinical laboratory inadequate and poorly developed.
rotate between admitting room (OED) and wards;
in rotation, one on the laboratory side and one in wards.
obliged to spend 15 days in the 6th year in intensive course following
case8 of the wards md looking on at operations.
of students largely done by the aiuti and assietants aaeigned to each vard.
The clinic receives 120,000 Lire a year to ~)ay for food, medicine and for
dressings of all their Fatients, 18,000 Lire B yew devoted to laboratory
work. Much clinical instruction is received by students. however, out-
eide the university clinic at the hands of "Liberi docente" who are chiefs
of other surgical services in the toliclinico hospital.
chiefs are not under any control by Professor Aleseandri.

About 250 students. 100 beds located

OPD. 10 new case6 9. day.

Two of tne Aiuti

the two other c.iu?i work
        Students are

Clinical instruction

These other

Obstetrics!- Professor Pestalozza. 2 aiuti, 5 assistants, 6 allievi
                      Practical work given to group of

interni.
10 students at a time who sleep in the hospital and see approxiniitely 35
deliveries. Deliveries actually done by midwives. Clinic located at
Policlinico.
2000 deliveries a year.
ience of studente Seems large enough in regard to pathological cams, but
there is no district work and no first, hand responpibility given to the
students.
R meek, totalling 50 to 69 in a year.

170 students in the 6th year.

120 beds divided between Obstetrics (80) and Gynecology (40).
      Autopsies by the professor of patholou.

Ex;ler

Lectures by the professor in gynecology and obstetric8 3 times

Budget for this clinic not given.

Pediat.rice:- Professor Caronia. 2 aiuti, assistante. 7 allievi

interni. 110 st.udents. Course given in the 6th year. Lectures 2; times
a week and clir,ical demonstrations to groups of 20 to 25.
sanitary officiale to perfect, themselves in pediatrics is  EO offered and
is taken by about 4-0 men frorc all over Itely.
Clinice.1 exercises every day 2 to 3 hro. snd lechres 3 times a week.
Clinical work la located in the new building near the Policlinico,  one
wing being still incomplsted.
1 room for general clinical laboratory work and a nard for infectdoue
diseases. Lecture room, appearance excellont, seems well administered.
2nd floor, Professor's roomR, 4 rooms for research equipment, good auality
work in progress. Splendid irncression. 44 beds at present amilable,
about 20 of infectious diseases.
the hospital to be divided into the following sectione:
infant feeding, generd medical, tuberculosis and children's aurgery. OPD.
5 room uued in the morning for general cases, in the eftmnoon for sDecial
clinics. Active, regular work, orderly, good records. 150 total attend-
ance.
information on this clinic on file in the Parin office.

Course for

This course lasts 2 months.

dirst floor contains 5 room for 3PD mork,

Khen completed the empty wing rill allow

infectious diseages,

60 new cases a day, inadequate::on the infant feeding side.

7urther

Rome

  0 htha1moloa:- Professor Cirincione. 2 aiuti, 2 assistants and 6
nlun + ary assietants. Information not obtained regarding type of teach-
ing.  Building part of Policlinico group exten8ive 3 etor+'n@ struotures
Basement used for prfnting pres8 for clinio publications, for hiRtorjeS,
pathological specimen$ And for artist's room in connection rith histo-
logical work, also speaial atudy roome for tutyculoeie.  Ground floor,
OPD,roome for photog a hy, 1mge room for fundqs examinations and library.
Second floor, wards patients and operating roomr Third floor, resid-
ence quartera, The moot complete ophthalmological clinia in Italy.  Space
and equipnent for almoet every conceivable research and study of the eye,
especially on histwpatholoFioa1 eider
Professor Cirincions.

Reavily eupported privately by

%igures not available. Exoellent institute.

Library Eacilitieq.

  The university library called the "Alessandrina" Efter his founder
Pope Alexandre VI1 in 1667 contains 180,000 v01urr.e~ and ll5,OOO DBTD~~P~.B.
Number of journals received Iznnuslly, 100, exclusive of political Journals.
Importance to medical faculty very small.  811 institutes and cliniue have
individual libraries which are inadequate with the poaeible exception of
the ophthalmological clinic.  Professor Aecoli sucoseded in pooling the
resources of his cliriio with that of the Academy of Medicine at Rome iii a
common library located in one of the rooms of the medical clinio.
are beginning to succeed in forming a aard ca'dogue of the ent.ire book#
and journald resources of all .the different clinics and institutes in ihe
faculty,  but these separate collections will be kept in the respective
clinics and institutes to which they belong, the card catalogue being
filfed in Ihe central library in the medical cliniur

5X`fort.s

FacG1-p.. g.# Medicine.

INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY
f Professor Ricuardo Versari - - - - - - - - - -

Director I

Dr. Ctaetano SaoFpet.ta - -

- - - - - - - - - -

Muto

INSTITUTE OF PHPSIOLOGY
,!Professor Silvestro Baglioni - - - - - - - - -

Director 'Z

Dr. Antonio Galamini - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hiuto '

INSTITUTE 07 HISTOLOGY & GEN. PHYSIOLOOY

Professor Giulio Pano - - - - - - - - - - - - Director 1,

Cr. Enrico Sereni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Auto

L`

INSTITUTE 03` FATBOLOGICLL fd'JAT0MY

Yrofeesor Antonio Dionisi - - - - - - - - - -

Director
AiUto

Dr. Filippo Guooione - - - - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OF COWARATIVE ANATOMY

Professor Battieta (frasai   - - 9 - - - - - - -   Director .'
Dr. Giulio Cotronei - - -   - - - - - - - - - -    AiUtO

INSTITUTE OF QaNER6L PATHOLOGY

Professor mico Bignami   - - - - - - - - - - -

Director
Aiuto

Dr. Marc0 Almagia

- - - - - - - - - - - -

IlVSTITtlTE OF PURKACOLOBY
3Professor Oaetano Oaglio - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direator `1

Dr. Pietro Di Hatted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Uuto --

INSTITUTE OF LEO& HEDICINE -
Profeesor Salvatore Ottolenghi - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Boldxino Boldrini - - -

Direotor Y'

- - - - - - - - - -

Aiuto 4

yQ)ICBL CLIBIC
&Profeesor Vittorio Asooli - - - - - - - - - - -

Direator 1'

Dr. Oiureppe Sabatini

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

Aiuto ,

SUROICdL CLINIC

Profeeeor Roberto Alessandri - - - - - - - - - - Direotor 1'
Dr. Sebartianl (hrreio - - - - - - - - - - - - -

diuto _,_

INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOffY
c*j?rof'essor 8ante de Santir -   - - - - - - - - - -

Dirsotor 1%

Br. A. 8.

MEDICAL PATHOLOGY
\*9rofessor Agenore Zsri - - - - - - - ., - - - - -

SURBICAL PATHOLOGY
~dProfemsor Oiovanni Perez - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Borerio Pandolfini - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direator \%

,'

Dr. Raimondo Doria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

Direotor lJ

date,

CLINIC OB OBSTETRIOS & OYNEOOLOOT
Jproferaor Ernest0 Peitalosaa - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Valerie nrbm ai 8. agneee - - - - - - - - -

Direator 5

Aiuto-,

CLINIC OB PEDIATRICS
lt.Profesnor ~iuasppe Oaronia - - - - - - - - - -

Mreotor \i

Dr. Salvatore De Villa - - - - -  - - - - - - - -

Aiuto/

oEETHaLlloLoOIcnL CLIloIC
;Trofeaeor Qiueeppe Clrincionr   - - 9 - - - - - -
' Dr. Luigi Yaggiore   - - - - -   - - - - - - - - -

Direotor
Aiuto

CLINIC OF lC3RVOUS & HENTAL DISEP8E8
\Professor Gioranni Hingastini   - - - - - - - - -  . Direator
?

Dr. Oloaoohino Rmarola - - - - - - - - - - - - AiutoJ

CLINIC OP D~O~HILOPATHY
& Proferror Pier Lodorioo - - - - - - - - - - - Mreotor / `7

Dr. Biareppr Mario Oaribaldi - - - - - - - - - -

diut0

EAR HO8E & THROAT CLINIC

Profeesor Qherarba lrerreri - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. DeoQto de Carli - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direotor 2`'

Aiub

Home

, .(
... .

I.

CENT ISTZY

Profeseor angelo Chiavaro - - - - - - - - - - -

Director

INSTITUTE OF PKPSIOLOGTCAL GWEISTRY - 0

Professor Eomenicto Lo lbnaco - - - - - - - - - Director
Dr. Ubaldo Sammartino (Aeristant)

INSTITUTE OF ELECTRDITHERQPY nin RADIOLOGY

Yrofeseor Francesco Bhilarducci - - - 9 - - - - Director
Pr. Gaetano Mel&oleee - - - - - - - - - - - `I, M Aiu to

AUseion Requirements, See uncier Turin.

Bees e: Students' Expenses. See under i'lorence, Turin eta....

Degreee.

Uniform with other fnculties in Italy.

C! ri culun .

-- FTRST YEAR:- (0bl.igatory Courses) -
        Botany;
       Zoology; and Comparative Physiology

       Anatomy; lectures &. dissection
Experimental physics as applied to medicine.

SECCND YEAIR:- (Oblieatory Couree8) - Anatomy aith diesectione - Eistol.ogy
       with practical exerciaes - Genera' chemistry a8 arplied to
       medicine - Physiology with exerci8os.

(Obliyatory CourRes) - Amtomy with dimectiona - Topo-
craphioal anatomy prith exerciaes - Physio:! ogy:- T ectures
and laboratory work - Pharmacolom:- Lectures and labor
atory Fork - General FatholoPy: lectures Z laboratory woTk.

Bi o-chemistry: lectures and laboratory work (no facilities
exist for laboratory work) - Experimental pqxholoyy;
exercises and laboratory work.

TBTRD Yza:-

(O$,i-o&al bee)

--_I i?OU?TH YEAR:- (Obligatory Coursee) - Patho1o.g: gross and microsoopic with
                   General surgical clinic: 'lectures and
                         General medical. clinic:
                   Special gure, pstholopy:

practical exercises -
practical exerciftes -

I1 It

It 11 It 1t

           It It tt med.

(Optional Cses) = Bacterioloq and parasit,ology.

FIFTH YEAR:-

It

H

11

I1 I1

(Obligatory Courses) - Pathology: gross and nicroecopic with
practical exercises - General eurgical clinic: leotures and
exerciasa - Neuroloq and Peychiatry : lecture8 and clinics -
Dermatology 6: Syphilis:
medicine:
and clinice - HyRiene, leaturee and practLoa1 work - Cperstive
medicine : lectures and practical aork.

leotures and clinics 0 General

lecturea and clinics - Bphthalmology: lectures

Rome

FIFTH pEpR:-

      (oont'd) - (Optional-Coureeo) - Leotures and clinioe in Eye,
       IVoee and Throat- Dentistry: lectures and Prautiual exeraieee.

SIXTH YEAR:- (Obligatory Courees) - Oeneral aurgery: leoturee and clinioe.

                      medioine:       n I n
Obstetrioe and ffyneoology: ,......e.....                    n

                                                    exer o
(Optional Coureee) - Oythopedios 80 Trau.mtolog$oal aurgery:
leutures and olinim - Eleetro-therapy; and Radiology: leoturee
and praoticsl work.

                        n n

                        n W n
Legal Medioine . W n

Pediatrioe .....

Number of fitudente.

  Profesaor La Silmgni in tho "Pedorazione Medioa" gives the following
figurea regarding the production of dootors in Italy;-
quarter uentury from 1901 to 1.906 the number of graduates varied R.om a
madmum of 1049 to a adnimu of 859.  Prom 1907 to 1914, the yearly number
of graduates varied between LL maadmum of 765 and a minimum of 575.
there were 2430 graduate8;  in 1920, 1248; in 1923* 2126, and in 1924, 1795.
It is ualuulated that in 1926 there will ve  1359 and in 1928, 1743.
1923 to 1928 there will be between TOO and 800 more men reoeiving the degree
of NOD. per year than in the years from 1905 to 1919.  It is thue elear that
at the preeent rate Italy is being muoh overmpplied with dootore."

See Page 114

wDuring the paat

In 1918

  From

Sourae of Students.

The Baoulty at Rome has apparently zf more generalized and nider a+&wtfaa of

mediaal students than any other faoulty in Italy.
larger numbere attend from different provinoee at Rome, but that the oomplerioa
of the student
different provinoee in Italy than any other one faoulty.
representation from the Southern part of Italy than any other faoulty exoept
Naples and the faoultiee looated in the South iteelf.
able number of foreign medioal tatudents registered in the faaulty.
for example, there were 53 suoh etudento.

This does not mean that

at the faoulty in Rome represent more aompletely the

  Rome has a greater

There ia also a consider-

In 1920

Distribution - of Ctraduatee. See Page 116
An intereetin  account of what has beoome of the ordinary graduating

alms in the faoul f y at Rome me given me by Dr. Enrioo Sereni. Dr. Sereni

intere(l.the Baoulty of Rome in 1918 in a olase of 500 and graduated in a
olaes of 200.  His impreeeion wata ae follows:-

200 Oraduatse,of whom

0  went iamediate %o mall tome to praotioe.
-f 10 etayed for ertra ooureei an4
- 10  after 3 or 4 montho or more of suoh oouriee go to praetioe.

140  try for assir3t~mtehipa at the first opportunity, but only
9  are suclceaef'ul the firat year.
110  get jobe later ne aeeistante at later opportunitiee.
be is indioated by Dr. Seren& a poeftion ae aesietant in the clinioe of
       oonsidereb of great importanoe by the young graduate8 of

the Poliolinioo &m
the univereity of Rome and are eharply competed for,

There are about 40 of

theee hospital positions each year and about 80 candidates.
years as assiet~nts in mediche or surgery the young men take another
examination which on the approval of the professor gives them positions
of aiuti and they continue as such for at least 3 yeme.  They then may
take examinations to bccome "Liberi docente" and subsequently possibly
"Primarii", or chiefs of services.   It is to be noted that by no mems
all of these positions as acsistants and aiuti are in the university clinics
but tire of the nther services maintained by the hospital. Tor example,
Baffasllo Bsstianelli, who is considered the finest surgeon in Rome, is
a "primario"
is that of "libero docente" but in this ctipacity his c3ir,ics are much
frequented snd the opportunity to become one of h.i~ agsistants or niuti
is considered great .Prize by young graduates.

After 2 to 3

of one werd at the 2oliclinico.

Hi& only acB.denic position

Importance a5 a Yedical Center.

The Taculty of Medicine at Rome owes its inrportance to its geographic

position, its politicel importcnce and to the numerous ancillar

selection of ?rofessors vested in a government council meeting et Roue,  it
is natural that the professors of che medical faculty there should often
times exert a slightly lbrger influence on the courRe of academic appoint-
ments than would be the case were they not, situated in the capitsl.   The
prominence of the Roman faculty is perhapa emecially important
field of Hygiene where liaisons vrith governmental agencies are Lspecially
important.  One further factor tends to orerate in favour of the medical
faculty at Rome.  Theprofessors hnve.a more ready access to plead the cause
and eqlain the needs of their faculty to persons in posit,ions of influence
in the governmentr
to the future location of the pre-clinicel institutes near the clinics is
gradually operating to increase the prestiqe of the medical faculty at Rome,

factors

usually found in national capitalp.

Sith the powsr of control ? ing the

in the

It might also be added that the wise provision in regard

Traininr of Teachers.

The Roman faculty on the pre-clinical side does not contain any men

who are recognized both as authoritiee in their
drawing large numbers of disciples or special students, with the
exoeption of Dionisi in pathology.
the defective equipment and inadequate laboratory facilities may be largely
reeponeible for this fact, and even in the case of Dionini it should be
noted that his influence is principaLly upon men vho sukaequentlg go into
clinical work since, as he observee, pathology as a career is at preeent
impoPsible unless the men have independent meansr
the situntion is somewhat different,  Cirincione in ophthalmology is a
master, both in ability and influenoe in hie field,
rill doubtless exert considerable influence
conRidered to be one of the best and most icfluential teachers in his
specialty.
facilitiee and prestige.
iveness of one of the teachers in the Zaculty at iiome, Trances: aurante,
Professor of Surgery (now dead), has left behind him as professorR in dif-
ferent parte or" Italy,
Cagl.iari - Alessandri in Rome,- Padula in Naples end Leotta in 8ari.

subjects and as capable of

It iR fair to observe, however, that

In the clinical branches

Caronia in pediatrics

in tke future and io already

Bscoli in medicine and Kesielozza in obstetrics have both

AR an example, bken from the past,cof the effect-

Tricomi in Falermo - Roncali in Naples - Pichera in

It is reasonable to assign to the faculty at Rome a place among the

fir$ four faculties in Italy in its importance as a training center in
developing future teachers of medicine in Itely.

Plorence . tr _- g!';

ZLORENCE

Lo cation.

The population of Plorenoe iteelf is about 270,000;

that of the city

orith its 8uburb8, ~00,000,  and the province of the same name, 980,000.
Florence is the capital of Tuecany and was for a short time the capital
of modern Italy, the stepping stone for the King frorri Turin to Rome.
hag essy,satisfactory communications both to the South and North and
ocoupies a central position in the country as a whole.
the artietio and perhapa the intellectual capital of Italy, though by no
means as important industrially as the citiee of Northern Italy.

It

It continues

Ei s tor~.
Be early a8 1320, Floranoe poaaeased a "Studium Gmeraletl*
The proximity of Bologna, Sienna Rnd Pisa with their univereities ie

probably responsible for the fact that r'lorence hae had no university with
the long and distinguished past which one might expect in a city so import-
ant in the general history of Italy.
this aity there was established an institute of higher studies which was
formed in imitation of the "College de Franae".
moved to Rome this institute diminished in power and importanoe, consisting
up until 1923 of a 100Sely organized group of-special institutes with the
name of "Regio Istituto di Studii Sqeriori e di Perfezi~narnento'~.   The
present university of Florenoe as a Type "B" university io the creation
of the Gentile Reform and came into active motion as a university only
in L- 1924.
the university is difficult to eecure since the year 1?24 is substantially
the first year of %he university's life.
be published in 1925. I

Bhen the capital of Italy BBB in

When the capital aas

Consequently, muuh of the informtion ordinarily given regarding

-The first catalogue will probably

Organization. (See under Milan)

Univer~ity Finanues.

  As a class I'Ba university Florenoe receives from the Italian govenment
an annual grant of 2,4OO,OOO Lire.
sourcee including students' fees, --&, the State grants,
all form a total income of 4,000,000 Lire.
the university authorities regarding the present or proposed budget.

From the city, province end other

Details are not published by

Uedicel School Finances.

No information published.

Building8 .

The present kuildings of the univeraity Faculty of Eedicine are widely

scattered.  Anatomy, Histology, Pharmacology, Pathology and the medical
and surgioal olinics are located in the via Alfani 53.
Chemistry are located in old buildings about 5 min. walk in the via Qino
Capponi 3*  General Pathology is at least 3/4 of an hour'u ride from the
center of the city in the Viale Uorgagni. At about 10 min. distanoe from the
central group in the via Alfani, Pediatrics and Surg. pathology are located
in the Oqedale Meyer.
are old and crowded, but effective use is made of them and the general appean
ance of both laboratories and clinios was a favourable one under the handicap6

Physiology and

The buildings with the exception of Gen. Pathology

Florence -c. r.'

inposed by old buildings and over crowding.  It is planned to transfer

J cl

Hygiene, and later other pre-clinical sciences to the site of the present
structuree of General Yatholom.
of the hosyitals of Plorence but it will a arently never be oasible to
concentrate the medioal facufty's work in t@B new site since %he hoepita18
located in the oenter of the town wilJ. continue to be ueed for clinical
purposes.

This will place these institutes near one

--- LaborafxrgFacilitiee.
Anatomg:-

         Professor Chiarugi. 2 Aiuti, 1 aeaistant, 5 allievi interni.
AboutTO-students to eaoh year, so that the total in anatomy is of about 210.
Course aontinues over the 3 f&t years under the same general divisions Be
that at Rome, exoept that the aiuto gives the course on topographioal anatomy
instead or the course of histology whioh is here given by Profeaeor Chiarugi.
Oood lecture hall, good-sized dieeection rooms, 1 for 8 and the other for 4
tables;

equipment, satisfactory. Evidence of aotivity in spits of limited f'unde.
Budget not dven.
vised and the department well run.

  P sio1.:- Professor Rossi. 1 Aiuto, 1 assietant, 3 voluntary assiet-
ante, -+- allievi interni. Students about 150 over the two yeare. Course ia
given as lectures 3 times a week. Laboratory work in the firet year ie in 3io-

                 in the second year, of physiology itaelf.  The
laboratory work is 3 times a week but is divided into sections of 15 at a time,
wtth sub-asotione of 3 or 4 to each table, BO that eaoh st,udent gets work only
about once in two week8.
ment for t'ae students,
allievi have plenty of spaoe.
chemistry. Library inadequate. Slight evidence of aotivity. Budget not
@;inn.

6 students to a table.

                 The teachine in histology ia done by lectures
and demonstrations only. Adequate space for aeoistants and alliwi. General

General impreseion ia that anatomioal work ia well super

under the aiuto;

No note books kept nor'was there spaoe or equip-
                        Assietante and
  Students 12 desks in ptiysiology and 13 in

Oeneral Pathology:- Professor Luatig. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 voluntary

assistants, 8 allievi interni. Clase between 60 and 90 etudsnte.
gives leoturea 3 times B week and aeaiatants manage class work in motions
of 10 to 15 also 3 timee a week;
about every two weeks.
1Y related to alinical work a0 at Rome.
apace, well, equipped.
than that for students.
where.

Lustig

thus the studente get some section work

Work is done in the 5th year, not apparently as cloae-

         Laboratory new, rather wasteful of

Library more intelligently administered than else-.

Provision for allievi and assistants more generous

Aotive work is going on in thiR laboratory.

Budget not given.

Hygiene:- Prof'eesor aardenghi. 1 ahuo, 1 assistant, I voluntary aaaist-

ant, no allievi at present.
Professor Sclavo.
given in the 6th year ooneisting of 3 leotures a week.
atow.
water and the study of proper drainage and house construction.
biiotedorogy or epidemiology considered in this oourse.
medicine are treated in legal medicine.
filled with apparatus for chemioal analyses of food and water.
inadequate. General eatisf'aatory appearance.

Students 60 in number.

Previoue Direotor me

The present one does not command aa much prestige.

           Course
Examination is oblie

The orientation of the courae is largely upon chemioal analyeea of

                             Social aepecte of
                 Laboratory in Via Alfani, 8 rooma

No question of

Library

Legal Medicine:- -

Profeeeor Quido Banti., previously director,  no

successor found at time of visit. 2 Aiuti, 2 allievi interni. Course given

ir'lorence.

in 6th yem.  3 lectures a week with 3 hours of hboratory work in moqs of
15, thus each student gets about once in two veeke 1 hour of 1aboratoi.y work
&r 19 hours in total in the cDurse .

oases and on social medicine.  LaborPtorg vork consists of autopsies and the
technic of' nedical legal examinations. The inntitute is housed in 5 roum in
the Via Alfani.
?lo renze .

Emphasis of' the co1.irse is on accident

The prrlrfessor doee the medizal legal work for the clt.r of

Pharmaco~1~~:- Professor Coronedi. 1 aiuto, 1 acsigtant, 1 voluntary

assiatant,-6 allievi interni.
year, 3 times a week with leboratory exercises 5 times a week divided into
sections, so that the student gets about 13 exercises during the year of
laboratory work.  Professor under the iFression that the students come to
his course
the first year in the medical 8ChOOf.
yointed for work and with some active work in ?rogres8.
for allievi and for assistants. Very little mrk f3r the st-.identa a9 such.
Apparatus adequate.
neceegary in medics1 legal ca8egd.

Students n'oout 70 in number. Lectures Sn 5th

inadequately prepired from tne Physics and c3emistry courses of

Institu%e housed in 6 room Fell 83-
            Good accommodations

Departinent does toxicolod.ca1 work for the city when

Xini cal 7acil.i ti es o

-- -- .- --

- Me2Fcine:-

Profesmr Schupfer. 1 aiutn3, 2 assistant., 5 volmtary assist-

ants, 10 allievi interni.
to about 150 students. The students have taken f'urthermore in their 4th year
coxrses in physical diagnosis,
and 5th yearfi the students are divided into groups of 15 each for nractical bad-
side examinations.
rmmt take their own historisn but them are only for comarison with the ofgicial
records kept by the aiuti or assiat,ants.
clinical. clerk'p Fork in the afternoons.
and Schupfer can select from all the medical cases entertnr the hospital Snnta
tiaria Nuova.  There are Hbout 500 beds outside those of the university clinics
in the hospit.al and administered as in Rome by primarii heading seririces! of
about 103 bed8 each. No OPD. General annearance of the wards antiquated, but
well run, clean and effective loo'kinp.
and woll administered.

The course is ifi the 5th and 6th years anti is riven

   In addition to the general clinios in the 4th

This vork is given by the aiuto snd assistants.

Students

In the 6th year the s+,udents perform
?Iospitsl has 03 bede for these clinic8

C1J nioal 1aborRtories mall but conpact

Generally satisfactory imaression.

SurGer-:- ?lot visited. -.- 0bete.Lrics:- -- Not ~isit.9d.
___. Pediatri22;- Professor Cornba.

1 aiuto, 2 assistants, 5 voluntary assint-

anta. Course eiven in the ,;th year. About 30 students. Lectures ai~l clinical
denonstrations. Clinic is located in the '3speda'l.e Zfeyer. The eepnrate chilAren' 3
hospital located in Florence nbout 10 minutes walk fron the Pia Alfaiii, well
adniaistered.  About 149 beda with separate infectiaua wing housinc 50 beds.
LaSoratory inadequate but in general service appear8 yell run.
teaching.
leaders of Pediatrics in Italy.

OPi) is used for

Social Phases of ped!-atrlcs emphasized by Coaba rrho is one of the

Further notes on file in Taris office.

  Dermatolol,.y:- -- Yrofessor Eellizzari' a BerViw. In general the seTmate
clinics in -?l.nrence have profited by some :9 ge~rs of existence in cannection
with the Ropl Inetitutea of S?ecial Studies and are vel1 rounded-out and ca?able
of riving exuellent clinienl instruction.   As in the case of ifilan, ii'lorenoe
enter0 the ranks of universities with an already well eaui3ped effective qrom
of clinics.

Florence

Library Pacilitiss*

--

  The university, institutes and clinic8 have separate libraries which
are inadequate and have been muoh interrupted by the poet-war conditione.
The university has a central library which is fairly re11 adminiatered and
attempts to serve the students, especiawein this point being rather unus-
ual among the libraries in Italy.
rrith however largely a historical value rather than an importance to modern
medicine.
hoke and journals can, with some difficulty, be borrowed for short periods
of time.

There numerous other librariee in Florence

One of the State libreriea ie found in Florence , and from this

INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY

t

\Profseeor Giulio Chiarugi - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Luigi Caetaldi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiu to

Professor Gilbert0 Boasi - - - - - - - - - - - - Dire ot,o r +
Dr.

Direotor

_-

INSTITUTE OF COWARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Igino Spedolini - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Aiut,o

INST. OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHPSIOL0I)P

Professor Angelo Senna

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direotor '

Dr. Oiueeppe Soorteuoi - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4iuto

INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Professor Luigi Pioohi   - - - - - - - - - - - - -   Dlreotor
Dr. Fvi-tirnato Broooolo   - - - - - - - - - - - - -   Aiuto

IASTITVTE OF G%UERAL PATtiOMBY

Profesaot Aleaeandro Lustig - - - - - - - - - - -

Direotor
Aiuto

Dr, hido Vernoni - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - -

INSTITUTE OB PEAREACOLOQY

Profoaeor Qiueto Coronedi - - - - - - - - - - - - Direotor
Dr. Mario Ahzzi-Yancini - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

LTSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE

Professor (previous) Guido Banti
Dr. August0 Antonin1 - - -

      - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - -

Direotor
Aiuto

T

INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE

Professor Gqrdenghi
Dr.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direoto r
Aiuto

Giovanni Petragnani - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

KEDICAL CLINIC

Profeseor Ferruoio Sohupfer - - -  - - - - - - - -
Dr. Santino Pieani - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

Direotor .

SURQICAL CLIBIC

Direoto r

Profeaeor Enrioo Buroi   - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Antonio Comolli -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

Medical Faculty of Florence

[ Continued)

MEDICJU, PATHOLOGY
11 Professor Cemre Frugoni - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Ernerto Signorelli - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Director I'
Aiuto ,-

SURGICAL PATlJOLOGY
$PrOfes80r tirolamo Gatti - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                        Direator
Dr. Giovarmi Roello - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto I-'

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
p,.Professor Erlrilio Ferroni

                             - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Giacomo Bymerich - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Director I 3

Aiuto

~

CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS

$professor Carlo Combs -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Director
                    Aiuto ,_,

-------------

Ne 8.

CLINIC OF ISRNIOSYPHILOPA!PHY

?-oferror ceerlo Pollismti - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dr. Lodooico Tonrmaai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direct or I ' i

Aiuto

IMSTITUTE: OB RADIOLOGY
I GProfessor Luigi Siciliano Director '

WTI-RABIES INSTIm

f", fi
-

(Annexed to ?,rledical Clinic)

             (Annexed to Xedical Clinic)
Profearor Ferruccio Schupfer - - - - - - - - - - -
We Santino Piaaai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3

Director 1

. Aiuto,_<

N$TE - UIHO-gtTINO-LARWGOMGY was taught in 1923 by the present

Profeasor, as Libero Dooente:

Cammillio Arturo Torrigiani.

admi I I i on.

Uniform with other universities in Italy.

Florence

"IS2 6-

B 1 ore ncu

Fees, Scholarships & Studoi:ts' Expenses. (As given by Ur. Scimone)

mition Yearly Sxam. Irtbor. Fees. Xatriculat ion

P Il<S?' mm :       750 150            - 300

SECOND          7 50 150            25c "

THIRD            750 150            250 -

FOURTfI " 750 150 25 0 -

EIrnI *' 7 50 150 250 -

250 Grahd. Fee 300
               75

-

Diploma

-

To tal s : 4,500 18250 6 75

FOOD (per month) High

sou

ROOM n 150

TOTAL: 64 50

Low

32G

100

150

8 00

2000

-

3370

Average

T

125

275

1100

3000

-

49 10

Curriculum.

The following curriculum table shows tlrat in Class *Bw medical schools,

the classcs do not vary much with those of Class "A". Dr, Cinm Ceconi in
mi article published in the 'TlinFrva ?,&dica" on April Ist, 1924, declares
that class    medical schools will offer only subjects which are absolutely
necessary for the preprstion of students; thus forexample, omitting Physio-
logical cherniatry, Eac ,;s;rioloa, mi3 Histology, Bacteriolo,y is still in
Italy inadequately flcognieed, but it ia not likely that Dr. Ceconi's propheov
17ill prove true, Type trtn schools ?rovirled as h the case of Florence and
Milan which have adequate Glinical facilities vzll be able to prepare students
a8 well a9 any other factl*tiea.

Piret Pear

--

LECTUSES

Desariptive Anatomy
Embryo 1 o gy
Physiae
Botany
Chemistry

Second Year

Anatomy
%'bryology
P hy e i o lo gy
Comparative Anatomy
Bio-Chemi stry
Zoolcgy

Third Year

Ana tomy de ecr ip t i ve
Topograp h. anatomy
Phys io lo gy
Qeneral Pathology
Bao teriology

Bourth Year

Surgioal semciotios
Yediaal W
Pharmacology

Operative medicine
Xediaal pathology
Pathologic . anatomy
Autopsy teahnique

n

exer oie ea

Surgiaal 18

Pifth Year

--

Surgical clinic
Medi oal clinic
Patholo gio . ana tomy
Technical autopey
OP thalmol . olinio

Curriculum

Hrs.

3
2
3
I
3

3
3
3
3

?

z

3
3

?
I

X

2

,

?
7
3

f
, f.

2

/

f

5

4
4
Z

?
, 7

Nkrology and Peychiatry 3
Radiology & Elsatrother.?

Hygiene 3

Sixth Year

Surgiaal clinic 4

4

Medical I)
Skin and eyphilis din.
Obstet. and Gyn.
Pediatri a8
Legal Medioins 3

Pediatria. eurgery 1

per week

n
n

n

n

ri

n

I1

H

I1

H

1)

H

n

It

II

I1

11

n

n

I1

I1 '

If

It

I?

It

n

I1

fI

II

It

I1

II

W

Florence.

&\ .

,,i 1

-I

F lor on ce

Number of StuCents.

This is not possible to give year by year as in the case of established

faculties, since the university of Florence is only beginninf-: its career as
a univerdty this year.
and, for the year 1922-1923, they were 88 follows:-

The division by subject is however possible to give,

Letter8 e: Philosophy: 159 - Natural Sciences: 124
Medicine & Surgery: 314 . - School of Pharrmcy: 78
School of Obstetrics: LB6 - Grad. in Obst. & Xedicine : 72

                      R Sciences . . . . T
Graduates in Letters: 24 -

School of Paleography: 3 School of Pedapgy: 65

R

* " Dentistry 8 - Listeners at Separate Courses: 14

There were graduated with the degree in Letters .... ..... .. 29
  - --      - - -    - Katural Sciences .... 5
  d              - - -   - Pure Chernistry ....... 24
  - -       - - I   - Chemis. & Pharmacy . . . 2

- - Med, and Smgery ..... 37

- -

- -

Diplomas for paduate work were given as follows:-

4 in Letters   - 1   in Sciences    - 12  in Xedicine
7 in pharrmcy  - 41  in Xidwifery   - 132  in Normal Schools.

Source of stndexts.

The majority of the students e,t Flore e are reetrictad to Tuscany. A

number of the students in the clinical bmn K s come fran Camerino and Peru&%,
where up till the present only the pre-cliniralysars have been given.
is still the case at Camerino. No definite fignres exiet remrding the source
of students in Florence.

This

Dfstri'mition of Graduates.

As shown on %ge 116the graduates at Florence &re fuund largely in

central Italy, especially in Tuscany.

Importance as a ldedical Center.

me importance of Florence as a medical center 1s due, first, to the

site and prestige of the city as the chief city of Tuscany and one of the most
important regions intellectually in Italy.
adequate clinical material.  The traditions and political importance of the
town come near to guaranteeing the excellence and vigour in the pre-clinical
sciencea,
university is not significant of any inferiority except that, perhags, of
its youth,
will move from type "BS

The site of Florence enmres

As in the case of Xilan the position of Florence as a type *Bn

As in the case Of Milan also it is not unlikely that Florence

to type f'A" within the next 15 years.

Florenco .

Training of Toachorr.

preront poritior of Flsronce as a unirerrritr ortablirher it wore

intirtoly in tho academic lifo of Italy unQ @pen8 to yruwgw prof error^
anothor univrrrity, tho prof error ship^ of which are the oquivalont of rimilar
poritirrr 018eWhOre.   This ir orpecially truo of tho clinical braatCk08 uhero
bofore Flrrrnre bocur~uiverrity it was 1 porrible for a l~ul without acadomic
qualifiutionr to bo the head of toachi~g in @no of the pert-madurtr in~tituter,
mi8 will no lergcr be possible.

On the pro-clinical rid# of the faculty,  the best blown proferrorr who exort

a cenridorable irfluenco in Italy are: .?referr@r Chiarugi in Anatemy, md
?roforror &&ti& in Genoral ?athelegT.
tho brt ~kurrcologirtr h Italr, and tho doath of ?roforror Guido Burti ha8
robbed the Flerertiner of a dominating figuro in Italim Patkolo~.
nolicho Schupfor ir a round, thorough-goiry and unpretontiour te~hor,  ut&
Frugni ir highly lntolligent ad very active.   CIL`)r in ledhtricr is the
leader ef the rontral Italian grw, he ir er@asizing the provmtior rad
social awpoctr of childrer*r Uroaror rather than rrioatific invertigrtim
which ha8 boon charwteristir in tho gnqp lo& br Jam&
laminating personality ln the medical faculty and inlord ma of tho irportant
loadorr in medical educatior in Itab.
for any yrwg man expecting to rocuzy a proforaerilip in patholrgicrl anatow
or genoral pa tho lo^.   It is to be qected that this powor will diminid to
a certain oxtort sincr hrtig ir not a dorotoo .f Famim.

Coronodi ir a180 racognicod a8 one of

In clinical

Lustig is the

Iir appreval ir rrid to be wecerrary

In g8reral

           i~prorrior war that thore ir likely to k always in Floronee
a group of on0 or two to8ckor8, eithor in the prO-Clinial er clinicalbrmcher
rho are imortant in the training of terrhorr of modicixe in Italy, but that
the rchool door rot utully premnt, with tho uception of Lurtig, an;r rory
roaarbblo toachorr.

SIERNA.

Looation.

  ~ionna ir a mall town of 43,@0@ population, 94 kilmotrrr from
Floronoo and 253 kilomotror from Romo,With rillagoo oloro by,tko tom
may bo ornridorol to hayo a population of about, 150,1300, and the prerinee
in whioh it ir looatrl har a population of 250,@@0.
irtie of eovoral of tho towno of eontral 1-17 in tkat it doer not harr
a vigrurour indurtrial lifo, but ir 8hpl;r & oontor for a rirh agrioul-
tural population.  Changer in population aro rory rlor in rurh rentorr
and it may bo promunod that Sionna will net bo rubjoet to approeiablo
growth in tho noar futuro.

It ir eh&rrot,or-

fir to q.

Full rotor on filo in ?aria offieo.

                        Sokoolr -oxirtoil 1;r far bark
88 -1Ojh-.mA tAc.!!8.tudia~.r.srn war a oontin<tion of thrr-typo of in-
---. rtrmtion.@ __- -- Tho -tOaoWBg 3.f ~odhho, tho tradition in Sionna ir .voq

tkr firrt

korpital

ohimod an$ t&ir llrto ir giron a! tko offieial ono for tho rroation af
tho uriy&ait;r.  Ir_U57 tL. tom ef Sionra lost itr lib~rtirr rnl tho
rriroririty bogan ti doolino.
wry poor.
rr~ebli8lol in Siwm but unbw tho tutolago of ?ha.  Xu&@ the
nodial fardQ -ef .#ieuu m-8 rupprorroa rnd a11 tho rtuilontr wo-ro
o;dr@ b wntinuo tlrrir prarthrl rtudior in Floronoo, but in 1859

tho fmW0a of umtral 1tal;r.  Tko prition of Sienna in the lart
25-yoarr har boom howoror urdoubtoll~ mhportamt and thir ir orpociallr

By tho and ef tho lltk mentury it war

lhple-en 1;erdoreA that tho neilioal faou1t;r rkeuld bo ro-

rorisimiL- getornront ro-amtmblirkod tho wivcrrity in fill, aml

in-1 i 63 _tllle-f*sgItier af ~irmr, rrrurrr~ tkoir rarlior irrprtaroo among

truo

rage

- - -

of tho Yodioal Faoulty.

8rganisation.

Similar to etkrr Typo "B" unirrroitior.

Urirorrity and Yodioal Srkool Firmerr.

No inforrution arailablo oxeopt
81 1, rnil tho following uount..r

Yodical Climio .... 6#@0@
Surgiral .... 5,000
Obrtotrieal " .... 4,500
Ophthalrologioal . . 4,000
krrrtologieil .... 5,000
Rourolo~ & Pophiatv 5,000
rodiatrirr ........ 4,000
1101. ?rtkolo(l(r .... 4,000

L.

that giro. undor Unir~rrit~ior (So0
f o r ma in to na ma o : -

Surcioal htkology ....
Anatoy ...............

Iygimna ...............
Logal Modidno ........

?karruoolo~ ..........

?atkologieal Anatomy ..
#onoral ?atkolom ..,..

?k;yrioh(l(r ............

Sienna

BUILDINBIB*

  Tho laboratorior aro Leured in the main unirarrity building and
tho Reyal Inrtituto ai Seionror rhieh ir a fairly mdorn building capablo
of houring only row mall dopartarntr and arowdod by the preront numbers
of rtudento.
Suala and aro being ro-dell08 and amplified.
dietanee from the laborabrier and ia one ef tho oldort horpital buildings
in Italy.

Tho 0lini08 aro housed in tho Porpitrl $anta Maria dolla

Thio hospital ir at some

Laboratory Yacilities.

  hate-:- Professor Stadrrini. 1 aiuto, no alliori. 30 studonts
in raeh year making a total of about 60 studontr.  (Jourro giron ovor two
years, in tho rocond of which histology is giron soparatoly undor a rub
stitute profeiser.  Laboratorioe at the Royal Inrtitute ample crpaeo for
the number of rtudsntr:
room, rmll msoum, oquipment inadequate, 12 eld micr~ro~pos. Library
inpdoquate. In general an iaeffeotivo inetitute. No evidenoe of in-
vestigative activity. Budget 6,000 Lire.

7 tables, matorial hard te ebtain, cmall leeture

Phy8iology:- Professor Bouai. No areiatants rt preaent. Profesror
                                          About 40 to

a very old man rho hae been teaohing in Sienna for 23 parr,
50 mtudente divided between two yearr.
no laboratory work by the etudonts.
the univeraity. Spaae dividod PS follow@: Proforsor'o room, small library,
assistant's room, room for alliovi with 8 drake, amall, and room for pro-
paration of annual experironto and readingroom for studante.
impresoion very poor.  Budgot 6,000 Lire a year*
of any wart.

2 loaturee a nook, 1 demonstration,

Library in the contra1 building of

Qrneral

No evidenoc of activity

   lygioao:- Professor Solam. 1 aiuto. Profreeor Solavo one of the
leading lygienistr of Italy har come to Sienna as result, it is raid, of
disagroemrntr with Lustig in Florenco. Ample epaoe, equipment antiquatod,
fairly good library.
entpharizer epidemiology, oapocially in ite baoteriologiaal aepeetr. Tho
facilitior dirtinotly limited.   Noter in Paris offioe on laboratories of
Physiology, General Pathology and Legal Nediciae.

Courro take8 up analyrer of food and water and

Clinical Faoi li tier o

  These aro located exulusirely in the Oepedrle Santa bria dolla Scala,
containing between 400 and 500 bed8 ahioh are in part codod to the unirorr-
ity for clinioal purpoeer.                              Oororal
imprerriori poor.

Surgery, 100 bode, modicrine, 80 beds.

Nsurdogiarl, Dormatelegha1 and OphthalnolegLeal olinies in tho COUTIO
        An an addition to this horpital, lrboratsrior aro hing

of rooonatmotion.
pravidod fer these speaialtior.
medicino and rurgery.
imprerrion on diniral faeilitior in Siorna ir tkrt they are di8tinetly
inadequato, oven for emall olaaror attanling thin rchool.

Laboraterior ontiroly inadoqurto for

Detail.& notor am file in Parir offir..

Brnoral

Sienna

Library Fa cilitiee o

With the exoeption of the Inetituto of Hygiene, library facilities in

Sienna are rntiroly inadequate.
my uae to the modern student of medioine and the separate librarior in
the institutes and oliniaa have been almost oompletely atop?ed ainoo 1915.

No oentral aollrotion exist8 rhioh ie of

Faoultl.

--

I

IIVSTITUTE OF NOWL EUUN ANATOMY

\Professor Rutilio Staderini - - - - - - - - - - - - Direotor

Dr. Bioranni Trnmontano-@uerritre - - - - - - - - Aiuto (Provisory) ,,

INSTITUTE OF PEYSIOLOGY
~Proferrar Balduino Boaoi - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

Director clz

Dr. Luigi Balluooi - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

aiuto -

INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
3Profesror Ottone Birbaooi - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                              - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Pireator `5

Dr. Bordardino Lunghrtti

Aiuto ,

INSTITUTE QF BXNERAT, PATHOLOQY

Profesror Nazarsne Tiberti - - - -
Dr2 Aldo Lurzatto - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto .,

- - - - - - -

Direotor 4

INSTITUTE OF PEARUCOLOOY
cjProfrssor Oarlo Ftaimondi   - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direotor 5

Dr. Vinoonso Hacsi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiub ~

IIISTTTUTE OB LEGAL MEDICINE
ProfrasorCesare Bioadi

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dirrotor 1

Direatar 7
           '

ca

INSTITUTE OF HYBI-
7Profeaaor Luigi Pirir - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
) Dr. Biuroppo Brotzu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Aiub

rnICII, CLINIC
<Proforror Vlnoonco Patrlla   = - - - - - - - 9 - - -

.

Direotor <

Dr. Dario Rolaani .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Muto/

SURBIOAL CLINIO
?Profearor Qiurrppe Bologneai   - - - 9 - - - - - - -

Direator 4

Dr. N. IT, UUta,

lLhlDIOAL PATHOLOBY

f$
` Dr. Valentino Sobartimi - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiutol-

Profesror Adolfo Perrata - - .. - - - - - - - - - -

Directorlci

SURBICAL PATHOLOQY

Proforror @iurrppo Bolognosi (6.0 Surgfoal Clinie)

Direotor

I`

OLINIO OB OBSTETRICS & GYIVECOLOaT

(q, Profesror Paolo Oaifami - -  - - -  - - - -  - - - - -
Dr. Pier0 Paraici - - - - -  - - -  - -. - -  - - - - -

Direator i'u

Aluto./'

Sienna

CLINIC OD PBDIATRLCS
 proferr error Imgiola Borriao - - - - - - - - - - - -

Direotar .

QPHTHALIIBLOBTCAL CLINIC
,a Profoaror Vittorirno Crvara - - - - - - - - - - -

Director

Dr. Albort~ Bencilri - - - - - - - - 9 - - - - - - Ai ut0 -* ~

CLTNTC OF IIEI(TAI, AND NERVOUS DISEASES
\,- Proforaor Onofrio Fragnita

                              - - - - 0 - - - 9 - -
Dr, Serafino d'lntona - - 9 - - - - - - - - - - -

Direator"
Aiuto -

History of Modieiae

- 0 - - - - - - - - Dr. Domenico BarduEzi

(?aid by tho Lank "llonto dai Parchin a very solid and iqortant

bank originally of Sioarr.)

Unifora with other faoultier in Italy,

Feoa, Soholarshipa and Studontr' Ezanser.

See under Perugia.

Bniforlr with other faoultiss in Italy.

TIRST TEAR:- -

Anatoq. 3 hrs. a weok - PhySiQ8.
erg. and Inorg. olaoroistg. ......b..
Estology and genoral Phyaielogg.. . o

3
3
3

hra. a

I1

n

woek

II

ff

SECOND TEAR:- Anatorq.

3 hrr. a week (88 in firrt par disroationr
doao at convenioner of rtudent wh8n mat8rial
ia obtainable)

Phyriolol;~. 3 hrr. I weok - Zooh~. 3 hrr. I wook

Bsapu. anate-. 3 hrr. a wk. Betaq. 3 " If

FOURTH TEUW Sur?. pathel. 3 It Patkol, anat. 3 hrr. a wk.

lfdittl " 3" Surtir.

Siorna.

Curriculum ( cont (a)

(3 i '3

/3,&

FIFTB YEAR:- Pathol, anatow 3 krr a rk. - Local Mod, 3 hrr a wk.

Clinir.redicino 4 'I It 9pktkalr.l. 3 " It

'I rurgory 3 It It Pediatrirr 3 I' ''

SIXTH EAR:- alinio. rodirino 4 It It Nourolow E

Psychiatry 3 It It

rurgory 3 11

I1

Dontirtry ..... 3 I' 8brt. & syn. 5 I'

Thoro is furtkor a list of Optional oeur~oo most ef rkich aro rub-

divirionr in abovo rubjectr or rpocialtior.

Full Currioulur ir on filo in the Pari8 off'ico.

Nurbor of Studontr. (3.0 Pago 114)

Souroo of Jtudentr.

Tho rtudontr at tho Onrulty of Sienna cone alxort exrluriroly from

tho rurrounding provinro.

~irtrihrtion of haluator.

Evon with tko rrall numbor of graduator tho Faculty at Sionna producer

mor. dortorr tkan ran bo abrorbod by tko rocion in rkich tho farultr ir
loratol.
find rorriro in tho ArmyD N&vy and Yorchnt hrino.
tho dirtribution of graduator at Sionna ir re 8HIall ar to ylaeo this faculty
in a rubordinato porition among the Trio oBtl

It ir raid tkat tho ronrihrable number of graduator in Sionna

A# rkom 011 Pago 116

rrkoolr in Italy.

Importuco am I Ilodioal Centor.

  Tho farulty at Sionna ir of vory alight irrl)ortanoo in tko modical
olucatior of Italy, exropt in 00 far am it rupplior prartitionnerr for
Siorna and tho irrrodiato noighl~ourhooL   With tho oxcoption of Selaw
tkoro aro no toaohorr at Siorna of any importanro in tho aeadonic rank8
of Italy in gomoral.

Strtur of Roroarok.

   In tko rodiral farulty at Sionna tkir may bo raid to bo at tho minim,
tho dopartront of Logal Uodicino and Iygiono perkapr boing rligkt oxroptionr
to tho aluort coyloto abronoo of' any inwatigative artivitr.

Toachorr' Training.

   With tkr oreoption of Proformor Sclan in Hygiono, tho Farulty at
Sirma oxortr 10 influonro upon tke ~ovolopant of toackorr of modirino
in Italy.   In tUr mattor, tllir farulty ir yractirally nogligiblo and
door not evon play tho rolo of tko farultior in Sardinia and Sirily aa
preying groundr for tho youngor profor*orr.

id 'J -tJ i

P erugia

PERUBIA

Looation.

Perugia ir tho aapital of Umbria.

                      There fire 25,000 people within
the oity walla, and this, plum tho eontinuour .,. pWhtiQ2I outside the
oity wall8 propor, givor a total of' about 60,000 inhabitants,  The po-
pulation of Umbria is 636,000.
hrr. 1/2 from Rome.

Perugia ir 3 haurs fron Ploronoe and 4

Poruga bogan 88 a teaohing oenter aa early *a tho 11th aontury and

war a011 ertablirhod by l?XN3.

aodiainr now\aonsidbrod ef any importa~oe.
rodiofar mE-i.von PJ~ POP@ .@iarmqi in 1334, but no defiaito ovidonoo OT
60' ooq-orgh .&&opoO .a. Us. udreraity htqr earlier than 1306.   The
iinirorrity flourirhod e8poaiall~r betweon 1300 and 1500, itr dealina begin,
ning with Paul 111 in 155%
in Perugia in 15520  B 1680 tFtriod to take over tho unirerrity and in
I~ia~bpoa ~xr-- oratrikod _-.. -... tO'dfninrh tho prortigo and influenoo of the
unirrrrity whieh-%>q -fioqwoa boforo the mothore and fathers of tho students
arbax "lOX%' libora e dirroluta". The Porugianr' oral for independenue
Fr3?edAfar from areoptablo to tho Papor in lator yoarr, and exoept for
Napoloon'r mappertin proronting tho unirorrity with a monartom whieh had
boon takon from tho roligioas ordors,
onor for tho one@ @@at ~rormlty~
froow?? f?ea papal doaia*gip@, Porugia war roo0
uni wxdJqCX'inI>$86, the umJ1vorri ts 'no trkon
cmw 568 per# rml put- pnder -thi uontrol of the young Strte of Italy
-- r~o-h.ea~ gauiy~t tho tino throughhnia for eontra~iration..
1,ondonee --- --_--I- mi ror~rod, but ooono~5.s wealth no longer flow uphill to
fortlfiod tom8 and tho prertige of Porugia har fadod and itm "independenoo"
moan8 that tho Slat0 ir fro0 of finanoial rerponribility for the unirorrity,

It 4nr ;bad

history whieh 5,r mor. interor+
            in tho naiddlo

Tho right to confor degreer in

ing in its illurtrition of tho der)lopment t of tb'!, unirerri

ago@ than fo$ amy +orfa1 @ortribu%for\ to tho knolrlodge of

Tho Jerr_ui.tr_ertabli6bd a callego of their own

to 1860 wero gloeq
ty of Italy brought
in as an Ihdrgwdd8t
ity whore pride it

m3*-

  Tho hi8bry of Perugia presonts in thoir rodioval garb aortain praotioor
thioh aro nowahyo roprdod with rymprthy as iatorosting oxporirontr and
innerrtioar.
their nationaly roro ortablirhod an early a8 1362.  Tho uniroraity oxtenrioa
rorerrnt ooaupiod tho atfaation of tho city Counsil of Perugh a8 oarly a8
1266 rhrn it rorolvod to rend :-*-to noighbouring temr not p8EOB8ed of
a unirerrit~., "to onaeurago oulturo and learning". A rtudontr' frrtornity
war in oldr~nooo ai oarly a8 1475 and among itr momberr ram a Do Uontfort,  a
Poniaterrlq and a Hohontellora.   (Full hirtory on filo in tho Parir Offioe.)

Poundations granting frllorrhipr to rtudeatm regardlor8 of

z,

__~

_1_

__

_.

4. - Collegio del !Cambia.
5. - Paiazzo Pu

lico & Picture Calk-y.

6. - Sala dell! $ercanzia.

__

di;" I I

IC

&:h%'[t?%adon&$$ of 'si&+

   rco di S n Luca.
. - Oratorv of1 St Bcrnardino.

I

34. - Accadkniy delle Belle Arti.
35. - Church of St Franrewo.

Church of; .St Martino.----
Tcatro M rlawhi.

9

I

I

,

I

Church oflSt Maria Nuova.
Church of! Montelucn.

I

50. - Church of 1 the Carmins.
51. - Chuich oflSt Fiorsmo.
52. - Convent ok Beah Colomba.
- Remainr of Etrurcra walh.
P -Pi=.

~
!

v. - vi. ~

i

-__--

s: "i

Porugia

  Tho univor8it;r of forupla MI at tho tire of my virit t 80-crllod
fro. uairaraity.Ar it krr boon rinco grant.( tho privilogo of bring a
Royal univorritr, and tho organization will oonform clorely ta that of
typo "B" univorrit.ior in general.
boon rorowhat mom urkod at ?oruC;fa than elaowhoro uong tho flrrultior

Tho trrdit,ioar and local rupvort krr

Tf 6itOd.o

Inirrrrity Financoe.

(x)hpport from tho tom ef Porugia ...................
(XI 11 . provinoe ....................
(e) Collage ria do Oapiorza,  ..........................

StudonCaC horn? firrt 4 yoarr?  ....................
       5tk and 6th vu.,
       . .................
Endowment8 of nriorr iorti................~......~
Rort f'ror unirorrity property, ....................

I1

Otkor porruont ordorrrontr, .......................

Plur, uourt for koryitxl uintonaneo  .............

Total:-

32, QC6

11 28 740

Liro

I1

n

n

11

I1

I1

I1

I1

II

Liro

ToaoUny Forrewncl:

Itrotor ........................................ 5,000 Lire
Full proforniorr, 21, in.nwbor, ...............   467,258
Toqorary prof. 3 n ............... 4a,oes
Trrrrirati (rilr.1 13 It ...............

65, OeQ

Ponrior fundi ret arid., oxcluling amount paid

proforrorr and othorr, ................... 35;ss

Haintonmco:

Roetorr office, ............................... 9.w

Lahratorier and librarior, ................... 80,580
hilii~~~, .................................... @@a
Mirrollanoour, ................................ 76,214

18.23

Carra rckolartica (aid for poor rtulentr 1 ...........
Rororre Fund, ......................................

Total:

(x) Cortain o~or poriole of 5 yrr. at a timo
(00) A trxrt f'und.

Medical School li'inaneem.

ABs@t8:- Ne aeparste olaarifiaation is here possible. The f'unds are

not kept soparattly from the university funds.

Exp enditur e8 : -

Birranti ertimates the following a8 elorely a?proximating the
Medical Faculty' r Expensee:-

Cireot Medid Faoulty' m Expen%.

Teaehing Personnel:

Full preforsorm, ........................ 220,500 Lire
Temporary .............................. 16,000
Aiuti, .................................. 42,000

Inaariaati, ............................. 30,000

A88imtenti,

0. o o o . . o o o o . . o o 0. o o . o o o o o o 6 o o

16,000

Total: -------- 'I 342,500

Gerrice:

Toahnioianr, ............................ 8,700

Servantr,  o o o o o 0 o o

o o o . o o o m o . . o . o . . o .

58,500

Total: ---- -- -- 67,200

Maintenaaer:

Paid to horpitrl fer diniaal laboratories

32,000

Laboratarier and librlrior, .............. 42,000

Total: ------- " 74,000

Overhead charger for general University Expensor:-

Admini fitration ;

60% Rootors salary, ..................... 1,800
60% ~dapr. ralaries, ...................... 31,560

60% ~ertarr effioe, ...................... 5,700
60% Buildinga ........................... 24,000
60% Hisoellanoour, ...................... 25,729

31,360

.11-..11.--

TOt81:

bintenanre:

' 55,429

---I--

Total:

Pensionr fund (60$), ................  21,171

Reserve f'unda .. hand (60%) .........   6,4410 6.40

Poor rtudontr aid (6051, ............ 10,950 .. 52,121

Total Diroct and Overhead:- Lire 593,010

(Continued overleaf).

Tho frrulty roroiror kou tho Congregation of Charity for proforrioml

work, a fiw ~f~.~...aaaaaa~aaaaaaa~~~a~aaa~~aaa

32,000 Liro,

Tho r800-8Wnt .1) 8hOWr tho fir0 diffOrONt 8OntOrB for t088hi.g Whi8h

rro urd $7 tho Uod.iea1 Farulty.

Inrtituto of haby rbout 5 mlnutor walk fro= tho urrerrity ir 1 nall twe
rbry building with 5 tabloo in dirrortion room, a 8-11 murrum, a fairrizod
Irrturo hall and 3 rporirl room for tho prrforror.  Tho Orpodrlo Uontoluro
&bout 50 lrinutor walk frrm tho uritorrity building ir 8 ~odorr ronrtru8tior
on tho prvillion plan, 70 bod8 to oarh parillion and buror medioinr, rurgoq
and obrtotricr,  Tho hrpitd for tho inraro (1500 boar) ir rbout 2@ rimtrr
walk from tho univrrrit~, fairly rodorn, woll rangod and rdoquata.
rrd B8OtOriOh~ aro taxght in tho Agricultural Inotituto, about 40 rinmtor
walk fror tho uirorrit~.,  In gonoral, am will bo roon, tho arrrrymont of
building# at ?orugia ir unfortwlrtol~. reattorod.  Tko wrirorrity buflling
and tho rnatomicrl building rro old and poorly rdaptod for tkoir finetion.

Tho unirorritr buildingr which kouao pwrir-

IOU, )8tkOlOgiC81 8rrtO.l Urd 8hOdrtrJ. ar0 indOqUat0 8nd 8NtfqUatOd.

The

Iygione

Laboratory Frei1itior.

Tho Inrtftuto ef ?atholov hrr boon for tho part prr without a proforror

mnd notor wor8 not bk8Na

lirtery anel phyriral oxaminationr not thorough, no adoquato laboratory notor
on rarer.
very foa proviriorr woro in oribonco for thir work.
not urrd by tho rtudortr, werk bring dear by arrirtantr.  Tho t&icrl and
modiral clinirr haw adoquato rparr for Iaboraterior, butthe80 are poorly
oquippod and apparontly only in orerriora1 uro.
cortrlf'ugo in oarh laborrtar~.
rxeollert.
OPB kar about150 carer divided between msdicino and rurgory, per dry.
Inrrne asylum, full rotor in Paris offfor.

Autoprior are throrotieall~ roquired on ovary herpital earo, but
                              Clinical lrboraterior

          Two nicrorcopor and one
Rolrtionr betweon herpital and roheel are

l!iorpital ir clorod to doctsrm outride tho univerrity rtaff.

Libram.

Tke library farilitior at Yorugia aro divided betwoen the university

library, tho library of tho farultr of aedieine and tho marttored librariar
of tko slinier and inrtitutor.
60,eae vo~umor, mort ef tho. of only kiot,oric ~81~0.
Farulty of LIodieino cortrinr about 5,OW TO~WOI, and poriodiralr, 75 Itallan
and 82 frroip.
the rortrol of iwQiridmal )rofrrrorr and are but littlo urrd by tho rtrdentr
or tke otkor proforrrrr of tho faenlty.
rinco 1915.

Tho unirerrity library rortairr about

Tho library of the

Tho librarior of tho eliniur and tho inrtitutor are under

Oenoral prorty in raintonance

houlty.

PnlIC8                      (XI
IIIOReANIC CEUISTRY .................... (XI
ZeeLwT ................................ (x)

0 0 o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o * o o o o

ANATOMY E IISTOLe(.T ....................

OB8TETRIOS E BYNO, .....................

NEaRVL@GY E PSYCHIATRY m..*..e..e*.*.o*o
DERIUTQLOBY & SYPHILIS ..*..........**et
LEGAL mICINE ...........~...~.e.......
RA.DIBLO@T ..............................
DENTISTRY ..............................
PEDIATRIC8 .............................
OPHTHALLIOLO(IT ..........................

Profomor Bornardo Borraa
?referror Efirio Y.mOli
Preforror Qiulio Trirri
?roforrarship Varant
Sulrtituto: ?re Calrtaldi
Proforror 8rwaldo Poli~arti
Prof o~ior Burireo - -
Proferror Edorrdo Filippi
'Iroforror Raffaolls Silvertrini
Preforror Carlo Righotti
Proforrsrrkip Varart
hbrtitUt0: Prof. eino Bi Rerri
Preforrerrhip Vaeut
jubrtituto: ?r. Oiarore Aperich
?roforror Co8aro Agmtinf
Proferror Bizzorore. Enzo
Praforrer Coaaro Agortini
Proforror Eugenio Uilani
Proferror Arrige Piporno
Preferrer Bi Villa
Preforrer 10 Caraie

(x)

Are raid net to be praat.eing redieine.

?orucia

Proforror hrrau rko toarhor ?k;lrirr

                       a180 in on0 of' tho proparatory
rckoo~r, ray8 tkat tho -proparation of tho rtudontr who will entor modicino
in rhyrirr ir 2 hour8 a sook of lorturor for ono year, folloroQ by a rocond
par witk 3 kourr a wook of lorturer. Tkoro ir no laboratorj- work at, all in
Fhyrirr.  In ckorirtry, ?roforror BOr#aU rrid that tho Dro?aration amounted
to 2 kourr 8 aoek of lorturor for on0 par, that inrtruotion in hiohm is
rory much dilutod with tkat givon for all tko natural ncicwror and tkat all
natural rcionoor am givon in on. par, 3 kourr a rook. Ho ir euro that
proparrtion ir por in biolom and that no rtudontr entering tho modircl
faeulty aro familiar ritk any of tho riparatur urea in ckorirtry er ykyoicr.
Thir ir in agreement with tho opinion of Proforeor Carlo FoA at Milan,

For othor roquromontr,  eoo under Turin.

Foor, Sckolarahipr and Studentr' Expenror.

Tho fellowing rtatoront of Tuition foor at Iorugia  war givon by tho

rocrotary and troaruror of tho faculty:-

Tui tio n

Toarly Exam.

--

-- Uatriculatior

FIRST TEAR: Lo   750     L. 150       L. 93.

SECOND YW:     75.        15.          25.

Labor. goo

TZIIRB TEAR: 75. 15. 250

PWRTI TEAR: 75. 15. 25.

FIFTl YEAR: 75. 15. 25.

SIXTl YEAR: 75. 150 25.

  In adUtion to tho urual fro. for tko rixth par thoro is a foo of
30 Liro 81 a graduation foo, an4 a rporial fro of 75 Lire for ~iplou.

  Tkur tho rO8t of inrtmrtion por rtudont for tho six parr ir about
6,825 Liro.
rrrt about ?,A20 Liro, per aradorir par.
ara calculatod at 593,000 Liro on tho nu~bor of rtudentr, 13'8,
that the rort of medical inrtruction por par, per rtudont ir 4,500 Liro.
Tho rtudort tkur pa78 ahoutl,l5O Liro for kir irrtruetior.  Soholarrhipr
available in torugtr aro 4 in numbor.  Thoro aro, howoror, proviriorr for
tko rorirrion of tho tuition of tho unurruall;l promiring rtudont, providing
thoy obtain 27 yointr on a rcalo of 30 in tkoir work.   Tkoro im alro at
Perugia a rckool for tho oqharr of all Italian doctor8 whiok pap tka
oxprnror of tho rkildron of doctarr tkrougk tho rolieal faculty, if thy
woro to 3ocomo pkyrieianro
Italy through tho payment of about 5. Liro a yoare

      It ir ra~eulatod tht tko room and board on 8 modiur ortimatoQ

Far tho par 192F-1524, dividing tho oqonror of tho rodical rchool ahieh

it ir raii

That rrhrol .La rupportod by orrh doctar in

Do gr o or .

Up to 1924-1925 tho Farultj. at Iorugia did not continuo the modiral

curriculum Sop~l ?ropration in tho prrolinical soioreor. and did not
tkoroforo giro dogroo8 in modicino to itr rtudontr.   Tho rtudortr entor-
od tkrir rlinieal work largo17 at tho Unirorsity of Romo, Florenoo, Bologna
and Naplor.* From 1924 on tho unirorsity will giro tho Crgroo in mdieino
, the roquiromontr for tkir doporn boing idontical with thoro olrewhoro in

1taiy.

Cur ri culwr .

--- --

FIlST YEAR:

Botany -

3 tiror a wk, totalling about 5@ hrr rf lorturor

in tho roar.

ton. rhorirtry -          id.
rrJ8ier ..*... -          id.
Anatoll)lr....... -  2 hra lorturrr a work. ~irtortionr in-

dofinito ad dopnding on material and
rvailablo tiro of tho rtudont.

SECfiNB YEAR:

zoo lo^ ...... -

Practi ea1 work 1 hr " irrocular and totalling 12
in ?hysirlo~ - oxoroiror in the yoar.
Anatomy ...... - 3 krr. loeturor. Birrmation 81 aboro

Top gray ki ea1
Anatomy ...... - 2 I' 11

3 krr a Irk. totalling about 'jO hrr a roar

id.

I1 n

?hy#ir8 ....om -

no tod.

i 4.

FIBTI TEAR:

'>-3 4

Perugia.

With the exaeptien of Physiology and Anatomy there are no hours of

1ab;ratory work noted far individual exercires by the student.
details are on file in Paris Offioe.

Comylete

Xumber of Studentla. -

  rt tho University of Porugia the number of men included in the ooursea
of the medical faaulty ia somewhat oonfused by the presence of the pro-clinic-
a1 aourses sf veterinary, ?harpracy and agriculture students who take oertain
courses in aomuon with medical otudentr.  Pharmacy and medicine share inorgan-
ic and organic chemistry, physios, botany, pharmacology and pharmacognosy.

The following table gives the number of men inooribed at Perugia :-

Year

-

First Second Third Fourth i'ifth Sixth

-----

a -

-

1918719 23 34 21 37

                          46
1913-20 24 28 76
19 20- 21 34 34 60 94
1921-22 17 21 17 33
1922-23 17 21 20
19 2 7-24 17 21 20 20 (XI - 21 (XI - 20

-

-

-

- -

20

PO t

The large fipres of thefnar years are due to Roldiers returning

to take up or to eompleto their studies.

Source of Students.

  The aource of studente in Perugia ie dietinctly loaal, sspscislly
oince up till 1324 that the faoulty did not confir a medical degree.
60% of the atudente come from the province of Umbria and the rest from
Tusoany and the brchee.
is very I.ittle emigration from other schools to I;erue;ia.

About

No student comes from outside of Italy.

There

Distribution of Braduatx.

There have barn no graduates from 2erugia.

Sinus 1924 only the first

four parr of the full medical course waa given, and as noted above* the
students from Perugia hare in the past secured their degrees from Rome,
J'lorenue, Bologna and Naples.

Importance as I Lredioal Center.

'Professor Polimanti oonsiders that the importance of Perugia a8 a

medical oenter lies in the faet that it ir rmall enough for each studeat
to be known by his proferrorr and to be clorely diroi~lined in his work.
Stadentr from the university of Perugia in the past are raid to have had
good reaords during their 5th and 6th yearr at other universities.  This
opinion hardly outweighe the faet that thore in a lack of adequate labor-
atory faailitiere good terchorr and acrsirtantr in the Faoulty of Perugia
and that tho clinioal material io distinatly limited.
faaulties in Italy, Perugia oocupier a definitely rubordinate porition.

mong other

(x) Probable Figures 6

Professor Polimanti sketched this order of progresaion for a young

graduate:-

1 to 5 years ae voluntary aaeiatant, without pay,
2 to 5 years-as a paid asaiatant,
1 to 10 para a8 aiuto.

  A young physioian will then either pes a ooncorao for a profeeaor-
ship going to one of similar faoultiea like Cagliari, Sassari or Meaaina,
or he becomes a "libero dooente" to eeuure a professorship later,  or, as
is often the oa80, to oontinue as libero docente in addition to maintaining
private practioe if hia dooenteahip is in clinical fields.

Perugia is unimportant in the developments of the beat type of teachers

cSf medioine in Italy.

!l!hisWediorrl Jhoulty, h vim Of its relatively small Size,

inacoesaeblllty an8 unimportance in medial eduoation In Italy,
was not visited.  WO letters were sent requesting informstion
in the form of printed matter, catalogues etc., but no answer was
received.

Camerino Is a town of 12,000 population in the provinoe of the
                        the population ia thus

aame me whioh has a population Of 50,000;
less than half that of Sassari.
Rome, Is not sittaatbd npon a railroad and irr femd in one of

Camerino is 180 kilometres from

the pOOPWt district8 Gf Central Italyr

!Phe University ms founded in 1727, and In 1860 - together with

Perugis, Urbino, Maoerata an8 Berrara - the Univemity of Camerho
beoame one of the so-oalled F'ree Universities, and has shoe enjog..
ed none of the privilege8 of the Royal Universities of the first
or swond olass.

Oraanisat ion.

  !Zhe University is qualified to grant degree8 in Law, diplanas
In pharmsoy and Obstetrics;
four years in Mediaine an8 part of a Veterinary oourser
isation .B a Rree  University is similar to that already described
Wer Perugia.

it Is further allowed to give the first
                 Ita organ-

Sqpport ie entirely grovinoial, munialpal, and from suoh few

endments alii the University may posseee.
gives no assistanoe whatsoever.

The Kingdom of Italy

Wboratories 6

There are, listed in the wmual of ecientific institutes of ItaQ,

the following as belonging to the Medid Faoaltg of Camerho:-

Medicine" Snd 'tPathology ani Cliniual Surgery".
noted, laboratoriers of ghypliology,rtnd of general pntholqy and pathol-
ogical anatomy.

Institutes of Anatomy, ?dateria EIedim, "Pathology sad Cllniosl
                               mere are further

This was the only information available.

Clinics.

   In a tdsr with a population of 12,000, it may be presumed that
tho clinical facilities are extremely meagre.
availa'tile is that there is an Obstetric Clinio.
of the terms Vathology and Clinical Iledicine" and l@Patholosy and
Clinical Surgery" already noted under ttLaboratories'r was not obtained.
Vmy few professor8 in acadanic oirdes of the Royal Universities had
any knowls~e of the conditions at Canorino.

The only infomation
The preoise weaning

Library.

There is no Univoroity libiraryt, the only collection of boob

boiq apparently that of the Comunal Library of 40,030 vol-mes)  this
may be infarred to be similar to the ordimry Cminnunal Libraries 02
Italy, Which are insipificant in 60 far as modern boo'- or journals
ae concerLied o

Prof es sors o

A list of tile professors of the University of Camerino dwa; the

year 1918-1919 is available In the annual of Scientific Institutes in
fta$y(on file in the Paris Office).
the selection of Srofessors in the Pree Universities is not rigorous
nor subjected to the same form of control that obtains in the Royal
UnPrersities, nor do the professors enjoy the prfvilegee of pension,
aoadamic ctmding, etc., pphich belong to the academic lifo of the
0 t her Un iv 81-8 it i eB .

It io of hportance to note that

   Admission is known to be much easier in the a868 of Carmerino
than in the case of the Royal Universities.

Students: Fees.

In 1912, students' fees at Camerho were only a quarter Of what they

were in other univorsities. It is safe to assurne that they are still far
below those montioned for other facultios visited in Italy.

Camerino is not qualified to give the medial dBgree; only the first

four years of tile hedical course are prmided for in this faculty.
Students would be fairly widely scattered in tlwir dioioe of n univcrs-
ity in wliich to complete their Gt'TIiieS: Haples, Jmc, r'lorence and
Bologna are probably the favourites.

Not obtained o

Xo, of ;Students in Xcdical Facult&

Durilig 1919, tnis was given as 110; presumably &out the same

duriq: the past year.

Source of-

Probably high3y circumscribed.

                     Certainly no students whose
hmes were outside the Xtalian llarohes would think of going to
the MDe8lcal Faaulty of the University of Cmerino.

e.

   me fact that no degrees are givenmakes it difficult to knm
definitely the distribution of men who have spent their first four
years at the Nedical Faculty of the University of CBmerlno.  Nothing
would indicate, however, that they aro widely spread throughout
Jtalg,  since the echo01 is highly local in its appeal ahd influence.

Jmportance -1 Centre.

  The Hedicsl Bcrculty of the University of Camerino Is probably
the least important rnedi-1 faoulty in Italy.
a stepping atone in the academia oareer Of any intelligent  Italian
professors,  since it is not possible to pass frun a Bee University
of such standing to any other place in Italy.
provinae oould be well supplied by graduates caning from other part8
or from other schoola of Italy, and it ie difficult to see why the
Government allows the Faculty to continue.

It is not used 88

The loa1 needs of the

NAPLES:

Location.

Naples ie the lsrgest city in Italy and ha8 conaiderable industrial

wealth, and hae grom,especially during the last 20 years.  Its populat-
ion is about 800,000 inhabitante.  Though no longer the chief port -- in
Italy , it continues as the chief city in eouhm Italy.
particularly true in regard to medicine since up to the recent foundation
of the University of Bari, Naples was the only clinical and educational
oenter, south of Rome, and ite eaey access to Sicily by boat has always
drained the three Sicilian faculties of much of their prestige medically.

This is more

Hi s tory.

The University of Naples

                 me founded by hperor Frederick I1 in
1224 as a rival to that of Bologna in the study of Law and Theology.
In 1252 the university me moved to Salerno and joined to the medioal
school whioh hae existed there since the XIth century.   After a few
years the entire university including the medical faculty was transferred
to Naplee where it flourished intermittently and has beoome pre-eminent

e 1861 when a speoial law provided for itA exteneive development.

Only A comple "%I istory of this faculty iR on file in the Paris Office.

University Financee. _c-

---

The University of Naples is a Claw "A~ univemity and as such is

entirely supported by the government.
ing the university budget.
neoted with the university ie about 5OO,OOO Lire and the government's
support is said to be approxiptely 3,500,000 Lire for the University.

No figures are published regard-

The annual endowment of the Institute con-

Medical Sohool Finances.

  No reoent figures regarding the aedioal School Finanoee were awil-
able and a requeat for auch figuros, as in the caae of numeroue other
aohools in Italy, was not made since a request would unquestionably have
been miainterpreted  and led to oonplioations whioh it was deeirable to

t3Vo3.de

The profeseore' sa'laries are uniform with thoecof other type "Acc

eohoo1a.

true that the actual sums for maintenance of the clinics and inetitutes
are aomerhat larger than those of many of other 80hOOlS in Italy, but
the great overcrowding in the medical faculty at Naples maireit wrong
to infer that proportionate to the needs,  alinics or institutes are
better supported than elsewhere.

The budgeta for Institutes and Clinics are given wherever
                                      It is

possible under the cliaim and instituters visited.-

Buildinge b

As shown in the acoompanying map, the building of the medioal

faoulty are, wit'n one exoeption, reaaonably oentralised.

The Policlinico

group is the most reaent of all the buildings used by the medical faculty,
all other etruotures being adaptationa of old ahurahes and oonvents.
The new university building in the Uoreo Umberto Primo is no% used by
the medical facult .

Even the Poliolinioo group, though relntively rsoent

in uonetruation (1 i; 95) ia quite inadequate to the teaohing demand8 of the

~~h001.

Laborata Facilities.

---

Laboratories maintained by the Liberi Doaente.

In Naples the systemof

instruetion by the LiSeri Dooente ie developed to such an extent as to
oonetitute praatiaally an "extra nnml" aahool of medieins.
Dooente are praotitiomra who have, through examinations,  secured the
right to teaoh,on their own responsibility, as many etudentaas they may
be able to attraot and see fit to aaaommodate.
appointed at the entircayinadequate facilitiee pzyrLdm by the university
profeseore and their aeeistants, insoribe in the private oourseegiven
by the Liberi Dooente.  Them teaehere hire roomi in the vicinity of
the Pbliolinico group where they give such courses as they are able to
tho& atudents whom they haw 800ured.    One professor teaching anatomy
managed to attraat alasses of 40 to 50 student8 to whom he gave inetruat-
ion in 2 roome with suah anatomical material a8 he had pereonally colleated
or from time to time eeaured.
aeoommodated in auah uour~es, but 40 to 50 is the average number.  Students
are enabled to take examinations for laurea br degreelin med&oine,basing
their qualifiaations for the examinations solely upon the instruation
offered by the LibedDooente.

The Liberi

Many studente justly die

Students up to the number of 100 have been

The Liberi Doaente used to receive pay from the scholara ahiah wa~

aollected in the form of qeaial fee8 acoording to the number of leatures
attended by the student,  Sinoe the war the obligation to  colleat the
fees ha0 been put ditlbotly  'OD  the Liberi Docente and sinoe the etudenta
are almost wiformAy poor and sinae the Liberi Doaente find it finanaially
advanta eoua to retain the title, they are no longer able to aolleat more
than 102 of the: Tr teaching fees.
oonsieting of about 100 rooms in an old convent ie provided for both
laboratory and clinical subjeuts.
Liberi Doaente, eJid it is likely that this number will not diminish,
though the oharacter of the teaahing may well go below even its present
degraded level.

The speoial hall for the Liberi Docente

There are in the Maplee Faculty 450

  Jealousy between the head profeesors and the Liberi Doaente is
frequent and the professors only rarely give any opportunity to a Docent
to u~e the clinical material oontrolled by the profeseor.
is that there are practically two separate tsaahing foraee in the Univ-
eraity of Naples at odds with eaoh other.  The strength of the Dooent '8
poeition lies in the fact that the number of 8tUdent8 he teach98 ie often
small enough to enable him to give 8ome individual attention to etudenta,
but the quality of this instruation is gravely qualified by the inadequaay
of equipment and of clinical material available.  A Doeant may continue
to hold this title if he does not omit givlng 40 to 50 lessons per year
for more than two ooneeautive years at a time.

The result

  Anatotqe:- Not visited. Professor Oiugno Salvi. 2 Riuti, 4
assistants.
in disseotion material for the1030 students of the first 3 years.

Course given during first 3 yeare, said to be inadequate

Phyeio1oq:- Professor Filippo Botazzi. 1 aiuto, 3 aseistants.

693 students divided into seotions of 50 for praotical work.
given in the 2nd,and 3rd yeare.
3 hours of bio-ohemistry
hours of practical work by aeotions.
praotizal work every 2 weeke, but, I saw only three seotions listed
for this work. Much absenteeiam during the first 3 years of medizal
school work.  Praotical work lasts for 2 hours, half of seotion watohing
an experiment, while other half reaeives informal explanation of experi-
mente or of subjeot matter of leotares.  No individual exerciseu by the
etudent.  Laboratory looated in building known a8 Sant'hdrea delle 3ame
of one floor aonsiating of small of'f'ioe room for professor pith small
private laboratory adjoining, 1 large room for apectroecopio work.
for assistants; 2 roous for bio-chemistry for the students' demonstrations.
Laboratory well equipped with apparatue; few workers. One amphitheatre
mch too small for olassea of 650.
well supplied.
Bottazzi is finding assistants.
physiology, only two of rhon are of real uue.
an excellent impression.
and olasses impossibly large.

                Teaching
3 hours of leotures in physiology and

(in charge of assistants)

per week, and 3

Faoh seotion ie said to get

Rooms

Excellent library, large, orderly and

Budget 20,000 Lire a year.

Main difficulty of Irofessor

   He has one for bio-ohemistry and 4 for

Finanoial support for his Fork entirely inadequate

Personally Bottazzi creates

  Pathologioal - -- Anatom:- *- Professor Giuseppe Pianese. 1 aiuto, 7 paid
assistants, 3 voluntary aseistants, 1 artist and 3 "dielpr". Said to have
70 allievi interni vhom he oharges 5 Lire a month and whom he prepares to
be asaistant in the clinics later.
65 desks.                              remarked, anly
those who are willing some.
divided into general leotures on theory, and lectures on special pathology,
organ by organi with demonstrations of gross epecimene and diagrams;  he
also gives microscopio demonatrations for whioh he has 10 microscopes.
de to reoent material for pathologiaal ehdy, Pianese said :- I could
be happy if I had 10 times the amount of material I get".   Library ina-
dequate;  large anowt of space very little used, moRt1!61d material.
Impression given that he ie unable to relate pathologiaal anatomg to
olinical work and is much isolated. Avparatus quite inadequate. Budget
not gi ven .

For these allievi 70 microscopes and

500 ta 600 students, but aa Profeasor gjaheee

His course in the 4th and 5th years and is

Legal Medicine;- ---~

Professor Corrado, 1 age$ aiuto, 2 aged assistants,

                            Corrado

2 voluntary aseistants.
course in the 5th year and obligatory oouree in the 6th year.
aluo gives a course for Law students in their 2nd year.
medioal etlJdents oonsiets of 3 lectures a week .

MuReum almost udeless.

530 to 600 studeats divided between optional

The course for

Spaoe a 19 but laboratory

barn,, and antiquated and peculiarly depressing. Assistan 3 0 incompetent.

One of the poorest institutes in Italy.

Profeseor Marfori. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant. 250 to 300

interni. Leotures in 5th year, 3 times a week

and ;oractical exercises for groups of 30 to 40 students, so that an indiv-
idual student geta from 2 to 5 exercises during the course.
oocupies 6 room in t.he Sant'bndrea delle Dame group.  Apparatue inadequate.
Tnadequate provision for students and allied.  Professor Mdarfori mai t ins
an ambulatory clinic to show to students the eff'eot and consequenoes~'ahUgs
gives practioe in presori7tion ,writing. Library umall.. Budget not given.

Laboratory

Clinical 3'aoilities.

__-~---___

XedicFne:- Divided between two 8ervioe8, the first and seoond medical

__--. ~.

oli ni os.

Second Uedioal Clinic. Professor Zagari. 3 paid aiuti, 5 vollintary

aiuti, 5 paid assistants, 10 to 12 vol-mtary assistants. 20 to 30 a'lievi.
Students 700 to 800 in the 4th, 5th and 6th years.
clinical lectures a week with smaller demonstrations to about 50 atudente
at a time in theory.  Some clinical in smaller groups by aiuti and aa9st-
ant8 in practice.
harrla of the Libert Docente. Second nedioal clinic shares half of one of
the buildings of the Polidinioo group with the ?irst medical clinic  and
ocmpies 4 floors, the firet being devoted to demonstrationo, OPD. library
and amphitheatre. The 2nd floor devoted to wards, 25 male, 25 female
patients.
assfstants. 4th floor, labaratoriea - OPD, 2 small, dirty rooms, exam-
ination and waitincroorn being combined.
i9 whatever quantity the manufaoturers or firms will give them to the clinic,
Attendance 25 to 40 per day. No eelection before entry. Yedical and surr
ioal oases reoeived.  Clinic met pay emenses of PatientA in hos?ital.
Kards clean and well kept. Isolation facilitiea inadequate. Eistories
of patients well kept.  Private ward oases not used for teaching, except
on permission. -- o Laboratory on 4th floor for
chemistry, physiology, bacteriology and X-Ray work. Autopsies rare done
in amphitheatre. No co-operation with professor of pathological anatomy.
Budget for this clinic 78,090 Lire
be paid : patients' food, all medicines, material for research, scisntifio
apparatus, ecientific journals and laboratory eervants' salaries.
Full notes on file.

Course consists of 3

Uost of +,he clinical work secured by st,ndents is at

3rd floor, private beds, 20 in number, and dormitory for resident

                  Patent medicines dispensed gratis

(about $4000) annually from which must

First Mediaal Clinic. Profeeaor Castellino. 5 paid aiuti, 3 voluntary

aiuti, 5 paid assistants, 5 voluntary assistants. Allievi interni, number
not given, (Approximately 20). Located in other half of building shared
with the Second medical clinia. Course consists of 3 lectures a week
given in 4th, 5th and 6th years.
CaRtelliao has somewhat more prestige than Zagari,as a teacher.
in same general condition
.Library a replica of t'mt of the second medioal olinic next door.
divided into special services , totals about 100 a day of visits.. Budpet
78,000 Lire a year for same purpose as aeaond aedical clinic.

Attendance TOO to 800.

Apparently prof.

50 beds

OPD.

and plan of building as in Pacond medical clinic.

-3- Surzerx-

Second surgical clinic shares buildings with first surgitxl

clinio. Profeseor Pasoale. 2 aiuti, 2 paid assistants,. aeveral voluntary
assistants.  Teaeking 3 clinics per week attended by a8 many a8 oan get into
the amphitheatre, 500 to 600, though course should be attended by the TOO or
800 students.  130 beds,.s2asll OPD. No laboratory seen. Budget not given.
Clinic seems to be well run by the aiuto, Dr. De Gaetano..

Pediatrio6:- Professor Roooo Jemma. 1 aiuto 3 paid assistants, 12
          Teaching in seotione in limited spaoe at the Sant'
                               Only 18

OPD. 100 casee in Summer, 50 to 60 in Vinter, used for teaching

volmtary aesiatante.
Andrea deUe Dame Hospital where cliniu ocoupiee 1  small floor.
beds.
only ta a small extent.
Caaee well etudird.
ities for speoialization
allied. interni.

Laboratory cramped, but in aetive f'unotion.

Library excellent as to order and use.

Good opportun-

only for the aeeietante;  almost no room for

Prafessor Jenma has plans for a ne?p building of 4 floors-with 230

                                Budpet for

to 200 beds which vi11 cost 4 to 6 million Lire.
postqoned.
care of patients, medicines, journals, scientific mterial and equipment:
~O,OOO Lire a year.

Construction indefinttelp

Jem seems a good director of' his shdeiits.

0phthalmoloa:-

Yrofessor hgelucci. 1 Aiuto 3 paid assi.s"ant,s, 9

voluntary assistants.  Number of allievi not, given.
7 times a week and practical denonstrations in grouDs of 20 students at a
time, BO that each etudent is said to get from 1 to 4 exercises a year.
Clinic housed in buildinp at Sant'Andrea delle Dame.
clean, well equipped, 50 bed.8, not occupied during vacations since clinic
mst pay all charges.  OFD 500 a day, 201) of ahom are suffering fr9,m
trachoma. BudLpt, 144,000 Lire. ilireotor is in his dotage.

Teaching is by lectures

3rd floor, spacious,

woal -- -~ Patho$o_?y:- -- ProfesRor Roncali. 1 aiuto, 2 mistants. Build-

ing being remodelled and service organized by Professor Roncali who has
recently arrivedet PJaples.
section work in groups of 50 by assistants.
his wards would be o?en to eome of the Liberi Docente.  This j.s exce7tiQnal.
The clinic will have   beds and teaching here nil1    Ciffer from that
of the first and second surgical clinics since thxk surgery rill be prssent-
ed in a schematic and elderly fashion rather than from a purely clinical
basia. Occupies 4th floor in the Policlinico group. &ill contain 50 beds
and will utilize the 01. service for collection 3f mees, but not fTr
teaching. Budget not given.

Teaching by leot-nee 3 timeu a week and

Profsssor Roncali said that

-.- Dermatology a_nd Syphilis:- ._ - -- Professor Stanziale. 2 aiuti, 3 assistants,

about 10 voluntary assistants. A1 lied not mentioned. Teaching is offered
in 5th year to about 250 student8 and consists of lectures 3 times a ak,
for Practical mork once a week to 50 students at a time, coflsequently a
stdent takes part in npractical" exercises from 2 to 5 times in a year.
Clinic occupies a separate block in the 2oliclinizo grou?.  Beds far 12
mal3 and 12 feraale patients, together pith 10 Drivate beds.  OPD has from
130 to 120 patients treated a day and is used for teaching.  It is well
equipped,
the institute of' his om creation called the "Istitu+vo Fofo-Radlo-Teraci~o"
which is hoxmd in this building on the 2nd fluor. Tor this institute he
secures about 200,300 Lire u* a year.
ment adequate, but scant evidence of work being done in the laboretories.
Stansiale said that the Liberi aocente could use his cases for teaching,
but this is contradicted by the TAberi Jocente conmlted.

Stanziale has extended the work of the clinic by f'uging it with

. LehorRtories and gensral equi?-

--- Obstetsics - - and Oy-necol.:- -- Professor Uiranda. 2 niuti, 5 paid

assistants, lcv-diuntars assistants. 13 allievi interni.

About 250 students.

Teaching cone;-ts of 3 iectures by ihe professor per week.
into group6 in such a way that they Ree a rniniauia of 7 end an average of
6 to 7 deliveriJs, but take no aotive part themselves.  Students deeiring
to specialize must register in the first year of their medical course for
the privilege of being allievi interni in their 6th year.  Clinic located
in the Sant'Andrea delle Dame Hospital,  houses 130 beds.  Patients cost
clinic about 15 Lire a day and hence it is closed entirely during vacations.
Zlinic occupiee 3rd floor in an old convent, spacious 3ut Kith sanitary
and kitchen arrangements poor.
anpearanoe. Library fair.
for the 100 beds annually.
and laboratory material.

Students divided

Iahoratories inadequate and sleepy in

Blidgst l5O89OO Lire for food, drugs and service

An ertra 20,000 Lire ie given for back journRls

Naples

  - Occunational -- - --- Diseases.- -
optional and is in the 3%; year.
graduates in medicine -take part in a special course since diploma
in this special course is valuable in competition for post of Inaurance
or ?ailroad doctore.  Course f'or medical stixdents given 1 times a meek,
lectures on accidents, industrial poisona and dieeases cawed 02 increased
by occupation.
nurses, Poor case? recorda 8nd sips of poor administration. Laborat,ories
3rovide 8 desks in bacteriology, 4 in chenistry; helio-therapy,- lamp,
X-Raj. appliances end electro-cmdiograahy. Library inadequats. Zander
rDom well equipped but not used.
approximately 150 dollars.  Balance for maintenmce made up from fees in
post. graauate course

irofeesor Ferannini. No asgistants . Conrse

About 1'10 students.

Close to 190

Clinic housos 30 beds at the Bos~ital Gesu Uaria.

Pro

Budcet grants this clinic 'OqO Lire a par,

-- Yeurology --- snd2chiatrp.-

Prof'eessor I)' Abundo.

                              I ainto, 5 assistants,
5 volun+,arg assistante. Lecture8 I times a Reek in 5th year. Clinic housed

in Polialinico group vith 16 beds and 15 pay beds and O?D with 30 visits
a day.
pay beds provids, 19,000 Lire nhich maintains work during vacation.
used for teaching and director can borrow cases for teaching purgoses from
i8uniaiI)al Tnsane asylum.
equilped. Space adequate, wards clean and well keot. Library mediocre.
Euilget 67,900 Lire total per year.

UnliBs other clinics seririce does not stop when school clnaes since

023.

At one the aTparently laboratories were vel1

  - Nose --- and - Throat:- - Profesmr Qradentgo. 1 aiuto, 5 paid assistants,
13 voluntary assistants, 5 allievi jnterni. Clinical lectures 3 times Q
Teek in the 5th par.  50 beds in $esu :!aria Eocpltal.
OPD used for teaching.  Each student at some time of the year gets 2 to 7
hours of practical work in examining patients.
among assistants.
and one operating room.
given.

130 to l5O in the

Coneiderable activity

Some research mork Soing on.

2 large examining room

Clinic over-crowded with pat,ient.s. Budget not

LiSeri Docsnie.

-.e I

   The instruction of clinical branches by the LiSeri ilocente  is more
extensive and leas satisfactory than even in the pre-clnical branches,
It is given at the Spedale degli Tnelirabili, an antiauatsd hosFital of 12r)O
Seds, in vrhich the Siberi Dozente occq~y positiolr: as chiefs of mrds.bl)Th*ie
Zosnital no3 visited.
Some instzuction is also given at t!ie Spedale della Pace and in the hall
of the Liberi Docente next door to the Policlinico. All around the Poli-
cliniao buildings there om small private clinics maintained by the T,iSeri
Docente f'or the sake of  attraoting enough clinical material from the poor
of' Ma?les to serve for instraction purpose8.
in most cases entirely inadequate for teaching uuqoses.   It is difficult
to exaggerate the chaos and degradation of the clinical instruction given
by the Liberi 3ocente in the Taculty at Naples.
men mi_ th reasonable satinfactory facilities mho give instruction which is
perhaps superior to that obtainable in the official clinics of' the faculty.
These men are naturally frequented by an unduly large number of studentfl
and thus they suffer from the general low standards obtaining at Naples.

  The above pessimistic impressions are shared by the majority of
Italians outside of Naples.

3eRcribed by Professor Piccininni as a disgrttce.

These are uncontrolled and

There are a few exceptional

Library Pacilities.

--

---

The university library mas establiehed in 1316 and has row ?30,303

volmes, 130,QOO pamphlets, 400 incunabula and abo-a'v 500 current journals.
It is of relatively little inportance for the medical students  since each
clinic and institu"Ye has its om books and journals whi.ch arc,  Fi.t.h the
exception of the lediatric clinic and the Zepartment. of' ?hysioloqy,  inR-
deouate and Doorly kept.
oermission to take home books for stvrlg, but. 8s a. yenera1 rule students
must bu;r their om books and this has shown la+,ert% very coneiiierabls itm
in the stlidents' eqen~e~.
purchase of 5ook~ for their s+,udentc usaIn ;-enera1 it mag be said thRt
the library gituatiDn at lhp39s is mozt unfortunate.

?%en especially favmre6, st-idents could obt,sin

The Tdberi Docente have no remilrces for the

rwmum OP NORIX AZATO~

(x) Professor C-i-lgno Salvi

- - - - - - - - - - -

Director

Dr. Giovaani 'JkRtarini Cresi - - - - - - - - Ai 2to

11: S T I TTE

OF

,3 A'? EOL 0 GI C AL

                  AX AT0 XI

Eatteo Uannelli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

(x)Pro?e~sor Giuseppe Pianese

- - - - - - - - -

Director

TVFm L.IJ III?~TE 37 GENSRAL ?ATHOLOGY

Professor Yietro Rondoni - - - - - - - - - - Director
Prancesco Pentimalli - - = - - - - - - - - - Hiuto

INSTITUTE 07 PflARjICOLOGY

Professor Pi0 Marfori - - - - - - - - - - - - Director
Liuseppe L'ennetti - -   - - - 9 - - 9 - - - -

Aiuto

INSTITUTE OF LEGAL 'LZDICIPG

Professor Gaetano Corrado - - - - - 9 - -m - - Director
Vincenzo Giantuxo - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

!?'IKST) U4DICAL CLINIC

Professor I'ietro Castsllino - - - - - - - - -
GiuseFpe Lucibelli - - - - -   - - - .I - - - -

Director
Aiuto

(XI hll time

Director
Aiuto

Bir ect or
ki.*Ll+-O

'liir e c, to r
ALU t 0

3irector
Aiuto

Sire ct`or
Xiuto

3irector
Ai :i t.o

Director
l;iiit.o

Erector
Ai u to

2'aoul ty :

Co n tinued.

IN ST ITUTE OF BACTERIOLOGY

Professor NiCo1E Pane - - - 9 - - - - - - - - - - Director

INSTITUTE: OF RADIOLOGY & ELEOTFtO-TFXRAPY

ProfeRsor Zranceso Paolo Sgobo -

- - - - - 9 - 9

Director

CLINIC Or' OCCU?ATIONAL DISEASES

ErofeRsor Luigi r'errannini - - - - -

- - - - - -

Director

Admission. See under Turin.

Fees, Soholarships and Students' EXpeneeB.

An aseietant of Professor Jema said that a student in Naples had

on an average from 790 to 600 Lire a month.
him from 155 to 200 Lire a month and board cannot be had at less than
500 Lire a month. An assistantwh receives 520 to 540 Lire a month
and a few get as muoh as 700 Lire, but assistants are obliged to have
a slightly better scele of living than stGdente.
scholarships available to students at the !!e<ical Faculty at Naplee.
The lRrgest soholarships in Naples is for 150COLire a yew for 2 years
but noet of the other8 are much below this 8m.

A student's room costs

There are 7 to 4

A stud-ent gives this estimate of living conditions:-

Room pr mth. Board pr mth. Tuition. Zlothes, Yash,

jr_Sear LnLidentals pr mth.

I-

Hi gh : L. 250 L. 540 1, TOO ?

?.!e dim:       220 300      1,530 ?

Loa:        120 150      1, zoo 100

Books cost a student from TOO to 1400 Lire a yearb.
In Naples the sitcation of the Liberi 3ocenti i8 exceotional.

                                                      The
poverty general among moct students has made it impossible for t,he docenti
to collect directly their fees fron the students aiio the faculty has re
lieved itself of the burden of collecting the fees for the liberi docenti.
But the prestige professionnally of the docenti is so bound up vith the
oontinuance of teaching that they continue this work despite the almost
negligible return directly from the students.  The fee ueed to be about
12 lire a week (three exeroises) per student but nop in addition $0 the
lone of purchasing value of the lire the reoeipte have dropped toc'6 or
even nothing a week.  The system continues strong beuauae capable men
find it interesting and advantageous to have groups of eup?orters and
students and because the olinical facilities at the disposition of the
regular urofessors are so very defective in relation to the numbers to
be taught that the students oan get only with the docenti the personal
instruction which they desire and need.
ing at the dieposal of the Liberi docenti, which is ueed for leotxres,

There is an inadequate build-

poliolinice and demonetrations.
small private hospitals near the poliolinio or in the old and thoroughly

Kost of the clinical work is done in

disreputable hospitals of the Incurnbili or Sant Agniello.

Curriculum.

The ourriculum at Naples follom in general the outlines of

given for other type "A" unive$sities.

The rolo played by the Liberi Docenti so disturbs the order

those

of the

oour8e8 given in the official curriculum as to make it. inacourate a8 a
description of most of the atudente'  etudies.
in the medical faculty that during the first three years 50 to 60% of
the student8 are absent from Naples.,  They stay at home and read and
bribe the servant8 who takeaa- iq laboratory courses to mark them
as having attended.   It ie possible for students to obtain positions
a8 allied in the different clinics from the 3rd or 4th year on.   The
students om work in from 1 to 4 institute8 and from 1 to 4 a day ir. the
time not used by lectures attendanoe.
required to attend daily it beoomes an elastic responsibility.
limiting faotor in deciding the number of courses a student om enroll
in as allievo interno is the finanoial one, since he must buy all his
material for his work, the professor keeping all the material that the
clinic has for his om uurposee.

I was informed by students

Sinoe allied interni tlre not
                    The

Nunbsrs of Students. (See Page1141

c rtai echool

In Naples, a student (Onufori) knew that of the 106r%!uten8spn?er

ing the medical faoulty, only 15 graduated.

From 40 ta 505 of the medical

students are too poor to finish the couree , though in theory high ranks
in scholarships
students even with the 27 points out of possibly 30 cannot get their
money baok since the Naplee Taculty is too poor .
at Naples is the most. irqortant numerically in Italy.
overproduction.
the past 10 years.
per year, the Italian government should try to maintain the output of 800
dividing these among 10 or 12 faculties 80 that each institution might
graduate 60 to 80 students a year.  Instead of this the present situation
iR that Naples graduatee from 500 to 700 a year and none of these men has
had an adequate training.

are supposed to result in a remission of fees.

Poor

A,idat.ill the faoulty

There is a constant

15,000 graduatee in medicine have been turned out during
It, iR calculated that instead of this rate of 3,700

Source of Students.

  Raplee hae been traditionally a great euhool for etudente coming
from Southern Italy.  This is perhaps the moat homogeneoue large area
in the Italy of to-day.
Naplea iteelf this aohool draws speoially for the clinioal yeare from
Sicily as well.
dering the Mediterranean , hut in no signifioant numbera.
aome migration as indioated from Sicilian sohoola to Naplee.for the
4th. 5th and 6th years.

In addition to student8 From the provinoe of

There have been some students from the countriee bor

There is

D i 8 tr ibu ti o n af' O- r adua t e e .

Dr. Laurinsioh, aesistant of Jdmma. in Naples gives the following

as his impression of what befalls the usual graduating class from Naples:-

500
300
200

140

60

-

5

graduate, say in Jure, of any year*
of them go immediately into small towns to praatice.
of the two hundred left
aontinue in a Tew epeoial uourees of further training 2
months or 80 to a course and then go into practice.
begin immediately as voluntary assistants to varioue clinical
professors and stay a few montha up to 4 yearsr
etay about 2 years to get real value from this work.
men who live in the university town have (r big economic
advantage and can hang on better than the others.

bodd are the best of the olass and 80me may go to Paris or
Berlin for 3 to 10 months if they oan afford it.
of the 60 will get headships of small hos?itale and perhaps
will get chanoes of being paid assistants in the clinics.

They should

  The

ThRee 60

The lcckiest

88 is shown on the table on Page116

the graduates of NaDlea are
Thiis ia due to*+,)le emess of'

found throughout Italy in large numbers.
graduates from Wap;es over any other aohool and the fact t'mt the South-
ern Italian who poseesaos a profbmional degree ia willing to go anywhere
in Italy in eearoh of the livelinood vrhi2.h he cannot secure in Southern
Italy.

  Naples is importnnt more because of its size than for any other
reasoA  and because of the-fact that till 1925 no other medical school
lay4 south of it on the Italian mainland.  Naylee as a city will of
course always have adequate ulinioal mterial and the faculty of Naples
will always 'have a dominating i  uenoe of all Italy south of Borne.
It is further of importance in   avourahle sense in tbt the abuse of
the ayetea of Siberi Dooenti is in Naples most acute and strongest es-
tablished.
logy in the Naples facclty in a speoially favourable oirauaetanoe.
Among the clinical department8 i'ne influence of the departmeats of'
medicine and surgery is reduced because tho88 departments are divided
into two olinics.
the health of the IQapolitans than that of the Pediatrio clinic.
ately this clinic is under able management.

4

The Zoologioal station established by Dohrn plaoes Phyeio-

.Hq single clixic could have more influence upon

Fortunlrr

Status of Reaearoh. -.- --

  The institutes and clinios where investigative work is being pureuad
in Naples are numerous but auch work is subject to disoriminating control
and. ~a~fi uritioiaa in relatively few instanoee.
the InRtitute of Phpiology and the olinic of Pediatrics as places of
researoh work.
takings but the quality of work deqite that faat ie good.

I was impressed by

In neither aaae is the budget adequate to extenftive under-

Teauhers' . - Training.

Naples, with Borne exceptions, hae been the goal of men aho have

sought fame rather than men who have desired to give t'neir best for
the training of younger men.

The pres-tige of the faculty has decreased

Especially since the system of Liberi Docanti has begun to break down.

As elsewhere the academi? career begins in Naples rith the aasistantr

ship which is seoured by passing an exaxination before the professor p.ho
desires an assietant.
five other colleagues, but such a procedure is largely a fomality sinoe
the professor has usually made hie choioe beforehand.   Then, either a8
assistant or later as aiuto a younger man takee his examination for the
title of libPro docente.
give a epeaimen leot'rre.
fore they have been graduated, at least four years.    Vit'aout radical
modiPica$ion in the numbers or' the students and without great improverdeflt
in quality of teaahing, it Beems unlikely that Naples will ever becone
important in development and training of teachers of medicine in Italy.
A few candidates ~L11 always present theneelvea, hut the character of
the place is that of  a- mhool committed to the pro(hction of practi-
tionfters with the least possible control gver t,he conditions of trainings,
for teaching oareers.

This professor is helped in this examination by

Tor this he muHt present-a scientifio work an6

Very fer candidates secure their docents'hip be-

Location.

Bari is a rapidly growing Adriatic port of about 200,000 inhabitants

on the heel of Italy and has grown very rapidly for the past ten yeare,from
a population of about 60.000.  The province of Bari has 950.000 and the
region of Apulia in which it ie situated has a population of about 2,300,000
It is 14 houra from Naples by train and ia the port of Italy nearest the
adriatio countries and the Near Eaat.

Hi R to ry.

  The position of Bari on the Adriatic has made it,in tho minds of the
preoent political leaders of Italy,the place from whioh Italian interests
and culture can be extended over the Balkan oountriea.

                     Forty yeare ago a large building
was erected for the purpose of houeing one, but the political power of
Naplee and its jealousy of any rival in the South prevented the realiz-
ation of the dreams of Bari,  In 1923 Mussolini decided to have a uni-
vemity there beginning with the Medial Baoulty and,since AuguAt 1924,
definite work hae been underway.

Bari long deeired a university.

Or Ranization,

Similar to other Type "B" universities.

Univereity Finances,

The wivereity has been given by the Province of sari 11,500eOO0 Lire

and a large building occupied principally by the Medical r'aculty, built
eome 40 years ago to house the then expeoted university.
of Bari receives from the Italian government 1,200.000 Lire e. year;
200.000 Lire from the Province of Foggia, the same from the province of
Ionio, and it is hoped that the province of Lecce vi11 contribute a
Rimilar amount,

The University

Medical Echool Financee.

Since Bari wa8 visited at the time when the school affaire were still

being organized, no budget was available and no idea could be obtained of
the exact. 8um to be apent by each institute or clinic,
million five hundred thousand lire reosived by the provinoe has been spent
in equipment and installation ohargee.

kiuch of the eleven

Buildings,

  The university building is in the oenter of the tnm and housed all
of the institute and alinice with the exception of the olinimof Pediatrics,
Obetetrics and Dermatology.   These are found in two small old hoapitals
which were said to be very inadequate, and which I wae diecouraged from

vi e i tin Q.

The university is CL very lmge three story building in the form of

a closed H, i.e. vdth two inner court-yardc.
and 500 feet wiae.
iatration rooms a:.i lectum
nre-cticical inotltutes arid the thiLrd floor vitln clir,ics prl ncipall)  of
medicine and stirpry.

It i:t about 2CO feet lsng

'Phm vrocntl floor hounes some of the iwtitutes' edmin-

'le. %he second floor is occupied by the

Taboratory r"acili?,i ego

AL the time of viatt, none of the laboratories rere equippeci, but space

we38 noie or 1083 d.efj.nitely asgigned t,o AnHtomr, ?hys!.oloFy, i'at.hology end
Phor~scology.  These instit,utes were found t,o possess from 5 to 6 room,
and uzder Italian ays-t.ens of me25cal education, facilities for classes of
about, 130,  P great dee.1 of the ~ch001 orpnizcttion WRS still in t,%c fox-
at.iva stage.  Clinics of Rurgery and medicine 1,Tere in t.he nroceRs of being
equipped.
60 for sitrge.ry+
All other points of organization still in formative stage.

The _ohria include Raids of :Cl to 40 bed6 for medicine and 49 to

15 to 20 beds each for lredical snd suryi.ce.1 patr-olcgy.

The profescor of medicine, Nicola Pende and the IJrofessor of surgery,

Nicola Lootta, both relatiTrely yownc men.
be devoted to technical equipmar.t.
iyIg certain phases of medical teaching, notably frimiiiarit.y on the students'
part rrith the actual perfornc~ce of rmriow diagnoatic toets.
occupies the position of Rector of the ?acult,y at pari, Fut is not staying
after the year 1924-25.

Leotta's en? hucinsm seems t.o

Pende' 8 interest lie8 more in empiiasiz-

I'ende

T,i'r,rary Pacilities.
Since the university of Bari haR been created out of virtually nothing

library facilities are practically nil.
faculty has been founded Kith apparently rio provision for tiecurirg baok
numbers of any standard journds  no^ indeed of ?riviEir,g currext sukocript-
ione for the 8aMC.

AS in the case of I:ilnn the redical

- Tacul.

AnatoEy ............................. Profersor
Zooloeical and ComrnrBtive Hristoroy ...
tithological Anatory ................

PhyFiolcgy ..........................
rharzacolop; ........................
C'neaintry ...........................

Physic8 .............................

General Patholo ply ......................
Jlicical Kedicine
Clinical Surprg ....................
Ophthalmol. clinic ..................
Ilggiene .............................

OboALetr! c!6 9 Gp. clinic ............
DerrttLtology .........................
Nervous h tlenisl "uiseasco ...........
Surgical latholoo ..................
Legel Xedicins ......................
Tropical Diseases ................... ?I

il

II

(1

I4

?I

rr

11

-

Bot8117

..............................

tl

I1

...................

I,

I1

It

ti

11

It

II

11

PediRtrics ..........................
Surgical Yetholory .................. II
History of Liedicine

II

I1

.................

Bari

Uniform with other faaultiea of this type.

Fees, 3oholarships and Studenta' Expenses.

Uniform with other faculties,

PS regards living conditions the

university has built an hoetel for students Thich allows them to receive
board and room for 400 Lire a month.
the purpose of helping students and is about 20 minutes walk from the
university, and allows a dormitory space for about140 students, a room
for the studenta' library, a dining room and a atudente' recreation room.
It is adninistered by the medical faculty.

This hae been especially built for

Degreea. Uniform with other faculties.

Curriculum .

The order and conditions of the curriculum at Bari, was not decided

a.t the time of visit.

Will presumably follow closely that of Rome.

Number of Students.

Bari, at the time of my visit in January 1925 had about, 350 students
                The majority of these student8 were in

e rolled in the medical faculty.
tfe earlier years of the courm.

- Source of Studente.

The majority of students at Bari may be expected to come from the

region of Apulia in Southern Italy.  P definite bid for foreign students
has been almost too sucoesaful since ir. January 1925 there were among the
350 odd medical students, 20 Rumanians, 30 citizen8 of Yugo-Slavia, 11
Eulgarianrs and 30 PO166 from @ra&os.  It ma necessary 8ome two months
later to discourage the registration of any more foreigners, but it ie
likely that students from lidriatic uountries will be favoured in the future.

Importance as a MeCical Center.

hri has two reaBons for sugport from the Italian government.

                                         One, the
political aepiration on the part of the Faaoisti to influenee South Eastern
hrupe, especially the Adriatic countries, and the other, a sound educational
rnotive,to leeeen the burden now failing on overcrowded Naplee.
ly that,unlese the Faacieti are loyal and conetent in their support of Bari,
giplL it rill rapidly dwindle to the rank of the faoultiee in Sicily and
Sardinia,  It will certainly neverb of more importanoe in the medical
education of Italy than eimil~r Type "B" schools in Sicily and Sardinia, i.8.
it will remain the eteppfng atone to academio oareers in the large oapitals
or the North of Italy.

It is like-

   Frm the standpoint of training of teachers, it should be
noted that, when the young professors are obliged to ramin 2 to
5 years in soh00ls of secondary importance, some of their produotive
work is done in the hope of getthg on to better positions.
equipnent lthich they find at hand with which to do this work is
therefore of importance.  Facilities for satisfactory workat Bari
have thus a general relation to the traininb. of teaahers, but this
relatian is 8 secondary and relatively unhqortant one. Bari cannot
be regarded as important in the developnent of tacthers of medicine
in Italy.

'Phe

Fa1 ermo

Location.

Palermo is one of t'ne leading cities of Sicily and has a ponulation
    Of the -chief cities of Sicily it is in closest contaot

of 420,QOO.
vith NaDlsand the Xorth and has probably the most prestige in intellec'b-
ual and artistic life in Sicily.

Previous efforts to found the university having been unmccessful,

the then existing Academy of Science and Letters obtained in 1781 the
right to confer degree8 in Philosophy, Theology, Law and f2edicine.  This
academy becane a university in 1805 and in 1841, with the add, :tian of
Natural Scienoea, became a university divided into 5 facirlt,ies.   In 1969
Sicily became united with the Kingdom of Ttaly and the three univsrsit.ieR
there, Palermo, Kessina and Catania came under the lara eoverning the
universities on the mainland,
facultiee of Law, tfedicine, Letters, Science, a normal school, a school
of pharmcy and a echool af' engineering.

At present the university of Palerno has

OrRanization.

See other Type "A" faculties.

University Finances.

The University qf Palermo being a Type "A" institution ie entirely

I.

sxpported by the government.
was l,PjO,O33 Lire;
figres are available without, spaci a1 inquiry.

In l3lg-l9 the annual zoverment' R budcet

this has increased to Eibout, 1,~00,900 T,ire.

:Io

   Ledical Sshool Finances.

  A statement waa not availabls for a year more recent than 1313.
b:Adcets of inatitutes and clinics,  see under inr;titutes and clinics,

._---

?or

Ae shown in the accompanying rnR? the buildings in vrhioh medioal ins-

truction is given are videly scattereciqwitfi the exception of the institutes
of Physiology, General Pathology, Hsgnme and Pharmacology, the
buildings are uniformly old and ill-adapted to demands made upon them.
The institute of General Pathology is the 'best of the struoturee devoted
to medioal instruction, but no definite centralization is contemplated and
it is not likely that any progreee will be made in the matter of buildings
for several yeare.

Laboratory Faoilities.

Anatomy:- Professor Bazeari.

       1 aiuto, 2 assistants, 13 allievi interni.
This c6urse is given in the first, 3 par6 in tlqe sciiool

about 300 etudenta~i

with examination as ie usual in the courzeg of Anat,oroy
        There is alno a course of topocraphical

of the third year.

in t.he end
anatomy in

-9 the 5th year.                                    PrQf.
2. Raid that a student  has made dissections of about 100 8ypciAl region::
by the end of the course) and has about ?GO cadavers a year.   He tenchea
hietology and enkriology ht very li.lJtle of the latter.   Laboratories on
tnd flooltrof an old building.  Six tables 0ci:J for dissection; 5 etudents
at each talle.                         S-.ecial room fay allievi
ir.terni pith 4 deekE.  Small, Toor17 lirEted lecture room shared vith
Inpl.titute of pathology.  On second floor profeeeor'a roor and ? rooms for
aesistan+e. 19 microscopee in all.
culture, poorly eouipped, but in use.

No definite n9abers of Cissections are required.

Poor lizhting and overcrowded.

Small ont-'mjld?cg for pork in tiecue

Phgeiolomi- Professor Lomhrcso. 1 aiuto, 1 assist.an+,. 270 stuCent,s.

5 lectures a, peek ri?A dsmns+xatiocs foll.oving the lectures to 10 or 15
students at a time;
denionstration.
?loor crace in ample for profesPor and hiA esniEtRnte.
excellent. small demonstration rom hlding 20 atu2ents at e. time.
for "0 citudents for individual exerctees, inadeqiiat-ely equipped,
far students in biological chemistry, alRo pool-ly equipped.
malyEesrt for graphic recor6.s; good. animal room. Equipmr,t: in peiieral
feirly satisfactory for profepsor and assj.nt.ante. Librpr:; small. Yo
Englieli or Ameri cRn periodicals.
Eudgct 15,OCO Lire e year, for light,, ecj.ent,ific e.pparotus and material.
The servants are not Daid from this budzet.
Laboro tories excellent.

   thus, each st.udent has ak,ou?, one hlf' hour a reek of
Aixto ciaee e, oource I bows a veck in ?hysiological chemistry.

Good aqllit,k.e8t.re,
        Decke
      18 deske
   3ooms fcr gas

Gernan periodimla interrupt.ed in 1915.

Considering resoljrcee ,

-.I- General htho1ory:-

              3orEerly in charr_re of Prof ensor Scaffidi rho  hac
just left t,~ go to Naples. l'ounpr mkst.it.ut.e rime Ge ?.lacco. Ko aivto,
one assistant.  This is a eeiiera.1 intzoduzlory course to disensc phenomene
ar,d in t.his ccurse is eiver, 8.11 that the school teaches,~~acte~iolo~,
parasit.oloF2r and protozooloq,
anylieation of the Fork in gae analjraqs, resniration and gra?hic nieth3,ris
in ccnnectior, with hea-t, disease. Course LE: Fiven in t.he 7rd year mi1.G
otliptory examination.                     hours of practicrrl
mark miiich const,it.ut.es for tke profeseor 5~ or 60 denonstretions a 7ee.r.
Bramination i.~ givefi ir? the 6th year since the cll.nloa1 experience is c1o.e-
ly related to the materid of the couyse.
nmber of students. No ind.ividua1 deake, except a small raort containing
12 desks probably to he used by allieai.  Apparatue copj.o?rs ana in good
condition.
?athoioli;y, with the exccation of 3loret:ce. Sooil animal house. Library
small;
personal Froperty. Budget, not given.

hlso $aurae gives inetruction in cl-inics.1

7 hourR a week of lecture8 8r.d

XOG~ npace inadequate for the

Thls is said to be the best. equipped in@t,it.ute of GenerRl

profefisor took mo~t of t.he 'oooke Klth him since they rere his

3yF;ienei- ilrofefisor Luigi Fanfredi. 1 niut.0 (et '7,f;OO Sire 8 yegr),
                                        8 to

2 paiC assistatts, 1 tochnician, 1 lHlboratory Rervant and 1 porter.
13 a1liet.i Interni.
,I lectures a week follored by 1 hour demonstrations and exercises.
ination iu obligatory.
man thus haR a table for practical Fork of which very lit.t,le is done by
the student.
icterni who work principally in the 5th and 6th year in connection rith
submission of t.hese8.

Students 60 to 80.

Course is given in the 4th year
                   Era*

      Stdents are 2ivi.dad into 2 or 3 sections and each

More opportwlt,y in a special roo= is devoted to the allievi

k'alermo

Xanfredl gives a separate courRe for engineers 5 times a week Rnd a190
a 2 monthe courec o? special work for craduates vhich consiste of' 2 h~q.
leatureu and 2 hrR. practical work every day.  This couree is open to
Fraduatee in veterinary medicine, medicine and pharmacy.
fairly adequate for chemical :nvest.igat,i  or,^ of the 3rofessQr.
equipment for the student seen.
French and Cerman journalR of I;ygisr,e, re11 kept.
lecture-room for chemistry md a maller moui for allj-evi,  and algo a
small students' laboratory. 2nd floor, 12 rooms; large Cirector'u
office and well equipped director' 3 laboratarp for chemical nort.
loon for public health ruse.
assistants asice fro2 headouarters For publia hea?.tli nuree.
rmphin'els on social medicine or preventive Fork.  Xanfrr?di mnnp this dent.
on 10,000 Sire a year from the government, n'lse 10,300 Lire secured through
agreements Kith noighbouring t,ownships for Ciagnostic service ZSven by the
lhboratory and arranged on ba~ls of 1 centesimo ($(470@4) per inhRhitant.

A?parat,us

90 generR1

Librerg, an exceltent complete file of

1st floor contain5

Library

Other roomdevoted to laboratories for t!ie
                       Tittl.~ or tIo

_.-A Pat"l1ofrv.- Professor ?irlrlo de Vecchi j recent arrival. No niuto,
                  Course consists of leotures 3 times a

1 Pssietant,.
week supplenmtcd by
First f3oor: ~nall autopsy room vrit,h almost. no eqxiptrent.,  small museum
with about 150 pre?arations, workshop an:! one adetants' rooai. Second
floor: profeesorls room and wall laboratory. 3 roorz for assi.stantE.
LiFre.rj alrnont. devoid of books.
library v.5t.h him to Iu'a?les.  Kork chiefly in t.he fi.elC 2.'' maph0log.T crtl
patkology since P everinental Tathalogy ,B cLme in
tho inctitute of general pathology. 4 microscopes. Hudret. 14,099 Lire
e yenr.

Studwts 60 to 80.

hours errercises cf a 6eEonstrative chmacter.

De V.' 9 prcdecessor took his pri.m'.c

..

Blini aal Fa cili%i ee - .

5ith the exception of the Pediatric clinic,  clinical facilities of'

?he faculty at Palermo are located in the Ospedale Concezione, about one 1,/2
hour'p walk from the other buildings of the school.
fol1om:- General medicine, 43; eurpery, 40; Olatetrics, 24; 2:mecology 24;
Ophthalmolog 40;
convent. Light poor, arrangement poor. 20 beds for male paiiects, 20
for female.
f'ood and druge for ?atiente..
feeeor, aiuto and assistant ah0 are Liberi Docenti, but other Liberi Docenti
cannot use thiR clir.ical material. Students have alrnoct no remonsikility
for caees. OI'D. ha8 a daily attendance of about 59, fron rhich caReP me
chosen for the hospital.
poor.
helpers during their 6th yeare
and pooriy equipped service.

Bed8 are divi6.ed as

General osdicine housed in tmo small roome in a made-over

Province furnishes housing but the univerxity must pay for

Teaching in 4th. 5th end 6th years by ?ro-

          Teaching is do~e in the OPD.
Thwe students princiFally spend their time in medical service 89

Clinic laboratories

senera1 impression is of a poorly organized

Surgery, housed in t!ircc separate 'iuil2ings ir. this hos?ital. Layor-

atories in one building. Abother building, a ?O yeRr old barracks, holC.ing
20 beds, and the third builcing, part of the second floor of an old convent,
berating room,%etched condition; a dirty old. tip-up hmd baain, some
ru8t.y furniture such as iristrumenttttables, ocerating table, etc., asepsis
woulC be imyossible.
and hernia caees.  Profeseor Ernest0 Tricomi, ar. eloquent partisan of sun-
shine and aocial medicine. 1 aiuto, 3 aeaistants. OPD. 10 to 15 case8 a

Barde filled chiefly with inorerable bone tuberenlocis

day,
Fortunately the direator of this olinic is chiefly intereatsd in sunshine
an6 aoaial medioine.  The Hoepital San Severio whieh house8 the clinics
of medioal and aurgioal pathology waa not visited.   There are about 400
beds there, but these two clinins hace aooesa to no more than 50 beda a
pieoe, Full. notes on file,  regarding the clinic of Ophthalmology and
Gynecologg which are somewhat superior to thoae of nedfoine and surgery,

Oeneral impreesion, one of the worst surgical olinios in Italy.

Pediatrics:- The best alinio in Palermo ie that of Pediatrice. The

                                 1 aiuto, 1

ohiaf, Professor Ifi Cristina, is u&ortunately suffering from an inoperable
cancer and will not be able to continue his work muoh longer.
voluntary assistant, 4 asaistants. bell administered hospital of about
150 beds.
contagious diseases and tuberculosis. Laboratory equipment good. Teaching
done through lectures and olinioal demonstratione. Budget not given. More
complete notes on file,

OPD. 100 viate a day,

Services divided in general medicine:

Llbrary 2acilities.

The univereity library is not used nor adapted to the needs of the

medical faculty.
scattered through aeparate clinics.
dieorder in utilization of medical literature.

Xost of the medical boob and literature available is

HE elsewhere in Sioily considerable

INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLO(IY

Professor Ugo Limbroeo    0 0 - 0 - - - - - - - - -
Giueeppe PRgao   .L - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - -

Director
Aiuto

INSTITUTE OF PHAREdsCOLOGY

Professor Domenioo Mirto - - - - - - 0 - - - - - -

Director

INSTITUTE OF OPERATIVE !LSDICINE

Profeseor Gaetano Parlavecahfo - - - - - - - - - -

Director

'P r-_ 4 j

P a1 errno

SURCICAT, CLINIC

Professor Ernest0 Tricomi   - - - - - - - - - - -
Brancesco Saverio Latteri   - - - - - - - - - - -

CT,TKTC OF i'EDIATRIC8

Professor Oiovanni di Cristina - - - - - - 9 9 -
Salvatore Qaggiore - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CLIFIC! 07 NFRTXJS ATG :U2.':TAL DISEASES

13Yofessor iioaolir,o Colella - - - - - - - - - - -
Umberto Ce lfiacoma - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dire cto r
Aiuto

Direct.0 I
Aiuto

Dire c to f
Aiuto

3irector
u. u to

Director

Aiuto ( incaricato)

Director
Aiuto { incaricato I

Direc tar
Aiuto

Admi s si0 n .

lJnifor!n aith other faculties in Italy.

Profeasor LonFroso and hia

assistant Dr. Artom satd that their impression waa that students came from
the licei with uniform oreparatLon, 2 years in physics, 1 year in c!iemiatry,
but in neither aukjects hoes the graduate of the licei have any familiei-il.y
Tith practical laboratory work.
that ent,ering students had very poor idea of chemistry.

,Professor Lazzaro in Pharmacology said

Pees, Scholarphl-s _L--- and St.udents1 Espensea.

Uniform with other faculties in Italy.

                             Dr. De hcco said where 509
Lire ir. !Ja?lea is adequate for a stud-ent to live for a month, TOO Lire were
neceasary in Palermo, and 1000 Lire per month toiild be perfectly adequate.
ScJolarships, as elssahere.in Italy being founded +en the purchasing
value of the lire wa8 much greater are nor practically negligible.
is one soholarahip of 100 Lire and one of 500 Lire restricted to graduates.

There

Degrees. Uniform rith other faculties,

Curriculm.

Since the introduction of the Sentile Reform allows oertain didantic

autonomy to the faculties, the eurriculum at Palermo ha8 been modified,

Pal ermo

Full account of the changes effected and further changes proposed ie on
file in the Paris office, but the character of these changes is not suf-
ficiently important to be described at length.  The tkeais for the degree
is retained and the changes involve principally the requi~ament that stud-
ents pass group examinationa before proceeding further in their medical
course.  One stipulation of the new order is Rignif'icant :-

'@If by reaeon of abaences on his part or of dieorderly attitude of
etudents the profeasor has not been able to give the prescribed
normal number of 50 lectures in a year,  the aourBe will not be
held valid and muRt be repeated by the etudents".

Number of Students,

  No figures were available regarding the exact
inecribed in the Xedical Faculty at Palermo.   As a
said that the entering olaseea vary between 80 and
from 60 to 80 gradrzatee each year.

number of students
rule, however, it wa8
100 and that there were

Source of Students.

  From the list of practit,ionners of medioine in the city of Palermo
in 1912, out of a total of 556, there is information on 496 men; 424 of
these graduated from Falermo and &$6f the graduates come from thiu im-
mediate neighbourhood.
from Sicily and 85% from the Northern part of Sicily.
t,hat it me a well knom faot that whereaa young men in the North of Italy
have opportunities to go to lxsinesa,  the ambitious Sicilians go to Law
and Medicine and emigrate to the North for the erercise of their profession,
A considerable number of students complete the first half of their course in
Palermo and go to Naples for the clicical years, and similarly a number
after graduation at Palermo
+,he clinic8 of Naples.

Approximately 95% of the studente of Palermo come
                        Dr. De Kacco said

take a year or 90 in post-graduate work in

Distribution of Graduates,

55% of the regietered practitionnera in the provinae of Palenno return
                             The urban populat-

to the same town of this provinoe from which they came.
ion of the province supports one doctor for every 2000 pereons, a country
prsctitionner a ratio of one doctor to every 1,lCO inhabitante.
unusual proportion is due to the wide distribution of district physicians
which ie characteristic of Italy.

This rather

Importance a? a medical facultx,

____^ ----

Palerao does not have a wide inn-aence. It is a center for Northern

and Fiestern Sicily and a training ground for young profeseora.
quently these young men leave good pieces of work behind them,  as for
example, the Pediatric clinia which uae the work of Profeseor Jemma;  the
Ophthalmological clinio, though much lese important, the Fork of Angelucai
Palerrno is the only class ''A" school in Sicily and will continue to be the
moat favoured in that part of Italy.

Not unfre-

Status of Reeearch.

Aside of the work of Di Cristina in Pediatric8 and possibly Lomhro~o

and Artom in Physiology hnd Phyafological chemistry, Palermo iR neglizible
from the standpoint of research.

Pal ermo

---_- Tr a I n i - n 7 of T eackrr.
Except for the earliset stages of hi8 scientific career

no young

man in Palenno could obtain adequate training or prestige to quelify him
for a professorship elsewhere in Italy.

' ,, ,.-

.-. 3

1.1

Cat~ni~

Lo cation.

Catania is a city of 251,OCO inhabitante located in South Eastern

Sicily.
the center of a highly populous area.  It has grovm considerRbly during
and since the war and is in close contact with the Near East.
hours from Messina and consequently about 17 hours from Ntiplog by train.
The aity he grown in commercial importance very considerably, but re-
presents a type of civilization quite different from northern Italy and
is oharacterized by the presence of a few very rioh individuals Kith UJtle
public spirit and a very large and almost indigent population of extremely
ignorant Sicilians.
nature of life there that Italian professors from other parts of Italy
frequently leave their families in the North during the period of  their
sojourn in Cahnia and are frank in their expression of the difficulty
of life in Catania.
general measures of hygiene are more needed and leas likely to be realized
than in Catania.

The province of the sane name contains 892,000 and Catania is

                               It is 3

So highly individual and indeed unoocial is the

It would be difficult to find a part of Italy where

The university of Catania was founded in 1434 by Alfonso of Aragon.

The earthquake of 1693 destro ed the university, but a new building wa8
constructed in 1818, and in 1 8 61 Sicily joined the rest of Italy and this
university came under the centralized control of higher eduaation.

Organization.

Similar to other elass "B" universities.

It contains a Faculty of

Law, a Paculty of Letters and Philosophy, a Ferculty of Me8icina and Surgery
with an annexed 8ChOOl of midwifery, a Faculty of Phyeical, Mathematical
and Natural Sciences and a School of Pharmacy.

University Financee.

the University of
In this catalogue

With the publioation of the catalogue of 1924-1925 the finances of

Catania are made publiu for apparently the first time.
8 summary of these expensee ie a8 follows:-

INCOME:

Reoeived from the

I1 II *I

        n tl

I1 n 11

I1 n

n

It II 11

Italian Government ...................... 1,520,000 Lire
Commune, from the Province and
Chumber of 2ommerce of Catania .......... 625,000 "
smaller communes of the Province of
Catania ................................. 84,400
Come, the province and'the Chamber
of Comeroe of Syracue, ................ 70,000 n
smaller uomm~ne8 of the province

-

of Syraouse ............................. 48,600

                         2 o 350,530

From invested funda, ................................... 2,530 0

---- Income (cont'd)

2,550,530 Lire

.........................

75 3,Q 0 0 I'

-- ..

Tuition and 8cholast.i~ fees

..........................

Personnel and maintenance 2,799,208 Lire

Funds for retirement and pension maintenance ....... 72,900 "

Remission of scholasti-c fees for poor students ..... 74,000 I'

................

Contingent for various expenditure3 133,900 "

........ sse-?3

--

Balance

Zedical School 3inances.

-- --- ---

?la accoilnt is given of medical RC~OO~ finances. Prewnably t11q  amount to a

little lees than half of the universi+,g finances.
is probably obtained at Catania 868 medi.cal faculty finahces under Messina.

9or ceneral picture of what,

Buildings o

No mar, could be found of the town.

                  The following instltutee are housed

The building ie spacioua and well adapted to the purpoaes for yhich
  Two winga at right and left of' t!?e main entrance, each depart-

underr one roof in the Via Lincoln : anatomy, patholagy, leea1 medicine and
hyriene.
it waB built.
mebit having an entire floor of a wtng.
on a large ecale the amphltheatm ha8 a camcity of about 75.
  Fifteen minufee from this group is the other grmp or this building hova-
ing: pharmaoy, pharmacology, chemistry, zoology and botany. Tach subject hP8
a separate building of two floors containing about. 19 room.
servants' auarters, separate, Building6 reoently constructed and adequate,
3ive minutes' distance from this second group of buildings are the medical,
surgiaal and neurological cliniue which are in the Spedale CTaribaldi.  This
is an old 1000 beds hoepital belonging to the commune aith Baal1 temporary out-
buildidgs constructed specially for laboratoriea and administration of the
medical and surgical clinics.

No space is masted for didatic lectures

Animal house and

Laboratory Tacilities.

-- Anatomg:-

Professor Beouari. 1 aiuto, 2 asaistants,

Coqlete description i:? the form of a Damphlst filed in

Paris office.

  P':- Professor Quagliarello. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant. 3 +,q 4
allievi. About 130 students. Zourse given in 2nd and frd years. Prof.
Q. not present at time of visit.
floor contains sua11 alass-room, small chemiaal laboratory and anall bacter-
iological room.  I:i chemistry desk space for students, 8.
rooms for aiuto and assistants and a workshoy.
to professor's office and laboratory,
work on part of aiuto and assistants.
disorder.

Institute housed in new bu'lding.

Gromd

There are also

     Upetairs, 7 rooms devot.ed
a library and 4 rooms for researuh
Equipent poor and in considerable

Pharmacolox:- Professor Poderh.

    1 aiu:o, 1 voluntary ailJto.  6 or 7
Couise ci.vcn in 3rd gear? lectures 5 times

allievi interxi. St-identa 50.
a week and 4 denonstratiz~ns a week by the a3siatant.
oourse in therapy is given as a risum6.
No provision for laboratory Fork on part of student.
First floorhs lecture-room for about 80 atudents, small bacteriological
laboratory with 6 deski, small room for c!iemistry with also 6 desks.
aeotion room and rooms for balancee,  and one room for the a~si9~ant8.
zecond floor, large room to be used as library, profesoor'e study, a wafting
room and small rooms for chemistry, microscopy and bacter'olacy.
is adequate fox the personnel of aAsistants and allievi.
for the course is given by 3 men, the p-rofes~or of the subject,  another
proI'easor of the related subjeot and a Llbero dbcente in r'harmacolo,g.
real. stdents are the allievi interni of whom 6 or 7 are ehoaen out of thoze
rho present themselves.

Tn 6th year mecial

Building is new.

No examination in 6th year courEe.

Vivi-
On

Anparah8

The examination

The

Faoilities for vork 8re actually given for these men.

Cliniml Tacilities .

--

   Clinical work Rt the Yedizal 7'acu'ty of Catania is divided along 3
hoR2itals. Pir3+,, the Spedale Santa Karta vhizi: I did not. visit. It is
near the Anatomy building and is 013 and it wap  Raid no+ to be ehown to
visitevs.
the sufgioal olinic.
Os-pedale Garibaldi.  This is an old building housing the medical clinic
the clinioa of surqioal pathology and t!ie c'inica of neurology and psy-
chiatry,
in ?,hese dlinics.. In medicine the rards mre old and crowded; 20 beds for
feaales and 36 for males.
Vork coing on in 8 small rooms.  Neurology and psychiatry have 48 beds for
neurology and 20 for psychiatry.               Sone evidence of neuro-
pathologiaal laboratory work.
the 830Ve mentioned services maintains a small OPD.  Surgiaal Tathology
not. visited.

Ehanuele about 13 minutes walk from the Baribaldi Hospital built on the
navillion plan and *new.
house surgical and Obstetrical clini=e.

It houses the O?ht,halmological clinio and for the ti-ue abeing,

The second clinical center in Zatania is the

Apr,ro&atelylDOO keds of nhich ;?w are RvRilable for teac!iing

         Laboratorlea at some diotance, small but busy.

S~ace adequate.

Wards clean and in good order.

Each of

The larpst and most modern hoqital in Catanla is the Vittorio

It house8 the clinics of Pediatric8 and will

Haa a small tuberculosis branch.

Catania

100 beds for all stages of tuberculosia, but without laboratory, library,
X-ray or operating room,   The pediatria ward is a separate large build-
ing 253 beds capacity of which only 45 are in uae for economic reasons.
Laboratory space adequate; wretched nursing.
aa a epeoially worthy caae ainae it wau actually being artificially fed.
OPD, in this clCnic 46,000 caaes a year.
Ualta fever, tjrphoid and malaria. Obstetrics ward, fram built, but no
further work done reoently.   In surcerg, 5 kards have been hilt for men
and one for Tomen,  but were not in full function at, tiae of visit.  Space
adequate; provision of laboratory work moderately good.

Was shorn a child of 13 months

Principal dleeasss: kala-azar,

Library Pacilities.

-- --_-.-

Entirely inadequate. ?To centralization. Libraries of separate clinics

and inetitutes muah interrupted in their journal subacriptions sinue 1915.

Facult..

IiiSTITUTE 07 ANATO'XY

Professor Nello Beccarl   - - - - - - - - -    Director
2rof. Gaetano Cutore -   - - - - - - - - -     Aixto

INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOSY

Professor Gaatano Quagliarello - - - - - - Director

Dr. Giuseppe Iiueso - - - - - - - - - - 9 gut0

INSTITUTE 07 PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Profeeeor Umberto Parodi - - - - - - - - - Dir ea to r
Dr. Giacomo Lombard0 - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

INST. OF SIIECIAL DEFONSTRATIVE PATSOLOGY

Irofeusor Maurizio Ascoli   - - -. - - - - -    Director
Fro?. Guido Izar - - - -   - - - - - - - -    Aiuto

INSTITUTE 03 PHAWCSLOGY

Professor Filippo uturo Foderh - - - - - nireotor
Dr. Giuse?pe Fa?filippo - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

IN~TITOTE OF LXGAT, YEDICINE

Profeesor Rinaldo Pellegrlni - - - - - - -

3irector

INSTITUTE 03 GETGRAL PAT30LOC)Y

Irofesaor Siambattista Ughetti - - - - - -
Dr. Giueeppe Battiato - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

Direator

I%STI'C.CTTE OF HYGIENE

Direator

Profeesor Eugenia 3i Esttei
3r. Gaetano La 9osa - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

- - - - - - -

IYSTITUTE OF llFnIeAL PARASITOLOGY

Professor Eario Condorelli - - - - - - - -

Director

-- Faculty. ( Cont' d)

rnI8A.L CIJINIC

Profeesor Railondo Feletti - - - - - - - .. Direotor
Prof, Franoeaoo Valenti - - - - - = - - - Aiuto

XEDICAL AID S'JXGICAL OPERATIEZ ,2LIYIC

Irofeseor Gi-useope Muscatello - - - - - - -
Prof. Vincenzo Tomaselli - - - - - - - - - Ai-ito

3irector

IYST. 07 3;OFCTAL ZE"0NSTXATTtTE X?.GItlAL PATOLOCY

Profesaor Sebastiano Guesio 9 - - - - - - - Eirec tor
Dr. Zrmnuele Poderh - - - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

OsSTETRI'JXL & GYN. CLINIC

Professor 3ranceao 8aruso - - - - - - - - 3ireator
Dr. Antonino 'Lom'bardo - - - - - - - - - 9 Aiuto

KINIS 02' I'DIAS312S

Prof'essor Antonino Lonyo
Prof. Oiovanni Pavone - - - - - - - - - - Ai>Jto

- - - - - - - - -

Director

OBEiTRAL!dOLOrJTCAI, U"'LIiJ1C

.Professor Salvatore Calderaro - - - - - - - Director

Dr. Ci7Jseppe F~valoro 9 - - - - - - - - - Aiuto

CLI3IC 03 NEqVoVS & LSNTAL 3ISEAs'E)S

Professor Onofrio Pragnito
Prof, Ehgenio Aguglia - - - - - 9 - - - Aiut,o

- - - - - - - -

Director

EAR, HOSE & TEIIiOAT

Profesaor Salmtore Citelli - - - - * - - - Director
Dr. Antonino Piazza - - - - - - - - - - - Aiu to

CLINIC OB DE9110 SFHILOPATHY

Professor biario Truf'fi - - - - - - 9 - - - Direotor
Prof. Paaquale Longo

- 9 -. - - - - - - - -

Aiut.0

--- Admission Requirements, -

Uniform with other faculties.

Fees, -___-I.--- Scholarshilps & Studento' - Expensee.

See under ldessina where conditions are virtually the same RS at Cntania.

Degrees.

Uaiforn rith other medical faoultiee,

Cur r i culm.

- FIRST ---- YEAR:-

Physice ........  3 hrs. a wk. - Chemistry ... 3 hrs. a ak.
Zoology and Comp-          Botany ...#.. 3 'I I1
arRt,ive Anatomy . ? 'I

It IIuman Anatomy 7 'I

II

Catania

Curriculum (continued)

SECOND YEBR: Human Anatomy 3 hrs. a wk. - Physiolocy 3 hrs. a wk,

--

Physiological Parasitolo gy
Chemistry ... 3 It It (optional cse) 3

It

It tt

lt                                    I1

tl

THIRD YEAR : Phys.chemistry 3 'I
       Physiolo gj 3w

I? Gen. harmaco Pathology Lo gy 3 3 It

-

Topogr. mat. 3 I'

SurgePathology 3 I'

FOURTH YEaRf Med, Pathol. & 3 It 11
       Physi c .Diag. Clin. medicine 4 " It
       Oper. medic. 3 It I1 surgery 6 It tt

Pathol. anat. 3 " It Pathol. Histol. 3 It tt
Serology and
Immuno 1 o ey 3 It

(Option. oour se 1

___.

It

                          Ophthalmology 3 It
FIr?TH YEAR: Ued. clinic 4 It It

                     It Ee.r,Nose SC Throat, 3
       Pathol.anatomg 3 It ll

It

I1 It

                  Dermatology 3 ('
Surg. " 6

  It histol. 3 Hygi one 3
Legal medicine 3 'I Dent is try 3 It

0

II

It It

      I1

II

It

tt

t?

SIXTH YEAR: Ued. clinio 4 " Obst. C% Gyn. 3 I'
                           Pediat.rica 3"

6 'I

Surg. If

Therapeutics - No. of lectures Orthopedics - Xo* of' lectures

not stated not 8 te. ted

Examination not required - Option.  course.

The catalogue of the University of Catania is further remarkable in

giving programmes of lectures in the official courses.
noted dxich are given by Liberi Gooenti.
largely in the clinical branohee and specialties.

          Courses are also
These are 39 in number md are

Number of Students. See Page II

Source of Students.

The faculty at Catania receives its students chiefly from dastern
       Blaantara ie the dividing l'& between Messina and

Sicily, from Alcantara southwards and from the pro.yincea of Catania and
Syracuee especially.
Sicily.

Distribution of Gradu=.

See Page 116.

The graduates of this faculty are largely restricted

to the Eaetern and Southern parts of Sioily.

Importanoe as a Medical Pacultx.

    Although the great limitation of induetrial life in Sicily forces
ambitious young Sicilians to the professions of Law and Uedioine whioh they
subeequently exercise in all parts of Italy, a relatively small number of
medical graduates leave the university of Catrnnia in compnrison t.o the
number graduating at Messina or Palem.

Ctitania hae therefore a signifim

Co ta ni a.

ance vhioh is largely only looal.
facultiea in Sardinia, the Medioal Baoulty of Catania acts aa a stepping
stone for young profoasors in their aoademio oareers.
ore in the faculty ere either natives who prefer the atmosphere of Sicilian
life, or the relatively inoompetent men who are unable to obtain oalls to
other universities.
better, those who oan get nothing better and thom who are staying for
RH short a time 81 poseible, naturally operates very muoh to the disadvantage
of the aehool at Oatania.

Like Ueaaina, 2erlermo and the two

The older profese-

This oombination of profeaeors who want nothing

Statue of Reaearch.

  With the exoeption of Professor Asooli and his as~istant Izclr in
mediosl pathology, there ia tery little evidence of any research whatever
being done in the ftloulty of Catania.

Training of Teachera.

Catsnia is unimportant in the general aoademic life of the Italian

medioal 8ohoo18, exoept in the role mentioned above.

.I

Me s P i rip.

Location,

A citj: of 285,ociO inhabitants beconing tke moet important port of

--

Sicilp, iF 3 hours fron Catanh by rail and six fron Palerrlo,  half an
hour to an hour from the uairiland with which it has close relatiom;  13
hour0 fron Naples.
ions mith the continent than with the reot of Sicily.  The _oroviiice of
Mesaine. has a population of 580,0@0;

The poylation of ilesoina has alm3-8 had clocer relat-

          that of Calabria, across the Straits,

1.51 2,000.

---I. Iii a to No

In 1748 the Jesuit8 tcgan teaohing in their college Rt Euessine  1t;n
               In the game yeRr pemission na~ given to

the st7I.e followed et Parie".
call this cent..er of studies a University, and in 1591 the Onke of Alba
conaeded +,he right of giving degrees to this uciversity.  In 1679 the
unfversity was greatly oppreased by a locrrl diobtor and suffered great.
1036 of prestige and financial resources.   In 1767 vith the expulaior.
of the JeRuftfi the ins%itution KRH again changed to the rank of' a college;
in 1787 t'do college was almoat. destroyed by 8 dixast.rou9 earthquake.  In
1878 the univwsity rank ma6  gain attained but. in 1862 the University of
Messirm we8 placed among the second class univerRities in Italy.b:r the
Matteucci law.
ition of the university vas improved.
deetroyod by earthquake and nit.h it the library,  eaientific institutes
and elmoct the entire gluipment of the univerr!i.ty.  Not until 191: die
the medical faculty resume work and at that time only the first ? yeme
Tore given.
of' the medical courae, so that not until 1920 was the rnediml faculty in
full function. Full hi:!toricel account i.9 on filc? in tk;e PariR office.

In 1885 as result of considerable local support the poe-
           In 1908, in Decmter, lieseine. vas

In 1917 the medical faculty begm edding the second 5 yoers

Orpnizetion.

The univereity consists of the 3aculty of LRW, L'edicino,  i\Iatural

..-

Science, Philoeophjr and Letters, and ochoolil of Pharmcy, Kidwif'erj and
Pedegogy, together vrith normal 8ChOOlO in Letters and SciPficea. Othervise
anifom with other type ,'B" facnlties.

Univcrsi ty 3i:ianc ea o

---

The meet8 of the univercity of lieseine. are not made public further

than a statement that the Italian government provides 1 million Lire
annually, and the tom of Ilefisina ha@ pledged the support to the extsrit
ofU0,030 Lire annually.

Eyenciitures, Govever, are pub1i:gl:ed in this folloFing form :-

Teaching Personnel:

--

Expenditures (oont'd)

6?i5.000 Lire

14 professore (extraordinafi) at  L. 21.970 eaoh . . o ..
    (8 uubetitute ... Le 5,860 ' .a*.*
                 Lo 10.850
19

14 aiuti........*.......~... .. ......
6 ..................... L. 10.000 A *e*..
11 aeeistants .............. Ih' L. lO*~OO ..*..
10 .............. . L. 8.000 ......
  Teohniuians ......................................

3 rervante .........................................
  ndminietrativs personnel .........................

10

P Chief midwife ....................................

307 o 580

60,000
113.300
80.000
55.800
8 . 500
230.375
85.170

111o340
151.900

n

(1

U

1(

R

11

n

A

n

n

Huintensnoe for teaohing expeneee, material, etc., ........ 241.000 .
   adminiatration ooet ..................................   55.000 .

  Funds for penefon, retirement, etc., ................. 20.000 .
   Miecellaneoue ........................................  55.650 .

n

Remieeion of' tuition for poor atudente . . o o o . o . o o o o . o o

41.385

TO TAL 2.250.000 Lire

Yedioal Bohool Finances.

Aseete.

No in8ormation was furniehed on thie point.

Expenditure 8 :-

Teaohing Pereonnel.
  Pull professora
# aesooiate prof.
  Bew profeseors

Chief Midwife
dfuti - 9 - -

assietaate -

Sab8tit. prof.

n ----

n

Servioe.

Teohnioiane
Servants

n

lfaintenanae ##
   For ulini us
   For In 8 ti tuto a

4 at 24.750 ....................... 99.000 Lire

4 . 5,860 .......................   23.440
1 . 8,500 .......................   8,500
11 . 10,850 .......................  119,350
3 . 10,aoo .......................   ~0.000
6 . 10,500 .......................   61.800

6 .. 8,000 ....................... 48,000 592,440

5 . 18,700 ....................... 92,500

5 . 21,970 ....................... 109.850

2 . 9.000 ......................   18,000
13 . 7,775 ......................  lolo075

2

6.000

. . o o . . o o o . . 6 o o . o o o o o o o

        120000 131.075

Total .*e. L 723.515

108,000
58 .ooo

W

166.000

Medical f'aoulty direct expeneeo (x)

L. 889.515

(x)

    Bot lnoluding the general administration expenses of the
university as a whole whieh am  14j.170 Lire.
faoultiee'share of tu8 a8 being proportional to its share of the
other expenses (direot) of the university, i.0. 80 889.515 ie to
1,989,795 or 63.000 lire.

Basing the mediaal

Theref ore 889,515 ae direct expenses of Medical Faoulty

-

63.000 ae overhead M

TOTAL : 952.515

# "Ifon etabili"

tlt Made up as follows:-

anatomy 10.000 Hedioal Clinlu 24.000
                                     24.000

Physiology    10.000 Surgical Clinio

Pathol. Anat.   6.000 Neural. & Peyoh. 12.000

(3enral path.    8.000       Obetet. &        12.000
Pharmacology    8.000     Ophthalmology     12.000

Hygiene

Legal Medioine 6,000
           10.000

58,ooo

Dermatologg 12.000

Psdiatrios

12,000
168.ooo

Buildings o

Ba shown in the aoooinpanying map the buildings of the University at

Meeelna are at prelrent eomewhat aenttered.
deetroyed the whole university and the new building is still in the etage
of oonetruotion. Remarkable ia the faot that the clinics are all under
one roof with ample epaoe and the pro-clinioal institute8 and laboratoriee
are being eo far a8 poaeible erected in the oloaetat vicinity to eaoh other.
Anatomy ia at dome distance at the prseent time butthi8 is hoped to be
only a provisional arrangement.
atorles of the university of Physice, Chemietry and Biology.
part of the group comprising and arranged ae fo11owa :-

The earthquake of 1908

The medical school will we the labor

Theee form

It is of interest to know that the oost of these building8 begun in

l9lO wae originally eetimatsd at 3 million Lire , and at present the aame
imcomplete buildinge

ehow up to date a ooat of 17 million Lire.

Labora to rie 8 .

Inasmoh as all the laboratoriee are in provieional building8 no delr
                 They are all in inadequate struotures

cription ia at present signifioant.
overcrowded and under equipped for teaohing purpo~xts.

Olinica.

All the clinioal work at the faoulty at Meesina is in one large hoerpital.

It ie administered by a oongregation of uharity and is houeed in a new
building containing 250 beds at LO minutee distanoe from the other build-
ings of the university.

Gynecology and Obstetrios, Profesaor~Cappellani.

1 aiuto, 1 aeaistant.

Cowfee given in 6th year.  About 40 atudente.
1 delivery room. @peoology and Obetetriua in separate tarde. Midwive8'
rohool utilizes cllnioal material.  sbout 50 midwives divided between two
yeare. Budget 12,000 Lire annually.

40 beds, 2 operating roome,

  Surgioal C1irdo:- Professor D'Agata. 1 aiuto, 2 aeeistants. 40 beds
with an OPD treating 100 oaaes a day.  There is a epeuial division of' trau-
matology with 15 beds assigned to it.
aiato,
ahioh 88 in the other clinioe at Meesina are done by the Profeesor of Patho-
logy.
Budget 24.000 Lire a year,

                Work on wards done by aesietante and
Laborator$ facilities vev soant; aaid to be 100 autopeies a year

Operating rooms not in exoellent oondition. in spite of being new,

Yedioal Olinia not visited.

Library Fauilities.

  The library faoilitiss in the medioal faculty are mattered over the
different inatitates and cliniae and are of the most meagre sort since almost
nothing was saved from the earthquake of 1908, and the yeare following 1915
have been marked with almost complete absence of modern medioal periodfualr.
Provieion exist8 in the new univerefty group for a uentral library and such
medical works as are placed here will be principally for the atudenta' use,
A library is provided for and will be opened all day.   There ie fhrthermore
a oatalogue for all the booka in medicine whiah are at present houeed in the
in a ti tute 8 .

Faculty.

Anatomy ..............................
Phpioe ..............................
Chemietq ............................
Physiology ...........................

Pathologiaal Anfttomy .................
General Pathology ....................
Medical Clinio .......................
Clinioal Surgery .....................
Hygiene ..............................
Pediatrioa ...........................
8urgioal Pathology ...................
Dermatolom ..........................
Neurologg & Peyohiatry ...............

Pha~colo~ .........................

Ophthsl~lo~ ........................

Profesaor Oiovanni Perna

'' Laureto Tieri

a dkrigp Uezuohelli
  Giuseppe Amantea
   Oaetano Vinoi
  Parqasle Ferraro
I) Carmelo Ciscoio

" Luigi D'Amato
  Stefan0 Pugliei
  hido Volpino
   Bebastfano Cannata

Vittario Barbaglia

Erasmo Soimemi

a Biueeppe D'agats

II Mario Zalls

Adtni88fOn.

It may be of interest to give the exaot oonditione under whioh a

student matrioulatee in the Medidal Faoulty at Meaeina.

These conditione

are characterietio .of the admiseion requirements in medical faculties elsewhere.
To obtain the matriculation a candidate must preaent, not later than the ?Oth
of November :-

a request to the Rector on a sheet of paper with a 2 lire stamp upon
it, the name of the candidate and hie parenta, place of resiCence of
his family end his dwelling in the city, and the faculty in rhich he
intends to plaae himself.

receipt for payment of his matriculation fee and of the first part
of his tuition fee, and aleo of the first part of hie special fee
for group examinations at the end of the second year;
a reuent photograyh8 of the ordinary pass-port type;
Diploma of graduation from lyceo

1)

2) birth osrtificate;
3)

4)
5)

The request for insoription in the years following the first year

neoassitates the repetition of No. 3 of the above

Fees, Scholarships and Students' Expemes.

Similar to fees in other universities,

For living eqeneee, see Catania.

Students at beessina om get rooms for TOO Lire a month, and room and board for
450 Lire a month,

Degreee.

Uniform with other medical faculties.

Currioulun.

The curriculum is given without speaifiaations as to the number or

character of exercisee in each subject.

It it3 a8 follows:-

BIRST YEAR:+-

SECOND YEAR:-

TEIPS YEAFi :-

BOURTB YEAR:-

FIFTH YEAR: -

SIXTH YEAR:-

Human Anatomy - Physics - General Chemietry - Botany.

Human watomg - Physiolog - Zoology & Comparative AnRtOmy.
Human Anatomy - Physiology - Pharmacology - Gen. Pathology
Pathol. Anatomy - Med. clinic - Surg. clinic - Medical
Patho1oe;y - Surg. Pathology - Operative medioine.
Med. olinic - Surg. olinic - Ophthalm, clincio - Derma-
tological clinio - Pathdlogioal Anatomy - Hygiene -

Legal Medioine.

Med. clinio - Surg. clinio - Pediatr. clinic - Neurology

and Psychiatry - Obetetrioe & Gyneoology.

The calendar year it Messina is

tppiii of many Italian univeraitiea ,

in that it begins on the 15th of Ootober with a period of examinations only
whioh last until December let.  Then begin the regular lectures which last
until June 15th with vaoations of two reeke at XIEB, 1 week at Carnival and two

'- ,i"

,J ' <)c)

Me s s ina .

weeks at Easter together with varloue other church holidays.  This program
is such that the school year provides for between 50 and 60 leotures, if
they are given on the usual basis of slternatir week day8 3 times a week. On
June 15th begin another period of examinations which lasts until July 31st.

  The usual standard demanded ae a paes mark in examinations is 17 out
of possibly 30.
have ooourred where candidates coming up to examinations for the eeventh time
were let by largely on aooount of profesaor's boredom.
for a not unf'requent phenomena of the larger number of men in the sixth year
than in the fifth.

Examinations can be repeated any number of times.

Ce~es

This eyetern accounts

Number of Students.

Following le the numbers of etudents inscribed at the msdioal faculty

at ldeesina for the years Prom 1917 to 1925.

Year of 1917-18 18-19 - 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 2F.24 24-25
Course -

Tirst 53 30 53 32 38 75 30 56

Seoond 33 38 34 30 26 35 42 57

Third 41 26 43 41 47 26 15 37

Fourth 13 39 25 34 41 34 24 26

Birth -(1) 13 28 17 29 28 30 19

Source of Students.

In 1922 the oompoeition of the student body in the Faculty of Medicine

wa~ as follows :-

From Meeeina .. . . . e . e  . . . ., . . e**

83

the Straits- Jn the kinland 73
Catanzaro o . o *3;h. o o o . e. o o o  o   20
Cotenza .. o o . .?3ke . . . . o o . . o . b    1
other provinces of Italy .... 19 Total 196

'' Reggio Calabria, aoros8

*

It is calculated that 60% of the students ctt Meseina oome from the main-

land;
Mereina and the north-eastern coast as far 88 the provinoe of Palerno.

thoee ooming from Sioily are largely cornfined to the province of

Messina

DiRtribution of Graduatea.

mortance as_ a Hedioal Pacultz.

See Page 116

The faculty at Msesina was one of those setleoted for suppression Rome

three years ago by the Superior Cou.mil.  Intense local pride has prevented
this meaaure.
respeate better equipped than many other faoultiee in Italy a8 to buildings.
Its importanoe, however, in the medical education of' Italy ie, very enall
exoept as it supplfee general prectitionners for Calabria and A!es8inar

Largely due to the earthquake this faoulty is in aome

Status of Reeearoh.

No aotivity of any importance in thic field was seen.

Training for Teachers.

  Speofal provision hae been made allowing aesistante who wish to go
abroad for one or t.wo years, ao that they may not lose their positions.
Thio is largely a gesture,as the number of assistant8 going abroad is BO
severely restrioted by almost univereal poverty ae to be unimportant.

Eessina is ranked by the Italians in the class of Catania, Cagliari

and Saesari,as a Class *B"

faculty of minor importanae.

Lo oation.

Oaglisri ie a oity of 61.000 and the provinoe totals a population

of 53O.OOO.
The island as a whole haa a population of about 870.000.
with the mainland are not epeoially good, the orossing being 36 hours from
Naplee to Cagliari and about 8 hoar8 from Civitta-Veoohia.   Commioatione
within Sardinia are very poor and the general aaale of life almost pastoral
in eimplioity.

It is situated at the south end of the island of Sardinia.
                                Cotmmioations

The university was founded by Paul V in 1606; it ma inaugurated in
            In 1859 a university oame under the Cassati

1626.
and later to the Piedmont.
Law,
in the Tspe "A" group by the Gsntilo Law.
more to politioal than intelleotual cauae8.

Sardinia hae been cloeely allied, first to the Rspublia of Piea

In 1902 it was denominated a8 of the first grade and hae been put

This alaaftification is due

Or Wniaation.

Similar to other type "A" universities.

The university consists

of 'j faculties, Law, Uedioine and Natural Soiences with a school of Pharmacy.

University Finanoes .

Being a Type @An 8ohoo1, Cagliari ie aupported by the Italian goverw

ment with the exaeption of 8ome few aontributione by the provinae and
ao11fmu~e. No definite statement ie mads of the exact amounts and sources
of income and the expensee are arranged in a somewhat oonfhsing faahion.
Funds are voted to the inetitutee and alinioe under three different oat-
goriee; first, regular maintenanoe; aecond, supplementary -%de for
maintenanoe, and third, building appropriatione.   lo amount wae obtained
of amounte epent by the government for salaries of teaohing and administ-
ative personnel.

The following table gives the maintenanoe budget for the different

institutes and olinioo :-

MFDIOAL SCHOOL*

Reaular Speoial

mainbanor maikenanoe Building

Medioal olinie       L. 6.000    L. 8.000 -
Surgiosl ''          6.000      3O.OOO -
Obatetrioa & Qn.        5.500     56.230 -

Cagl ia r i

Yedioal 8ch00l aont' d)

Regular

maintenanoe

L. 6.000
  5.000
  5.000
  5 .000
  5.000
  5.000
  3.500
  6.000
  6 . 000
  5.500
  5 o 500
  5 o 030

Speoial

L. 6.000
17.000

3.000
1 . 000
14.595
8.900

maintenance

-

..

-

-

3.000

6 . 090

Dermatolo gy
Neurology & Psychiatry
Ophthalmology
Pediatrias
Surgioal Pathology
Hygiene
Le gal medicine
Anatomy
P hyei o lo gy
Pathol. anatomy
General Pathology
Pharmaoology

LAW SCHOOL.

Inst. of Law and Eczonom.

3.000

FACULTY OF SOIENOE

General Chemistry
Phy8ioe
20 010 gy , P hy dolo gy
& Comparative anatomy
Botanic Qarden
Mineralogy
Geology

10.000
7.590

8.000
12 . 000
4.500
4.590

-

19 o 500

10,093

8 .ooo

3.778 0 40

-

52.000

-

School of Arahit. & Deaign

1,r)OO

6 o 590

1.000

Sohool of Pharmacy

..

Biologiml Sbtion

5 o 200

Repairs of central
university building

47.000

University Library

26.064,'jO

8.090

25.000

Secretary of University

10,330

m

Rqairs and &in. mainten.

0

Speoial Tvxee

edical School Pinanoes.

See above for only information obtainable, except that 245.745 Lire

ia given ae a tots1 expenea of maintaining the clinios.
payment8 for food and druge, whereas other expenses referriig to the clinics

This refere to

are those for eoientifio material, books, light, heat, eto..

Buildings.

  As shown on the map the building8 at Cagliari are three in number.
An old oonvsnt much urowded and ill adapted for teaching houaes Physiology,
Hygiene and fharmaoology at some 15 minutes walk from the Civil hospital
and(n8arby)the new institute of Anatomy.  The clinics are housed in a spac-
ious and fairly modern building and the anatollrg building is quite new.

Laboratory Pacilitiee,

anatoq:- Profsseor Vitali, 1 aged aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 allievi.

Course given in first 3 years,                           Has about
25 cadavers throughout the year and einoe no preeervation ie done the work
must be briak in the winter time. Laboratories located in ths new amtom
ical institute.
diaeeoting room with 4 tablea and room for aesietant.
small lecture room, 2 room for profeeeor, 1 for the aiuto and a very amall
library. Budget 6.000 Lire.

87 students insoribed a8 total.

Ground floor divided into 2 rooms for preparation, a

Seuond floor has a

Physio10~:- Profeeeor Tullio Qayda. 1 aiuto, no assietant, no allievi
                                  6 rooms in
                                     Much ovelccrowded

Courae given in the 2nd and 3rd years.
the old convent at 7 dale Trieste houaee thls iastitute.
and poorly adapted; equipment very soant and a general air of decay with
young Professor ffayda who has just left the poeition of aiuto at Turin
etruggling to find money for repairs.

Total of 58 students.

Budget 6.000 Lire.

  Pharmaco&:-
22 students.  Courae given in the third year*
rooms at 7 Vide Trieste, over-crowded, under-equippeb,
any work whatever could be done under these ciruUmetanoe8.
material from the oontinent of Italy take-  one to two month8 to arrive.
Simon seye that intelleotual isolation is almoet 88 aomplete.Aa far aa
teaohing goeer                              Budget
totala 11.900 Lire.

Profeeaor Italo Simon. 1 aiuto, 2 voluntary aesietanta.

Inetitute found in 8 emell

Difficult to see how

Ordersof

a man could do just a8 well in his own houee.

HyRiene:- Professor 3ilippo Neri. 1 aiuto, about 30 students. Course

given in the 4th year.
modelling and repair. Greatly over-crowded, equipnent extremely limited,
Neri active young man only about three month in thie faoulty.

6 small room at 7 Viale Trieate in prooese of re

Total budget

19.595 Lire.

Clinical Faoilities.

Medioine:- Professor J'ranaeeoo Qeldi.

2 aiu6, one being from the

olinir
at Caglisri.
5th and 6th years to a total of about 35 etudente, the maximum would be 60,
Material equipment for this cliniu ie euanty and in very little uae.
Clinioal laboratories are epaoious but not aotiw.
I[ speoial roomfor baoteriolog, ohemietry, graphio work, X-rays and Histo-
logy.
take historiea by themselves.
Plenty of apace coneidering the small eize of the clinic.

of medical pathology thioh ia fused with oliniwl medieine here
                      Course given in the Qth,

1 aeaietant and 3 allievi intmni.

There are for example

Profeasor Galdi said that the etudents are not trained enough to

The olinic is looated in the Ospedale Civile.

Only 24 beds for

3-7 'L

Cagliari

all medical instruotion.
average only oooaeionally used for teaohing. autopsies dif'f'foult to
obtain but are done by the profeeeor of Pathologioal anatoayr  Most of
the patients in this olinio are eeleoted inx OPD. or eent in by friends of
the profeesore.  The ordinary budget for this clinio is 6,000 Lire a year
to ahiah a aupplementary amount of 8.000 L. has been added.

The OPD. has about 6 oases a day and on the

Neurology and Psgchiat :- Professor Carlo Ceni. 1 aiuto, 1 aseistr

ant, '2 allievi interni. 8t&nts 18 in couree given in 6th year by leotures
and demonetrationa.
coneista of 25 bode devoted in irregular proportion to neurology and pep
ohiatry.  Clinical laboratoeieu ample in 8pao8, nnu8ed and dusty; not well
equipped, no opportunities for epeoial work and apparently a very inactive
clinie.  No atmosphere of study or work, no OPD; ill kept on a budget of
5.000 Lire plus a eupplementary allotment of l7.OOO Lire.

Clirio looated in a part of the Oivil Hospital and

Library b'soil$..ea,

The university library hne 100.000 volumes, 20.900 pamphlets, 373

manueoripte. The governmental oontrfbution is 22,536 Lire. The contribut-
ion of the provinoe and aommuns of Cagliari is 3,000 Lire and from a legacy
528 lire 90 oentieimi. Moat of the medical books and journals are found in
the aeparate libraries of olinios and inatitutee nhioh are inadequate.

Fa0111 tse

INSTITUTE Ol? GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Profeeeor Franoeaoo Pentimalli - 0 - - - - -  - -
ElioSeahi --lo------ --o-o--o Aiuto

Direotor

INSTImTE OF LEGAL MFDICINE
Professor Qiorgio Benaesi   - - 0 0 - - - - - - -

Direotor

IlYSTITDTE OF HPGIENE

Profseaor Mllipij'Reai ..I - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - -

Direotor
AiUtO

Agoatino Caatellf

- - - - - - - - - - - -

- 4

DERMOSYPHILOP AT1 CAI, CLINIC

Profsseor fiberto Berra - - - - - - - - - - - - Director
Bernardfno Matta - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aiirto

&mi B eio n o

nothing important.  Uniform with other ft%oUltie6.

Fees. Scholarship8 and Studente' Exp enaes.

The regular matrioulation and tuition charges obtained elaerhere in

Italy are supplemented in Cagliari, as in some other achools, by labor
atary fees, thioh by their trivial nature gioea an indioation of the
statu8 of laboratory work in this faculty.  Theee fees are a8 follow8:-

anatomy: 10 Lire a year, for three yeare , and

ma * for etudsnts rho prepare their

theses in thie department

Physiology:
Qen. Pathology 15 " ta one gear

15 Lira a year, for two yeare

AI

Pathol. anatomy:
P harmcolo gy 15 11 one 'I

10 Lire a year, for two years

4

I nn I1

Hygiene : 15 "

Clinical oourses: 50 " n three years

Living expenses in Cagliari are loner than on the mainland.

Uniform with other faoulties.

Curriculum. See next pageebut one.

Number of Studente.

See Page 114 .

            At Cagliari the reduction of the number of students
in the 6th year %I due ta the fect that a number of men go to the mainland
expeaially Piea, Naplee and Rome for their clinical work.

It is somewhat dieappointing to think that in Italy no school whioh

has a eatisfactorily low number of atudents in eaoh olase has a satisfaot-
orily high standard of training.

Source of Students.

The student8 come from Sardinia almost exclueively.

                                 There is an

Cagliari, but in general it ia a distinctly local school.

occasional student from Tunis, or a student whose father ie an official
stationed at

Distribution of Graduates.

Most of the graduatee stay in Sardinia.

In the 4th, 5th and 5th

years, there is -1 an average,cf18 to 20
graduate, and 12 of the 15 beoome distriot dootors in oountriss as soon
ae there is an opportunity for them.
ooursee of slinical training.
getting first rate standing on acoount of political influenoe of Sardinia's
legielators.

afsd from Cagliari, 26 from Saeeari, 31 from Naples, 12 from Bologna, 10
from Rome and the rest soattering in twos and threes from other faaulties.

to a clam;

about 15 of theee

No man remains for any epcial

Cagliari ie in reality a third rate sohool

AS shown on ?age 116of all doctora in the provinoe of Cagliari, 225grad.tr-

Importance as a Medical Center.

Praotioally the only olsim to importanoe nhioh Cagliari uan present

is that of being dat38ed as a Type "An university which ensurea ita import.
anoe, whereas a8 a type "B"

it might ceaee to function from lack of support.

My impreasion ma that this aeourity of exiatsnce operates unfavourably

Cagliari

in Cagliari since there is no 8tinndus provided for good work.

The only resoaroh whiuh is dona at Cagliari ie done by ambitious

young professore who are extremely anxioue to get out,and eee in research
and publioation
poesible promotion.

the only method of calling attention to themeelves for

In the development of tsaohing form, therefore, Cagliari is only

a nay station for younger professore.

Currioulul.

L

Cagliari

275

First Toar:

Norm1 syrtrmatia anatomy
Comparative anat. and physiology
General Chemistry
Phy s iarr do

leoture 3 timer a reok
  not speuified

with the ralenor faoulty 3 X a wk.

Second Year

Sytematia anatomy
P hys io lo gy
I)ensral Pathology and rerology
Hi8tOlogy and general phyaiology
Chemistry and physicre

leoturee 7 times a reek

Third Year

Syetemntic anatomy
Top o gre p hi o a1 a na to my
P hy aiolo gy
Pharmrcoloa
Qeneral patholoty and serolom

Fourth Year I

llcdioal Clinic
Surgiaal alinio
Medioal Pathologg
Sur gi oal Pa tho lo gy
Pathologioal anatomy
Dent is try
Hygiene and Bacteriology
Operative medicine

Fifth Year

Uedioal Cliniu
Surgical Clinic
Pathologiaa1 Anatomy
Legal Medicine
Ophthalmology
Dernoryphiliography
Otolaryngoloe
Obstetrioa and gyneoology (theorbt,ical)

Sixth YE

Yediurl alinic
Surgical clinio
Pediatric clinio
Neurology and payohiatria olinia
Obrtrtricr and gynscolow (ollniealb

i Studentr oannot, enter the 4th par without firfit having paared

the

examinationr in the uourrra of the firat threo yeare.

Sassari

SASSARI

Location .

Sassari is a town of 40.090 population in the nortireastern corner

of the island of Sardinia.
popu1s;tion of g33.000 and the two provinces of Cagliari and Sassari make
up the island of Sardinia.
easier for the citizens of Sassari thin those of Cagliari, though Cagliari
is the chief town both in size and im;oortanoe.

The province of the same name ha8 a total

Comunicationi with the mainland iff somewhat

Histow.
Beginning of public! instruction in Saesari datea from 1558 when a

Jesuit oollege wa8 established there,
a university with the right to confer degrees in Philosophy and Theology.
In 1632 further privileges and assisbnoe were given includiag the right
to confer degrees in Civil and Canon Law and Medicine, and also in Sciences+
During the XVIIth century, however, the university did not enjoy mush
~umese.
opened in 1766,
supprees it in 1859, but this action wae prevented and in 1877 the nnip
ereity of Saseari was plaoed in the eeoond rank, later to asatme tne first
rank ir 1902.
universitiesr

In 1617 it was sonverted into

I

With the help of the Piedmont government the university wae re-

About a oentury later tZle Caeaati law attempted to

The Gentile Law in 1923 again placed it 13 the Type "B"

Ormnization.

The university oonsista of the Pacultiee of Law, Medicine and Surgery,

and a School of Pharmacy.

University F-inances.

A statement of the fiaanoes of the UnfverRity i8 obtRinable in out1iae:-

RE CE I.? TS o

Trom the province ............................ Lira 540,i)30
... oomune ............................. " 120.0c)o
.. Chamber of Commerce of Saseari ...... 11 5,090
.. Italian goverment ..................

TOTAL

EXYENSES o

Bamlty of Law ............................... Lire 3000000

Soh001 Of Pharmacy ........................... 70.000

It

n It Medicine and other adminietrative

charges .......

TOTAL

Medioal Sohool Tinances.

The em8 reoeived from the students for inetruotion amount to 94.350 L.

The anounte assigned to eaoh alinio and deparbent are not publiahed. Further
information not eolioitted.

Buildings.

As shown on the aooompanying map the pre-olinioal branches of the

medioal faoulty are fairly well grouped in and around the main building
of the university, but the aliniaa are at a ehort diatanoe.
clinio is housed in a modified dwelling house;  the clinics of surgery and
medioine and the epeoialtiee are housed in an old hoapital which is in real-
ty%onverted oonvent.
housea the library and the administrative officee.  Immediately next door
is a emall 3 story building devoted to Physiology, again a converted private
house.  The institute of Hygiene ia olose a em11 public garden and dates
to about1905, but is very emall and orowded.  A new building for Anatomy
ie under oonatruotion and eome remodelling ie being done in the building of
Pathology.
ed eoaroely for more than 10 or 15 students.

The Pediatrio

The univereity building is old and epacious and

A11 the laboratory and clinioal faoilities are small and adapt-

Laboratory Facilities,

  Anatomy:- Professor Uarlo (famfini. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 2 allievi.
Courae given through the first thrsa yeare to a tal of about 50 etudents,
Inetitute is a separate building-, next to the new building under
construotion.  2 floors and 8 rooms, all enall.
25 oadaverr per year.  Apparatus very limited.
4 miorosoopee eeen.
fact that at Saasnrl am
attempt is made to 'bsm a oantral library %i% many books are not housed in
clinioa or institutes.

4 dissecting tables; about

Budget 5.000 to 6.000 Lire,

Library very small though thie ie in part due to the
novhere else in Italy a aerioue and euoceeeful

  Phyaio1oa:- Profeeaor CSaefiano Viale. 1 assistant, 2 allied. 38
studentr.
demonRtrationa, buaekl in emall private houee next to the university building.
Three floors with 2 mall rooms on eaoh floor.
and leoture room.
Third floor, aaeietant's room and uhemiaal laboratory.
for light, heat, apparatne material, animals and literature,

Course given in 2nd and 3rd years.

Leotures 3 thee a week miicth

                FirRt floor, preparation
Second floor, professor's room and general laboratory.
                  Budget 6.000 Lire

Professor Claudio Fermi. 1 aiuto, no allied. 18 etudenta.

houeed in a small building rhiah housea a180 the Inetitute for rabies treat-
ment that fome an independent organization giving about150 rabies treat-
ment a year,
any teaohing in foroe.
Budget not given.

Fermi F=- ere as professor of Hygiene for the laat 27 year8.

Laboratory

Laboratoriee poorly equipped and with very eoant evidenoe of

Equipment inadequate.

Library 8 to 10 book&

Olinical Fa ciliti e8 o

SurgerZ:- Professor Dominioi. 1 aiuto, 1 aasistant and 1 allievo.
       Simila+privile ee held by the medical clinio and

47 students.
provinaial hoapital.

The aurgioal olinio possesses full righte over 24 beds in the

1 limite%

Saesari b- :: ' J

the apeuialtiee.
teaching.
unc!e r ita direut aontrol.
the oontrol of the professor of surgery whioh he aan use however for
darnonetratione.
the olinic of Oto-laryngology posseesee no beds of its own but usee the
aurgical clinic'e beds.
Thie hospital ie eaid to eerve a population of 400,000.
and both septic and aaeptic operations are done in the same room.
not given.

   OPD. has 6 to 12 oases a day which are not used for
The olinio met pay for the food and drugs of all patient8

There are 50 other beds of surgery not under

There are 4 beds for the olinio of eurgioal Pathology;

Operation 3 timen a week. leotures 3 timet? a week.
                 No X-ray equipment

Budget

Mediaal clinic not visited. Irofessor absent.

  Pediatrics:- Profeesor Amerigo Filia. 1 aiuto, 1 aeeiatant, 1
voluntary aaaiatant and I allievo.
lecturee 3 times a week, 20 beds, and OPD provicling about 10 oasee a day
exclusive of malaria in ohildren which run to about 700 aaeea a year.
Institute houeed in a 7 room houae.
1 for lectures in OPD. combined with 1 room for the director.
very ecanty.
ment.
financial or material support, aonscierhtious and effective work can never-
theless be done.

16 etudents in the 6th year couree;

            3 Laboratories, 2 rooms for wards.
                            Library
Active work in progrese despite the difficulties in equip-

a good example of the fact that rrith very little in the way of

Library Facilities.

Library houeed in the main univeraity building contains about 110.000

volumes, ?O.OOO reprints and 200 manuscripts many of which are important
.in the hietory of Sardinia.  Library sltuatioa at Saeeari remarkable in
that the institutes and clinics have pooled their re8ources and consequently
thin library is of oonsidsrable aeeistanoe and importance to the entire
medical facultp. Library staff aonsists of a director and 4 asaiutanta
and gives a favourable impression as to administration.

Faaul tx: -

matomy ...............................

Chemistry .............................

?lo010~ ...............................

Phyei010m ............................
Patholo Bnatoq .......................
Pharmacology ..........................
Hygiene ...............................
Yedioine ..............................
Clinical Sxrgery ......................

General Pathology .....................
Surgical n

.....................

Dermatology ...........................
Nervous & Mental Die., ...............
Pediatrics ............................

Oto-rhinorlaryngology .................

Obetetrias ............................

Ophthe.lmloa .........................

Legal Medicine ........................

Prof eesor

(I

N

n

11

n

n

n

n

n

11

(I

I?

n

18

I1

tl

n

Carlo hmfini
Ceeare Artom
Andrea Sanna
(hietano Viala
Quid0 Sotti
Giovanni Zanda
Claudio Fermi
Carlo Sotti
Leonardo Dominici
rrlb9rtO Marra saint
Pietro Bdarogna
Leonardo Tomasi
Otorino Rosei
merigo Pilia
Luigi Maegiore
Uchele Manooni
Qiuseppe Brandino
krnesto Brugnatelli

admission. Uniform with other faculties.

Sassari

Fees , Scholarehip E and Students' Expcnees.

  Students in Sassari can get bed and board for 700 Lire a month, but
tuition, laboratory fees and books cannot be paid from this amount,
represents tdic .xz&mx average amount 8pent.

              500 I,.
Fees uniform with thoae CagPfari a

DeEreecl.

Uniform with other Italian faculties.

Curriculutp

Not essentially different from that of CagliRri.

Number of Students.

19 2 3- 24: -

1st Year

15

2nd Year
17

4th Year       5th Year
18            19

3rd Year
  21

6th Year
  10

Total 100

The diminished number in the last gear i8 accounted for migration to

schools on the continent, principally Pisa and Rome.

Source of Studentc.

NQ studente attend the Univeraity of Sausari rho come from outside of
Trom 4 to 5s come from outside of Sardinia but almoet without exceptr

Italy.
ion their names are Scrrdinian names and it is aseumed
time they have had residence in Sardinia.
Suesari is till more local, einosbbitter rivalry between Ctigfiarl and
Saseari iRA  t the province of Cagaiari only under the most exoeptional
circumstances would be found to have provided students Rt the University
of Saseari.

      tlmt at eome previous
Indeed the source of students at

SUGL

Ciatribution of Graduates.

For diatribution of graduates, see Puge  116 It rill be seen that the

              in this particular.

number and distribution of graduates at Sassari ie such as to make this
echool of smellre importance

Importance ae a Medical Faculty.

  The only relatiomhip of possible importance nhioh the University
of Saaaari, and to a largo extent that of Cagliari a8 well, can have upon
the general m8dicB.l eduoation is clear, when one is credibly informed,
that nearly one-half of the professore in the medioal faculties in Italy
have spent some time as professors in Sasearf or Cagliari.
these two schools at a time when they are through with their training
and when they are moet anxious to produce work which will qualify them
for a call to  BO^ better positions.

They go to

It is moet unfortunate thnt under these ciroumstancee the f'acilitAes

( ' .;

n.

4 '

Sas s ar i

and material equipment afforded them in these two mall universities are
such as to dieoourage,if not to prevent, men from producing work of the
type nhioh they have learnt to do under their maeters in the larger
sohools in Italy.  The isolation experienoed by these young 9rofesaora
is rendered the more crippling to their effectiveness by reaeon of t'ne
inadequate nedioal literature.    A visit to theas faculties is Aufffcient
to oonvinae one that a8 in MeRsina and Catania and to a certain extent
also in Sienna, Parma and Uodena the faculties are oomposed of three
element% :-  native sone who prefer to remain away from o+,her parts of
Italj;
and a never ending atrem of ambitious young men who only expeot to stay
one to three years and irr many oeaee do not even bring their families
with them while they nre waiting for a eatisf'aotorg opportunity to get
away.

have been unable to secure a oall and are constantly "stuok" ;

SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY, DENTISTRY, YIDWIPERY

BND VETERINARY NEDICINE.

-

PharlMog.

The teaahing of pharmacy in Italy is done in schools of pharmacy

which are attaohed to and under the oontrol of the universities. The

statistioal information regarding enrollment in these auhools is given

below, following the same order of faonlties as are given in considering

the medioal facultie8.

The sohools of Pharmaoy usually offer two different aourae8, one

more thorough and inclusive than the other.

The lauroa in pharmacy and

ohemiatry ia given at the end of o five year course , the laat being spent

in praotical work in an approved pharmaoy.

list of approved pharmaciea and the work in theae pharmaoiee is of a pure-

Eaoh university publishes a

ly praotioal nature and is not subjeot to any speaial supervision by the

university authorities nor is the time of the candidate divided between

practical work and any instruction.

The eituation ie analogtm to aertain

sohoole of medicine in the United States ahiuh require a fifth or hospital

year.

and less intonaive in charaater.

The four year oourse for the diploma in phanoaoy ie less inclueive

It also inaludes a year of practiaal work

in the fourth year,

Figures given below are for the year 1923-24, exoept when otherwise

noted :-

University      6 tudents    Number for Laurea  Number for Diploma

Turin          266       178            88

Genoa            110         75           35

Psrma

Pisa

Rome

Florrn

Uni ver 8 its      Studen-     No, for Luures    No. for Diploma

Pavia            211         130           80

Padua 2% 137 121

Bologna 253 134 129

Milan

No eohool of Phnrmaog sttauhed to this univereity

Modem 124 57 67

Sohool elbets but no figares published giving No. of etudenta

77 53
151 1%

Before Florsn e reoeived statue of univereity no figures.

were publiehed regarding the No. of etudents in pharmaoy.

Sienna        71 45 26

Oamerinb (1918-19)  25 Distribution not noted.

w M n

Perugia 61

Haplee 363 196 167

Bari

Palenno 46 Distribution not noted.
Catania 61 35 26
Meeeina (1920) 78 Dietribution not noted.

No eohool of phamoy attached to thie univeroity.

Oagliari        60 47

Seseari        67 43

13

24

Ooareea.

The oarriaulum of' the eohool. of pharmaoy attaahrd to the Faaalty

of Medioine of Bologna is for the moat part typiaal of the ooureea given
in the other rohools of pharmaoy and ie ae follows :-

Course for the diploma in Pharmacy.

TIRST YEAR:- General ohexistry, inorganicJ and organio - Botany -

     Mineralogy, exarcisee, i.e., hboratory work (?t; in

       Botany, and exercises in E!ineroZogy (x).

SE20,XD Y3AR:- Zxperinental work in physics as applied to medi&w -

Pharmoological chamia try and Toxicology - Exeroisea

in the preparation and the chemizal analyaes of tne

laboratory of pharmaceutical chemistry. ..

practical work, i.e., water annlyses, etc..

Hygiene with

TIIIiiD YEAR :- Pharmaceutical chemistry and Tolkicoloey - 7ood chemistry -

        hhteria medica and PharmacoloE, exercises in pharmaceutical

chemistry ix), and exercises in Pharlllacognoay (XI .

FOURTH YEAR:- Practical work for the full year, i.e., 12 months in an

approved pharnaoy during BLX montha of vhich the cRndidRte

met have oompleted all his oblisatorg examinations, i.err

all the above courma with the excqtion of the Practical

work in the first and third years.

Curriculm for the coume mid laurea in chemistry and pharmacy  :-

FIRST YEAH:-

Inorganio chemistry - Botany - Z001oe;lr - Experimental Physics

applied to medicine - Pllineraiogy - Exercises in Mineraiog  (x)

and Botany, and exorcises in qualitative chemiaal analyses.

(8

SEWXI PUR:- Organic chemistry - Pharmaoeutiaal chemistry and Toxicolog.
     Exercises in Physics cx)Exeroisee in che:nical preparations of

       the laboratory of pharmaaeutical cheaistry - Exercisos in
      quantitative chemical analyses.

(x) No obligatory examination for these coursea, other8 have obligatory

e xaminat io n .

THEXI) YEAR :-

Pharmaceutical chmistry and Toxicology - Food chedstry -

Materia medics in Pharmacy - Exercises in food chemistry
Exercise8 in materia medioa'zhd pharmacology - Exercises

                  (XI
in Pharmaceutical chemistry 9 Toxicolog and J3io-chemistry o

FOURTH YEAR:-

Hygiene with practical exeroiees - Exeroisea in Pharmaceu-

tical chemistry - Toxicology and Bio-chemistry - Preparation

of some small piems of research and preparation of theses

        for the degree.

?? PI~TH YEAR ;-  Practical year in a phrrnaoy for 12 monthe,  for eix month8

of rhiah the candidate must hnve paesed all the examination

of separate coureee and the general examination prescribed

at the end of the four years.

Organization of Teaahinq.

In the type "A" mediael faoultiee, the government provides for one

professor to devote his time exclusively to the school of pharmay.

The

other cour8e8 are given by profesaora in the Faculty of Science or of

Medicine as is the case with the Type "Bn echools.

Usually the professor

of Pharmacology in the medical faculty is the director of the school of

pharmaoy, and the inatitute of pharnaoology Frovide8 such labortttory facil-

ities 88 can be obtained for the student8 in those ooursea in the school

of pharmacy.

appendage to the other course8 given in the university.

The instruotion is therefore given n more or leas as an

There is in general

aore laboratory work performed by the etudente in the school of pharmacy

than by the medical students, but evon under these conditions, not enough.

It muat be remeabered that in addition to the practical year in whish 8

young pharmacist doubtlese oontinues hi8 education well beyond the inntructr

ion obtained in the echool, the general conditione of life in Italy and

the limited opportunitiee for young men to obtain responeible poeitions

soon after graduation make8 it a general rule that a young graduate in

Phenaaoy ie under the eupervieion of his employer for five to ten yeare

after graduation before he ie likely to be entrueted with very great

reeponeibility,

ion from the lice0 a8 in the caw of admiesion to the medical facultiee.

The admieeion to the echool of pharmacy requires graduat-

The fees in the achool of pharmaoy for the laurea are  :-

Matriculation L. 300 - Tuition *4...LW 530 annually

Diploma . . o , , o o . o *. 300 - Speuial tuition 100 extra a year
Bee for knation at

For diploma,

the end of eaoh oour~e 100 - Special fee 75

The ohargse for the diploma in pharmacy are the ~)ame, exoept for

annual tuition whioh ia &. 600, instead of L. 500.

D E N T I S T R Y.

-

Education for dentists in Italy is in a transitional stage.

MoRt

of the medical echoole give one aouree in dentietry the abjeat of whiuh

ie to provide an ordinary practitioner with the met rudimentary know-

ledge of pathology and treatment of the teeth.

in which speoial course8 of dentietry are given and theee are at Rome,

Uiltln and Bologna.

dental school with a complete faoulty.

of dentistry requires that all dentists shall first obtain the degree

of M.D.

There are three faculties

at Rome efforts are being made to establish a true

The new law regulating the praatice

Indeed, in Italy recognition of dentistry at3 a separate specialty

is elow and inadequate.

nt Rome, at present, there is only one profes~or

of dentistry of the medical faoulty who givee an optional oourse in the

5th year.
the diploma is given and in whioh, during the year 192,224, 38 students

were enrolled.

Milan and 46 students are enrolled.

year one and

is required.

at Bologna, there is a definite course of dentietry for ahioh

A similar epecial couree with a diploma is given in

In both oases the cour~e is a two

an internship of at least one year in the dental institute

The cour~ee givea in the Milnn achool are ae fol1oae:-

                                   2 months

Clinical anatomy in connection with dentistry .,.....b.

" *.b.64..0 2 "

Pathol. Anatomy ' IC n

Special Ptithology of the organe of the mouth

Dental and Perf-dental surgery ~b~.................~~~~ 2 "

Dental and Facid Orthopedics ...............b.b.,.... 2 "

.........

2 yeare

Prosthesie ................................... 2 years

Pharmacology in connection with CentiRtrg  . . o .

2 months

RtidiOloFy 2n

Syphilography, in relRtion to Dentistry . o o o o o

Dentistry in relation to Pediatrics .......... 2 "

2"

In the caae of the three  centem in Italy fox dentietry the control

is exercised by the university faculty and the diploma given  re on the

8ame grade ae diplomas given for specialties mch as Ortho?edice,

MIDK'IFERY

   Schools of midwifery in Italy during 192F-24 are listed below.  In

moet case8 the echools of midwifery are attached t.0 obstetrical clinios

of the univerait.ies.   In gome Cast36 the university maintains more thn

one such echool, adrt  controlling a branch school in Q nearby town.

is a two year aourse and recently, in 1923, the requirenients for admission
rere increased from/the 6th year of elementary school to the 3rd yeer of

the norlaal school, cr Wnmiumr This has had, ae is shorn by the figures

It

graduat Ion fron

given below, a profound

for' midnif'er;r.

   The schools are tw

Under the University of

Under the University of

n n (I I1

effect upor. the enrollment of girls in the  school^

follows :-

let Yr. 2nd Yr. Total

Turin, at Turin ....... 13 --8r 97

    at Novar8 ...... 7 17 24
Genoa, .. Qenoa ....... 28 30 58
Pavia, .. Pavia ....... 1 22 23

Schools of Obstetrics maire

tained in four places. .... by .. Ptidua ....... a 100 108
the 'Jniversity of Padua .. Venice ...... 5 11 36
                  .. Verona ...... 10 39 49
                .. Trieste ..... 15 36 51

283

1st Pr. 2nd Yr. Total

            at Bologna .........
tt ... uodena, .. Modem ..........

Under Univ. of Bologna,

I1
11

II

'I Parma, .. Parma ..........
" Pisa, . Pisa ...........
" I' Rome,

Rome o.**,**..*.*

n

No figures obtrsinable forY  Plorence
TJnder Univ. of Sisnna, .  Sienna ..........

I1 .... Yerugia, .. Perugia .........
W .... Naples, .. Naples ..........
No school at Bari ....................

Vnder Univ. of Palerrno,     Palermo  . o . . o o o . .

It ... Camerim, .. Camerino

........

tl 'I  'I CRtanla,  It Catania .........
II I'  'I Me~dina,  " Mesointi .c1!3211..
I1     I' Cagliari,   CeLgliari o . o o o o .

No school at Saeeari.
Under University of Urbino -Urbino (1918-1919)

15
11
6
2
15

2
8
13
13

15

a

35

--

T

53
37
18
26
72

8
22
22
95

10

7

?

68
40
24
28
97

10
?O

25
41
65
7

12

The teaching given in theRe aohoola of midwifery is divided into tvo

yeare, the first being largely leatures and demonstrations with considerable

subordinate work on the wards, t.be second year devoted entirely to clinicAl

Pork on the wards.

Teaching is given for the most part by the aiuto in

the department of Obstetrics under the supervieion of the professor of

Obstetrics.

A diploma is given which it is neceeeary for the future mid-

wife to.?resont to the civil authorities of t,he town in rhioh she intends

to practice her ?rofeseion.

At the prenent time micldves are well scatter-

ed over Italy and conduct a large proportion of the noma1 cases.

Further

reference to this matter nay be made to the report submitted by ;!is8 FOE.

Crowell on "Wureing in Ituly".

Cne phase of the instruction of midwivee is in close relation to the

teaohing of Obstetrics, There is not, in most caaea, enough material on

the obgtetrics wards to provide praotical inotruction for both midrives

and medical students.

The difficulty ie met by giving to the midvivee all

of the practical Fork of deliveries 00 that the Lttrlian medical etudente

290

have thenselves conducted no uages of labour prmiats to graduation.

The low puerperalmortalitg in Italy la in curious contrast to the

defectiveness in the training of the Italian mdical student in Obsbtrioe,

and this Whole subject deserve8 an eDchaPative study.

made on the very greatly reduced number of students in the SahOOl of mid-

wifery.

aontfnue until genuine scarcity begins to arise throughout the muntry, when

a remsion to the earlier and lower atandarde will perhaps take place.

No cramnente were

It is possible that this defect in the supply of midwiver will

Sdhools for veterinsry medicine are either those independent of the

univbralties or those which are inoorporated in the universities.

of 7eterinary Xedicine are found at Turin (independent), Milan (indepenimt),

Bologna (with the university), Perugie Jwithin the University) and Naples
(julepemdent ) o  The independent ac;hools are denominated aRoyal Superior

Schools" and are under the Minister of Public Instmction.

SchOOle

Figures for 1918-19 are as followad-

Turin ...... 62 students Annul Ekadget .................. .....1 41.000 Lire

Milan ....... 55 students Bnmzal Goverrment grant ............ 43,ooO .

BOlOm e*** 191 " Budget for Inst. and labs. ......... 18,000

Pewis ..... 35

lJaples e......72 . H n lt

Btzdget not given

!be courae is a four-gsar one, anc! the matrimlation is 300 Lire,

tuition, 250 to 500 Lire, depending on schools.  Diploma 300 Lire.

Curriculum on file in Paris Office.

B dgeree is given In veteriaary medfoine whiah constitutes the only

qualification for practice.

the diary of Dean A. 3. &ami (1.E.S.) may be consulted.

For further notes on veterinary sQhoo18,

Po HOSPITALS & NURSING

No attempt was made to collect information on hoRpitals in Italy

independent of thoae oonnected with olinical teaching.

situation ha8 been reported upon by Mise F.E. Croaell in eeparate reports,

The nursing

the first dated September 28th. 1922; the second, dated July 16th, 1924.

The hospitale of Italy are of two t.3-pes:

and the emall private hospitals usually belonging to single practitioners

the public charitable iaetitutions,

or amall groups of praotitionere and operated purely for their own cases.

Of the seoond type only one hospital wae vieited, that of Dr. Raffaelle

Baatienelli in Rome.

This is a 54 bed modern construction run on a profit

sharing plan with Be's four assistants, two operators, one X-ray man and

one resident, all of whom he has chosen from previous assistantfi on hie

wards at the Policlinico.

Nuraing under the direction of Irish sisterhood.

18 of the 54 bede are run on a charity baRi8.

Impression excellent.

The publio hospitals in Italy present every sort of variety as regards

oonstruction, personnel and efficienay of management.   Hospital organ-

ization and reform has received considerable attention of late years and

there has been-definite Improvement eepecially in Northern Italy;

aituation in Southern Italy is atill one of great disorder.

of a commission appointed by the MiniRtry of the Interior on April 8th.1918,

the impregsion is described by the Italian authorities a8  :

the

In the report

"Not only do we lack a sufficient number of hospitals,  but the

number of beds ie also deffioient. The fact ie rendered still
more unfortunate by very uneven distribution of hospitals over
the different regions and in the large and small connnunee".

The nunber of empty beds ia striking in nearly all oharity hoapitals,

eeveral of which are run at only onehalf or two-third capacity.

This

etate of affairs it3 largely the result of economic factors.

in Parma, in 1914, the oomnntne of Pam paid Lire 2.25 a dag to the hospital

for the care of a patient.

beds that ueed to coat from 4 to 6 Lire a dsg me now from 20 to 56 Lire,

The funds from charitable foundation0 which previouely were of apprecisble

efze have no longer ang significant part in the upkeep of these hospitale.

For example

In 1925, the oharge waa Lire 17.- a day.

Pap

Hospitale, in many cases, are forced to uoe buildings formsrly belong-

ing to conveats or religioua orders which are ill-adRpted for hospital

purpoaee.

R large amount of space.

The more modern buildings are on the pavillon plan and occupy

administration is usually through what is called a congregation of

oharity in which the civil and religious authorities of the locality are

oombined with a few p'hilantropio agencies and publia-apirited individuals.

The poor of eaoh oorxmrme received eo Datienta are paid for by the comune.

a few pay-beda are found even in large numbers of ~db1i.c charity institub

ions, but no attempt ie made to emphasize this type of servioe nor doee it

oonetitute an important souroe of revenue for the hospital.

country districts are without adequate hoepital provision and aevere chronio

cmea tend to gravitate towards the larger citise.

influence of religious ordere in hospital management ie very considerable

and their extreme conaervatism handioape the effectiveness of nursa8'

training and hoepital administration.

The smaller

The ponition and

Among the best hospitals with University affiliation8 in Italy should

be noted the Uaggiore in Milan, the New Munioipal Hospital in Genoa, the

Policlinico in Rome and the Istituto Rizzoli in Bologna.

Hospital in BolognR is also worthy of mention.

The New Pedistric

KEDICAL PROr"ESSI0N AND TRE P,UZTICE OF MEDICINE

       General Iupreseions.

Before the war the praotice of medicine in Italy wae under the

8ame general economic laws as obtained in other countries.

trained men found, as a general rule, that it me more interesting

and profitable to eettle in the large
corntry practitioners were made up of the lees highly trained and lese
well paid membeleof the profession. Since the war, the peaeants,
controlling as they do the eseential means of sustenance,became
comparatively much more prosperoue at the same time that the induetrial
populations of the cities experienced many economic difficulties.
income of country doctore in the paet eix yeare has very materially
increased, though facilities for their work, laboretoriee,  emall

hoepitale, etc, have not kept pace with their increasing proeperity.
hipation of phyeiciana has practically aeased. The profession ie
over-orokded and the competition has arrived at the point where it
ie dist,inutly prejudicial to the e+andards of medical praotics rhiah

bve hitherto exieted.

The better

centers of population and the

The

Other phases of the practitioner's life are referred to below.

Distribution.

As mentioned under Ncrplee there is a constant over-production

of graduates in medicine.

About 800 graduates eaah year is the number

adequate to replenish the losses by death, illnees and retirement.

Instead of theaa figures, however, 15,000 graduatee haw been tuned

out during the paet ten years.
phyaioiana in Italy, a8 given by Profeeaor Silvagni, are :-

The reaeon8 for the abundanoe of

1) - faoilitiee of examination;

2) - the belief that medicine ie a lucrative profession.

This

ia in gome ways justified by the increased wealth of the peaeante and
the widmapread improvement in the lot of the oountry Tractitioners.

  3) - The enrollment during the war of many young men in tine

Sanitary Corpab

deoided to continue their medioal training.

At the conclusion of the war these young fellOW8

The social poeition of dootors ia generally admitted to have

been lowered during the past six years*
average number of graduates were TOO per year, the maximum being 1,050
in 1901, and the minimupl 250 in 1918.

natee inoreaeed to 2130 and enrollment has steadily augmented.

Between 1901 and 1918, the

By 1923 the number of grad-

  I)re Veechia, a Nupolitan living at Perugia,  said that the beet

doctors in the cities have a radiua of 50 to 60 kilometers by auto-

mobi1G
of 10 to 15 kilometers, 3r more modestly by horae or oarrfage, 8 kilo-

meters.

radius might be 40 kilometers where in Umbria it would only be 10 or

15 kilometers.

a territory is rentrioted to one phyeician,

kny in emaller towns uae motoroyoles and have a radius

Muoh depends on the terrain.

?or example in Venitia, the

These figures, however, by no means mean that euch

  It is a matter of oomon knowledge in Italy that the average

oountry praotitioner ie earning between 20.090 and 30.000 Lire a year.

The more wocessf'ul epecialiste in the aity make between 40.003 and

200.000 Lire a year.

univereity conneotians invariably mentioned,

Advertising ia widely resorted to and the

Bbonomio Position.

Some inferences may be drawn from the advertisements in the

Italian communes offering plaoea for physioians in conneation with

emall town hospitals.

Italy) publishes the following figures.
metere, population 1.263. Poor of the diatrict 300. Salary offered
to physician, 6.000 Lire a year;  allowanoe for house, 500 Lire a year;

other allowanoes, 500 Lire;

its. No age requirement for physician, muat have uaual diploma. The
oonxuune of Aleeeandri offers a stipend of 5.000 Lire a year with 45%

on operation f'eea. Caetiglione del Lago, in Luaoa, offers for a

direotor of the surgioal aervioe and the hoapital combined, a stipend

of 12.090 Lire a year;

The oommune of Camero in Novara (Northern

The area ie 7 square kilo-

high coet of living, double usual indenm-

lodging free and 75% on operation fees.

The "medioo oondotto", or distriot ootvrtry dootor, ha8 about a 10

mile radiwa;

limited by tie territory of the neighbouring

he has no hospital faailities and hie range is largely

ttcondottO".

a liat ie given in the publioation known as "Roma Sanitoria" of

the offiaial minima of ohargee for medical aerviae in Rome.

An

ordinary medical or surgical visit, either at the doctor's house or

that of the patient's, for a mingle or firet visit, is 15 to 40 Lire,

Calls

Out of town aalla, acaording to the time employed and for not more

than 24 hours, in addition ta travel expenesa, 200 to 590 Lire.

xutopeies, at the coet of the fanily, 258 to 1000 Lire. Comqlete

urinary examination, quantitative and mioroacopis, 25 Lire& Histo-

logioal examinations, 53 to 290 Lire. Ulk exauination, 25 Lire.

Hypodermis injections, in series, 5 to 10 Lire each. General am8-

thesia, 50 to 200 Lire. Exploratory laparatomy, 500 to 1500 Lire,

Appendicitis, 1300 to 3000 Lire,  Norm1 labour, by day: 400 tire,

by night: 500 Lire. IQeaac-

between midnight and 6 o'clouk in the morning, 40 to SO Lire.

Scientific Resources of Physicians.

Independent laboratories are few in Italy.

The con~picuous

examFle of such service is that of the Iptituto Sieroterapiuo in hiilan,

whose director is a bacteriologist in the faculty and in whieh Profess-

or Lustig of Plorence is said to have a propriehry interest.

  The decree of December 30, 1923, provide8 that in the capitals

and in each province there be established, ander the provincial administ-

ration, a laboratory of prophylaxis and hygiene which will have a

seation for tissue diagnosis together vith B bio-chemical laboratory.

Thia general lack of well distributed laboratories and small hoapitale

helps to confine the work of the country doctor to medicine and drive8

all but the urgent surgiual 0~8~8 into the larger oenters where some

snrgicnl faoilities are svailablo.

in some partr of Italy the ready support of neighbouring comtnuner for

even the emall medioal faoulties, sinoa the preeenoe of a uurgeon with

soademio standing ensurea to the eomtuunity a superior grade of. aurgioal

reiowoe~ whioh it would otherwirre not POIIOE~.

It ia thie faot whioh explains

Medius1 Seate and Quaoke.

The Italian law is exoeedingly striot.

Yen practioing medieine

or surgery without n university diploma are jealously watched by looal

praotitionerr rhoae polftioal influenae ie often considerable.

offender le jailed until the time of hie trial.

is given for emall offoneer and 10 years tmprisonment in oaee of mal-

prautioe remlting in death.

           The

One year in prision

Women in mediaine.

Very for women go into the praotioe of medioins in Italy.

Many

mor. take the oourse in Phaxmauy.

ing of women mediual students.

19 out of the total 654 medioal cltudente, were women, whereas 64

There ia, however, always a aprinkl-

A8 8n exaqle, at Padus during 192524,

out of the total 258 rtudenta in phamoy woro women, and 78 out of

total 169 in the oourre of letters were mmen.  This is probably a

larger proportion than would be found in the faoultiee in Central and

Southern Italy.

Post-Graduate Study.

  In Italy, postrgraduate study ia largely given in the years

immediately following the degree of M.D. rather than aourses given

for praatitionera who have been for =yeare out of the school.

oeveral

The

attaohed page gives an idea of the range of such courses in the most

advanued suhool for this purpose, namely, Elilan, where a university

haa grown out of the poet-graduate aoursee given for socle years there.

The same is true of the new univexaity of Florence where a medical

faculty has grown out of the post.graduate studiee.

Attitude toward Men - of Foreign Treining.

The territorial increase in Italy in the last war has made it

neoessary for men with Austrian degrees to be allowed to praatioe in

Italy eepeoially in the part taken over from matria.

English physiu-

ians are allowed by a recent agreement to praotice in Italy in exchange

for the right of Italian physioiane to praotioe in England, but

English oolonies.

in

For the most part the conditions of praotioe and the

small fees obtainable automatiually serve to limit the competition from

men of outside trairing.

Medf oal So ci e ti os o

The number of these in Italy is very large and these societies are

prinoipally on the territorial basis.

Aaadetny of Mediains in Rome; also in Turin, the Royal Aoademy of

Medicine, hae oonsiderable authority.

is on file in the Paris offioe.

The most influenaial is the

A full liet of these eoaietiee

R. UNX'UEHSITA DI MXLANO

-

~~

FACOLTA DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA

CORSI DI PERFEZIONAMENTO

-

Orario delle lezioni

TITOLO DEI CORSI

Ana t u in i a C 1 i n i c a !ncd i cc I - ch i I II Ig i c ;t

Clinic a I'sdi at r i c 3

)I Udontoiatrica :

Odcr1 t Ot eci1 is3
Patologia - ser:-.c.ioticz - rerapia
Csc rci t az io:: i oil onto i a t r ia comer va t iva

1,czimi di Ortopedia dento-iacciale

Dimostraz. di Ortopedia dento-faccialc

Protssi deiits:~ c mscellar.t

chi r LI r 6.3  d c ii : 3 r F 2 rad en t i s t ica

R ad i ( I og i a

C 1 i nicri tn a la t t ie p r, ) f css iona 1 i

I'rolc tgia

Insegnanti

Liv i n i

Catt atieo

Galeazzi

Pasini

C a 1 a in i da

Medea

b'asoli

Ar Io t t a

Bcnedini

Ro v i da

Bas I i n i

Perussia

I )rvoto

Polver i n i

Kc-lfaii t i

Lnsicr

Lunedi

8-9'
16-17

-

9-10

-

-

8' .-lo

8-9

10-1 1

-

15-17
9-1 1

-

-

13l -15

-

Y- 10
16-17

17-18

-

-

-

__

17- 1')

Martedi

8-9'

11-12

9-10

9-1 0

17-18

10-11

S' .-lo

11-12

8-9

-

15-17

9-1 1

-

-

  -

13' .-15

8- 10

-

-

10-1 1

-

15-16

$9

-_

Mercoledi

-

s-9' '2

16-17

9-10

9-10

-

-

8' :-lo

8-9

10-11

-

15-17
9-1 1
-

-

-

-

8-10

-

-

-

14-1 6

-

-

Giovedi

8-5J'

15-16

9-10

9-10

17-18

-

8' .-lo
11-12

8-9

-

15-17

-

-

9-10
10-1 1

~

-

8-1 0
16-17

-

10-1 1

- _.

15-16

17-19

-- -

Venerdi

8-9' '1

9-10

9-10

-

-

-

8' --lo

S-9

-

-

15-17
9-1 1

-

-

1:;' -15

-

8-10

17-18

-

-

I

__

_.

PER MEDIC1

(Anno 1924-1925)

Sabato

-

15-16

9-10

10-11

8'1.-10

8-9

9-10 11

-

-

15-17

9-1 1

._

-

  -_

13' -15

s-10

--_

-

10-1 1
16-17

-

~-

S-C)

-

SEDE

Cliiiica Ostetrico-ginecol. - Via Commenda 12
Istituto Anatoniico - Citth degli Studi - \.iia Plinio

Istituto dei Rachitici - L'ia G. Pini 31

Clinica G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9

Clinica Dermosifiloyatica - Via Pace 9

Ospttdale Maggiore -

Padiglione Bifi - Via F. Sforza ::5

Istituto Stomatologico - V-ia Commenda 19

L

L,. MANGlAGALLl

IL SEGRET,4RIO GENEKALE

G. BIRAGHI

Medical Publishers and Dealers.

- --- ----

The princi?al publishers and dealers of medicine are given below:-

Cultura ?.!edioa Editrice .................... Palermo

Cam Editrice "Salute e Igiene"

18, Piazza del Popolo, ................ Rome

U. Hoepli .................................. Milan

Casa Editrice Idelson

23, Via de Marinis .................... Naplea

Illiaola Zanichelli .......................... Bologna

Casa L. Poszie,

Via Sietine, 14 ....................... Tiome

Casa Editrice di Cau. Dottore V, Puequale

S. Andrea delle Dame, 17 .............. Naples

Biblioteca della Studiwn

154, Coroo Umberto I. ................. Rome

Cam Editrioe di Jottore Franaeeo VallRri .. Xilan

Societa Editrice Torinme

Unione Tipografico Editrice ............ Turin

IJedlcal publicationc in Italy are imumorable.

In order to

seoure by exohange a few publications for their institutes, and

as a result of pride and as an opportunity to publish their own

work and at of their assistants, many professors puGlish their

Own small journals. Sanetimes they enlist the Aid of former

pupils or friends, and in any case 3oumals published thus are

not widoly read nor are they sf very great value.

A few larger and more representative Journals are published

by groups of men in the diPferent fields of medicine.

The more popular journals Of medicine and surgery we publidled

as colmneraial undertakingspith a doctor davoting his whole time to

editor's work.   There is a lcrrrre numbcr  or very poor publications

which are mere vehicles for vanity  ad patent medicise advertise-

ment *

Yne most hportar,t Journnls arc starred in the list on tho

follovinC: pages.

HistOlOEY ad BabPJOlO~.

* Archivio Italian0 di Anatomia ed Bnbriologia .............
* Nonitore Zoolo:;ica Itslimo  o . . o o o o . o . o o o o o o (Qiiarugi) . .

Plorenoe
Florenoe.

Rioerohe di Morfologia ..................... (Versari) ... Rome.
I1 BBorgagni.

mio1ox.v and Biochanistrgm PhaqcOl 029 o

* Revista di Fieiologia.
* d?chivio delle Soia. Biologiohe  o o o o o . o o o o (Bottazzi)  o o  Naples/
* Brohiv. di Pisiologia
o Revista di Biologia.

Patholo& ParasiQJ&m and Bacteriolorg.

* !l!umore.
* PBtologICP.
. Lo Sperimentale ............................ (Lustig) .... b'lorence.

Giomale di Bioloeia . Nedicina Sperlmentale (Rondoni) ....

                                               !Purin.
Bolletino dell' Istituto Sinoterapioo ........ (Lust&) .... Uilan.

( * -e d*Igiene
( Dlfeaa Sociale ............................. (Levi) ...... Rome

( IgieneModerna.

iene( L'Uffiziale Sanitaria .................................... maples*

Bzmali di Igiane Sperimentale.

Eeclicine and General Yrw.

. Hematologis ................................ (Ferrata) ... Pavia.
. La BifonnaMedica .......................... (Rumno). ..... Naples.

. POliCbliOO ............................................... Rae.

Polia Xedios ............................... (Castellinof Naples.

Archivio di Patologia e Clinics Eilediua ..... (Viola) ..... Bolop.
Bollet in0 delle Scienze Uedlche

Actaallta Media ........................... (hiatis) .... Florenoe.

Obstetrios ard olom.

Bnnali di Ostetrioia . Ginecologia ........ (Xangiagalll) Milan.
Revista di Gineaologia .................... (Feroni) ..... Florence.
Polla Ginecologica ........................ (Clivio) ..... Gmw.
Arohiv. di Ostetriaia e Gineoologioa ...................... Haplea.

* Revista Qlirurgiaa

Policlinic0 Chinlrgico

Chirurgia degli mane di LIovhento  .......

(Putti) ...... Bologna.

La Clinioal Pedistrim ...................................... pod-.
Bipiologia ................................................... Naples.
Pdistrla .................................. (J~ma) ......... Naples.
Neurologia ................................................... Naples.
Bevista di Clinios Pediatria ................................  Bologna.
La Starnotologla ........................... (Peperno) ....... Bane.

Bevista Ospedalien .......................................... Rame.

Bu;bletins ob

Giornale della R. Aoadenla di Nedicina di Torino ............ *in.
Bulletino della R. Aoad. medics di Roma ..................... Rome.
Reniiaantidella R. Ad. Linoei ............................ Rome.

4tomv.

     !i?h%rh there are large varfations between different

schools in the method8 of instruction in all of the divisioas

of the Medical Curriculum, certain generalities are applicable

in the 0888 of Anatomy, as well a8 oEher subjects.

!l!he course In Anatmy is usually based largely upon

dlssection, and has for it6 object the training in practicer1

work, especially for surgeons.  Bnphasis is always laid on

operative and topographical anatomy, and investigative work

is not pursued autively as 8 general rule by anyone excepting

young men who need the credit of papers for their acadenlc

advancanent.  Researoh nork has been along anthropological

phases of amtamg, also some studies on the anatomical side

of dirninalogy.

in Anatomy, three year6 in all, and the final exambation at

the olose of the third year is an obstaule vhich seriously

interferes with all the other cmrses given in that year.

A large amaunt of the studentsv time is spent

Only in the North of Italy is the teaching marked by

any clear exepnples of order and di8Cipline; elsewhere disseotion

goes on in a noisy and disorderly fashion whenever there ia

material.

in different regions in Italy, only the exceptions1 schools

folloaing any method of preservation; coneequently, when a uedaver

becmes available,  it is seized upon by too larRe a number of

students anii disseoted immediately.

The mount of material is a very variable quantity

x

  Histology Is given in ~QSQ fealties with Bnatomy, but

there is no praotioal work for individual students, demonstrat-

ion being the rule.

  mbryolcgy is almost completely ignored, except thrqh
passiw referenoe in didactio leotures. mere is raely a

reparate chair for Histology, and Bnbryologg is not even

honoured with being entrusted to an assistant.

The Anatanist~ in Italy who seemed unusually oapable rerer-

Levi at Turin, Chiaragi at FloreMce, Valenti at Bologna and Veraari

at Bane. Lmi h8e a good laboratory, ctarmads considerable

prestige in Italy, dlreote an effective teaching parsomel ad

aotively pursue8 investigative work in tissue aulture.

is aonefdered by the f;talians the leading anatomist of Italy; he

Chitmagi

has a good department, merou~ students, but is interested sommhat

more in descriptive anatomy than in experimental work. Wlenti in

Bologna is the profeasor with the best/anatomioal laboratory in

plsnnea

Italy, and apparently his teaahing work is well organised.

Versari

is an active descriptive anatmiat aonaiderably handioapped by aa

atnost uselesa laboratory.

X

Only at l'avia and Bologna is there a sepwate ahair of Histologye

mmi 0lO.Q.

The emphasis on Physiology in Italy, with one or two

                            Luciani and

aueptiona, ier largely on the physical side*
HIosso have left their stamp evewhere in Italian PhysiolOgY.

Il?e Italians are greatly handicapped in the tadha by the
ignoranoe whioh the etudents show regardine even elanentary
chenistry,and the importawe of bio-chmistry is not widely

rerrlised nor the terohing of bi*chenistry well correlated

with physiology in most of the faculties.  There is mplete

separation frcm pharmacological work as well as from oliniaal
application, though it is fair to say that many of the clinius

have speuial small roums for grrqphic work in which physiolo@c-

a1 methods are predominant. There is 8 considerable emphaaie

upon the needs of the professor and his assistants for spaoe, and

this is granted at the expense of the students.

there is met more deflnitely the evidence of the poverty of the

present day in Italian scientific institutions. In Anatomy, the

contfast in this respect is less sharp, but all the other

experimental soidnoes are in extrmelg defective condition a8

rwards maintenanue.

the War is adequate, ard also the space is often satisfactory,

though lt8  disposition cad be open to question, but in the

maintenance Of function, economic conditions of the present day

are seriously affecting Physiology aad other experimental scienues.

In Physiology

In marry cases the apparatus bqht before

Among physiologists In Italy, Bottazzi perhaps camnsnds

the most respect. He uould have had the chair at Rccne, but prefers

Naples because of the association with the Biological Station.

Herlitzka ir Turin has a better laboratory than that at Napleag he

has inherited much of the prestige of Mosso.

has a good building and is well hf'onned in his field.

Adduooo in Pisa

Bio-Chsmistry Is recognised a8 a separate chair in Rme but

not elamhere; it is usually aesignd to the aiuto or first assist-

ant.

offered

but apparmtly to very little avail, since the studeuts disregard

and slight the P~o-ahanIa31 work, probably because they have been

very poorly prepared, and because in relatively few clinius is a

knowledge of Bio-Chenistry at a great premium.

mere is perhaps more laboratory work as a general rule

Bio-Chenistry than experimental work in ~8iOlOgy proper,

Patholom.

As in France, Pathology is divided into Pathologicrsl

Anatomy aarl General Pathology. General Pathology, as it is

given in Italy, begins by broad introduction to dit3ea8e @morn-

and, in most faculties, is used as a `fcatoh all1f for subjects

which, in America, are taught separately, namely: Bactsriology,

Paraaitology and Histo-Pathology.

taught nowhere outside of this  course.  The Baculty of Rome is an

exception to the general rule, in Wt a chair of Parasitology has

been created for Alle68slldri. a previous assietant of the Professor

of Hygiene.

ourrioulum of the course Of Hygiene.

Umally, Parasitology ia

Bacteriology agpears from time to time in the

X

Puntoni has been givon a

x kt Rome

sgecial chair in BacteriolO&g a8 WS 83;z*Bzzi in 'Purine

Histo-Pathology ruay or may not be given in Pathological

Butmy. There is considerable Variation.

hang the more important professors of General Pathology

Luatig at Plorence, gho combines considerable learning with

are:-

great political ability to secure a new institute at Plorence and to

denominate the field of Pathology in Italy;

oapable a6 an investigator, highly guccesaful in attraoting students

for special rorZr and in possession of an adequate department-

Perrancito at Yavia,

Pathological Anatomy as It is tatqht in Italy enghssisers

gross pathology.

pathology, and in many faculties relations Letweern the professor of

pathological anatomy and the clinics are such as to prevent access

t;J

OP ire& pathologiml material in largo enough quaatlty either for

teaohing or investigation. Again, in Pathology, it is the averwe

student who suffers in not obtaining any direct experience*

The Italian genius for individual work, rather than any effort involv-

in.: co-operation, mskeS it natura1 that certain individuals have done

remarkable work in Pathology, and t'iat the application of their

methods for discoveries has been haphazard and inadequate.

There is littlle 3r no exper3mental or clinical

&OX Pathological Anatmists in Italy, Pepere in Eiilan

is not orly me of the most prominent, but the most promisinglo
still a young man, of recognised ability, an8 at the beginning of
organisin6 the Pathologioal laboratory at the NZaf.;eiore Hospital

and the teaching in theuedical Faoulty.
UdimPPed by a3tirely inadequate faoilitles; he has shewn much
ability in teaching and in organisin@; the co-operation of his pUgilG.

He is

Dionirri at Rane is greatly

.I

:7i th f cw axcept ions, phamacolo,yy is civen with rfludh

emphasis on the recwitioji and preparation of drugs and medic-
aments, greatly at the expense of the students' thorough knowledge

of the physiological effeuts of the nore

`&e dejlartmmts art) often burdened by the danands mde by the

sdhools of Yhannacy, and at the same tho are influenced rather

by pharmacists' rather than physicians* orientation upon the

subject.

important dmga.

There is no training for the average student in the

observation of the effects of drugs, except through class danonatrat-

ions.

Sabbatani in Prrdua and Bend5aenti in Gmoe have a definite

valuable influence both as regards research and as regards emphasis

on physblqiual investigation of dmrgs. Coronedi in Florence is

a third hiportant fikwe in Italian ph3xmacology.

In general, the teachiw of Hygiene in Ita12 follows the

Germax! orientation; it is largely the hygiene of the environment.

In several places, bacteriology is &-., and even less attention

s 1 i ght ed

is given to epidanlology.

The work Of the Dept. of Hygiene is rarely

linked to the practical senices Of City or Comune, Wfredi in

Palemo, however, being the axoeption in that his department hss a

definite ralationshlp of this sort.

Preventive Eedicine, and dhat

in many other ouuntries is called `Jouial Bledicine, is entirely

divofced from the Dept. of IIJIuiene and placed uder the dry and sterile

enviromnent of Legal Ylediaine.

Many departments of Hygiene are assisted, both flnancially

snd othermire, by the apeoial oourses for sanitary offioers;  there

oourses infuse a large mount of practical work into the tea&-,

aml thus, indireotly,scanewhat improve the Faoilitiee for the taerahing

of umiergradwrtea, though they have had little to do with improving

the true value of the course in Hygiene for undergwduates.

hcmg the profeasors of Hygime, Ottoleaghi in Bologna

is the moat progressive in his conception of the po?mibilities of

thie branah of mediebe for the medial student; Manfred-i in Palermo

has shown aonsiderable ability in eetabliahing liaisons with the 10-1
Hygienic authorities; Solavo, previouely at Florence but now at Si-,
is aaknmledged in Italy as the leader of Hygienists, but his present
faoilitiee are not colnparable with several of the other institutes.

Clinics.

Both Eediaine and Surgery are divided into two courses,  the

first being oalled Xerlical Pathology or 5tzrgical Pathology*

These courses are intelrleU to give a syatanatia presentation of medical

and surgical diseme, utilisiw a relatively limited number of ulinioal

cases for Illustration of the disease as they am taken up in a formal

and schematic fashion.

at

The symptanology and physical eramination of

patients la especially emphaslsed.

The seaond Braup called clinioal medicine and clinical surgery,

is usuaIly characterised by a larger number of patients and the present-

ation of large numbors of cases a8 they occur on the wads. It is in

the Kedical and Surgical Clinics that the largest part of the studentat

clinical experience is obtained, though time not afford opportunity

does

for aloee study.

The impression obtained was that students, especially

in the Larger schools, obtaind too little experience in emmining cases

for thanselves; that too large a pert of the privileges of the cllnic is

reserved for the assistants ar%2 allievi, and that,  evem in the Out

Patients' Department, the opportunities for class teaching are inadequate-

ly ueed.

Again, In the clinics, a6 in some of the laboratopj courses, the

absence of teamaork and co-operative endeavour tells heavily against

the average student; he is thus in many cases driven into the cmrsee

given by the liberl douenti whose clinical material is almost withuut

exoeption too limited to afford the best type of instruction.

Pwching in the medical and surgical speoialties is open to

the same criticism as above.

It may be noted espeoially that,

in Obstetrics, the Italian medical student has no aatual reapom-

ibilltg or expericmue in the aonduot of normal aase8, before

g~dlUt ion.

As in BTanoe, it is usually only ia the "Corsi di Perfezion-

manto* that one finds anything approaohiq thorau@ individual

instmation for all the maobew of a alasr, and, mem in these coursea,

in many plaoee much remine to be done.

Present Dif"ii)ulties of Medical Education in Italy.

Economic Diffimlties,

       1 -

Salaries of professore and aRsistanta havo,  ae a result

of the fall of the lira become entirely inadequate,

This is espeoiallg

true of professors and aaeistants who are not engaging in the practice

of medicine. The poverty and disappointment, especially of professore

in the medioal soienoea, is suah as to discourage any young man from

entering a eimilar uareer and furthermore the pay given assirrtants ia

not enough to enable them, without private means, to live during the

period of training.neoessary to oompete for a professorehip.

2-

The maintenanoe, both of clinics and ecientific institutes,

leaves moh to be desired in many of the facultiee of Italy,  since the

budget8 in olinice and institutes are almoet uniformly inadequate for

proper support.

depreciation in the value of the lira ha8 played havoo with the filea of

Apparatus ie not being renewed a8 it wears out and the

foreign journals in the librarisa.

3 -

The construotion of buildings planned or the oompletion of

building half built ha8 been perrrlysed by the very great increase in

building costs during the past ten yearm,

hny departments are consequently

forced to oontinue in entirely inadequate quarters.

4 -

The competition for salaried positiona ia almost desperate

and no move can be made to remedy the de'Picienoy of the eyetom whioh placed:

the retirement age of a professor at 75.

loss is oocaeioned by thi8 system and it IS likely that it would be changed

ffreat eoonomic and educational

were it not for the extreme ea0nod.e difYicultie8 of Italy at the present

by.

Limitation8 Due to Sooial and Polition1 Environment.

1 -

      Italy is not a united country in the sen00 of being reasonably

free from reotionalism.  Loeal feelings and traditions are overwhelmingly

stronger than the National government in matterr oonoerning universitiee.

This vivid reotionaliw prevents the reduotion in the number of mediaal

faoultieo rhieh ham been attempted, but is reoognized now ae virtually

imp0 OeiblO o

2 -  Uediaal eduoation in Italy refloats the present politioal UP

oertaintiee and administrative abeolutiem oharacterietiu of the Fae~oiat

regime.

ohangr of orientation and satiafaotory university education is euf'fering

from the present dieorder.

Eduoational mohinery throughout Italy ie undewsoing a rapid

Undodrabla Educational Praotiae in Yedioal Sohoolr.

1 -  Too great emphasis is laid upon didstio leotures and too little

on the rtudent'r praotical experienoe and the oontrol through inadequate

staf'f' of fnetruotvrr, of the etudent's aompreheneion of theory and experiment.

2 -- There ia evidence in every faoulty of indif'ferenoe to the

opportunitier of the rtudentsoomposing the middle and lower thirds of' $he

olaeo.

3 -

The preparation in scisnaes before admission to the medioal

sahool ia gravely defeotive.

4 -

In oertaiq faculties,ao&ably Naples, instrnotion by Liberi

Dooenti ie very poorly controlled and inadequately related to inRtruction

given or opportunities offered in the oM'icia1 courses.

ors adopt an illiberal and uncooperative attitude toward8 the Liheri Docenti.

The Liberi Docenti are prevented from securing adequate teaching material

and exploit their positions for selfish motives,

Regular yrafesa-

  5 9 Only in the schools of Horthern Italy wtis evidenoe to be Been

that a definite amount of discipline in exacting thorough and complete

work wa8 inelated upon4

6 - The impression ie obtained that undue emphasis in the medical

curriculum is laid upon Botany and especially upon Antitomy.

Physics, Bio-Chemistry, Physiology and Bacteriology are all inadequately

taught in conparison with instruction in other countries,

Chemistry,

RECOMMENDATIONS

In brief the eituation of medioal education in Italy may be

desaribed as follows :9

densely settled in a relatively emall area, and characterized by

a Southern European nation of 38 million

great motional differenoes in aocial organization and in tradition,

is experiencing numeroue and complioated changes, both educational

and eoonomia,rhioh threaten the quality of medioal training. Strongly

influenoed by sectional pride and hiatorioal tradition, medioal faculties

in exaem of the number needed by the country are foraed to depend, in

their attempt ta train dootore and teachers of mediaine, upon a degree

of financial support from local and national governments that ie marked-

ly below the prewar etandard and entirely inadequate for the eseential

needs of mediaal education.

The Italian government is not now in a poaition to increase

materially ite eupport of medical education nor to make ef'f'eative

guarantees for the f'uture, and thue its role in sharing any capital

outlay is at present negligible.

The most eerioua of the tangible difficultiea in Italian medioal

,duaation are :

1) The poverty in equipment, supplies and literature in the

prmclinical branohee.

2)

Paralysiu and indefinite pofttponement of construction of
new laboratoriee and olinios.

3)

Isolation from and unfamiliarity with other centers of
European medical education; this isolation notably increased
by the fall of the lira.

4) The more serious effect that reoruitment of teaching
  peraonnel for the f'uture shoa6,both deterioration in
  quality as well as grave defects in the number of young
  men entering careers of aoademio medicine eepecially in
   the medical sciences.

Aside from circumstances arising from the present economic and

politioal difficulties, medical eduoation in Italy is charaoterized by

the uniformity of organization, teaching methods and general orientation

of the numeroua fscultiee and the olosely centralized control exercieed

by the Xinistry of Public Inetruotion at least until the passage of the

Gentile Law in 1923.  Not enough liberty has been oonoeded in the past

to allow the development of any one faculty as preeminently well equip-

ped or eepecially modern in point of view.

with a system of medical education in which no independent or exception-

We have therefore to deal

ally interesting exceptions are found.

In view of these facts and the other conoiderations mentioned on

Pages319-3~5~recocnnend :-

1 - The selection of some of the leaders in the non-cliniccl

branchee of medical 'instruction who, as directors of
institutes in different faculties have shown themselves
best qualified, by reason of ability, resources and prestige,
to attraot younger men to study with them.

These profeeeora should be asked to administer within their
instihtes, h annual grants from the 8ockef'eller Foundation
for a limited number of resident and'a few travelling fellow-
ships, together with grants for equipment for each fellow
assisted.

it is too early to seleot any one faoulty for a special aid,

In view of the wide seotional differences and the fact that

two profeesors for each eubject could be 8el.ected from different
faculties.
men able and likely to enter aaademic medicine and should consist
of living atipends for not more than four young graduates to each
professor.
for use by the direutor for euch equipment and material ae ie
important to the training of these men.

Aid is recornended over a three year period for young

There shoulZ be an allowance paid to the institute

2 -

Af`ter this plan of department aid has been in force for

one year, the sslsotion of a very small number of fellows for foreign
study oould be made by the direator of each institute eelected and
appliaation made for the uaual form of foreign fellowships-allotted
by the Division of Medical Education.

For full details of this plan, see appendix, Page 328.

3 -

I should reoommend the following professonsin connection

with the above deecribed plan :

Anatomy ........... Profeseor C. Chisrugi Univ. of Florence

II

Pathol. Anatomy .... n

tt

General Pathology .. 11

tt

n

n

11

Pharmaoology . o . o . . .

-

(3. Levi

F. Botazzi
A* Herlitzka

A. Pepere

A. Dionisi

De Uorpurgo

Perroncito

L. Sabbatani

A. Benedicenti

I). Ottolenghi

A. LUstig

A. Solavo

n

n

It

It

It tl

It

I1

W

It

11

n

Turin

Ntiplee
Turin

NilaIl
Rome

Turin
Florence
Pavia

Padova
Genoa

Bologna
Sienna

   4 - I further recommend that aid in the form of medicel
literature be continued and amplified over the amount sent in
1924, especially favouring the institutes-whose directors are
mentioned above.

All undertnlci~ys involvia.: oapital expenditure such as aid

to the Pediatric clinic at Naples, the Institute of Pathological

Anatomy at 3ms, the Institute of Hygiene at Plorenae, eta., should

be deferred for two or three years or u;til the euonomic and

politioal conditions in Italy becme more satisfaotory for the

active participation of governincntal agencies

and maintenance of irnprovsments in mch institutes.

the initiation

APPENDIX

la

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

a.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Publiuatlons on file in the Paris Offhe.

Catalogue 192924 Univereity of Bologna,
desariptione of the Pediatria Clinic, rules of admission
at the Orthopedio Clinio and report of the Soh001 of
Tropicml Pathology.

inoluding two

Catalogue 1922-23 and 192+24, University of Cagliari.

Catalogue 192924, University of Catania.

Catalogue 1924-25, Univereity of Catania.

Three publioations of the Istituto Bototerapico at Blorenoe.
deeariptions and statietice.

Oatrmlogue of the Institute of Superior Studies in Florenoe
192924

Catalogue 192p24, University of Qenoa.

Catalogue of the Univereity of Meeeina, with statement of
olaims of the university for continuanoe aa auoh.

Pamphlet regarding the Univereity of Ulan.
of epscial oouraes; Catalogue to appear later.

Desoription

Oatalogue 192524, University of Modena.

Desuription of the Inetitute of Phyeiology at the
Univereity of Modens.

Oharter, statut9~ and finanoial statement for 1925,
University of Modena.

13.

Oatalogue for the yeare 1919 to 1923, University of Naples.

14.

15.

16,

17.

18.

19.

200

210

Catalogue of the Univereity of Naplee for the year 1923-24,

Deeaription of the Clinio of Ocoupational Diseases in
Naples, 1924.

Desoription of the Ietituto Fototerapico in Naples.

Deaaription of the University of Padua, in book form,
published in 1922.

Catalogue of the University of Padua, 1924.

Catalogue of the University of Palermo.

Catalogue of the University of Parma, 1914-15 including
guide to the University of Parma, 1923, and typewritten
desoriptions of olinics and laboratoriee.
regulations of the Faculty of Illedicine.

Rules and

Speoial report, University of Parma, to the BGiniRtry of
Publio Instruotion.
1923.

Argument for continuing the University.

22.

Catalogue 1923-24, Univernity of Pavie.

23. Catelogue 1924-25, University of Pavia, together with atatutss

of the Forlanini Poundation,

24.

Historiaal outline of the University of Perugiti, together
with description of Psyohiatria warda of the medioal faoulty
and regulations regarding Liberi Dooenti, aoholarships and
general information.

25.

Catalogue of the University of Pisa, 1924.

26.

Catalogue of the University of Rome, 1927;-24.

32.

33.

34.

756

57.

Catalogue, statement and clsims of the Univereity of Sasseri
for oontinued government support, 1923.

Catalogue of the University of Sassari, 1923-24,

Catalogue of the Univcraity of Sionna, 1923-24.

Catnlogue of the University of Turin, 192524.

Monograph two volumes, of the Universitdes and Superior
Institutes of Italy, 1911. Large amount of historical
material and description of fellowships and private financ-
ial reeources of each medical faculty and superior echool,
published by the Ministry of Public Instruotion.

Report of the Royal Commiseion, 1914 and reorganization
of euperior studies. 2 volumee.

Report of the Bliniatry of Public Instruction, 1923, on the
number, distribution and funotion of alemsntery echools in ItRly.

Publioation of the Miniotry of Public Infitruction.
of laws and regulations on secondary school inetruction in Italt.,
1924, inclnding rule8 and application of a decree of November ?rQ,
1923, and on the choice of personnel in the elementary puhlio Bohoola.

Colleotion

Publication of the agency
legislation of national government of Italy in regtird to elementmy
instruction.

for echolastic information on the

Pupils' examinetione and echolastic tuition; the new regulatione
regardfng secondary instruction,
Direotor General of Secondary Education, Severi, and First Secret-
ary of the Uniatar 3f Publio Instruction, Ferruzzi.

1924, oomented upon by the

The "Martgrrdom of the Schools in Calabria".
published by Zanotti-Bianco. IIighly critical of the present
regime in primary education.

Book privately

33 .

?9 .

4-0.

41 .

42 o

43.

44.

45.

46 .

47 o

a*

49 .

Bulletin 22 of the Eorld'a Association for hlt education
entitled "adult Education in Italy".

Bulletin 27 of the same organization "Adult Education in
Calabria, Sicily and Sardinin".

Statistical report of the Xinistry of Pu'tlio Ingtruction
for 1923 on the condition of kindergartelgin ItalS..

Report of the Kiniatry of Publio Inatruction for 1919 to 1922
on substitutos and leave for elementary school teachers.

Report of the Hnistry of Eublic Instruction for 1923 on
number, distribution and f'unotion of elementary schoole.

Resume of new laws on secondary education baaed on the Royal
decree of May 6th. 1325.

Official bulletin of the Ministry of Public Instruction.
regarding superior instruction together with 24 reprints of
btllletins on various educational laws. Zxtracta from the
official bulletins of the fiinistry of Public Instruction.

Laws

Official gazet,te of Kingdon! of Italy.
hours and program of secondary schools and general university
re gu1n ti ons o

Appendix conteifiing

Annual lists of Italian scientific institutes with name index
of all scientists ir, Italy, 1920. Very useful reference book.

Report of finister of 'Finance De Stefani for June 1924 on the
economic situation of Italy.

Small collection on ste.tistics regarding Italy, 1925.

Publication of the Commercial Bank of Italy.
econoEy. Condition of Italg. June 1921.

Statiutics on

COPY OF DOCTOIt GRC GG'S BOIIIBIC~IOIT TO LIIlTISTRY

VISIT TO II'ALLhm FiCUUIIES.

  Doctor ~lan Gregg is an Associate Director of the

Division of Idedical Education of the 3ockefeller Fou21Zlstiane

He ie at present studying certain phases of medial educat-

ion in Europe and he takes the opportunity, during a short

stay in Rome, of presenting a letter of introduction from

Senator Elmo to Senator Alessmdro Casati.  Doctor Gregg

called onMonday to present the letter.  Uost unfortunately

he is forced to leave on -2uesdaymoming on the Paris mreea

at llr10, but he hopes that this will not prevent his seeing

the Uinister of Public Instruction, Senator Casati.

The Rockefeller Poundation is an organisation founded by

John Do .tockefeller "For the welfaro of mankind throughout

the world".

public health, preventive rnedioine and medical education by

finanoial su-pport and oooperation with governmental depart-

ments of health and faaulties of medicine in various countries.

%e Division of z'ledical Muuation has had numerous requests

Its main interests have been in promoting

(presented by Doctor Raffaele Bastienelli and others) and from

different ltalian faculties of medicine for aid similar to that

whioh the Bockefsller Foundation has given in &gland, Germany,

Frame, Austria , YOugoa lav ia and other hbopean count ri ea o

It is a rule Of the Division of Liedical mucation that Such

requests for assistance can not be a&& qon until an

offioer of the Division has visited the oountry in question

and submitted a report upon his vieit.

The object of Doctor Greg's call is to present the

above facts to the proper authority and  to  learn whether the

Linister of Public Instruction or the :Ungdan of ltaly raulcl

be inclined to cooperate with the offioers of the Jockefeller

Foundation in collecting information upon medical education

in Italy, during the course of R visit to the medical faarlties

of Italy, whioh Dr. Greg would be prepared to make during the

months of Xovember, December and Janwry.

October 6th. 1924.

!&e existenoe of the Rockefeller Foundation is without

doubt known to Yaur Ezoellernuy.

prmotion of medical education ervf the aid to publiu health

together with the oo-operatiOn of eanitary 8tlthOritieS and

saientific bodies, and to this aim has given financial aid

in oertain countries.

It has a8 ita objeat the

   Dootor Alan Grem, the besrer of this letter, Is a

direator of the Division ofMedlualR3uoation of this Potmi-

ation, and has come to Italy to visit, duriag the next three

months, our medical faculties, with the objeot of informing

hlmself regarding the organhation and to fumi6h to the

Rookefeller Foundation the elemmts for the aventual oonrridexc

ation of requests for aid coming to the Rockefeller Foundation

from various Italian organisatlone.

   I ask Your Emellenoy to be so good a8 to asslet in the

beat faahion possible Doctor Gregg's task, furnishing him with

all the notioea of which he may have need regarding the organis-

ation of your faculty and the developnent of your didootiu sad

scientific activity.

signed CdSdTI.

SCHEDULE OB VISITS

Date

Oct. 6

Oat. 7

to

Dec. 11
and 12

Dea. 13 20

Dec.21 to Jan-4

Jan. 5 to 11

" 16 to 20

" 22 to 25

  26 & 27

  29 & 30

Beb. 6 to 11

" 12 to 14

w 16 to 19

Mar. 18 & 19

21 to 27

BI 20 & Apr.1

Apr. 2 and 3

"4

8t029

To the Kinistry of Public Inetruotion to explain
purpose of visit.

Beoeived letters of preeentation from Uiniatry
to the Oaoulties I may visit.

Called on blinistry of Public Inetruotion.
promised anereru to oertain information which I
re que e ted .
Conference with Profeoeor Fano on general situation
in Italy at present.
Arranging Italian literature for the coming year.
Advertising for and aaleotion of eearetarpinterpreter-
Study of pamphlets on Education in Italy.

Seoretary

Arrangement with Raffalovitoh of general plans for
eurvey.

'Perugia

Vacation.
at Perugia.

Work on oataloguee and material reaeived

Naplee Tsoulty

Palem BI

Catania

Meeeina

II

Bari

n

Rome

Naplee, with Doctor Pearoe.

Rome

Florence

Working over material at Capri.

Oagliari

Sassari

Rome

Work on translation and arrangement of information
obtained in vieite to above faoultieo.

OBJXT OF PELLOKSHIPS.

1.

     It is believed that one of the greatest

medioal eduoation in Italy is that of securirg B

exceptionally promising young men, from whom the

needs at present of

well-trained group of

assietants and profess-

ors of the future may be selected.
of a large number of able, willing and well qualified young graduates

is such that it is difficulty for even the best departments in the ?re-

clinical branohee to secure capable and earnest assistants,   Tf care-

fully chosen young men are offered an opportunity to  continue from one

to three years special training in various branches of medical sciences,

they will conotitute a group from which u better selection can be made

of aasistants, aiuti, and professors in the future.

At present ,he economic situatlon

2. The Division of Medical Education of the Bookefeller Foundation

is prepared to offer during the years, 1925, 1926, 1927 and 1928, to a

selected group of institutes in the medical sciencee, a limited number

of fellowships under the sapervieion of the Directors of the said

institutes, together with grants to defray part of the erpensos of the

ecientific work undertaken by the fellows selected.

3.

This offer is reatricted to inetitutes of the pre-clinical or

non-clinical type since it is believed that these institutes are Ruffer

ing more acutely than the clinics from a dearth of assistants and young

men willing to devote their whole time to the pursuit of the medical

sciences o

x  Offered to professors named on Page 318, and operative Oct.1,1925.

4,

In offering your inetitute thie type of fellowship the

of'fioers of the Divieion of Medical Education of the Rockefeller

Poundation beg leave to expreee their oonfidenoe in your oapaaity

to attraot the best type of young men, in the influenoe you exert
upon the future of your subcjeot in Italy and their appreciation of
the labore of yourrelf, your predeoeseore and your oollaborators in

promoting the progrees of medial eoienoe.

2. Oharaoter of Fellowshipa,

5.

To your inatituto and at your eeleotion the Division of Yedioal

Eduoation of the Rookefeller Foundation offers eoholarehips on conditions
herein speoified, to the maxim number of four, t.wo of rhioh may begin on
October let, 1925 if suitable reoipiente oan be found, and the other two
on or after Junuary let, 1926.  No speoial date for the commencement of
a fellowship is reoommended, sinoe it is understood that it is wiser to
spend time and oar0 in the aeleotion of the most promising young men,
rather than to make immediate appointments of oandidatss who are in any

eenee doubtful or mediocre,  It is therefore not neaeeeary to nominate
two oandidatee for beginning on October let, 1925 and two on January let,

1926 - theee are merely the earliest dates at rhioh the scholarehipe can

begin, and it ia not expebted in all oases that the maximum number will
be appointed on the earliest poeeible date.

6,

The felllowship will be granted for a period of one year, hut.

will be aubjeot to poEsible renewal for a second,  cr, in some case8, a

third year,

Director of the Institute, and confirmed by the Paris Office of the

Division of Medical Education.

The nomination of fellows nill le made by you aa the

7.

Fellowhips shall be for training in acientific investigation

under your supervision and direotion.

institute or a similar inatitute in Italy chosen and arranged for by you.

Unless speoial provision in made by you no fellov ~lrall undertake studies

in other laboratories at the same time that he holds hie fellomhip with

Work will be done either in your

YOU.

8,

At the discretion of the director Rome responsihilities for

teaching of medical student8 may be given to the fellows but these, of

courae, would not interfere with their training as scierrtists during

the period of their fellowshipe,

3. Grant6 for Equipmerit.

9.

In order to pay part at least of the expensse incurred by eaah

fellow in material, books, experimental animals, and inetruments, you

will reoeive as Director of the Infttitute the ourrent equivalent in Lire

of $100.00 at the time the fellow reaeives his first etipend.  Thie 8um

ahall be devoted entirely to material and equipment related to the work

of the fellow, but any permanent equipment, books, or material unused at

the termination of the fellowship shall beoone the property of the

in at i tut e.

10.

In case of reanpointment after a year's work another similar

grant will be made to your institute for each fellow.

11.

     In oaee your appointee is sent at your recjuest to another

institute in Italy the grant for equipment will be made in full and

for the same purposes to the Director of the Inetitute shosen by you.

4. Requirements for hllons.

12.

13.

No fellow shall be over 75 years of age.

Every recipient mat poesees a laurea di medicina before

veginning hie work a8 fellow.

14.

15.

Pellovehips will be reetricted to the masouline sex.

Pellorrshipe for less than one year will not be granted

except in exoaptional circumstances.

16.

If a recipient held during June 1925 a position as paid

aseietant or aiuto, he must eecure a substitute and relinauish his

respongibility and his salary a8 assist.ant or aiuto during the time

of hi8 fellowship-  He must retain, however, Us official statue a8

aiuto or assistant.

these changes from the direotor under whom he has held the position

of assistant, from the Rector of the Univeraitg in which hi8 fellow-

ship is given, and from the Hnietero d'Istruzioce Pubblica.

It is agreed that he shall aecure permiasion for

17.

Not more than two of the maximum of four recipients under

thie acheme of fellowships shall be selected from candidates who held

paid positions as aesistante or aiuti in June, 1925.

5.

Method of Selection and Appointment.

  18,

the Institute.

The reoorde of the fellows during their term of fellowship and later

in aoademio life will eerve aa an adequate proof of the wisdom of the

director in ohoosing young men devoted to medical science and deeiroas

of pursuing aoademio oareere a8 investigators and teaohera.

The seleotion of oandidatee is-entrusted to the Director of

   It may be made by selection, appointment or ooncorao.

19,

Cerndidates reoommended by you Rhould submit to the Paris Office

of the Rockefeller Foundation appropriate information regarding their

training, qualification8 and intentions to follow an aoademio oareer.

On reoeipt of these doouments their appointment will be made and notifi-

oation sent to them and to you directly from the Paria Office.

notifioation will oontain information regarding the amount of stipend,

method8 of payment, date of expiration eta.

This

20.. Reappointment may be effected only on your rooommendation

which must me f'urnished at least two monthe previous to the date when

the fellowship otherwiee will autamatically lapse.

recommendation for reappointment it ie expected that the Direutor will

furnieh an acoount of the work of the candidate for reappointment toge-

ther with copiee of publioations on work oompleted during the time of

fellowship , and the reaeona for reappointment.

At the time of

21.

Reappointment may be for one year or a fraction thereof.

6. Ternination of Fellowships,

   22.  Aside from expiration after one year from payment of first

stipend, fellowshipe may be torminetad on your written recommendation

to the Ptlrie Office of the Division of lifedical Education or upon

reeignation of the fellow.

25

Since the object of the fellowshipe is to secure to the

laboratory young men rho are anxious to devote their whole tine to

?reparing themselvee for teaching positions,  it is underetood that

engaging in private practice or acceptance of paid positions which

infringe on their duties during the fellowship period will be a basis

for resignation or recommendation from the director that the fellowship

be terminated,

clinio will be considered a8 termination of fellowship.

Acceptance of a paid position in another inetitute or

24.

The right to terminate fellorships is reserved also in the

caBe of any exceptional circumstanoeR which in your opinior, render

continuation unprofitable or unwise.

than two month8

ination of the fellowship-

In case of illness lasting mort?

special arrangements must, be made regarding the term-

2. Stipends

25.

The amount of stipend shall be arranged with the Paris Office

of the Rockefeller Foundation between TOO and 1000 Lire a month,  on

recomendation in eaoh ua8e from the director by whom the fellov is

eelected.

the ability and economic circwnstanoee of the recipient,  but shall not

be euch a8 to prejudioe the position of regular paid aseistants not

involved in this scheme of fellowshipa.

The amount of stipend shall be determined in relation to

26.

The stipend will be paid monthly in advance fron! the Pori8

It will be paid for 11 months only out of eaoh year, the

Of'f'ios.

month of August being omitted for vacation without stipend,

27.

     At the aame time the amount of stipend for an individual ia

arranged by the Paria Office on the reoommendation of the Director of

the Institute, the equivalent in dollars will be calculated by the then

current rate of exchange.

monthly direot to the recipient who will reuit to Mr. T. Crompton at the

Paris Office hie exchange slip on the eale of t.his check for Lfre, ae a

receipt.

28.

This amount will be sent in dollar checks

It is not expected that amounts of stipends rill be changed

during a year's term for any indiviaual recipient, but in cane of marked

inorease in the ooet of living arrangement8 may be made by the Direotor

of the Institute WLth the Paris Offiae of the Rockefeller Foundation,  to

apply to all fellows in Italy.

29.

In ease recipients go to other institute8 than that from which

they are nominated, paymente will begin on notification from them on their

arrival at the place of study.

8, Hethod of Administration.

30.

     The atudiee and investigatiocs of the f'ellors shall le under

the direct supervision of the Cirector of the Institute by whom he has

been nominated and the recipient of the fellowship will be responsible

to his chief for the effeotive diecharge of the dutiee aeeigned to him

and the character of his kork.

31.

In case of publication of articlea by the fellow of work done

during the fellomhip, it le now the rule of the Diviaion of Medical

Education of the Rockefeller Foundation that no mention be made of the

fellowship.

are not provided for except from the stipend.

Expenses incurred in connection with publiaetion of articles

32,

     In case the Director of the Institute moves to another faculty

the fellowships at hie 2isposal will bo assigned to him at the new place

of work provided the facilities for pork are equal to thoee obtaifiing

previoualg.

In c88e of death or illness incapacitnting for active work of

??e

the Direotor of the Institute, the fellowship plan at his institute will

lapee at the expiration of the academic year.

34.

Travelling expansea to other imtit.ute8 seleotad by the Director

will be paid for from the funds referred to in section J ag general

assistance for laboratory expenses, no speoial f'unde being allocated for

this purpoee.

9. Reeponsibility of the Fellow.

35.

Prompt and acourate completion of the blank furnished by the

Pbris Offioe previous to the confirmation of his appointment.

36.  Devotion of his entire time to atudieR and relinquishment of

other payingpocupations or private practice of medicine during the term

of fellowship.

   37.

Promiee to oolmnmioate at least onoe a year to the Parie Office

for three year8 following the termination of hie fellow8hip, regarding

pofiitions held during the then current year.

38.

Willingnese to work under the direction of his ohief' during the

period of fellowship.

10. Travelling Fellowships.

39.

In February, 1926, the Paris Office of the Division of Medical

Education rill be prepared to consider an applioetion from you for a

fellowship for study in a foreign oountry for one of the four men rho

will have completed one year of the fsllowshipe above referred to in Oct.

1926. - The objeot of the travelling fellowship is to supplement the

work previoualy dons by promoting exohange of profeseional experienoe

on an international male.

40.

Preference will be given at firet to those who have held,

previoaa to Ootober 1925, a position as paid assistant or aiuto.

a travelling fellorehip if granted aoulC reduoe the number of local

fellowhipa granted your inetitute by one,

Suoh

41.

The travelling fellomhip would oover the period needed for

the contemplated course of etudy abroad beginning October 1926 or

January 1927, provided it is not lose than a year.

a year is required the fellowship will be granted for a year and a

requeet for an extension would then be in order.

In oaee more than

42*

Travelling fellonehips under the Division of Medioal Muoation

of' the Rockefeller Foundation provide for :

(a)

Stipend :

The amount will be arranged in each cage aith the

Paria Office and the agreed 8um will be paid in monthly inetalmente, in

advance.

study and upon the statue (married or aingle) of the fellow.

The amount would be baeed upon living coete in the place of

(b) Travelling Expenses : A fellovahip also provides for the

necessary expenees of travel, by the shortest praotioable route, from

the home or previous station of the recipient to his place of study and

return.

to be paid out of the monthly stipend.

uannot, however, meet the travelling expenses of a fellow's family.

after arriving at hie place of study, all living expenses are

The Division of Medical Education

(c)

Tuition : The Division of Mediaal Eduaation mskee a separate

allowance for matriculation, inetruction, and other regular university

and laboratory fees, rental of microeuopea, lockers, apparatus and the
coet of unueual neoeessry materials.  The following items rill be paid

for by the Pellow from his stipend : Text books, instruments, laboratory

garmente, inoidental supplies, etc.

43.

In tho oaae of men who have not held positions aa aadstants

or aiuti previous to October 1925,  the Division of Medical Education will

be prepared in February 1927 to consider a limited number of applications

for travelling fellorehipa after suoh candidate8 have two completed years

of etudy under your direchion.

44.

Complete and detailed information on travelling felloashipe will

be eent you later.

( Abstraot)

4-1 5-26
EC

GREGG,DR A.

Dr Pearce in March, 1926. 5p.

Generiii Inrpressions during Italian Trip. Letter written to

The connection between politics and academic life has become

closer during the past year. Needed medic81 buildings are being

supplied; but little has been done to increase the salaries

of teaching staffs. The Foundation developemont aid is %de dif-

ficult by the unwillingness of young men to enter the medical sciences

and the difficulty of finding really satisfactory candidates for the

fellowships offered. An estimate of the importmt professors in the

various departments of science in Italy is given. Generally, professors

are hesitant about recommending candidates for foreign fellowships.

The future, espeoially in the pre-clinical sciences, does not look

very rosy in Italy;  but the Fowidation developenlent aid and the

foreign felloasB4ps should prove an important exception to ten-

dencies towards decadence in them branches.

( For further information, see Dr Gregg's letter to

Dr Fearce of March 26, 1926,'i.n files.)