Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2287
Year: 1989
Title: Integrated arable farming systems
Journal: Bull. SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-023-1
Volume: 1989
Issue: XII/5
Pages: 76 pp
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2288
Year: 1989
Title: Integrated control in cereal crops
Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-019-3
Volume: 1989
Issue: XII/1 Antibes Jan 1988
Pages: 132 pp
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3494
Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Van der Westhuizen, M. C.; Hewitt, P. H.
Year: 1988
Title: Natural enemies and their impact on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)(Hemiptera, Aphididae) populations
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 78
Issue: 1)
Pages: 111-120
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, cereals, Gramineae, South Africa, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, during aphid increase phase Hippodamia variegata slowed the aphid increase slightly but predators may have reduced aphid numbers by 52% during the decline phase, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids had a negligible effect, time-specific life tables for aphids, aphids sampled once then again a few days later, number and instar frequency of first sample used to calculate potential population one instar period later and this compared with actual population one instar period later, this process repeated 3 times in season, later in season many aphids caught in pitfalls indicating great movement over the ground, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, Anystidae and Erythraeidae caught in pitfalls might also have eaten the aphids, predatory mites, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1204
Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Walters, M. C.; Rensburg, N. J.; van
Year: 1984
Title: The status and potential of biological control studies on Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae)
Journal: Technical Communication, Department of Agriculture, South Africa (1984)
Volume: 191
Pages: 44-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, Russian wheat aphid a major problem in SA, cereals, Gramineae, endemics, polyphagous parasitoid Aphidius colemani, Adonia variegata accidentally introduced in 1967 now widespread and numerous, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, 4 other ladybirds, Syrphidae larvae, Diptera, hoverflies, build up too late for control, phenology, attempts to breed and release coccinellids imported from UK and USA, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, pathogenic fungus Triplosporium fresenii tolerant of low RH, humidity, classical biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3312
Author: Abbas, M. S. T.; Boucias, D. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Interaction between nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Anticarsia gemmatalis [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] larvae and predator Podisus maculiventris (Say)[Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 599-602
Keywords: En.
Rep., no differences in the consumption of healthy and infected prey, predators transmitted the virus but were not killed by it, the preference tests were done with large P.maculiventris, early nymphal instars may have been more discriminating, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates, epizootics, disease, pathogens, microbial pesticides, NPV


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3128
Author: Abel, C.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1992
Title: Testing effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a standardized semi-field test
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bull.
Volume: XV 1992
Pages: 171-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4494
Author: Ables, J. R.; Jones, S. L.; McCommas, D. W.
Year: 1978
Title: Response of selected predator species to different densities of Aphis gossypii and Heliothis virescens eggs
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 402-404
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, larvae and adults of Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa carnea larvae, adult Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus, amongst all predators except G. punctipes total % consumption of Heliothis eggs was reduced when aphids were available as alternative prey, lab study, USA, simple arenas with aphids, eggs and predators on 3-leaf excised cotton stems, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predatory Heyeroptera, Anthocoridae, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour, food preference, food selection, prey preference, prey selection, functional response, predation rates, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5251
Author: Abrams, P.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Describing and quantifying interspecific interactions: a commentary on recent approaches
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 94
Pages: 209-218
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., review, community ecology, most interactions are likely to involve non-linear effects of the density of one species on the per capita growth rate of other species, extrapolations from previous manipulations in the field has been more succussful and more used for predicting the outcome of interactions than has community modelling. methods, there is ignorance whether current models are accurate descriptions of communities, can long-term manipulations yield a predictive model ?, most predator functional responses are non-linear, in pulse experiments a perturbation to a population is quickly followed by measurement of densities of other species, pulse methodology depends on separation of time scales for direct and indirect (density mediated) effects,  press experiments involve making sustained changes in density of a species then measuring density of other species in the community after a new equilibrium has been reached, pulse and press experiments are unlikely to lead to equations describing dynamic changes in the community because many such changes are non-linear over time, various measures of interaction strength e.g. the per capita effect of one species on the per capita growth rate of another at equilibrium, Yodzis (1988) suggested that equilibrium is unlikely to be reached before twice the sum of the generation lengths of the species in the longest interaction chains, few experimental manipulations are run this long, extensive natural history observations and flexible short-term experiments should aid in constructing mathematical models of interspecific interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4459
Author: Abrams, P. A.; Menge, B. A. ; G., Mittlebach G.; Spiller, D. A.; Yodzis, P.
Year: 1996
Title: The role of indirect effects in food webs
Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 371-395
Keywords: En.
Rep., how much of the community is involved when a change in density of one species is affected by manipulation of another species ? trait-mediated indirect effects e.g. changes in foraging behaviour in presence of a predator, density-mediated indirect effects e.g. exploitation competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1476
Author: Abu Yaman, J. K.
Year: 1960
Title: Natural control of cabbage root fly populations and influence of chemicals
Journal: Mededelingen var de Landbhouwhoogeschool te Wageningen
Volume: 60
Pages: 1-57
Keywords: Netherlands, Diptera, pests, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1740
Author: Achterberg, C.; von
Year: 1976
Title: A preliminary key to subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera)
Journal: Tijdschr. Entomol.
Volume: 119
Issue: 3)
Pages: 33-78
Keywords: parasitoids, natural enemies, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3186
Author: Adams, J.
Year: 1984
Title: The habitat and feeding ecology of woodland harvestmen (Opiliones) in England
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 42
Pages: 361-370
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, UK, Phalangida, trees, forests, ate Collembola, Isopoda, spiders, Oligochaeta, Diptera, Gastropoda, Homoptera, Myriapoda, Psocoptera, also data on distribution in different types of woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, woodlice, Crustacea, Araneae, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, Hemiptera, psocids, food, diet, lab feeding trials, precipitin test, Pickavance, detection period 24 h, in lab they ate damaged prey but carrion was usually rejected, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4010
Author: Adams, J.
Year: 1985
Title: The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 54
Pages: 43-59
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, guild concept is "a group of species exploiting the same class of environmental resources in a similar way", it is useful in dividing complex biological communities into functional units and is not restricted by taxonomic relationships, methods, Unfolding Technique, guild can be defined as a set of sympatric species whose preferences for a set of resources fit a single axis in unfolding technique, examples tested were triclads in relation to diet revealed by serology, habitat preferences by woodland harvestmen, habitat preferences of sit-and-wait spiders, marine gastropods and food preference, trophic behaviour, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, Tricladida, Mollusca, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, trees, forest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the technique determined the existence of guilds in most of these groups, but not the spiders, method then tested on data from 29 publications referring to guilds, guild significantly present in 21 cases, most of these were unidimensional guilds, such as habitat or food, but not both


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1482
Author: Adams, J. B.
Year: 1960
Title: The effects of spraying 2, 4-D amine on coccinellid larvae
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 38
Pages: 285-288
Keywords: En.
pesticides, herbicides, predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1477
Author: Adams, J. B.; Drew, M. E.
Year: 1965
Title: Grain aphids in New Brunswick. III. Aphid populations in herbicide-treated oat fields
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 43
Pages: 789-794
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2037
Author: Adams, R. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Ophyra species as predators in animal houses, with a key to species occurring in Europe (Diptera: Muscidae)
Journal: Entomologist's Gazette
Volume: 35
Pages: 243-246
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests of domestic animals, larvae prey on larvae of Musca domestica, not yet in UK, housefly, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 958
Author: Adams, T. H. L.
Year: 1984
Title: The effectiveness of aphid-specific predators in preventing outbreaks of cereal aphids
Journal: PhD thesis, University of East Anglia
Keywords: En.
Rep.RJC & photocopy, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, densities in winter wheat, feeding rates in relation to temperature, predation, increases in biomass, feeding in field plots, methods, contribution to the aphid decline, economic threshold would have been exceeded in some fields, aggregation in patches, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, aggregation in aphid patches by Bembidion, Trechus, Nebria, Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus, behaviour, no aggregation by Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus aeneus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5528
Author: Addicott, J.F.; Aho, J.M.; Antolin, M.F.; Padilla, D.K.; Richardson, J.S.; Soluk, D.A.
Year: 1987
Title: Ecological neighbourhoods: scaling and environmental patterns
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 49
Pages: 340-346
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., every organism has a range of ecological neighbourhoods with each being appropriate for a particular process, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, environmental heterogeneity, patch definition, patchiness can be exhibited at a number of different spatial scales, ecological neighbourhoods are defined by a process and an effect of an organisms during a given timescale,   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2899
Author: Adis, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Problems of interpreting arthropod sampling with pitfall traps
Journal: Zoologischer Anzeiger Jena
Volume: 202
Issue: 3/4)
Pages: 177-184
Keywords: Rep., mini-review, climate, catches affected by humidity, temperature, vegetation density, substrate eveness, litter depth, trap diameter, shape of trap, trap installation eg rim reduces catch as does gradient of ground near trap, cover of trap, preservative, ethylene glycol and formaldehyde attract, water and alcohol repellent, picric acid neutral, all above is species dependent, can also vary with sex and season, capture efficiency, abundance, large Coleoptera more likely to be caught, small ones cling to edge of trap and do not fall in, behaviour, material trap is made of, pattern and spacing of traps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4612
Author: Adis, J.; Basset, Y.; Floren, A.; Hammond, P.M.; Linsenmair, K.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Canopy fogging of an overstorey tree - recommendations for standardization
Journal: Ecotropica
Volume: 4(1-2)
Pages: 93-97
Alternate Journal: Ecotropica
Keywords: Rep., researchers have used a wide range of combinations of insecticides, delivery systems and arthropod collection methods, and so the authors make constructive recommendations for standardisation of protocols so that future data can be reliably compared, methods, trees, forest, woodland, distribution, abundance, pesticides, insecticides, chemical knockdown sampling, natural enemies 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1872
Author: Adlung, K. G.
Year: 1966
Title: A critical evaluation of the European research on use of Red Wood Ants (Formica rufa group) for the protection of forests against harmful insects
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 57
Pages: 167-189
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, forests, pests, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, biological control, review, food, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5028
Author: Adu-Gyamfi, K.; Morimoto, N.
Year: 1997
Title: Differential mortality in immatures between two different spatial distributions of the phytophagous lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, with reference to arthropod predation
Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology
Volume: 65(2)
Pages: 321-330
Alternate Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., potato fields in Japan, neonate ladybird larvae put out in plots with different degrees of spatial aggregation, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, caged and uncaged parts of plots were compared, predator exclusion cages, methods, pest mortality was significantly greater in uncaged areas especially for the small clumped distribution, impact on pest populations, parasitoids and pathogens were not observed, but ants and spiders were active in uncaged areas, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, mortality due to predation was 40% for each pest stage up to the third instar, predators did not aggregate at prey colonies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2409
Author: Aebischer, N. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Assessing pesticide effects on non-target invertebrates using long-term monitoring and time-series modelling
Journal: Journal of Functional Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 369-373
Keywords: Rep., UK, ecotoxicology, 20 years data on density of sawflies, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, in cereals West Sussex, Gramineae, sawfly abundance related to proportion of area undersown, farming practices, landscape, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dolerus,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2810
Author: Aebischer, N. J.; Potts, G. R.
Year: 1990
Title: Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates addressed by monitoring
Journal: BCPC Pests and Diseases -1990
Volume: 1
Pages: 163-172
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, agricultural statistics, Gramineae, 20 years monitoring of 62 km2 by Dvac, 5 farms, log-transformed data weighted by sample size, linear regression of mean density against time, 5.3% decline per annum for total invertebrates, declines occurred in aphids, parasitoids and polyphagous predators especially Araneae and Staphylinidae, pests, natural enemies, Hemiptera, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, sawflies and Lepidoptera declined, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, overall there was a halving in abundance ovew 10 years, staphylinid declines were on all farms, 65% of staphylinids caught were Tachyporus spp., adult and larvae of Tachyporus both declined and their ratio remained constant suggesting decline not due to change in reproductive rate, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus declined at similar rates, other staphylinids also declined, no obvious correlations between meterological variables and decline, decline occurred at same rate in winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley, removal of hedgerows was only on 2/5 farms, fungicide usage increased from 10% fields in 1974 to nearly 100% now and disease indices have decreased, widespread use of insecticides was not until 1980's, other fungus feeders such as Cryptophagidae and Lathridiidae also declined, pesticides, farming practices, land use, mycophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 945
Author: Aeschlimann, J. P.
Year: 1981
Title: Ocurrence and natural enemies of Therioaphis trifolii Monell and Acythosiphon pisum Harns (Homoptera, Aphididae) on lucerne in the Mediterranean region
Journal: Acta Oecologia Oecol. Applic.
Volume: 2
Pages: 3-11
Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, some sent to Australia to try and control Acyrthosiphon. kondoi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1028
Author: Aeschlimann, J. P.; Vitou, J.
Year: 1986
Title: Observations on the association of Allothrombium sp. (Acari: Thrombidiidae) mites with lucerne aphid populations in the Mediterranean region
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Pages: 405-410
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4848
Author: Afun, J.V.K.; Johnson, D.E.; Russell-Smith, A.
Year: 1999
Title: The effects of weed residue management on pests, pest damage, predators and crop yield in upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 17
Pages: 47-58
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., Africa, weed control is by hand, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, treatments were a) weeds removed, b) weeds scattered on the plot, c) weeds placed in strips between rice rows, d) weeds placed in large piles, e) weeds placed in small piles, f) plots mulched with extra weed residue, this was randomized complete block  design replicated 4 times, methods, habitat diversification, weed straw. Pitfalls, sweeping, sweep nets, ground search and suction sampling within quadrats, vacuum insect net, spider webs were counted within quadrats. Pardosa were 70% of spiders in pitfalls, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, activity. Lowest spider and rove beetle pitfall catch was in residue-free plots, catch of ants and ground beetles was unaffected, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Weed-free plots had lowest spider and carabid density, but densities of Staphylinidae, Reduviidae and Nabidae were not affected, predatory Heteroptera. Crop canopy predators and spider webs were not affected by treatment. Delphacidae and Chaetocnema pests were significantly more abundant in plots with a weed residues, other pests were unaffected, Hemiptera, Chrysomelidae. Crop damage was significantly greater in residue-free plots and although grain yield was not significantly different between plots it was consistently highest (in two years) in mulched plots and lowest in residue-free plots. Collembola were abundant in the residue piles and spiders and carabids may have hunted in these piles rather than in the field in general, explaining the lower numbers in pitfalls in plots with residue piles, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4167
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds
Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 95-102
Keywords: En.
lab, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, predators of predators, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, 4th larvae and adults readily ate eggs of their own species if starving, food, diet, trophic behaviour, adult male Adalia bipunctata ate more eggs than females, both ate the same amount of 1st larvae, consumption rates, 4th larvae and adults of Adalia and Coccinella were reluctant to eat eggs of the other genus, but Adalia was more likely to eat Coccinella eggs than the reverse, 75% of Coccinella 7- punctata larvae died after eating a few A.bipunctata eggs, but survival of A.bipunctata larvae was not impaired on C. 7-punctata eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3651
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Laboratory study of cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 17
Pages: 303-309
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, adult female Adalia bipunctata more reluctant than males to eat eggs, eggs and young larvae more vulnerable to cannibalism than older larvae, starved larvae more vulnerable than well fed ones, hunger, food availability, food quantity, mortality, survival, egg and larval cannibalism was negatively related to aphid abundance, eggs are a better food for larval growth and survival than aphids, nutrition, food quality, in absence of aphids there was hyperpredation between A.bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata but not equally, larvae and adults of A.bipunctata and C.7-punctata reluctant to eat conspecific eggs painted with water extract of the other species eggs, suggesting some protection occurs against interspecific predation, cannibalism by larvae improves the chances of surviving to find aphid prey, alkaloids coccinelline and adaline occur in C.7-punctata and A.bipunctata respectively, trophic behaviour, feeding deterrents, olfaction, taste, odour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3650
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Why do ladybirds lay eggs in clusters ?
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 7
Issue: 5)
Pages: 541-548
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, aggregation, distribution, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, clusters of eggs not more viable than single eggs, groups of larvae performed as well as single larvae when food was abundant, single and clustered eggs equally vulnerable to cannibalism but single eggs more likely to be eaten by predators, ie by other species of coccinellid, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, strength of deterrence of mixed species egg clusters depended on proportion of non-conspecific eggs in a cluster, alkaloids in eggs deter ant predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, odour of defensive chemical probably deters predators when eggs are clustered because a threshold concentration exceeded, olfactory stimuli, semiochemicals, feeding deterrents, trophic behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3653
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Kin recognition - egg and larval cannibalism in Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 90
Issue: 1)
Pages: 45-50
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, adult females reluctant to eat their own eggs but males ate eggs they had sired and third instar larvae ate younger larvae, second instar larvae preferred to eat eggs of alien parents than those of their own parents, eggs and larvae are more nutritious than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food quality, nutrition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 955
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Ghosh, D.; Das, S. K.; Poddar, S. C.; Raychaudhuri, D. N.
Year: 1981
Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India - 5. New records of two aphidiid parasites, nine arachnid and one dipteran predators from India
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 6
Pages: 233-238
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Araneae, spiders, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Araneus ate Cinara on pine, trees, forest, Clubiona ate Myzus ornatus, Dictyna ate Macrosiphum rosae on rose, Oxyopes javanus ate Lipaphis erysimi on brassicas, Salticus ranjitus ate L. erysima on brassicas, Theridion ate Aphis gossypii, Camaricus formosus ate L.erysimi on brassicas, Misumena ate Sitobion rosaeiformis on rose, Philodromus ate an aphid on pine, Thomisius pujilus ate Aphis craccivora on Dolichos lablab, Hiptita ate S.rosaeiformis on rose, 11 coccinellids and 5 syrphids, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 959
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.; Raychaudhuri, D. N.
Year: 1980
Title: Parasites and predators of aphids in Sikkian and Manipur (Northeast India) 3
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 5
Pages: 39-42
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1034
Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D. N.
Year: 1981
Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in northeast India 4. 12 coleopteran and 2 dipteran predators of aphids from Sikkim
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 6
Pages: 207-210
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Altica spp and Chrysolina vishnu (Chrysomelidae), Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Altica adults ate Rhopalosiphum maidis on barley, predation, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5242
Author: Agarwala, B.K.; Yasuda, H.
Year: 2001
Title: Larval interactions in aphidophagous predators: effectiveness of wax cover as defence shield of Scymnus larvae against predation from syrphids
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 100
Pages: 101-107
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., hibiscus trees in Japan, Aphis gossypii, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Scymnus posticalis, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Eupeodes freguens, vulnerability of Scymnus larvae to predation from syrphids was directly related to thickness of wax cover, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, predator defences, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3933
Author: Agnew, C. W.; Smith, J. W.
Year: 1989
Title: Ecology of spiders (Araneae) in a peanut agroecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Issue: 1)
Pages: 30-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Texas 1981-2, arable, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae constituted 75% of total spiders, community, Oxyopes salticus 37%, Pardosa pauxilla 31%, Misumenops spp. 14%, three dominant species, species composition, more spiders in irrigated fields, abundance, microclimate, humidity, soil mosture, farming practices, suction traps showed O.salticus the best aeronaut followed by Araneidae and Linyphiidae, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, ballooning, 33% of prey were Hemiptera, 17% Lepidoptera, 17% Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, pests eaten include Heliothis spp., leafhoppers and thrips, caterpillars, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, natural enemies formed half the spider diet, searching and pooting, pitfalls, suction traps, collected spiders observed with prey giving 220 records, methods, 25,000 individuals of 134 species, literature on diet in crops eg midge larvae, Diptera, references on importance of humidity to spiders, colonization, population dynamics, population increase of O.salticus in peanut due to immigration rather than reproduction, predation observations do not include nocturnal observations and small prey may have been overlooked, O.salticus captured Geocoris and spiders, Heteroptera, Lycosidae often captured O.salticus, thrips were eaten by small spiderlings, prey size selection, prey size preference, quotes Whitcomb that Chrysoperla larvae gorge themselves on immature Oxyopidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3315
Author: Agnew, C. W.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm
Journal: Protection Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 151-158
Keywords: En.
Rep., predation rate of Solenopsis invicta on eggs of Heliothis virescens was temperature related, threshold 13.1C, maximum rate 30C, USA, lab observations on cotton plants, wide variation in individual predation rates, previous experience in egg predation did not increase probability of future predatory success, lack of search image, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, trophic behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4743
Author: Agrawal, A.A.; Karban, R.; Colfer, R.E.
Year: 2000
Title: How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 89(1)
Pages: 70-80
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, manipulative experiments on cotton plants in the field, USA, plant resistance induced by exposing cotyledons to spider mite attack, pests, Acari, Tetranychus, Tetranychidae, methods, artificial domatia were 4 mm tufts of cotton fibres glued onto udersides of leaves, arthropod sampling by leaf removal, 87% of Gecoris eggs, 69% of Orius eggs and 62% of Western Flower thrips were found inside domatia. Spider mites, aphids and whiteflies were negatively affected by domatia (perhaps by increased predation). Induced resistance had a negative effect on spider mites and whiteflies, but a positive effect on aphids. It reduced the numbers of Orius whose eggs are laid inside plant tissue. Leaf domatia enhanced plant performance, but induced resistance did not. Domatia may give predators a good microclimate and protection from their own natural enemies. No predatory Heteroptera eggs in domatia were parasitised but 32% outside were. Domatia benefit predators and do not have the drawbacks of pubescence which can benefit pests. Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Aphididae, distribution, yield, damage, parasitoids, plant structure.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4615
Author: Agusti, N.; De Vicente, M.C.; Gabarra, R.
Year: 1999
Title: Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR) markers of Helicoverpa armigera: a new polymerase chain reaction-based technique for predator gut analysis.
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 1467-1474
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., the authors found that detection periods were strongly affected by sequence length. Primers were designed to amplify sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs) derived from a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band. Immediately after feeding eggs of the target prey, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to the predator Dicyphus tamaninii (Heteroptera: Miridae), SCAR primers could successfully amplify 600 and 254 bp fragments, but not a larger 1100 bp sequence using a third set of primers. After four hours digestion in D. tamaninii only the 254 pb sequence could be detected in 45 % of fed predators. In specificity tests, the primers failed to amplify a 254 band from any of the other species tested (five lepidopterans, two whiteflies and two predators) but in two cases did amplify sequences of different sizes. Polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, DNA methods, detection of  predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5886
Author: Agusti, N.; Shayler, S.P.; Harwood, J.D.; Vaughan, I.P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2003
Title: Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 12
Pages: 3467-3475
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders collected in winter wheat from plots that received a surface layer of spent mushroom compost, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, biological control, methods, DNA techniques, decomposition food webs, trophic webs, community, detrital subsidy, detritivores, Linyphiidae, within-field habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, species-specific primer pairs to Isotoma anglicana, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, CO1 gene, I. anglicana detectable for at least 24 h in Erigone atra, detection period, digestion rate, 48% of  spiders contained one species of Collembola and 16% contained two, I. anglicana was consumed most frequently even though it was the least common species, prey preference, prey selection, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Arthropleona, hand searching of compost samples, extraction of Collembola in Murphy split funnel extractor, the chosen primer pairs gave amplification bands only with the target species (and not with the other species of Collembola or two aphids, or Drosophila melanogaster, or four spiders), Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Diptera, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone dentipalpis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax spp., Isotoma palustris, Orchesella villosa, Hypogastrura viatica, possibility of Collembola with scales escaping predation, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5681
Author: Agusti, N.; Unruh, T.R.; Welter, S.C.
Year: 2003
Title: Detecting Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in predator guts using CO1 mitochondrial markers
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 93
Pages: 179-185
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., top fruit, pear orchards, trees woodland, forest, pests, USA, methods, DNA techniques, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris tomentosus, prey could be detected for 32 h, detection period, specificity,
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1867
Author: Agwu, S. I.
Year: 1974
Title: The population dynamics of Leucoptera spartifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in south-eastern England
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 43
Pages: 439-453
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, caterpillars, predation by spiders, earwigs, rove beetles and ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1480
Author: Ahmed, M. K.
Year: 1955
Title: Comparative effect of Systox and Schradan on some predators of aphids in Egypt
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 48
Pages: 530-532
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, poisoned Aphis gossypii fed to predators, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis and Sphaerophoria very susceptible to both insecticides, other predators less so, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1479
Author: Ahmed, M. K.; Newson, L. D.; Emerson, R. B.; Roussel, J. S.
Year: 1954
Title: The effects of Systox on some common predators of the cotton aphid
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 47
Pages: 445-449
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, arable, cotton in greenhouse, 3 Syrphidae, 5 Coccinellidae, 2 Chrysopidae, syrphids killed by eating poisoned aphids, coccinellids less so, pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, food chain effects, Egypt


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 861
Author: Ahmed, M. T.; Ahmed, Y. M.; Moustafa, A. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Some studies on the development of resistance to diflubenzuron in Egyptian cotton leafworm
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 477-483
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, pesticides, insecticides, Spodoptera littoralis, selected for resistance over 5 generations in the lab using sub- lethal doses, LC50 of selected larvae was 5 times that of original, cross-resistance with chlorfluazuron, but not chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin, phenol oxidase activity much higher in resistant strain, this is the most serious pest in Egypt, no resistance in field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5005
Author: Aiken, M.; Coyle, F.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Habitat distribution, life history and behavior of Tetragnatha spider species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 28
Pages: 97-106
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, methods, spiders were observed and photographed in the field and also in terraria in the lab supplied with Drosophila as food, microhabitat distribution, web orientation, Tetragnatha straminea adopted cryptic stick-like postures on vegetation, behaviour, this species was observed to catch flies outside the web by surrounding the prey with the first two pairs of legs and then transferring it to the chelicerae, spiders were observed holding up to 5 flies in their chelicereae which they had caught without a web, reference that webless prey capture has also been observed in Tetragnatha montana, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 846
Author: Aitchison, C. W.
Year: 1975
Title: The ecology of spiders under snow
Journal: Proc. 6th Int. Arachnol. Cong. 1974
Pages: 15-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Canada, 6 months snow cover, 55 species active under snow, little growth or moulting in winter, low temperature lab experiments, little predation even though Collembola numerous under snow, springtails, feeding, trophic behaviour, active spiders eaten by shrews, cryoprotectants in haemolymph, -3C to -6C 20 cm under snow, microclimate, vertical distribution, pitfalls, beating, sweeping, litter extraction, 4 phenology groups, overwintering, winter active species in Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Thomisidae, feed on Collembola at 0C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2230
Author: Aitchison, C. W.
Year: 1984
Title: Low temperature feeding by winter-active spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology.
Volume: 12
Issue: 3)
Pages: 297-305
Keywords: En.
Agroeca, Centromerus
Rep., Canada, Araneae, predation, fed down to -5C, all ate Collemboa and Diptera, Lycosidae ate aphids, cicadellids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Thomisidae ate cicadellids and Lepidoptera, prey related to size of spider, collembolan Onychiurus pseudoarmatus avoided, large females observed to scavenge, Homoptera, mini review on winter feeding, on snow, mechanisms for remaining active, use of body fat stores, scrub area, litter extraction, beating, sweeping, laboratory, although kept in dark at constant temperature spiders showed increased feeding in spring, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2717
Author: Aitchison, C. W.
Year: 1987
Title: Feeding ecology of winter-active spiders
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 264-273
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1483
Author: Akesson, N. B.; Yates, W. E.
Year: 1964
Title: Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and reulting drift problems
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 285-318
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pesticide application methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4198
Author: Akhurst, R. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Safety to nontarget invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests
Journal: In "Safety of Microbial Insecticides", Ed. by M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 233 - 240
Keywords: En.
Rep., Nematoda, natural enemies, biological control, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, Deladenus siricidicola is used for control of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Australia, pests, trees, woodland, forests, Hymenoptera, used on hundreds of thousands of hectares, lab studies indicate that Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are non-specific pathogens, use of nematodes on leaf surfaces, such as Chrysanthemum, ornamentals, Diptera, adult Tachinidae Compsilura concinnata are susceptible to nematode infection on emerging from pupal cases in the soil, nematodes may kill a moribund host and the parasitoid then dies with it, 50% of a Hymenoptera parasitoid of Pieris rapae were killed by nematodes, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, there are few data concerning effects on predators, larvae and adults of the honeybee are susceptible to Steinernema carpocapsae but the high temperature and low humidity of the hive are not conducive to nematodes, Apis mellifera, Apidae, applications of S. carpocapsae to soil caused large fluctuations of Collembola, mites and other arthropods, spiders, harvestmen and Pseudoscorpiones were infected by very high doses in the lab but not at field rates, nematodes did not kill earthworms, but Steinernema glaseri killed some snail species, there is a dearth of field studies, Acari, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 956
Author: Akinlosotu, T. A.
Year: 1978
Title: The inter-relationships of the cabbage aphid parasite, Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and the entomophogous predators of the aphid
Journal: Nigerian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 5-9
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphus balteatus, Chrysopa carnea, Coccinella 7-punctata, preyed readily on Brevicoryne brassicae containing D. rapae eggs or young larvae, but not mummies, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 957
Author: Alam, M. M.; Hafiz, I. A.
Year: 1963
Title: Some natural enemies of aphids of Pakistan
Journal: Techn. Bull. Comm. Inst. Biol. Contr.
Volume: 3
Pages: 41-44
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Leucopis, Tortricidae, predators, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2515
Author: Al-Amidi, A. H. K.; Downes, M. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Parasitidae) a possible agent for biological control of Heteropeza pygmaea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in mushroom compost
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 8
Pages: 13-25
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5205
Author: Alauzet, C.; Dargagnon, D.; Malausa, J.C.
Year: 1994
Title: Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 39(1)
Pages: 33-40
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, trophic behaviour, diet, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, France, development and reproduction at 15-30C, temperature, developmental threshold is 10.6C, reared on geranium leaves and moth eggs, Pelargonium, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 804
Author: Albert, A. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Life cycle of Lithobiidae - with a discussion of the r- and k- selection theory
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 56
Pages: 272-279
Keywords: En.
Rep., centipedes, Chilopoda, Lithobius, population dynamics, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4524
Author: Albuquerque, G.S. ; Tauber, M.J.  ; Tauber, C.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Life history adaptations and reproductive costs associated with specialization in predacious insects
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 66
Pages: 307-317
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 80
Author: Alcock, J.
Year: 1976
Title: The behaviour of the seed-collecting larvae of a carabid beetle (Coleopte ra)
Journal: Journal of Natural History.
Volume: 10
Pages: 367-375
Keywords: seeds, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2218
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Density fluctuations of spiders on maize and Italian ryegrass fields
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 273-282
Keywords: En.
Erigone atra
Rep., Belgium, Araneae, cereals, grass, methods, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren, Loyds patchiness index, no decrease due to mowing ryegrass, more at edge than middle of fields, distribution, voltinism of E. atra


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 864
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Composition and density fluctuations of the invertebrate fauna occurring in a maize field at Melle (Belgium)
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 24
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 5-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, 30 quadrats per month for a year, centre and edge of field, handsorting and Tullgren funnel, Collembola and Acari not included here, weather data, densities in centre low compared with other crops, at edge got 70 and 175 spiders and carabids per sq m, Araneae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, seasonal migration between edge and middle by spiders and carabids eg Bathyphantes gracilis, distribution, dispersal, movement, degree of aggregation, recolonisation rapid after ploughing in spring, very extensive data in Table of density with 95%CL for 87 taxonomic groups, Opiliones, harvestmen, adults and larvae of 21 beetle families, Coleoptera, adults larvae and pupae of 20 Dipteran families, wasps, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, aphids, pests, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, caterpillars, Orthoptera, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Neuroptera, lacewings, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Thsanoptera, thrips, Chilopoda, centipedes, Diplopoda, millipedes, Isopoda, woodlice, Philoscia muscorum, Porcellio scaber, Gastropoda, Mollusca, Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, community, ecosystem


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4357
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1993
Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 1. Study area, crop history and methodology
Journal: Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg.
Volume: 129
Pages: 41-52
Keywords: En.
Rep., describes the quadrat sampling method that was also used to measure "potential prey" of Linyphgiidae (in Bull. Br. Arach. Soc. 9(9)), Belgium, methods, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, Gramineae, grassy edges with no trees or shrubs, mown annually in June, Table of 44 plant species in edge, quadrats 156.3 cm2 for macrofauna and 19.6 cm2 for microfauna, quadrats were manually sorted then Tullgren-Berlese extracted, quadrats in edges cf middles, pitfalls with guiding plates, also pitfalls within 40 x 40 x 25 cm aluminium enclosures for minimal density estimation, fenced pitfalls, abundance, time-sort pitfalls and window traps, aerial migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4568
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1993
Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 2. General characteristics of the spider taxocoenosis
Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie
Volume: 129
Pages: 63-68
Alternate Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., TP, Aranae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, ryegrass, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, 110 species, distribution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3508
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Prey selection and prey capture strategies of linyphiid spiders in high-input agricultural fields
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 9
Issue: 9)
Pages: 300-308
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Belgium, good literature coverage, maize, Italian ryegrass and edges, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, 1986-88, direct observation, methods, daytime only, attempts at night unsuccessful, spiders with prey in chelicerae collected and prey remains taken from webs, mostly for adult females, lab prey selection experiments with adult female Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Oedothorax fuscus, prey preference, prey size selection for Isotomurus palustris, Collembola, atomised water to reveal webs, height above ground, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, web coverage, web area digitized in situ with a plotter, web size data for adults only, quadrats for invertebrate density, Ivlev index to compare actual and potential prey spectra, B.gracilis and Lepthyphantes tenuis and Linyphia clathrata were entirely web-dependent, mean web sizes and variation, wide range of web sizes for B.gracilis, vegetation is needed for web attachment in B.gracilis, habitat structure, L.tenuis has a larger web in vegetation 10 cm above ground less variable in size, Erigone had small webs on the ground nearly all females, evidence that Erigone can capture prey outside webs, foraging behaviour, adult Oedothorax have no webs but the juveniles do, prey data in field is mainly for web- builders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, total prey observed over 3 years was 430, diet of spiders was similar being mainly aphids and Isotomidae, pests, Hemiptera, spiders studied were B.gracilis, E.atra, L.tenuis, L.clathrata, Erigone dentipalpis, P.vagans, O.fuscus, O.apicatus, Oedothorax sp., Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Bathyphantes concolor, Milleriana inerrans, Scotargus inerrans, other foods eaten were Diptera, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, small adult Carabidae and Staphylinidae were refused and could escape, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, main prey was Isotomurus palustris, fewer Isotoma viridis eaten, almost 100% of captured Isotomidae were eaten but less for aphids, aphids struggled less in the web, aphids and Homoptera and Cecidomyiidae were captured more frequently than expected in relation to their mean density, Acari and Lepidocyrtus were under-caught, mites, in lab experiments 78% I.palustris and 28% Lepidocyrtus were selected by O.apicatus, isotomids and delphacids were readily captured but Acari were not, larger Collembola were preferred cf smaller, Erigone claimed to be nocturnal (no data given), conclude that these spiders may contribute to aphid control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3528
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Habitat manipulations increasing spider densities in agroecosystems - possibilities for biological control
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Issue: 1)
Pages: 10-16
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Belgium, use of holes to increase spider density, abundance, habitat manipulation, 2.8 cm diameter holes 7-12 cm apart, 5cm diameter holes 5 cm apart, 9.5 cm diameter holes 10 cm apart, plus a 2.8 x 30 m area of small holes, addition of clods of earth, hole depth 10-12 cm, 1988-1990, spider density assessed in 50 x 50 cm quadrats, abundance, little annual variation, control densities 1.25 - 6.25 m-2 between maize rows, control densities with maize present 15.2 m-2, controls with weeds but no maize 16.25 m-2, 9.5D holes increase density to 32-47 m-2, D2.8 20-36 m-2, D5 62.5- 80.7 m-2, ie 13 x control, clods did not significantly increase density, holes favoured mainly web-builders, Bathyphantes gracilis prefer 5D but Lepthyphantes tenuis prefer 9.5D, can have 2 B.gracilis in same hole one above the other, 2.8D holes were attractive to juveniles in autumn, there were no edge effects in the large plot, 80- 100% colonization of holes, rapid colonization, movement, migration, dispersal, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4063
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of spiders (Araneae) occurring on arable land at Melle (Belgium)
Journal: Biol. Jb. Dodonaea
Volume: 61
Pages: 193-208
Keywords: phenology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4379
Author: Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Day/night activity rhythms of spiders occurring in crop- rotated fields
Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology
Volume: 30
Issue: 2)
Pages: 55-61
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, methods, time-sorting pitfalls, behaviour, movement, migration, dispersal, pasture, males of Erigone atra and Erigone dentipalpis were diurnal, females were less active and their activity was more evenly spread over 24 hours, diel activity cycles, Bathyphantes gracilis has activity peaks at midday and midnight, Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus are nocturnal, adults only


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2733
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations
Journal: Proc 11th Europ Arach Coll
Volume: 38
Pages: 169-177
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3849
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R.
Year: 1990
Title: Field and laboratory observations on the life cycle of Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 and Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennici
Volume: 190
Pages: 35-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Belgium, seasonal activity, distribution patterns, instar determination, lab observations on the effect of temperature on juvenile development, reproduction under different conditions of food supply, pitfalls, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Italian ryegrass, lab rearing methods, culturing, Drosophila and Collembola as food, Diptera, trophic behaviour, diet, development rates, egg cocoons, two broods per year, voltinism, mortality rates of juveniles in relation to temperature, survival, survivorship, number of moults of immatures to adult, P. clercki has 2 eggsacs with 35 eggs per eggsac under high food availability, fecundity, population dynamics, copulation in spring, phenology, 1st cocoon in spring, second in June-July, hibernation as adult, overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2866
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R.
Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observation
Journal: Proceedings of the XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Technical University of Berlin, Berli
Pages: 169-17
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Belgium, grazed pasture, Italian ryegrass, maize, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, pitfalls with guiding plates, lab work at 20C 100% RH in Petri dishes with Collembola, does not declare species, as food for the first 2 instars and later ones got Drosophila, gives peak catches of male and female Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus and Oedothorax fuscus, in lab gives development time with CL's, males develop faster and are smaller than females, development time and carapace width were related, methods, they claim the following but data not given for oviposition in the field, eggs laid in spring, new adults reproduce in summer and their descendents become adult in autumn, so 2 generations per year, copulation is in autumn for Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus but in spring for Oedothorax retusus, no evidence presented apart from peaks in pitfall catch, O. retusus had the slowest development rate in the lab, fecundity, phenology, voltinism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3623
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations
Journal: Proc. XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Berlin 1988, Technische Universitat Berlin
Pages: 169-177
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, in pasture, ryegrass and maize in Belgium, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, population dynamics, phenology, reproduction, eggs deposited in spring become adult by start of summer, reproduction throughout summer, new generation of adults in autumn therefore two generations per year, voltinism, O.fuscus and O.apicatus copulate mainly in autumn but O.retusus mainly in soring, in lab O.fuscus develops slightly faster than O.apicatus, O.retusus is the slowest developer, development rates, larger species take longer to develop, pitfalls, lab experiments in Petri dishes at 20C fed excess Collembola followed by Drosophila, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, rearing, culturing, mean width of carapace, methods, sex related development rates, mean juvenile development in days for O.fuscus male was 19.4, female 23.7, O.apicatus male 21.5, female 26.1, O.retusus male 22.6, female 27.7, reproductive activity of the three species drops dramatically or stops at temperatures less than 10C, sex ratio biased to female in pasture but to male in other two habitats, pasture thought to be more favourable because less disturbance, males travel further than females, distribution, dispersal, migration, movemement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2411
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Variation of carabid diel activity patterns in pastures and cultivated fields
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 335-341
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4064
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Pages: 501-510
Keywords: ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, ground beetles, Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, microclimate, dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2758
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1992
Title: Diel activity patterns of carabid beetles in some crop- rotated fields studied by means of time-sorting pitfall traps
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniveriteit Gent
Volume: 57
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 603-612
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, methods, Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja and Asaphidion flavipes were diurnal, Harpalus affinis was nocturnal, other species intermediate, diel cycles, other species dealt with in another paper


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3490
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1994
Title: Belgian carabidological research on high-input agricultural fields and pastures: a review
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 409-415
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, Belgium, mainly pastures, winter wheat and maize, sampling methodology, species composition and diversity, habitat and microhabitat preferences, phenology, life cycle, absolute density, population dynamics, diel activity patterns, feeding ecology, pest control, management practices, farm practices, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, little information for potato, fax and oats, work needed on field edges and on ecology and dynamics of carabid larvae, Table grouping the Belgian literature according to research topic and each reference has a codified summary of its contents, 75 references since 1979


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3605
Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Lissens, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Laboratoriumwaarnemingen van de ontwikkeling en reproductie bij Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) en Oedothorax retusus (Westring, 1851)
Journal: Nieuwsbr. belg. arachnol. Ver.
Volume: 9
Pages: 19-26
Keywords: Belg.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Belgium, lab, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, effect of food quantity and temperature on development, survival and reproduction, mortality, fecundity, development rate, in dark, excess Collembola (species not given) for juveniles, adults given Drosophila at 1 per 4 day, 1 per 2 day, 1,4,6 per day, embryonic development to adult took 12 days for both species, four juvenile instars adult is 5th, development to adult c. 25 days at 20C, rest of results refer to O.apicatus, 80% survived to adult, still at 1st instar after 80 days at 5C, 3rd instar after 80 days at 10C, at 15C reaches 4th instar by 40 days, at 20C mean number of eggs per cocoon was positively correlated with feeding rate, adult longevity greatly reduced at feeding rates of less than 1 Drosophila per day, Diptera, has fast development rate and high reproductive capacity and can survive quite well during periods of low prey abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3319
Author: Alderweireldt, W.
Year: 1989
Title: Seasonal migration and importance of edge zones for the survival of Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall, 1841)(Araneae: Linyphiidae) on high input crop fields
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 54
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 835-844
Keywords: Rep., Melle, Belgium, pitfall transect edge to middle of maize and Italian ryegrass fields, barriered pitfalls for density, pitfalls covered with mosquito netting to keep spiders in or out, length of metatarsus and tarsus I used for instars, more males than females in pitfalls, activity peaks in August and November-December, pitfall catch was greatest in mid-field in summer but greatest at edge in winter, this applied to both crops but few spiders in ryegrass, spider reproduces in centre in summer and migrates to edge and may also reproduce there in winter but no data given, lab observations show it is resistant to low temperature and has lower temperature development threshold than Erigone or Oedothorax, movement to grassy edges is mainly by walking, all linyphiid species studied so far have first instar in egg cocoon and 3 free-living instars, males recognisable in III, probably 2 generations in summer, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, structure, identification of instars, number of moults, behaviour, reproduction, voltinism, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2317
Author: Alderwiereldt, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 501-510
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1987, pitfalls day separate from night, ANOVA, nocturnal Pterostichus melanarius Oedothorax apicatus, activity rhythms, activity cycles, diurnal Erigone Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae money spiders, species preferring low thin maize were Agonum muelleri, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone vagans, crop structure, Bathyphantes gracilis, Diplostyla concolor and Lepthyphantes tenuis preferred high dense maize, short duration study, Bathyphantes gracilis changes microsite according to density of maize, says adult male linyphiids eat very little


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4709
Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Cantelo, W.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Suppression of Colorado potato beetle infestation by pheromone-mediated augmentation of the predatory spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 209-217
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, pests, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, mass-production, mass-rearing, methods, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, USA, pheromone traps, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, kairomone, Harmonia, Lebia, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids, Tachinidae, Diptera, Scelionidae, Hymenoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5529
Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Vilela, E.F.; Torres, J.B.; Cave, R.D.
Year: 1997
Title: Field tests of predaceous pentatomid pheromones and semiochemistry of Podisus and Supputius species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae)
Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil 
Volume: 26(1)
Pages: 1-14
Alternate Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil 
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, infochemicals, semiochemicals, Brazil, traps baited with pheromones for Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps caught mainly Podisus distinctus, references that Podisus maculiventris can also be attracted to aggregation pheromones in North America, olfaction, chemical attraction, methods,    
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2390
Author: Alford, D. V.
Year: 1984
Title: A colour atlas of fruit pests, their recognition, biology and control
Journal: Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London
Pages: 320 pp
Keywords: En.
book, earwigs, thrips, aphids, bugs, hoppers, psyllids, scales, beetles, weevils, flies, moths, sawflies, ants, wasps, mites, miscellaneous pests, parasitoids, predators, pesticides, under each gives description, life history, damage and control, trees, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Psyllidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Curculionidae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1488
Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Vegetation manipulation impact on predator and prey populations in Louisiana sugarcane ecosystems
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Pages: 1409-1414
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, methods, farming practices, abundance and diversity of epigeal predators greater in weedy plots, imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta important predator of sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Lepidoptera, Formicidae, also important were spiders, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cicindelidae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, tiger beetles, earwigs, dragonflies, centipedes, millipedes, Myriapoda, azinphosmethyl reduced predators, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, dicotyledonous weeds enhanced predators and were not competitive with the crop, cane and sugar yields in weedy plots were 19% higher than in weed free, early in season weeds harbour neutral insects that are food for predators and allow build up of predator populations, when the canopy closes weeds cease to grow, predators switch to feeding on pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2383
Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E.
Year: 1986
Title: Influence of selected weed control practices on araneid faunal compositio n and abundance in sugarcane
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 527-531
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, predators, Gramineae, USA, weedy cf weed-free, pitfalls, no differences in diversity of ground spiders, 27% higher diversity in weedy cf non-weedy for foliage spiders in Dvac, vacuum insect net, sweeping gave 39% higher foliar spider diversity in weedy, weed floral composition had little effect on diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 392
Author: Ali, M. H.; Azam, K. M.
Year: 1977
Title: Dispersal of the predatory beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linn
Journal: Journal of Entomological Research.
Volume: 1
Pages: 158-163
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, movement, distribution, random flights, hunger, starvation, aggregation, plants sprayed with sugar solution, behaviour, kairomone


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 84
Author: Allen, A. A.
Year: 1957
Title: The habit of aggregation in Agonum dorsale
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 93
Pages: 142
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 79
Author: Allen, A. A.
Year: 1958
Title: Notes on the larval feeding habits of Lebia species (Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 94
Issue: 95


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 245
Author: Allen, A. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Notes on the British Staphylinidae. 3 . Oxypoda
Journal: Entomologists' Rec. J. Var.
Volume: 82
Pages: 19-26
Keywords: En.
Structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2036
Author: Allen, P.
Year: 1954
Title: Studies of insects living on plants of the family Umbelliferae with special reference to flies of the family Agromyzidae
Journal: DIC Thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
Diptera, leafminers, not confined to Agromyzidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1035
Author: Allen, P. G.
Year: 1984
Title: The management of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), in dryland lucerne pasture in South Australia
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Adelaide
Keywords: En.
Rep.?, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, main predators are Nabis kinbergii, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobidae), Coccinella repanda, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, sweeping, Micromus is nocturnal, light grazing (rather than severe rotational grazing) increases numbers of C.repanda, but not enough to control summer aphids, effect of farming practices, in spring used small cages open and closed, sprayed inside closed cages with permethrin then introduced aphids, got more aphids in closed cages, not many alatae during experiment, minimal movement of apterae monitored with pitfalls, methods, pesticides, insecticides, distribution, dispersal, predation, behaviour, 21 spider species in pitfalls, 57 species in irrigated lucerne, Araneae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Ostearius melanopygius, introduction of aphid parasitoid Trioxys complanatus not successful, classical biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 77
Author: Allen, R. T.
Year: 1979
Title: The occurrence and importance of ground beetles in agricultural and surrounding habitats
Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, eds Erwin et al.
Keywords: En.
Rep., Nebria brevicollis, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara apricaria, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus rufipes
Rep, Carabidae, diets, North America, elaterid, eggs, strawberry, seeds, grass, conifers, augmentation, fields, ground cover, cardboard


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2764
Author: Allen, W. R.; Hagley, E. A. C.
Year: 1982
Title: Evaluation of immunoelectroosmophoresis on cellulose polyacetate for assessing predation of Lepidoptera (Tortricidae) by Coleoptera (Carabidae) species
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 114
Issue: 11)
Pages: 1047-1054
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, moths, caterpillars, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, apple orchards, trees, pests, top fruit, antisera to codling moth, Cydia pomonella, oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta and oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, carabids starved 5 days then fed larvae, does not say whether alive or dead, predation, feeding, diet, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara sp., detection periods, digestion rates, there were cross reactions which were not entirely removed by dilution, cross absorption or antibody selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4773
Author: Allen, W.R.; Hagley, E.A.C.
Year: 1990
Title: Epigeal arthropods as predators of mature larvae and pupae of the apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19(2)
Pages: 309-312
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Canada, trees, top fruit, pests, Rhagoletis pomonella, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Pitfalls, methods, quadrats, immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose polyacetate strips, serology, detection periods, predation on larvae and pupae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Pest pupae counted in soil quadrats. Some cross reaction with other species of Diptera. Species list of more than twenty species, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Gryllidae, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Diplopoda, millipedes, Myriapoda. Species with highest percentage positive in tests were Amara aenea, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Pterostichus melanarius, ants, gryllids, rove beetles and Trochosa terricola, Lycosidae. P. melanarius was shown to carry out wasteful killingn of larvae and pupae in the laboratory, superfluous killing. Reference to other invertebrate predators that can detect then dig up pupae. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4378
Author: Allen-Wardell, G.; et al.
Year: 1998
Title: The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields
Journal: Conservation Biology
Volume: 12
Issue: 1)
Pages: 8-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., dramatic declines in managed and feral honeybees in North America, now lowest in 50 years, Hymenoptera, Apidae, need study of effects of pesticides and habitat change on pollinators in crop lands, pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture, Apis mellifera, loss of blueberry crop in USA due to pollinators being killed by pesticides, cherry crop indirectly affected by Varroa mite, Acari, similar reports for alfalfa, pumpkin and cashew nut, honeybee loss estimated to be worth $5.7 billion per annum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2735
Author: Almquist, S.
Year: 1969
Title: Seasonal growth of some dune-living spiders
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 20
Pages: 392-408
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 697
Author: Almquist, S.
Year: 1970
Title: Thermal tolerances and preferences of some dune living spiders
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 21
Pages: 230-236
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, distribution, coastal, sand, temperature


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2144
Author: Almquist, S.
Year: 1971
Title: Resistance to dessication in some dune-living spiders
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 22
Pages: 225-229
Keywords: Araneae, predators, coastal, behaviour, physiology, water relations, climate, microclimate, sand, humidity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3320
Author: Altieri, M. A.
Year: 1991
Title: How best can we use biodiversity in agroecosystems ?
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 15-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, global agriculture means 12 grain crops, 23 vegetable crops, 35 fruit and nut, 1440 million ha cultivated land, which is 25-30% world land area, Gramineae, cereals and grasses, top fruit, field vegetables, genetic uniformity of monocultures, low-input farming, references to increase in pest problems with reduced diversity, 2 hypotheses for fewer pests in diverse systems, more natural enemies, less host plant stimulus to pests, polycultures are usually less disturbed by pesticides than monocultures, farming practices, effect of natural enemy enhancement depends on scale because of migration, field, farming unit, region, leafhopper control on vines was improved by having Rubus spp nearby because the leafhopper egg parasitoid Anagrus switches to blackberry leafhopper, other examples of this sort from orchards, intercropping maize and soybean, cotton and lucerne, Leguminosae, natural enemies disperse to improve control, in Latin America 70-90% of beans are intercropped, gives many 3rd world examples of moves back to earlier ecological farming systems, sustainable agriculture, reduced inputs, IPM, integrated pest management, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4911
Author: Altieri, M.A.
Year: 1999
Title: The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 19-31
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., in agroecosystems biodiversity contributes to recycling  nutrients, regulating microclimate, hydrological processes, pest control and detoxification of pollutants. Most of the world's landscapes are planted with 12 species of grain crops, 23 vegetable, 35 fruit and nut, i.e. about 70 plant species over 1440 million ha (contrasted with 100 tree species per ha tropical forest). Very few  varieties of crop species are grown and they have a very narrow genetic range. Third world and ancient agriculture embraces biodiversity. Literature relating to biodiversity promoting system stability (preventing outbreaks of herbivore pests). Polycultures, weediness, undersowing, refuges at edge of field  promote biodiversity and biological control of pests. Functional diversity is more important than diversity per se. Landscape aspects, farming practices, agricultural statistics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4002
Author: Altieri, M. A.; Cure, J. R.; Garcia, M. A.
Year: 1993
Title: The role and enhancement of parasitic Hymenoptera biodiversity in agroecosystems
Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity", Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 257-275
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, methods, community, farming practices, number of parasitoid species per pest species in a given region ranges from 2-14 in a range of annual crops, nearly half the pest species have more than 10 parasitoid species each, species richness, cotton, sorghum, cassava, soyabeans, potato, rice, alfalfa, tobacco, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, parasitoid diversity decreases with intensity of agroecosystem management, and is greater on tree crops than annual crops, forest, woodland, Ichneumonidae tend to be excluded from crops with no cool or moist locations, humidity, moisture, microclimate, parasitoid diversity and % parasitism on pests is greater in complex vegetation than in monocultures with simple vegetation structure, intercropping, cover crops, living mulches, enhancing parasitoid diversity can be achieved by multiple introductions of parasitoids in the absence of hyperparasitoids in classical biological control, gives examples where hyperparasitoids have hampered biological control, by reducing pesticides, by increasing vegetational diversity eg for pollen and nectar within crops and adjacent to them, choosing crop varieties that do not inhibit parasitoid searching efficiency eg by hairs and sticky exudates, foraging behaviour, by manipulation with semiochemicals, eg hexane sprays improved % parasitism of Heliothis zea eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum, Lepidoptera, kairomones, eg allylisothiocyanate applied to broccoli increased % parasitism of cabbage aphid by Diaeretiella rapae, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, brassicas


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4856
Author: Altieri, M.A.; Hagen, K.S.; Trujillo, J.; Caltagirone, L.E.
Year: 1982
Title: Biological control of Limax maximus and Helix aspersa by indigenous predators in a daisy field in central coastal California
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 3(4)
Pages: 387-390
Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica
Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, Mollusca, natural enemies, commercial daisy flower production, ornamental flowers, horticulture, slugs and snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, some plots received metal sheets as predator refuges, others received sheets plus introduced ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaphinotus striatopunctatus, polyphagous predators, methods, 10 days after beetle release slug and snail densities were significantly lowered compared with controls, this effect persisted for 48 days, however there were also more garter snakes in the beetle release plots and these snakes are known to eat molluscs, Vertebrata, Reptilia, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2408
Author: Altieri, M. A.; Letourneau, D. K.
Year: 1982
Title: Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 1
Pages: 405-430
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3321
Author: Altieri, M. A.; Schmidt, L. L.
Year: 1986
Title: The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 16
Pages: 29-43
Keywords: En.
Rep., northern California USA, comparison of abandoned orchard, organic orchards and commercial orchard, all with similar natural vegetation boundaries, Malaise traps used at orchard woodland interface, D-vac samples of lower foliage in orchards and of foliage and ground in woodland, trees, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, predation pressure estimated by hanging flour moth egg cards in orchards and woodland, pitfalls in orchards edge and woodland, predation pressure on ground estimated using cards with glued potato tuberworm larvae, arthropods invaded orchards from woodland, Malaise data, more natural enemies established in organic than sprayed orchard but more pests in sprayed orchard, aphids and leafhoppers, Hemiptera, predators more abundant on trees close to woodland than in orchard centre, the reverse for herbivores, predation pressure higher at edge than middle and more in abandoned and organic with cover crop than the others, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Neuroptera, spiders, ants, ground beetles, Cantharidae, Heteroptera, both the centres and edges of sprayed orchards had fewer natural enemies than centres or edges of abandoned, disked organic or cover-cropped organic, grass clover, the greater the structural differences between orchards and adjacent habitats the more dramatic the degree of exchange of arthropods at the interface, ants concentrated more at edge than centre of orchards, the reverse being true for carabids and spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, farming practices, top fruit, trees, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pesticides, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, lacewings, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, soldier beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5736
Author: Altieri, M.A.; Schmidt, L.L.
Year: 1986
Title: Cover crops affect insect and spider populations in apple orchards
Journal: California Agriculture
Volume: Jan-Feb
Pages: 15-17
Alternate Journal: California Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, habitat diversification, farming practices, top fruit, trees, woodlands, forests, compared an orchard with bare earth below the trees with another orchard where bell bean (Vicia faba) was sown under the trees then mowed in June and its mulched remains left in situ, Leguminosae, lower tree canopy sampled by Dvac, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, pitfalls, codling moth pheromone traps, Lepidoptera, Cydia pomonella, fruit yield and quality, damage, artificial prey cards placed on ground and in trees to give an index of predation pressure, apple aphids, leafhoppers and caterpillars tended to be less numerous in the cover-cropped orchard, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, no difference between orchards in abundance of ladybirds, lacewings and soldier beetles but spiders were more numerous in trees above the cover crop, more eggs removed from cards in trees above cover crop, more ants and spiders in cover crop pitfalls, more ground beetles in bare earth pitfalls, more larvae removed from ground cards in cover crop, less codling moth in cover crop orchard, yield did not differ, larger experiments done later with six types of cover crop, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Araneae, abundance, biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2410
Author: Altieri, M. A.; Todd, J. W.
Year: 1981
Title: Some influence of vegetational diversity on insect communities
Journal: Protection Ecology
Volume: 3
Pages: 333-338
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1478
Author: Altieri, M. A.; Wilson, R. C.; Schmidt, L. L.
Year: 1985
Title: The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil- arthropod communities in three crop systems
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 201-213
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, pitfalls, Dvac, visual observations, maize, tomato, cauliflower, cereals, Gramineae, field vegetables, weedy cf weed free, undersowing with red clover, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, Formicidae, growth an yield reduced in weedy and clover, damage, more herbivores on weeds than clover, more carabids in weedy and clover


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5206
Author: Alvarado, P.; Balta, O.; Alomar, O.
Year: 1997
Title: Efficiency of four Heteroptera as predators of Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hom.: Aphididae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42(1/2)
Pages: 215-226
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, predatory bugs, aphids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Spain, Dicyphus tamaninii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus, Anthocoridae, Miridae, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, tomato, all predators developed to adult with aphids as food, D. tamaninii was the most voracious, functional responses, rearing, culturing, predation rates in the laboratory, survival, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3912
Author: Alvarez, Buylla; Slatkin, M.
Year: 1991
Title: Finding confidence limits on population growth rates
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 6
Issue: 7)
Pages: 221-224
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, statistics, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4301
Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G. K.; Goulson, D.
Year: 1997
Title: Population dynamics of epigeic Collembola in arable fields: the importance of hedgerow proximity and crop type
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Pages: 110-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, spring barley and vining peas, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, 8 fields in Hampshire in 1996, springtails, soil was removed in spring, then watered and incubated for 2 months in the lab and emerging Collembola removed, methods, Dvac samples at 2m and 50m from the edge, distribution, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, catches of all species declined in pea fields in spring due to soil disturbance, species thought to overwinter as adults are Jeannenotia stachi, Bourletiella hortensis, Lepidocyrtus spp., Isotoma viridis and Isotomurus palustris, these species would get maximum exposure to pesticide applications as there is no shelter from the crop canopy in winter, Arthropleona, Isotomidae, overwintering, Sminthurus viridis and Sminthurus elegans are thought to overwinter as eggs, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, significantly more species near edge, I. palustris, Entomobrya multifasciata, I. viridis and B. hortensis were more numerous at the field edge, abundance, biodiversity, Sminthurus, Lepidocyrtus and J. stachi were equally numerous at both locations, overall there was no clear difference in species composition between spring barley and peas, dispersal, movement, migration, E. multifasciata may have colonised fields from hedgerows because i) it does not overwinter in the field, ii) numbers increase in the field during the season and iii) colonists were found near hedgerows, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4762
Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D.
Year: 1999
Title: The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 243-248
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., some epigeal springtails can survive in arable fields through drought periods as eggs and then emerge after the stimulus of rainfall. Lab studies in UK. Pitfall traps in trays of soil used to monitor emergence fronm eggs. Capture efficiency was 55% for Lepidocyrtus, 57% for Sminthurus viridis, 63% for Isotoma viridis, and for other species it ranged from 42% to 91%. Arthropleona did not survive a 4-month simulated drought but some Symphypleona did. References that some Arthropleona species can be drought resistant, including Lepidocyrtus. There is a possibility that drought-resistant eggs could survive aerial dispersal. Population dynamics, mortality, abiotic conditions, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, species composition, methods.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5244
Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D.
Year: 2001
Title: Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic, integrated and conventional farm management regimes
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 83
Pages: 95-110
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, community structure in different regions of UK, springtails, farming practices, methods, analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling, diversity, evenness, indicator species, Entomobrya multifasciata and Isotomurus spp. tended to be more abundant in conventional fields, but Isotoma viridis and Isotoma notabilis were more abundant in organic fields, Arthropleona, there were also effects on Symphypleona Sminthurinus elegans and Sminthurus viridis, no species were indicative of different farming systems and most occurred in all fields, 24 fields sampled by Ryobi, suction sampling, vacuum insect net
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5374
Author: Amalin, D.M.; Pena, J.E.; Duncan, R.E.; Browning, H.W.; McSorley, R.
Year: 2002
Title: Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 47
Pages: 327-347
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, exotic pests, this leafminer arrived in Florida in 1993, USA, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, attacked by 8 species of indigenous parasitoids, predators seen feeding on the leafminer include lacewing larvae, ants, thrips, spiders, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, hunting spiders Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox, Trachelas volutus, Salticidae, Miridae, impact on pest populations, lime orchard, predation marks on collected mines were used to identify which predators had attacked e.g. ants slit open the mine and pull out the prey but lacewing larvae and some spiders  pierce the mine and suck out the fluid contents of the prey, feeding method, foraging behaviour, could similarly detect host-feeding by parasitoids, comparison of leafminer mortality before and after release of the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in 1995, an exotic Encyrtidae, in one year leafminer mortality was 57% (24% unknown causes, 10% lacewing and 15% spiders, and only 8% parasitoids), references to similar results in Texas, combined predation and host-feeding seem to be very important mortality factors for young leafminer stages, the assemblage of natural enemies gave best control and these endemic communities should be conserved
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5177
Author: Amalin, D.M.; Reiskind, J.; Pena, J.E.; McSorley, R.
Year: 2001
Title: Predatory behaviour of three species of sac spiders attacking citrus leafminer
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 29
Pages: 72-81
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, USA, Clubionidae, Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox and Trachelas volutus attacking Phyllocnistis citrella, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Florida, trees, orchards, top fruit, these spiders are nocturnal, diel activity cycles, caterpillars cause leave vibration which is detected by spiders, once the prey is located the spiders either puncture the mine and consume the larva in situ or make a slit in the mine and remove the larva to eat it, C. inclusum and T. volutus can complete their life cycle on a diet of only P. citrella,  methods, time-lapse video to record predatory behaviour in lab, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1714
Author: Ananthakrishnan, T. N.; Sureshkumar, N.
Year: 1985
Title: Anthocorids (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera) as efficient biocontrol agents of thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta)
Journal: Current Science, India
Volume: 54
Issue: 19)
Pages: 987-990
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, development rates, potential for control, 70 species of Orius in world, lists known prey, diet, food, Orius tristicolor eats Frankliniella occidentalis in USA, western flower thrips


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1632
Author: Anas, O.; Alli, I.; Reeleder, R. D.
Year: 1989
Title: Inhibition of germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by salivary gland secretions of Bradysia coprophila
Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
Volume: 21
Pages: 47-52
Keywords: En.
Diptera, Sciaridae, food, diet, behaviour, fungal diseases, distribution, dispersal, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1641
Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils
Journal: Phytopathology
Volume: 77
Pages: 327-331
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, fungal diseases, antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, only a few % of lettuces affected in field, soils might be suppressive, invertebrates may graze on sclerotia, food, diet, behaviour, baiting, sclerotia in nylon bags in field, methods, baits yielded various fungi and Bradysia larvae and Onychiurus sp., these observed to feed on sclerotia, Diptera, Sciaridae, Collembola, Bradysia density in soil related to pH, % organic matter and nitrate, Bradysia larvae highly voracious and gregarious in instars II to IV, I instar more dispersive, larvae do not repel one another from the sclerotia, sclerotia damaged by Bradysia had germination rate of 0-30% cf 90% controls, larvae prefer to remain in top few cm soil and feed on sclerotia there, sclerotia deeper than 4 cm do not cause damage, horticulture, salad crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1630
Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Feeding habits of larvae of Bradysia coprophila on fungi and plant tissue
Journal: Phytoprotection
Volume: 69
Pages: 73-78
Keywords: En.
Diptera, Sciaridae, behaviour, food, diet, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1631
Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Consumption of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by larvae of Bradysia coprophila: influence of soil factors and the interactions between larvae and Trichoderma viride
Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
Volume: 20
Pages: 619-624
Keywords: En.
Diptera, Sciaridae, fungal diseases, fungal antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, food, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1843
Author: Anathakrishnan, T. N.
Year: 1984
Title: Bioecology of Thrips
Journal: Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA
Pages: 233 pp
Keywords: Book, Thysanoptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 294
Author: Andersen, A.
Year: 1982
Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in swede and cauliflower fields in south-eastern Norway
Journal: Fauna norv. Ser. B
Volume: 29
Pages: 49-61
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus
Rep, pitfalls, six years, arable, community, very full list of species given, field vegetables, Norway, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in relation to pest turnip root fly Delia floralis, 74 species of carabid and 133 staphylinid, most staphylinids had peak pitfall catch in May -July, phenology, abundance, commonest were B. lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, H. rufipes, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, T. quadristriatus, and the staphylinids Amischa analis, Aloconota gregaria, Atheta fungi, T. hypmorum, T. chrysomelinus, Anotylus rugosus, breeding schedule of commonest species given, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara bifrons, Aleochara bipustulata, Philonthus ochropus, most T. hypnorum caught in June-July with tenerals in August-September


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1276
Author: Andersen, A.
Year: 1982
Title: The effect of different dosages of isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 94
Issue: 1)
Pages: 61-65
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Norway, swede fields, field vegetables, brassicas, pitfalls, increase in dosage gave logarithmic decrease in catch of predators, species listed, Scandinavia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2513
Author: Andersen, A.
Year: 1985
Title: Agonum dorsale (Col. Carabidae) an expanding species in Norway
Journal: Fauna Norvegica
Volume: 32
Issue: 2)
Pages: 52-57
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4821
Author: Andersen, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Predation by selected carabid and staphylinid species on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in laboratory and semifield experiments
Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume: 6(3)
Pages: 265-273
Alternate Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Norway, consumption rates of live aphids in petri dishes in the lab, 5 beetles per small field cage offered dead aphids on leaves, 15 Carabidae and 9 Staphylinidae species tested and all ate both living and dead aphids, Philonthus species were the most voracious, high night temperatures were associated with high consumption rates in the field, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera. Amara apricaria was the most voracious carabid. Genera tested included Calathus, Agonum, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Bembidion, Trechus, Loricera, Clivina, Tachyporus, Aloconota and Anotylus
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5752
Author: Andersen, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Densities of overwintering carabids and staphylinids (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in cereal and grass fields and their boundaries
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 121
Pages: 77-80
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Norway, Gramineae, spring cereals, most species were more abundant in edges than in field centres, distribution, abundance, Clivina fossor and Lathrobium spp. were more evenly distributed, clay soil, methods, surface searching within small enclosures followed by extraction in Tullgren funnel and regular collection from a pitfall trap placed within the enclosure, densities given for 7 ground beetle and 6 rove beetle taxa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, the grass area was of little value as a reservoir for cereal predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4745
Author: Andersen, A.; Eltun, R.
Year: 2000
Title: Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 124
Pages: 51-56
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, organic farming, farming practices, pitfall traps, Norway, 8 year study, 2000 carabids of 28 species and 1200 staphylinids of 43 species caught. Meadows, grassland, barley, winter wheat, potatoes, oats, spring wheat, cereals, Gramineae. Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Bembidion, Pterostichus and the parasitoid Aleochara bipustulata increased in the conversion to organic, but Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus and Trechus quadristriatus decreased in activity density. Increases might be due to weed seed availability and decreases might be due to competition with the increased numbers of large carabids.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 295
Author: Andersen, A.; Hansen, A. G.; Rydland, N.; Oyre, G.
Year: 1983
Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) as predators of eggs of the turnip root fly (Delia floralis Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in cage experiments
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 95
Pages: 499-506
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Anotylus, Aleochara, Atheta, Drusilla, Tachinus,
Rep, laboratory, feeding rates, pests, beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, field vegetables, Norway, pests, Coleoptera, biological control, rove beetles, ground beetles, pest and beetles put in field cages, B. lampros ate 1.4 eggs per day, other egg feeders were Aleochara bilineata, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Harpalus affinis, Amara bifrons, Calathus melanocephalus, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara apricaria, Clivina fossor, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Aloconota gregaria, Amara fulva, Amara montivaga, Amara plebeja, Aleochara bipustulata, Anotylus rugosus, Atheta fungi, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachinus corticinus, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus ochropus, taking account of consumption rates and activity/density in field expect main predators in May June to be B. lampros, B. quadrimaculatum and P. ochropus, predatory value of staphylinids as great as carabids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1298
Author: Andersen, A.; Sharman, J. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Effect of chlorfenvinphos and isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) and their predation of eggs of Delia floralis Fallen (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in field experiments
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 95
Pages: 206-213
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Norway, Scandinavia, swedes, brassicas, field vegetables, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation on eggs reduced by 40% where isofenphos used to kill predators, this correlated with reduced catch of carabids, pitfalls, chlorfenvinphos no effect on predator abundance or predation rate on turnip root fly, pest worse where pesticides not used, fields treated with granules, eggs put out in trays, methods, 24% eggs eaten in isofenphos, 41% in control, 50% fewer carabids and 12% staphylinids in treated, no effect of doubling dose


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 78
Author: Andersen, J.
Year: 1966
Title: The larval stages of the genus Bembidion Latr. (Col., Carabidae). I The larvae of the subgenus Chrysobracteon Net. and B. dentellum Thunb
Journal: Norsk. ent. Tidsskr.
Volume: 13
Pages: 440-453
Keywords: En.
Rep, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2412
Author: Andersen, J.; Skorping, A.
Year: 1990
Title: Sympatric speciation by habitat specialization and parasitism in carabid beetles
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 21-29
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5041
Author: Anderson, A.C.; Yeargan, K.V.
Year: 1998
Title: Influence of soybean canopy closure on predator abundances and predation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs.
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(6)
Pages: 1488-1495
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Leguminosae, pests, caterpillars, oophagy, corn earworm, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, H. zea is one of the most important pests in north and south America causing over $1billion damage plus $250million insecticide applications, pesticides, agricultural statistics, beating, methods, sentinel eggs were placed out on plants and examined 24 h later, results given for effect of canopy closure on predator abundance, predators were not greatly affected by canopy closure, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, Nabis roseipennis, Nabis americoferus, Geocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris uliginosus, Anthocoridae, Orius insidiosus, spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, predators consumed about 70% of placed out eggs 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4087
Author: Anderson, D. J.; Kikkawa, J.
Year: 1986
Title: Development of concepts
Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 3-16
Keywords: En.
community as "an assemblage of different species which interact with one another", whereas an ecosystem is a functional system formed by communities and their environments, Elton concepts of food-chain, food cycle, niches, pyramid of numbers, energetics, patches, resource exploitation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2143
Author: Anderson, J. F.
Year: 1970
Title: Metabolic rates of spiders
Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
Volume: 33
Pages: 51-72
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, low metabolic rate may be an adaptation to fluctuating food supply, nutrition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2101
Author: Anderson, J. F.
Year: 1974
Title: Responses to starvation in the spiders Lycosa lenta Hentz and Filistata hibernalis (Hentz)
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 55
Pages: 576-585
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, behaviour, physiology, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, cribellate web-builders, adult survival under starvation 208 days for Lycosa and 276 for Filistata, metabolic rates reduced 40%, activity, weights show spiders near starvation in field, weights double after ingestion, Filistata can moult to smaller adult during starvation, hunger


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2841
Author: Anderson, J. F.
Year: 1990
Title: The size of spider eggs and estimates of their energy content
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 18
Pages: 73-78
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 24 species, 11 families, including Theridiidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, not Linyphiidae, egg mass can be estimated from the diameter of an egg, methods, USA, egg size seems to be species specific, references to fecundity related to food supply, egg diameter measured to 0.01 mm using dissecting microscope and micrometer eyepiece on minimum of 10 eggs per sac, diameters used were the average of the longest and the shortest for an egg, difference between longest and shortest averaged 7%, very good correlation between egg mass and egg diameter, Wises data for Linyphia marginata fits the line, egg size varied much less within a species than between species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1804
Author: Anderson, J. M.
Year: 1970
Title: The feeding relationships of some woodland soil and litter organisms
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
trees, forests, Collembola, Acari, mites, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 81
Author: Anderson, J. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Food and feeding of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 9
Pages: 177-184
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1858
Author: Anderson, N. H.
Year: 1961
Title: Studies on overwintering of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 98
Pages: 1-3
Keywords: En.
UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1857
Author: Anderson, N. H.
Year: 1962
Title: Bionomics of six species of Anthocoris (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) in England
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 114
Pages: 67-95
Keywords: En.
UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1859
Author: Anderson, N. H.
Year: 1962
Title: Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 5
Pages: 40-52
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rearing, culturing, biological control, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris confusus, Anthocoris nemoralis, Anthocoris minki, Anthocoris sarothamni, on Aphis fabae, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Psylla mali, in small lab rearing cages, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, USA, growth rates, duration of larval life at 23C, references to diet in field, also ate eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Rhopalosiphum insertum, Acari, fruit tree red spider mite, orchards, P.mali was a good food for all species but otherwise optimal food varied between species, food quality, A.confusus was the only species reared through successive generations, some foods were found to initiate reproductive diapause, population dynamics, physiology, there were differences in fecundity related to diet, reproduction, quantity and quality of food ingested affected performance, there was preference or discrimination, some species find Aphis fabae distasteful, the suitable prey for larval development is not necessarily suitable for ovarial maturation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1489
Author: Andow, D.
Year: 1983
Title: The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 9
Pages: 25-35
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, arable, increase in monoculture increased most pests in cotton, most cotton pests are monophagous, most cereal pests are oligophagous or polyphagous


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 791
Author: Andow, D. A.; Risch, S. J.
Year: 1985
Title: Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla maculata and its food
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 22
Pages: 357-372
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, beetles, polyphagous predator, cereals, corn, maize, Gramineae, ladybirds more abundant in corn monocultures than polycultures, predation on corn borer egg masses greater in monocultures, Sesamia, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, moth, in laboratory Hippodamia convergens, Nabis americoferus, Podisus maculiventris and Lygus lineolaris did not eat borer eggs, predation, foraging, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1927
Author: Andren, O.; Schnurer, J.
Year: 1985
Title: Barley straw decomposition with varied levels of microbial grazing by Folsomia fimetaria (L.) (Collembola, Isotomidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 68
Pages: 57-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lab, Folsomia ate some fungal hyphae growing on decomposing barley straw but its main food appeared to be bacteria and Protozoa, in one experiment Collembola consumed 20-50% of microbial production, Ulber found the pathogenic fungus Pythium was significantly reduced by this species grazing on sugar beet roots, arable, disease, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, behabiour, feeding preference, microbes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1667
Author: Andrzejewska, L.
Year: 1971
Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VI. Production and population density of leafhopper (Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha) communities
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 19
Pages: 151-172
Keywords: Hemiptera, grassland, Gramineae, pests, Poland, mortality of leafhoppers due to ants and spiders, Formicidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1610
Author: Andrzejewska, L.; Breymeyer, A.; Olechowicz, E.
Year: 1971
Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. X. The role of ants as predators in a habitat
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 19
Pages: 213-222
Keywords: grassland, Poland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica rudinodis carry moulting leafhoppers back to nest, Hemiptera, predation, behaviour, dispersal, density of Myrmica laevinodis 225-300 per sq m, food leafhoppers, Diptera, small spiders, diet, Araneae, predators of predators, leafhoppers reduced by ants in June and July at 15-23 per sq m per hour, predation rates, leafhopper production 1320 per sq m, 56% of Auchennorrhyncha preyed on by ants in 1968


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 293
Author: Angus, R. B.
Year: 1973
Title: The habitats, life histories and immature stages of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 125
Pages: 1-26
Keywords: En.
Larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3479
Author: Anholt, B. R.
Year: 1994
Title: Cannibalism and early instar survival in a larval damselfy
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 99
Pages: 60-65
Keywords: En.
Rep., Enallagma boreale, Ephemeroptera, predators, natural enemies, aquatic, survival in absence of potential cannibals was 5-50% but only 0-3% in presence of cannibals, mean size of small larvae greater in presence of cannibals, this paper refers to cannibalism by middle instar larvae on hatchlings, population dynamics, size specific predation, references to cohort-splitting resulting from predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 963
Author: Ankersmit, G. W.; Acreman, T. M.; Dijkman, H.
Year: 1981
Title: Parasitism of colour forms in Sitobion avenae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 29
Pages: 362-363
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1484
Author: Anon
Year: 1976
Title: The effects of pests and pesticides on grassland production
Journal: MAFF Regional Agricultural Science Service Annual Report
Keywords: En.
UK, Gramineae, yield


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 962
Author: Anon
Year: 1977
Title: Possibilities of biological control of aphids of graminaceous crops
Journal: Status Paper, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1746
Author: Anon
Year: 1978
Title: Biological control of citrus thrips, Scirthothrips aurantii: what are the prospects ?
Journal: Fruit Wld. Mark. Grow.
Volume: 79
Pages: 4
Keywords: En.
Thysanoptera, top fruit, trees, orchards, pests, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1481
Author: Anon
Year: 1982
Title: Use of fungicides and insecticides on cereals 1982
Journal: MAFF Booklet
Volume: 2257
Keywords: En.
UK, pesticides, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae on winter wheat, apply aphicide at start of flowering, if 5 or more aphids per ear and weather warm and settled, crop growth stage, damage threshold, yield, no advice for spring barley, Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat or spring barley apply aphicide at more than 30 aphids per flag at flowering up to milky ripe, pirimicarb and phosalone less toxic to bees, Hymenoptera, carbamates, Delia coarctata, Diptera, wheat bulb fly, Opomyza florum, yellow fly, wireworms, Elateridae, Coleoptera, leather jackets, Tipulidae, Oscinella frit, Rhopalosiphum padi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2035
Author: Anon
Year: 1983
Title: Distribution maps of pests. Delia radicum (L.)
Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology
Volume: Map No. 83
Issue: revised)
Keywords: En.
pests, UK, Diptera, field vegetables, root fly


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1492
Author: Anon
Year: 1984
Title: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, Manila, Philippines, IRRI
Pages: 180 pp
Keywords: En.
increased use of insecticides on rice in last 20 years not balanced by improvements in pest control, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, pest resurgence, multiple insecticide resistance, destruction of natural enemies, reduced fish as local protein source, Pisces, vertebrates, more human poisoning, better to have resistant varieties, cultural and biological control, plant resistance, agricultural statistics, pesticide application methods, knapsack sprayers, hazards, Bangladesh, Korea, Japan, aerial applications


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1491
Author: Anon
Year: 1985
Title: Skipping the aphid sprays
Journal: The Grower
Volume: 103
Issue: 11)
Pages: 41-44
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, in 6/8 years sprays not used on a hop farm and hops not damaged, plentiful predators mainly Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids controlled till mid-July with cytrolane drench, mephosfolan, surviving aphids attract predators, if too few predators arrive thiodan is applied which harms predators less than a foliar spray, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1678
Author: Anon
Year: 1985
Title: Pea Moth
Journal: MAFF Advisory Leaflet, HMSO, London
Volume: 334
Pages: 6 pp
Keywords: En.
UK, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Cydia nigricana, Tortricidae, Leguminosae, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi do not provide adequate control, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1699
Author: Anon
Year: 1985
Title: Fall Armyworm Symposium, Hollywood, Florida, USA
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 69
Issue: 3)
Keywords: En.
Spodoptera frugiperda on maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3144
Author: Anon
Year: 1986
Title: Monitoring landscape change. Main Report
Journal: Huntings Surveys and Consultants Ltd, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission, London
Volume: 1
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4004
Author: Anon
Year: 1995
Title: Bibliography of arachnological articles on the arachnofauna of the Carpathian Basin by Hungarian zoologists
Journal: Folia Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 56
Pages: 241-255
Keywords: Hun., En. summ.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 275 papers from 22 first authors 1860-1995, mostly faunistic ecological studies, Hungary, community, includes Ferenc Samu


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4365
Author: Anon
Year: 1998
Title: Foresight
Journal: Office of Science & Technology, HMSO area harvested and yield, cf Europe and world, cereals, brassicas and other crops, Gramineae
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1031
Author: Aoki, S.
Year: 1978
Title: Two pemphigids with first instar larvae attacking predatory intruders (Homoptera, Aphidoidea)
Journal: New Ent. UEDA
Volume: 27
Pages: 67-72
Keywords: aphids, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, some aphids can defend themselves, defence behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5785
Author: Arancon, N.Q.; Edwards, C.A.; Lee, S.S.
Year: 2002
Title: Management of plant parasitic nematode populations by use of vermicomposts
Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 705-710
Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, commercial vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food and recycled paper, used in field on tomato, pepper, strawberry and grape, soft fruit, field vegetables, horticulture, populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were significantly reduced (and fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes increased) in vermicompost treatments compared to controls, Nematoda, pests, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4384
Author: Araya, J. E.; Haws, B. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Arthropod populations associated with a grassland infested by black grass bugs, Labops hesperius and Irbisia brachycera (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Utah, USA
Journal: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin
Volume: 39
Pages: 75-81
Keywords: En.
Rep., crops of wheatgrasses, Agropyron spp., for livestock, sweep netting, Nabis alternatus and Nabis vanduzeei attacked other nabid nymphs, adult nabids attacked L. hesperius, spiders were mainly Xysticus, Misumenops, Tibellus, Tetragnatha, Castianeira and Metepeira, spiders preyed on L. hesperius, leafhoppers and nabids, Xysticus was cannibalistic, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Araneae, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4570
Author: Arbogast, R.T.
Year: 1983
Title: Natural enemies as control agents for stored-product insects
Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS
Pages: 360-374
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS
Keywords: Rep., TP, Xylocoris flavipes, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, flour beetle, grain beetle, Coleoptera, almond moth, Lepidoptera, Acari, parasitoids, Bracon, Plodia, pathogens, Protozoa, Gregarina, Nosema, Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, viruses
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3281
Author: Archer, T. C.; Musick, G. H.
Year: 1976
Title: Responses of black cutworm larvae to light at several intensities
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 69
Pages: 476-478
Keywords: En.
Rep., late instars are subterranean by day and emerge to cut foliage at night, they pull it into their burrow to feed on it during the day, earlier instars feed on foliage on the plant, Agrotis ipsilon, USA, lab experiments, starved larvae were less photonegative than fed ones, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, arable, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, damage, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5217
Author: Arijs, Y.; De Clercq, P.
Year: 2001
Title: Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 79-83
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, culturing, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, compared with performance on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, development period was shorter but adult weights were similar as were fecundity and oviposition rate, 125 eggs per female and 3.5 eggs per female per day,  biomass, life history parameters, reproduction, survival, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3610
Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1994
Title: Undersowing brassicas with clover to increase the activity of carabid beetles
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 1175-1180
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, arable, field vegetables, pitfalls, more carabids caught when swedes were undersown with clover, Leguminosae, and more caught in naturally weedy plots of organic cabbage than in those undersown with clover, habitat diversification, farming practices, cabbage root fly damage was not reduced by undersowing in swedes or cabbage, yield, Diptera, pests, Delia, Erioischia brassicae, yield of cabbage was less in undersown plots, plot size 20 x 20 m


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4565
Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G.
Year: 1997
Title: The effect of undersowing cabbages with clover on the activity of carabid beetles
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 15(1-4)
Pages: 269-277
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, brassicas, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, habitat diversification, ground beetles, Leguminosae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4567
Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G.
Year: 1997
Title: Vegetation management in organic cabbages and pitfall catches of carabid beetles
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 64(3)
Pages: 267-276
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, brassicas, biological control, UK, intercropping, habitat diversification, clover, Leguminosae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4817
Author: Armstrong, G.; Mfugale, O.B.J.; Chapman, P.A.
Year: 1998
Title: Intercropping for pest control: the role of predators
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Volume: 2
Pages: 607-612
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Keywords: Rep., cabbages, brassicas, farming practices, cabbages intercropped with clover were compared with cabbage monocultures and predator exclusion plots were created in both, methods, barriers around individual cabbage plants which excluded ground predators but not root fly, predation reduced the numbers of cabbage root fly eggs in intercropped and monocropped, impact on pest populations, intercropped plots acted as refuges for some nocturnal Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, oophagy, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, habitat diversification. Some carabids make short-term nocturnal forays from dense vegetation into open crops, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel cycles, nocturnalism, foraging behaviour, habitat choice, habitat selection. Alternate rows of cabbage and clover. Scotland. Artificial food, baits, Drosophila pupae on card were used to monitor predation inside and outside the exclusion areas. Pitfalls, plant damage assessed, natural infestations of root fly eggs monitored by soil washing. Significantly more cabbages were killed by root fly where predators were excluded. 15 species of carabid caught in pitfalls. Other root fly predators might have been involved in the measured effect, but these were not identified.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1689
Author: Arn, H.; Esbjerg, P.; Bues, R.; Toth, M.; Scocs, G.; Guerin, P.; Rauscher, S.
Year: 1983
Title: Field attraction of Agrotis segetum males in four European countries to mixtures containing three homologous acetates
Journal: J. Chem. Ecol.
Volume: 9
Pages: 267-276
Keywords: En.
monitoring adult cutworms on carrot with synthetic pheromones, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, behaviour, dispersal, distribution, movement, semiochemicals, Umbelliferae, field vegetables


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5672
Author: Arneberg, P.; Andersen, J.
Year: 2003
Title: The energetic equivalence rule rejected because of a potentially common sampling error: evidence from carabid beetles
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 101
Pages: 367-375
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, comparison of pitfall trapping and quadrat sampling, methods, data from 47 communities, pitfalls tended to be biased towards larger species and overestimated slopes of size-abundance relationships, used published and unpublished data from river banks, forests and open dry habitats, woodland, trees, community, biomass
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4067
Author: Arnold, A. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Insect suction sampling without nets, bags or filters
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 13
Issue: 1)
Pages: 73-76
Keywords: En.
methods, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2900
Author: Arnold, A. J.; Needham, P. H.; Stevenson, J. H.
Year: 1973
Title: A self-powered portable insect suction sampler and its use to assess the effects of azinphos methyl and endosulfan on blossom beetle populations on oilseed rape
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 75
Pages: 229-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, UK, methods, pests, Coleoptera, pesticides, insecticides, petrol powered, rucksack frame, nozzle diameter60 mm velocity 83 m per sec, sampled from rape using 150 mm diameter funnel at the end of the hose


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4444
Author: Arora, P. K.; Monga, K.
Year: 1993
Title: Predacious spiders of pigeonpea pests and their extent of feeding
Journal: Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology
Volume: 13
Pages: 81-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Araneae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, 2 Lycosidae and a Cheiracanthium in India fed on thrips and jassids but not Helicoverpa armigera in the lab, lists spider species and pests found in pigeonpea crops, species composition, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Clubionidae, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Jassidae, Lepidoptera, prey selection, prey preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4520
Author: Arpaia, S. ; Gould, F.  ; Kennedy, G.
Year: 1997
Title: Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 82(1)
Pages: 91-100
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Colorado beetle, potato, Chrysomelidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 960
Author: Arthur, D. R.
Year: 1945
Title: The development of artificially introduced infestations of Aphidius granarius under field conditions
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 36
Pages: 291-295
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, methods, introductions into field, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 961
Author: Arthur, D. R.
Year: 1945
Title: A note on two braconids in their control of corn aphids
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 81
Pages: 43-45
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Braconidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5149
Author: Arthurs, S.; Thomas, M.B.
Year: 2001
Title: Behavioural changes in Schistocerca gregaria following infection with a fungal pathogen: implications for susceptibility to predation
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 227-234
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Orthoptera, desert locusts were infected with Metarhizium anisopliae in the lab and the behaviour of infected and uninfected individuals was compared, infection caused more movement and reduced ability to escape from a simulated attack by a predator (a rubber spider), pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Araneae, anti-predator defences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1485
Author: Asai, T.; Miyata, T.; Saito, T.
Year: 1974
Title: Toxicity of five systemic insecticides to Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hom: Aphididae) and its predator Coccinella septempunctata bruckii Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 9
Issue: 2)
Pages: 95-97
Keywords: pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7- punctata, ladybirds, natural enemies, phorate, dimethoate, organophosphorus pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3188
Author: Ascoli, M.
Year: 1902
Title: Uber den Mechanismus der Albumeneree durch Eierweiss
Journal: Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift
Volume: 49
Pages: 398-401
Keywords: Ger.
serology, methods, originator of the ring test, historical


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1036
Author: Asgari, A.
Year: 1966
Title: Untersuchungen uber die in Raum Stuttgart-Hohenheim als wichtigste Pradatoren der grunen Apfelblattlaus (Aphidula pomi de G.) auftretenden Arthropoden
Journal: Z. angew. Zool.
Volume: 53
Pages: 35-93
Keywords: Ger.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, apple orchards, trees, Lab, development rates, feeding rates, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, earwigs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3187
Author: Ashby, J. W.
Year: 1974
Title: A study of arthropod predation of Pieris rapae L. using serological and exclusion techniques
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 11
Pages: 419-425
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Lepidoptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Lepthyphantes tenuis was negative in precipitin test, serology, spiders, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, New Zealand


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5623
Author: Ashby, J.W.; Pottinger, R.P.
Year: 1974
Title: Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume: 17
Pages: 229-239
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, life tables, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, harvestmen, Opiliones, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Phalangium opilio, P. rapae (Artogeia rapae) introduced to NZ in 1930, invasions, brassicas, cabbage, invertebrate predators were excluded from random cabbage plants with a cloth cage, predator exclusion methods, preciptin testing of syrphid larvae, serological methods, wire-netting cages to exclude birds, parasitism assessed by host dissection, parasitoids, Apanteles glomeratus, pupae parasitised by Pteromalus puparum are brown compared with healthy green pupae, population dynamics, predation by ground predators about 23%, P. oplio was most important ground predator, larvae of syrphids Melanostoma fasciatum and Syrphus novae-zealandiae were the only plant-dwelling predators found and they accounted for 33% of early instar larvae, granulosis viris, GV, disease, pathogens, birds ate late-instar larvae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 611
Author: Ashikbaev, N. Z.
Year: 1973
Title: The life forms of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting wheat fields in the Kustanay region
Journal: Entomological Review.
Volume: 52
Pages: 335-341
Keywords: En.
Meioneta rurestris
Rep., review, predators, cereals, USSR, Russia, Soviet Union, prey, food, diet, pests, webs, structure, prey capture, behaviour, movement, stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2516
Author: Ashmole, N. P.; Nelson, J. M.; Shaw, M. R.; Garside, A.
Year: 1983
Title: Insects and spiders on snowfields in the Cairngorms, Scotland
Journal: 17
Volume: 599-613
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1905
Author: Ashraf, M.
Year: 1969
Title: Studies on the biology of Collembola
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 6
Pages: 337-347
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pakistan, lab, moulting continues even after sexual maturity, eggs laid in soil crevices, oviposition varies with soil type, prefer slightly acidic soil, pH, references to Collembola as predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1772
Author: Ashraf, M.
Year: 1971
Title: Influence of environmental factors on Collembola
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 8
Pages: 243-252
Keywords: weather, abiotics, climate, microclimate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4186
Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X.
Year: 1996
Title: Studies on the ecology and control of maize aphids in Catalonia
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 77-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Spain, Hemiptera, Aphididae, corn, BYDV and MDMV, peak temperatures have a negative effect on S.avenae, pitfalls and direct in situ visual observations for predators, Anthocoridae especially Orius were the most abundant predators on plants, followed by spiders, in pitfalls spiders, Carabidae and Dermaptera predominated, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, earwigs, predator species not given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4958
Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X.
Year: 1998
Title: Aphid predators in maize fields
Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Volume: 21(8)
Pages: 163-170
Alternate Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Spain, in situ visual counts, pitfalls, list of 26 dominant species of predator, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Labidura riparia, Anthocoridae, Orius, Miridae, Lygaeidae, Nabidae, Nabis provencalis, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysoperla carnea, lacewings, Carabidae, 8 species of ground beetles including Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, Poecilus cupreus (=Pterostichus cupreus), Harpalus rufipes, Stahylinidae, rove beetles, Tachyporus, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Rhagonycha, Coccinellidae, 4 species of ladybirds including Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Syrphidae, 3 species of hoverflies including Episyrphus balteatus, community, D. atricapillus was found on maize plants, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, predators were confined with Rhopalosiphum padi in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2304
Author: Askenmo, C.; Bromssen, A. V.; Ekman, J.; Jansson, C.
Year: 1977
Title: Impact of some wintering birds on spider abundance in spruce
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 28
Pages: 90-94
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predator, foraging, overwintering, survival, trees, forest, conifers, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4096
Author: Askew, R. R.; Shaw, M. R.
Year: 1986
Title: Parasitoid communities: their size, structure and development
Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London
Pages: 225-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, community is a "group of species with high degree of spatial and temporal concordance and in which member species mutually interact", the degree of polyphagy is underestimated, it is easier to investigate all the parasitoids of a given host but difficult to discover all the hosts of a given parasitoid, there are 41 species of parasitoid associated with hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, pests, species richness, interspecific competition is thought to be a potent source structuring parasitoid communities, coexistence of many parasitoids attacking the same host may be achieved by counter-balanced competition, r- selected species tend to be poor competitors, the number of parasitoid species per complex tends to increase with plant succession, r-selected (high fecundity and dispersal) parasitoids of larvae predominate in early successions, they tend to be displaced by K-selected pupal parasitoids in later successions, Askew & Shaw coin the terms idiobiont and koinobiont after Haeselbarth 1979's idiophytes and koinophytes, larval hosts of koinobionts are often not killed until they have prepared cryptic pupation retreats, idiobionts tend to have wider host ranges than koinobionts, probably because koinobionts need to interact with the living host, idiobionts are more opportunistic and more able to accommodate themselves to hosts that are only irregularly encountered, the parasitoid complex of a given host is fairly constant over much of the host's range, temperate cf tropical, effect of host plant, secondary plant metabolites, allelochemicals, trees are predictable resources that are extensive in space and time, ie they have a high apparency, and have an associated parasitoid species richness that is often greater than that for herbs and grasses, woodland, forest, Gramineae, there is also usually a greater proportion of koinobionts on trees than on annuals, parasitoid species richness is related to discoverability of hosts in a habitat, degree of host mobility, and host longevity, case studies of larval sawflies and leaf-mining Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3527
Author: Asselin, A.; Baudry, J.
Year: 1989
Title: Les araneids dans un espace agricole en mutation
Journal: Acta Oecologica Oecologia Applicata
Volume: 10
Issue: 2)
Pages: 143-156
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, grassland, pasture, Gramineae, cereals, scrub, methods, visual search on fixed areas in 19 sites, monthly, February to July, vegetation structure was the main factor affecting spatial distribution, species composition changed noticeably over 6 months in ploughed land and abandoned grassland, France, Normandy, 2 m2 quadrat searches for 40 mins, density, abundance, includes many of the common arable Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae etc, grouping by multivariate analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3484
Author: Asteraki, E.
Year: 1994
Title: The carabid fauna of sown conservation margins around arable fields
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 229-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls, multivariate statistics, methods, farming practices, DECORANA, Pterostichus melanarius was 84% of catch, 37 other species caught, main influences on beetle diversity were age of margin and unsown botanical diversity, distribution, habitat choice, predator enhancement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4857
Author: Asteraki, E.J.
Year: 1993
Title: The potential of carabid beetles to control slugs in grass/clover swards
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Pages: 193-198
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, Gramineae, sward boxes in an unheated greenhouse, Deroceras reticulatum added, carabids added to some boxes and molluscicide to others, pesticides, methiocarb, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus madidus, carabid densities were 4 to 8 m-2, significantly more seedlings where carabids added and no slugs survived compared with controls where 80% of slugs remained, damage, yield, 4 carabids m-2 were as effective as 8 m-2 for Abax but 8 were better than 4 for Pterostichus 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3322
Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1992
Title: The impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly-sown grass
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 120
Issue: 1)
Pages: 25-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., 12 pastures SE England UK, grassland, Gramineae, part of cereal rotation, untreated, fonofos seed treated, chlorpyrifos spray in September, pesticides, organophosphorus, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, pitfalls, measurements of Nebria brevicollis adult size because pesticide effect on larvae affects size of adults, methods, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eggs by dissection of N.brevicollis females, fewer total carabid adults and larvae in chlorpyrifos fields, significant reduction for N.brevicollis adults, N.brevicollis larvae reduced but recovered next season, Trechus quadristriatus reduced with recovery time of 1 year, Notiophilus biguttatus significantly reduced in chlorpyrifos and fonofos fields, Loricera pilicornis adults reduced at least 12 months post spray even though not active at time of spraying, Bembidion lampros reduced by chlorpyrifos and more so in following season, N.brevicollis size and fecundity not obviously affected, chlorpyrifos is applied to the soil at emergence and persists for a number of days, T.quadristriatus is an active flier, chlorpyrifos and fonofos kill Collembola but no long-term effect and no data given, pesticides, long-term side-effects, field scale, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3601
Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1992
Title: The impact of the chemical removal of the hedge-base flora on the community structure of carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) of the field and hedge bottom
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 113
Pages: 398-406
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, UK, farming practices, pitfalls, hawthorn hedge adjacent to semi- permanent pasture, grassland, Gramineae, compared glyphosate killing all flora with herbicide against broad leaved weeds against control, pitfall transects from edge to 40 m into field, multivariate statistics, DECORANA, data transformed to percentages of total to reduce problem of activity noise for pitfalls operating in different habitats, methods, dominant carabids were Calathus fuscipes, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, 22 species of carabids and 31 species of spider, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, dominant spiders were Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone spp., Lepthyphantes tenuis, Milleriana inerrans and Oedothorax spp., hedge contained woodland carabids as well as field species, trees, forest, in herbicide plots the soil was devoid of plant cover and became dry and hard in a hot summer, microclimate preference, soil moisture, humidity, both treatments affected the carabid communities and also spiders to a lesser extent, habitat manipulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5712
Author: Asteraki, E.J.; Hanks, C.B.; Clements, R.O.
Year: 1995
Title: The influence of different types of grassland field margin on carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 54
Pages: 195-202
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Gramineae, UK, community, landscape, methods, pitfalls, 63 species when a hedge was presence compared to 48 species when only a fence was present, hedgerows contain some relict woodland species which do not disperse into fields, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, trees, forests, multivariate statistics, hedges, margins with post and wire fences, soil wetness, moisture, plant species richness, species composition, species list of 38 species, vegetation height, age of pasture, 20 species were present only in fields surrounded by a hedge, Harpalus affinis was lacking from margins with a hedge and Pterostichus melanarius was more numerous in hedgeless habitats, Harpalus aeneus, species composition in margins was similar to that in fields, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1976
Author: Athias-Binche, F.
Year: 1985
Title: Demographic analysis of uropodid mite populations (Arachnida: Anactinotrichida) in the Massane beechwood forest, France
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 28
Pages: 225-253
Keywords: Fr. En. summ.
Rep., Acari, deciduous trees, cf with Sutton et al Zool Soc paper, population dynamics, life history strategies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3093
Author: Atkinson, I. A. E.; Cameron, E. K.
Year: 1993
Title: Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand
Journal: Tree
Volume: 8
Issue: 12)
Pages: 447-451
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, introductions, distribution, dispersal, biogeography


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1487
Author: Attia, F. I.
Year: 1977
Title: Insecticide resistance in Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in New South Wales, Australia
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 16
Pages: 149-152
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, caterpillars, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1486
Author: Attia, F. I. Shipp E.; Shanahan, G. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Selection response of a resistant strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to malathion
Journal: Gen. Appl. Ent.
Volume: 11
Pages: 46-48
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, insecticide resistance, pests, caterpillars, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1011
Author: Austin, A. D.
Year: 1985
Title: The function of spider eggsacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Austalian fauna
Journal: Journal of Natural History
Volume: 19
Pages: 359-376
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Australia, natural enemies, biological control, Baeus (Scelionidae) is small wingless parasitoid that burrows through eggsac wall, lists which genera mostly attack individual eggs and which eat many eggs in the sac, eggsac parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Gelis (Ichneumonidae) oviposits right through eggsac wall, it is mostly northern temperate, behaviour, Diptera (5 families, mainly Chloropidae) probably oviposit on surface and larvae burrow in, some Mantispidae (Neuroptera) larvae kill adult spiders before eating eggs, predation, Salticidae and some other spiders occasionally eat eggs, ants attack eggs if unprotected by adult or sac damaged, Acroceridae (Diptera) and Tachina false records for spider egg predation, classifies structure of eggsacs iincluding silk wall thickness, some Scelionidae only parasitize 35% eggs because ovipositors too short to reach eggs in centre of mass, Formicidae, Lepidoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1032
Author: Aveling, C.
Year: 1977
Title: The biology of anthocorids (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and their role in the integrated control of the damson- hop aphid (Phorodon humuli (Schrank))
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, hops, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1033
Author: Aveling, C.
Year: 1981
Title: The role of Anthocoris species (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in the integrated control of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 97
Pages: 143-153
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, hops, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1490
Author: Aveling, C.
Year: 1981
Title: Action of mephosfolan on anthocorid predators of Phorodon humuli
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 97
Pages: 155-164
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, hops, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2303
Author: Avery, M. I.; Krebs, J. R.
Year: 1984
Title: Temperature and foraging success of Great Tits Parus major hunting for spiders
Journal: Ibis
Volume: 126
Pages: 33-38
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3844
Author: Axelsen, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Host-parasitoid interactions in an agricultural ecosystem: a computer simulation
Journal: Ecological Modelling
Volume: 73
Issue: 3-4)
Pages: 189-203
Keywords: En.
Rep., models, Denmark rape fields, brassicas, arable, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Platygaster oebalus attacking Dasineura brassicae, model driven by temperature, life cycle of D.brassica the pod gall midge, P.oebalus is an egg-larval parasitoid, some overwinter in host larval skin, others emerge before winter, model where parasitoid searches randomly and pods are randomly infested with host eggs, parasitoid inactive at 10C, assumed the parasitoid to have large egg potential ie not to be egg limited, temperature related development rates of parasitoid stages not known, mortality rates of moribund hosts not known, looked at outcome of changing exploitation rate, sex ratio, and area searched per unit time, 10 years or 30 generations simulated, interaction can be stable under some conditions, parasitism can be affected by pod weevil Ceutorrhynchus assimilis providing entry to the pods to ovipositing midges, ie if weevil numbers low midges and parasitoids likely to be low too, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, very little parasitism of first generation of host which is therefore a refuge, but insecticides can remove this refuge and then the host- parasitoid relationship can be destabilised, pesticides, parasitoid aggregation to host was not a poweful influence on effectiveness of the parasitoid, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, the less efficient the parasitoid the higher the equilibrium density of parasitoid and host, and evolution may tend to optimise population size thus reducing biocontrol effectiveness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5530
Author: Axelsen, J.A.; Kristensen, K.T.
Year: 2000
Title: Collembola and mites in plots fertilised with different types of green manure
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 44(5)
Pages: 556-566
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., Acari, Denmark, farming practices, catch crops of winter rye, fodder radish, hairy vetch, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, organic crops, catch crops were rotovated into the soil in March, soil samples, methods, high gradient extractor, abundance, highest densities of Collembola in fodder radish, Tullbergia sp., Isotoma notabilis, Folsomia fimetaria, microarthropods were more abundant in green manured plots than controls, density of Collembola up to 118,000 per m2 (12 cm-2) and mites 89,000 m-2, 26 species of Collembola (species list in Table), references to fungus food of Collembola, food, diet, trophic behaviour, abundance data given for cores of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, mulch
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4189
Author: Axelsen, J. A.; Ruggle, P.; Holst, N.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids III. Linyphiid spiders and coccinellids
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 72(2)
Pages: 221-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Gramineae, Araneae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, metabolic pool model, relative importance of generalist and specialist predators for aphid control in winter wheat when acting simultaneously, Oedothorax apicatus and Coccinella 7- punctata, with Collembola and Rhopalosiphum padi as prey, Collembola data based on Folsomia fimetaria, with no chemical defence assumed, aphids arrived 1 June, coccinellids 15 June, spiders present before 1 June and able to reproduce on alternative prey, fixed spider search rate to give 1.6 aphids caught per day at 100 aphids m-2 at 15C based on data of Sunderland et al. 1986, for C. 7- punctata 32 aphids per day at 1000 aphids m-2 at 15C with thermal threshold of 13C, sensitivity analysis to investigate effects of varying initial aphid density, alternative prey availability, time of coccinellid arrival, at high alternative prey and low aphid immigration the peak aphid density was more sensitive to spiders than to coccinellids, at higher aphid immigration rates both predators were needed to reduce aphids and coccinellids had greatest effect,at low levels of alternative prey spiders were ineffective, here the tolerance limit on aphid consumption was set at 1% of spider dry weight, if the tolerance limit was set higher the spider would have behave as a more efficient aphid predator, especially at higher aphid densities, no choice or preference between aphids and Collembola was assumed to operate, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5243
Author: Ayre, K.
Year: 2001
Title: Effect of predator size and temperature on the predation of Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca) by carabid beetles
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 125
Pages: 389-395
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, one day old slugs, Limacidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, laboratory, small beetle species did not kill slugs Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion tetracolum, Notiophilus biguttatus, Agonum obscurum, Clivina fossor), 5/7 medium sized and 8/9 large beetle species did, the proportion of Pterostichus madidus and Harpalus rufipes eating slugs increased with temperature, Nebria brevicollis adults were most predaceous at 8C, Nebria larvae killed slugs even at 4C, Harpalus aeneus killed slugs at 20C, Harpalus affinus, medium-size beetles that killed slugs were Agonum fuliginosum, Pterostichus strenuus, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis, Amara apricaria, medium-sized beetles that failed to kill slugs were Calathus melanocephalus and Amara plebeja, large beetles that killed slugs were Amara similata, H. affinis, Pterostichus nigrita, N. brevicollis, Amara aulica, H. rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and P. madidus, but Patrobus atrorufus did not, some beetles killed slugs but did not eat them, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, foraging behaviour, medium and large generalist beetles which contain slug remains are able to overcome mucus defense and kill small slugs so they are not entirely scavengers, methods, prey defences, anti-predator behaviour, carrion feeding, necrophagy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4779
Author: Ayre, K.; Port, G.R.
Year: 1996
Title: Carabid beetles recorded feeding on slugs in arable fields using ELISA
Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Volume: 66
Pages: 411-418
Alternate Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, pitfalls, oilseed rape, winter wheat, brassicas, cereals, Gramineae, ELISA, serology, methods, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour. The more abundant carabid species all fed on slugs. 40 carabid species collected from three study sites and 19 species were tested by ELISA. Snails were not found at the study sites so ELISA positives were interpreted as slug consumption. Some positives may have been due to scavenging, carrion feeding. Positives recorded for 4 Pterostichus species, 2 Harpalus species, 3 Amara species, Nebria brevicollis, Carabus violaceus, Cychrus caraboides, Abax parallelepipedus.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2514
Author: Ayres, P. G.
Title: Collection of papers on biological control of weeds using rusts etc
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3142
Author: Ayres, P. G.
Title: Package of papers on biological control of weeds using pathogenic fungi
Keywords: En.
Rep. kept on shelf, TP, diseases, rusts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1444
Author: Ba-Angood, S. A.; Stewart, R. K.
Year: 1980
Title: Effect of granular and foliar insecticides on cereal aphids (Hemiptera) and their natural enemies on field barley in South Western Quebec
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 112
Pages: 1309-1313
Keywords: En.
Canada, pesticides, Gramineae, pests, thiofanox, carbofuran, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticide application methods, formulations, yield, granular did not reduce natural enemies, dimethoate had a greater effect than pirimicarb, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 116
Author: Baars, M. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Patterns of movement of radioactive carabid beetles
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 44
Pages: 125-140
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2887
Author: Baars, M. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 41
Pages: 25-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance,, methods, Pterostichus versicolor and Calathus melanocephalus, good linear relationship between mean density and pitfall catch throughout activity season in a range of habitats, mean densities from fenced pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 107
Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1984
Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. II. egg production and survival in relation to density
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 53
Pages: 389-400
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, heath, the Netherlands, reproduction, fecundity, lab experiments show egg production determined largely by food supply, egg production negatively correlated with mean abundance, perhaps due to scramble competition for food, enclosure experiments suggeested that food is generally limited in the field, Pterostichus versicolor, Calathus melanocephalus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 108
Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1984
Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. I. subpopulation fluctuations in relation to weather and dispersal
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 53
Pages: 375-388
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3461
Author: Baatrup, E.; Bayley, M.
Year: 1993
Title: Quantitative analysis of spider locomotion employing computer-automated video tracking
Journal: Physiology & Behaviour
Volume: 54
Pages: 83-90
Keywords: En.
Rep., Aarhus Denmark, Pardosa amentata tracked in field with computer-automated colour object video tracking, 3 consecutive 12 h periods, males more active than females in both red and white light, methods, movement, dispersal, distribution, migration, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, physiology, sex related activity, they walked faster and covered twice the distance and spent less time resting, activity of both sexes less in red light, mathematical descriptions of walking velocity and duration of quiescence, arenas were white trays with plaster of paris base and polystyrene blocks, 1 spider per tray, computer identification of the spider was based on its colour in relation to background, animals acclimatized for 1 week before making recordings, spiders tended to stay close to arena walls, quotes papers on lack of colour vision in lycosids, but results here suggest that spiders acclimatize to red light vision after an hour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4628
Author: Bacher, S.; Schenk, D.; Imboden, H.
Year: 1999
Title: A monoclonal antibody to the shield beetle Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): a tool for predator gut analysis
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16
Pages: 299-309
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., ELISA, serology, Nabis, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, methods, MAb to haemolymph of 5th instar shield beetle reacted with all life stages and did not cross-react outside the genus Cassida. The Mab reacts with a single protein. Detected predation of Cassida larva by Nabis mirmicoides. Cassida is an important defoliator of creeping thistle Cirsium arvense and  might be used for weed biocontrol, but it could be seriously reduced by predators. Antibody techniques, predatory  bugs, Switzerland, serology
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 596
Author: Baert, L.
Year: 1978
Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Araneae, Linmyphiidae)
Journal: Rev. Arachnol.
Volume: 2
Pages: 23-27
Keywords: Spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, eggs, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2347
Author: Baert, L.
Year: 1978
Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Aran., Linyphiidae)
Journal: Revue Arachnologique
Volume: 2
Issue: 1)
Pages: 23-27
Keywords: French, Eng. summ.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, physiology, behaviour, effect of temperature and photoperiod, hibernates as sub- adult, last oult in April, phenology, lab studies, literature, needs 14h light for ovarian maturation, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2311
Author: Bahrmann, R.; Stark, A.
Year: 1990
Title: Zum Vorkommen der Platypalpus Arten (Hybotidae, Empidoidea, Diptera) in der DDR
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 117
Pages: 273-315
Keywords: Ger.
Platypalpus pallidicornis, articulatoides, maculimanus, pallidiventris, minutus, longiseta
Rep., Empididae, flies, predators, occurrence in East Germany, distributi on maps, habitat, sex-ratio, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4013
Author: Bailey, C. L.; Chada, H. L.
Year: 1968
Title: Spider populations in grain sorghums
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 61
Pages: 567-571
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, community, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3202
Author: Bailey, D. L.; Choate, A. L.; Lawman, M. J. P.
Year: 1986
Title: A rapid radioimmunoassay for the detection of Mansonia antigen (Diptera: Culicidae): its potential use as a sensitive method for studying predator-prey relationships
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 76
Issue: 1)
Pages: 141-150
Keywords: En.
serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1435
Author: Bailiss, K. W.; Partis, G. A.; Hodgson, C. J.; Stone, E. V.
Year: 1978
Title: Some effects of benomyl and carbendazim on Aphis fabae and Acythosiphon pisum on field bean
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 89
Pages: 443-449
Keywords: En.
fungicides, pesticides, UK, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2466
Author: Baines, D.; Stewart, R.; Boivin, G.
Year: 1990
Title: Consumption of carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by five species of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) abundant in carrot fields in Southwestern Quebec
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1146-1149
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Canada, arable, field vegetables, Umbelliferae, lab feeding tests on weevil eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, starved beetles, 5 species including Pterostichus melanarius and Clivina fossor, Bembidion and Clivina were the best egg feeders, P.melanarius the best predator of adults, all species ate larvae and pupae, P.melanarius and C.fossor consumed at random in preference tests, feeding behaviour, predation, diet, C.fossor also ate carrot seeds, polyphagy, herbivory, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5196
Author: Baines, M.; Hambler, C.; Johnson, P.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Smith, H.
Year: 1998
Title: The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance and species richness of Araneae (spiders)
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 21
Pages: 74-86
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, farming practices, habitat management, community, effects of timing and frequency of cutting, 4 year experiment, cutting (especially in summer) reduced abundance and species richness of spiders, biodiversity, sowing with wildflower seed mixture had the reverse effect, herbicides reduced spider abundance, pesticides, spider abundance and species richness were positively correlated with height of vegetation, distribution, set-aside, adjacent fields of wheat, barley, rape, maize, beans, cereals, Gramineae, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, before the experiment started mean spider density was 150 m-2 and mean number of species was 6.6, no information given on taxonomic composition
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 113
Author: Baker, A. N.; Dunning, R. A.
Year: 1975
Title: Some effects of soil type and crop density on the activity and abundance of the epigeic fauna, particularly Carabidae, in sugar beet fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 12
Pages: 809-818
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1966
Author: Baker, E.; Wharton, G. W.
Year: 1952
Title: An Introduction to Acarology
Journal: Macmillan, New York
Keywords: En.
Lib., book, mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Tydeidae feed on eggs in soil, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4840
Author: Baker, G.H.
Year: 1985
Title: Predators of Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal and Australia
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 24(4)
Pages: 247-252
Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Keywords: Rep., this is an introduced pest in Australia, it is a nuisance pest invading houses, gives a list of references to predators feeding on millipedes in general, predators caught in pitfalls and by hand searching in Portugal and Australia, predators were tested for feeding on O. moreletii in the lab, millipedes were also tethered in the field in both countries, 30 invertebrate species ate the  pest in the lab, as did 3 Reptilia and 2 Mammalia, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Scorpionida, Calathus, Carabus, Pterostichus, Scarites, Staphylinus olens, Geophilus, Lithobius, Lycosidae, adults and larvae of  S. olens and Staphylinus ophthalmicus were seen eating O. moreletii in the field, in situ visual observation, methods, S. olens was reared entirely on O. moreletii in lab, predation rates, consumption rates, scorpions and hedgehogs also ate the millipede, tethered millipedes were predated to a greater extent in Portugal than Australia
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5464
Author: Baker, P.S.; Khan, A.; Mohyuddin, A.I.; Waage, J.K.
Year: 1992
Title: Overview of biological control of Lepidoptera in the Caribbean
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 75(4)
Pages: 477-483
Alternate Journal: Florida Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., caterpillars, pests, 54 species of parasitoids (12 Tachinidae, 42 Hymenoptera) have been studied  against sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, natural enemies, Diptera, Cotesia flavipes is native to SE Asia, Plutella xylostella and Diadegma semiclausum on brassicas, D. semiclausum usually eliminated diamondback moth in highland brassica crops of Malaysia, Taiwan and Indonesia and often eliminated the need for pesticides, pigeonpea pod borer, Leguminosae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1796
Author: Baker, W. V.
Year: 1967
Title: Some observations on predation in an anystid mite
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 103
Pages: 58-59
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, Anystidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, food, diet, behaviour, a wide range of insect prey, prey includes aphids on brussel sprouts and broad beans, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 429
Author: Balduf, W. V.
Year: 1926
Title: The bionomics of Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 19
Pages: 465-489
Keywords: Perilitus coccinellae
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenoptera, Braconidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 118
Author: Balduf, W. V.
Year: 1935
Title: The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera
Journal: John S. Swift Co., Inc. St. Louis.
Pages: 220 pp
Keywords: Carabidae, predation, prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5535
Author: Balfour, R.A.; Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L.; Walker, S.E.; Marshall, S.D.
Year: 2003
Title: Ontogenetic shifts in competitive interactions and intra-guild predation between two wolf spider species
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 28
Pages: 25-30
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, soybean, Leguminosae, trophic behaviour, IGP intraguild predation, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, in the lab and semi-field IGP rarely occurred with similar sized spiders, methods, 0.2m2 circular enclosures in field, barriers, straw put inside enclosures, Pardosa survival and weight gain was reduced in presence of a high density of conspecifics, food, diet, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1427
Author: Ballard, J.; Payne, C. C.
Year: 1986
Title: A first for fruit pest control
Journal: Grower
Volume: October 23
Pages: 20-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., top fruit, trees, orchards, UK, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, codling moth, Cydia pomonella, granulosis virus, microbial insecticides, pesticides, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2274
Author: Baltensweiler, W.; Cerutti, F.
Year: 1986
Title: A study of the possible side effects of using the fungus Beauveria brongniartii to control the May beetle on the fauna of the forest edge
Journal: Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges.
Volume: 59
Issue: 3-4)
Pages: 267-274
Keywords: Germ.
89 ha forest treated with fungus, 10165 insects and spiders assessed, Araneae, overall infection rate 1.1%, fungus does not endanger fauna of forest edge, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5662
Author: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B.; Edirisinghe, J.P.
Year: 2001
Title: The ecological role of spiders in the rice fields of Sri Lanka
Journal: Biodiversity
Volume: 2(4)
Pages: 3-10
Alternate Journal: Biodiversity
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, species composition and guild structure (based on microhabitat preference,web structure, mode of prey capture), species lists, community, abundance, farming practices, 59 species belonging to 13 families, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, spider diversity and abundance increases with growth of the crop, weed cover in the bunds (embankments) is a good alternative habitat for spiders during fallow periods, refuge, reservoir, farming practices, habitat diversification, 12% (780,000 ha) of land area of Sri Lanka is under rice, agricultural statistics, references to spiders contributing to control of rice pests, methods, hand collection within quadrats, sweep net, Theridiidae were dominant in the field and Tetragnathidae in the bunds, 31 pest species, in situ visual observations of predation, orb-weavers of the Araneidae and Tetragnathidae observed eating Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, space-web spinners of the Theridiidae and Linyphiidae seen eating Homoptera and Diptera, cursorial hunters of the Salticidae, Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, Oxyopidae, Heteropodidae, Corinnidae, Philodromidae and Gnaphosidae ate Homoptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, cursorial hunters had the highest species richness, some spiders remained in fields during cultivation and others immigrated on ground or through air, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, colonisation, spider families varied in time of colonisation, phenology, herbicides and insecticides reduced spider populations but they recovered quickly, pesticides, slashing of weeds in the bunds also reduced spider abundance, mowing, landscape, mean spider density in the field was 0.3 - 15 m-2, pest density explained only 12% of variability of spider density (perhaps due to pesticide disruption),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1137
Author: Bankowska, R.; Kierych, E.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P.
Year: 1975
Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 1. Structure and phenology in the community
Journal: Fragm. faun.
Volume: 32
Pages: 299-345
Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1134
Author: Bankowska, R.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P.
Year: 1978
Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 3. Abundance regulation of Acythosiphon pisum (Harr.) in a chain of oligophagous predators
Journal: Annales zool. Warsz.
Volume: 34
Pages: 39-77
Keywords: pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae reduced pea aphid by 42-80%, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacwings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 114
Author: Bankowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L.
Year: 1975
Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies.
Volume: 1
Pages: 155-171


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 362
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1954
Title: Random and non-random distributions of Coccinellidae
Journal: J. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 4
Pages: 211-215
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, field, aphids, behaviour, ovipositio n


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 431
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1955
Title: An ecological study of Coccinellidae (Col.) associated with Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research.
Volume: 46
Pages: 561-587
Keywords: En.
Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, bean aphid, nettle aphid, Microlophium evansi
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, aphids, predators, prey, pest, arable, beans, Rothamsted, methods, marking, cellulose paint, oviposition, weeds, edges, movement, dispersal, distribution, synchronisation, alternative food, larvae, larvae eating coccinellid eggs, cannibalism, eggs, zonation, vertical stratification, surrounding vegetation, natural enemies, biological control, UK, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable, vertical distribution, weeds, aphid infested nettles nearby meant more coccinellids on beans, migration, on one date 70% of larvae were feeding on eggs, cannibalism also occurred at high aphid density, but neonate larvae were close to eggs low on the stem aphids were higher up, references to importance of surrounding vegetation influencing numbers of coccinellids in fields, habitat diversification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 432
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1956
Title: Observations on the behaviour and mortality of Coccinellidae before dispersal from egg shells
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 31
Pages: 56-60
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1133
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1956
Title: The distributions of coccinellid egg batches and larvae in relation to numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 47
Pages: 47-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, field beans, field vegetables, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control, eggs laid at random early in infestation, but later at higher aphid densities eggs and larvae were more frequent on stems with more aphids, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, behaviour, oviposition, distribution, UK, aggregative numerical response, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, oviposition behaviour, C.7-punctata sometimes oviposits on clover, grass and even cigarrette packets when no aphids present


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 361
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1957
Title: The behaviour of individual coccinellid larvae on plants
Journal: Br. J. Anim. Behav.
Volume: 5
Pages: 12-24
Keywords: Coleoptera, beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1130
Author: Banks, C. J.
Year: 1962
Title: Effects of Lasius niger on insects preying on small populations of Aphis fabae on bean
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 50
Pages: 669-679
Keywords: En.
ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, field vegetables, arable, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1129
Author: Banks, C. J.; Macauley, E. D. M.
Year: 1967
Title: Effects of Aphis fabae Scop. and its attendant ants and insect predators on yields of field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 60
Pages: 445-453
Keywords: En.
pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, arable, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1437
Author: Banks, C. J.; Needham, P. H.
Year: 1970
Title: Comparison of the biology of Myzus persicae Sulz. resistant and susceptible to dimethoate
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 66
Pages: 465-468
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, insecticide resistance, culture from glasshouse chrysanthemums transferred to turnips, flowers, protected crops, root crops, field vegetables, fecundity, reproductive period, behaviour, speed of reproduction, mortality, longevity, population dynamics, development rate, vectors, diseases, sugar beet mosaic virus, pea mosaic virus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 430
Author: Banks, C. T.
Year: 1956
Title: A second record of a Tachinid (Diptera) parasite bred from one of the Coccinellinae (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 92
Pages: 188
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Tachinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2284
Author: Banks, H. T.; Kareiva, P. M.; Zia, L.
Year: 1988
Title: Analyzing field studies of insect dispersal using two- dimensional transport equations
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 17
Issue: 5)
Pages: 815-820
Keywords: En.
migration, movement, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1635
Author: Barbosa, P.; Letourneau, D. K.
Year: 1988
Title: Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions
Journal: John Wiley & Sons, New York
Pages: 362 pp
Keywords: En.
three trophic level interactions, book, microorganisms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5364
Author: Barbosa, P. (Editor)
Year: 1998
Title: Conservation Biological Control
Journal: Academic Press, San Diego
Alternate Journal: Academic Press, San Diego
Keywords: Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, habitat manipulation, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1136
Author: Barbulescu, A.
Year: 1977
Title: The role of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata L.) on the development of cereal green aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) on sorghum
Journal: Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante, Fundulea
Volume: 42
Pages: 369-374
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Romania, duration of aphid peaks related to predator abundance, predation by Coccinella 7-punctata the most important factor limiting growth of greenbug numbers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3270
Author: Barclay, H. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Combining methods of insect pest control: partitioning mortality and predicting complementarity
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 34
Issue: 1)
Pages: 91-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., model, pest with egg larva pupa male female and gravid female, one of the juvenile stages is attacked by a parasitoid, insecticides are applied to the field against pest larvae, pest adults, sterile hosts released, pheromone traps to remove males, need to know the mortality imposed by each cause, then eventually this analysis allows the prediction of synergism or interference between control methods, the method presented here depends on the assessment of mortality, the model suggests that sterile host release plus parasitoid inundation would be a very powerful combination, reasons for wanting to combine control methods are (i) reduced harm to environment (ii) reduce selection for resistance against any one method (iii) model suggests combinations are more efficient, biological control, natural enemies, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2034
Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E.
Year: 1984
Title: Resseliella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) attacking field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 3
Pages: 53-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, pests, UK, damage, field vegetables, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1436
Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E.; Stevenson, J. H.
Year: 1978
Title: Pre-flowering and post-flowering insecticide applocations to control Aphis fabae on field beans: their biological and economic effectiveness
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 88
Pages: 265-271
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, field vegetables, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4422
Author: Bardwell, C. J.; Averill, A. L.
Year: 1996
Title: Efectiveness of larval defences against spider predation in cranberry ecosystems
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1083-1091
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, prey defences, pests, in cranberry spiders are the dominant generalist predators at 40 m-2, abundance, lab, 3-choice arena each with a different species of larva, spider put into central release chamber, spider location after 48h recorded together with amount of larval predation, methods, done separately with Salticidae and Lycosidae, direct observation of behaviour, Ematurga amitaria, Span Worm, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, attacked more by both spider families than was the sawfly Pristophora idiota, the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar, or the fruitworm Sparganothis sulfureana, L. dispar were often not attacked or attacks were unsuccessful perhaps because of the long setae on the larvae, experimental removal of setae by singeing increased the lycosid predation rate, although E. amitaria regurgitated brown fluid and thrashed about when attacked by lycosids 80% were killed, but only 21% of those that remained motionless were killed, regurgitation and thrashing were more effective against salticids, P. idiota larvae were all rejected by lycosids, construction of a retreat in foliage and wriggling movements by S. sulfureana were very effective in deterring salticids, thrashing can actually increase a larva's vulnerability to predation e.g. by lycosids, motionless larvae may be invisible to lycosids and even salticids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5697
Author: Barker, A.M.; Reynolds, C.J.M.
Year: 1999
Title: The value of planted grass field margins as a habitat for sawflies and other chick-food insects
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 109-116
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, biodiversity, habitat diversification, landscape, Gramineae, survey of 116 grass strips along field margins and across fields (beetle banks), sawflies are an important component of the diet of grey partridge and corn bunting, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Dolerus, Pachynematus, Vertebrata, Aves, farmland birds, Perdix perdix, Miliaria calandra, methods, sweep net, game bird chick food includes Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, sawfly larvae, Lepidoptera larvae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Leptoterna dolabrata, Coleoptera, 0.8 sawfly larvae per 50 sweeps in grass strops compared to 0.2 in spring barley and winter wheat, cereals, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4718
Author: Barker, A.M.; Sanbrooke, K.J.; Aebischer, N.J.
Year: 1997
Title: The water trap colour preferences of farmland sawflies
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 85
Pages: 83-86
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP., UK, methods, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Dolerus, Pachynematus, yellow traps were best, spring barley, winter wheat, ryegrass, Gramineae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4858
Author: Barker, G.M.
Year: 1991
Title: Biology of slugs (Agriolimacidae and Arionidae: Mollusca) in New Zealand hill country pastures
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 85
Pages: 581-595
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, pests, grassland, Gramineae, slug life cycles, voltinism, reproduction, phenology, distribution, population dynamics, most mortality was soon after hatching and was caused by predation by birds and ground beetles and by treading by sheep, density, abundance, soil cores, methods, predator exclusion experiments (to exclude birds, and birds + invertebrates), semi-field experiments with D. reticulatum and carabids added to cages, gizzard contents of starlings were examined, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Vertebrata, Aves, carabid species were Plocamostethus planiusculus, Holeaspis mucronata and Ctenognathus bidens, each of the carabid species caused a significant reduction of slug numbers in cages, exclusion of birds and invertebrates resulted in significant increases of both slug species, starling gizzards contained mainly caterpillars but also remains of slugs, fly larvae and Lycosidae spiders, predation of spiders, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Diptera 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1132
Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly Metasyrphus corollae (Dipt.; Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 31
Pages: 49-57
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, hovereflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid, behaviour, handling times, age of larvae, starvation and satiation, larvae extracted 71% of dry mass, feeding efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3264
Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly: Metasyrphus corollae (Dip.: Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 31
Issue: 1)
Pages: 49-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphid contents ingested at a decreasing rate over time because contents of prey became increasingly difficult to obtain as the body of the prey was emptied, amount of each prey consumed was affected by size and hunger of larvae but they usually take mean of 71% of dry mass, pea aphid as food, lab Petri dish tests, handling times, experiments showed that larvae stopped feeding on an aphid not because they were satiated but because the last part of the prey was difficult to extract, other experiments did not support the contention that handling time and amount consumed are functions of prey density, references to organisms that are similar and disimilar to this, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Acyrthosiphum pisum, arable, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3271
Author: Barnes, J. K.
Year: 1990
Title: Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot)(Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly
Journal: Journal of the New York Entomological Society
Volume: 98
Issue: 4)
Pages: 474-483
Keywords: En.
Rep., describes artificial diet rearing method, morphology, mating behaviour, adult feeding, references to this species living in dead grasshoppers as larvae but being facultative predators when other foods are not available, trophic behaviour, predation, polyphagous predator, natural enemies, culturing, carrion feeding, scavenging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4795
Author: Barney, R.J.; Pass, B.C.
Year: 1986
Title: Foraging behaviour and feeding preference of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Kentucky alfalfa 
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 79(5)
Pages: 1334-1337
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae, pests, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, simulated field conditions in the laboratory, lab feeding trials, prey preference, prey selection, given various live Lepidoptera and weevils and weed seeds. Caterpillars, Curculionidae. Variation in foraging behaviour shows that the beetles should be examined at species level rather than making family generalisations. Behaviour and vertical stratification and vertical dispersal of predators and prey in terrarium and field are described, falling, climbing, dislodgement of caterpillars. Evarthrus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Amara cupreolata, Amara impuncticollis, Scarites spp., Hypera postica, Sitona hispidulus and a range of foliar and substrate pest caterpillars
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4557
Author: Barone, M.  ; Frank, T.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of plant extracts on the feeding behaviour of the slug Arion lusitanicus
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 134
Pages: 341-345
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, rape seedlings, brassicas, extracts of Saponaria officinalis and Valerianella locusta significantly deterred slugs from feeding on rape, feeding deterrents, food, diet, trophic behaviour, behaviour modification
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5713
Author: Barone, M.; Frank, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Habitat age increases reproduction and nutritional condition in a generalist arthropod predator
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 135
Pages: 78-83
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, condition of beetles in 16 wildflower strips established for various periods (1-4 years), succession, farming practices, landscape, habitat diversification, weed strips, methods, condition index based on weight and length of elytra, condition index and egg complement increased with habitat age, Switzerland, references that predatory invertebrates are often food limited, hunger, starvation, egg complement is considered a good indicator of habitat quality, strips were sown with 25 herbaceous species but a further 28 grasses and 77 herbs invaded from the regional species pool over 4 years, mean number of eggs per female was 11 from 1 year old strips and 16 from 4 year old strips, population dynamics, food availability and quality and microclimate may explain the results, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1423
Author: Barrett, G. W.
Year: 1968
Title: The effects of an acute insecticide stress on a semi- enclosed grassland ecosystem
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 49
Pages: 1019-1035
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3695
Author: Barrett, K. L.; Grandy, N. J.; Hassan, S.; Oomen, P.
Year: 1994
Title: Pesticide regulatory testing procedures with beneficial arthropods: recommendations arising from SETAC-ESCORT workshop
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 661-668
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, IPM, ecotoxicology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, aphid parasitoids, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Pardosa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4024
Author: Barrion, A. T.; Litsinger, J. A.
Year: 1981
Title: The spider fauna of Philippine rice agroecosystems I. Dryland
Journal: Philipp. Ent
Volume: 5
Pages: 139-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, cereals, Gramineae, 32 species, key to species, identification, taxonomy, dominants were Tetragnatha, Araneus and Oxyopes, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Oxyopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4822
Author: Barrion, A.T.; Litsinger, J.A.
Year: 1985
Title: Chlaenius spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a leaffolder (LF) predator
Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Volume: 10(1)
Pages: 21-22
Alternate Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Philippines, Chlaenius posticalis larvae prey on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis larvae on rice vegetation, observations in the field and consumption rates in the lab
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1762
Author: Barrion, A. T.; Pantua, P. C.; Bandong, J. P.; de la Cruz, G. G. Raymundo F. A.; Lumaban, D.
Year: 1981
Title: Food web of the rice brown planthopper in the Philippines
Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Volume: 6
Pages: 13-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, good diagram, predators are the majority of natural enemies attacking BPH nymphs and adults and spiders are the most numerous, Araneae, polyphagous predators, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1766
Author: Barrion, T.; Litsinger, J. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Water striders: new predators of rice leafhoppers in the the Philippines
Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Volume: 7
Pages: 19-20
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Nephotettix, Cicadellidae, natural enemies, biological control, 4 species of Gerridae preyed on leafhoppers and planthoppers that fell on the water, species given, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata ludgens, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3376
Author: Bartels, G.; Kampmann, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of a long-term application of plant protection products used in different intensities and development of assessment criterions
Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem
Volume: 295
Pages: 405 pp
Keywords: Ger., each paper has En. summ.
Rep., book on shelf, papers on residues of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, effects on soil microbes, soil fungi, algae, earthworms, Collembola, mites, nematodes, Carabidae, conclusions for agriculture, pesticides, farming practices, Annelida, Lubricidae, Acari, Nematoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, sugar beet, arable, electric catching method for worms, deep digging worms suffered most at high intensity, vertical distribution, Isotoma, Isotomurus and Folsomia were dominants, intensive herbicides reduced Collembola, 49 taxa of mites, fewer mite species in sugar beet than cereals, species composition, biodiversity, 75-85% of all mites lived in upper soil layer, densities were twice as great in the seed rows cf between rows, horizontal distribution, aggregation, 10000- 100000 mites m-2, mite phenology, effect of harvest and tillage on mite density, pitfalls for carabids, 1984-1986 62 carabid species caught, Amara commoner in low intensity herbicide plots, Afugan or pyrazophos reduced carabid catches, more Amara at edge of field and also in nearby organic farm, organophosphorus fungicide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4754
Author: Barth, F.G.
Year: 1993
Title: Vision in the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei: spectral range and absolute sensitivity
Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology
Volume: 181
Pages: 63-79
Alternate Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sensory physiology, electroretinograms, peak in green and ultra-violet, this spider should be able to see soon after sundown and in moonlight i.e. under low-light conditions. The Ctenidae are closely related to the Lycosidae. It is a nocturnal hunting or wandering species. Salticidae and Argiopidae are thought to have colour vision. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4472
Author: Barth, F. G.; Komarek, S.; Humphrey, J. A. C.; Treidler, B.
Year: 1991
Title: Drop and swing dispersal behaviour of a tropical wandering spider: experiments and a numerical model
Journal: Journal of Comparative Physiology
Volume: 169
Pages: 313-322
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, migration, movement, spiderlings of the wandering spider Cupiennius getazi (Ctenidae) from Costa Rica drop from the plant and swing in the wind, when body contact is made with a nearby substrate the spider detaches, the drag line used is only c. 70cm long and this is a close-range type of dispersal, airflows of 0.2 - 1.5 m/s elicit this behaviour in the lab, rupture of the dragline is rarely observed, the behaviour is distinct from pre-ballooning dropping from the plant in which the dragline is ruptured, wind tunnel experiments, model, in drop and swing there is no obvious tendency to clime to the highest part of the plant before dropping, at least 13 species thought to show this behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4344
Author: Barthel, J.
Year: 1997
Title: Einfluss von Nutzungsmuster und Habitatkonfiguration auf die Spinnenfauna der Krautschicht (Araneae) in einer suddeutschen Agrarlandschaft
Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed. by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Agrarokologie, Bern
Volume: 25
Pages: p175
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, 1992-5, spider species composition in fields, set-aside, grassland and abandoned grassland, Gramineae, seven study areas, May-September, 18458 individuals belonging to 75 species, 3-26 species per margin per year, biodiversity, species richness, community, species richness positively correlated with margin width and negatively with frequency of mowing and ploughing, at least 3 years needed for new set-aside species richness to peak, 11 families caught of sticky traps, mainly Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, ballooning, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 11 species can be used as indicators of biodiversity and habitat quality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1420
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1953
Title: Retentive toxicity of field weathered insecticide residues to entomophagous insects associated with citrus pests in California
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 46
Pages: 465-469
Keywords: En.
pesticides, USA, top fruit, trees, orchards, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1438
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1958
Title: Laboratory studies on selective aphicides favouring natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa aphid
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 51
Pages: 374-378
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1421
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1963
Title: The contact toxicity of some pesticide residues to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 56
Pages: 644-698
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, USA, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1440
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1964
Title: Toxicity of some pesticides to eggs, larvae and adults of the green lacewing Chrysopa carnea
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 57
Pages: 366-369
Keywords: En.
insecticides, predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3399
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1964
Title: Patterns in the host-feeding habit of adult parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 57
Pages: 344-350
Keywords: En.
Rep., predatory habit found in 20 families of Hymenoptera, includes sawflies, Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, Formicidae, Sphecidae, Dryinidae, Vespidae, Scelionidae, the most frequent attacks are on Lepidoptera, followed by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders are frequently fed upon by adult parasites, predation on predators, hyperpredators, food chain errors, feeding is usually on eggs or larvae, trophic behaviour, parasitoids, biological control, pests, caterpillars, on aphids and scales, Hemiptera, it is usually done by polyphagous parasitoids, occurs in primary and hyperparasitoids, endoparasitoids and ectoparasitoids, non-hosts are also fed on, eg the hyperparasitoid Hemiteles tenellus feeds on both Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae cocoons, host mutilation is repeated puncture of the host by the parasitoid with no attempt to oviposit or ingest body fluids, host mutilation may occur when the host fails to bleed haemolymph, internal parasitoid Microterys flavus Encyrtidae on scale Coccus hesperidum, wounds can heal after some types of host-feeding, in lab experiment 100% of scales too small for oviposition were destroyed by host feeding, similar results in a congener, effect on oviposition and fecundity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1425
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1965
Title: The repellent effects of some pesticides to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 58
Pages: 294-296
Keywords: En.
Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, USA, indirect effects, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1424
Author: Bartlett, B. R.
Year: 1966
Title: Toxicity and acceptance of some pesticides fed to parasitic Hymenoptera and predatory coccinellids
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 59
Pages: 1142-1149
Keywords: En.
Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, food chain effects, USA, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 299
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1973
Title: Der Einfluss epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf die Abundanz phytophager Inseckten in der Agrarlandschaft
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 13
Pages: 410-422
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep, arable, arthropods, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation, pests, soil surface, phytophages, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, cereals, Germany, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Diptera, "the influence of predatory arthropods of the soil surface on the abundance of phytophagous insects in agriculture", mortality of larvae of Meligethes aeneus and Dasineura brasicae penetrating the soil surface to pupate was 39% and 65%, losses were 43-58% for Contarinia tritici and 0-43% for Sitodiplosis mosellana, gall midges, predators caused 81% mortality of emerging S. mosellana and their parasitoids, quadrats, Agonum dorsale 6-12,000 ha-1, Pterostichus melanarius 6-16,000, similar density for Linyphiidae, abundance, pitfalls in winter wheat, spring wheat, winter barley, oats, winter rye and winter rape, % species composition, catch included A. dorsale, Clivina fossor, P. melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Asaphidion flavipes, Harpalus affinis, table of densities in various crops by other authors, arable, lab feeding studies on S. mosellana larvae, diet, consumption rates in larvae per day were 12.9 P. melanarius, 9.4 A. dorsale, 2.4 Loricera pilicornis, 2.1 Tachyporus hypnorum, 2.0 Pardosa amentata, 1.6 Oedothorax apicatus, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1445
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Predacious arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests and how to spare them while using insecticides
Journal: Semain d'etude agriculture et hygiene des plantes, Publ. Centre de Recherches Agronomiques Gembloux (1975)
Pages: 311-323
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2819
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Predaceous arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests, and how to spare them while using insecticides
Journal: Semaine d'Etude Agriculture et Hygiene des Plants, Centre de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
Pages: 311-323
Keywords: En.
Rep., Germany, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, pests, Diptera, pests that enter soil for diapause or pupation include 2 wheat blossom midges, brassica pod midge, brassica weevils, rape blossom beetle, Curculionidae, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Dasineura brassicae, Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana, losses of these on entering soil 0-65%, interactions with weather, climate, microclimate, if soils hard and dry takes larvae a long time to burrow in and they are exposed to predation for longer, behaviour, also in danger on emerging from pupae, predator exclusion experiments showed 12-84% lost to predators, Table giving density of predators in cabbage, potatoes and cereals, field vegetables, arable, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Agonum dorsale, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, estimates of predation rates on C. tritici by A. dorsale and P. melanarius, recommendations on choice of selective insecticides, treatment of field edges can be sufficient against some pests, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2420
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1988
Title: Feldrand, Feldrain und Hecke aus der Sicht der Schadlingsregulation
Journal: Mitt Biol Bund Land Forst Berl
Volume: 247
Pages: 129-137
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2820
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1989
Title: Polyphagous predators (mainly Col., Carabidae) controlling cereal aphids (Hom., Aphididae) on winter barley during summer
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1989/XII/1
Pages: 54-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1981-86, North Germany, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, insecticides, 60 ha field crop rotation winter barley, winter rape, winter wheat, sugar beet, arable, field into 3 parts, 2 sprays of parathion per year, 1 spray of pirimicarb per year, no sprays, carbamates, organophoshporus, pitfalls, first and last years no spray, numbers, species, biomass of Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, was less on insecticide plots, less severe effect on Stsphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect on spiders, Araneae, predators did not completely recover in the final restitution year, but aphids were more than in the never sprayed plot, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Trechus quadristriatus increased in the sprayed areas, Tachyporus hypnorum was reduced in twice per year parathion plots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2307
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1990
Title: Effects of insecticides on Carabidae and the significance of these effects for agriculture and species number
Journal: The Role of Ground Beetles in Ecological and Environmental Studies, Intercept Ltd, Andover, Hants
Pages: 115-125
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, predators, pitfalls, methods, removal trapping, long-term surveys in areas with different degrees of insecticide use, organic farms, full crop rotations, carabids declined over the years where insecticide use increased, Carabus auratus very susceptible to parathion disappeared, Trechus quadristriatus more abundant in convention al than organic, insecticides reduced food availability and egg productio n in Agonum dorsale, got more aphids in areas with high insecticide use over a number of years, sugar beet, winter barley, Hemiptera, pests, predation, biological control, Germany, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3681
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1991
Title: Siedlungsdichte und Biomasse wichtiger Schadlingsantagonisten der epigaischen Raubarthropoden auf Winterweizenfelderen in extrem unterschiedlich intensiv bewirtschafteten Agrarraumen
Journal: Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz.
Volume: 98
Pages: 371-377
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., population density and biomass of epigeal predatory arthropods, natural enemies of insect pests, in winter wheat fields of areas with extremely different intensity of agricultural production, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Trechus quadristriatus abundance increased with increasing use of insecticides and prolonged periods of undisturbed soil, pesticides, farming practices, total predators 13.2 m-2 at high intensity and 26.9 m-2 in organic wheat with red clover as previous crop, density, Leguminosae, highest biomass also in organic, insecticides, crop rotation and size of fields and area of margins are the main factors affecting predator abundance, soil flooding, mrthods, 8-16 species of carabids depending on site and year, 8-16 species of predatory rove beetles, Staphylinidae, total carabid density 4.6-16.2 m-2, Trechus quadristriatus 0.8-12.4, Bembidion tetracolum 0-1.1, Agonum dorsale 0-0.9, Pterostichus melanarius 0.07-0.4, total predatory staphylinids 3.9-6.5 m-2, Tachyporus hypnorum 0.07-2.2, Lesteva longelytrata 0-1.4, total spiders 0.8-9.9, Araneae nearly all Linyphiidae, effect of climate, weather, lindane, pirimicarb, oxy-demeton methyl, isofenphos, dialifos, methiocarb, lambdacyhalothrin, parathion, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3694
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1993
Title: Predatory arthropods in cabbage terraces under different conditions in the Cordillera region of Luzon, Philippines
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 83
Pages: 313-319
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, pitfalls, brassicas, arable, field vegetables, biomass, diversity, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, high abundance and diversity of predators cf Europe, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Linyphiidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3477
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Phenology and egg production in Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus melanarius (Col., Carabidae) in winter wheat fields of different growing intensity in Northern Germany
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 101-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, winter wheat, pesticides, insecticides, fertilisers, farming practices, phenology, life histories, A.dorsale is a spring-breeder, seasonality, P.melanarius is an autumn-breeder hibernating as adult or larva, organic cf conventional fields, pitfalls, removal trapping, soil flooding, methods, Collembola Isotomidae in pitfalls, 15000 beetles dissected for egg counts, in conventional wheat density and Isotomidae abundance were greater and there was a cooler and wetter microclimate, temperature, humidity, RH, which may be good for isotomid reproduction, prey:predator ratios greater in conventional, mean eggs per A.dorsale greater in conventional, some P.melanarius eggs from overwintering adults laid at end of May, then a decline as new adults emerge and next peak oviposition is mid-July, hatching of beetles and ripening of eggs was delayed in conventional, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4185
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1996
Title: Phenology and population density of predatory bugs (Nabis spp.; Heteroptera: Nabidae) in different fields of winter wheat in Germany, 1993/94
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 70-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Nabis ferus probably reproduces outside cereals in grassland or field margins, Nabis is in wheat for a short period, usually July in Middle Europe, density affected by plant density and field size, most immigrant nabids found in small 3 ha fields at 6 m-2 in July, mean density in larger fields only 0.2 - 0.3 so they are likely to have little effect on aphid control, pitfalls, ground search, soil flooding, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4571
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 1998
Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 585-590
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, organic, farming practices, pesticides, pitfalls, soil flooding, methods, abundance, density, activity, crop rotation, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5375
Author: Basedow, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Changes in agriculture in an area of Northern Germany between the years 1971 and 2000, and the reactions of populations of predatory carabids (Col., Carabidae) of other predators, and of cereal aphids, to these changes. 
Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Volume: 109(1)
Pages: 1-14
Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population monitoring long-term changes, Kiel area, conventional area compared with an area of ecological farming, fertiliser inputs and changes in cultivars grown, farming practices, pesticides, insecticides, ground beetle populations declined and Carabus auratus disappeared in one area, Coleoptera, wheat ear density, weed species composition, predator density, abundance, large species were commoner in the ecological area, biomass, aphid abundance, earthworm density, Annelida, Lumbricidae, flooding  methods for carabids, biomass measured, pitfalls, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Pterostichus melanarius, C. auratus adults and larvae feed on earthworms, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, list of commonest species of ground and rove beetles, Lathrobium fulvipenne, spiders, Araneae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1439
Author: Basedow, T.; Bauers, C.; Lauenstein, G.
Year: 1985
Title: The preliminary control threshold for cereal aphids in winter wheat in western Germany
Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 1985
Issue: VIII/3
Pages: 36-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pirimicarb, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, damage, yield, 13 aphids at milky-ripe crop growth stage would have economically repaid a spray at end of flowering, monitoring, recommendations for farmers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2754
Author: Basedow, T.; Beckman, C.; Runge, I.
Year: 1987
Title: Problems of field tests for side-effects of pesticides on epigeal predatory arthropods in agriculture
Journal: Z. Pflanzenkr und Pflanzensch
Volume: 94
Issue: 3)
Pages: 260-275
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, 1979, 1983, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, insecticides, problems with pitfalls, hyperactivity of beetles and emigration from plots, zero activity of some spiders, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, methods, difficulty of assessing numbers of larvae, large area long duration trials needed, scale, dimethoate broad spectrum effect confirmed, organo-phosphorus insecticide, pitfall catch of Agonum dorsale in sprayed cf unsprayed pirimicarb plots showed catch initially greater then less than in control, carbamate, effect of insecticides on Lathrobium fulvipenne, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 106
Author: Basedow, Th; Borg, A.; DeClercq, R.; Nijveldt, W.; Scherney, F.
Year: 1976
Title: Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen der Laufkafer (Col. Carabidae) auf europaischen Getreidefeldern
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 21
Pages: 59-72
Keywords: Ger.
Rep, european, wheat, occurrence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2821
Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F.
Year: 1976
Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles]
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 19
Pages: 37-51
Keywords: Ger. En. summ.
Rep., pitfalls, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, insecticides, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fenitrothion by plane reduced Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger for short period, at high dosage it killed most of the common carabids, ground beetles, parathion-ethyl at start of June reduced spring breeders such as Pterostichus cupreus, at end of June it killed spring and autumn breeders eg P. melanarius, parathion-methyl dust only killedplant climbing Staphylinidae, rove beetles, and Agonum dorsale, methoxychlor emulsion killed large carabids, staphylinids and spiders, Araneae, methoxychlor dust on 20 m of edge of winter rape field did not prevent colonization by carabids and staphylinids, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, organophosphorus, brassicas, arable, Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Lycosidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2822
Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F.
Year: 1981
Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae). II [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles II]
Journal: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica
Volume: 31
Pages: 153-164
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., Germany, pesticides, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, pitfalls, wheat, oats, 1975-7, effects of parathion-ethyl, dimethoate, oxy-demeton methyl and fenitrothion on carabids in large plots, usually several ha, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara familiaris, Clivina fossor, organophosphorus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4170
Author: Basedow, T.; Braun, C.; Luhr, A.; Naumann, J.; Norgall, T.; Yanes, G. Y.
Year: 1991
Title: Abundance, biomass and species number of epigeal predatory arthropods in fields of winter wheat and beets at different levels of intensity: Differences and their reasons. Results of a study at three levels of intensity in Hesse, 1985-1988
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 118
Pages: 87-116
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, sandy loam fields in Germany, density and biomass by flooding method, abundance, methods, species composition of Carabidae in pitfalls, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, some hygrophilous species were favoured by intensifying agriculture, eg Trechus quadristriatus, Asaphidion flavipes, Synuchus nivalis and Gyrohypnus angustatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, moisture, RH, humidity, microclimate, some carabid and staphylinid species were favoured by biodynamic fields for a variety of reasons, organic farming, farming practices, no mortality from insecticides, pesticides, plentiful prey in the form of Collembola and aphids, Hemiptera, pests, weeds for herbivores Amara and Harpalus, phytophages, warm and dry microclimate, habitat preferences, higher predator densities and number of carabid species in conventional cf biodynamic wheat, but mean field size only 1.7 ha, density of Agonum dorsale significantly positively correlated with area of hibernation sites ie grass strips and hedges, overwintering, habitat selection, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, population dynamics, Pterostichus melanarius density and biomass reduced by intensive agriculture in large fields of wheat and sugar beet and carabid species richness reduced from 50 to 30, brassicas, mechanical weed control did not significantly reduce predator density, species lists for carabids and staphylinids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 793
Author: Basedow, Th; Klinger, K.; Froese, A.; Yanes, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Aufschwemmung mit Wasser zur Schnellbestimmung der Abundanz epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackern [Flooding with water as a quick method to measure population density of epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields]
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 317-322
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, density estimation, compared with hand sorting, seemed to be a good method for small Carabidae, epigeal spiders and adults of Philonthus, Tachyporus and Tachinus, rove beetles, ground beetles, Araneae, Staphylinidae, natural enemies, densities per 1.7 m2 in May-June 1986 in winter rye, cereals, Gramineae, includes Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Asmpros, Bembidion obtusum, ara familiaris, Clivina fossor, Loricera pilicornis, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Philonthus cognatus, Erigone atra, Tachinus rufipes, Oxytelus rugosus, Aleocharinae, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4572
Author: Basedow, T. ; Mielke, H.
Year: 1977
Title: Aspects of the use of parathion in wheat fields
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig)
Volume: 29
Pages: 65-69
Alternate Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig)
Keywords: Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, pesticides, insecticides, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, abundance, density
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4573
Author: Basedow, T.; Peters, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) by an azadirachtin-formulation (Neem-Azal T/S'), by Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis ('Novodor'), and by combinations of  both: short-term and long-term effects
Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH
Pages: 59-65
Alternate Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH
Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, potato, pathogens, bacteria, natural enemies, insecticides, pesticides, Germany
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3693
Author: Basedow, T.; Poehling, H. M.; Lauenstein, G.
Year: 1994
Title: Untersuchungen zur Anpassung der Bekampfungsschwelle der Getreideblattlause (Hom., Aphididae)(Saugschaden an Weizen im Sommer) an die veranderten okonomischen Rahmenbedingungen im Ackerbau
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 101
Issue: 4)
Pages: 337-349
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., TP, studies on the adaptation of the control threshold for non-viruliferous cereal aphids attacking winter wheat in summer, to the new economic conditions of agriculture, Germany, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, optimal to control at end of flowering, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, BYDV, disease, yield, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 794
Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H.
Year: 1988
Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflachen - ein Vergleich [Removal trapping and pitfall trapping for epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields - a comparison]
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 115
Pages: 495-508
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, organic cf conventional, in organic sparse crop temperature higher and humidity lower, micrometerology, low-input farming, sustainable agriculture, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale in pitfalls in organic in both years but density lower, Carabidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, Erigone atra, Tachyporus, limitations to pitfalls, barriered pitfalls, pesticides, abundance, species composition, densities per 20 m2 in June-July, includes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Clivina fossor, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara familiaris, Loricera pilicornis, Bembidion properans, Nebria brevicollis, Philonthus varius, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus laminatus, Oxytelus rugosus, Xantholinus linearis, Tachinus rufipes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2206
Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H.
Year: 1988
Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflache n - ein Vergleich
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 115
Pages: 495-508
Keywords: Ger.
Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus hypnorum, Erigone atra
Rep., density, abundance, activity, polyphagous predators, fields, winter wheat, cereals, conventional, organic, pitfalls, quadrats, beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, methods.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1442
Author: Basedow, T.; Rzehak, H.; Voss, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Studies on the effect of deltamethrin sprays on the numbers of epigeal predatory arthropods ocurring in arable fields
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 16
Pages: 325-331
Keywords: Rep., pyrethroid insecticides, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, winter rape and winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, formalin pitfalls, spring rape, brassicas, Loricera pilicornis dominant unaffected, also Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, 62% mortality of Lathrobium fulvipenne in rape, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, 98% mortality of adult Tachinus rufipes in winter wheat, Tachyporus hypnorum reduced in rape, Erigone atra dominant in rape, E.atra and Oedothorax apicatus dominant in winter wheat, Linyphiidae in rape reduced by 93-98% for 4 weeks, in winter wheat reduced for at least 6 weeks


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1428
Author: Basedow, T.; Schutte, F.
Year: 1973
Title: Neue Untersuchungen uber Eiablage, wirtschaftliche Schadenswelle und Bekampfung der Wiezengallmucken (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 73
Pages: 238-251
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., new investigations on oviposition, economic level of damage, and control of the wheat blossom midges Contarinia tritici, Diptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, fecundity, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4748
Author: Basedow, T.; Toth, F.; Kiss, J.
Year: 2000
Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat in Hungary (northwest of Budapest) and in Germany (north of Frankfurt/M). An attempt at comparison
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 12
Pages: 263-266
Alternate Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, geographical distribution, German fields 1.3 to 6.2 ha, Hungarian 61 - 250 ha. Pitfalls caught 164 species in Germany and 118 in Hungary (48 exclusive to Germany mainly Linyphiidae  and 65 exclusive to Hungary mainly Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae). Oedothorax apicatus was the species caught most often in Germany and Pardosa agrestis in Hungary. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4994
Author: Basri, M.W.; Norman, K.; Hamdan, A.B.
Year: 1995
Title: Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 14(8)
Pages: 637-645
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, oil palm plantations, trees, Malaysia, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, life tables, rearing out of bagworm pupae for parasitoids, methods, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, a predator Callimerus arcufer attacked pupae and probably larvae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Cleridae 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4610
Author: Basset, Y.; Springate, N.D.; Aberlenc, H.P.; Delvare, G.
Year: 1997
Title: A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies
Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London
Pages: 27-52
Alternate Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London
Keywords: Rep., trees, forests, woodland, orchards, methods, pyrethrum knockdown is unsuitable to study diel activity because the same tree cannot be re-sampled within a few hours, insecticides, pesticides, foliage samples, hand-collecting, extraction, branch clipping, restricted canopy fogging or gassing, vertical distribution, beating, sweeping, non-attractive traps such as Malaise traps, photoeclectors, sticky traps and flight interception traps, attractive traps such as light traps, baited traps and coloured water traps. D-vac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, extraction of epiphytes, the canopy raft (an air-inflated dirigible used to transport a 580 m2 inflatable  platform into the canopy) is a useful platform from which to use many sampling techniques. It was also used to glide over the canopy with lights and a large net to act as a mobile light trap. Spiders were sampled from the canopy raft by beating and sweeping, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The authors urge use of a range of methods rather than just one and they provide a key to assist in choice of methods.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4223
Author: Bathon, H.
Year: 1996
Title: Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 6
Pages: 421-434
Keywords: En.
Rep., Nematoda, insect pathogenic nematodes, IPN's, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases, host range, under laboratory conditions IPN's infect and kill more than 250 species of invertebrates, Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are more or less confined to soil, but can kill herbivores that pupate in the soil such as spruce sawfly, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars, pests, forest, woodland, trees, conifers, some nematodes can mount highly-mobile surface-dwelling hosts, foraging behaviour, host finding behaviour, host defences include scratching and encapsulation, tadpoles and Anolis lizards are killed in lab but Mammalia not affected, Vertebrata, Amphibia, Reptilia, snails and slugs are killed by some species, Mollusca, also killed are Symphyla, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones and ticks, but it is not known what effect they have under natural conditions, woodlice, Myriapods, millipedes, spiders, polyphagous predators, pseudoscorpions, Acari, Metastigmata, pests, parasites, Polking and Heimbach found that some nematodes killed larvae and pupae of Aleochara bilineata, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, in a study by other authors Amara similata and Agonum dorsale were reduced by nematodes in field plots, but not consistently in different years, Carabidae, ground beetles, earwigs were not penetrated in lab or field, Dermaptera, after application of nematodes their density declines rapidly and persistence is short, parasitoid larvae die when their host is killed by nematodes and the parasitoid larva may be directly infected, nematodes can be transported passively in infested hosts, distribution, dispersal, phoresy, dissemination, nematode antagonists such as predatory mites, nematodes, fungi and bacteria seem to be generalists attacking IPN's as well as plant- parasitic nematodes, entomogenous fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2522
Author: Batulla, B. A.; Robinson, A. G.
Year: 1983
Title: A list of predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) collected in Manitoba 1980-1981
Journal: Proc Ent Soc Manitoba
Volume: 39
Pages: 25-45
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2270
Author: Bauer, L. J.
Year: 1989
Title: Moorland beetle communities on limestone "habitat islands" I. Isolation, invasion and local species diversity in carabids and staphylinids
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 58
Issue: 3)
Pages: 1077-1093
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, predators, methods, window trap technology, positive species-area relationship for staphs, negative for carabs, distribution, dispersal, migration, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, appendix giving relative abundance and flight activity in various moorland habitats in north UK, 41 carabid species and many more staphylinids, Tachyporus chrysomelinus was frequent in Juncus and peat and was caught in window traps, aerial dispersal, theory of Island Biogeography, companion paper follows


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 122
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Zur Biologie und Autokologie von Notiophilus biguttatus F. und Bembidion foraminosum Strm. (Col. Car.) als Bewohner okologisch extremer Standorte
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 194
Pages: 305-318
Keywords: Ger.
Carabidae, extreme habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3692
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1979
Title: The behavioural strategy used by imago and larva of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in hunting Collembola
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 133-142
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 124
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1981
Title: Prey capture and structure of the visual space of an insect that hunts by sight on the litter layer (Notiophilus biguttatus F., Carabidae, Coleoptera)
Journal: Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology.
Volume: 8
Pages: 91-97
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 103
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1982
Title: Prey-capture in a ground beetle larva
Journal: Animal Behaviour.
Volume: 30
Pages: 203-208
Keywords: En.
Notiophilus biguttatus
Rep, Collembola, aggregations, olfaction, predation, prey, Carabidae, Trichobothria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 104
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1982
Title: Predation by a carabid beetle specialised for catching Collembola
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 24
Pages: 169-179
Keywords: En.
Loricera pilicornis
Rep, darkness, aggregations, olfaction, antennae, setae, antennal net, prey capture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3395
Author: Bauer, T.
Year: 1986
Title: How to capture springtails on the soil surface: the method of Loricera pilicornis F
Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles" ed. by P.J. den Boer, L. Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw
Pages: 43-48
Keywords: En.
Rep., L.pilicornis is able to locate aggregation sites of Collembola by means of chemical cues, describes the use of the hairy antennae to capture Collembola, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, horizontal distribution, dispersal, movement, predation, structure, kairomones, semiochemicals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 123
Author: Bauer, T.; Brauner, V.; Fischerleitner, E.
Year: 1977
Title: The relevance of the brightness to visual acuity, predation and activity of visually hunting ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 30
Pages: 63-73


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5687
Author: Bauer, T.; Pfeiffer, M.
Year: 1991
Title: 'Shooting' springtails with a sticky rod: the flexible hunting behaviour of Stenus comma (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) and the counter-strategies of its prey
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 41
Pages: 819-828
Alternate Journal: Animal Behaviour
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Collembola, beetle uses protrusible labium to catch prey, protruded by haemolymph pressure, sticky cushion on tip of labium, attacks less successful if prey large or covered in scales or setae, morphology, Collembola reaction time (spring away using furca) to a touch is 10-50 ms, labial protusion takes 1-3 ms, methods, attack success greatest for Podura aquatica (Poduridae) least for Heteromurus nitidus (Entomobryidae) and intermediate for Isotomurus palustris (Isotomidae), EM showed P. aquatica to have a smooth surface, I. palustris to be hairy and H. nitidus had scales, P. aquatica has chemical defense, anti-predator defences of prey, scales and setae are easily removed and are found sticking to the mouthparts of predators, they reduce the friction and adhesion of hunting equipment, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3289
Author: Baumgaertner, J. U.; Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Gill, B.; Gutierrez, A. P. Ives P. M. Nealis V. Raworth D. A.; Summers, C. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Coccinellids (Coleoptera) and aphids (Homoptera): the overall relationship
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 113
Issue: 11)
Pages: 975-980
Keywords: En.
Rep., average length of stay of individual beetles was 5-15 days through a season, temperature is very important as is the prey age distribution, older aphids are much more difficult to capture and 1st instar coccinellid larvae cannot capture them at all, pea aphids, Canada, alfalfa, Acyrthosiphon pisum, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, model, prey size selection, predation, trophic behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3606
Author: Bay, T.; Hommes, M.; Plate, H. P.
Year: 1993
Title: Die Florfliege Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)
Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Volume: 288
Pages: 4-157
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep.(summ. only), review, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Germany, systematics, classification, taxonomy, distribution, biology, rearing methods and use, culturing, mass production, found worldwide except Australia, life cycle, cannibalism of larvae, trophic behaviour, change of colour of adults in winter, structure, overwintering, it has many predator and parasitoid natural enemies, hyperpredators, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, paraffin wax coating of artificial diet helps low-cost mass-production, side-effects of pesticides, sublethal effects, larvae are usually tolerant of many pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3698
Author: Baynon, G. T.; Penman, D. R.
Year: 1987
Title: The effects of mancozeb and metiram on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri
Journal: Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference
Volume: 1
Pages: 104-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, pests, pesticides, sub-lethal effects, decreased hatching rate of eggs, reproduction, orchards, trees, top fruit, fungicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2033
Author: Bayon, F.; Ayrault, J. P.; Piehon, P.
Year: 1983
Title: Role of the suction trap in the detection of flights by cereal cecidomyiids (Sitodiplosis mosellana and Contarinia tritici)
Journal: Defense de Vegetaux
Volume: 223
Pages: 255-266
Keywords: Diptera, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, methods, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, Cecidomyiidae, wheat blossom midges


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2888
Author: Bayon, F.; Fougeroux, A.; Reboulet, J. N.; Ayrault, J. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Utilisation et interet de l'aspirateur "Dvac" pour la detection et le suivi des populations de ravageurs et d'auxiliaires sur ble au printemps
Journal: La Defense des Vegetaux
Volume: 223
Pages: 276-297
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., suction sampler, methods, suggests best method for various polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, France, references on Dvac efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4083
Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae, Araneae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 37
Issue: 6)
Pages: 357-364
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, overwintering, species richness, species composition, behaviour, habitat selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4084
Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Cold-hardiness of wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) with particular reference to Pardosa pullata (Clerck)
Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology
Volume: 18
Issue: 4)
Pages: 263-268
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4584
Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M.L.
Year: 1993
Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 37
Pages: 357-364
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, overwintering, hibernation, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, densities highest in Dactylis and Deschampsia, abundance, lycosids active at 0.5C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1721
Author: Beall, G.
Year: 1932
Title: Life history and behaviour of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in British Columbia
Journal: Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia
Volume: 39
Pages: 28-43
Keywords: En.
Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5438
Author: Beane, K.A.; Bugg, R.L.
Year: 1998
Title: Natural and artificial shelter to enhance arthropod biological control agents
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 239-253
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, overwintering, review, strong wind inhibits foraging by hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, foraging behaviour, hedgerows, windbreaks, shelterbelts, landscape, habitat diversification, water traps, methods, aphids, Hemiptera, suction traps, Hymenoptera, nocturnal resting sites for Sphecidae wasps, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, polyphagous predators, commercially-available earwig shelters, seasonal dormancy, Myzus persicae, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoridae, Geocoris bullatus, Tetranychidae, spider mites, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hedgerows, Anthocoridae, trap bands, trunk traps, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, pecan orchards, trees, forest, woodland, burlap trap, cardboard trap, filter trap, corrugated fibreboard traps, lacewing hibernation boxes, relocating cocoons of sphecid wasps, straw bundles in orchards, moving nests of Vespidae, Polistes, domatia as oviposition sites for Orius and Geocoris  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5289
Author: Beard, J.J.; Walter, G.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Host plant specificity in several species of generalist mite predators
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 562-570
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Australia, various Neoseiulus species were almost confined to single tree species even though the trees were growing in mixed stands, also Phytoseius, Amblyseius, Euseius and others, results could be related to shelter, food or location of sexual partners, refuges, domatia, microhabitats, authors stress the need to consider the effects of plant species when choosing predatory mites in biocontrol programmes, tritrophic interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3611
Author: Beard, R. C. W.; Mauremootoo, J. R.
Year: 1994
Title: The biodiversity of Coleoptera overwintering in arable field boundaries
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 943-944
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Manydown Farm, beetle bank, grass strip, grass ridge, raised bank below hedge, all are boundaries of one field, differences found, grassland, Gramineae, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 323
Author: Beare, T. H.
Year: 1930
Title: Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the British Isles
Journal: Janson and Sons, London.
Keywords: En.
Rep, book, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4799
Author: Bechinski, E.J.; Bechinski, J.F.; Pedigo, L.P.
Year: 1983
Title: Survivorship of experimental green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupal cohorts in soybeans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12(3)
Pages: 662-668
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, caterpillars, Plathypena scabra pupae were placed out in soybean soil surface litter, pupae were either fully exposed or in various types of cages and enclosures to exclude different categories of predator, plastic barriers effectively excluded all arthropod pupal predators, methods, predator exclusion, exclusion barriers, pitfalls, live-trapping Mammalia, Vertebrata, laboratory feeding trials on pupae by mammals and invertebrate predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Placed out pupae (sentinel prey, artificial food, baits) were predated at rates of 3% to 57%. Predation was greater near field edges than in middles, distribution, abundance, dispersal, movement, migration. Predation by field crickets formed 60-87% of total pupal predation. The combined impact of cricket and carabids was 3 times greater in middles than edges (compared with the reverse for small mammal predation, probably plus bird predation, Aves). In the lab pupae were eaten, partially or completely, by Mus, Microtus, Peromyscus mice and voles, two species of cricket and 4 species of ground beetle. Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Calosoma calidum, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Pterostichus lucublandus, food, diet, trophic behaviour. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4768
Author: Beck, J.B.; Toft, S.
Year: 2000
Title: Artificial selection for aphid tolerance in the polyphagous predator Lepthyphantes tenuis
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 37
Pages: 1-11
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Denmark, biological control, survival, mortality, fecundity, population dynamics. Tolerance measured as amount of aphid eaten compared with food demand (= amount of Drosophila eaten). Methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Spiderlings of first post-emergence instar were fed with Rhopalosiphum padi. After the 1st moult spiders of an aphid-selected line were reared to adult on high-quality Collembola (mainly Isotoma anglicana). Mature spiders were fed on Drosophila. Breeding programme continued for two generations (after this the Isotoma culture was taken over by Isotoma tigrina, which appears to be very toxic). Survival of spiderlings to first moult varied significantly between broods originating from different mothers. 60% of control spiderlings (fed mixed Collembola) survived to adult, but survival of first generation test spiderlings that received some R. padi was significantly less. Survival of aphid-selected spiders increased significantly in the second generation showing the development of a degree of tolerance to the poor aphid food. Developmental rate and reproduction (both eggs produced and hatching success) were less in the aphid-selected group than in the controls, demonstrating a cost to tolerance.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2520
Author: Beck, M. W.; Connor, E. F.
Year: 1992
Title: Factors affecting reproductive success of the crab spider Misumenoides formosipes: the covariance between juvenile and adult traits
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 287-295
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3688
Author: Beckage, N. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Endocrine interactions between endoparasitic insects and their hosts
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 30
Pages: 371-413
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, physiology, including retardation of wing development in aphids attacked by Aphidius platensis, alatae, dispersal, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, population dynamics, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1658
Author: Becker, M.
Year: 1975
Title: The biology and population ecology of Macrosteles sexnotatus (Fallen) (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera)
Journal: PhD thesis University of London
Keywords: En.
precipitin test, serology, leafhoppers fed on by Cheiracanthium, Tibellus, Theridion, Pachygnatha, Araneus, Gonatium, Bathyphantes, Nabidae, Araneae, spiders, Heteroptera, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4764
Author: Beed, F.; Winder, L.; Marchesi, A.; Duffield, S.
Year: 1999
Title: The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 281-286
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, cereal aphids, automatic mobile shading devices used, methods, UK, clip cages, development rate, longevity, fecundity, reproduction. Aphid populations performed better in shaded than unshaded conditions, and best for early shading (1st node stage to flag leaf ligule just visible), probably because the plant was stressed. References that Sitobion avenae prefers sparse open canopies, but this not confirmed here. Abiotic conditions, light level, light intensity.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4636
Author: Beerwinkle, K.R.; Coppedge, J.R.; Hoffman, C.
Year: 1999
Title: A new mechanical method for sampling selected beneficial and pest insects on corn - the corn KISS
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 24(2)
Pages: 107-113
Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Keywords: Rep. The corn KISS (keep-it-simple-sampler) is a hand-held modified leaf blower that directs air across a maize plant and into a net, which is also attached to the blower (i.e. this is a blower rather than a vacuum device, and the plant is sandwiched between blower and net). To sample a plant the KISS is lifted from the base to the top of the plant in a sweeping motion. The KISS was as efficient as Berlese extraction for sampling mobile predators (such as spiders, immature ladybirds and predatory bugs, and lacewing larvae) exposed on the plant surface. USA, Dvac, suction device, vacuum insect net, Gramineae, maize, suction sampling, methods, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, efficiency of KISS was equal to in situ direct visual observation and  better than Berlese funnel extraction for adult corn rootworm, Diabrotica, visual plant search, Berlese was better than KISS for immature and adult Orius, immature ladybirds and adult Heteroptera, Anthocoridae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2889
Author: Begon, M.
Year: 1979
Title: Investigating Animal Abundance: Capture-Recapture for Biologists
Journal: Edward Arnold, London
Keywords: En.
Rep., book, methods, mark-release-recapture, Petersen invented first model in 1896, N=(rn) where r= number marked first time, n= number caught second time, m= number of recaptures that carried the mark, Bailey's modification N= (r(n+1)/(m+1), assumptions listed, most models assume date-specific marking, weighted mean method assumes closed population with no births or deaths, Jackson's positive method is for marking on 1 occasion with several recaptures, Triple Catch Method, estimates population size, survival rate and gain rate, Jackson's negative method, marks released on several days but marks in sample determined on last day only, Fisher-Ford method, several releases and recaptures, Jolly's Stochastic Method, several releases and recaptures, a superior method to the previous, Manly-Parr Method, age- independent survival is not assumed, method given for partitioning loss and gain into birth, death, immigration and emigration, but not suitable for aerial migration, population dynamics, natality, mortality, precision of 0.1 usually needed for population dynamics, gives sample sizes required when n and m are about equal, need to define population size area before density can be calculated, abundance, gives examples of ways of testing the assumptions, all individuals must have an equal chance of being caught, capture by the investigator, interception traps, attraction traps, predation in pitfalls, sampling must be random, anaesthetics, carbon dioxide, marking, paints, dusts, mutilation, tags, bands, pattern marking systems, eg 3 marks per individual with 5 colours and 6 positions marks 750 individuals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2415
Author: Begon, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Ecological Food Production
Journal: Green Paper No 4
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2843
Author: Begon, M.; Harper, J. L.; Townsend, C. R.
Year: 1986
Title: Ecology - Individuals, Populations and Communities
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Pages: 876 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., book, organisms, interactions, migration, dispersal, competition, predation, population dynamics, decomposers, detritivores, parasitism, disease, natural enemies, parasitoids, mutualism, behaviour, life history variation, culling, conservation, energetics, colonization, islands, stability, species richness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1723
Author: Behura, B. K.
Year: 1956
Title: The biology of the European earwig Forficula auricularia Linn
Journal: Ann. Zool., Agra
Volume: 1
Pages: 117-142
Keywords: Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 247
Author: Beier, M.
Year: 1928
Title: Die Larven der Gattung Quedius
Journal: Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst.
Volume: 55
Pages: 329-350
Keywords: Ger.
Quedius brevis, Quedius ochripennis
Structure, systematics, larvae, Staphylinidae, key, more species than in Kasule


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3875
Author: Bell, D.
Year: 1993
Title: The spider (Araneae) guilds of four different vegetation types with particular reference to plant structure
Journal: MSc Thesis, University of Durham
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls and sweeping, 2795 spiders of 64 species, multivariate statistics, methods, Simpson's diversity index, sex ratio male:female 2:1, small catch in sweeps and a different section of the spider fauna to pitfalls, Durham heathland at over 1000 feet altitude, ethylene glycol and detergent in pitfalls, subsites of bilberry, grassland, heather and bracken, Gramineae, dominant Lycosidae were Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa nigriceps and Pardosa pullata, also caught Lepthyphantes tenuis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Diplostyla concolor, Oedothorax retusus, Pardosa palustris, Xysticus cristatus, Pardosa amentata, Trochosa terricola, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, sweeping caught Erigone dentipalpis, Kaestneria pullata and Philodromus aureolus, vegetation structure, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4580
Author: Bell, D.; Petts, G.E.; Sadler, J.P.
Year: 1999
Title: The distribution of spiders in the wooded riparian zone of three rivers in Western Europe
Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
Volume: 15
Pages: 141-158
Alternate Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ecotones, 147 species, pitfalls, species composition, biodiversity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5186
Author: Bell, J.R.; Gates, S.; Haughton, A.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Pseudoscorpions in field margins: effects of margin age, management and boundary habitats
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 236-240
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Arachnida, UK, distribution, Chthonius ischnocheles, Chthonius orthodactylus, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, 60 field margins over two years, grassland margins with various cutting and spraying treatments, farming practices, Gramineae, more pseudoscorpions in old margins perhaps related to litter accumulation, most occurred in unmanaged edges and abundance was not increased by sowing wildflowers, they are bioindicators of management intensity, leaf litter is their natural habitat, reference that densities up to 20 per m2 can occur in fields
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5512
Author: Bell, J.R.; Haughton, A.J.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities ?
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 30
Pages: 288-297
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., UK, side effects of pesticides, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, field margins, two years, methods, Ryobi vacuum insect net, suction sampling, multivariate analyses, DECORANA, seasonal community changes were due to reduced height of vegetation and increase in proportion of dead vegetation, 70 million ha sprayed with glyphosate in 1997 globally, pesticide usage, agricultural statistics, 46,393 spiders of 58 species in 1997 and 59 species in 1998, species list given, dominants were Lepthyphantes ericaeus (74-77%), Lepthyphantes tenuis (70-84%), Bathyphantes gracilis (43-50%), no consistent relationship between herbicide application rate and species turnover, but glyphosate does indirectly reduce spider abundance
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5511
Author: Bell, J.R.; Johnson, P.J.; Hambler, C.; Haughton, A.J.; Smith, H.; Feber, R.E.; Tattersall, F.H.; Hart, B.H.; Manley, W.; Macdonald, D.W.
Year: 2002
Title: Manipulating the abundance of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) by field margin management
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 93
Pages: 295-304
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, grassland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, habitat manipulation, methods, farming practices, pesticides, herbicides, glyphosate, cutting vegetation reduced L. tenuis abundance and this effect was more persistent for summer cutting, height and structural complexity of grassland important for this species, short term reductions due to glyphosate, sowing a wildflower mixture did not increase L. tenuis, weeds, landscape, refuges, reservoirs, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, specimens separated from debris in lab using a pooter, 4078 L. tenuis collected in 4 years, phenology, significant differences in density between years, mean number of adults varied from < 1 m-2 to 17 m-2, population recovery rate, habitat disturbance, effect of cutting was not mitigated by leaving cut vegetation in situ 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5185
Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Analysis of the most popular techniques for sampling spiders in large-scale ecological experiments in grasslands
Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 91
Pages: 10-12
Alternate Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, out of 54 studies 33 used pitfall traps and 12 used suction sampling, 42 out of 54 studies relied on a single method, 5 used two methods and 7 used three methods, abundance, density, briefly describes the advantages and disadvantages of different methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5291
Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R.
Year: 2001
Title: The implications of grassland and heathland management for the conservation of spider communities: a review
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 255
Pages: 377-387
Alternate Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Gramineae, community, habitat management, effects of vegetation structure, ballooning, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, aeronauts, cursorial dispersal, Linyphiidae, prey availability, microclimate, some spiders use different microhabitats within a 24 h period, effects of grazing, management practices, farming practices, cutting, burning, herbicide application, pesticides, sowing seeds and pasture improvement, abundance and species composition, habitat restoration and reclamation, trampling and path creation, pioneer species Meioneta rurestris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Pardosa pullata, Lycosidae 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5315
Author: Bellamy, D.E.; Byrne, D.N.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of gender and mating status on self-directed dispersal by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 571-577
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Auchenorhyncha, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, distribution, migration, movement, marking methods, in flight chamber females flew more than males and unmated more than mated, dispersal investigated in field using fluorescent dust, laboratory tests showed that the dust did not affect flight behaviour, allowed large samples to be processed rapidly and was retained during the experiment, self-marking by adult parasitoids emerging from dusted whitefly nymphs, field trials in cantaloupe Cucumis melo, 102 fan traps used, fan traps had 12 V DC fans which drew air into 8 cm long PVC pipe which contained a plastic cup with an organdy base, wasps were held against the base of the cup by suction, males dispersed in field by the equivalent of a diffusion process but females used wind-directed flight
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1286
Author: Bellows, T. S.; Morse, J. G.; Hadjidemetriou, D. G.; Iwata, Y.; Richardson, C.
Year: 1985
Title: Beneficials and insecticides in citrus thrips management
Journal: California Agriculture
Volume: July-August
Pages: 6-7
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, trees, orchards, top fruit, USA, pests, Thysanoptera, natural enemies, biological control, effects of acephate, dimethoate and 2 others on Scirtothrips citri and mealybug parasitoid Aphytis melinus, and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Euseius stipulatus was badly affected by pesticides, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2748
Author: Bellows, T. S.; Van Driesche, R. G.; Elkington, J. S.
Year: 1992
Title: Life table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 37
Pages: 587-614
Keywords: En.
methods, population dynamics, biological control, NB not about the population dynamics of natural enemies but rather the effect of natural enemies on pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5015
Author: Belovsky, G.E.; Slade, J.B.
Year: 1993
Title: The role of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a grasshopper community
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 68
Pages: 193-201
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., USA, cages with and without spiders inside and outside bird enclosures, methods, spider predation did not reduce grasshopper populations, there was size-specific predation by birds which affected the competitive interactions between grasshopper species, indirect effects, prairie, grassland, Gramineae, Vertebrata, Aves, 15 species of grasshopper present, Araneae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae observed preying on grasshoppers, Orthoptera, Acrididae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cages of alumininium insect screen, cages were stocked with nymphs of Melanoplus femurrubrum which should have been susceptible to spider predation, 0-2 spiders per cage[do not say which spiders], various combinations of spider-grasshopper density investigated, spiders sampled by hand-collecting, at 2 spiders per cage the grasshopper population was reduced significantly but this spider density was 6 x the natural field rate, at 1 spider per cage the small grasshoppers were reduced significantly but this reduced competition for food by the later instars (which were too large to be captured by spiders) and so the grasshopper population compensated and the predation effect was annulled 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3964
Author: Belshaw, R.
Year: 1994
Title: Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 145-162
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, non-Hymenopteran parasitoids are 25% of all insect parasitoid species, 8200 species of Tachinidae in world, all are endoparasitoids, they usually attack Lepidoptera larvae but also attack Coleoptera, Heteroptera, sawflies, ants, Orthoptera, earwigs, Lithobiidae, Tipulidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Formicidae, Dermaptera, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, most have no ovipositor, the larva bores through host integument, eggs may be laid on host or on food plant or soil, ingested eggs hatch inside host, structure, oviposition behaviour, idiobionts permanently paralyze or kill the host before oviposition, koinobionts do not, all tachinids are koinobiont but the amount of host development following attack varies greatly, the female incubates the eggs so they are ready to hatch when laid, ovipositing tachinid females do not discriminate against hosts that are already attacked by conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids, foraging behaviour, multiparasitism, superparasitism, the outcome of interspecific competition within the host often depends on the relative timing of attack, population dynamics, biological control, some species allow the host to live and reproduce, parasites, occasionally two species of parasitoid can emerge from one host and this can even be tachinid plus Hymenoptera, tachinids tend to be very polyphagous, perhaps because the adult female has little contact with the host


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4514
Author: Belyea, L.R.  ; Lancaster, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Assembly rules within a contingent ecology
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 86(3)
Pages: 402-416
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: TP., community, review, dispersal
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3415
Author: Bender, E. A.; Case, T. J.; Gilpin, M. E.
Year: 1984
Title: Perturbation experiments in community ecology: Theory and practice
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 65
Pages: 1-13
Keywords: En.
Rep., a perturbation experiment aims to alter the density of a species in a community and to determine consequent changes in density and behaviour of other species, methods, PULSE perturbation relates to instantaneous alteration of numbers of a species after which the system relaxes back to its previous equilibrium, PRESS perturbation is a sustained alteration, including elimination, of a species, then examine how the other species react to this, mathematical treatment, in practice can probably never define the complete set of interacting species in an area, it is easy to misinterpret the interaction between a species pair because they may both be affected by other species which have not been taken into account, therefore important to supplement ecological experiments with descriptive natural history and common sense


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3006
Author: Benest, G.
Year: 1989
Title: The sampling of a carabid community. I. The behaviour of a carabid when facing the trap
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 26
Issue: 2)
Pages: 205-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, trees, France, methods, 1981-2, beetles elytra marked with a medical saw, mark-release-recapture over 2 years in a 15m x 15m enclosure, traps examined weekly, strange paper with poor English that omits basic information, males recaptured more frequently than females, some evidence that individuals can become trap-shy eg Abax ovalis, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3007
Author: Benest, G.
Year: 1989
Title: The sampling of a carabid community. II. Traps and trapping
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 26
Issue: 4)
Pages: 505-514
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, France, forest, trees, woodland, pasture, grassland, Gramineae, methods, small large and L shaped pitfall traps with vertical glass entry areas, live trapping, emptied weekly for 2 years, 1327 carabids of 26 species collected in quadrats, species list, compared traps opening at surface with those opening in the litter, 304/2324 or 13% were caught in the litter, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, strange paper with poor English, species composition remained constant over several years, 8 traps considered to be sufficient


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 126
Author: Benge, N. D.
Year: 1982
Title: An experimental investigation of the feeding strategy of a ground living carabid beetle, Agonum dorsale, on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi
Journal: University of East Anglia undergraduate study.
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 360
Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J.
Year: 1970
Title: Studies on the ecology of Coccinella undecimpuntata L. (Col., Coccinellid ae)
Journal: Entomologist.
Pages: 153-170
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, Coccinella 11- punctata,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 359
Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Observations on the overwintering of Coccinellidae in the British Isles
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 114
Pages: 191-197
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5608
Author: Benson, J.; Pasquale, A.; Van Driesche, R.; Elkington, J.
Year: 2003
Title: Assessment of risk posed by introduced braconid wasps to Pieris virginiensis , a native woodland butterfly in New England
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 26
Pages: 83-93
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, natural enemies, USA, Lepidoptera, Cotesia glomerata introduced for control of Pieris rapae, potential negative non-target side-effects of classical biological control, however Cotesia did not attack P. virginiensis because the parasitoid was found not to forage in forests, sentinel larvae of P. rapae and Pieris napae put out in woodland were not parasitised by Cotesia (as determined by dissection to look for parasitoid eggs and larvae), methods, caterpillars, trees, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5376
Author: Bento, A.; Torres, L.; Lopes, J.; Passos-Carvalho, P.
Year: 1999
Title: Biological control of Prays oleae (Bern.) by chrysopids in Tras-os-Montes region (Northeastern Portugal)
Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium  on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474
Volume: 474
Pages: 535-539
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium  on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474
Keywords: Rep., Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, olive moth, pests, Lepidoptera, 6 species of lacewing but 2 formed 74% of captures, Chrysoperla carnea and Mallada flavifrons, predation rate on Prays eggs was up to 34% and damage was halved by releasing 360 C. carnea larvae per tree, impact on pest populations, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, oophagy, adult chrysopids collected with McPhail traps baited with biammonium phosphate and borax, methods, beating for larvae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5714
Author: Benton, T.G.; Vickery, J.A.; Wilson, J.D.
Year: 2003
Title: Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key ?
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 18(4)
Pages: 182-188
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., review, landscape, 10 farmland bird species declined by 10 million breeding individuals over last 20 years in UK, Vertebrata, Aves, agri-environment schemes allow some recovery, more biodiversity of birds arthropods and weeds on  organic than conventional farms, agricultural intensification is the main cause of declines, reduced heterogeneity at a range of scales, regional specialisation of livestock versus arable farming, farm scale simplified crop rotations, removal of hedges and uncropped areas, within fields drainage, mechanisation and agrochemicals, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 612
Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1980
Title: Ecology of spiders in meadows near Zurich (Switzerland)
Journal: Proceedings of the 8th Internationaler Arachnologen- Kongress Wien 1980
Pages: 121-125
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, pitfalls, quadrats, sweeping, grassland, cultivated meadows, uncultivated meadows, prey, direct observation, diet, food, feeding, prey capture, pests, field layer, vegetation stratum, aphids, small Diptera, ground, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3887
Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M.; Hug, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge)(Aran., Micryphantidae) new to Switzerland. On a mass occurrence of the spider in Zurich and the destruction of its population by snow
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 56
Pages: 201-204
Keywords: Ger.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4204
Author: Berdegue, M.; Trumble, J. T.; Hare, J. D.; Redak, R. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Is it enemy-free space ? The evidence for terrestrial insects and freshwater arthropods
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 203-217
Keywords: En.
Rep., enemy-free space = "ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species' vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies", evaluated 19 references to 17 terrestrial systems and 34 references to 24 aquatic systems, results showed that very few studies have rigorously tested for EFS, but nevertheless EFS seems to be important in moulding the niches of arthropods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 926
Author: Berest, Z. L.
Year: 1980
Title: Entomophages regulating the number of cereal aphids in the winter wheat fields of the UKR.SSR right bank Steppe Zone
Journal: Vestbik Zoologii
Volume: 5
Pages: 84-87
Keywords: Russian
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, sweep net, 34 species, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Syrphidae, Parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1139
Author: Berest, Z. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Predators of cereal aphids in wheat fields in the steppe zone of the right bank region of the Ukraine
Journal: Ekologo-morfologicheskie osobennosti zhivotnyk i sreda ikh obitaniya, Ed. by G.L. Topchii, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR
Pages: 88-90
Keywords: Russ.
pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, Diuaphis noxia (= Brachycolus noxius), winter wheat, Coccinellidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adonia variegata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Malachius geniculatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Tachyporus hypnorum, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Nabis punctatus, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopa carnea (= Chrysoperla carnea), Chrysopa phyllochroma, Syphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Platytarsus pictitarsis, Empididae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3314
Author: Bergelson, J. M.
Year: 1985
Title: A mechanistic interpretation of prey selection by Anax junius larvae (Odonata: Aeschnidae)
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 66
Pages: 1699-1705
Keywords: En.
Rep., mechanism responsible for prey switching, 3 components are orienting towards prey, pursuing and capturing, dragonfly nymphs with mayfly nymphs and tubifex worms as prey, recorded incidence of the 3 behaviour components for various ratios of the 2 prey types, training on one type of prey increased capture efficiency on that prey when given equal mix of prey types, pursuit was also affected by training but orientations to prey were not, the capture success of the last encounter significantly influenced whether or not the next prey item was pursued, eg eating one or more tubifex increased the probability of pursuing a tubifex, rule of thumb "continue to pursue only those prey you have successfully captured in the immediate past", predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, prey selection, optimal foraging, prey conditioning, predation, aquatic, lab observations, search image


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1890
Author: Berger, H.
Year: 1984
Title: Attempts at biological control of the European corn borer in Styria. Report on studies from 1980 to 1983
Journal: Pflanzenart
Volume: 37
Issue: 4)
Pages: 48-50
Keywords: Ger.
Field trials in Austria with Trichogramma evanescens released at various rates, pests, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Ostrinia nubilalis, natural enemies, parasitoids, good reductions in damage to sweet maize but timing of release is vital, failure if just a few days late, methods, got timing right by keeping larvae in cages in the field to observe time of adult emergence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5019
Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F.J.
Year: 1997
Title: Resource- versus enemy-mediated interactions between cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on a common host plant
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 90(4)
Pages: 425-432
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, the effect of Rhopalosiphum padi on Diuraphis noxia in presence and absence of Chrysoperla plorabunda on crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum. In cages in the greenhouse aphid increase rates were significantly reduced by predation, and also in caged wheatgrass in the field. 3-6 lacewing larvae per plant, control of D. noxia alone was better than control of a R. padi + D. noxia mixture, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, food, diet, trophic  behaviour, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4398
Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F. J.
Year: 1998
Title: Effect of a co-occurring aphid on the susceptibility of the Russian Wheat aphid to lacewing predators
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 87
Pages: 103-108
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, references to predator- mediated apparent competition, but a herbivore that is attacked disproportionately may deflect predation away from a target species, trophic behaviour, food, diet, in USA Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum padi occur together on perennial grasses, Gramineae, cereals, lab experiments comparing the behaviour of Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on crested wheatgrass, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, plants had either D,. noxia alone or both aphid species, larvae spent more time eating R. padi than D. noxia, distributions of the 2 aphid species on the plant were different


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3416
Author: Bergman, J. M.; Tingey, W. M.
Year: 1979
Title: Aspects of interaction between plant genotypes and biological control
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 25
Pages: 275-279
Keywords: En.
Rep., attraction by the plant to natural enemies, plant juices, pollen, nectar, abundance and quality, pubescence, hooked and glandular trichomes deter natural enemies, resistance factors operating through prey, eg prey less nutritious or even toxic, prey refuges, eg under sepals, closed-leaf cf open-leaf varieties, increased prey movement, gives examples of varieties attracting natural enemies eg maize and the Ostrinia nubilalis parasitoid Lydella, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Gramineae, plant structure, plant resistance, antixenosis, predators, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, physiology, cultivars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4802
Author: Bergmann, D.J.; Oseto, C.Y.
Year: 1990
Title: Life tables of the Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northern Great Plains 
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19(5)
Pages: 1418-1421
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests of sunflower, Cochylis hospes, USA, predation of overwintering larvae was estimated from incidence of larval hibernacula bearing holes torn by predators, percentage parasitism from larval dissections, pitfalls, gut dissection of ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, fragments of C. hospes found in the guts of Pterostichus lucublandus, population dynamics, 0.3% of larvae were killed by the fungus Isaria, pathogens, disease, Orius tristicolor was observed feeding on eggs in the field, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, oophagy, predators killed 40-44% of overwintering larvae and the predators that were present where larvae overwintered were Cantharidae, Staphylinidae, beetle larvae and Carabidae. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2407
Author: Bernard, J.
Year: 1982
Title: Euraphid Gembloux 1982
Journal: Commission Communates Europeennes, Belgium
Pages: 91 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., monitoring agricultural aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, using suction traps, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, migration, Woiwod, Taylor, Turl, Tatchell, Dewar, Dedryver, Mouchart, Robert, Barbagallo, Latteur, Reitzel, Philipsen, Schutte, UK, France, Italy, Denmark, Germany, Europe, overwintering survival, weather, climate, forecasting outbreaks, crop growth stages, ACTAPHID, Rabbinge, Netherlands, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, BYDV, virus, disease, apples, orchards, trees, grasses, Rhopalosiphum insertum, behaviour, EPIPRE, Sitobion fragariae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Metopolophium festucae, Scotland, computer mapping of insect survey, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2310
Author: Bernstein, C.; Kacelnik, A.; Krebs, J. R.
Year: 1991
Title: Individual decisions and the distribution of predators in a patchy environment. II. The influence of travel costs and structure of the environment
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 60
Pages: 205-225
Keywords: En.
Rep., model, theoretical, parasites, as travel cost is increased rate-maximising predators become more sedentary and their intake rate can fall below what could be obtained elsewhere, degree of correlation in prey density between neighbour patches also important, coarse-fine grain continuum, discussion in relation to insects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3261
Author: Berry, J. S.; Holtzer, T. O.; Innis, G. S.; Logan, J. A.
Year: 1988
Title: Simple order of prey preference technique for modelling the predator functional response
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 5
Issue: 3-4)
Pages: 207-224
Keywords: En.
Rep., model, predator takes the most preferred prey irrespective of the abundance of other ranked preys, until the absolute abundance of this prey drops below some level, then the predator takes the 2nd preferred prey, plus any of the most preferred prey encountered, etc, down the list of prey, model works when compared with population data for Oligonychus pratensis and its predator Neoseiulus fallacis in lab microcosms on maize leaves, eggs and immatures of O.pratensis were preferred to adults, trophic behaviour, predation, predatory Acari, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5125
Author: Berthiaume, R.; Hebert, C.; Cloutier, C.
Year: 2000
Title: Predation on Mindarus abietinus infesting balsam fir grown as Christmas trees: the impact of coccinellid larval predation with emphasis on Anatis mali
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 45
Pages: 425-438
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, [A. mali is a polyphagous predator], natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, balsam twig aphid, Hemiptera, forest, woodland, conifers, A. mali egg masses were systematically removed from some trees throughout the ladybird oviposition period but left on control trees, methods, aphid numbers and aphid egg numbers were significantly greater where predators were removed, and shoot length was significantly less, damage, yield, quality, impact on pest populations, predator exclusion, Canada
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5073
Author: Bessin, R.T.; Moser, E.B.; Reagan, T.E.
Year: 1990
Title: Integration of control tactics for management of the sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Louisiana sugarcane
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 83(4)
Pages: 1563-1569
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Gramineae, USA, Diatraea saccharalis, insecticides, pesticides, varietal resistance, plant resistance, natural enemies, chlordane applied to the soil surface was used to suppress predators in some plots, insecticidal check method, plant damage, yield, pitfalls, peanut oil baited index cards to estimate ant abundance, polyphagous predators, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, soil insecticide reduced ants but increased ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation caused 1.7 fold reduction in emergence of adult moths, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera, Cicindelidae, tiger beetles, Orthoptera, spiders, Araneae, predation did not significantly affect sugar yield by itself, but it did in combination with insecticides, impact on pest populations 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5031
Author: Bessin, R.T.; Stinner, R.E.; Reagan, T.E.
Year: 1991
Title: Modeling the areawide impact of sugarcane varieties and predation on sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in southern Louisiana
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20(1)
Pages: 252-257
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., simulation model, varietal resistance, plant resistance, Diatraea saccharalis causes 90% of insect damage to sugarcane in Louisiana, agricultural statistics, pests, it can also attack corn, rice, sorghum and a range of grass weeds, Gramineae, reference to a paper on the effect of predators on borer populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 117
Author: Best, R. L.; Beegle, C. C.
Year: 1977
Title: Consumption of Agrotis ipsilon by several species of carabids found in Iowa
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 6
Pages: 532-534
Keywords: En.
Rep, Elateridae, wireworms, prey, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4633
Author: Besuchet, C.; Burckhardt, H.; Lobl, I.
Year: 1987
Title: THe "Winkler/Moczarski" eclector as an efficient extractor for fungus and litter Coleoptera
Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin
Volume: 41
Pages: 392-394
Alternate Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., extraction methods, litter samples, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, rove beetles, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The Winkler/Mozarski eclector is a suitable litter extractor for expeditions because it does not require a source of power and is lightweight (five eclectors can be transported easily in a rucksack). This extractor exploits the escape responses of disturbed invertebrates which pass through the nylon mesh of a litter bag into a collecting vessel placed below. The whole apparatus is enclosed in cotton material permitting good ventilation. Re-mixing of material in the bags should be done at least once per day. Abundance, Switzerland.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 597
Author: Bethge, W.
Year: 1973
Title: Okologische-physiologische Untersuchungen uber die Bindung von Erigone longipalpis (Araneae, Micryphantidae) an das Litoral
Journal: Faun.-Okol. Mitt.
Volume: 4
Pages: 223-240
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, ecology, biology, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3599
Author: Betz, J. O.
Year: 1992
Title: Studies on winter-active larvae of the ground beetle Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 36
Pages: 159-167
Keywords: En.
Rep.(summ. only), ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, capture-recapture, mark-release-recapture, MRR, methods, thermal activity threshold 3-4C, unpredictable encounters with aggregated prey, distribution, migration, dispersal, trophic behaviour, foraging, movement, temperature, very variable weights of 2nd and 3rd instars, biomass, temporal overlapping of three larval stages, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae cover distances of tens of metres and can maintain movement in a specific direction for many days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4447
Author: Bhagat, K. C.; Kotwal, D. R.; Singh, R.
Year: 1990
Title: On the occurrence of wheat and barley aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies in Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir)
Journal: Journal of Advanced Zoology
Volume: 11
Pages: 48-52
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies in the fields were Coccinellidae including Adonia, Coccinella 7-punctata, Harmonia, Menochilus and Scymnus, Syrphidae including Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae, Chrysoperla carnea, Hemerobius sp. and unidentified Clubionidae, all ate aphids in the lab, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, spiders, Araneae, Hemiptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1140
Author: Bhagat, R. C.; Lone, M. A.
Year: 1984
Title: New records and host range of predators of aphids (Aphididae: Homoptera) in Kasmir Valley, India
Journal: Sci. Cult.
Volume: 50
Issue: 12)
Pages: 364-366
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, 25 aphid species, Coleoptera, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1936
Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K.
Year: 1962
Title: Laboratory studies on the feeding habits and life cycles of soil inhabiting mites
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 1
Pages: 291-298
Keywords: En.
Pergamasus crassipes fed in lab on cheese mites, beetle larvae, Lepidocyrtus, Enchytraeidae, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, Coleoptera, Collembola, Annelida, meal took 20-90 minutes, can be cannibalistic, some of the other species of mite tested fed on fungal mycelia, spores, conidia, Pleurococcus, algae, fungi, diet, food, behaviour, life history of P.crassipes in relation to temperature, densities in oak and beechwood, trees, forest, mean longevity was 100-170 days, females oviposited irregularly and usually at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism, at 15C newly emerged P.crassipes could mate after 6 days, oviposit 15 days later, lay mean 8 eggs per female and oviposit over 40 days, fecundity, short notes on 2 other species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1821
Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K.
Year: 1963
Title: A revision of the Britsh mites of the genus Pergamasus Berlese s. lat. (Acari: Mesostigmata)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History (Zoology)
Volume: 11
Pages: 53-74
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Acari, mites, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasidae, Pergamasus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3820
Author: Bhuiyan, M. S. I.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Grain aphid populations and their fall-off rate on different cultivars of wheat
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 27-35
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Sitobion avenae, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, cereal varieties, plant resistance, aphid behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical stratification, migration, movement, spring wheat, long awn, awnless, cut-awns treatment, antixenosis, most aphids on awnless, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6010
Author: Bianchi, F.J.J.A.; Van der Werf, W.
Year: 2003
Title: The effect of the area and configuration of hibernation sites on the control of aphids by Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in agricultural landscapes: a simulation study
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32(6)
Pages: 1290-1304
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, references that ladybirds hibernate in hedgerows forest edges and grass tussocks, Gramineae, overwintering, methods, spatially explicit simulation model of aphid control by C. 7-punctata in a diverse landscape of wheat and hedges, cereals, phenology, population dynamics, search area index, Holling type 2 functional response, departure rate results in exponential decline of ladybird adult density, abundance, residence times, tested effect of varying shape area and fragmentation of non-crop area in 12 landscapes, linear hedgerows sometimes associated with better aphid control than square refuge habitats, landscapes required 9-16% non-crop habitat for successful aphid control and small evenly-distributed areas of hedge were best, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5732
Author: Bigger, D.S.; Chaney, W.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Effects of Iberis umbellata (Brassicaceae) on insect pests of cabbage and on potential biological control agents
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(1)
Pages: 161-167
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., candytuft, habitat diversification, landscape, plants at field edges can be either sources or sinks for both natural enemies and pests depending on the species involved, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aim here was to attract brassica pests off the crop into the edges and possibly also boost natural enemies (by provision of pollen and nectar) which may then disperse into the crop, organic farms in USA, trap crops, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, sticky traps, rearing out caterpillars for parasitism, parasitoids, natural enemies, Lepidoptera, oviposition preference of Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, small whitebutterflies, diamondback moth, pest species composition on Iberis different from that on the crop, Heteroptera predatory bugs more numerous on Iberis, Nabidae, Geocoris, Orius, Anthocoridae, but parasitoids were more numerous on the crop, Hymenoptera, spiders equally numerous on both, Araneae, abundance, pest abundance on crop plants was not significantly affected by the Iberis border, flea beetles, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Trichoplusia ni, cabbage aphids, Hemiptera, Iberis borders affected the distribution of Lepidoptera eggs in the crop, Iberis was not a reservoir of cabbage pests, destruction of border plants part way through the growing season may be necessary to motivate predators to move into the crop,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1709
Author: Bigler, F.
Year: 1983
Title: Experience in the biological control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) with Trichogramma wasps in Switzerland
Journal: Mitteilungen fur die Schweizerische Landwirtschaft
Volume: 31
Pages: 14-22
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pyralidae, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Trichogramma evanescens releases started 1978, mass production using eggs of flour moth Ephesta kuehniella, rearing, culturing, steady increase in release area from 150 ha to 550 ha in 1982, effectiveness of these releases shows the method has gained acceptance in Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4630
Author: Bigler, F.; Suverkropp, B.P.; Cerutti, F.
Year: 1997
Title: Host searching by Trichogramma and its implications for quality control and release techniques
Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford
Pages: 240-253
Alternate Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford
Keywords: Rep., egg parasitoids, natural enemies biological control, Hymenoptera, wasps, short local movements and long-distance flights, aerial migration, dispersal, distribution, review, low temperatures inhibit flight initiation, below 20C walking is more likely than flying and then plant connectivity is important, plant architecture, plant structure, host searching on plants, foraging behaviour, semiochemicals, attraction, vision in host searching, quality control, reduced flight initiation in mass-reared parasitoids, release techniques, inundative releases, augmentative biocontrol, pests, Lepidoptera, Trichogrammatidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4721
Author: Bilde, T.; Axelsen, J.A.; Toft, S.
Year: 2000
Title: The value of Collembola from agricultural soils as food for a generalist predator
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 37
Pages: 672-683
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., lab experiments with Bembidion lampros, it ate more dead than living Collembola, egg production declined all Collembola diets compared with Drosophila, Isotoma notabilis could not be utilised by the beetle for egg production, larvae completed development with low mortality on Isotoma anglicana and Folsomia fimetaria (and they were of higher value for larvae than for adults), teneral weight was greater on Drosophila than on Collembola, under food shortage (which is common) the quality of food becomes more important, quality of early-season prey could affect reproduction and pest control, also investigated Isotomurus prasinus (recently split from Isotomurus palustris) and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, references to which Collembola species are abundant in fields, observed that B. lampros had to attack several times to capture the Collembola, I. prasinus seems to be nutrient deficient (but not repellent or toxic), consumption of I. notabilis and L. cyaneus was low, references that some Collembola have chemical defences, reference that I. anglicana is of excellent quality to Erigone atra (the two species overlap to some extent in time and space and diet), the experimental beetles responded by increased egg production within one week when their diet was changed from Collembola to Drosophila, references to enhancing Collembola populations with mulches, the importance of generalist predators as biocontrol agents may vary with the community of alternative prey species, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, springtails, pests, spiders, Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, consumption rates, predation rates, trophic behaviour, food, diet, population dynamics, Diptera, anti-predator defences, prey defences, reproduction, agricultural practices, trophic diversification, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3083
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1993
Title: Prey preference and fitness of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale
Journal: unpublished
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, trophic behaviour, Denmark, laboratory studies, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, Diptera, there is an upper limit to the consumption of aphids independent of hunger and below the beetle's total food demand, fecundity on mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworm, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with R.padi taste are less preferred than the reverse, olfactory cues


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3507
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1994
Title: Prey preference and egg production of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 73
Pages: 151-156
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, there is an upper limit to R.padi consumption independent of hunger, fecundity on a mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with aphid or Sciaridae were less preferred than Drosophila coated with Drosophila, all prey killed by freezing before use, scavenging, carrion feeding, Lumbricus terrestris cut up, starved 3 days at 20C before start, observed in red light, methods, compared satiated with starved beetles, hunger level, in oviposition studies eggs were counted on surface of sand in petri dish, "a substantial number of eggs may have been overlooked", Lycosidae prefer Drosophila to Bradysia paupera to R.padi, Araneae, spiders, could not accurately measure the amount of earthworm eaten, more Drosophila but not R.padi eaten by hungry beetles, females ate more Drosophila but not R.padi than males, consumption rates, lab, on mixed diet consumption of Drosophila was 67 times greater than R.padi for satiated beetles, hypothesis that increased biodiversity in fields will give polyphagous predators more food choice and lessen their impact on aphids, this might be countered by an increase in the number of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4353
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Limited predation capacity by generalist arthropod predators on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 15
Pages: 143-150
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Araneae, Coleoptera, Linyphiidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, unpublished data that Bembidion lampros and Harpalus rufipes have a low preference for aphids cf Drosophila, Diptera, species studied here were Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Agonum dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus melanarius, lab experiments, R. padi cf Drosophila, aphid consumption by satiated beetles was <70% of the consumption of Drosophila, spiders had 5-25% lower relative consumption of aphids than beetles, tolerance to aphids may vary with season


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4354
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Consumption by carabid beetles of three cereal aphid species relative to other prey types
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 21-32
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, slightly higher for Metapolophium dirhodum, feeding rates on mixed species aphid diets were not greater than on single species aphid diets, references that differences in food quality between closely related prey species can affect predator population processes, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara similata, Loricera pilicornis, in unpublished work Tachyporus hypnorum had a higher consumption of mixed aphid species than single aphid species, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, lab experiments with 3 aphid species, Drosophila and Isotoma anglicana from lab cultures, Collembola


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4425
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1998
Title: Quantifying food limitation of arthropod predators in the field
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 115
Pages: 54-58
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators natural enemies, Denmark, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, trophic behaviour, hunger, starvation, consumption rate, Diptera, reference curve for relationship between food consumption/24h and starvation time at 20C, then measured 24h food consumption of newly-collected field animals at 20C, reference curve is non-linear and has to be transformed, Agonum dorsale fed on dead Drosophila, scavenging, tested A. dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus from the field and just a couple of reference curve points were obtained for all except A. dorsale, spiders were given living Drosophila, no difference between sexes in consumption,female A. dorsale in May gave consumption equivalent of 10-20 days starvation, males 5-10 days, both sexes 5 days at end of June and 10 days in August, O. apicatus females 7 days in May, 3-4 days in June, 7-9 days in July-August, E. atra 7 days in June, seasonal differences in consumption rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4631
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Prey consumption and fecundity of the carabid beetle Calathus melanocephaus on diets of three cereal aphids: high consumption rates of low-quality prey
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 43
Pages: 422-429
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lab studies in Denmark, C. melanocephalus had a high tolerance to Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, reproduction, egg production declined on aphids compared with Drosophila, Diptera, beetles collected from winter wheat, consumption rates, toxins, poisons, food quality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4886
Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S.
Year: 2001
Title: The value of three cereal aphid species as food for a generalist predator
Journal: Physiological Ecology
Volume: 26(1)
Pages: 58-68
Alternate Journal: Physiological Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Erigone atra, Linyphiidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Denmark, Diptera, alternative foods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory feeding studies, reproduction, fecundity, food quality, population dynamics, mixed diets, development, survival, Collembola, egg production, hatching success, offspring size, the three aphid species were poor quality diets not supporting growth and reproduction, M. dirhodum supported slightly better survival than the other aphid species, mixed aphid or aphid-fly mixed diets were no better than single-species aphid diets (and S. avenae had a slightly toxic effect), offspring size was greater on aphid-fly diets than on fly only diet, nutrients, energy, toxins, optimal foraging, the spiders to be studied were originally collected as aeronauts, Drosophila reared on dog food enhanced diet, cephalothorax length and width, the collembolan Isotoma tigrina was of lower quality than aphids for spiderling survival, I. tigrina was very palatable but it must be of low nutritive value
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 591
Author: Bilsing, S. W.
Year: 1920
Title: Quantitative studies in the food of spiders
Journal: Ohio Journal of Science.
Volume: 20
Pages: 215-260
Keywords: En.
Rep, USA, Araneae, predators, feeding, consumption, America


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5481
Author: Bin, F.
Year: 1994
Title: Biological control with egg parasitoids other than Trichogramma
Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 145-153
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae, these parasitoids may be successful against hosts where Trichogramma are unsuccessful because of host morphology, conservation biological control, Telenomus against Eldana saccharina in sugarcane, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, Anagrus epos against Empoasca leafhoppers on grapes helped by Rubus refuges, vineyards, examples from forests, woodlands, trees, augmentative biological control, parasitoid releases against Heteroptera pests on hazlenut, soybean, rice, wheat, cotton, Leguminosae, Nezara viridula, Eurygaster integriceps, corn borers  attacked by scelionids on maize, Sesamia, Mithymna, Spodoptera frugiperda on corn and sorghum and Spodoptera litura on brassicas attacked by various species of Telenomus, greenhouse leafhopper Hauptidia maroccana controlled with mymarid Anagrus atomus on protected tomatoes and ornamentals, protected crops, greenhouse, glasshouse, pine processionary moths suppressed with Tetrastichus spp., conifers, 34% of  92 classical biological control introductions were successful, lists pest species that were partially or completely controlled, a scelionid Baeus latrodecti was released against the black widow spider Latrodectus mactans, Araneae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1434
Author: Binns, E. S.
Year: 1970
Title: Aphicidal activity of benomyl
Journal: Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1969
Pages: 113
Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, fungicides, pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2272
Author: Birch, L. C.
Year: 1948
Title: The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 15-26
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4252
Author: Bisabri-Ershadi, B.; Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Natural biological control of Western Yellow-striped Armyworm, Spodoptera praefica (Grote), in hay alfalfa in Northern California
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 49
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysopa carnea, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius, Collops vittatus, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, parasitoids of nabids, parasitoids of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, alternative food, nectar, pollen, thrips, phytophagy, Thysanoptera, Lygus hesperus is a pest that also eats armyworm eggs, oophagy, 3 Braconidae parasitoids, NPV, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, baculoviruses, diseases, pathogens, thermal requirements, life tables, Dvac, sweep net, exclusion cages, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, these methods indicated that a complex of generalist predators was responsible for most of the mortality of S. praefica in hay alfalfa, predators were present before the pest arrived, generalist predators can be well suited as biocontrol agents in temporary agroecosystems


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 599
Author: Bishop, A. L.
Year: 1981
Title: The spatial dispersion of spiders in a cotton ecosystem
Journal: Aust. J. Zool.
Volume: 29
Pages: 15-24
Keywords: Araneae, predators, distribution, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 603
Author: Bishop, A. L.; Blood, P. R. B.
Year: 1981
Title: Interactions between natural populations of spiders and pests in cotton and their importance to cotton production in south-eastern Queensland
Journal: Gen. appl. Ent.
Volume: 13
Pages: 98-104
Keywords: En.
Cheiracanthium diversum, Oxyopes mundulus, Achaeranea veruculata, Araneus theisis, Heliothis
Rep, Araneae, predators, biological control, arable, direct observation, methods, food, diet, prey, predation, foraging, larvae, Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera larvae, aphids, jassids, Hemiptera, locusts, Orthoptera, diurnal, nocturnal, day and night observations, economic damage, correlations, spiders with other natural enemies may control low density pests, minor pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5014
Author: Bishop, A.L.; Milne, W.M.
Year: 1986
Title: The impact of predators on lucerne aphids and the seasonal production of lucerne in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 25
Pages: 333-337
Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Keywords: Rep., Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Therioaphis trifolii, Australia, Hemiptera, pests, Leguminosae, Coccinella repanda, Micromus sp., Syrphidae, predatory mites, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, Acari, Araneae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, the aphids are introduced exotic species, insecticidal check method used in two years, control plots, carbaryl to exclude predators,  endosulphan to exclude predators and aphids, predators sampled with Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, Diomus notescens, Nabis kinbergii, Bdellidae, Nabidae, removal of plant parts for aphid counts, there were significantly more predators and significantly fewer aphids in control than in carbaryl plots during some time periods, pesticides, carbamates, there were also high levels of parasitism by the introduced exotic parasitoid Aphidius ervi, Braconidae, predators did not significantly increase yield, the predatory mites were observed feeding on aphids in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2524
Author: Bishop, D. H. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Genetically engineered viral insecticides - a progress report 1986-1989
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 27
Pages: 173-189
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2361
Author: Bishop, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Meteorological aspects of spider ballooning
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1381-1387
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, convection, dewpoint, temperature, wind fluctuation, Met tower in forest USA, methods, sticky covered pipes at various heights, no spiders caught at night, diel cycle, diurnal, seasonal variations, Thomisidae, Salticidae, immatures juveniles formed 95% of catch, smaller spiders collected higher than larger spiders, more ballooners after a drop in temperature, unlikely to stay aloft in high humidity, spiders often the first predators to arrive in a newly created habitat and so form a vital part in developing community structure, predator.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5179
Author: Bishop, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Entomophagous fungi as mortality agents of ballooning spiderlings
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 18
Pages: 237-238
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aeronauts, disease, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, references to adult spiders being attacked by fungi, ballooning spiders were collected on sticky traps from a 45 m forest tower in Tennessee USA, methods, in autumn 98% of spiders caught (n = 617) were immature and 20% of these were infected with fungi (all were immature Thomisidae), in the spring Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Salticidae were also infected, fungus tentatively identified as Gibellula or Torrubiella, dissemination of pathogens 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3417
Author: Bishop, L.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Spider colonization of agroecosystems: mode and source
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1738-1745
Keywords: En.
Rep., Tennessee USA, 5 x 50 m strips of vegetables in a temporal sequence planted close to natural habitats, old field and woodland, trees, forest, grass, pasture, Gramineae, pitfalls and wire mesh sticky traps, methods, a pitfall at base of each sticky trap, 2 plots of 70 m2 surrounded by 40 cm high metal fence which she claims spiders do not climb over !, cf 2 unenclosed plots, quadrats taken in these BUT the enclosed were mulched and the unenclosed were not, ground search, spiders were removed by hand from some other fenced plots, also pitfalls and quadrats in the natural habitats next to the garden, also mark-release-recapture MRR using acrylic fluorescent paint, then search at night with a black light to show up fluorescing spiders, peak ballooning in May, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 98% juvenile mainly Thomisidae, Clubionidae and Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, in pitfalls analysed female and juvenile only because assumed all male catch due to searching for females, females peaked May to July, juveniles in September, mainly Lycosidae, no significant difference in density in quadrats inside and outside enclosures, barriers erected at time of planting, coefficients of similarity showed spider species composition in garden plots to differ from natural habitats especially woodland, nearly half the species were not found in natural habitats and were considered to have come from relatively long distances, 10% of spiders marked in old field ended up in garden plots, none of those from woodland did, gives references that spiders are super-colonists eg amongst the first colonisers of Mt St Helens etc, concludes that aerial dispersal from some distance was the main source of spiders into the garden [but they don't give data on pre-establishment local spider densities in the garden area, so possibility of very local colonization is not ruled out]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 481
Author: Bixler, D. E.
Year: 1970
Title: A study of wolf spider ecology in Grand County, Utah (Lycosidae; Araneae)
Journal: Southwest. Natur.
Volume: 14
Pages: 403-410
Keywords: En.
Predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2775
Author: Bjegovic, P.
Year: 1971
Title: Contribution to the knowledge of the cereal leaf beetle L. melanopus natural enemies
Journal: Zastita Bilja
Volume: 22
Pages: 173-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., found from N. Europe to N. Africa, found in USA in 1962, has spread a lot in USA and is damaging, fewer natural enemies, field observations, dissection, rearing from field, isolation of pathogens, predators were Nabis feroides which eats aphids, insect eggs, flea beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Lema melanopa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Nabidae, Heteroptera, ditsribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pests, Gramineae, cereals, Hemiptera, Halticinae, Lema oviposits into leaves in meadows, wheat, alfalfa, grasses, Leguminosae, behaviour, eggs, Coccinella 7-punctata ate Lema eggs when no aphids present, diet, feeding preferences, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, wasps ate Lema larvae, Hymenoptera, Polistes sp., 2-3 wasps per m2, parasitoids, Anaphes flavipes an egg parasitoid, can destroy 10-100% Lema eggs towards end of Lema oviposition period which spans 2 months, Nabis eats eggs earlier, Anaphes introduced into USA, classical biological control, Diaparsis carinifer = Tersilochus carinifer, Tersilochus moderator is larval parasitoid, Ichneumonidae, kills during pupation so does not prevent damage, diapauses for 9 months in soil, overwintering, emerges in spring, Lemophagus curtus also kills during pupae not effective because poor synchrony, Tetrastichus julis, Eulophidae, egg parasitoid reduces larval numbers by 19% in UK, also kills during pupation, 82% diapause till spring, life cycles, in one area 350/400 pupae were parasitized, can be bred in lab, rearing, culturing, Meigenia mutabilis, Tachinidae, Diptera, 3% Lema mortality, also mortality of cocoons and adults due to Microsporidia and Beauveria, microbes, Protozoa, pathogenic fungi, entomogenous fungi, useful references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5609
Author: Blackburn, T.M.; Gaston, K.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Linking patterns in macroecology
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 338-352
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., model, macroecology aims to understand division of food and space between species at the geographical scale over long periods of time, distribution, abundance, landscape, energetics, local and regional abundance, body size, biomass and energy use, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 433
Author: Blackith, R.
Year: 1978
Title: A new host for Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Journal: Ir.? Nat. J.
Volume: 19
Pages: 164-5
Keywords: Propylea 14-punctata
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 434
Author: Blackman, R. L.
Year: 1965
Title: Studies on specificity in Coccinellidae
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 56
Pages: 336-338
Keywords: En.
Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, prey, preference, pests, predator, aphids, development times


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1135
Author: Blackman, R. L.
Year: 1967
Title: Selection of aphid prey by Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 59
Pages: 331-338
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, food preference, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3646
Author: Blackman, R. L.
Year: 1967
Title: The effects of different aphid foods on the development of Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 59
Pages: 207-219
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, UK, food quality, population dynamics, Megoura viciae was toxic to A.bipunctata but not to C.7-punctata, poison, fecundity of A.bipunctata was a lot less on Aphis fabae and its eggs were smaller and less fertile than on other aphids, but this effect did not occur with C.7-punctata, prey defences, chemical defences, reproduction, fecundity, egg quality, egg biomass, larvae fed more slowly and consumed less of the less beneficial aphids, consumption rates, in A.bipunctata the aphid species fed to the larva did not affect fecundity of the adult which depended on food eaten in the adult stage, 4th instar A.bipunctata larvae eating Myzus persicae use a combination of extra-oral digestion and some ingestion of solid remains, trophic behaviour, feeding methods, M.viciae has a very rapid toxic effect on killing 1st instar larvae of A.bipunctata, mortality, the coccinellid species vary considerably in the relative suitability of different aphid species as prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1049
Author: Blackman, R. L.
Year: 1976
Title: Biological approaches to the control of aphids (Hom., Aphididae)
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 274
Issue: 934)
Pages: 473-488
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae, predators only important on potatoes and only if aphids increasing slowly


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1441
Author: Blackman, R. L.; Takada, H.
Year: 1975
Title: A naturally ocurring chromosome translocation in Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Journal: J. Ent. (A)
Volume: 50
Issue: 3)
Pages: 147-156
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, genetics, mutations, insecticide resistance, mechanisms, pesticides, dimethoate, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1429
Author: Blaeser, M.
Year: 1981
Title: Infestation of thrips on different wheat varieties in response to insecticide application
Journal: Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Ent.
Volume: 3
Pages: 316-319
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., pests, Thysanoptera, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, plant resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3025
Author: Blann, A. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Cell fusion and monoclonal antibodies
Journal: The Biologist, Journal of the Institute of Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 288-291
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 595
Author: Blest, A. D.; Taylor, H. H.
Year: 1977
Title: The clypeal glands of Mynoglenes and of some other linyphiid spiders (Araneae)
Journal: J. Zool.
Volume: 183
Pages: 473-493
Keywords: Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, secretions, sulci, post-ocular sulci, function of secretion unknown, pheromones, water balance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2521
Author: Block, B.; Turnock, W. J.; Jones, T. H.
Year: 1987
Title: Cold resistance and overwintering survival of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (Anthomyiidae) and its parasitoid Trybliographa rapae (Cynipodea) in England
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 71
Pages: 332-338
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4058
Author: Block, W. M.; Brennan, L. A.; Gutierrez, R. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Evauation of guild-indicator species for use in resource management
Journal: Environmental Management
Volume: 11
Pages: 265-269
Keywords: En.
REp., community, a guild indicator species is a member of a guild that acts as an indicator of environmental change for all species in the guild, literature review shows that no standardised method to select guild indicator species has been agreed, indicator species for ground foraging guild of birds in 4 California vegetation types was mountain quail, Vertebrata, birds, Aves, used Jaccard similarity coefficients to compare intraguild species composition at each site, USA, methods, the ability of mountain quail to indicate the presence of other guild members varied greatly between sites, "if indicators are used they should be applied to guilds within the same general vegetation type", guild indicators should be closely related ecologically to the majority of guild members, and the indicator should be selected a posteriori using site-specific information


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6005
Author: Blondel, J.
Year: 2003
Title: Guilds or functional groups: does it matter ?
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 100
Pages: 223-231
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., guilds are groups of species sharing similar resources (effects on processes and functions not included in this concept), if they jointly perform an ecosystem process or function they are a functional group (competition not included in this concept), both are independent of phylogenetic relationships, the same group of species can be either a guild or a functional group depending on the question being addressed, objective procedures for defining guilds and functional groups, "comparisons of species groupings to those expected under null hypotheses have been rare", exploitative competition usually occurs among guild members, references to statistical techniques for guild assignment, methods, multivariate statistics, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 801
Author: Blower, G.
Year: 1955
Title: Yorkshire centipedes
Journal: Naturalist
Volume: 855
Pages: 137-146
Keywords: En.
Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, descriptions, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 802
Author: Blower, J. G.
Year: 1955
Title: Millipedes and centipedes as soil animals
Journal: Soil Zoology, Ed. by D.K. Mc E. Kevan, London, Butterworth
Keywords: En.
Myriapoda, Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, Lithobius forficatus is 50% predator and 50% detritivore, scavenger, decomposer, trophic behaviour, diet, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1842
Author: Blower, J. G.
Year: 1969
Title: Age-structures of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion
Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Ed. by J.G. Sheals, Systematics Association Publication
Volume: 8
Pages: 209-216
Keywords: En.
Rep., Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, UK, movement, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1931
Author: Blower, J. G.
Year: 1969
Title: The age structure of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion
Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Systematics Association, London
Volume: Publication No. 8
Keywords: En.
UK, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1932
Author: Blower, J. G.; Fairhurst, C. P.
Year: 1968
Title: Notes on the life history and ecology of Tachypodoiulus niger (Diplopoda, Iulidae) in Britain
Journal: J. Zool. Lond.
Volume: 156
Pages: 257-271
Keywords: En.
Rep., Myriapoda, UK, millipedes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1929
Author: Blower, J. G.; Gabbutt, P. D.
Year: 1964
Title: Studies on the millipedes of a Devon oak wood
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 143
Pages: 143-176
Keywords: En.
Cylindroiulus punctulatus, Cylindroiulus latestriatus, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, UK, trees, forest, one breeds after 2 years but lays half number of eggs that the other does which breeds after 3 years, population growth could be the same but achieved by different strategies, population dynamics, pre-reproductive period, fecundity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2518
Author: Blua, M. J.; Perring, T. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Alatae production and population increase of aphid vectors on virus-infected host plants
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 65-70
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2414
Author: Blumberg, A. V.; Crossley, D. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Comparison of soil surface arthropod populations in conventional tillage, no tillage and old field systems
Journal: Agro-Ecosystems
Volume: 8
Pages: 247-
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1933
Author: Bocock, K. L.
Year: 1963
Title: The digestion and assimilation of food by Glomeris
Journal: Soil Organisms, Ed. by Doeksen and van der Drift, Amsterdam
Pages: 85-91
Keywords: En.
Myriapoda, Diplopoda, pill millipede, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2519
Author: Bode, E.
Year: 1980
Title: Die braunlichrote Samtmilbe Allothrombium fuliginosum (Herm)(Acari: Trombidiidae) als Parasit der bleichen Getreideblattlaus Metopolophium dirhodum
Journal: Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Ang Ent
Volume: 2
Pages: 57-58
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 824
Author: Boer, P. J. den
Year: 1979
Title: The individual behaviour and population dynamics of some carabid beetles of forests
Journal: Miscellaneous Papers Landbouwhgeschool Wageningen
Volume: 18
Pages: 151-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, woodland, isolated wood near Wister Holland, trees, 30 time-sort pitfalls and automatic monitoring of temperature and humidity, methods, brand marking, mark-recapture and Jolly model to get population sizes for Nebria brevicollis, Agonum assimile, Calathus piceus and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, total pitfall catch over whole activity season correlated with Jolly population size, all nocturnal species, differences in elevation of as little as 27 cm can affect density of species, could be related to microclimate, distribution, phenology, voltinism, overwintering, reproductive periods, population fluctuations, Nbrev adults and larvae are highly mobile entering and leaving the wood, migration, movement, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1928
Author: Bogucki, M.
Year: 1953
Title: Bimodality in Nereis diversicolor
Journal: Polskie Arch. Hydrobiol.
Volume: 1
Pages: 251-270
Keywords: Pol. En.summ.
length of life is determined by the time of spawning, worms reaching maturity at the end of the first year of life live only one year, more slowly developing individuals spawn when two years old and die soon after, growth rates variable, cannibalism common, Annelida, population dynamics, cohort splitting, longevity related to reproduction, semelparity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5501
Author: Boguslawski, C.; Basedow, T.
Year: 2001
Title: Studies in cotton fields in Egypt on the effects of pheromone mating disruption on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep., Gelechiidae), on the occurrence of other arthropods, and on yields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 125
Pages: 327-331
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., organic (protected by mating disruption) compared with conventional cotton, insecticides, pesticides,  semiochemicals, infochemicals, methods, pests were significantly more numerous in conventional, Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Empoasca lybica, Hemiptera, spiders were significantly more numerous in organic, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, yields were equal in one year and significantly higher in organic in a second, also present ladybirds, rove beetles, lacewings, ants, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Staphylinidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4763
Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 1999
Title: Comparison of pome fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages at different geographical scales
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 261-269
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, apple, pear. Scales were Holarctic, European and between and within regions of Hungary. Beating and sweeping, methods. Geographical location is the main factor influencing species composition. Pesticide treatments and prey availability had less effect. Canopy and herbaceous layer communities could be distinguished, but there was also some overlap. Vertical distribution, vertical stratification. Hunting spiders formed 14-30% of the catch in northern orchards and 44-58% in southern. Table of family composition in Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Canada, USA, Japan, dominated by Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Araneidae (Argiopidae) and ranging from 35 to 115 species per country. Table of frequent species in Hungary. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4969
Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 2000
Title: Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 46(4)
Pages: 241-250
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, comparison of IPM and conventional orchard, farming practices, abundance and species richness greater in IPM, biodiversity, community, results presented in relation to web and hunter guilds at different vertical heights and on trunks, in relation to use of insecticides and nature of surrounding habitats and age of orchard, there was a significant overlap in spider communities of grass layer and canopy, vertical distribution, there is vertical migration from ground into canopy, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, dominants included Oxyopes heterophthalmus and Cheiracanthium mildei, pesticides, beating, corrugated cardboard treebands to sample overwintering spiders, sweep netting, methods, Table of 63 species including Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4412
Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Ingestion, gut emptying and respiration rates of clubionid spiders (Aranaea: Clubionidae) occurring in orchards
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 30
Issue: 3-4)
Pages: 299-307
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, clubionids in orchards eat caterpillars, psyllids, mites and scale insects, Lepidoptera, Psyllidae, Acari, Hemiptera, to enable estimation of potential consumption at variable field temperatures, the ingestion rate, gut emptying rate, and respiration rate were measured at a range of constant temperatures, lab studies on Clubiona phragmitis and Clubiona pallidula from orchards, methodological problem caused by drinking behaviour of spiders which caused fluctuation in weight, weight of food to satiate is an estimate of gut capacity, this was 2.5mg here, which equals 20% of body weight (cf 34% for Lycosidae), biomass, assimilation efficiency is 35% for spiders (cf 50% for Carabidae) because spiders ingest only liquid food containing more water, Coleoptera, ground beetles, energetics, daily and sustained consumption rates were 3.3mg at 10C rising to 5.7mg at 20C, this gives a potential kill rate of 3-6 small caterpillars per day


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4381
Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M.
Year: 1996
Title: The role of spiders as predators of insect pests with particular reference to orchards: a review
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 31
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 83-159
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, references to colonial spiders causing plant damage in the tropics and spiders transmitting plant diseases, species richness and density, foraging behaviour, some spiders still feed at -5C, Oedothorax fuscus and Lepthyphantes tenuis are common in the ground layer of apple orchards, for 13 spider families gives description, hunting behaviour, habitat and distribution, and importance in crop protection for a wide range of crops including rice, cotton, tobacco, wheat, corn, forests, legumes, brassicas, sugarbeet, sorghum, potato, alfalfa, table of spider species and pests eaten for each spider family, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillar dislodgement by Clubionidae, Lepidoptera, vertical movement, Erigone dentipalpis and Bathyphantes gracilis eat Panonychus ulmi and Bryobia praetiosa in orchards, Linyphiidae, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Acari, very few data exist about pest control by ground- dwelling spiders in orchards, effects of pesticides on spiders, predatory potential of orchard spiders, records of hyperpredation in the field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5340
Author: Bohac, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 357-372
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, the majority of species are polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, community, 32,000 known species, biodiversity, species richness, half of these species are found in litter, they are important component of the soil fauna, references to identification keys for central Europe, taxonomy, systematics, morphology, body length varies from 0.5 to 60 mm, some Oxytelinae feed on organic matter, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many staphylinids are mycetophagous, fungus-feeders, many species have good powers of flight, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, life forms, guilds, Tables giving number of species and density in various habitats, abundance, heathland, forest, woodland, trees, bog, wetland, maize, potatoes, clover, wheat, corn, pasture, alfalfa, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, reference that staphylinids are second most important group of epigeic invertebrates in agricultural systems in terms of activity and abundance, they are important predators of pests, biological control, aphids, caterpillars, wireworms, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Elateridae, effects of farming practices and land use and land management on staphylinid assemblages, pesticides, fertilisers, Table of dominant species including Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachinus rufipes, Xantholinus linearis, Anotylus rugosus, insecticides, long-term monitoring, bioaccumulation of heavy metals, urbanised areas
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4756
Author: Bohan, D.A.; Bohan, A.C.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Wiltshire, C.W.; Hughes, L.
Year: 2000
Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles on slugs
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 69
Pages: 367-379
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, UK, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Pterostichus melanarius, pitfalls in nested sampling grids at different spatial scales, slugs and beetles were aggregated at some scales, distributions not determined by soil or crop factors, slug  numbers were positively and negatively related to carabid  abundance depending on month, ELISA showed that 11% of beetles had eaten slugs, serology, distribution of slug-positive beetles was associated with that of large slugs, SADIE, results suggest that  predation was not opportunistic but direct and dynamic and it appeared to affect slug populations, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, winter wheat, Gramineae, cereals, dry pitfalls opened for 3 day periods, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, prey size selection, size preference 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5253
Author: Bohan, D.A.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O.
Year: 2001
Title: Spatial dynamics of predation  by carabid beetles: a response to Mair et al. (2001)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 877-879
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, SADIE, methods, ELISA, serology, Pterostichus melanarius, the authors question the assumptions of Mair et al. underlying their estimate that a density of 55 P. melanarius m-2 would ber required to produce the observed effect on slugs, e.g. Mair ignores that a beetle could eat more than one slug during the 2.5 day detection period, various other arguments are advanced and Bohan et al. continue to maintain that slug predation was not opportunistic but directed and dynamic
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5611
Author: Bohannan, B.J.M.; Lenski, R.E.
Year: 2000
Title: The relative importance of competition and predation varies with productivity in a model community
Journal: The American Naturalist
Volume: 156(4)
Pages: 329-240
Alternate Journal: The American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., competition predicted to be influence on community structure in low-productivity systems, predation main influence in high-productivity systems, laboratory observations supported theoretical predictions, test system was bacteriophage attacking two populations of Escherichia coli at different levels of glucose availability, bacteria, viruses,  mathematical model, graphical analysis, methods, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5016
Author: Boire, S.; Gilstrap, F.E.; Teetes, G.L.
Year: 1998
Title: Impact of natural enemies on abundance of millet head miner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Niger
Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter
Volume: 39
Pages: 144-145
Alternate Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., millet head miner is Heliocheilus albipunctella and can cause 60% yield loss, Niger, Africa, Sahel, predator exclusion cages put over 120 panicles, methods, then panicles infested with pest eggs, groups of panicles were uncovered after a range of time intervals, panicles were removed to the lab for rearing out parasitoids, Orius was an egg predator and Cremastogaster ants attacked the pest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, oophagy, large numbers of eggs and larvae appeared to be taken by predators and parasitoids [no stats, no direct observation of predators]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 348
Author: Boiteau, G.
Year: 1983
Title: Activity and distribution of Carabidae, Arachnida and Staphylinidae in New Brunswick potato fields
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 115
Pages: 1023-1030
Keywords: En.
Rep, insecticide-free fields, pitfalls, ethylene glycol, preservative, Araneae, beetles, spiders, distribution, edge, middle, yellow traps, flight traps, Philonthus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4859
Author: Boiteau, G.
Year: 1986
Title: Native predators and the control of potato aphids
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 118
Pages: 1177-1183
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., Canada, plots in potato field were surrounded by polythene barriers, methods, predator exclusion barriers, ground predators reduced by pitfall trapping and foliar predators by carbaryl which does not kill aphids, pesticides, insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, abundance, spiders, Araneae, parasitoids, pathogens, disease, entomophagous fungi, dry and wet pitfalls were compared, and showed that rove beetles and spiders could escape from dry pitfalls, the barriers did not prevent immigration and emigration of rove beetles, movement, migration, distribution, dispersal, where carabids were reduced by 66% aphids were increased by 24% for Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 12% for Aphis nasturtii and 34% for Myzus persicae, but these increases were not significant, larger increases in aphid populations were recorded in plots where carbaryl was used and this is attributed to the killing of specific predators which are thought to have made a greater impact on aphid populations than did the generalist predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5148
Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W.
Year: 2000
Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Carabidae and Elateridae in flight above an agricultural landscape
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1157-1163
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Canada, potato field, 15 m high sampling tower housing 40 window traps (yellow board and plastic gutter containing antifreeze) at different heights, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 57 species of carabid and 46 of elaterid caught, species listed in Tables, some individuals were caught up to 14.3 m, most species actively control their vertical flight level, vertical distribution, behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4968
Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W.P.L.
Year: 1999
Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in flight over an agricultural landscape
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 131
Pages: 269-277
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ladybirds, natural enemies, insects retain control over flight within the first 14 m above ground, 15 m high sampling tower holding 40 window traps (10 per side) in a meadow in an agricultural area, the "windows" were plywood boards painted yellow with an antifreeze-filled gutter below, methods, Canada, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Anatis mali, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial movement, aerial migration, more tha half the flights were at or below 3.8 m, Table for 13 species, no other similar complete vertical profiles have been published for other ecosystems, H. convergens disperses close to the ground
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5331
Author: Boiteau, G.; Colpitts, B.
Year: 2001
Title: Electronic tags for tracking of insects in flight: effect of weight on flight performance of adult Colorado potato beetles
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 100
Pages: 187-193
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, USA, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, marking methods, Chrysomelidae, harmonic radar systems can track tagged insects in flight but tags need to be light compared with the insects body weight if flight is to remain unaffected by tagging, this study measured wing loading (ratio of body weight to total wing area) and the tolerance for additional weight, it was estimated that a tag should weigh no more than 23-33% of additional weight tolerance if the tag is to have no effect on flight performance, experiments in a flight chamber, tags weighing up to 1.5% of insect body weight should not affect flight performance
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4987
Author: Boiteau, G.; Osborn, W.P.L.; Xiong, X.; Bousquet, Y.
Year: 2000
Title: The stability of vertical distribution profiles of insects in air layers near the ground
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 78
Pages: 2167-2173
Alternate Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., methods, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aerial movement, vertical distribution above fields in Canada up to 15 m above ground over 4 years, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Carabidae, Elateridae, Staphylinidae, Meloidae, Scarabaeidae, Coccinellidae, Miridae, Aphididae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Anatis mali, Adalia bipunctata, Hippodamia convergens, thrips, pests, lacewings, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, 4 sided tower in meadow in agricultural area with adjacent potatoes, alfalfa, timothy, clover, grasses, Gramineae, Leguminosae, tower held 40 interception traps of yellow plywood and plastic gutter containing ethylene glycol and water, Pentatomidae, aphids, bugs, Lygus, honeybees, Apis mellifera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Chrysomelidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5793
Author: Boivin, G.; Hance, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Ground beetle assemblages in cultivated organic soil and adjacent habitats: temporal dynamics of microspatial changes
Journal: Pedobiolgia
Volume: 47
Pages: 193-202
Alternate Journal: Pedobiolgia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, community, Canada, carrots, field vegetables, horticulture, Umbelliferae, methods, pitfalls, 7700 individuals of 76 species dominated by Amara, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Stenolophus and Pterostichus melanarius, multivariate statistics, species composition, species list, species characteristic of one habitat are also captured but at lower abundance in adjacent habitats, habitat preference, habitat selection, permeability, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, biodiversity, field boundaries were good refuges for field species before recolonising fields after insecticide use, pesticides, carrot is not a good crop for carabids compared to wheat or pea probably because vegetation cover arrives late in the season, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 364
Author: Boldyrev, M. I.; Wilde, W. H. A.; Smith, B. C.
Year: 1969
Title: Predaceous coccinellid oviposition responses to Juniperus wood
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 101
Pages: 1199-1206
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coccinellidae, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, methods, behaviour, kairomones, semiochemicals, predators, natural enemies, biological control, reproduction, Canada, Cycloneda munda, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella transversoguttata, Coleomegilla maculata, were attracted to juniperus wood for oviposition, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, identification of an effective stimulus for oviposition may enable the distribution of predator eggs to be manipulated, methods, sub-experiments to separate tactile and olfactory stimuli, there were variations in the strength of resonse to different species of Juniperus, spruce boards treated with juniper extract in alcohol were preferred to untreated or alcohol-only treated spruce, coccinellids were attracted to juniper wrapped in paper but not to other similarly wrapped woods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1679
Author: Bolet, B.
Year: 1983
Title: Produktion af insektvirus til biologisk bekaempelse Udvikling af metode til produktion af ageruglens kapselvirus (AsGV)
Journal: Tidsskr. Planteavl
Volume: 87
Pages: 417-424
Keywords: inoculum needed and time required to kill cutworms on carrots by granulosis virus, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, insect diseases, pathogens, Umbelliferae, field vegetables, Scandinavia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1642
Author: Bollen, G. J.; Middelkoop, J.; Hofman, T. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Effects of soil fauna on infection of potato sprouts by Rhizoctonia solani
Journal: Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases, Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers and A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pages: 27-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., fungal diseases, arable, increased infection of potato by R.solani when nematicides used, pesticides, perhaps due to reduction of soil fauna and their grazing on fungi, food, diet, behaviour, Aphelenchoidae nematodes can decrease infection by root diseases, lab experiments, Collembola reared on Alternaria porri, a nematode a mite and Folsomia fimetaria did not affect potatoes in absence of pathogen, Acari, at low disease pressure the invertebrates supressed development of the disease, but less effective at high disease pressure, biological control, mutual predation did not occur to such an extent that disease suppression was inhibited


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1433
Author: Bombosch, S.
Year: 1960
Title: Uber Auswirkung landwirtschaftlicher Massnahmen auf die Insektenfauna von Kulturfeldern
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 47
Pages: 116-122
Keywords: Ger.
farming practices, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1128
Author: Bombosch, S.
Year: 1966
Title: Occurrence of enemies on different weeds with aphids
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia Publishing House, Prague
Pages: 177-179
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3647
Author: Bombosch, S.
Year: 1966
Title: Distribution of enemies in different habitats during the plant growing season
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects" Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 171-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., Germany, woodland edge, potato, sugar beet, ruderal, in spring most natural enemies at woodland edge, then moved into fields, this applied to Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera and Itonididae, the exception was Chrysopidae which appeared simultaneously in all four habitats, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, forest, trees, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4574
Author: Bommarco, R.
Year: 1998
Title: Stage sensitivity to food limitation for the generalist arthropod predator, Pterostichus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(4)
Pages: 863-869
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults and larvae on different feeding regimes in lab, effects of food level on mortality, fecundity, development, egg size, pupal weight, wing muscle development, overwintering, poor teneral conditions in the field are not compensated by better conditions later, Calliphora larvae as food
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5531
Author: Bommarco, R.
Year: 1998
Title: Reproduction and energy reserves of a predatory carabid beetle relative to agroecosystem complexity
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 8(3)
Pages: 846-853
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, landscape, Pterostichus cupreus, methods, landscapes with small fields, high perimeter to area ratios and a high percentage of perennial crops harboured beetles that were larger and with 3 x higher fecundity than beetles from landscapes of low spatial complexity, population dynamics, reproduction, beetles were food-limited in all landscapes studied, organic, conventional, cereals, legumes, ley, Sweden, Gramineae, Leguminosae, beetles fed ad libitum in lab to determine weight and condition of well-fed individuals, biomass, Energy Reserve Index (function of body mass and elytra length) for beetles from field, pitfalls, to determine fecundity beetles collected from the field were given fly maggots dyed red (subsequent oviposition of white eggs indicates fecundity on field food and red eggs on food provided in lab), pesticides, fecundity varied greatly with field locality, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4899
Author: Bommarco, R.
Year: 1999
Title: Feeding, reproduction and community impact of a predatory carabid in two agricultural habitats
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 87
Pages: 89-96
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichus cupreus, cereals, Gramineae, ley grassland, barley, Sweden, predator density manipulated within barriered plots containing pitfalls, plastic exclusion barriers, methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, arthropod abundance was greater in the ley and carabid eggload, weight and fat stores were greater in ley, barley did not appear to be as good a habitat as ley for this carabid, variations in predator density did not appear to affect community composition, spatial arrangement of annual and perennial crops such as ley and barley could be important to maintaining large populations of carabids at the landscape scale. Reviews information on life cycle and biology of P. cupreus. Beetles were released into the plots at 3 densities, but the experiment was only run for 15 days, at which time beetle densities converged. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5948
Author: Bommarco, R.; Banks, J.E.
Year: 2003
Title: Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments: effects on herbivores and predators
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 102(2)
Pages: 440-448
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., meta-analysis, 18 years, 25 predator and 41 herbivore observations, diversification experiments performed in small plots (less than 16 m2) produced large negative effect on herbivores but effect was negligible in large plots (more than 256 m2), for small plots herbivores may concentrate in control plots where the resource is more concentrated and predators may move to the more diverse plots, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat diversification, habitat choice, habitat selection, aggregation, biological control, methods, impact on pest populations, trophic cascades, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Hemiptera, aphids, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, shoot-borers, Cicadellidae, Diptera, Muscidae, root flies, thrips, Thysanoptera, Agromyzidae, leaf-miners, cucumber, potato, brassicas, maize, beans, alfalfa, peppers, soybean, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, parasitoids, Mymaridae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Cynipidae, Braconidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Amaurobiidae, Tachinidae, polyphagous predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5984
Author: Bommarco, R.; Fagan, W.F.
Year: 2002
Title: Influence of crop edges on movement of generalist predators: a diffusion approach
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 21-30
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Pterostichus cupreus (= Poecilus cupreus) moving between ley and spring barley, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, ecotones, pests, biological control, methods, mark-recapture, Sweden, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, early season arthropod density 43 m-2 in barley and 943 m-2 in ley, abundance, later in season 394 m-2 in barley and 974 m-2 in ley, pitfalls, trapping efficiency of plastic gutter traps, video recording showed that these traps caught 90% of P. cupreus contacting the trap and none escaped, gutter traps surrounded 6 rectangular plots (3 m x 3 m) that straddled the ley-barley ecotone, beetles marked on elytra released in centre of plots and traps then monitored for 6 days, this species only active diurnally, diel cycles, diffusion analysis suggested that during early season beetles were attracted to ley, diffusion rates were greater within barley early season and greater within ley late season (probably related to prey availability), in spite of food levels being less many beetles move from ley into barley during the early season,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1829
Author: Bond, A. B.
Year: 1980
Title: Optimal foraging in a uniform habitat: the search mechanism of the green lacewing
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 28
Pages: 293-328
Keywords: Ger.
Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, systematics, keys, classification, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4334
Author: Bond, W. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Keystone species
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 237-253
Keywords: En.
Rep., keystone species have a disproportionate effect on the persistence of all other species, term first used by Paine (1966) for predators in marine systems, they need not be important energy transformers, keystone predators, herbivores, pathogens (e.g. myxomatosis, sleeping sickness), keystone competitors, mutualists (pollinators and dispersers), earth-movers, protocol for identifying keystone species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4989
Author: Bonhof, M.J.; Overholt, W.A.; Van Huis, A.; Polaszek, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Natural enemies of cereal stemborers in East Africa: a review
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 17(1)
Pages: 19-35
Alternate Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, maize, parasitoids, Pyralidae, Noctuidae, Chilo, Eldana, Sesamia, classical biological control, Diptera, Tachinidae, Hymenoptera, Table of 105 parasitoid species, Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Scelionidae, Trichogrammatidae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, pathogens, diseases, entomogenous fungi, bacteria, Protozoa, viruses, Nematoda, nematodes, Table of 20 predator species, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Cheilomenes, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Formicidae, ants, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants and spiders observed preying on egg batches in the field, neonate larvae are probably taken by ants and other predators before they get into the stem 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 121
Author: Bonkowska, T.
Year: 1970
Title: The effect of shelterbelts on the distribution of Carabidae
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 18
Pages: 559-569
Keywords: En.
Amara aenea, Harpalus rufipes, Broscus cephalotes, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus lepidus
Rep, rape, potatoes, pitfalls, overwintering, migration, seasonal, Thiele, flea beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2884
Author: Bonkowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L.
Year: 1975
Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Volume: 1
Issue: 3)
Pages: 155-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, cereals, Gramineae, arable, rye and potato fields 1968 - 1970, soil extraction method not given, 90 0.25 m2 samples to 30 cm deep, fenced pitfalls, 4m by 4m, 80 cm high metal fence, containing 10 pitfalls with 8 along the fence, emptied daily and stopped if no carabids caught for 2 consecutive days, marked individuals released in the fenced area, 1735 traps in unfenced area 60m by 60m, emptied daily, stopped when no catches for 3 consecutive days in innermost traps, 29 species, mainly Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Calathus fuscipes, Bembidion lampros, in fenced areas a species was usually eliminated by 12 days, mean of 96% of marked individuals were recaptured, catches in the unfenced area suggested that during the whole removal period there was a change in trappability, active individuals probably move away before a soil extraction sample is taken, it gets inactive ones in the soil that might not be caught in pitfalls, authors recommend soil extraction during hibernation and trapping in fenced areas at other times for density estimation, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1430
Author: Bonnemaison, L.
Year: 1962
Title: Toxicite de divers insecticides de contact ou endotherapiques vis-a-vis des predateurs et parasites des pucerons
Journal: Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie
Volume: 11
Pages: 67-84
Keywords: Fr.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, France. parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3414
Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Den Nijs, L. T. F. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Agroecological infrastructure and dynamics of carabid beetles
Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society
Volume: 3
Pages: 72-78
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, variations in abundance from field to field is similar to year to year variation, pitfalls, variation in catch between crops is greater than between farming systems, farming practices, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pea, Leguminosae, potato, sugar beet, onions, carrots, field vegetables, arable, conventional, organic, integrated, probably related to duration and extent of ground cover, although many carabids are macropterous he claims that many, especially large species, disperse mainly by walking, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, simulation model where carabids are allowed to disperse from favourable to unfavourable patches in a 2-crop rotation system before crop-related reproduction takes place, the mean population size of the system decreases with field width, because in large fields beetles are not able to reach the optimal patch before start of reproduction, there is a critical balance between crop quality, field size and walking speed to avoid local population extinctions, need to know more about net increase rate and dispersal rates in relation to crop types, also need to know more about active flying cf walking, Pterostichus cupreus to be studied for this, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, metapopulation dynamics, aerial dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3412
Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of pesticide use and farm management on carabids in arable crops
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph No. 40, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Volume: 40
Pages: 119-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., Nagele Netherlands, integrated farming experiments, farming practices, polyphagous predators monitored 1981-87 using pitfalls, potato, winter wheat, sugar beet, peas, carrots, onions, cereals, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, Leguminosae, 72 ha divided into organic, integrated and conventional in adjacent plots, large differences between the systems in fertilizer, pesticide inputs, cultivars and weed management, varieties, evidence for management effects on fauna from multivariate analysis using years as sequential replicates, Agonum dorsale 1985 peas and total carabids 1987 peas reduced by parathion then recovered in 2-4 weeks, Pterostichus melanarius populations built up very slowly in crop following potato where nematicides had been used, thought to affect overwintering larvae, no data given, carabid catch greater in organic and integrated than conventional for all crops, carrots and onions poor in carabids, probably because of intensive use of diazinon, herbicides and nematicides, winter wheat good for carabids, authors conclude that mean abundance determined mainly by crop type, carabids like crops with greatest soil coverage ie winter wheat and peas, but also could be due to aphid levels in these crops, weeds and herbicides are also very important, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, spatial dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3413
Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J.
Year: 1991
Title: The impact of integrated farming on carabid beetles
Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, N.E.V., Amsterdam
Volume: 2
Pages: 16-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., linked with the Nagele Vereijken project, integrated fields with 50% agrochemicals cf conventional fields, 1981- 7, various crops, pitfalls May to August, assumed catch was related to abundance because all-season summed, claims justified by Baars, for abundance and number of species cereals were richer than potato, sugar beet, onion or carrot, farming practices, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, differences between crops were more obvious than between farming systems, but for each crop consistently more carabids caught in integrated than conventional, but similar number of species, caught more Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Bembidion tetracolum in integrated, principal components analysis showed difference between more open and closed types of crops and between conventional and integrated, multivariate statistics, suggests that crop diversity will contribute to faunal richness, but overall carabid density likely to be determined by the % of favourable crops mainly winter wheat, spatial dynamics, "stimulation abundance and diversity of beneficials cannot be attained just by lowering chemical inputs - the agroecological infrastructure has great impact on the maintenance of abundant predator populations and should be further studied"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1986
Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Farming systems and insect predators
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 125-135
Keywords: En.
Rep., Netherlands, Holland, Nagele project, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, 1981-1987, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, conventional integrated and organic fields of wheat, peas, sugar beet, potato, onion, carrot, field vegetables, cereals, Gramineae, arable, species composition and abundance were affected by farming system, farming practices, crops such as winter wheat and peas with greater cover in early season were more favourable than open crops such as carrots and onions, these effects more noticeable for carabids, more than 25% of the carabid species of NW Europe occur in arable fields and managed grasslands, agricultural statistics, Agonum muelleri and Bembidion properans were almost exclusively in the organic system, several species of Philonthus and Bathyphantes gracilis were almost confined to winter wheat and peas, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4860
Author: Booij, C.J.H.; Noorlander, J.; Theunissen, J.
Year: 1997
Title: Intercropping cabbage with clover: effects on ground beetles
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 15(1-4)
Pages: 261-268
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., agricultural practices, the Netherlands, brassicas, Leguminosae, habitat diversification, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, white clover and subterranean clover compared, cabbages were planted into the clover field, pitfalls, pitfall catch was higher in intercropped than monoculture plots but with difference between clover species, table showing results for 11 carabid species, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale and Amara similata, species diversity was also greater in intercropped plots, biodiversity, Philonthus cognatus and  larvae of carabids and Staphylinidae were more abundant in intercropped, rove beetles, the above effects were most pronounced in spring and early summer
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3071
Author: Boorman, J.; Mellor, P. S.; Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, R. S.
Year: 1977
Title: A ltex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 67
Pages: 305-311
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2800
Author: Booth, R. G.
Year: 1988
Title: The identity of Tachyporus chrysomelinus (Linnaeus) and the separation of T. dispar (Paykull)(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Journal: Entomologist
Volume: 107
Issue: 2)
Pages: 127-133
Keywords: En.
Rep., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 100 species in genus, colour variation within a species is common, tenerals difficult to identify, males can be separated into 2 species based on genitalia, different numbers of setae on hind margins of elytra, both species widely distributed in UK agricultural fields, T. chrysomelinus tends to prefer heavier, wetter soils, systematics, structure, identification, taxonomy, systematics, classification, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3023
Author: Boreham, P. F. L.
Year: 1979
Title: Recent developments in serological methods for predator- prey studies
Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 17-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, 2 injections of 10 mg protein at 7 day intervals into lymph nodes, gives antiserum in 3 weeks, gives sensitivity of ring test, double diffusion, COE, and time to result and limitations, describes latex agglutination test, the antibodies involved in precipitation and agglutination reactions are different and the antisera not necessarily interchangeable, electrophoresis, problems with insects with low esterase activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3029
Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, P. S.
Year: 1977
Title: A latex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 67
Issue: 2)
Pages: 305-311
Keywords: En.
methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3073
Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Ohiagu, C. E.
Year: 1978
Title: The use of serology in evaluating invertebrate prey- predator relationships: a review
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 68
Pages: 171-194
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4583
Author: Borg, C.; Toft, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as food for grey partridge Perdix perdix chicks
Journal: Wildlife Biology
Volume: 5(1)
Pages: 55-58
Alternate Journal: Wildlife Biology
Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Aves, Vertebrata, aphids were a poor food but of benefit as a food supplement, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2876
Author: Borgemeister, C.; Haardt, H.; Holler, C.
Year: 1991
Title: Fluctuations in relative numbers of Aphidius species (Hymenoptera, Aphididae) associated with cereal aphids
Journal: In: Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga, Ed by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon & I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 23-28
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, parasitoids, biological control, natural enemies, Germany, fluctuations in numbers of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Aphidius picipes, Aphidius ervi, not the same in winter wheat fields 250 km apart, initial population size, temperature and hyperparasitism are important local factors, parasitism rates, methods, live aphids from field put on seedlings for 12 days at 20C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5192
Author: Borges, P.A.V.; Brown, V.K.
Year: 2001
Title: Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 24
Pages: 68-82
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep., spiders Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, two 900m2 replicates of upland recently-sown pastures (3-4 year old) and upland wet semi-natural old pastures (>35 y) in three islands of the Azores, grassland, Gramineae, all sites fenced and grazed regularly by cattle, Vortis suction sampler, vacuum insect net, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Dictynidae, 73 plant species, herbivores, phytophages, 51 species of forb-feeders, 21 species of grass-feeders, 29 species of web spiders, biodiversity, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphin pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Aphis craccivora, weevils, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Sitona flavescens, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Agrotis segetum, significant positive correlation between abundance of grass-feeding insects and vegetational diversity, Linyphiidae were the most abundant spiders, especially Lepthyphantes tenuis (sown 0.94 m-2; semi-natural 1.19 m-2), Erigone atra (0.58; 1.35), Erigone dentipalpis (0.38; 0.44),  Oedothorax fuscus (0.91; 1.18), density, spider abundance was significantly positively related to cover abundance of grasses in all habitats and to vegetational diversity in semi-natural pastures; Appendix species list, species classified as endemic, introduced, native, community, authors do not mention but Appendix shows that most spider species occur in both sown and semi-natural habitats
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1419
Author: Bosch, R.; van den, Reynolds A. T.; Dietrich, E. J.
Year: 1956
Title: Toxicity of widely-used insecticides to beneficial insects in California cotton and alfalfa fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 49
Pages: 359-363
Keywords: En.
pesticides, natural enemies, arable, Leguminosae, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3699
Author: Bossenbroek, P.; Kessler, A.; Liem, A. S. N.; Vlijm, L.
Year: 1977
Title: An experimental analysis of the significance of turf- structures as shelter for invertebrate fauna, with respect to wind velocity and temperature
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 182
Pages: 7-16
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, tussocks, weather, climate, microclimate, abiotic conditions, grassland, Gramineae, laboratory and field, artificial tussocks, methods, Collembola, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Atheta, Gabrius


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4376
Author: Bottrell, D. G.; Barosa, P.; Gould, F.
Year: 1998
Title: Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy ?
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 43
Pages: 347-367
Keywords: En.
Rep., reduced parasitoid searching efficiency caused by trichomes, predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, multitrophic effects, plants releasing semiochemicals, natural enemy foraging behaviour, cultivars of the same plant species can differentially affect natural enemies, strategy of combining some plant resistance to pests with increased attractiveness to natural enemies, direct plant effects on natural enemies mediated by many factors including waxes, pubescence, colour, semiochemicals, multitrophic effects by various mechanisms including herbivore sequestration of plant allelochemicals, secondary plant metabolites, toxins, spider mite damage causes bean and cucumber to produce synomones from the whole plant and this attracts Phytoseiulus persimilis, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae, polyphagous predators, predatory mites, synomone production by different genotypes of a crop can vary 100 fold, many natural enemies also feed on pollen and nectar and can be affected by the plant in this way, 75% of 163 families of natural enemies show some phytophagy, Table of examples of differential effects on natural enemies of intraspecific genotypic variation in corn, cotton, potato, rice and soybean, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4169
Author: Bouchard, D.; Pilon, J. G.; Tourneur, J. C.
Year: 1991
Title: Importance of parasitism of aphids in Quebec apple orchards and the impact of hyperparasitism on parasite effectiveness
Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 29-33
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, trees, top fruit, woodland, forest, 3 year study, Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, Rhopalosiphum fitchii, D.plantaginea was attacked by Ephedrus persicae but 82% were hyperparasitised by Dendrocerus niger, Asaphes vulgaris and Aphidencyrtus sp., there was c. 60% hyperparasitism of 3 primary parasitoids of A.pomi, E.lanigerum was parasitised by Aphelinus mali which suffered 2-10% hyperparasitism from 3 species, the negative effect of hyperparasitism was important in the case of A.pomi and D.plantaginea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3949
Author: Bovet, P.; Benhamou, S.
Year: 1988
Title: Spatial analysis of animals' movements using correlated random walk model
Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology
Volume: 131
Pages: 419-433
Keywords: En.
Rep., probabilistic model for animals foraging in a stochastic environment, Brownian motion model but incorporating tendency to go forward, spatial pattern of search paths quantified by an index of sinuosity, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1431
Author: Bovey, P.; Meyer, W.
Year: 1962
Title: On the influence of chemical control of the potato beetle on aphid enemies and aphid populations
Journal: Schweiz. land. Forsch.
Volume: 1
Pages: 5-22
Keywords: arable, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa, pesticides, DDT, diazinon, sevin, carbaryl, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides have increased aphids on potatoes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 319
Author: Boving, A. G.; Craighead, F. C.
Year: 1930
Title: An illustrated synopsis of the principle larval forms of Coleoptera
Journal: Ent. Amer. New series.
Volume: 11
Pages: 1-351
Keywords: En.
Larvae, structure, systematics, key


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1831
Author: Bowden, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Photoperiod, dormancy and the end of flight activity in Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 69
Issue: 2)
Pages: 68-69
Keywords: En.
Psocoptera, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1680
Author: Bowden, J.; Cochrane, J.; Emmett, B. J.; Minall, T. E.; Sherlock, P. L.
Year: 1983
Title: A survey of cutworm attacks in England and Wales, and a descriptive population model for Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 102
Pages: 29-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pests, caterpillars, damage, yield, turnip moth is the commonest cutworm in northwest Europe, more attacks in warm dry than in wet seasons, climate, weather, larvae may be killed by rain but probably not eggs, abiotic mortality, sprays are routinely applied, prophylactically, often unnececcary or badly timed, pesticides, insecticides, field vegetables, brassicas, adults fly in spring, lay eggs near ground, behaviour, oviposition, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, I and II larvae feed on plant in July to September, III goes underground in top 5 cm, phenology, come out at night to eat through plants at soil surface, diel cycle, nocturnalism, overwinter in soil as full grown larvae, lettuce is the most frequently damaged crop, salad crops, followed by beet, potatoes, mangolds, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1127
Author: Bowden, J.; Davies, J. C.
Year: 1962
Title: Macroma cognata Schaum (Col. Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) as a predator of aphids
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 98
Pages: 108
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Uganda, Africa, groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora, found on the tree Glircidia spp., attacked by chafers of a very common species, were effective in cleaning aphids off shoots, no previous records of chafers as aphid predators, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1904
Author: Bowden, J.; Haines, I. H.; Mercer, D.
Year: 1976
Title: Climbing Collembola
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 16
Pages: 298-312
Keywords: En.
Rep., behaviour, vertical distribution, dispersal, stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3471
Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Economic results of farming with reduced levels of inputs: Report of the first years of TALISMAN
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 69-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., Towards a Low Input System Minimising Agrochemicals and Nitrogen, started 1990 at 3 UK sites, current commercial practice cf low input approach, 50% nitrogen and maximum of 50% of pesticides, potential savings on inputs to combinable crops but large penalties from omitting key inputs, therefore knowledge and skill needed, Integrated Farming Systems, IFS, fertiliser, farming practices, reduced inputs, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3691
Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M. R.
Title: Effects of reducing pesticide inputs in the first four years of TALISMAN
Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings, Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability"
Volume: 63
Keywords: En.
Rep., preprint, TP, UK, IPM, yields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1422
Author: Boza-Barducci, T.
Year: 1973
Title: Ecological consequences of pesticides used for the control of cotton insects in Canete Valley, Peru
Journal: The Careless Technology, Ed. by M.T. Farrar and J.P. Milton, The Natural History Press, New York
Pages: 423-438
Keywords: En.
South America, pests, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2982
Author: Bradford, M. M.
Year: 1976
Title: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye-banding
Journal: Anal. Biochem.
Volume: 72
Pages: 248-254
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1089
Author: Bradley, G. A.; Hinks, J. D.
Year: 1968
Title: Ants, aphids and jackpine in Manitoba
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 100
Pages: 40-50
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, conifers, forests, Cinara on pine eaten by Lacon brevicornis Elateridae (not proven), Coleoptera, Miridae, Heteroptera, Pilophorus, spiders seen eating aphids, Araneae, 44 spider and 21 ant species found, wide diet for ants excluded aphids, honeydew, protected aphids from predation, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4582
Author: Bradley, R.A.
Year: 1993
Title: The influence of prey availability and habitat on activity patterns and abundance of Argiope keyselingi (Araneae: Araneidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 21
Pages: 91-106
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, Australia, lab studies and food supplementation in field, spider density correlated with shrub density, phenology correlated with prey abundance, parkland with trees and bushes
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2174
Author: Braendegaard, J.
Year: 1937
Title: Observations on spiders starting off on "ballooning excursions"
Journal: Vidensk. Meddr. dansk. naturh. Foren. Kbh.
Volume: 101
Pages: 115-117
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, dispersal, movement, distribution, silk, gossamer, aeronauts, Denmark


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 598
Author: Braendeqaard, J.
Year: 1940
Title: 1. Spiders (Araneina) from northeast Greenland between latitudes 70o 25' and 76o 50' N. 2. On the possibility of a reliable determination of females of the genus Erigone
Journal: Meddr. Gronland
Volume: 125
Pages: 31 pp
Keywords: Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, species list, fauna, community, biogeography, arctic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5447
Author: Braman, S.K.; Pendley, A.F.; Corley, W.
Year: 2002
Title: Influence of commercially available wildflower mixes on beneficial arthropod abundance and predation in turfgrass
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(3)
Pages: 564-572
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Gramineae, pests, biological control, weeds, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, landscape, comparison of susceptible and resistant grasses with wildflower mixes, latter produced significant increases in foliage spiders and bugs, ground-dwelling spiders were most abundant in Bermudagrass, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, amenity, pitfalls, methods, sweep netting, large and small plot studies, artificially infested with pests, eggs of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, and fall armyworm eggs and larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, ground beetles, Carabidae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, earwigs, Dermaptera, the pests were heavily predated upon regardless of vegetation environment, wild flower plantings could be useful refugia for natural enemies, reservoirs, sources 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3637
Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparison of development and reproductive rates of Nabis americoferus, N. roseipennis and N. rufusculus (Hemiptera: Nabidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 81
Pages: 923-930
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Heteroptera, 13C developmental threshold for eggs of N.rufusculus, 27C optimal for egg production in 3 species, reproduction, N.americoferus deposited eggs over a shorter period than the other species, egg production lower at 21C than 27C, lab, USA, oviposition behaviour, fecundity, there was a tendency for egg production to be reduced when using green bean pods as an ovipositional substrate cf living soybean seedlings, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3670
Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1989
Title: Reproductive strategy of Trissolcus euschisti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) under conditions of partially used host resources
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 82
Issue: 2)
Pages: 172-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, population dynamics, behaviour, reproduction, parasitoid of eggs of Podisus maculiventris, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, did not alter its sex ratio in response to chemical traces left by previously ovipositing wasps, semiochemicals, kairomones, olfactory stimuli, male offspring resulted from eggs laid early in the parasitoid oviposition sequence, rejected heavily parasitised egg masses more frequently than lightly parasitized, Kentucky, USA, T. euschisti and Telenomus podisi are polyphagous sclelionids that attack 20 species of Pentatomidae, host range


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5026
Author: Braman, S.K.; Yeargan, K.V.
Year: 1989
Title: Intraplant distribution of three Nabis species (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and impact of N. roseipennis on green cloverworm populations in soybean
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 240-244
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, USA, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabis americoferus adults are in upper canopy but adults of  Nabis rufusculus and N. roseipennis are lower in the canopy, vertical distribution of predators, nymphs are vertically separated from adults, Plathypena scabra, Noctuidae, in two years N. roseipennis was introduced into barriered plots at various densities, Table showing observations of predation in the field by the 3 nabid species, they ate Orius, Nabis, Lygus, aphids, thrips spider mites, leafminer, leafhopper, whitefly and Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, community, Anthocoridae, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, Hemiptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, gives diel cycles of feeding activity, handling times were up to 3.6h and nabids are considered to consume about 2 medium-sized prey per day, predation rates, the higher release rates of N. rosepennis in barriered plots caused significant reduction of P. scabra larvae, if present in sufficient numbers at the right time they are capable odf reducing this pest even in the presence of alternative prey and other predator species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3668
Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1991
Title: Reproductive strategies of primary parasitoids of the green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Envionmental Entomology
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 349-353
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, USA, arable soybean, green cloverworm Plathypena scabra is attacked by three Braconidae Cotesia marginiventris, Diolcogaster facetosa and Rogas nolophanae which attack progressively later instars, Hymenoptera, host age, longevity at 24C, braconid and Tachinidae parasitoids had reduced fecundity between species with increasing age of host attacked, reproduction, population dynamics, parasitoids dissected to count eggs, methods, host paralysis and host feeding by R. nolophanae contributed to cloverworm mortality, trophic behaviour, survival, survivorship, species attacking later host instars tended to have lower fecundity perhaps because the chances of host mortality before parasitoid emergence were less, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 859
Author: Brandenburg, R. L.; Kennedy, G. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Ecological and agricultural considerations in the management of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)
Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset
Volume: 2
Pages: 185-263
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Acari, overwintering, glasshouses, reproduction, intrinsic rate of increase, effect of host plant, population dynamics, weeds, maize, cereals, Gramineae, peanuts, arable, dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, prior to aerial migration go to top of vegetation and raise forelegs above body, gradients of immigrant mite density are inversely proportional to distance from source, there are fertility barriers between populations separated by as little as 5 km, evolution, selection, population genetics, gene flow, metapopulations, natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, predators, phytoseiid mites, effects of pesticides on T. urticae and its behaviour and natural enemies, insecticides, non-target, side- effects, sub-lethal effects, pesticide residues can induce aerial dispersal, hormoligosis or stimulation of fecundity by pesticides, trophobiosis or increase in fecundity by pesticide effects on host plant, cultural practices, resistant varieties, damage, economic thresholds, sampling methods, pesticide resistance, mortality, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3598
Author: Brandmayr, P.; Brandmayr, T. Z.
Year: 1979
Title: The evolution of parental care phenomena in pterostichine ground beetles, with special referernce to the genera Abax and Molops (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, H. Veenman and Zonen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Pages: 35-49
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, reproduction, review, direct pushing of eggs into soil, vertical distribution, ovipositor used to form ovigerous capsules for single eggs in the soil, structure, oviposition, eggs laid at bottom of subterranean nests guarded by the mother until larvae are pigmented, ovipositor can be used to push egg into soil eg in Asaphidion, but this behaviour widespread in Carabidae, then abdomen used to cover up hole with soil, many Abax and Pterostichus also Agonum dorsale and Calathus melanocephalus construct mud cells for single eggs, beetle collects mud on tip of abdomen for this, A.dorsale even dips abdomen into water first to aid mud construction, thought to protect against desiccation and entomogenous fungi, pathogens, disease, natural enemies of natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4926
Author: Braun, D.M.; Goyer, R.A.; Lenhard, G.J.
Year: 1990
Title: Biology and mortality agents of the fruittree leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on baldcypress in Louisiana
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 25(1)
Pages: 176-184
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., Archips argyrospila, caterpillars, pests, USA, trees, forest, woodland, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, most pupal parasitism was caused by Itoplectis conquisitor, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, and Calleida viridipennis and Plochionus timidis were important ground beetle predators of the larvae and pupae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. A. argyrospila is a serious pest of woodland and apples, fruit trees, top fruit, orchards. Methods, rearing out egg masses and pupae, examination of caterpillar webbing, black and shrunken larvae in webs indicate carabid feeding, burlap and tanglefoot banding of trunks, sticky bands, refuge trapping, foliage samples at different heights above ground, exclusion cage bags over branches on a temporal sequence to determine timing of parasitism. Table of 17 species of natural enemy. Larvae and adults of both carabids were observed on A. argyrospila larvae in webs on foliage, vertical distribution, foraging behaviour. 17% of 1772 webs contained remains of caterpillars attacked by carabids. Large numbers of carabid larvae and caterpillars were found under tree bands preparing for pupation, overwintering refuges. Polistes wasps removed caterpillars from webs, Vespidae. Libellulidae attacked the caterpillars as they descended on silk threads, vertical dispersal. The Heteroptera Podisus maculiventris and Arilus cristatus killed caterpillars in the lab. No egg parasitoids were recovered
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3886
Author: Breene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Edwards, G. B.
Year: 1993
Title: Biology, predation ecology, and significance of spiders in Texas cotton ecosystems with a key to the species
Journal: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
Volume: B-1711
Pages: 1-115
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, arable, USA, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3868
Author: Breene, R. G.; Hartstack, A. W.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Natural control of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 108
Pages: 298-305
Keywords: En.
USA, arable, biological control, pests, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3989
Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Quantitative phosphorus-32 labeling method for analysis of predators of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 81
Pages: 1494-1498
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, methods, biological control, pests, USA, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, secondary predation, food chain errors, radiotracers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3984
Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Predators of the cotton fleahopper on cotton (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 14
Pages: 159-166
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, biological control, pests, biological control, USA, arable, diet, trophic behaviour, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3869
Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators of the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35
Pages: 393-401
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5079
Author: Breene, R.G.; Sterling, W.L.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators on the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35(3)
Pages: 393-401
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, USA, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, cotton, cotton plants were caged with known numbers of fleahoppers and spiders in the field for 24h and compared with predator-free control cages, methods, predation by red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta was studied in the lab, functional responses, Phidippus audax, Oxyopes salticus, Misumenops celer, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, spiders in cages exerted 32-66% control of fleahoppers 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5013
Author: Breene, R.G.; Sweet, M.H.; Olson, J.K.
Year: 1988
Title: Spider predators of mosquito larvae
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 16
Pages: 275-277
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Culex pipiens pipiens, Dolomedes triton, Pirata sedentarius, Pardosa delicatula, Lycosidae, mosquito larvae were labelled with radioactive 32P and released in simulated ponds where spiders were present, after 48h spiders and insects were removed to assess levels of radioactivity, methods, 77% of D. triton had eaten the labelled prey, as had 74% of P. sedentarius and 30% of P. delicatula, spiders were observed preying on the mosquito larvae by grasping larvae from beneath the surface of the water, pulling their bodies through the surface tension and consuming them, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3055
Author: Brenoe, J.
Year: 1987
Title: Wet extraction- a method for estimating populations of Bembidion lampros (Herbst)(Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 103
Pages: 124-127
Keywords: En.,
Rep., cauliflower field, June 12 1984, Denmark, loamy soil, 7cm high 0.125 m2 iron frame driven 5cm into soil, soil then flooded, check on efficiency was to remove all soil to a depth of 20cm and do soil washing in lab, Latin Square design to compare water rates 2.5, 5 and 7.5 l, no significant differences between rates, addition of formaldehyde did not improve efficiency which appeared to be 100%, NB very small numbers of beetles, also there was an aggregated distribution of beetles, easy detection of all expelled beetles required relatively small sampling areas, field vegetables, arable, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Scandinavia, soil flooding, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3047
Author: Breuer, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Ein Vergleich verschiedener Erfassungsmethoden zur Untersuchung der Spinnenfauna eines Calluna-Heidebiotops
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 5
Pages: 120-124
Keywords: Ger.
Rep. a comparison of different sampling methods applied in an investigation of the spider fauna of a Calluna- heathland, 2 years, pitfalls, Kempson extractor, photoeclectors, sweep nets, differences in age composition and sex ratio, only Kempson gave density, vegetation dwellers were over represented in photoeclectors, notes on vertical stratification of the spider community, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 478
Author: Breymeyer, A.
Year: 1961
Title: Zimany liczebnosci populacji Trochosa terricola THor
Journal: Ekol. pol. Ser. A.
Volume: 9
Pages: 25-38
Keywords: Pol.
Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 482
Author: Breymeyer, A.
Year: 1966
Title: Relations between wandering spiders and other epigeic predatory Arthropod a
Journal: Ekol. Pol. A.
Volume: 14
Pages: 27-71
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 600
Author: Breymeyer, A.
Year: 1966
Title: Diurnal cycles of the macro-fauna in age-different biocoenoses
Journal: Bull. Acad. pol. Sci., Biol.
Volume: 14
Pages: 211-213
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 479
Author: Breymeyer, A.
Year: 1967
Title: Preliminary data for estimating the biological production of wandering spiders
Journal: In 'Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems; Principles and Methods. ed. by K.Petrusewicz, Warsaw - Cracow.
Volume: 2
Pages: 821-834
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 807
Author: Breymeyer, A.
Year: 1967
Title: Correlations between dry weight of spiders and their length and fresh weight
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci.
Volume: 15
Pages: 263-265
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, structure, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 486
Author: Breymeyer, A.; Jozwik, J.
Year: 1975
Title: Consumption of wandering spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) estimated in laboratory conditions
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II.
Volume: 23
Pages: 93-99
Keywords: Predators, prey, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1612
Author: Brian, M. V.
Year: 1955
Title: Food collection by a Scottish ant community
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 336-351
Keywords: En.
UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1606
Author: Brian, M. V.
Year: 1956
Title: Segregation of species of the ant genus Myrmica
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 25
Pages: 319-337
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1616
Author: Brian, M. V.
Year: 1964
Title: Ant distribution in a Southern English heath
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 33
Pages: 451-461
Keywords: En.
UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1614
Author: Brian, M. V.
Year: 1978
Title: Production Ecology of Ants and Termites
Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Volume: IBP 13
Keywords: En.
Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, most insect orders taken also Arachnida, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Oligochaeta, Araneae, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, woodlice, earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1622
Author: Brian, M. V.; Brian, A. D.
Year: 1952
Title: The wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scopoli: feeding, foraging and colony development
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 103
Pages: 1-26
Keywords: En.
Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, behaviour, Vespidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4661
Author: Briggs, C.J.; Latto, J.
Year: 2000
Title: The effect of dispersal on the population dynamics of a gall-forming midge and its parasitoids
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 69(1)
Pages: 96-105
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, biological control, effects on parasitoid community structure, food webs, midges move 1.7 metres, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal among bushes maintains biodiversity of competing parasitoids, USA, galls on Baccharis pilularis, Rhopalomyia californica, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, attacked by six parasitoid species, dispersal prevented using mesh cages which enclosed midge and any parasitoids present at the time of enclosure, midge populations on uncaged bushes stayed similar to each other during the experiment, parasitoid species diversity declined in cages during the experiment from 5.2 (which was maintained outside) to 3.8, host - multi-parasitoid interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3609
Author: Briggs, C. J.; Nisbet, R. M.; Murdoch, W. W.; Collier, T. R.; Metz, J. A. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Dynamical effects of host-feeding in parasitoids
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 403-416
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, synovigenic parasitoids need to host-feed to make additional eggs, fecundity, reproduction, physiology, nutrition, host-feeding per se had no effect on host-parasitoid stability, female behaviour was determined by egg load, modelling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 85
Author: Briggs, J. B.
Year: 1956
Title: An aggregation of Agonum dorsale
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 92
Pages: 136
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 120
Author: Briggs, J. B.
Year: 1957
Title: Some experiments on control of ground beetle damage to strawberry
Journal: Report of East Malling Research Station, 1955-6.
Volume: 44
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Nebria brevicollis, Calathus fuscipes, life history, damage, cultural control, pesticides, insecticides, Harpalus removes seeds from the fruit, other species attack the flesh, pests, phenology, overwintering, description of eggs, larvae, pupae, diet, food preferences in lab, behaviour, mark recapture, methods, distance moved


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 112
Author: Briggs, J. B.
Year: 1961
Title: A comparison of pitfall trapping and soil sampling in assessing populatio ns of two species of ground beetles
Journal: Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1960.
Pages: 108-112
Keywords: En.
Rep, activity, temperature, rain


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 119
Author: Briggs, J. B.
Year: 1965
Title: Biology of some ground beetles injurious to strawberries
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research.
Volume: 56
Pages: 79-93
Keywords: En.
Harpalus, Pterostichus, Feronia
Rep, Carabidae, overwintering, soil, burrowing, hibernation, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, soil samples, larvae, pupae, grassland, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, colonization, weedy habitats, phenology, pitfalls, vertical stratification, larval feeding, oviposition, fecundity, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 601
Author: Brignoli, P. M.
Year: 1983
Title: The spiders as insect predators : their potential role in the agroecosyst ems
Journal: Proc. XIII Italian Nat. Cong. Ent., Tipografia Grafital, Torino, Italy.
Pages: 591-597
Keywords: Araneae, predators, review, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1722
Author: Brindle, A.
Year: 1977
Title: British earwigs (Dermaptera)
Journal: Entomologists Gazette
Volume: 28
Pages: 29-37
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4555
Author: Briner, T.  ; Frank, T.
Year: 1998
Title: The palatability of 78 wildflower strip plants to the slug Arion lusitanicus
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 133
Pages: 123-133
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Molluscidae, Arionidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, weeds, wildflower strips, diversification, consumption index in lab, 67% of plant species were scarcely eaten, favourites were Brassica napus, Papaver rhoeas and Capsella bursa-pastoris, feeding preferences, preferred annuals to perennials
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5532
Author: Bristow, C.M.
Year: 1988
Title: What makes a predator specialize ?
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 3(1)
Pages: 1-3
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., predator specialization is under-researched, larvae of Chrysopa slossonae cover their backs with wax from the woolly alder aphid Prociphilus tesselatus to gain protection from ant attendants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, lacewings, aphids, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tauber and Tauber, adult C. slossonae oviposit only in P. tesselatus colonies, when fed on any other aphid species C. slossonae cannot develop fertile eggs, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4537
Author: Bristowe, C.M.
Year: 1988
Title: What makes a predator specialize ?
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-2
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 602
Author: Bristowe, W. S.
Year: 1929
Title: The distribution and dispersal of spiders
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 4
Pages: 633-657
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, behaviour, movement, ballooning, silk, gossamer, flying, aeronauts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 592
Author: Bristowe, W. S.
Year: 1939
Title: The Comity of Spiders
Journal: Ray Society, London.
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-228, 229-560
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, review, agriculture, biological control, laboratory, feeding experiments, consumption


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 470
Author: Bristowe, W. S.
Year: 1949
Title: The distribution of harvestmen (Phalangida) in Great Britain and Ireland with notes on their names, enemies and food
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 18
Pages: 100-114
Keywords: En.
Rep, Opiliones, predators, prey, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 593
Author: Bristowe, W. S.
Year: 1958
Title: The World of Spiders
Journal: Collins, London
Pages: 304 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, review, book, behaviour, mating, biology, ecologyreproduction, habitats, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1784
Author: Britt, N. W.
Year: 1951
Title: Observations on the life history of the collembolan Achorutes armatus
Journal: Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
Volume: 70
Pages: 119-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Collembola, population dynamics, from under debris on the shore line, coastal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2403
Author: Britton, E. B.
Year: 1940
Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part 1. Pterostichini
Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z.
Volume: 69
Issue: 4)
Pages: 473-508
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2404
Author: Britton, E. B.
Year: 1941
Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part II. Tribes Lebiini and Pentagonicini
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 10
Issue: B)
Pages: 185-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2405
Author: Britton, E. B.
Year: 1949
Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part III. A revision of the tribe Broscini
Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z.
Volume: 77
Pages: 535-581
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1830
Author: Broadhead, E.
Year: 1958
Title: Some records of animals preying upon psocids
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 94
Pages: 10-19
Keywords: En.
Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, Neuroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1698
Author: Broadley, R. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Parasitism of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) larvae in south east Queensland
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 25
Issue: 1)
Pages: 61-62
Keywords: En.
pests, cereals, Australia, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, extensive outbreak in winter barley in 1978, damage, 8 parasitoids, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, maximum parasitism 52%, mean 18%, dominant was Apantales ruficrus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1009
Author: Brobyn, P. J.; Wilding, N.; Clark, S. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Laboratory observations on the effect of humidity on the persistence of infectivity of conidia of the aphid pathogen Erynia neoaphidis
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 110
Pages: 579-584
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, infectivity persisted best at 40-50% RH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4990
Author: Brodeur, C.; Chouinard, G.; Laplante, G.; Morin, Y.
Year: 1999
Title: Etudes preliminaires sur l'activite et l'eficacite du predateur indigene Hyaliodes vitripennis (Heteroptera: Miridae) pour la lutte biologique contre les acariens en verger de pommiers au Quebec
Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
Volume: 35 (suppl.)
Pages: 458-462
Alternate Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
Keywords: Rep., preliminary studies on effectiveness of H. vitripennis for biocontrol of mites in apple orchards in Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, Acari, trees, top fruit, caged trees, methods, the predator significantly reduced populations of Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, known numbers of predators put in cages with pests, predators were also introduced into uncaged parts of orchards, impact on pest populations, references that H. vitripennis is polyphagous, eating mites, aphids, caterpillars, cicadellids, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera
Notes: Fr.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5216
Author: Brodeur, J.; Bouchard, A.; Turcotte, G.
Year: 1997
Title: Potential of four species of predatory mites as biological control agents of the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Eriophyidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 129(1)
Pages: 1-6
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Acari, Phytoseiidae, greenhouse tomato, glasshouse, protected edible crops, horticulture, Tydeidae, Homeopronematus anconai, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius cucumeris, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius fallacis, P. persimilis did not kill the pest, N. cucumeris developed but did not reproduce, life history parameters, A. fallacis was the most appropriate predator of this pest as it had good predation, survival and reproduction on a diet of the pest, Canada, laboratory, survival, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3387
Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N.
Year: 1989
Title: Seasonal microhabitat selection by an endoparasitoid through adaptive modification of host behaviour
Journal: Science
Volume: 244
Pages: 226-228
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids containing non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on the upper surface of leaves but those containing diapausing parasitoids leave the plant and mummify in concealed sites, the latter is considered to decrease the incidence of hyperparasitism and adverse climate during the dormant period [but moving down could encounter more predators], Aphidius nigripes attacking Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, arable, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, movement, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3377
Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N.
Year: 1992
Title: Host behaviour modification by the endoparasitoid Aphidius nigriceps: a strategy to reduce hyperparasitism
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 17
Pages: 97-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, parasitism may evolve to modify host behaviour to reduce predation and hyperparasitism to reduce competition with the parasitoid, just before death Macrosiphum euphorbiae containing diapausing A. nigriceps leave the plant to mummify whereas those with non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on upper leaf surfaces, in a potato crop the survival of non-diapausing parasitoids was greater on upper than lower leaf surfaces due to lower levels of hyperparasitism and predation, quotes literature and personal observation that mummies can be consumed by Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Nabidae, Miridae and Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, Heteroptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, mummies attacked by predators were identified by characteristic holes, methods, predation caused c. 15% mummy mortality, Hemiptera, potato aphids, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5115
Author: Brodeur, J.; Rosenheim, J.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Intraguild interactions in aphid parasitoids
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 97
Pages: 93-108
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, these interactions are usually asymmetric with predators and pathogens killing parasitoids, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, these interactions can probably influence the efficiency of parasitoids for biocontrol of aphids, parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, hyperparasitoids, community, food webs, parasitoid-predator interactions, moribund potato aphids parasitised by Aphidius nigripes were attacked by ladybird larvae, hoverfly larvae and Aphidoletes larvae but attack rates were the same as for unparasitised aphids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, parasitised aphids produce more honeydew which could attract natural enemies, mummies are known to be attacked by polyphagous predators, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, but Aphidoletes and hoverfly larvae ignore mummies, coccinellids prefer living to mummified aphids, but climbing carabids are more likely to be able to catch mummies than live aphids which become dislodged, fall-off, vertical distribution, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, a high proportion of mummies are killed by predators in fields, orchards and forests, adult parasitoid wasps are eaten by spiders, Araneae, ants and bugs, Nabis, a high proportion of adult parasitoids foraging in pine trees are taken by Linyphiidae and Araneidae (half killed in 24h), Argiopidae, parasitoid-fungus interactions, larva pupa and adult parasitoid can all be attacked by fungi, population dynamics, the ability of natural enemies to reduce pest populations may be considerably affected by intraguild interactions, assessing whether parasitoids, predators and fungi can be used together for biological control is challenging
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4902
Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 60(3a)
Pages: 893-900
Alternate Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, augmentative biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, protected crops, Denmark, ornamentals, intraguild predation, IGP, hyperpredation, community interactions, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Orius majusculus, cotton aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites,Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, pot gerbera. Thrips were controlled by 1:150 Orius: thrip introductions and Orius also controlled aphids. Orius benefitted by the availability of spider mites, predatory mites, aphids and gall midges as alternative food. However, Orius delayed the control of spider mites and aphids by phytoseiids and gall midges, but this was a temporary effect and control was achieved after five weeks. Spider mite control was better when thrips were present, probably because thrips eat eggs of spider mites.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5256
Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems
Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum
Pages: 153-154
Alternate Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Denmark, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, IGP, intraguild predation, Orius majusculus, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, Hemiptera, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiulidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, on pot Gerbera in glasshouses, protected crops, ornamentals, horticulture, greenhouse, Orius controlled thrips and ate the other pests but results suggested that it also attacked Phytoseiulus and Aphidoletes and reduced their pest control efficiency, but aphids and spider mites were successfully controlled nevertheless, thrips acted as predators of spider mites also to some extent, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3563
Author: Brodsky, L. M.; Barlow, C. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Escape responses of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)(Homoptera: Aphididae): influence of predator type and temperature
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 64
Pages: 937-939
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, Syrphidae larvae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Coleoptera, Diptera, 15C, 20C, 25C, most aphids fell in response to Coccinellidae especially at higher temperatures, fall off, drop off, dislodgement, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration, aphids backed up in response to syrphid larvae, adult Adalia bipunctata, larval Metasyrphus corollae, Canada, only aphids that showed no response were captured by predators,, foraging, predation, trophic behaviour, back up was only a successful response towards slow foraging predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5810
Author: Brooks, D.R.; Bohan, D.A.; Champion, G.T.; Haughton, A.J.; Hawes, C.; Heard, M.S.; Clark, S.J.; Dewar, A.M.; Firbank, L.G.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Scott, R.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Birchall, C.; Skellern, M.P.; Walker, J.H.; Baker, P.; Bell, D.; Browne, E.L.; Dewar, A.J.G.; Fairfax, C.M.; Garner, B.H.; Haylock, L.A.; Horne, S.L.; Hulmes, S.E.; Mason, N.S.; Norton, L.R.; Nuttall, P.; Randle, Z.; Rossall, M.J.; Sands, R.J.N.; Singer, E.J.; Walker, M.J.
Year: 2003
Title: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. 1. Soil-surface-active invertebrates
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 358
Pages: 1847-1862
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (59 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, pitfalls, May to August, baited refuge traps for Gastropoda, Mollusca, slugs, pests, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus were dominant ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, diversity, species composition, sub-dominants were Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Nebria brevicollis, more Collembola and Loricera pilicornis (in some crops and months) in treated, detritivores, no treatment differences for Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae were dominated by Linyphiidae, dominants were Oedothorax, Erigone, Tenuiphantes tenuis (Lepthyphantes tenuis), Pardosa, no overall treatment effect on spiders, but Collembola were more abundant in treated (considered to be because more detritus was available in treated plots because weed kill was more efficient than in conventional crops), more Deroceras reticulatum in treated, Limacidae, species diversity usually did not differ between treatments, weed seed feeding carabids tended to be fewer in treated (where weed seed fall rates were less), spermophagy, granivory, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4196
Author: Brooks, W. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions
Journal: In "Parasites and Pathogens of Insects" Ed. by N.E. Beckage, S.N. Thompson and B.A. Federici, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Volume: 2
Pages: 231-272
Keywords: En.
Rep., interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, biological control, pathogens can cause premature death of the host which often results in death of the parasitoid too, Table of 21 examples of parasitoids failing to survive host death caused by baculoviruses, there is no evidence of direct susceptibility of parasitoids to baculoviruses, can get sublethal effects of virus on larval development rate, longevity and fecundity of adults, population dynamics, reference to a Sarcophagidae that only parasitizes virus-infected hosts, Diptera, Hymenoptera, behaviour, Table of 20 examples of parasitoids not completing development because of bacteria killing the host, it is unusual for larval parasitoids to be directly invaded by Bacillus thuringiensis or Serratia marcescens, sublethal effects of bacteria on development and fecundity have been recorded, microbial insecticides, Table of 13 examples of parasitoids failing to complete development because the host was killed by entomogenous fungi, similarly insect pathogenic nematodes may kill hosts before parasitoids can develop, parasitoids can be invaded by Steinernema carpocapsae, Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Nosema may kill the host before the parasitoid emerges, Protozoa, Microsporidia, toxins produced by viruses can kill eggs and larvae of parasitoids, poisons, interspecific competition, some parasitoids avoid ovipositing in hosts in the more advanced stages of infection, ovipositor insertion is usually needed for this, but this seems unrelated to the type of pathogen involved, avoidance of competition, some pathogens such as Bt retard host growth and make the host more attractive for some parasitoids, predisposition for attack, examples are given of parasitoids avoiding oviposition in ganulosis virus fungal and IPN-infected hosts, GV's, table of 11 examples of parasitoids failing to develop in Protozoa-infected hosts, pupal and adult parasitoids are occasionally directly infected by fungi, parasitoid larvae and adults can be directly infected by the bacterium S. marcescens and the facultatively pathogenic bacterium Proteus mirabilis, parasitoids including some adults and even hyperparasitoids can be susceptible to their host's microsporidium, a flagellate pathogen of Neodiprion swainei was infective to a Chalcidae parasitoid, sawflies, Symphyta, parasitoid larvae pupae and adults are often susceptible to IPN's under lab conditions, examples given of possibility of fungi adversely affecting parasitoids in the field, "attempts to use fungi as microbial control agents should be carried out with attention to the timing of fungal applications to avoid potential antagonism or competition between these biological agents", Nosema pyrausta is considered the most important biological control agent of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis in USA, but it is suspected of causing the gradual disappearance of a corn borer parasitoid, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids may predispose hosts to infections by pathogens or make them more resistant, examples given for various fungi, viruses and bacteria, parasitoids can be vectors of pathogens, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectoring of Nosema spp. by oviposition has been demonstrated in the lab, table of 6 examples of parasitoids transmitting transovarially the host's Protozoa (Nosema and Mattesia) to their own progeny, S. marcescens can be vectored to Heliothis zea by parasitoid oviposition, Helicoverpa zea, Bt is also vectored in the lab but this probably does not happen in the field because Bt kill their hosts rapidly, Encarsia formosa can transmit Aschersonia aleyrodis to Trialeurodes vaporariorum, glasshouse whitefly, protected crops, greenhouses, Hemiptera, parasitoids transmit viruses by contamination of food sources and via the ovipositor, the parasitoid vectors of viruses can be parasitoids developing in infected hosts or healthy parasitoids that have picked up virus particles by ovipositing in infected hosts, virus transmission has been demonstrated under field conditions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5404
Author: Brose, U.
Year: 2002
Title: Estimating species richness of pitfall catches by non-parametric estimators
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 46
Pages: 101-107
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., methods, biodiversity, minimal sampling programmes, but how do estimates of species richness from few pitfall samples correlate with estimates from higher sampling intensities, community, ground beetles in temporary wetlands in East Germany, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chao2, Bootstrap, Jacknife 1 and 2, can reduce sampling effort to 6 traps per site if Chao2 is then used to estimate full species richness of the site, alternative approaches such as species accumulation curves may have biases, 48087 beetles of 123 species caught (species names not given) [some species may not enter pitfalls ?]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4593
Author: Brower, J.H.; Press, J.W.
Year: 1988
Title: Interactions between the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and a predator, Xylocoris flavipes, (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 23
Pages: 342-349
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, parasitoids, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, stored product pests, USA, eggs, less predation on 5-day-old parasitised eggs than on unparasitised eggs of the same age, the parasitoid parasitised a few of the predator eggs, the two natural enemies can be combined in IPM, natural enemy interactions, predators of parasitoids, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5214
Author: Brown, A.S.S.; Simmonds, M.S.J.; Blaney, W.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Influence of species of host plants on the predation of thrips by Neoseiulus cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Orius laevigatus
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 92
Pages: 283-288
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, glasshouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, laboratory, leaf-disc bioassay, on plants from 12 plant families, the bug was more effective than the mites but host plant species also affected the result, predation rates, tritrophic interactions, 27C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 889
Author: Brown, H. D.
Year: 1972
Title: Predacious behaviour of four species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) associated with the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in South Africa
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 124
Pages: 21-36
Keywords: predator, ladybird, pest, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1446
Author: Brown, K. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of insecticides on predator-prey interactions in cereal fields
Journal: PhD thesis, University of York
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lit.Bk., pirimicarb, cypermethrin, parathion, demeton-S-methyl, pesticides, Gramineae, UK, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, barriered plots, Dvac, pitfalls, observations, water traps, in all field experiments Linyphiidae much reduced by cypermethrin, Araneae, spiders, insecticides reduced the three groups differentially, overall negative relationship between Sitobion avenae and predators, linyphiids may have reduced Metopolophium dirhodum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1443
Author: Brown, K. C.; Lawton, J. H.; Shires, S. W.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of insecticides on invertebrate predators and their cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) prey: laboratory experiments
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 1747-1750
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Metopolophium dirhodum, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphus, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum dorsale, Erigone, spiders, Araneae, pirimicarb, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, carbamates, pyrethroid insecticides, at field rates pirimicarb toxic to A.dorsale, Erigone and Syrphus, at field rates cypermethrin toxic to A.dorsale, C.7-punctata and Erigone, but less so to P.melanarius and N.brevicollis, parathion toxic to Erigone, less so to other predators at reduced dosages


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5390
Author: Brown, K.M.
Year: 1981
Title: Foraging ecology and niche partitioning in orb-weaving spiders
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 50
Pages: 380-385
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, community, USA Araneidae, Argiopidae, Argiope aurantia forages lowest, Argiope trifasciata forages at intermediate heights, Araneus trifolium forages near top of vegetation, aurantia is the largest and trifolium the smallest, high forages take more winged prey cf low foragers more jumping prey, interspecific competition may cause the observed differentiation of foraging pattern, reference to the literature suggests that within these three species foraging patterns vary geographically and may depend on which other araneid species are present, guilds, distribution, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, discriminant analysis, herbaceous vegetation studied at several sites, visual search along transects, prey in webs recorded, prey abundance estimated by sweeping and sticky traps, vertical stratification may result in the different types of prey taken, there was a significant correlation between spider and prey density suggesting that spider densities may be food limited, a greater divergence in foraging patterns in drier areas suggests competition may be occurring, competition between these species might be by interference (i.e. web take-overs) 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5693
Author: Brown, M.W.; Glenn, D.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Ground cover plants and selective insecticides as pest management tools in apple orchards
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 92(4)
Pages: 899-905
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, USA, habitat diversification, pesticides, farming practices, comparison of a conventional orchard with bare earth and full range of pesticides with an orchard receiving selective insecticides that was sown (in alternating single-species strips) with dill (Anrthum graveolens), buckwheat (Fagopyrum escelentum), dwarf sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rape (Brassica napus), methods,  in situ visual examination of shoots for pests, there were significantly more aphids and leafhoppers on trees in the ground cover orchard than in the conventional orchard, Hemiptera, apple yield was significantly less and fruit quality lower in some years in ground cover compared to conventional orchard, ground cover plants may have competed with trees for water and nutrients, biological control, IPM,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1131
Author: Brown, N. R.; Clark, R. C.
Year: 1956
Title: Studies of predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). II An annotated list of the predators associated with the Balsam Woolly Aphid on eastern Canada
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 88
Pages: 678-683
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, conifers, natural enemies, biological control, introduced species, Coleoptera Derodontidae Laricobius erichsonii, predation by adults and larvae, larvae significantly reduce 2nd generation of aphids, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Pullus impexus, Aphidecta obliterata, Diptera, Chamaemyiidae, Cremifania nigrocellulata, larvae eat eggs and all instars, Neoleucopis obscura abundant only at high prey density, native predators, Microtrmbidium sp., Acari, predatory mites, when abundant can suppress 2nd aphid generation, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Miridae Psallus piceicola, Lepidoptera Fensiseca tarquinius larvae feed on aphids, Formicidae, ants, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Neoleucopis pinicola also a predator of the adelgid Pineus strobi on white pine, Leucopina americana, possible predators include Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Rhagionidae, Ceratopogonidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3325
Author: Brown, R. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Pesticides and non-target terrestrial invertebrates: an industrial approach
Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset
Pages: 19-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., risk as % of population affected, toxicity, exposure, hazard takes into account ability of population to recover, chemical behaviour, distribution of pesticide in relation to insect behaviour, hazard ratio is risk estimate, measuring risk, interpreting risk in terms of hazard, need to know about ecology of the species, sublethal effects, modelling approach, need to know timing of the pesticide in relation to any natural density-dependent losses, population persistence under pesticide pressure depends on % survival in relation to rate of increase, various modelling approaches, effects on communities and effects on community function, eg reduction of predation on pests by polyphagous predators, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3328
Author: Brown, R. A.; White, J. A.; Everett, C. J.
Year: 1988
Title: How does an autumn applied pyrethroid affect the terrestrial arthropod community ?
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 137-146
Keywords: En.
Rep., including effect on stratified spiders, effects of autumn applied Karate lambdacyhalothrin on predators in following summer, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, treated untreated and dimethoate, pitfalls, organophosphorus insecticide, pesticides, migration estimated by surface searches in field and edges and by directional gutter traps, methods, ground search, marked Nebria brevicollis, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus released in enclosures before spraying then recaught, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, Drosophila pupae boards to assess predation, artificial prey, lambda significantly reduced B.obtusum, N.brevicollis, T.quadrisrtiatus, Aleocharinae, Stenus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, by 60-70% of control lasting 26-82 days, N.brevicollis larvae did not seem to be affected, little evidence for migration between treated and untreated plots, surface searches suggested B.obtusum, Xantholinus and Othius did not migrate to edge of field, T.quadristriatus, Anotylus sculpturatus and Aleocharinae did to a limited extent, Tachyporus, Bembidion lampros overwintered only in hedgerow, % surviving ie activity affected recaptures in barriers was 100% N.brevicollis and T.quadristriatus, 48% B.obtusum, cf 18-30% for N.brevicollis, T.quadristriatus and B.obtusum with dimethoate, attacks on Drosophila pupae decreased for 30-35 days then back to untreated level then declined again, no differences in aphid growth rate in treated cf untreated in summer, reduction in linyphiids and B.obtusum probably due to mortality, others may have emigrated, become less active or were unaffected


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2205
Author: Brown, S. G.; Hill, E. M.; Goist, K. E.; Wenzl, P. A.; Christenson, T. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Ecological and seasonal variations in a free-moving population of the golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 6
Issue: 7)
Pages: 313-319
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, forest fringe, spiderlings travel short distances (not ballooning), seasonal distribution, dispersal, behaviour.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4751
Author: Bruce, W.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Use of infrared detection for host location by the bee-mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae): a theoretical model
Journal: International Journal of Acarology
Volume: 23(1)
Pages: 7-11
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology
Keywords: Rep. parasite, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apis, sensory setae on first pair of Varroa legs could enable heat-seeking location of the host
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4752
Author: Bruce, W.A.; Delfinado-Baker, M.; Vincent, D.L. 
Year: 1997
Title: Comparative morphology of the peritremes of Varroa and Euvarroa (Varroidae), parasites of honeybees (Apidae)
Journal: International Journal of Acarology
Volume: 23(1)
Pages: 13-20
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology
Keywords: Rep., structure, Hymenoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4775
Author: Bruinink, P.J.
Year: 1990
Title: Some notes on the diet of the groundbeetle Pterostichus versicolor STURM (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Volume: 60
Pages: 153-166
Alternate Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, food, trophic behaviour, pitfalls, sweeping, soil sampling, methods, reference slides prepared by squashing known prey and feeding known prey to beetles, heathland, Netherlands, gut dissection. Very polyphagous, food including caterpillars and beetle larvae, Diptera, ants, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera adults, aphids, Cicadina, Heteroptera, Collembola, Araneae, Lycosidae, Acari, spores and plant material. Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, spiders, mites. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 111
Author: Brunel, E.; Lahmar, M.; Tiberghien, G.
Year: 1982
Title: Observations preliminaires sur les populations de carabiques (Coleopteres ) dans une culture de navets attaquee par Hylemyia brassicae B. (Dipteres , Anthomyides)
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 47
Pages: 581-595
Keywords: Fr.
Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Amara similata, Agonum dorsale, Nebria brevicollis, Nebria salina
Rep, Carabidae, turnips, cabbage root fly, France, pitfalls, phenology, sowing date, Russian references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3600
Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L.
Year: 1983
Title: Cannibalism, labaoratory artefact or natural phenomenon
Journal: Report of the 4th Symposium of Carabidologists
Pages: 135-139
Keywords: En.
Rep.(Summ. only), Pterostichus oblongopunctatus on the forest floor in the Netherlands, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, lab and field experiments, methods, density and food availability was varied, food quantity, food suplementation, food augmentation, larvae of all instars were cannibals but less so when alternative food was available, under natural conditions cannibalism plays an important role in regulation of density, abundance, trees, woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3624
Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L.
Year: 1984
Title: Density regulation in the carabid beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 53
Pages: 751-760
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, experimental populations of P.oblongopunctatus created within oak forest floor enclosures at densities lower and higher than natural, population dynamics, trees, woodland, methods, within 1-2 years the densities returned to the natural level, Netherlands, univoltine, voltinism, density-dependent regulation through reproduction and adult survival, variation in recruitment rate is caused by density- dependent egg production and by larval cannibalism, fecundity, trophic behaviour, beetles marked by branding elytra and grinding pits in elytra, density estimates by mark-release-recapture, MRR, abundance, larvae are rarely caught in pitfalls, vertical distribution, reference that mobility of P.oblongopunctatus is low, dispersal, movement, migration, activity, little parasitism and predation on these beetles, natural enemies of natural enemies, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 875
Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Siepel, H.; Schaick Zillesen, P. G. van
Year: 1986
Title: THe role of larvae in the population ecology of Carabidae
Journal: In "Carabid Beetles, their Adaptations and Dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L. Luff, P. Mossakowski and F. Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart
Pages: 399-411
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, population dynamics, fecundity can be density-dependent, competition for food, cannibalism by larvae important factor at natural density and is affected by food, cannibalism main factor in regulating population density, larvae usually more numerous faster growing and higher metabolic rate than adults, model for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus incorporating developmental times, stage-specific mortality, temperature, cannibalism, field experiments, egg production, results agreed with model, larval and pupal mortality measured in enclosures, methods, pitfalls and sieving, 96% mortality rate, larval density correctly predicted by model and timing of instars in field, population regulation in model convergence of densities after 2 years, also in enclosures, numerical response to prey density decreases with increase in density- independent larval mortality, reasons why carabids good for pest control, biological control, regulating potential of carabids reduced due to density- independent mortality from insecticides, pesticides, carabids poor against pests with more than 1 generation per year, the Netherlands, forest, trees, woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4576
Author: Brust, G.E.
Year: 1990
Title: Direct and indirect effects of four herbicides on the activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 30
Pages: 309-320
Alternate Journal: Pesticide Science
Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, USA, toxicity, repellency, behaviour, Amara, Agonum, Harpalus, Pterostichus, lab and greenhouse and field, burrows and foraging territories, movement, distribution, dispersal, migration, rates of predation on caterpillars, Lepidoptera, pests, biological control, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4828
Author: Brust, G.E.
Year: 1991
Title: A method for observing below-ground pest-predator interactions in corn agroecosystems
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 26(1)
Pages: 1-8
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, no-tillage corn, farming practices, methods, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, southern corn rootworm, plexiglass plates buried parallel to each plant so that roots and Diabrotica undecimpunctata could be observed, soil on the nonplant side of the plate was put in a bag and placed back into the hole (it could be removed during observations), eggs and larvae of the pest were placed against the plate on roots 1-5cm below the soil surface, observations made at 2 h intervals for 24 h using a torch with red filter at night, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, mites and ants were egg predators, oophagy, beetle larvae, centipedes and ants ate the larvae, and ants ate the pupae, predatory Acari, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, soldier beetles, rove beetles, ground beetles, Harpalus, Pterostichus, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Geophilomorpha, there was significantly more predation at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5533
Author: Brust, G.E.
Year: 1994
Title: Natural enemies in straw-mulch reduce Colorado Potato Beetle populations and damage  in potato
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 4
Pages: 163-169
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, farming practices, wheat straw, cereals, Gramineae, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, damage, yield, methods, USA, quadrat samples, mark-release-recapture study of L. decemlineata adults, mulch reduced L. decemlineata larvae numbers and feeding damage, more predators found on foliage in mulch plots, these were Pterostichus chalcites, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Calosoma calidum, Lebia sp., Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysoperla carnea, Perillus bioculatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, direct in situ visual observations of predators eating eggs and larvae, oophagy, yield was significantly greater in mulch plots, 3 weeks after mulching fungi and detritivores increased, mites and millipedes, Acari, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, followed by centipedes, carabids and spiders, Chilopoda, Araneae, carabids on potato plants were found on the tops of leaves and did not search underneath, it was a complex of generalist predators changing throughout the season that reduced the pest, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4804
Author: Brust, G.E.; Barbercheck, M.E.
Year: 1992
Title: Effect of dietary cucurbitacin C on Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg survival
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21(6)
Pages: 1466-1471
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, laboratory, greenhouse and field studies on the pest Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, to see if eggs from beetles that had fed on a bitter variety of cucumber gained any protection from predation. They did not. Predators used were Pterostichus chalcites larvae, mites and centipedes, and 76% of eggs were eaten by thid group of predators (consumption rates for individual species not given). Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, oophagy, bioogical control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, biological control, Acari, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, ground beetles, Carabidae, host plant resistance.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4578
Author: Brust, G.E.; House, G.J.
Year: 1988
Title: A study of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) as a facultative predator of Southern corn rootworm eggs
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 4
Pages: 335-344
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, pests, peanut and corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1447
Author: Brust, G. E.; Stinner, B. R.; McCartney, D. A.
Year: 1985
Title: Tillage and soil insecticide effects on predator - black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) interactions in corn agroecosystems
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Pages: 1398-1392
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, USA, pests, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Agrotis ipsilon, larva can cut at least 4 young plants before pupation, behaviour, damage, quadrats, predator density, metal barriers, methods, exclusion plots, pitfalls with alcohol and ethylene glycol, cutworms put inside enclosures, Carabidae, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Chilopoda, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Myriapoda, ants, phorate killed carabids but not cutworms, cutworms increased, pesticides, insecticides, IPM, predators very important


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4790
Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A.
Year: 1986
Title: Predation by soil inhabiting arthropods in intercropped and monoculture agroecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 18
Pages: 145-154
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, maize monoculture compared with maize intercropped with a grass-legume mixture, farming practices, habitat diversification, Leguminosae, USA, grass and legume cover crops are killed by herbicide prior to planting, reasons for cover crops are to reduce erosion and increase soil organic matter, but legumes can also be used as a live mulch with a nitrogen-demanding crop such as maize or sorghum, here corn was planted into a living grass/alfalfa field. Tethered Lepidoptera pest larvae as baits were observed at 2h intervals, ground search in quadrats for predator density, there were more attacks on and consumption of baits in intercropped than monoculture, density of Carabidae and other predators was greater in intercropped, predator activity was greatest at night in both systems (but the minimum activity level in intercropped was equal to the maximum in monoculture), this may have been due to more favourable temperature and moisture in intercropped. 24 taxa were observed to attack the baits, 14 carabid adults, carabid larvae, harvestmen, ants, Chilopoda, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Oribatidae, Cicindelidae. Polyphagous predators, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, diel cycles, nocturnalism, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Opiliones, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myriapoda, centipedes, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, tiger  beetles, Phalangida, Hemiptera, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Amara, Bembidion.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4791
Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A.
Year: 1986
Title: Predator activity and predation in corn agroecosystems
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1017-1021
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., conventional compared with no-till maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, farming practices, there were more attacks on tethered Lepidoptera larvae of 5 pest species and more killed in no-till than conventional, attacks were mainly at night, the soil insecticide phorate decreased predator abundance and number of larvae consumed for two months, quadrats, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pesticides, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles (14 species), Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1138
Author: Bryan, K. M.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1984
Title: The responses of polyphagous predators to prey spatial heterogeneity: aggregation by carabid and staphylinid beetles to their cereal aphid prey
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 251-259
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, Sitobion avenae patches in winter wheat using cages, methods, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus in patches, carry over effect for Tachyporus larvae, behaviour, aggregation may have also been indirect eg to honeydew or fungi on it, aphid density 50 per stem in patch, 1 per stem in controls, non-aggregators Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 363
Author: Bryden, J. W.; Bishop, M. W. H.
Year: 1945
Title: Coccinella 7-punctata parasitised by Perilitus coccinellae (Hym., Braconidae) in Cambridgeshire
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 81
Pages: 51-52
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenopter a


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3696
Author: Buchholz, U.; Schmidt, S.; Schruft, G.
Year: 1994
Title: The use of an immunological technique to evaluate the predation on Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hbn.)(Lepidoptera, Cochylidae) in vineyards
Journal: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
Volume: 22
Issue: 7)
Pages: 671-677
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Germany, grapevine, pests, caterpillars, viticulture, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, ELISA, serology, Orius minutus, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Forficula auricularia, earwig, Nabidae, methods and limitations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5502
Author: Buchi, R.
Year: 2002
Title: Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 90
Pages: 255-263
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, brassicas, Switzerland, fields adjacent to wildflower strips or managed meadows, grassland, Gramineae, conservation strips, conservation biological control, oilseed rape, late instar pollen beetle larvae drop from blossoms to soil to pupate, funnel traps used to quantify this, methods, falling larvae also went into open sided (permitting entry of predators) and fine gauze covered containers (allowing entry of pest but not predators) sunk into the soil, yellow sticky traps were put in containers to measure number of emerging beetles, larvae from funnels were dissected to assess parasitism rate, 1-2 % mortality due to parasitoids at 3 m and 30 m from strips, 16-27% mortality by predation not affected by distance from meadow but greater at 30 m from wildflower strip, parasitoids named but predators not identified, carabids present included Poecilus cupreus and Agonum dorsale, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Pterostichus cupreus
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2857
Author: Buchs, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Effects of different crop management on the abundance of arthropods in sugar beet crops
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Freising- Weihenstephan 1990)
Volume: 20
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: Rep., Germany, Braunschweig, arable, photoeclectors, methods, mean arthropod emergence in photoeclectors was 12,900 per m2 but this was reduced to 7,550 per m2 where pesticide and fertiliser inputs were maximum, increasing intensity of pesticides reduced 80% of taxa including Acari, spiders, Aphidina, Bembidion, Coccinellidae, Oxytelus, Lathrobium, Tachyporus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, predatory mites, Araneae, Hemiptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect orv increase was recorded for thrips Cantharidae, most carabids Empididae and some other Diptera, Coccinellidae strongly reduced by pesticides, Thysanoptera, soldier beetles, predatory flies, farming practices, side-effects of pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3798
Author: Buchs, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsintensitaten auf die Arthropodenfauna von Winterweizenfeldern
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie
Volume: 22
Pages: 27-34
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, effects of various inputs of pesticides and fertilisers on arthropod fauna of winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, increase in cultivation intensity reduced aphids, thrips, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Chironomidae, Cecidomyiidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae and Cantharidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, pests, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, no effects on Trechus or Empididae, others increased such as Lathrobius, Drosophilidae, Symphyta, Pterostichus, Clivina, Bibionidae, large effect of insecticides on spiders, ecotoxicology, side-effects on non-targets, indirect effects, sublethal effects, weed density affected Amara, habitat structure, aphids greatest when high fertiliser plus low insecticide, abundance, Tachyporus and parasitoids related to aphid density, mycetophages feeding on saprophytic fungi growing on honeydew, Trechus quadristriatus, Lathrobium fulvipenne and Clivina fossor active stages not present during pesticide application, Braunschweig, photoeclectors, pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3801
Author: Buchs, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Forderung von grossen Laufkaferarten (Gattung Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrus) durch selbstbegrunende Dauerbrache und abgestufte Extensivierungsmassnahmen
Journal: Mitt. a. d. Bundesanst.
Volume: 301
Pages: 47
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, pitfalls, photoeclectors, abundance, density, arable, oilseed rape


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3125
Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E.
Year: 1989
Title: Effects of snail baits on non-target carabid beetles
Journal: BCPC Mono. No. 41 "Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture"
Pages: 245-252
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, metaldehyde, methiocarb, lab, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus granulatus, molluscicides, Mollusca, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, carbamates, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3133
Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E.
Year: 1991
Title: Auswirkungen von inkrustiertem Rapssaatgut auf Laufkafer: Labor - und Halbfreilandversuche
Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen
Volume: 43
Pages: 299-306
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, effects of different rape seed dressings on carabid beetles, lab and semi-field tests, oilseed rape, brassicas, Pterostichus cupreus in lab, metal frames filled with soil, methods, low mortality with carbosulfan, more with isofenphos + thiram, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3060
Author: Buchs, W.; Kleinhenz, A.; Zimmermann, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Pitfall traps and emergence traps: possibility of interpretation of the results when both methods are used in combination
Journal: unpublished
Keywords: Ger. En. notes
Rep., emergence traps are photoeclectors, moved monthly to new site, species composition, Pterostichus melanarius dominant in pitfalls rare in ET's, reverse for Trechus quadristriatus, Philonthus cognatus and Lathrobium fulvipenne more in pitfalls, reverse for Atheta and Oxypoda, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus caught in high numbers in both, Porrhomma microphthalmum more in ET, no sex differences in activity in O.apicatus, but was for other Linyphiidae, especially marked in pitfalls during mating period, less so foe ET, immature : adult spiders 1 : 11 in pitfalls, but more immatures than adults in ET, comparison of number caught in upper collecting vessel in ET with numbers in pitfall within ET, many Staphylinidae fly off as soon as they emerge as adults, for staphylinids pitfalls are inadequate to give species composition in agroecosystems because they are not a very epigeic taxon, ratio of number caught in pitfalls and ET is an index of epigeic activity, methods, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, behaviour, vertical stratification, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2860
Author: Buchs, W. Heimbach U.; Czarnecki, E.
Year: 1990
Title: Untersuchungen zu Auswirkungen von Schneckenbekampfungsmitteln auf einige Land Kaferarten (Coleoptera: Carabidae) bei Anwendung verschiedener Testverfahren im Labor und Halbfreiland
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Zoologie
Volume: 77
Pages: 479-500
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., effects of methiocarb and metaldehyde on Pterostichus cupreus, Carabus granulatus, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus melanarius in lab and semi-field tests, P. cupreus , C. granulatus and H. rufipes were susceptible to methiocarb in lab, 66-96% mortality, P. melanarius less so, 18% mortality, metaldehyde gave 36% mortality of C. granulatus but little effect on others, semi-field results similar to those of lab, pesticides, insecticides, molluscicides, carbamates, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, methods, side-effects of pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5106
Author: Buckland, S.M.; Grime, J.P.
Year: 2000
Title: The effects of trophic structure and soil fertility on the assembly of plant communities: a microcosm experiment
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 91
Pages: 336-352
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., 72 microcosms 1 m x 0.6 m  x 1.5 m high, outdoors, ventilated plastic cages, various combinations of plants, fertilisation regime, herbivores and predators were tested, 16 grass species and 32 forbs, Gramineae, Deroceras reticulatum, Mollusca, Limacidae, slug pests, Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ground beetles, Sitobion avenae, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, plant community development, the ladybird had only marginal effect on the aphid populations, D. reticulatum was controlled by P. melanarius at low and moderate levels of fertility, but not at high fertility, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3104
Author: Buckland, S. T.; Anderson, D. R.; Burnham, K. P.; Laake, J. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Distance Sampling
Journal: Chapman & Hall, London
Keywords: En.
Book, estimating abundance, density, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5739
Author: Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L.
Year: 2003
Title: Factors initiating emigration of two wolf spider species (Araneae: Lycosidae) in an agroecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32(1)
Pages: 88-95
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, soybeans, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Hogna helluo can out-compete Pardosa milvina but the latter is a better coloniser, competition, Leguminosae, methods, mark-recapture, paint mark, pitfalls, comparison of tilled plots and no-till plots and plots mulched with 10 cm layer of straw, habitat diversification, enclosures, concluded that H. helluo (but not P. milvina) emigrated from poor quality habitat and this was not influenced by conspecifics or heterospecifics, habitat selection, habitat preference, foraging behaviour,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2525
Author: Budge, S. P.; Whipps, J. M.
Year: 1991
Title: Glasshouse trials of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma species for the biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in celery and lettuce
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 40
Pages: 59-66
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3914
Author: Bueno, B. H. P.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Ruggle, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Parasitism by Aphidius ervi (Hym.: Aphidiidae): preference for pea aphid and blue alfalfa aphid (Hom.: Aphididae) and competition with A. smithi
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Issue: 2)
Pages: 273-284
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, USA, Hymenoptera, A. ervi attacks Acyrthosiphon pisum and Acyrthosiphon kondoi but Aphidius smithi is specific to A. pisum, both aphids and parasitoids are introduced into USA and are alfalfa pests, the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis attacks both aphids and directly reduces the efficiency of A. smithi, entomogenous fungi, disease, Erynia neoaphidis, California, lab tests in 15 cm tubes on host preference and on competition between A. ervi and A. smithi for A. pisum, multiple parasitism was observed but there was no significant difference in the numbers of either parasitoid emerging, pea aphid drops from the plant or walks away to avoid attack by parasitoids, A. ervi will pursue it, A.ervi strongly preferred A. pisum to A. kondoi, A. ervi is a superior larval competitor to A. smithi under most conditions, P. neoaphidis is a key species determining composition of Acyrthosiphon species and their parasitoids in alfalfa, interactions between natural enemies, population dynamics, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, aphid defence behaviour, parasitoid foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3072
Author: Buffone, G. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Immunonephelometric and turbiolimetric measurement of specific plasma proteins
Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd Edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Wqashington D.C.
Pages: 23-28
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5346
Author: Bugg, R.H.; Pickett, C.H.
Year: 1998
Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Pages: 4-23
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Keywords: Rep., supplementary foods and alternate hosts, modified microclimate, overwintering habitat, habitat management, habitat diversification, cover crops or nursery plants to promote increase of generalist predator mites after inoculative release, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Euseius, polyphagous predators, vegetational diversification can affect pests and natural enemies both positively and negatively, examples given including spiders, Araneae, "farmscaping" aims to provide wildlife habitat, improve farm aesthetics, provide natural weed control and enhance natural enemies for pest control, within-field diversification, management of field edges and margins, relative responses of generalists and specialists to diversification, essential foods, alternative food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleomegilla maculata can reproduce on a diet of pollen alone, omnivory, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, intercropping, reducing pesticide dependency, sustainability, low-input farming, farming practices, review, conservation biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5436
Author: Bugg, R.L.; Anderson, J.H.; Thomsen, C.D.; Chandler, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Farmscaping in California: managing hedgerows, roadside and wetland plantings, and wild plants for biointensive pest management
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 339-374
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., USA, review, farming practices, landscape, conservation biological control, hedgerows, windbreaks, agricultural statistics, biodiversity, habitat diversification, border plantings, grasses, shrubs, trees, woodland, forest, Gramineae, birds, Vertebrata, Aves, weed control methods for encouraging native grasses, methods, pesticides, herbicides, wild plants and cover crops, techniques for implementation, arthropods associated with farmscaping, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, thrips, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, shelter from wind and for aestivation, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, pollen as food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, alternative  hosts, alternative prey, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, nectar, omnivory, table of weed species that harbour food for natural enemies, tables listing species of predators and parasitoids observed visiting weed flowers, native insectary trees and shrubs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4579
Author: Bugg, R.L.; Dutcher, J.D.
Year: 1989
Title: Warm-season cover crops for pecan orchards: horticultural and entomological impications
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 6
Pages: 123-148
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, diversification, agricultural practices, 13 cover crops evaluated, trees, nuts, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae, ants, effects of understorey cover crops on pests and beneficials, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Hymenoptera, wasps, Formicidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4250
Author: Bugg, R. L.; Ehler, L. E.; Wilson, L. T.
Year: 1987
Title: Effect of Common Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) on abundance and efficiency of insect predators of crop pests
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 55
Issue: 7)
Pages: 1-52
Keywords: En.
Rep., weeds, biological control, USA, 36 insect taxa fed on the flowers, 29 of these are entomophages, some including ants took honeydew from Aphis avicularis, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, trophic behaviour, food, diet, alternative food, Hemiptera, aphids, Geocoris was especially abundant on knotweeds, habitat diversification, vegetation structure, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, this weed was better than many other weed species in providing for predators, methods, chunks of tuna on ground, stapling pest egg masses and vinegar flies to foliage, baits, interplanting knotweed amongst crops to affect predator density, abundance, no adverse effect on crop vigour and yield, knotweed may be such an hospitable habitat that some predators do not forage on nearby crop plants, could be useful as a natural enemy resevoir


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4657
Author: Bugg, R.L.; Pickett, C.H.
Year: 1998
Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Pages: 4-23
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Keywords: Rep., TP, landscape, habitat diversification, habitat management, definitions, vegetational diversification, diets of biological control agents, food, trophic behaviour, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, movement, dispersal, migration, reducing pesticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5734
Author: Bugg, R.L.; Wckers, F.L.; Brunson, K.E.; Dutcher, J.D.; Phatak, S.C.
Year: 1991
Title: Cool-season cover crops relay intercropped with cantaloupe: influence on a generalist predator, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 84(2)
Pages: 408-416
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae, field vegetables, horticulture, methods, sentinel egg masses of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Geocoridae, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, natural enemies, biological control, best cover crop for increasing predator abundance was subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum, Leguminosae,  cover crops did not affect densities of aphids and whiteflies on cantaloupe leaves but more attacks on sentinel egg masses where subterranean clover became a dying mulch, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, cover crops should die as weather gets hotter and natural enemies may move to main crop plants, dying mulches, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement,  density by searching within quadrats, methods, undersowing, characteristic damage of G. punctipes to sentinel egg masses, list of predators (13 taxa) observed preying on or near egg masses, direct in situ visual observation, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Lygaeidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Lebia viridis, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, Cleridae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, Nysius (Lygaeidae) observed consuming eggs, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5689
Author: Bugg, R.L.; Waddington, C.
Year: 1994
Title: Using cover crops to manage arthropod pests of orchards: a review
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 50
Pages: 11-28
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., trees, woodland, forest, nuts, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, farming practices, cover crops can be managed to suppress weeds, ants damage almonds after they have fallen to the ground, sesbania, hairy vetch and rye under pecan harboured aphidophages including hoverflies and ladybirds, buckwheat attracted parasitoids, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, cereals, some ladybirds left the understorey and entered the pecan canopy, vertical migration, vertical movement, distribution, dispersal, re-analysis of data of Leius (1967) showed that parasitism of codling moth larvae was significantly greater in apple orchards with a diverse understorey of flowering plants such as buttercup, dandelionand many others, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, habitat diversification, biological control, Formica spp. ants can reduce pear psylla densities in pear trees, top fruit, Psyllidae, Myzus persicae on fallen peach leaves are eaten by ground beetles which reduces the number of aphids returning to trees to oviposit, Carabidae, grasses in citrus orchards provide wind-blown pollen which are allocthonous alternative food for Phytoseiidae mites on trees, Acari, valuable weeds in terms of harbouring natural enemies are common knotweed Polygonum aviculare, chickweed Stellaria media which provides nectar to parasitoids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cover crops can be strip managed i.e. with different floristic composition or tillage and mowing of alternate strips, strip management can be a means of reducing competition between trees and cover crop whilst maintaining inoculum of natural enemies, it will also maximise diversity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1426
Author: Bulan, C. A.; Barrett, G. W.
Year: 1971
Title: The effects of two acute stresses on the arthropod component of an experimental grassland ecosystem
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 52
Pages: 597-605
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4429
Author: Bultman, T. L.; Uetz, G. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 55
Pages: 34-41
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, microhabitat selection based on litter depth and complexity, beech-maple forest in USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, methods, habitat preference, community, biodiversity, artificial non-nutritive leaves constructed of odourless vinyl plastic and put in litter baskets amongst forest litter, environmental conditions were the same in artificial cf real litter but more prey (Collembola and Diptera) in natural (no data given), spiders sieved from litter, spider species divided into 5 guilds based on families with different foraging modes, web builders were more abundant in artificial than natural litter, they sought architectural rather than nutritional qualities of leaves, hunting spiders were more abundant in natural litter, guild composition was independent of structural treatments, litter depth was the main factor affecting guild composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5088
Author: Bumroongsook, S.; Harris, M.K.; Dean, D.A.
Year: 1992
Title: Predation on blackmargined aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by spiders on pecan
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 2
Pages: 15-18
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, nuts, USA, Monellia caryella, 25 species observed eating aphids in the field (aphids were presented to hunting spiders or placed in webs in the field), methods, feeding rates in caged leaves containing aphids and spider in the field and in the lab, Table of species, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, community, direct in situ visual observation of predation, a hunting spider was observed to eat a fly followed by an aphid and in each case it was responding to the stimulus of prey movement, Diptera, adult Phidippus audax were observed eating grasshoppers and moths but the immatures ate aphids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, 1-11 aphids per web were found in webs, they were mainly alatae or 4th instars, taking account of spider density it was estimated that spider predation accounts for about one aphid per leaf per day, spiders appear to be capable of preventing aphid outbreaks developing but once underway would be incapable of stopping them, importance of early predation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2417
Author: Bunce, R.
Year: 1990
Title: Species Dispersal in Agricultural Landscapes
Journal: Bellhaven Press London
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1799
Author: Bund, C. F. van de
Year: 1970
Title: Influence of crop and tillage on mites and springtails in arable soil
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 18
Pages: 308-314
Keywords: En.
Rep., Holland, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Collembola, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1432
Author: Bunyan, P. J.; Stanley, P. I.
Year: 1983
Title: The environmental cost of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 9
Pages: 187-209
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, refers to Joint Cereal Ecosystem Project and pest species not declining, natural enemies declining, Gramineae, monitoring of invertebrates and effects of pesticides on them is inadequate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 115
Author: Burakowski, B.
Year: 1967
Title: Biology, ecology and distribution of Amara pseudocommunis Burak
Journal: Ann. Zool. (Waraszawa).
Volume: 24
Pages: 485-526
Keywords: Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2418
Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Hedgerow networks as habitats for forest species: implications for colonising abandoned agricultural land
Journal: Ed by Bunce & Howard
Pages: 238-255
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3672
Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Farming landscapes and insects
Journal: In "Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems", Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves and H.M. Anderson, John Wiley, UK
Pages: 203-220
Keywords: En.
Rep., mini-review, farming practices, landscape ecology, overwintering at field edges, pollen from weeds for Syrphidae etc, alternative foods, Diptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, France, increase in plant diversity at landscape level can reduce monophagous herbivores and increase predators and parasitoids, phytophages, favourable crops and other habitats should be formed into a spatial mosaic with regard to migration capacities of natural enemies, methods, distribution, migration, movement, dispersal, habitat management, habitat diversification, greater biomass and diversity of above-ground insects found in agroecosystems in mosaic than in uniform landscapes, same effect has been noted for Carabidae in Brittany, Coleoptera, ground beetles, grassy field margins good for polyphagous predators, Gramineae, measures of landscape structure using information theory, methods, hedgerow length and heterogeneity, crop mosaics and degree of spatial connectivity for insects, management of field margins and boundaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5534
Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: a case study in the Pays d'Auge, France
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 55
Pages: 193-200
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., grassland, Gramineae, biological indicators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, plants and spiders, Araneae, 100 ha study area with varying intensity of management including abandoned grassland, also forest fragments and hedges, trees, woodland, handsearch for spiders, pitfalls for carabids, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Abax ater, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, hedgerows important as corridors and as reservoirs for immigration into crop fields, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1621
Author: Burges, H. D.; Hussey, N. W.
Year: 1971
Title: Microbial control of insects and mites
Journal: Academic Press, London
Keywords: En.
Acari, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 314
Author: Burgess, A. F.; Collins, C. W.
Year: 1911
Title: The value of predaceous beetles in destroying insect pests
Journal: U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul.
Volume: 101
Pages: 94-95
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4519
Author: Burgess, L. ; Dueck, J.  ; McKenzie, D.L.
Year: 1983
Title: Insect vectors of the yeast Nematospora coryli in mustard, Brassica juncea, crops in southern Saskatchewan
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 115
Pages: 25-30
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., TP, Heteroptera, Nabidae, vectors, polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, brassicas
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4988
Author: Burgess, L.; Hinks, C.F.
Year: 1987
Title: Predation on adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119(5)
Pages: 495-496
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Halticinae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, canola and mustard, brassicas, Cruciferae, nymph and adult field-collected crickets killed and ate adult P. cruciferae in lab Petri dishes, crickets were then reared in the lab, methods given, rearing, culturing, predation rates and consumption rates in lab, maximum rate was 40 flea beetles eaten per cricket per day, crickets were collected from a must plot, kept in lab containers and their faeces examined for flea beetle remains such as elytra, antennae and matathoracic legs, faecal analysis, fecal analysis, 18-28% of crickets had been feeding on flea beetles, this cricket is omnivorous, cannibalistic and a known predator, references to it eating grasshopper eggs, apple maggot pupae, cloverworm pupae and insects in spider webs, Lepidoptera, Araneae, kleptoparasitism
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5513
Author: Burgio, G.; Santi, F.; Maini, S.
Year: 2002
Title: On intra-guild predation and cannibalism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 24
Pages: 110-116
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., laboratory experiments on interspecific egg consumption by larvae and adult females, oophagy,  predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, intraguild predation, IGP, ladybirds, aphids as alternative food, Hemiptera, pests, egg cannibalism by exotic H. axyridis greater than IGP of eggs of  native A. bipunctata, Myzus persicae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3177
Author: Burki, H. M.; Hausammann, A.
Year: 1993
Title: Overwintering of arthropods in plant structures of weed strips and in the soil
Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern
Volume: 7
Pages: En. summ. 143-144
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, weed strips for hibernation, 22 plant species and soil near rye, MacFadyen extractor, thrips, Coleoptera, spiders, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Acari, 66% carnivores, cereal stubbles had Carabidae, weevils, Lepidoptera larvae, soil below weed strips more attractive for beneficials than for other arthropods, 2.5 times more than in rye, 3 x carabids, 5 x Staphylinidae, 10 x Araneae, 20 x parasitoids, Coccinellidae only in weed strips, gives 11 species weeds and main group of natural enemy attracted by each, these plants produced much litter giving 5C warmer than crop, temperature, microclimate, methods, land use, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, Thysanoptera, pests, mites, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, Curculionidae, caterpillars, vertical stratification, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, rove beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2413
Author: Burn, A. J.
Year: 1988
Title: Assessment of the impact of pesticides on invertebrate predation in cereal crops
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 279-288
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3327
Author: Burn, A. J.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of scale on the measurement of pesticide effects on invertebrate predators and predation
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 109-118
Keywords: En.
Rep., Boxworth study UK, 4 ecological groups, (i) Bembidion obtusum and Collembola, spring breeders overwintering in field, poor dispersal and hit by autumn and winter pesticide applications against stem-boring Diptera and virus-transmitting aphids, (ii) spring breeders, reasonable dispersal eg Agonum dorsale, overwinter in boundary, took 3 years to be significantly reduced and did not recover in year 4, could be hit by a badly timed spring insecticide or reduction of food supply, (iii) highly dispersive spring breeders, with season effects only, Boxworth scale too small to assess, (iv) species which have increased under intensive pesticides, eg Trechus quadristriatus, autumn breeders might have benefitted from reduced predation, effects of predator populations on aphid abundance, predator manipulation experiments, predator exclusion, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, methods, phenology, distribution, migration, movement, behaviour, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, artificial prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3326
Author: Burn, A. J.
Year: 1989
Title: Long-term effects of pesticides on natural enemies of cereal crop pests
Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset
Pages: 177-193
Keywords: En.
Rep., references to long-term declines and within-season reductions of polyphagous predators, Boxworth Study UK, treatment blocks 21-67 ha, does not assess individual pesticides, insecticides in high input 8.5 times frequency of low input, fungicides 1.6 times, herbicides 1.5 times, table of species dispersive ability, overwintering stage and habitat, used to categorize hazard, then compared with pitfall catch over 4 years, Bembidion obtusum badly hit, reductions of Linyphiidae overwinter did not persist into next season, Trechus quadristriatus tended to increase in high input areas for unknown reasons, Agonum dorsale declined eventually perhaps due to indirect effects, references to herbicide indirect effects on polyphagous predators, Sminthuridae on surface were reduced in all years, frequency of Collembola in diet of A.dorsale went up in sprayed areas, consumption of artificial prey increased in sprayed areas perhaps because alternative prey was low, a higher % of T.quadristriatus ate aphids per unit aphid density in sprayed plots perhaps due to hunger, ELISA, serology, % with empty guts did not change but diet did and this may have affected fecundity, fewer eggs per dissected female in sprayed, not known if change in fecundity feeds through to density in next season, it depends on mortality and migration, reduction in predation on artificial prey in summer in high input areas in 3rd and 4th years and also reduction in predation on aphids, autumn-applied molluscicides reduced predation rate over winter and increased pests, pest resurgence, Gramineae, biological control, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, predation, trophic behaviour, alternative prey, reproduction, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3150
Author: Burn, A. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Interactions between cereal pests and their predators and parasites
Journal: In "Pesticides, cereal farming and the environment" Ed. by P. Grieg-Smith, G. Frampton and A. Hardy, HMSO, London
Pages: 110-131
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Dvac, pitfalls, diversity, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, UK, aphids, Hemiptera, alternative prey, exposure to pesticides, migration, dispersal, movement, methods, predator exclusion experiments, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding on aphids, ELISA, serology, artificial prey, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1623
Author: Burnett, T.
Year: 1958
Title: Dispersal of an insect parasite over a small plot
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 90
Pages: 279-283
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, distribution, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3272
Author: Buryn, R.; Brandl, R.
Year: 1992
Title: Are the morphometrics of chelicerae correlated with diet in mesostigmatid mites (Acari) ?
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1)
Pages: 67-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., gamasid mites are predators in soil and cheliceral structure varies between species, 10 morphometric parameters of chelicerae of 52 species in 29 genera were measured, these data were compared with food preferences in the literature, arthropod predators tended to have larger chelicerae than predators of Nematoda, but it is a weak relationship, Germany, Appendix gives references to food preferences, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, diet, prey species preferences, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1749
Author: Buschman, L. L.; Whitcomb, W. H.; Hemenway, R. C.; Mays, D. L. Ru Nguyen Leppla N. C.; Smittle, B. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Predators of the velvetbean caterpillar eggs in Florida soybeans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 403-407
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, arable, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Orthoptera, earwigs, Dermaptera, Labidura riparia, polyphagous predators, Doru taeniatum, 7 Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, 6 ants, Formicidae, spiders, Araneae, Chiracanthium inclusum, ate eggs in the field, eggs labelled with phosphorus 32, P32, radiotracers, methods, main predators were Nabidae, Chrysopidae and spiders, overall predation 26% of eggs put out per day, consumption rates, Cheiracanthium observed to eat the caterpillar eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3548
Author: Bush, L.; Kring, T. J.; Ruberson, J. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Suitability of greenbugs, cotton aphids, and Heliothis virescens eggs for development and reproduction of Orius insidiosus
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 67
Issue: 3)
Pages: 217-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trophic behaviour, nutrition, population dynamics, development time is shortest when reared on H.virescens eggs and beans, and longest on Aphis gossypii and water, Leguminosae, fecundity greatest on H.virescens eggs but inclusion of beans in the nymphal diet enhanced fecundity on eggs, longevity of both sexes less on aphids Schizaphis graminum than on eggs, females were largest when reared on eggs, biomass, references to diet of O.insidiosus and use in biocontrol, USA relevance to cotton, arable, lab experiments, eggs were produced at a fairly constant rate throughout adult life, maximum 21 eggs per female per day, maximum fecundity over 72 days lifespan was 285


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2743
Author: Butcher, J. W.; Snider, R.; Snider, R. J.
Year: 1971
Title: Bioecology of edaphic Collembola and Acarina
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 149-228
Keywords: En.
mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4209
Author: Buxton, J.
Journal: The Grower
Volume: January 23rd 1997
Pages: 28
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, pests, UK, vine weevil, Ceuthorynchus, Curculionidae, nursery stock, rhododendrons, insecticides kill carabids, pesticides, pitfalls on nurseries caught an enormous variety of spiders, plus ground and rove beetles, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, carabids may turn out to be predators of vine weevil adults, eggs and larvae, some carabids are found in strawberries as well as hardy ornamental nursery stock, HONS, soft fruit, distribution, Araneae, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1724
Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S.
Year: 1974
Title: Artificial incubation of eggs of the common earwig Forficula auricularia (L.)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 110
Pages: 55-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, behaviour, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1574
Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S.
Year: 1976
Title: The food of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in hop gardens (Derm.: Forficulidae)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 112
Issue: 1348-1351)
Pages: 231-237
Keywords: En.
Dermaptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, diet, Pleurococcus, Alternaria, Erisyphe, Cladosporium, Collembola, Phorodon humuli, Acari, algae, fungal diseases, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, damson-hop aphid, horticulture, mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1575
Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S.
Year: 1976
Title: The evaluation of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a predator of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli). 1. Feeding experiments
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 19
Pages: 109-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, pests, Hemiptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, horticulture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1819
Author: Cadogan, B. L.; Laing, J. E.
Year: 1977
Title: A technique for rearing the predacious mite Balaustium putmani (Acarina: Erythraeidae), with notes on its biology and life history
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 109
Pages: 63-68
Keywords: En.
Rep., mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, trees, top fruit, pests, ate Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, aphids, Hemiptera, eggs and dead larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, scavenging, food, diet, behaviour, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, two spotted spider mite, fruit tree red spider mite, injured Cecidomyiidae larvae, Diptera, pollen, apple leaf vein, most feeding observations in field a few in lab, generations per year, voltinism, development rate, population dynamics, adult aphids are not attacked, food preference, size specific predation, feeding records by other authors, did not eat spider mite eggs, will prey on any arthropod it can overpower


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3458
Author: Caillaud, C. M.; Dedryver, C. A.; Simon, J. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Development and reproductive potential of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae on resistant wheat lines (Triticum monococcum)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 125
Pages: 219-232
Keywords: En.
Rep., in France nearly all winter wheat is sown in November and BYDV is not a problem, plant virus, plant diseases, summer damage by aphids is now the main problem, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, grain aphid, Einkorn, there is a plant breeding programme to incorporate T. monococcum resistance into hexaploid wheats, plant resistance, aphid grown on resistant varieties and transferred to susceptible compensated well within first 10 days, increasing embryo production etc, fecundity, but most aphids transferred in the opposite direction died in 7 days, resistance thought to be due to poor aphid nutrition, either due to a reduced feeding rate or poor quality sap, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2077
Author: Calnaido, D.; French, R. A.; Taylor, L. R.
Year: 1965
Title: Low altitude flight of Oscinella frit L. (Diptera: Chloropidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 34
Pages: 45-61
Keywords: En.
frit fly, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4853
Author: Calver, M.C.; Mathiessen, J.N.; Hall, G.P.; Bradley, J.S.; Lillywhite, J.H.
Year: 1986
Title: Immunological determination of predators of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Australia
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 76
Pages: 133-139
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., 612 arthropods in 11 families screened with precipitin test and immunoelectroosmophoresis for feeding on all stages of this nuisance fly pest breeding in cattle dung, positives recorded for Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Carabidae, Dermaptera, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, earwigs, spiders, Araneae, digestion rates, detection periods, serology, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 838
Author: Calvin, D. D.; Poston, F. L.
Year: 1984
Title: Managing arthropods in corn with an emphasis on biological control
Journal: In Proceedings of the International Symposium "The role of biological control in pest management" Ed. by G. Allen and A. Rada, Ottawa University Press, Canada
Pages: 87-97
Keywords: En.
Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA maize 49% of world production, more pests than other forage or grain crops, Ostrinia, Diabrotica, Agrotis ipsilon, Tetranychus urticae, Oligonychus, Acari, mites, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, beetles, pest phenology and damage, management practices, resistant varieties, insecticides, parasitoids, carabids, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insect pathogenic nematodes, viruses, fungi, bacteria, no biocontrol programmes for cutworm, tachinids, Diptera, parasitoids, Mermithidae, ants, Formicidae, corn borer, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Orius, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, mortality, egg predators, entomogenous fungi, Entomophthora spp attack mites, Bacillus thuringiensis and Nosema pyrausta against corn borer, Microspridia, model for optimizing Trichogramma release


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3233
Author: Cameron, E. A.; Reeves, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 122
Pages: 123-129
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars, pests, trees, forests, USA, pathogens, disease, microbial pesticide, pitfalls and tree banding, ELISA, serology, 31/40 species +ve to antiserum made from III moth larvae, 45% from 1142 individuals from pitfalls +ve and 38% of 73 individuals from tree bands, Calosoma frigidum 78% +ve, mixed deciduous woodland, live pitfalls, acknowledges that results could be affected by carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, also that number of prey eaten cannot be calculated, for most species there were no significant differences in % +ve between untreated plots and those sprayed with Bt, when data for species pooled got significantly greater % +ve in untreated plot, amount of carrion available may have been greater here because caterpillars were killed by a natural NPV infection, virus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 249
Author: Cameron, M.
Year: 1944
Title: On the British species of the genus Tachyporus
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 80
Pages: 16-17
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics, test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 898
Author: Campbell, A.; Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Mackauer, M.
Year: 1974
Title: Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 11
Pages: 431-438
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 909
Author: Campbell, C. A. M.
Year: 1978
Title: Regulation of the damson-hop aphid (Phrodon humuli (Schrank) on hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by predators
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume: 53
Pages: 235-242
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5600
Author: Campos, W.G.; Pereira, D.B.S.; Schoereder, J.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Comparison of the efficiency of flight-interception trap models for sampling Hymenoptera and other insects. 
Journal: Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil
Volume: 29(3)
Pages: 381-389
Alternate Journal: Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil
Keywords: Rep., methods, modifications of insect flight traps of Townes (1972) and Masner & Goulet (1981), modified Malaise traps, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, in the Townes model insects are directed by fabric into a pot, in the Masner & Goulet model insects hit a fabric barrier impregnated with insecticide and drop into a tray filled with water and detergent, the current authors painted the collecting tray brilliant yellow, they also constructed a trap with pot and insecticide barrier and bright yellow tray, all four traps were tested in scrub in Brasil, yellow trays increased trapping efficiency for Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera and Thysanoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3657
Author: Canard, M.; Duelli, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Predatory behaviour of larvae and cannibalism
Journal: In "Biology of Chrysopidae" Ed. by M. Canard, Y. Semeria and T.R. New, Dr W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 92-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, review, larvae are fluid-feeders, foraging, random search, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, physical contact needed for prey detection, as hunger increases more area is searched per unit time until nearly starving, prey often lifted from the substrate, salivary secretions injected into the prey paralyze it and digest internal organs, extra-intestinal digestion, extra-oral digestion, lacewing larvae are polyphagous, eg eat aphids, mites, moth eggs, diet, food, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, Acari, Lepidoptera, prey defense, sticky secretions ftom aphid cornicles produce alarm pheromones but also glue predator mouthparts, semiochemicals, mantispid larvae are specialised parasitoids of spiders and spider eggsacs, natural enemies of natural enemies, Araneae, Mantispidae, cannibalism is common, in lab cultures adults especially unmated females eat their own eggs, eggstalks help to reduce sibling cannibalism soon after hatching, hungry larvae may climb stalks to eat eggs, usually only young eggs are eaten because egg becomes very tough later, hungry larvae eat each other but satiated larvae do not, moulting larvae are vulnerable to even smaller larvae, female reproductive rate is related to her size, modelling suggests that when food is scarce putting eggs in batches to allow cannibalism may give higher fitness than spreading them over a large area, aggregation, sibling cannibalism can be an indirect way of converting maternal tissue into offspring tissue ie instead of producing a few large eggs the female may produce well-nourished offspring via sibling cannibalism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4982
Author: Canas, L.A.; O'Neil, R.J.
Year: 1998
Title: Applications of sugar solutions to maize, and the impact of natural enemies on Fall Armyworm
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 44(2)
Pages: 59-64
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., Spodoptera frugiperda, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, pests, corn, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Honduras, significantly more natural enemies in sugar-treated areas, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis geminata, polyphagous predators, biological control, parasitoids, Diptera, Tachinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Doru taeniatum, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, in sugar-treated areas pest was significantly reduced by 18% and damage significantly by 35%, direct in situ visual observation monitoring of natural enemies on plants, Braconidae, spiders, Araneae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, wasps, Vespidae, Podisus, Nabis, Geocoris, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Carabidae, ground beetles, but the dominant natural enemies were ants and tachinids, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, attraction, arrestment 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3852
Author: Cangialosi, K. R.
Year: 1990
Title: KLeptoparasitism in colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 51-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, kleptoparasite Argyrodes ululans Theridiidae, tropical rainforests of Peru, trees, woodland, forest, in situ observations, A.ululans stole 26% of prey items and 12% prey biomass, small prey stolen, prey size selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5467
Author: Cannon, R.J.C.
Year: 2000
Title: Bt transgenic crops: risks and benefits
Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews
Volume: 5
Pages: 151-173
Alternate Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews
Keywords: Rep., Bacillus thuringiensis, genetic modification, genetic manipulation, GM crops, 14 million ha Bt transgenic crops (mainly maize and cotton) in 1999, there was about 33,000 ha in Europe mainly Spain, cereals, Gramineae, this usually reduces pesticides and increases yields but increases secondary pest problems (aphids, plant bugs, thrips), Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, insecticide resistance management strategies, high dose plus separate refuges may be best strategy, Bt maize does not appear to affect abundance and diversity of beneficial insects but multi-trophic effects not yet fully studied, Bt genes have been used to transform 26 different crop and tree species, Ostrinia nubilalis European corn borer causes $1 billion yield loss to maize in USA, Bt maize reduced insecticide use on forage maize but less so on sweet corn where higher product quality is needed, Bt crops close to market launch are alfalfa, tomato, sunflower, soybean, oilseed rape (canola), wheat, tritrophic studies, Bt crops contain an order of magnitude less toxin than do sprays but the toxin in sprays remains viable for only a short period
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4393
Author: Cappaert, D. L.; Drummond, F. A.; Logan, P. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on a native host in Mexico
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20
Pages: 1549-1555
Keywords: En.
Rep., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, study on the wild host Solanum angustifolium, central Mexico is the area of origin of this pest and it has many predators and parasitoids there, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, direct in situ visual observation of predators and pest egg masses, methods, type of egg damage used to determine predator that attacked eggs, main predators were 4 species of Pentatomidae, 7 species of Carabidae including Callida and Lebia, the Coccinellidae Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens, a Reduviidae bug and Thomisidae spiders including Misumena sp., Heteroptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, Araneae, Lebia spp. Are pupal parasitoids of L. decemlineata, predation and parasitism contributed to a generation mortality as high as 99.8%, predators were abundant at the time of highest mortality, population dynamics, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4810
Author: Cappaert, D.L.; Drummond, F.A.; Logan, P.A.
Year: 1991
Title: Incidence of natural enemies of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Coleoptera: Chysomelidae] on a native host in Mexico
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36(3)
Pages: 369-378
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., a study on the native host plant Solanum angustifolium, pests, biological control, daytime searches on foliage, observations of predation, consumption rates of eggs and larvae in petri dishes in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, rearing out field-collected larvae for parasitoids. In the field, observed predators of eggs and/or larvae were Pentatomidae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Carabidae, Coccinellidae adults and larvae, Cantharidae, Dermaptera and Araneae. Ants were common but did not attack. Polyphagous predators, foraging behaviour, predatory Heteroptera, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, soldier beetles, earwigs, spiders, Thomisidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae. Some information on species is given.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2246
Author: Caraco, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Risk-sensitive foraging strategies of two spider populations
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 68
Issue: 4)
Pages: 887-899
Keywords: En.
Tetragnatha elongata, Tetragnathidae
Araneae, changes web site more frequently when prey availability greater, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2249
Author: Caraco, T.; Gillespie, R. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Risk-sensitivity: foraging methods in an ambush predator
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 67
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1180-1185
Keywords: En.
Araneae, behaviour, spiders, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1671
Author: Carayon, J.
Year: 1961
Title: Quelques remarques sur les Hemipteres - Heteropteres: leur importance comme insectes axiliaires et les possibilities de leur utilisation dans la lutte biologique
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 6
Pages: 133-141
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., Hemiptera, Heteroptera, pests, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4358
Author: Carcamo, H. A.; Spence, J. R.
Year: 1994
Title: Crop type effects on the activity and distribution of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 3)
Pages: 684-692
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, barley, bean, pea and intercrop, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, pitfalls, fly pupae bait traps, methods, higher catches of Pterostichus melanarius in intercrop in August, vegetation structure could affect predation rates, no differences between crops in number of pupae eaten or in total carabid activity (pitfall catch), no significant correlation between pitfall catch and pupal disappearance rate, marked P. melanarius moved preferentially into intercrop rather than fescue plot, soil moisture content near the surface was similar at 32- 36% in all crop types, pupae used were Sarcophaga bullata, Musca domestica and Drosophila melanogaster, Diptera, artificial prey, rates of pupae disappearance were negatively related to their size, thick fescue sward may be a physical barrier to large predators like Pterostichus melanarius and may be why fewer large pupae were eaten in the fescue plot, instances of pupal predation by Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Opiliones and Anthocoridae were observed in the field, trophic behaviour, food, diet, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, harvestmen, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5941
Author: Cardinale, B.J.; Harvey, C.T.; Gross, K.; Ives, A.R.
Year: 2003
Title: Biodiversity and biocontrol: emergent impacts of a multi-enemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 6
Pages: 857-865
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., pests, biological control, community, alfalfa, Leguminosae, USA, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, trophic cascades, indirect interactions between natural enemies, methods, 2m cube field cages were cleared of invertebrates then inoculated with aphids then used for 5 treatments, ) no natural enemies, ii) Harmonia axyridis added, iii) Nabis spp. added, iv) Aphidius ervi added, v) all three added, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Nabidae, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, used realistic natural enemy densities (within range recorded in field), aphid dissection for % parasitism, also present in cages were natural populations of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, cages run for a month, A. pisum density in each of the separate natural enemy treatments did not differ significantly from controls but A. pisum reduced by 64% in multi-natural enemy cages, this aphid suppression was greater than the sum of the effects of the three natural enemies separately, synergism, A. craccivora was reduced significantly by H. axyridis, yield increased 51% due to multi-natural enemy impact on A. pisum, hypothesised that H. axyridis reduced A. craccivora which caused A. ervi to attack more A. pisum, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5804
Author: Cardinale, B.J.; Palmer, M.A.; Collins, S.L.
Year: 2002
Title: Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation
Journal: Nature
Volume: 415
Pages: 427-429
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., aquatic, experimentally increasing the species diversity of caddisfly larvae resulted in changes to the substrate which altered water flow in a way that made more food available, Trichoptera, stream, community, ecosystem engineering, diverse caddis assemblages caught a greater proportion of available food than did any single species in isolation, reference examples to terrestrial analogues are given, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3352
Author: Cardwell, C.; Hassall, M.; White, P.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of headland management on carabid beetle communities in Breckland cereal fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 38
Pages: 50-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., ESA, UK, agricultural practices, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, more carabids caught in uncropped headlands with no sprays and conservation headlands, with reduced sprays, than in fully sprayed headlands and cereal crops, pesticides, insecticides, more carabids in crop adjacent to uncropped headland than in other areas, carabid numbers positively correlated with stalk density, pitfalls, measured stemn density, vegetation cover, RH and soil moisture, 48 species caught, species tabulated in relation to preference for dense vegetation, wet sites, dry sites and generalist species, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3294
Author: Carey, J. R.
Year: 1989
Title: The multiple decrement life table: a unifying framework for cause-of-death analysis in ecology
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 78
Pages: 131-137
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, MDLT is widely used in human actuarial studies, it is a composite of life table, key factor analysis and Abbott's Correction, assumption is that multiple causes of death act independently and is concerned with the probability that an individual will die of a certain cause in the presence of other causes, the probability of an insect surviving to a certain age is the product of all independent risk probabilities, eg Rhagoletis pomonella, apple maggot, pests, Diptera, trees, top fruit, orchards, total contribution to mortality exceeds sum of the individual mortalities, the effect of adding parasitoids and disease to the system is negligible cf 87% mortality to predators, the method assumes that "if an insect is infected with a pathogen it is no more susceptible to predation than if it were not infected", efforts at measuring these aspects have been less than satisfactory, population dynamics, methods, statistics, models, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1879
Author: Carillo, J. R.
Year: 1980
Title: The ecology of aphids and their natural enemies in maize
Journal: MSc thesis, Southampton University
Keywords: En.
Rhopalosiphum padi main aphid at edge and inside crop, cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, Hemiptera, it feeds on stem leaves tassel and cob, Propylea 14-punctata was dominant, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, negative correlation between P.14-punctata eggs and number of aphids per leaf, Anthocoris and Tachyporus present but not abundant, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Carabidae in pitfalls, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius dominant, Pterostichus madidus, Trechus quadristriatus, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion quadrimaculatus, Agonum muelleri, Amara communis, Clivina fossor, no earwigs adult by mid July, all were adult by end September, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, earwigs mainly at edge of crop, guts all contained plant, 19% contained aphids, gut dissection, food, diet, 6 aphids per plant in controls and 12 aphids per plant where earwigs excluded, not significantly different


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 914
Author: Carillo, J. R.
Year: 1985
Title: Ecology of and aphid predation by the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. in grassland and barley
Journal: PhD Thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
pests, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 911
Author: Carillo, L. R.; Mellado, Z. M.; Pino, B. A.
Year: 1974
Title: The aphids Sitobion avenae (Fab.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), their influence on yield, the part of the plant they infest and their natural enemies
Journal: Agro. Sur.
Volume: 2
Pages: 71-85
Keywords: Spanish
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1761
Author: Carino, F. O.; Dyck, V. A.; Kenmore, P. E.
Year: 1982
Title: Role of natural enemies in population suppression and pest management of green rice leafhoppers
Journal: IRRI Saturday Seminar, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Nephotettix, biological control, economic direct damage, 3 generations per year, voltinism, high mortality, only 1-7% of eggs reach adult, eggs parasitized and nymphs predated, parasitoids, predators, carbaryl killed leafhopper but not predators, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, selectivity, host plant resistance reduced leafhoppers but not natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 197
Author: Carleton, M.
Year: 1936
Title: The anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of the adult Nebria brevicollis Lin (Col.)
Journal: Trans. Soc. Br. Ent.
Volume: 3
Pages: 119-127
Keywords: En.
Carabidae, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1223
Author: Carlson, E. C.; Witt, R. L.
Year: 1977
Title: Insecticides for Frankliniella occidentalis and Lygus on Safflower plants
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 70
Pages: 460-462
Keywords: En.
Rep., Western Flower Thrips, Thysanoptera, pests, Heteroptera, small plot and aircraft tests, methods, flowers, methidathion and oxydemeton-methyl reduced bud damage from feeding by WFT and Lygus hesperus, results also given for small plots, diazinon, dimethoate, trichlorfon controlled thrips and increased feed yields, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1889
Author: Carlson, R. E.; Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1973
Title: Reduction of an Ostrinia nubilalis population by predatory insects attracted by sucrose sprays
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 18
Pages: 205-211
Keywords: En.
USA, methods, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, European corn borer, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, behaviour, picnic beetle, Glischrochilis quadrisignatus, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5696
Author: Carreck, N.L.; Williams, I.H.; Oakley, J.N.
Year: 1999
Title: Enhancing farmland for insect pollinators using flower mixtures
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 101-108
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, habitat diversification, phacelia is attractive to 8 species of bumble bee and the honey bee, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Hymenoptera, Apidae,  mixtures of annual flowering plants were sown in plots and they attracted 16 species of Hymenoptera, 17 species of Diptera (16 Syrphidae), species lists given, biodiversity, and a few species of Lepidoptera, phacelia, borage (Borago officinalis), marigold (Calendula officinalis), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), mallow (Malva sylvestris), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), observations also made of edge strips of perennials and a naturally regenerated edge (all dominated by Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae), edge strips attracted 9 species of Hymenoptera, 7 species of Diptera and three species of Lepidoptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, landscape
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3850
Author: Carricaburu, P.; Munoz-Cuevas, A.; Ortega-Escobar, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Electroretinography and circadian rhythm in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 63-67
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, there is a well marked circadian rhythm, anterior eyes have high nocturnal sensitivity, posterior eyes have high diurnal sensitivity, structure, physiology, Spain, ecology and behaviour of this species not mentioned, vision, perception, senses, diel cycles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 904
Author: Carrol, D. P.; Hoyt, S. C.
Year: 1984
Title: Natural enemies and their effects on apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), colonies on young apple trees in central Washington
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 469-481
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, orchards, Forficula auricularia, Nabidae, Lygaeidae and Phalangida helped to slow aphid population growth, polyphagous predators, biological control, earwigs, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, harvestmen, Opiliones, A.pomi resistant to many pesticides eg diazinon, insecticides, nylon sleeve exclusion tubes over shoots, methods, predation rates, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Leiolinus, Cleridae, an Elateridae ate 52 aphids/day, snake flies Raphidiidae ate 56 aphids/day, Chameaemyiidae, Miridae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Odonata damselfly dislodged alates and ate them, Salticidae, Thomisidae, spiders, Araneae, Phalangium opilio, early spring control by parasitoids then rapid growth in June


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4669
Author: Carroll, C.R.; Janzen, D.H.
Year: 1973
Title: Ecology of foraging by ants
Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Volume: 4
Pages: 231-251
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Keywords: Rep., TP, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, raiding, seed collecting, scavenging, stealing from plants and Homoptera, pheromone trails, semiochemicals, food storage, competition for food
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4302
Author: Carroll, C. R.; Risch, S.
Year: 1990
Title: An evaluation of ants as possible candidates for biological control in tropical agroecosystems
Journal: In "Agroecology: researching the ecological basis for sustainable agriculture", Ed. by S.R. Gliessman, Springer Verlag, New York
Pages: 30-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, % predation tends to be density- dependent for pest density, ants help soil structure by mixing soil horizons, concentrating nutrients and aerating soil, some ants damage plants, but others are seed-eaters and reduce weed populations, Homoptera sometimes benefit the plant by attracting ant protectors and resulting in production losses less than the herbivory load in the absence of ants, but in other cases the ant-Homoptera effect is detrimental to the plant, ants are important predators in soybean, sugarcane and unsprayed cotton in the USA, cereals, Gramineae, the pheromone recruitment behaviour of most ants makes the density-responsive component of foraging very efficient relative to that of solitary foragers, foraging behaviour, ants would respond especially to large egg masses of pests or group-feeding larvae, ants can deter pests that are too large to be captured, black parasitised cornleaf aphids are often removed from populations of healthy aphids by ant workers, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, mummy consumption, some ant species annoy farm workers by their aggressive reaction to colony disturbance, ants are species rich, eg 300 species in Ghana forests, 138 in New Guinea forests, 121 in NG rubber, 131 in NG cocoa, 99 in NG coffee, 92 in NG oil palm, 177 in NG grassland, 158 in NG savanna, 105 in NG urban grassland, 50 in USA soybean, trees, woodland, ants are manipulatable, methods, sugar sources can be used to attract them to pest areas and it helps sustain the colony, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, food storage and brood cannibalism enable colony persistence during food shortages, trophic behaviour, ant species mixes can be manipulated with poison baits in containers with appropriate size holes to exclude large ants, or use of species-specific phagostimulants in the baits, colonies of some ants eg Formica spp. can be physically moved, which is done routinely in European forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2746
Author: Carroll, C. R.; Vandermeer, J. H.; Rosset, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Agroecology
Journal: Biological resource management series, McGraw Hill
Keywords: En.
Book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4032
Author: Carroll, D. P.
Year: 1980
Title: Biological notes on the spiders of some citrus groves in central and southern California
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 91
Pages: 147-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests,top fruit, trees, forest, woodland, USA, beating and Dvac of navel orange foliage, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls and Berlese funnels, diet from in situ direct visual observations in the field, including at night using a flashlight, lab observations, spiders outnumbered all other large predators in the canopy, abundance, lynx spiders Oxyopidae ate thrips and mites, Ichneumonidae, midges, Tipulidae, Tortricidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Thysanoptera, Acari, Hymenoptera, predation of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, Diptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, leatherjackets, the Salticidae Thiodina ate flies, midges, wasps, mites, thrips, Syrphidae, Muscidae, Chironomidae, Empididae, Tortricidae, but rejected aphids, mealybugs and scales, other salticids mentioned, Thysanoptera, hoverflies, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Hemiptera, Clubionidae ate thrips, mites, insect eggs and caterpillars, consumption rates given, Theridiidae ate midges, Psocidae, thrips, wasps, mites and aphids, Erigone ate gnats, psocids, mites, Linyphiidae, Dictyna ate small flies, leafhoppers and red scales, Agelenidae webs caught flies, midges, wasps, moths, psocids, leafhoppers, bugs, spiders, lacewings, some evidence for Clubionidae controlling lepidopterous pests, Neuroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 876
Author: Carroll, D. P.; Hoyt, S. C.
Year: 1984
Title: Augmentation of European earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for biological control of apple aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an apple orchard
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 77
Issue: 3)
Pages: 738-740
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, pests, trees, rearing methods for earwig, culturing, mass-production on dog food, 7 young per female, little mortality during 6 months storage at 10C, did not control infestation of leaf rollers, Pandermis pyrusana, Lepidoptera, earwigs will remain on trees if some food and daytime retreats available, only 1-2 generations per year and low fecundity, Forficula auricularia, Aphis pomi reduced by introduced earwigs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 858
Author: Carroll, D. P.; Walker, J. T. S.; Hoyt, S. C.
Year: 1985
Title: European earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) fail to control apple aphids on bearing apple trees and woolly apple aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in apple rootstock stool beds
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Issue: 4)
Pages: 972-974
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, pests, trees, orchard, increase of Aphis pomi not reduced, after an insecticide treatment earwigs prevented resurgence of A. pomi but not Eriosoma lanigerum, pesticides, azinphosmethyl, rearing methods for earwigs, culturing, codling moth insecticide, Lepidoptera, no direct mortality of earwigs, non-target, side-effects, earwigs preferred leaves infested with powdery mildew, fungus, disease, food preference, diet, trophic behaviour, earwigs succeeded in a previous trial, reasons for different result not known, predation, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4903
Author: Cartellieri, M.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Seasonal dynamics and reproductive phenology of Plocamosthetus planiusculus (White) and Medadromus turgidiceps (Broun), two endemic New Zealand ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In: Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles, Ed. by P. Brandmayr et al., Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Pages: 179-184
Alternate Journal: In: Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles, Ed. by P. Brandmayr et al., Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfall traps, dissection of females, beetles collected from a tawa forest, trees, woodland, P. planiusculus longevity was more than one year, mean number of eggs per gravid female was low at 6, egg complement, young and old beetles were separated by bristle and mandible wear and other characters, methods, beetle age, North Island species display seasonal activity variation, P. planiusculus showed brood care by guarding eggs until larvae hatched, behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5950
Author: Cartellieri, M.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 2003
Title: Seasonal dynamics and reproductive phenology of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in fragments of native forest in the Manawatu, North Island, New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 31-42
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, phenology, activity, reproduction, egg complement, methods, pitfalls, dissection, trees, woodland, larger species probably lived more than one year and bred more than once, age estimated from bristle and mandible wear and hardness of elytra, six main species, egg guarding behaviour, sex ratio, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2067
Author: Carter, J. B.
Year: 1976
Title: A survey of microbial, insect and nematode parasites of Tipulidae (Diptera) larvae in North-East England
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 13
Pages: 103-122
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, leatherjackets, daddy-long-legs, grassland, Gramineae, insect diseases, Nematoda, references to keys to larvae, identification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 199
Author: Carter, J. B.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1977
Title: Rickettsia-like organisms infecting Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.
Volume: 30
Pages: 99-101
Keywords: En.
Rep(PNR), pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 369
Author: Carter, M. C.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1982
Title: Habitat quality and the foraging behaviour of coccinellid larvae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 51
Pages: 865-878
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, searching


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 389
Author: Carter, M. C.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Honeydew : an arrestant stimulus for coccinellids
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 9
Pages: 383-387
Keywords: En.
Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7-punctata
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, cereals, aphids, larvae, searching, foraging, feeding, behaviour, presence, absence, not quantitative, laboratory?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 390
Author: Carter, M. C.; Sutherland, D.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Plant structure and the searching efficiency of coccinellid larvae
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 63
Pages: 394-397
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, foraging, efficiency, aphids, feeding, behaviour, functional response, peas, beans, smooth leaves, rough leaves, falling off


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 815
Author: Carter, N.
Year: 1983
Title: Modelling the effects of predators on cereal aphid populations
Journal: Game Conservancy Annual Review
Volume: 14
Pages: 38-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, model using monitoring data "B" samples, crop aphid predator, Sitobion avenae, Metapolophium dirhodum, predator density and percentage positive, foraging, assumed various consumption rates, at 30 aphids per sq m and normal predator populations the aphid populations in the model sometimes goes extinct, predator phenology, size of prey preference, trophic behaviour, aphid age structure not incorporated


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 790
Author: Carter, N.
Year: 1984
Title: Modelling the effects of predators on annual variations in cereal aphid populations
Journal: Final Report to AFRC (AG 63/161)
Keywords: En.
Rep., pest, Hemiptera, Gramineae, monitoring by D-vac suction sampler, 5 sucks OK, significant differences in most arthropod groups between crops, fields and positions, no difference between edge and middle for Demetrias, Tachyporus, and Staphylinidae larvae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, distribution, crude consumption rate values in relation to temperature, actual density values from D-vac, proportion feeding on aphids in relation to aphid density from literature, model tested for 1972-7, predicted aphid numbers were greater than actual probably because predator density underestimated by model and D-vac, model very sensitive to small changes in predator density and consumption rate, methods, biological control, foraging, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 817
Author: Carter, N.
Year: 1985
Title: Simulation modelling of the population dynamics of cereal aphids
Journal: Biosystems
Volume: 18
Issue: 1)
Pages: 111-119
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, model with crop development, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasites, disease, entomogenous fungi, detailed description of model, major bottleneck is obtaining accurate data on predator abundance and consumption rates in the field, preliminary simulations indicate that these need to be very accurate for model to be useful, aphid specific predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 813
Author: Carter, N.
Year: 1987
Title: Management of cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and their natural enemies in winter wheat by alternate strip spraying with a selective insecticide
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 77
Pages: 677-682
Keywords: En.
Rep., pest, Gramineae, pesticide, aphicide, methods, pirimicarb, aphids increased more in unsprayed strips and little movement of polyphagous predators from sprayed to unsprayed strips, but aphids recolonised the unsprayed strips quickly, distribution, dispersal, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4035
Author: Carter, N.
Year: 1994
Title: Cereal aphid modelling through the ages
Journal: In "Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology" Ed. by S. Leather, K. Walters, N. Mills and A. Watt, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 129-138
Keywords: En.
forecasting models, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, early multiple regression models correctly predicted outbreaks but not their size, or were successful for some geographical areas but not others, absence of outbreaks following a large aphid immigration could be due to natural enemies, biological control, and this was investigated with simulation models, early Carter models and Rabbinge models tended to overestimate numbers in years when aphids were scarce, some models suggest parasitoids and polyphagous predators likely to be important, others the reverse, damage and decision making models, EPIPRE, "further fundamental work on aphids and natural enemies is needed to underpin these modelling exercises"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 902
Author: Carter, N.; Gardner, S.; Fraser, A. M.; Adams, T. H. L.
Year: 1982
Title: The role of natural enemies in cereal aphid population dynamics
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 190-195
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 814
Author: Carter, N.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1983
Title: The role of polyphagous predators in the control of cereal aphids
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 778
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, overwintering success of predators plus simulation model, density of Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus by quadrats in June in cereals, rove beetles, ground beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, model predation calculated from predator density and predation rates at various temperatures and aphid densities, model suggests aphids can reach outbreak levels in absence of predators even when initial densities very low, system is sensitive to size of aphid immigration and predator density, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4407
Author: Carter, P. E.; Rypstra, A. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Top-down effects in soybean agroecosystems: spider density affects herbivore damage
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 72
Pages: 433-439
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, Araneae, wooden crates as shelter and web frames were used to increase spider density in some plots, habitat manipulation, spider mass to length regression for the Theridiidae Achaearanea tepidariorum, prey remains collected in plastic sheets under crates were dried and weighed, spiders (mainly immature Linyphiidae) were physically removed from some plots, recorded areas of leaves damaged, in 2/3 years damage was reduced where spiders were added, in  years damage was increased where spiders were removed, 60-80% of spiders in crates were A. tepidariorum, biomass of insects killed was positively correlated with spider mass, leaf damage was negatively correlated with biomass of insects killed, plant damage, spider densities declined in the spider removal plots suggesting slow recolonisation rates, distribution, dispersal, migraton, movement, damage levels in this study were below the economic threshold even in control plots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 900
Author: Carver, M.
Year: 1978
Title: The black citrus aphids, Toxoptera citricidis (Kirkaldy) and T.aurantii (Boy.)(Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 17
Pages: 263-270
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, orchards, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis, Chameamyiidae, parasitoids, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2193
Author: Castanera, D. P.; Del Estal, P. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a field of winter wheat in the central region
Journal: long; see RAE 72(8) 5283 for details
Keywords: Ditomus capito, Harpalus distinguendus, Pterostichus crenulatus
Predators, beetles, Coleoptera, Spain, cereals, 1980-2, 30 species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1232
Author: Castanera, P.; Del Estal, P.
Year: 1985
Title: Study of the soil fauna in winter wheat in central Spain in 1980-83
Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: III
Issue: 3
Pages: 140-141
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, 43 species of Araneae, spiders, Thomisidae, Drassidae, Lycosidae are more than 90% of spiders, gives commonest species, different from ours, Carabidae also differ apart from Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae scarce, rove beetles, effects of benomyl, pirimicarb and dimethoate, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, no effects observed but no barriers used


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2931
Author: Castanera, P.; Loxdale, H. D.; Novak, K.
Year: 1983
Title: Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations II. Use of electrophoresis for identifying aphidiid parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (F.)(Hymenoptera: Aophidiidae; Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 73
Pages: 659-665
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Aphidius uzbekistanicus in S. avenae detectable by any of 12 enzymes, esterase used to discriminate between all aphidiid species, could probably be used for field screening % parasitism but they did not test the earliest stage detectable ie used semi-mummified aphids, should be able to process 400 aphids per day and can use frozen material


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1305
Author: Casteels, H.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1990
Title: The impact of some commonly used pesticides on the epigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 477-482
Keywords: En.
Rep., Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, parathion, dimethoate, pirimicarb, phosalone, fenvalerate, benomyl, fenpropimorph, prochloraz, propiconazole, insecticides, fungicides, organophosphorus, carbamate, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Acari, Collembola, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, mites, barriered plots, pitfalls, parathion and dimethoate very toxic for carabids and staphylinids, less for spiders, fenvalerate reduced spiders greatly and phosalone reduced Collembola, no effect by pirimicarb and benomyl, no reduction of Acari overall


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5154
Author: Castillejos, V.; Garcia, L.; Cisneros, J.; Goulson, D.; Cave, R.D.; Caballero, P.; Williams, T. 
Year: 2001
Title: The potential of Chrysoperla rufilabris and Doru taeniatum as agents for dispersal of Spodoptera frugiperda  nucleopolyhedrosisvirus in maize
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 353-359
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, pests, pathogens, diseases, interactions between natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, Mexico, C. rufilabris larvae did not discriminate between healthy and virus-infected prey but Doru attacked virus-infected prey more frequently, virus was inactivated in the gut of Chrysoperla but viable virus was found in Doru faeces 3 days after feeding, in a field experiment showed that Doru could transmit the disease to S. frugiperda larvae in a maize crop to some extent, dissemination of virus, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3400
Author: Cate, R. H.; Archer, T. L.; Eikenbarry, R. D.; Starks, K. J.; Morrison, R. D.
Year: 1973
Title: Parasitization of the greenbug by Aphelinus asychis and the effect of feeding by the parasitoid on aphid mortality
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 549-553
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, USA, aphids, Schizaphis graminum, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, host feeding may be relatively more important in biocontrol than parasitzation, 20 female A.asychis killed, by feeding, 608 greenbug in the parasitoids lifetime, 1.5 aphids per parasitoid per day killed and eaten in greenhouse tests, predatism, parasitoids as predators, consumption rates, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3401
Author: Cate, R. H.; Eikenbary, R. D.; Morrison, R. D.
Year: 1977
Title: Preference for and effect of greenbug parasitism and feeding by Aphelinus asychis
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 547-550
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab 26C, Schizaphis graminum, 12 h old aphids were preferred for host feeding, followed by 100-106 h, followed by 60-66h old, stung aphids that moved before the parasitoid could host feed became paralysed, swelled, and were dead within a few hours, aphids that were oviposited in during the first 3 days of life did not reproduce, older aphids oviposited in aphids had reduced reproduction, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, trophic behaviour, parasitoids acting as predators, effect of parasitism on population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1874
Author: Causse, R.
Year: 1976
Title: Etude de la localisation et de la mortalite hivernale des larves de Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) en vergers modernes de pommiers de la basse vallee du Rhone
Journal: Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale
Volume: 8
Pages: 83-101
Keywords: Fr.
winter mortality of larvae in modern apple orchards in France, caterpillars, pests, wandering larvae killed by invertebrate predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, codling moth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 913
Author: Cavalorro, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Aphid Antagonists
Journal: A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, predators, parasitoids, pathogens, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1219
Author: Cayley, G. R.; Etheridge, P.; Griffiths, D. C.; Phillips, F. T. Pye B. J.; Scott, G. C.
Year: 1984
Title: A review of the performance of electrostatically charged rotary atomisers on different crops
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 105
Pages: 379-386
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, application methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5451
Author: Cerda, H.; Wright, D.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Could resistance to transgenic plants produce a new species of insect pest ?
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 91
Pages: 1-3
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., there are Bt resistant strains of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, there are factors that might enable resistant strains to become reproductively isolated and become a new species, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, evolution, selection pressure, brassicas, reference to 12 million ha transgenic crops in 1999, agricultural statistics, 150 million ha of rice are grown and Bt-rice is ready for field testing
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2106
Author: Chacon, R.; Eberhard, W. G.
Year: 1980
Title: Factors affecting numbers and kinds of prey caught in artificial spider webs with considerations of how orb webs trap prey
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 5
Issue: 1)
Pages: 29-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, orb webs only, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 872
Author: Chambers, R. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Preliminary experiments on the potential of hoverflies [Dipt. : Syrphidae] for the control of aphids under glass
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 31
Pages: 197-204
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, predators, protected cropping, biological control, methods, control of Aphis gossypii on isolated cucumber plants at 21C was achieved on day 2 3 or 4 by Metasyrphus corollae larvae from eggs laid day 0, 45% of syrphid eggs were viable, control failed at more than 9 aphids per egg, larvae 1 2 or 3 days old prevented increase unless more than 15 26 or 41 aphids per larva respectively, continuous control achieved if 1 gravid female always present but aphid rarely extermonated, A. gossypii has the highest intrinsic increase rate of 4 species occurring on cucumber, population increase rates, leaf hairs not an obstacle to syrphid larvae, plant structure, behaviour, prey searching, need pollen source and screened vents, release gravid females for quick clean up of aphids remaining after other control tactics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 880
Author: Chambers, R. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Oviposition by aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in relation to aphid density and distribution in winter wheat
Journal: Behaviour and impact of Aphidophaga, Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Netherlands
Pages: 115-121
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, cereals, Gramineae, oviposition May June, mainly Metasyrphus corollae and Episyrphus balteatus, 12 other species, at first egg 0.5 aphids/shoot, at peak oviposition 0.9-1.8 aphids/shoot, pest, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, 33-52% eggs on uninfested shoots, most single or double, regression of eggs/shoot on aphids/shoot significant for all sites and years, more eggs with more aphids, in one year 7 times more eggs per aphid than in 2 other years, no differences due to size of field or position edge cf middle, distribution, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 897
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Adams, T. H. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Quantification of the impact of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cereal aphids in winter wheat: an analysis of field populations
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 23
Pages: 895-904
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, predators, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, estimated kill (using syrphid density and size and lab predation rates) and kill required (predation needed to cause observed change in aphid numbers between 2 sampling occasions), syrphids had potential to control aphids in 4/6 populations studied,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 905
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Aikman, D. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Quantifying the effects of predators on aphid populations
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata
Volume: 46
Pages: 257-265
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, new methods based on Bombosch model for finding kill when predator density constant, or changing, increase rate when predators constant or changing, examples polyphagous predators exclusion experiments explain aphid curve in 1978 but not 1979, hoverflies not enough to explain aphid numbers early but do later in season, spiders could have reduced peak aphids by 47-49% (cf Fraser estimate of 37%), Syrphidae, Diptera, Araneae, biological control, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3116
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Long, S.; Helyer, N. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Effectiveness of Orius laevigatus (Hem.: Anthocoridae) for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and pepper in the UK
Journal: Biocontrol Science & Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 295-307
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, protected crops, Western Flower thrips, Thysanoptera, successful rearing, established well in pepper houses, control OK in pepper, early season lighting to promote breeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5837
Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1983
Title: The abundance and effectiveness of natural enemies of cereal aphids on two farms in Southern England
Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists" Ed. R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Pages: 83-87
Alternate Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists" Ed. R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., West Sussex, UK, cereals, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, winter wheat, parasitoids, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, methods, sampling from middle of fields and at 5 m from edge, pitfalls, quadrats, sweeping, direct in situ visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Metopolophium festucae, Aphidius spp., Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Metasyrphus corollae, in many fields aphid population declines occurred at crop growth stages that were still suitable for rapid increase, more parasitoids in early-sown fields where aphids had overwintered than in late-sown fields, M. corollae egg densities up to 104 m-2 and larval density up to 46 m-2, abundance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5836
Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.; Stacey, D.L.; Wyatt, I.J.
Year: 1982
Title: A survey of cereal aphids and their natural enemies in winter wheat in 1980
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 175-178
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., West Sussex, UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, comparison of 5 early-sown and 5 late-sown fields on one farm, samples taken in the middle of fields and at 5 m from the edge, methods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Metopolophium festucae, pitfalls, water traps, sweeping, in situ direct observation visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, parasitoids, natural enemies, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, Entomophthorales, S. avenae population peaks were higher and earlier in early-sown than in late-sown, population dynamics, in early-sown aphids were significantly more numerous in middle than edge (no such difference for late-sown), catch of polyphagous predators in pitfalls significantly greater at edge than middle of early-sown (no such difference for late-sown), distribution, abundance density, natural enemies may have reduced aphid populations near edge of early-sown fields, biological control, phenology of aphidophages, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies eggs, larvae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Syrphus ribesii, Metasyrphus corollae, Syrphus nitidicollis, Episyrphus balteatus, Scaeva pyrastri, 5 species of Platycheirus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, aphid increase rates negatively related to aphidophage abundance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 916
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Sunderland, K. D.; Stacey, D. L.; Wyatt, I. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Aphid-specific predators and cereal aphids
Journal: Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1983
Pages: 86-91
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, biological control, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 899
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Sunderland, K. D.; Stacey, D. L.; Wyatt, I. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Control of cereal aphids in winter wheat by natural enemies: aphid-specific predators, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 108
Pages: 219-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, survey of 38 fields middle and edge, aphids in late season crops peaked later and lower, peaks earlier in middle than edge, aphid- specifics increased rapidly at time of aphid decline, 14 syrphid species reared from larvae, 6 sites with bimodal aphid peaks, if early peaks had continued there would have been outbreaks in 3 fields, biological control, peak aphids occurred over a wide range of crop growth stages, weather not responsible for aphid declines, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, alate emigration not high enough to account for decline, parasitoids may have been important in some fields, comparison with aphids and natural enemies in East Anglia, early sown crops with overwintered aphids probably would have had outbreaks if no natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5838
Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.; Wyatt, I.J.; Vickerman, G.P.
Year: 1983
Title: The effects of predator exclusion and caging on cereal aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 20
Pages: 209-224
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, West Sussex, UK, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, cages to exclude predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, peak aphid density inside cages was up to 6 times greater than outside, abundance, aphid population decline was slower inside polyester netting cages (3 x 1.5 x 1.8 m), calculations suggested that predation could have been responsible for the different population dynamics outside cages, but parasitoids, pathogens and emigration all contributed, natural enemies, cages infested with Sitobion avenae, various sub-experiments (e.g. cage walls partially rolled up) to quantify the physical effects of caging on aphid population development, in siitu direct visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampler for predators, aphid samples examined in laboratory for incidence of parasitism and Entomophthorales, pathogens, diseases, entomopathogenic fungi, parasitoids, Coccinella 7-punctata, Aphidius spp., relative abundance of Entomophthora planchoniana, Erynia neoaphidis, Conidiobolus obscurus, species composition, epizootic in 1977 stimulated by rain, relative humidity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3115
Author: Chambers, R. J.; Wright, E. M.; Lind, R. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Biological control of glasshouse sciarid flies (Bradysia spp.) with the predatory mite, Hypoaspis miles, on cyclamen and poinsettia
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 285-293
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Diptera, predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, protected crops, Mycetophilidae, pests, small glasshouses, 5 rates of release, control at high rates, mites in top 1 cm persisted 7 weeks


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1231
Author: Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Research on the cereal crop biocenosis. I. Long-term incidence of maize-wheat rotations on insect pest population levels
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 2
Issue: 4)
Pages: 373-378
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pesticides, insecticides, farming practices, France, agroecosystems


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1416
Author: Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Studies on the cereal agroecosystem II. side-effects of insecticide treatments on the entomofauna
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 2
Issue: 5)
Pages: 405-416
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pesticides, France, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2422
Author: Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Biocenoses cerealieres, rotations, insecticides
Journal: Perspectives Agricole
Volume: 64
Pages: 44-56
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2198
Author: Chambon, J. P.; van Laere, C.; Genestier, G.; Pineau, C.; Cocquempot, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Etude des populations d'Oulema melanopus L. et Oulema lichensis Weiss. (Coleopteres: Chrysomelidae) sur ble dans la region parisienne
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 3
Issue: 7)
Pages: 685-690
Keywords: Fr.
cereals, France, Paris region, cereal leaf beetle, pest, economic threshold never reached due to spring climate, no egg parasites observed, larvae eaten by chrysopid larvae, Neuroptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 908
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1967
Title: Oviposition responses by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera)
Journal: Nature, London
Volume: 213
Pages: 736
Keywords: Rep., Diptera, predator, aphid, Hemiptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, arable, field vegetables, mean distance between eggs laid by Syrphus luniger and the nearest aphid of Brevicoryne brassicae increased as the syrphids aged, Platycheirus peltatus and Melanostoma scalare often oviposit on uninfested plants, behaviour, distribution, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2049
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1968
Title: Some factors influencing the occurrence and site of oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 61
Pages: 435-446
Keywords: En.
Rep., hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, UK, behaviour, distribution, biological control, syrphids were not deterred from ovipositing by the presence of other syrphid eggs, larvae or larval gut contents, Platycheirus manicatus preferred to oviposit on uninfested plants cf beans heavily infested with Aphis fabae, arable, field vegetables, not true for Syrphus spp., flowers did not stimulate oviposition nearby, similar results for Syrphus luniger cf P.manicatus in relation to sprouts infested with Brevicoryne brassicae, Platycheirus scutatus laid more than 90% eggs within 5 mm of leaf edge, reproduction, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2069
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1968
Title: A preliminary key to the eggs of some of the commoner aphidophagous Syrphidae occurring in Britain
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 120
Pages: 199-218
Keywords: En.
UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, identification, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3566
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1968
Title: The relationship between aphid infestations and oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 61
Pages: 425-434
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, for Brevicoryne brassicae on potted Brussels sprouts Platycheirus manicatus preferred 100 aphids per plant, Platycheirus scutatus 1000 aphids, Syrphus ribesii 2000 aphids, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, trophic behaviour, oviposition in relation to aphid density, on a given plant Syrphus luniger preferred a small number of large aphid aggregates and Syrphus balteatus the reverse, these differences may reduce interspecific competition, oviposition on sugar beet infested with Aphis fabae, Melanostoma scalare oviposited on uninfested plants, Scaeva pyrastri and Platycheirus albimanus laid few eggs in the absence of aphids, Platycheirus peltatus and P.manicatus also oviposited on uninfested plants, no preference by Sphaerophoria scripta, S.balteatus preferred to oviposit near to a pink form of Acyrthosiphon pisum on bean rather than a green form, paint spots also stimulated oviposition, aphid-seeking species are termed "aphidozetic" and plant-seeking "phytozetic", population dynamics, reproduction, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3567
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1968
Title: Some host-plant factors affecting oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 61
Pages: 415-423
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, Platycheirus peltatus, Melanostoma mellinum and Melanostoma scalare freely oviposited on uninfested Brussels sprouts, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, trophic behaviour, reproduction, population dynamics, distribution, when no aphids were present P.peltatus preferred to oviposit on sprouts rather than beans, Melanostoma preferred a waxy variety of sprout as did Platycheirus especially when uninfested, plant surface structure, Syrphus balteatus and Syrphus ribesii preferred a glossy variety when uninfested, also investigated Syrphus luniger and Sphaerophoria species, S.balteatus oviposited significantly more on the undersides of bean leaves irrespective of aphids, egg batch sizes for 22 syrphid species on Aphis fabae infested bean, other experiments showed that stimuli governing batch size were mediated by the ovipositor


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 915
Author: Chandler, A. E. F.
Year: 1969
Title: Locomotory behaviour of first instar larvae of aphidophagous Syphidae after contact with aphids
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 17
Pages: 673-678
Keywords: En.
Rep., hoverflies, predators, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, distribution, Diptera, natural enemies, 1 day old Syrphus balteatus larvae unfed travelled more than 1 metre on filter paper in lab, turning rate increased after contact with Aphis fabae, arable, cannibalism can provide all the energy and nutrients needed, eg a larval S.balteatus was reared to a normal adult after eating nothing but 414 syrphid eggs, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3159
Author: Chandler, D.
Year: 1992
Title: The potential of entomopathogenic fungi to control the lettuce root aphid Pemphigus bursarius
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 20
Issue: suppl.
Pages: 11-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, bioassay, Metarhizium flavoviride promising, Verticillium lecanii not, pests, Hemiptera, UK, field vegetables, biological control, entomogenous fungi, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5869
Author: Chandler, D.; Davidson, G.; Pell, J.K.; Ball, B.V.; Shaw, K.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2000
Title: Fungal biocontrol of Acari
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 357-384
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., review, biological control of mites and ticks using entomopathogenic fungi, pests, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, 58 species of fungi attack 73 species of Acari, biodiversity, species richness, Hirsutella thompsonii and Neozygites floridana are Acari-specific, control of Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, rust mites and spidermites, factors encouraging epizootics, Beuveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Verticillium lecanii, commercial products, mycopesticides, cattle ticks, Ixodida, classification of Acari, medical and veterinary Acari, table of biodiversity and ecosystem function of orders of Acari (Astigmata, Oribatida, Prostigmata, Holothyrida, Ixodida, Mesostigmata, Notostigmata), table giving pest status of same orders, classification of fungi, acaraopathogenic fungi, Entomophthorales, Mitosporic fungi, large table giving characteristics of 60 species of fungi known to attack Acari, trophic generalists and Acari specialists, taxonomic status of these fungi is poorly understood, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5872
Author: Chandler, D.; Sunderland, K.D.; Ball, B.V.; Davidson, G.
Year: 2001
Title: Prospective biological control agents of Varroa destructor n. sp., an important pest of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 429-448
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., V. destructor (= Varroa jacobsoni), ectoparasitic mite pest, Hymenoptera, Apidae, pest mites, Acari, review, varroa taxonomy, classification, Anactinotrichida, Mesostigmata, Varroidae, varroa consume bee haemolymph and transmit viruses causing great economic damage (loss of bee products, loss of pollination services) to both domesticated and feral bee populations and necessitating use of insecticides, honey, propalis, diseases, pesticides, varroa resistance to acaricides recorded, no natural enemies causing significant varroa reduction have been recorded, this paper reviews potential against varroa of  biocontrol agents that attack other hosts using the criteria i) lethality to Acari, ii) ability to operate under physical conditions of the hive (37C, 50% RH), iii) ease of targeting against varroa, iv) feasibility of commercial production, v) absence of adverse effects on bees and other beneficials (feasibility of registration), entomopathogenic fungi were considered to have greatest potential, mycopesticides, microbial pesticides, pathogens, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Neoseiulus, Amblyseius, Balaustium, Pyemotes tritici, parasitoids of mites and ticks, Hymenoptera, Ixodida, Ixodiphagus hookeri, entomopathogenic Nematoda, nematodes, Howardula acarinora attacks mites but cannot be mass-reared, culturing, Allantonematidae, commercially produced nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) attack ticks but probably not mites, protozoa, gregarines recorded from oribatids and water mites, microsporidia attack mites including mesostigmatids, Nosema sperchoni causes high level of water mite mortality, viruses, baculoviruses infecting mesostigmatids have low virulence, Baculoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Ascoviridae, non-occluded viruses attack spidermites, Tetranychidae, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, bacteria, some ticks and mesostigmatids are susceptible to Bt, Bt could be sprayed or released slowly from foundation wax, although some Rickettsiae attack Arachnida they also pose a risk to human health, spiders, scorpions, Araneae, 750 species of fungi attack arthropods and at least 58 species infect at least 73 species of Acari, species richness, biodiversity, Neozygites floridana and Hirsutella thompsonii are specific to Acari, Mitosporic fungi, because the physical conditions inside honeybee colonies are similar everywhere and the global genetic range of varroa is narrow it is likely that any effective biocontrol agent of varroa could be used successfully throughout the world, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1767
Author: Chandra, G.
Year: 1978
Title: Natural enemies of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines
Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Volume: 3
Pages: 20-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Nephotettix, Hemiptera, Nilaparvata lugens, Cicadellidae, lists predators and parasitoids, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5441
Author: Chaney, W.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Biological control of aphids in lettuce using in-field insectaries
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 73-83
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, horticulture, methods, vegetables, low tolerance to insect damage, USA, in-field insectaries are strips of vegetation not sprayed with pesticides which provide nectar pollen and alternative prey, alternate prey, Myzus persicae, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, farming practices, habitat management, habitat diversification, landscape, sweet alyssum strips, Lobularia, wildflower strips, weed strips, trial gardens, field trials, alyssum enhanced populations of parasitoids and predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Geocoris, Orius
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4215
Author: Chang, G. C.
Year: 1996
Title: Comparison of single versus multiple species of generalist predators for biological control
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 207-212
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysoperla plorabunda and Coccinella 7-punctata on Aphis fabae in the lab, there was no interaction between the predator species in terms of effect on aphid populations, probably because they became spatially segregated on the plant, no evidence of intraguild predation was found, hyperpredation, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, interactions between natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, predation, distribution, dispersal, migration, movememt


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5040
Author: Chang, G.C.; Kareiva, P.
Year: 1999
Title: The case for indigenous generalists in biological control
Journal: In "Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control" ed by B.A. Hawkins and H.V. Cornell, Cambridge University Press
Pages: 103-115
Alternate Journal: In "Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control" ed by B.A. Hawkins and H.V. Cornell, Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, trade-offs between early presence of generalists but higher efficiency of specialists as pest killers, there is a trophic continuum from specialist to generalist, parasitoids, only 6/616 papers 1990-94 compared the impact of generalists and specialists on pests populations, Coccinella 7-punctata is an introduced generalist that is spreading rapidly in USA, cites a paper by DeBach (1946) where generalists and specialists manipulated separately by talc and DDT which concluded that generalist were the main natural enemy limiting mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus on citrus, also later papers by Ehler and Murdoch show importance of generalists, model to compare generalists and specialists
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5326
Author: Chang, S.C.; Hu, N.T.; Hsin, C.Y.; Sun, C.N.
Year: 2001
Title: Characterization of differences between two Trichogramma wasps by molecular markers
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 75-78
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., egg parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hymenoptera, methods, Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Trichogrammatidae, Taiwan, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, DNA methods, molecular techniques, PCR, sequences of ITS1 regions were 86% similar for Trichogramma ostriniae and Trichogramma chilonis but species-specific primers showed unequivocal differentiation of these species which lack clear morphological differences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 613
Author: Chant, D. A.
Year: 1956
Title: Predacious spiders in orchards in South-eastern England
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science.
Volume: 31
Pages: 35-46
Keywords: En.
Theridion pallens, Araneus cucurbitinus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone dentipalpis, Theridion ovatum, Theridion varians, Tetragnatha extensa, harvestmen, Oligolophus agrestis, Moebilia penicillata, Misumena, Lycosa, Pardosa, Cyclosa, Aphis pomi
Rep., Araneae, predators, trees, beating, prey, mites, species composition, spraying, pesticides, pesticide- free orchards, community, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, consumption rates, feeding, pests, Argiopidae, capsids, feeding trials, aphids, Hemiptera, thrips, Lepidoptera larvae, webs, Theridiidae searched for prey on foliage, paralyse and store prey whilst still feeding, feed in cycles, feeding cycles, Linyphiidae search for food in addition to making webs, predation, extra-web predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1222
Author: Chant, D. A.
Year: 1956
Title: Predaceous spiders in orchards in south-eastern England
Journal: J. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 31
Pages: 35-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, trees, pests, UK, sprayed cf unsprayed, feeding experiments, insecticides, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1823
Author: Chant, D. A.
Year: 1959
Title: Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the Family Phytoseiidae with descriptions of 38 new species
Journal: Canadian Entomologist Supplement 12
Volume: accompanies Vol XCI
Pages: 103-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Trombidiidae, Erythraeidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Acari, not much exploited yet because not well described taxonomically, complex life cycle, host parasite relationship and biology often not known, alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica parasitised by 3 species of Trombidium, parasitoids, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Leguminosae, 4 trombidiid genera parasitise aphids, Hemiptera, Allothrombium fuliginosum often kills its aphid host, behaviour, Balaustium have abandoned parasitism, they eat pollen and small insects including eggs of Lepidoptera, food, diet, evolution, Appendix gives known hosts and prey, includes many aphids, Oscinella frit, flea beetles, housefly, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Rhopalosiphum padi, and some predators, Diptera, Chloropidae, shoot flies, Halticinae, Chrysomelidae, Musca domestica, two spotted spider mite, Tetranychidae, fruit tree red spider mite, cereal aphids, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1948
Author: Chant, D. A.; Hansell, R. I. C.; Yoshida, E.
Year: 1974
Title: The genus Typhlodromus Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada and Alaska
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 52
Issue: 10)
Pages: 1265-1291
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, North America


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1720
Author: Chant, D. A.; McLeod, J. H.
Year: 1952
Title: Effects of certain climatic factors on the daily abundance of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in Vancouver B.C
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 84
Pages: 174-180
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, weather, abiotics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2281
Author: Chao, L.; Yenchin, T.; Shijun, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Studies on predation and simulation model of dwarf spider Erigonidium graminicolum to cotton bollworm Heliothis armigera I. Studies on one predator one prey system
Journal: Acta Ecol. Sinica
Volume: 2
Pages: 239-254
Keywords: Araneae, predator, Lepidoptera, pest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5784
Author: Chaoui, H.; Edwards, C.A.; Brickner, A.; Lee, S.S.; Arancon, N.Q.
Year: 2002
Title: Suppression of plant diseases, Pythium (damping-off), Rhizoctonia (root rot) and Verticillium (wilt) by vermicomposts
Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 711-716
Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, they are good plant growth media and soil amendments, they were effective against Pythium and Rhizoctonia on cucumber and radish in the laboratory and against Verticillium on strawberry in the field, soft fruit, horticulture, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3437
Author: Chapman, M. H.; Hoy, M. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and its predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt)(Acari, Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 111
Pages: 147-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Btte had little effect on development, survival or egg hatch of T.urticae, but it is moderately toxic to M.occidentalis using a leaf spraying technique, and the effect was increased by starvation, pathogens, microbial insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic ecology, predation on moribund prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3703
Author: Chapman, P. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Control of leatherjackets by natural enemies: the potential role of the ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPB Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 933-936
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pests, UK, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, Tipulidae, grassland, Gramineae, lab, trophic behaviour, predation, foraging, underground hunting using olfactory stimuli, seasonal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4428
Author: Chapman, P. A.; Armstrong, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Daily dispersal of beneficial ground beetles between areas of contrasting vegetation density within agricultural habitats
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1996, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 623-628
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, UK, clover-intercropped cabbage plots compared with weeded monocropped cabbage plots, brassicas, Leguminosae, some plots enclosed with a plastic barrier at mid-day, time-sort pitfalls, methods, Pterostichus melanarius studies in soil-filled trays in the lab to compare movement and residence in clover cf bare soil by day and by night, assessed by predation of artificial prey, Drosophila pupae stuck to boards, these boards also put out at various distances from unmown grass in an oat field, diel cycles, at night the proportion eaten decreased with distance from grass, but there was no relationship by day, the exclusion barrier experiment showed that some beetles moved between intercropped and monocropped ares, results suggested that barriers prevented movement of small nocturnal species from intercropped to monocropped at night, the experimental scale was probably inappropriate for large nocturnal species, the diurnal species seemed to stay in the same plot by day and night, in the lab experiment P. melanarius hunted in clover by day but in clover and open ground at night, therefore areas of denser vegetation within crops can provide a daytime habitat for nocturnal species, strip-managed intercropping could increase carabid activity in the main crop whilst reducing yield loss resulting from competition with the intercrop, habitat manipulation, habitat modification, habitat preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5539
Author: Chapman, P.A.; Armstrong, G.
Year: 1997
Title: Design and use of a time-sorting pitfall trap for predatory arthropods
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 65
Pages: 15-21
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., methods, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, cabbages, brassicas, undersown with clover, Leguminosae, ground beetles and spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Linyphiidae, Araneae, trap runs continuously for a week and operates effectively through high temperatures and heavy rain, the trap has a 24 h rotation time, it has a collecting unit (sample cups filled with collecting fluid rotate beneath a funnel) and a separate control unit, powered by two 12V batteries, one trap cost about 100, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Bembidion lampros, Nebria brevicollis, more carabids caught in undersown plots, diel activity cycle, Bembidion was mainly diurnal and Nebria mainly nocturnal, L. tenuis was mainly nocturnal, Erigone was largely diurnal in the undersown plots but nocturnal in monocultures, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5538
Author: Chapman, P.A.; Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Daily movements of Pterostichus melanarius between areas of contrasting vegetation density within crops
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 91
Pages: 477-480
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, grassland, Gramineae, separate daytime and nightimr pitfall trapping, methods, time-sorting pitfall traps used in a later year comparing grassland with oats and swedes, cereals, also studied cabbages and cabbages intercropped with clover in plots enclosed with polythene barriers that could be removed for specific periods during 24 h, brassicas, Leguminosae, laboratory studies of activity and habitat choice in clover modules with long and short vegetation, predation monitored with artificial prey (Drosophila pupae glued to cards), degree of nocturnal activity depended on vegetation density, diel activity, diurnal, some evidence that beetles moved from intercropped to monocropped plots at night, in lab by day there was more predation in dense than sparse vegetation, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1233
Author: Chapman, P. J.; Sly, J. M. A.; Cutler, J. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Pesticides usage survey report II. Arable farm crops 1974
Journal: Maff
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4826
Author: Chapman, R.B.; Simeonidis, A.S.; Smith, J.T.
Year: 1997
Title: Evaluation of metallic green ground beetle as a predator of slugs
Journal: Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Rotorua, New Zealand
Pages: 51-55
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Rotorua, New Zealand
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, introduced slug species Deroceras reticulatum and Deroceras panormitanum are now widely established in New Zealand, the carabid Megadromus antarcticus occurs in gardens and in the bush, this beetle was observed to kill and eat both species of slug in the lab, predation rates, consumption rates, on small barriered lettuce plots in the field the beetle reduced numbers of D. panormitanum, but is unlikely to be economically justified because of the need to mass-rear large numbers of beetles
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 877
Author: Chapman, R. F.; Bernays, E. A.; Simpson, S. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Attraction and repulsion of the aphid Cavariella aegopodii by plant odours
Journal: Journal of Chemical Ecology
Volume: 7
Issue: 5)
Pages: 881-888
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, on Umbelliferae in summer and willow in winter, host plants, trees, weeds, water traps with a tube containing attractant in the centre, methods, directional sticky traps, carvone (monoterpene) caught more aphids than controls, linalool added reduced catch, attraction to 1 m, carvone present in caraway and Pastinaca sativa, wild parsnip and some Mentha spp, but not in Anthriscus sativus, cow parsley, alates with large numbers of rhinaria on antennae may use olfactory host selection prior to landing, structure, chemicals to repel pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1236
Author: Chapman, R. K.; Eckenrode, C. J.
Year: 1973
Title: Effect of insecticide placement on predator numbers and cabbage maggot control
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 66
Pages: 1153-1158
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, insecticide application methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5075
Author: Chazeau, J.; Bouye, E.; Bonnet de Larbogne, L.
Year: 1991
Title: Cycle de developpement et table de vie d'Olla v-nigrum [Col.:Coccinellidae] ennemi naturel d'Heteropsylla cubana [Hom.: Psyllidae] introduit en Nouvelle-Caedonie 
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36(2)
Pages: 275-285
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., development and lifetable of a ladybird, natural enemy of the psyllid H. cubana, ladybird introduced into New Caledonia from Tahiti in 1987, the psyllid is a Hemiptera pest of Leucaena leucocephala, classical biological control, the psyllid was a suitable prey for the ladybird even though it is toxic to most polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, after  two years the ladybird was present in most parts of New Caledonia, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Leguminosae, shrub, O. v-nigrum = Coccinella abdominalis
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4999
Author: Cheeseman, M.T.; Gillott, C.
Year: 1987
Title: Organization of protein digestion in adult Calosoma calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology
Volume: 33(1)
Pages: 1-8
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, adult males were fed on ground beef or waxmoth larvae, Galleria mellonella, caterpillars, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, more trypsin activity in foregut than midgut, contractions of proventriculus moves fluids between fore and midgut, gizzard, structure, disgorged enzymes are left on the beef meal, more disgorged enzyme is recovered when the beetle feeds on Galleria, although the beetles ingest 74% prey protein they avoid ingesting digestively refractory solids, 25% of carbon-labelled waxmoth was passed in the faeces after 4 days, digestion rate, extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, extra-intestinal digestion
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1290
Author: Chelliah, S.; Heinrichs, E. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Factors contributing to brown planthopper resurgence
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 107-115
Keywords: En.
Rep., Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, rice, cereals, Gramineae, important pest in Asia, increase due to high yielding susceptible varieties, increased fertilizer use, continuous cropping, staggered planting, resurgence after insecticides, pesticides, farming practices, references to resurgence, natural enemies reduced by broad spectrum insecticides, this probably a minor factor in resurgence, deltamethrin parathion diazinon increase plant tillering, BPH feeding rate and fecundity, reduce pre-oviposition period, sub-lethal effects, indirect effects, low dosages common to save money, less resurgence on resistant varieties, plant resistance, behaviour, criticism in discussion allows possibility of natural enemies being involved


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2526
Author: Chen, B. H.; Foster, J. E.; Ohm, H. W.
Year: 1984
Title: Effect of wheat vernalisation on Rhopalosiphum padi survival
Journal: Crop Science
Volume: 23
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1125-1127
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4500
Author: Chen, B. R.; Wise, D. H.
Year: 1997
Title: Responses of forest-floor fungivores to experimental food enhancement
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Issue: 4)
Pages: 316-326
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, forest, woodland, trees, detritivores, decomposers, mycetophages, sliced mushrooms, potatoes and Drosophila diet added to forest litter in open plots, mites were enhanced 1.5 x and Collembola 3-4 x, most Collembola families increased including Entomobryidae, Isotomidae and Hypogastruridae, the Entomobryidae showed higher reproduction and survival i.e. more immatures, Acari, sticky traps just above the litter layer recorded a 2-20 x increase in adults of Drosophila and fungus gnats, Diptera, methods, the main food of Collembola is fungal material but plant debris is also found in their guts, diet, most litter layer mites, such as Oribatidae, are fungivorous, Collembola and mite densities obtained from heat and light extraction of litter samples, Collembola activity was assessed with pitfalls, the pitfalls recorded a different family composition to the litter samples, Collembola activity was lower in the food enhancement plots, most entomobryids have 1-2 generations per year and the juvenile stage lasts about 3 months in the field, voltinism, longevity, higher activity of Collembola can expose them to predation, predatory Mesostigmata and Prostigmata mites may have increased by preying on Nematoda, Collembola and other mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, nematodes, useful references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4832
Author: Chen, D.N.; Zhang, G.Q.; Xu, W.X.; Liu, Y.H.; Cheng, X.M.; Wu, J.Q.
Year: 1996
Title: A study of complementary techniques for snail control
Journal: Proceedings of BCPC Symposium "Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture", British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Volume: 66
Pages: 425-432
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of BCPC Symposium "Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture", British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., China, snail pests Bradybaena ravida, in the laboratory Carabus brandti adults ate 1 adult or 4-5 young snails per day, their larvae ate 1-2 adult and 2-3 young per day, Mollusca, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, predation rates, consumption rates, also data on effects of deep ploughing and pesticides and fertilisers on snail populations in the field, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5084
Author: Chen, K.; Hopper, K.R.
Year: 1997
Title: Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) population dynamics and impact of natural enemies in the Montpellier region of southern France
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 866-875
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, survey of aphid densities in a range of fields, aphid density much less than in USA, abundance, predator and aphid  density were positively correlated,  wheat, barley, aphids and natural enemies counted in situ on plants within quadrats, direct in situ visual counting, tillers also brought back to lab for detailed counting of aphids and mummies, parasitoids, methods, rearing out of parasitoids, entomogenous fungi were rare, diseases, pathogens, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, Chrysopidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinella 7-punctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Leucopis ninae, in a multiple regression involving plant growth stage, weather, predators and parasitoids only predator density was significantly related to aphid increase rate explaining 15% of variance, aphid growth rate decreased as predator density increased
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4420
Author: Chen, P. R.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Wang, K.; Wang, X. Y.; Xu, W. L.; Gao, Z. L.
Year: 1994
Title: Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari, Trombidiidae), an important early-season natural enemy of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom, Aphididae) in cotton
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 117
Issue: 2)
Pages: 113-121
Keywords: En.
Rep., China, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, predatory mites, A. pulvinum constitutes 80% of the natural enemies in cotton, more in dry than flooded fields, abundance, more in monoculture cotton than in cotton-wheat intercrop, farming practices, it was a major factor limiting A. gossypii early in the season when other natural enemies are rare (based on correlations of abundance and phenology), spiders and Coccinellidae increased later in the season and complemented the effect of A. pulvinum, Araneae, Coleoptera, ladybirds,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5006
Author: Chen, Y.; Giles, K.L.; Payton, M.E.; Greenstone, M.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Identifying key cereal aphid predators by molecular gut analysis
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 9
Pages: 1887-1898
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, DNA techniques, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, PCR, primers amplify aphid mitochondrial COII fragments 77 to 386 bp, USA, could distinguish six cereal aphid species and detect them in Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, detectability half lives, detection periods, digestion rates, half life of Rhopalosiphum maidis in Chrysoperla plorabunda of 4h and in Hippodamia convergens of 9h, PCR is better than monoclonal antibodies because of lower expense, shorter development times and more likely success, Schizaphis graminum, Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sipha flava, Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1609
Author: Cherix, D.
Year: 1981
Title: A preliminary note about structure, phenology and diet of a super-colony of Formica lugubris
Journal: Insectes Sociaux
Volume: 27
Pages: 226-236
Keywords: Fr.En.summ.
Rep., ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, high % aphids in diet, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, may regulate aphid populations, aphids form nearly 30% of diet, especially Cinara pruinosa and sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4415
Author: Cherix, D.; Bourne, J. D.
Year: 1980
Title: A field study on a super-colony of the Red Wood Ant Formica lugubris Zett. In relation to other predatory arthropods (spiders, harvestmen and ants)
Journal: Revue Suisse Zool.
Volume: 87
Issue: 4)
Pages: 955-973
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Switzerland, spruce, conifers, trees, forests, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, food intake of nest determined by Chauvin trap, methods, i.e. greased metal barrier surrounds nest leaving only one entrance in which is placed a sampling device which is 85% efficient at sampling the prey of the ants, pitfalls in forest and in clearing in the forest, some pitfalls baited with beer !, others not, 116/162 spiders brought to the nest were Linyphiidae, including Erigone promiscua, Araneae, species lists given, species composition, spiders and harvestmen were 5% of the invertebrates carried by the ants, Opiliones, Phalangida


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3355
Author: Cherrill, A. J.; Begon, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Predation on grasshoppers by spiders in sand dune grasslands
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 50
Pages: 225-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., 548 spiders tested for feeding on Chorthippus brunneus and Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Lycosidae had greatest % positive, lab observations suggested that predation is mainly on 1st instar grasshoppers, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Pisauridae, Linyphiidae, Ainsdale NR UK, handsearch, carbon tetrachloride funnel pitfalls, methods, detection periods at 20C, 93.8% of all the individuals collected had fed on grasshoppers even though the detection period was less than 96 h at 20C, Xysticus cristatus, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, serology, Orthoptera, predation, trophic behaviour, prey size preferences, grassland, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4670
Author: Chesson, J.
Year: 1983
Title: The estimation and analysis of preference and its relationship to foraging models
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 1297-1304
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP, food preference, prey preference, methods, selective predation, attack rates, functional response, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1992
Author: Chesson, P. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Geometry, heterogeneity and competition in variable environments
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 165-173
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, environmental fluctuations could permit co-existence of many species by favouring different species at different times, this idea now supported by models, models do not support idea that co-existence is due to reduced competition at lowered density, assuming each species has one environmentally dependent parameter E , eg density independent birth rate, and the effect of competition on growth rate of species is C, shows graphs of growth rate ie change in log population size, against C for good E and poor E, where good and poor E curves are paralell is (a) additive, converging is (b) subadditive, diverging is (c) superadditive, non- additivity (b, c) likely to be common in nature ie temporal environmental fluctuations will modify the outcome of competition between species, having progressively less effect with increasing competition (subadditive) or progressively more effect with increasing competition (superadditive), species at low density have a growth rate advantage opposing competitive exclusion if all species are subadditive, additive growth rates confer no low density advantage and superadditive growth rates promote competitive exclusion, there can be heterogeneity of this growth rate geometry within populations ie for different life history stages, phenotypes, subpopulations etc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1961
Author: Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1970
Title: Effects of manure applications and mite predation on corn rootworm populations in Minnesota
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 63
Pages: 934-936
Keywords: En.
USA, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4667
Author: Chicharo, M.A.
Year: 1998
Title: Nutritional condition and starvation in Sardina pilchardus (L.) larvae off southern Portugal compared with some environmental factors
Journal: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Volume: 225
Pages: 123-137
Alternate Journal: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP, RNA/DNA ratios as condition index and indicator of starvation, methods, hunger, Vertebrata, Pisces, fish [relevant to polyphagous predators ?]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4974
Author: Childers, C.C.; Abou-Setta, M.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Yield reduction in 'Tahiti' lime from Panonychus citri feeding injury following different pesticide treatment regimes and impact on the associated predacious mites
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 23
Pages: 771-783
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., top fruit, orchards, trees, Acari, Tetranychidae, pest spider mites, citrus red mite, pesticides applied for thrips control, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella kelliae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Typhlodromalus peregrinus, Stigmaeidae, Agistemus floridanus, USA, yield was reduced significantly by pesticides, elimination of predatory mites by pesticides resulted in increased populations of P. citri, fungicides benomyl, ferbam, carbamates, formetanate, carbamate insecticide, bifenthrin, synthetic pyrethroid, cyromazine, insect growth regulator,  petroleum oil, polyphagous predators, impact on pests, T. peregrinus is a generalist predator which can feed and reproduce on P. citri, it is one of the commonest phytoseiids on Florida citrus, side effects of pesticides, non-target effects
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1818
Author: Childers, C. C.; Rock, G. C.
Year: 1981
Title: Observations on the occurrence and feeding habits of Balaustium putmani (Acari: Erythraeidae) in North Carolina apple orchards
Journal: International Journal of Acarology
Volume: 7
Pages: 99-103
Keywords: En.
Rep., mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasidae, Pergamasus misellus and Pergamasus runciger fed on Collembola in lab, Onychiurus, Arthropleona, Digamasellus reticulatus fed on Tullbergia krausbaueri and eggs of Hypogastrura denticulata, food, diet, behaviour, these species and others found in old grassland near Glasgow, Gramineae, Scotland, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1567
Author: Chisholm, I. F.; Lewis, T.
Year: 1984
Title: A new look at thrips (Thysanoptera) mouthparts, their action and effects of feeding on plant tissue
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 74
Issue: 4)
Pages: 134
Keywords: en.
pests, behaviour, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 906
Author: Chiverton, P.
Year: 1982
Title: The effects of polyphagous predators on the establishment phase of Bird-Cherry Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) infestations in spring barley
Journal: Vaxtskyddsrapporter, Jordbruk
Volume: 20
Pages: 177-181
Keywords: Swedish
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2532
Author: Chiverton, P.
Year: 1987
Title: Predation on the bird cherry-oat aphid in cereals
Journal: PhD thesis
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1414
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in relation to gut contents and prey densities in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 36
Pages: 23-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, methods, pesticides, gut fullness index, pitfalls caught more in treated plots, more females in treated plots, sex, activity, behaviour, females from treated contained less food than from untreated, feeding, consumption, hypothesis is that insecticides reduce prey resulting in hungry beetles which move more and are caught in pitfalls, interpretation of pesticide trial results, gut dissection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 923
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Predator density manipulation and its effects on populations of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae) in spring barley
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 109
Pages: 49-60
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, pests, polyphagous predators, biological control, methods, exclusion barriers at edge and middle of field, reduced predators gave 2-6 times larger aphid populations if done early June rather than later, Bembidion lampros Bembidion quadrimaculatum and Linyphiidae dominant, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids and pathogens low, aphid-specifics may have hastened post-peak decline, pitfalls only, ingress plots increased carabids only in one year and had no effect on other predators, aphids found on stem bases early in season, yield loss due to reduced predators 80/ha 1982, Coccinella 7-punctata more abundant on predator-reduced plots, Coccinellidae, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3010
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Predation of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) by polyphagous predatory arthropods during the aphids' pre- peak period in spring barley
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 111
Pages: 257-269
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Sweden, 1981-5, gut dissection 18% of 3000 Carabidae ate R.padi, ground beetles, Coleoptera, no overall relationship between % positive and aphid density, high % positive for Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, 11% of 1350 positive in ELISA, methods, serology, high % positive for Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, also positive were Acari, Opiliones, Trechus, Philonthus, Cantharidae, Chilopoda, predatory mites, harvestmen, Phalangida, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, soldier beetles, centipedes, Myriapoda, most Bembidion were negative by ELISA, maximum detection period for B.lampros was 8.5 hours at 30C, 20 hours at 20C, 34 hours at 10C, digestion rates, detection periods in relation to temperature, diet, food, trophic behaviour, individual species of carabids showed positive relationship between % positive and aphid density for gut dissection, only 1/141 Tachyporus were positive


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3080
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Effects of exclusion barriers and inclusion trenches on polyphagous and aphid-specific predators in spring barley
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 103
Pages: 193-303
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, spring barley, Sweden, 60 cm high vertical polythene exclusion barriers, 6 pitfall traps in a 5 x 2.5 m plot, 9 pitfalls in 10 x 5m plot, ingress-only plots with pitfalls, inclusion barriers, ingress only trenches, main Carabidae were Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Trechus secalis, Pterostichus cupreus, Coleoptera, ground beetles, main spiders were Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa agrestis, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, vertical barriers very effective for lycosid and linyphiid spiders and some carabids and Philonthus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, little effect on Coccinella 7-punctata, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, some teneral carabids emerged within the plots, distribution, behaviour, phenology, carabids, Tachyporus, Oxytelus and lycosids were increased by the inclusion plots, linyphiids and coccinellids were not, Rhopalosiphum padi, effectiveness of inclusion trenches varied between species, between and within years, and between edge and mid field, linyphiid exclusion from vertical wall plots and the lack of effect of inclusion trenches suggested they ballooned out of inclusion plots but did not balloon above the 60 cm high wall to get into exclusion plots, aerial migration, movement, dispersal, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3035
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1988
Title: Searching behaviour and cereal aphid consumption by Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, in relation to temperature and prey density
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 47
Pages: 173-182
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, maximum consumption rates of Rhopalosiphum padi in lab increased with temperature, B.lampros ate maximum of 16 I-III and 9 adults per day at 25C, P.cupreus ate 125 adults per day at 20C, video of starved beetles in spring barley lab arenas, P.cupreus was more active, B. lampros inactive below 10C but P.cupreus active even at 5C, behaviour, movement, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, P.cupreus spent more time searching cf run/walk or still if more aphids present, aphid density, P.cupreus climbed plants if aphids present, but rarely in aphid-free arenas, Sweden, B.lampros did not climb and did not search more if aphids present, these species are diurnal spring- breeders, both species actively searched bases of young barley plants to find R.padi colonies, trophic behaviour, diet, food, Petri dishes in feeding trials had Fluon- coated lids to flush aphids off, methods, more B.lampros had eaten aphids if the aphids were established at stem bases rather than mid-plant, describes aggressive confrontations between beetles, interference, agonistic behaviour, plants on which aphid colonies had been found were re-visited twice by P.cupreus suggesting learning, new beetles searched the same plants suggesting olfactory cues, aphids knocked onto the soil were usually ignored by P.cupreus, both beetles spent a large % of time in "still" behaviour mode


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2812
Author: Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1989
Title: The creation of within-field overwintering sites for natural enemies of cereal aphids
Journal: BCPC Conference - Weeds 1989
Pages: 1093-1096
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sweden, spring barley, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, soil samples from field and edges in winter, raised banks sown with grasses, very low densities of Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus species and Linyphiidae overwintered in the field, about 0.8 m-2 cf up to 100 m-2 for spiders at edge, predators overwintered in the grassy banks, B. lampros at similar density to field edges, the others somewhat lower, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1880
Author: Chiverton, P. A.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1991
Title: The effects on beneficial arthropods of the exclusion of herbicides from cereal crop edges
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 1027-1039
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, spring wheat, more weed species and greater weed density in unsprayed edges, more polyphagous predators and game chick food insects in unsprayed, Vertebrata, Aves, partridge, pheasant, pitfalls in barriered plots, methods, no differences between numbers of Pterostichus melanarius and Agonum dorsale in sprayed and unsprayed, more female than male A.dorsale in sprayed, more gut sections contained food for gravid and non-gravid females and males of P.melanarius and gravid female and male A.dorsale in unsprayed, also more meals and greater variety of food taken, fewer cereal aphids consumed in unsprayed, pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, diet, gut dissection, gut fullness index, more eggs per female for A.dorsale and P.melanarius in unsprayed, fecundity, Dvac samples for Forficula auricularia, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, earwigs, Dermaptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect of spraying on aphid numbers, diet of P.melanarius was cereal aphids and other aphids, Heteroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Araneae, Lumbricidae and sawfly larvae, diet of A.dorsale was same except it ate Collembola and Lepidoptera larvae instead of Lumbricidae and sawfly, spiders, Annelida, earthworms, Symphyta, Hymenoptera, caterpillars, P.melanarius from unsprayed ate more Heteroptera, Linyphiidae and adult Coleoptera than from sprayed, A.dorsale from unsprayed ate more Heteroptera, Linyphiidae and Collembola than from sprayed, in unsprayed Macrosiphoniella and Brachycaudus eaten on weeds, sex-related differences in food intake, having lots of alternative prey could be good for predator reproduction but it can reduce their impact on pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4983
Author: Chong, K.K.; Fee, C.G.
Year: 1989
Title: Use of the Black Cocoa Ant to control mirid damage in cocoa
Journal: The Planter, Kuala Lumpur
Volume: 65
Pages: 370-383
Alternate Journal: The Planter, Kuala Lumpur
Keywords: Rep., ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dolichoderus thoracicus (= Dolichoderus bituberculatus), polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, tropical crops, Heteroptera, Miridae such as Helopeltis spp. damage cocoa in Malaysia and Indonesia, trees, plantations, as the ant probably operates by deterrence rather than predation a high ant population well distributed on trees is needed for effective plant protection, the ant can be established by putting bags of cocoa leaf litter in trees as nesting sites, other ant species must be controlled, the ant feeds on honeydew from an apparently innocuous mealybug (but more research is needed, especially on virus-transmision), ants can cause adult mirids to fly away and nymphs to drop from the pods, mealybug predators include Cecidomyiidae, Chrysopidae, Scymnus and slugs, Diptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Mollusca, Limacidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, farming practices, predator augmentation and management  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3273
Author: Chown, S. L.; Scholtz, C. H.
Year: 1993
Title: Temperature regulation in the nocturnal melolonthine Sparrmannia flave
Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology
Volume: 18
Issue: 1)
Pages: 25-33
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Scarabeidae, regulated thoracic temperature in flight at 38.6C over ambient range of 11C, nocturnal beetle, South Africa, larvae feed on dung, adults emerge in evening or early morning to feed on foliage, peak flight activity is 03.00-04.30 when virtually no other insects are active, flight at this time probably avoids predation from owls and mammalian insectivores


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 884
Author: Christenson, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Female sexual receptivity and cannibalism in the Golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Arachnology 1974
Pages: 306
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, behaviour, USA, free living marked females, most copulation on day of and day after last moult, female predation on male rare


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1791
Author: Christiansen, K.
Year: 1964
Title: Bionomics of Collembola
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 147-178
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lit.bk.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4040
Author: Christophe, T.; Blandin, P.
Year: 1977
Title: The spider community in the litter of a coppiced chestnut woodland (Foret de Montmorency, Val d'Oise, France)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 4
Issue: 3)
Pages: 132-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, deciduous woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1734
Author: Chu, H. F.
Year: 1949
Title: How to know immature insects
Journal: W.M.C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, USA
Keywords: En.
key, structure, classification, systematics, taxonomy, larvae, caterpillars, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2076
Author: Chukanova, L. N.
Year: 1971
Title: The role of indigenous entomophages in reducing the abundance of frit fly in Western Siberia
Journal: Zool. Zhurn.
Volume: 50
Issue: 1)
Pages: 51-55
Keywords: pests, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, Diptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Russia, USSR


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4616
Author: Churchill, T.B.; Arthur, J.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Measuring spider richness: effects of different sampling methods and spatial and temporal scales
Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Volume: 3
Pages: 287-295
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods,  heathland, Tasmania, Australia, 130 species, pitfalls, sweep net and visual search, biodiversity, species richness
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2071
Author: Chvala, M.
Year: 1973
Title: Notes on British Tachydromia - with description of a new species from Invernessshire
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 108
Pages: 214-218
Keywords: En.
Rep., Tachydromyia, Empididae, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Scotland, keys to 10 species, additions and clarifications to Collin 1961, structure, identifications, taxonomy, structure, systematics, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2075
Author: Chvala, M.
Year: 1976
Title: Swarming, mating and feeding habits in Empididae (Diptera) and their significance in evolution of the family
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 73
Issue: 6)
Pages: 353-366
Keywords: polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, diet, food preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3001
Author: Cilgi, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Selecting arthropod "indicator species" for environmental impact assessment of pesticides in field studies
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology, Sampling to Make Decisions
Volume: 37
Pages: 131-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., criteria for selecting indicator species eg abundance, ease of sampling and identification, and rearing, suggested species for autumn and winter are Erigone atra, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus, for summer use Linyphiidae, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, for long term effects use Bembidion obtusum, Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale and Sminthurus viridis, sampling methods for these are suggested, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, UK, registration protocols, Collembola, Sminthuridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3701
Author: Cilgi, T.; Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1994
Title: Arthropod populations under current and reduced-input pesticide regimes: results from the first four treatment years of the MAFF "SCARAB" project
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases
Pages: 653-660
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, IPM, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, Coleoptera, Collembola, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3845
Author: Cilgi, T.; Holland, J. M.; Turner, D. E.; Frampton, G. K.; Wratten, S. D.; Jepson, R. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Pesticide drift and the potential toxicity to beneficial carabids
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 220-236
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, UK, side effects on non-targets, arable fields and surrounding boundaries, field edges, lab bioassays, deltamethrin, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, exposed to residues at various rates, new bioassay methods, dimethoate was the most damaging and pirimicarb the least


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2000
Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1992
Title: The use of tracers to estimate the exposure of beneficial insects to direct pesticide spraying on cereals
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 239-247
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, pesticides, insecticides, Gramineae, fluorescent spray tracer, winter wheat, % spray reaching ground depended on crop growth stage, insects on aerial parts received more spray than the plants they were on, not so for ground insects, direct spray exposure estimated, Coccinella 7-punctata killed and pinned on plant, dead carabids placed on ground, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, UK, vertical stratification, distribution, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3354
Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1994
Title: The risks posed by deltamethrin drift to hedgerow butterflies
Journal: Environmental Pollution
Volume: 87
Pages: in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae topical application of deltamethrin, they did not completely excrete or metabolize the active ingredient so it might have had some toxic effect throughout life, sublethal effects included weight loss, feeding inhibition, production of smaller pupae and adults, toxic effects at dosages as low as 1/520 field rate, model to predict mortality from drift, deltamethrin was cleared for summer use on UK cereals in 1990, larvae do not discriminate between treated and untreated foliage, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3702
Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1995
Title: The risks posed by deltamethrin drift to hedgerow butterlies
Journal: Environmental Pollution
Volume: 87
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, non-targets, Lepidoptera, Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae, caterpillars, lab, sublethal effects on trophic behaviour and biomass, cabbage, brassicas, field vegetables, ecotoxicology, spray drift, pyrethroid insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3033
Author: Cilgi, T.; Wratten, S. D.; Frampton, G. K.; Holland, J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: The long-term effects of pesticides on beneficial invertebrates - lessons from the Boxworth Project
Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Volume: 4
Issue: 4)
Pages: 30-35
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, Game Conservancy monitoring, Boxworth declines in Carabidae, Collembola and Araneae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, poor recovery rates of beetles with low dispersal power, distribution, movement, migration, some species had not fully recovered 3 years after relaxation of pesticide pressure, preliminary results of SCARAB, reductions of Bembidion obtusum and springtails, Integrated Farming Systems, IFS, Lautenbach, Nagele, farming practices, INTEX Germany, Netherlands, more beneficial invertebrates in IFS, TALISMAN, MAFF-LINK IFS, LA LIFE, Boarded Barns Farm Projects of Rhone-Poulenc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4664
Author: Cilgi, T.; Wratten, S.D.; Roberstson, J.L.; Turner, D.E.; Holland, J.M.; Frampton, G.K.
Year: 1996
Title: Residual toxicities of three insecticides to four species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of arthropod predator
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 128(6)
Pages: 1115-1124
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., TP, lab, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Demetrias atricapillus, UK, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, deltamethrin, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamate, pyrethroid, OP, organophosphorus
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5236
Author: Cisneros, J.J.; Rosenheim, J.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Ontogenetic change of prey preference in the generalist predator Zelus renardii and its influence on predator-predator interactions
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 399-407
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, predatory bugs, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea , Hemiptera, aphids, Aphis gossypii, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, intraguild predation, IGP, natural enemy interactions, cotton, field cage studies, the bug did not control aphids but the lacewing did, presence of the bug disrupted aphid control by the lacewing because lacewing larvae were eaten 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1221
Author: Clancy, D. W.; Pollard, H. N.
Year: 1952
Title: The effect of DDT on mite and predator populations in apple orchards
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 108-114
Keywords: En.
insecticides, pesticides, pests, natural enemies, trees, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5503
Author: Claridge, M.F.; Morgan, J.C.; Steenkiste, A.E.; Iman, M.; Damyanti, D.
Year: 2002
Title: Experimental field studies on predation and egg parasitism if rice brown planthopper in Indonesia
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 203-209
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, cereals, Gramineae, field experiments in Java, N. lugens eggs put out in field cages with different sized meshes to exclude nothing, everything, and everything except egg parasitoids, natural enemies, in another experiment only adult lycosid spiders (species not given) and the pest were present, Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, pest eggs and adults were more numerous in absence of all natural enemies and least numerous in presence of all, mortality due to parasitoids was intermediate but significantly different from the other two treatments, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Anagrus, Trichogrammatidae, Oligosita,  results for lycosid additions were variable
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2113
Author: Clark, E. W.; Glick, P. A.
Year: 1961
Title: Some predators and scavengers feeding upon pink bollworm moths
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology.
Volume: 54
Pages: 815-816.
Keywords: Araneae, spiders, Lepidoptera, pests.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2933
Author: Clark, M. F.; Adams, A. N.
Year: 1977
Title: Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses
Journal: Journal of General Virology
Volume: 34
Pages: 475-483
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, ELISA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2932
Author: Clark, M. F.; Barbara, D. J.
Year: 1987
Title: A method for the quantitative analysis of ELISA data
Journal: Journal of Virological Methods
Volume: 15
Pages: 213-222
Keywords: En.
methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3629
Author: Clark, M. S.; Luna, J. M.; Stone, N. D.; Youngman, R. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Habitat preferences of generalist predators in reduced- tillage corn
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 28
Pages: 404-416
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Gramineae, cereals, farming practices, methods, abundance, density, degree of soil disturbance, quantity and structure of surface mulch, cover crop management practices, pitfalls, vacuum sampling, suction sampling, more predators where most mulch cover, treatment that was disked and had no surface mulch had fewest predators, a few species preferred treatments with less ground cover, behaviour, distribution, vacuum sampling within steel cylinder isolator, discussion about methods and relative merits of pitfalls cf suction, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, other spiders, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, centipedes, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, Amara familiaris, Philonthus cognatus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Phalangium opilio, pitfalls and vacuum showed similar trends in overall predator abundance among the four treatments


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4404
Author: Clark, M. S.; Luna, J. M.; Stone, N. D.; Youngman, R. R.
Year: 1994
Title: Generalist predator consumption of armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and effect of predator removal on damage in no- till corn
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 3)
Pages: 617-622
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, methods, Pseudaletia unipunctata, lab feeding trial and predator removal study in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour, consumption rates, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Lycosidae, Formicidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Hymenoptera, ants, armyworm damage to corn was significantly greater where predators were reduced, plant damage, 13/15 taxa fed on larvae in the lab, the highest consumption rates were by Pterostichus chalcites, Pterostichus lucublandus and Scarites subterraneus, the rove beetle Platydracus maculosus and Lycosa helluo, preators removed from the field with pitfall traps, armyworm damage to plants was more than twice as great where predators were reduced, Philonthus cognatus, Amara familiaris, Coccinella 7-punctata and Phalangium opilio were also present, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Opiliones, harvestmen, removal plots 5.7m2 surrounded by steel fence enclosed 2 barrier pitfalls, vertical distribution of larvae follows a diel cycle, they are mainly on ground by day and feed on the plants at night, ground predator activity was highest at night, so larvae may partially avoid attack by feeding on the plants at night, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, movement, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1999
Author: Clark, S. J.; Tatchell, G. M.; Perry, J. N.; Woiwod, I. P.
Year: 1992
Title: Comparative phenologies of two migrant cereal aphid species
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Pages: 571-580
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, UK, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, 1975-1984, 18 suction traps in UK, multivariate statistics, forecasts based on phenology using single site data can only be used locally, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3173
Author: Clarke, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Set-aside
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50
Pages: 283 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, book, 46 papers by various authors, political, crop and soil, vegetation development, fauna, economics and social effects, alternative uses of set-aside, farming practices, land use


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 907
Author: Clarke, L. R.
Year: 1963
Title: The influence of predation by Syrphus sp. on the numbers of Cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae)
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 11
Pages: 470-487
Keywords: predators, hoverflies, Syrphidae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2115
Author: Clarke, R. D.; Grant, P. R.
Year: 1968
Title: An experimental study of the role of spiders as predators in a forest litter community. Part I
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 49
Pages: 1152-1154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1864
Author: Clausen, C. P.
Year: 1978
Title: Thripidae
Journal: Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review, Ed. by C.P. Clausen, USDA Agricultural Handbook
Volume: 480
Pages: 19-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., thrips, pests, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3851
Author: Clausen, H. S.
Year: 1990
Title: Design of research work based on a pilot study dealing with the effect of pesticides on spiders in a sugar-beet field
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 69-74
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Denmark, effects lasted a month, biomass, methods, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, pitfalls, parathion, organophosphorus insecticides, Aphis fabae, pests, Hemiptera, side effects on non-targets, mean lengths of O.apicatus, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Meioneta rurestris, Porrhomma microphthalmum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2187
Author: Clausen, I. H. S.
Year: 1986
Title: The use of spiders (Araneae) as ecological indicators
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 7
Issue: 3)
Pages: 83-86
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, community, biotope, pollution, lead, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5824
Author: Claver, M.A.; Kalyanasundaram, M.; David, P.M.M.; Ambrose, D.P.
Year: 2003
Title: Abundance of boll worm, flower beetle, predators and field colonization by Rhynocoris kumarii (Het., Reduviidae) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 127
Pages: 383-388
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., assassin bug, predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, India, field experiment, fewer Helicoverpa armigera larvae in mulch (cotton detritus) plots compared to controls, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, damage was less and yield greater in mulch plots, numbers of flower beetle Mylabris pustulata were unaffected, Coleoptera, Meloidiae, 36 reduviids were released per 25 m2 plot, more ground beetles and foliage predators in mulched plots, Carabidae, Calosoma spp., Geocoris, Nabidae, Pentatomidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1309
Author: Clay, D.
Year: 1989
Title: Investigating herbicide resistant weeds of fruit and ornamental crops
Journal: Science for Growers (AFRC)
Pages: 20-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3561
Author: Clegg, J. M.; Barlow, C. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Escape behaviour of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in response to alarm pheromone and vibration
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 60
Pages: 2245-2252
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, escape responses more likely at higher doses of the pheromone, semiochemicals, vibration enhances pheromone effect, Canada, aphids on stems more likely to drop or run than those on leaves, drop off, fall off, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1228
Author: Clements, R. O.
Year: 1978
Title: The benefits and some long-term consequences of controlling invertebrates in a perrenial ryegrass sward
Journal: Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (A)
Volume: 6
Pages: 335-341
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4325
Author: Clements, R. O.; Asteraki, E.; Jackson, C. A.
Year: 1988
Title: A method to study the effects of chlorpyrifos on predatory ground beetles in grassland
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC Farnham Surrey, UK
Volume: 40
Pages: 167-174
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, UK, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland is the main UK crop, it covers more than 65% of the agricultural area, in addition there are 5 million ha of open hill land, it receives less than 5% of the insecticide applied to cereals, agricultural statistics, 3 pairs of fields, long-established ryegrass-dominated swards, 1 of each triplet sprayed with Dursban 4, all fields separated by hedges, roads or at least 200m, all grazed rotationally, pitfalls, chlorpyrifos reduced carabid numbers for 20-60 days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1342
Author: Clements, R. O.; French, N. Guile C. T.; Golightly, W. H. Lewis S.; Savage, M. J.
Year: 1982
Title: The effect of pesticides on establishment of grass swards in England and Wales
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 305-313
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, farming practices, herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2078
Author: Clements, R. O.; Henderson, J. F.
Year: 1980
Title: The importance of frit fly in grassland
Journal: ADAS Quarterly Review
Volume: 36
Pages: 14-26
Keywords: En.
pests, cereals Gramineae, UK, Diptera, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, damage, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4482
Author: Clements, R. O.; Kendall, D. A.; Purvis, G.; Thomas, T.; Koefoed, N.
Year: 1995
Title: Clover: cereal bi-cropping
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", BCPC Symposium Proceedings No.63, BCPC Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 75-78
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, natural enemies, biological control, methods, understorey of white clover below winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, the clover becomes permanent and fixes nitrogen for the cereals, cereal is direct drilled into defoliated clover in the autumn, weed, pest and disease problems are reduced and so less pesticide is required, 5 EU research stations collaborate in this project, aphids are reduced in the bicrop which could be due to a) less nitrogen in plants, b) more natural enemies, especially beetles and spiders, c) clover interferes with the aphids ability to colonise wheat, cereal yields are 60% of conventional but gross margins are 90%, soil erosion is reduced but livestock are needed to use the clover, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Araneae, host finding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 886
Author: Clements, S. L.; Pike, K. S.; Kaiser, W. J.; Wilson, A. D.
Year: 1990
Title: Resistance of endophyte-infected plants of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass to Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 25
Pages: 71-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, behaviour, USA, lab, fewer aphids on plants with systemic fungal endophytes, Russian wheat aphid, resistance, pathogens, references to similar cases with other aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5007
Author: Cloarec, A.
Year: 1977
Title: Alimentation de larves d'Anax imperator Leach dans un milieu naturel (Anisoptera: Aeschnidae)
Journal: Odonatologica
Volume: 6(4)
Pages: 227-243
Alternate Journal: Odonatologica
Keywords: Rep., prey of a dragonfly larva, Odonata, food, diet, trophic behaviour, analysis of faecal pellets, methods, faecal analysis, faeces, fecal, pond in France, Anax larvae consumed Ephemeroptera, Zygoptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Heteroptera, Libellulidae, Nymphulea, Lepidoptera. Prey that seemed to be avoided included Mollusca, Crustacea and Coleoptera. Larvae were captured and held in the lab at 20C for 5 days, during which time they produced faeces wrapped in peritrophic membrane, then they were returned to the pond. Faeces were examined under a binocular microscope, and sclerotised prey remains were compared with remains from larvae that had been fed on specific prey types
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 485
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1953
Title: The biology of hunting spiders
Journal: Discovery.
Volume: 14
Pages: 286-289
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, good introduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1851
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1953
Title: A note on the littoral terrestrial arthropods of the Isle of Man
Journal: Entomologist
Volume: 86
Pages: 11-12
Keywords: En.
UK, coastal, shoreline, centipede seen eating woodlouse, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Isopoda, Crustacea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2111
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1955
Title: The life-histories of the British cribellate spiders of the genus Ciniflo Bl. (Dictynidae)
Journal: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Volume: 8
Issue: 12)
Pages: 787-794
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2116
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1957
Title: Studies in diurnal rhythms. V. Nocturnal ecology and water relations of the British cribellate species of the genus Ciniflo
Journal: Journal of the Linnaean Society (Zoology).
Volume: 43
Pages: 134-152
Keywords: En.
Spiders, predators, Araneae, physiology, behaviour, diel cycles.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2117
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1978
Title: Biological clocks in Arachnida
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 4
Issue: 4)
Pages: 184-191
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, predators, mites, scorpions, behaviour, physiolog y, diel cycles.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3903
Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L.
Year: 1995
Title: A review of the anti-predator devices of spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 10
Issue: 3)
Pages: 81-96
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, main enemies are other spiders, interspecific predation, hyperpredation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, not yet known if enemies limit population density of spiders, abundance, population dynamics, anachoresis or hiding away in burrows and crevices, nocturnalism to avoid diurnal predators, diel cycles, crypsis, mimicry, warning colouration, ant mimicry, cocoons and retreats, stabilimenta, communal webs, fleeing, dropping, colour change, thanatosis or feigning death, web vibration, whirling and bouncing, autotomy, venoms and defensive fluids, urticating setae, warning sounds, deimatic behaviour or threat posture, eye patches etc, all in relation to vertebrate and invertebrate predators, behaviour, structure, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, spider defences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4504
Author: Cloutier, C.
Year: 1997
Title: Facilitated predation through interaction between life stages in the stinkbug predator Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour
Volume: 10(4)
Pages: 581-598
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Colorado beetle, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, inundative biological control, Canada, L4 beetle larvae are difficult for N2 Perillus nymphs to kill, but are easily killed by N5. In lab experiments and field observations N2 found to eat at L4 larvae killed by N5, without interference from N5. In 5% of more than 5000 field observations Perillus occurred in groups and communal feeding involving nymphs of different sizes was seen in the field. Survival of N2 was better if N5 was also present on beetle-infested plants. There was a high emigration rate of released N2 if prey density was too low. Perillus may have an aggregation pheromone. Reference that protonymphs of Amblyseius cucumeris survive better in the presence of adults when feeding on thrips larvae. Thysanoptera, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, movement, potato, food, diet.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4217
Author: Cloutier, C.; Johnson, S. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Predation by Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae): testing for compatibility between biocontrol agents
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 477-482
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, Acari, predatory mites, hyperpredation, interactions between natural enemies, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, intraguild predation, interspecific predation, trophic behaviour, lab experiments, cucumber discs, P. persimilis exposed to Orius alone, or in the presence of Western Flower Thrips and two-spotted spider mite, Orius killed many P. persimilis even when WFT present, Orius did not prefer WFT over P. persimilis, there is a large potential for O. tristicolor to negatively affect P. persimilis in the greenhouse, glasshouse vegetables, protected crops, pests, thrips, Thysanoptera, Franklinella occidentalis, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 311
Author: Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1965
Title: Further experiments on the effects of beetle predators on the numbers of the cabbage root fly, Erioischia brassicae (Bouche) attacking brassica crops
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 56
Pages: 7-20
Keywords: En.
Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, pest, predation, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1415
Author: Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1966
Title: The effects of soil insecticides on the predators and parasites of the cabbage root fly and on the subsequent damage caused by the pest
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 57
Pages: 397-407
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Diptera, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1224
Author: Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1977
Title: Crop pest problems resulting from chemical control
Journal: Origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems, Ed. by J.M. Cherrett and G.R. Sagar, Blackwell, Oxford, UK
Pages: 313-328
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, resurgence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1230
Author: Coaker, T. H.; Mowat, D. J.; Wheatley, G. A.
Year: 1963
Title: Insecticide resistance in the cabbage root fly in Britain
Journal: Nature
Volume: 200
Pages: 664
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, UK, pesticides, Erioischia brassicae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 292
Author: Coaker, T. H.; Williams
Year: 1963
Title: The importance of some Carabidae and Staphylinidae as predators of the cabbage root fly, Erioischia brassicae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 6
Pages: 156-164
Keywords: En.
Rep, serology, precipitin test, Ouchterlony, Coleoptera, beetles, Diptera, pest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2530
Author: Cochran, P. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Optimal digestion in a batch-reactor gut: the analogy to partial prey consumption
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 50
Issue: 2)
Pages: 268-271
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1311
Author: Cock, L. J.
Year: 1976
Title: Cereal mildew - the advisers viewpoint
Journal: BASF Agricultural News
Volume: 14
Pages: 5-8
Keywords: En.
in absence of fungicides 50 million yield loss in spring barley alone would be caused by mildew, agricultural statistics, pesticides, fungal diseases, cereals, Gramineae, UK, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4221
Author: Cock, M. J. W.
Year: 1978
Title: The assessment of preference
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 47
Pages: 805-816
Keywords: En.
Rep., 8 methods assessed, Ivlev index can be used for multiple prey types, but preference values for different prey are not directly comparable unless the prey are at the same density, Rapport method based on standard prey densities is not much used, method of Manly, Miller & Cook (1972) allows for exploitation of prey during the experiment, i.e. prey densities change as prey are eaten, a simplified form, the beta index, can be used if the two prey types are present at equal densities, prey preference, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5476
Author: Cock, M.J.W.
Year: 1985
Title: The use of parasitoids for augmentative biological control of pests in the People's Republic of China
Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Volume: 6(3)
Pages: 213-223
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Keywords: Rep., units: 15 mu = 1 ha, 1 Yuan = US$0.50, Trichogramma production began in 1958, about 1 million ha of fields and forest have been treated with 20 species of Trichogramma egg parasitoid, mainly Trichogramma dendrolimi, citris, cotton, sugarcane, rice, fruit, trees, soybean, maize, apple, sugar beet, cabbage, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, Leguminosae, pests, natural enemies, review, mass rearing methods for Trichogramma described, culturing, application methods, several species of Trichogramma are released to control stem borers (Chilo spp. and Tetramoera schistaceana) of sugarcane in an effective commercial programme costing $38 per ha compared with $113 per ha for chemical insecticides, three species (T. dendrolimi, Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum) are reared and released against Pyralidae pests on rice, rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis on maize is target of large scale releases of T. dendrolimi, Trichogramma evanescens and Trichogramma ostriniae, pine defoliator caterpillars Dendrolimus spp. are target of T. dendrolimi releases, a single forestry farm can produce 500 million wasps per day, examples given of parasitoids against litchi stink bug and predator of the lac insect, and of pink bollworm in cotton storage 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2364
Author: Cocquempot, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Etude faunistique du peuplement d'Araignees des biocenoses cerealieres dans le Bassin Parisien
Journal: Thesis, University of Paris (South), France
Pages: 105pp
Keywords: Fr., no Eng. summ.
Rep., cereals, spiders, Araneae, barley, maize, arable, sugar beet, peas, beans, phenology, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2229
Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Researches on cereal biocoenoses VIII - the arachnids trapped in the Paris region
Journal: Defence des Vegetaux
Volume: 229
Pages: 300-309
Keywords: ?
Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Pardosa prativaga.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, distribution, prey, cereals, pitfalls, yellow traps, feeding on aphids and agromyzids, Homoptera, Diptera, 46 species, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, three areas, France.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2362
Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Inventaire araneologique des biocenoses cerealieres du Bassin parisien (France)
Journal: Bull. Zool. agr. Bachic. Ser II
Volume: 21
Pages: 27-43
Keywords: Fr.
Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra abundant, Milleriana inerrans rare, predator
Rep., spiders, Araneae, community, Paris Basin, 7 years, large fields, short rotations, pitfalls, yellow water traps, methods, 104 species, Linyphiidae dominant, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2363
Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Importance relative des araignees
Journal: La Defense des Vegetaux
Volume: 257 April-June 1989
Pages: 13-16
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, France, Paris Basin, 7 years, 104194 polyphgagous predators caught, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, spiders 6-44% catch in different years and greater in wheat than in other crops, cereals, arable, effects due to rotation and 1976 drought, maize has fewer spiders, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3525
Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1990
Title: Spider activity and its effect on the level of aphid populations in cereal biocenosis
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 27
Issue: 2)
Pages: 205-209
Keywords: Fr., en summ.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, France, spiders form 28% of polyphagous predators in Paris Basin, pitfalls and yellow traps, order of dominance is Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis, Entelecara graeca, Pardosa prativaga, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, phenology of capture in relation to abundance of cereal aphids, details for all above species except B.gracilis, 6 years, impact on aphids thought likely to be strongest at beginning of spring


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5213
Author: Cocuzza, G.E.; De Clercq, P.; Lizzio, S.; Van de Veire, M.; Tirry, L.; Degheele, D.; Vacante, V.
Year: 1997
Title: Life tables and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis at three constant temperatures
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 85
Pages: 189-198
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Orius albidipennis, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, longevity, laboratory, 15C, 25C, 35C, development, reproduction, life history parameters, predation on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, on Spanish pepper, 35C was close to upper reproduction threshold of O. laevigatus, intrinsic rate of increase was lowest for both species at 15C and it peaked at 25C for O. laevigatus but not for O. albidipennis, temperature, O. laevigatus was more voracious than O. albidipennis except at 35C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5212
Author: Cocuzza, G.E.; De Clercq, P.; Van de Veire, M.; De Cock, A.; Degheele, D.; Vacante, V.
Year: 1997
Title: Reproduction of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis on pollen and Ephestia kuehniella eggs
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 82
Pages: 101-104
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, longevity, laboratory, diets were flour moth eggs, pollen, and eggs + pollen, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, on Spanish pepper, O. albidipennis performed best on eggs + pollen, fecundity of O. laevigatus on pollen was less than on pollen +eggs but longevity was not affected, rearing, culturing, 23C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4663
Author: Coddington, J.A.; Young, L.H.; Coyle, F.A.
Year: 1996
Title: Estimating spider species richness in a southern Appalachian cove hardwood forest
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 24
Pages: 111-128
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species richness estimators compared, biodiversity, methods, trees, woodland, USA, aerial hand collection, ground hand collection, beating, Tullgren funnel leaf litter extraction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4931
Author: Cohen, A.C.
Year: 1995
Title: Extra-oral digestion in predaceous terrestrial Arthropoda
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 40
Pages: 85-103
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., at least 79% of terrestrial predators use extra-oral digestion, which reduces handling time and increases the efficiency of extraction of nutrients from prey, and allows small predators to consume relatively large prey that cannot be swallowed whole or ingested in pieces. It has evolved independently at least 24 times. Also called extraintestinal digestion, external digestion, preoral digestion. EOD occurs in at least some species within Protozoa, Platyhelminthes, Rhynchocoela, Rotifera, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Onychophora, Pogonophora, Sipuncula and Echinodermata. Within the Arthropoda EOD can be found in some species within the following orders; Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Solifugae, Uropygi, Amblypygi, Araneae, Acari, Chilopoda, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera (review describes EOD in some of these groups). The predator tries to recover both the prey contents and the digestive enzymes that were invested in the prey. Enzyme recovery in ground beetles is about 70%, Carabidae, Coleoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enenies. Relevance of EOD to partial consumption. Associated use of venoms to overcome the prey (and some venoms have evolved from digestive enzymes). Biochemical, morphological and histological aspects of EOD. Proteinases, lipases, hyaluronidase are often present, but most predators do not have chitinases (to avoid dissolving themselves !). In beetles EOD is best developed in Dytiscidae, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, Gyrinidae and Hydrophilidae, ladybirds, rove beetles, soldier beetles. In the Coccinellidae small larvae use EOD but older larvae and adults ingest the entire prey (i.e. including the exoskeleton). Spiders midgut branches into a complex series of gut diverticulae that reach into the legs and thoughout the prosoma. The diverticulae consist of secretory and absorptive cells. They are both a source of enzymes and a reservoir for ingested prey.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4668
Author: Cohen, A.C.
Year: 1998
Title: Biochemical and morphological dynamics and predatory feeding habits in terrestrial Heteroptera
Journal: In "Predatory Heteroptera: Their Ecology and Use in Biological Control" ed by M. Coll & J.R. Ruberson, Entomological Society of America, Maryland, USA
Pages: 21-32
Alternate Journal: In "Predatory Heteroptera: Their Ecology and Use in Biological Control" ed by M. Coll & J.R. Ruberson, Entomological Society of America, Maryland, USA
Keywords: Rep., TP, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, evolution of predation, handling times, enzymes, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Miridae, extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, Geocoris, Podisus, Nabis, Zelus, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4760
Author: Cohen, A.C.
Year: 1998
Title: Solid-to-liquid feeding: The inside(s) story of extra-oral digestion in predaceous Arthropoda
Journal: American Entomologist
Volume: 44(2)
Pages: 103-117
Alternate Journal: American Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., also called external digestion, extra-intestinal digestion and pre-oral digestion (but enzymatic tissue maceration is more accurate), is the main mode of feeding of terrestrial and freshwater predatory arthropods. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control.  Eo feeders my be able to pin-point their feeding and avoid prey chemical defences, and it also allows small predators to eat large prey. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey defences, prey size selection, prey size preference. Four categories "intact", "shredding", "reflux" and non-reflux" relate to whether the exoskeleton of the prey is macerated and whether digestive enzymes are pumped repeatedly in and out of prey, or just once. All Heteroptera are intact non-refluxers. 121/136 families of Chelicerata (Araneae and Acari) use eo digestion (some Opiliones are exceptions) and 75/105 families of Mandibulata (including Insecta and Chilopoda). Spiders, mites, harvestmen, centipedes, Myriapoda. Lycosidae are shredders but Thomisidae are intact feeders. Structural modifications (eg to mandibles, chelicerae and stylets) to fit feeding mode are described, as is the efficiency of nutrient extraction by different groups of predator. Some Chrysopidae larvae use their mouthparts to shred tissue into tiny pieces but they may use digestive enzymes too. Table of digestive enzymes used by various arthropod groups. Non-refluxers (e.g. Heteroptera and Neuroptera) have special extra-intestinal glands for enzyme production but reflexers use their gut enzymes. The process can be very fast and efficient, e.g. Zelus can liquefy and extract a large prey in 2 h. Predators that use eo digestion are predisposed to eat small numbers of large prey. Eo digesters tend to stay with a prey and consume it to completion and ignore other passing prey. They are not likely to practice wasteful killing, superfluous killing. Zelus prefers the larger Chrysoperla carnea larvae to aphids, so eo digestion is a factor affecting intraguild predation. Hemiptera, intra-guild predation, hyperpredation. Liquid artificial diets are not a good option for mass-rearing eo digesters (for various reasons, including that the concentration of nutrients is too low). Heterogeneous solids (e.g. ground liver, beef and sugar) are best; one such diet supported 130 generations of Geocoris punctipes over 14 years, methods. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4660
Author: Cohen, J.E. ; Briand, F. 
Year: 1984
Title: Trophic links of community food webs
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)
Volume: 81
Pages: 4105-4109
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)
Keywords: Rep., community ecology, trophic webs, types of trophic links, definitions, organisms with identical sets of predators and prey are trophic species, a top predator is a predator that has no predator, an intermediate species has a predator and a prey, a basal species is a prey with no prey, the mean number of trophic links is proportional to the number of trophic species, relationships between top, intermediate and basal species are quantitatively predictable and there are differences between food webs in constant and fluctuating environments, analyses based on 62 published webs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2400
Author: Cohen, J. E.; Pimm, S. L.; Yodzis, P.; Saldana, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food webs
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 67-78
Keywords: En.
Rep., in 90% cases a larger predator consumes a smaller prey, cold and warm blooded species in aquatic, terrestrial, coastal, marine systems in various parts of the world, natural enemies, biological control, predation, prey size preference, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 242
Author: Coiffait, H.
Year: 1954
Title: Les Tachinus de France
Journal: Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
Volume: 123
Pages: 43-60
Keywords: Fr.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 241
Author: Coiffait, H.
Year: 1956
Title: Les 'Staphylinus' et genres voisins de France et regions voisines
Journal: Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. (ns)A.
Volume: 5
Issue: 800)
Pages: 177-224
Keywords: Fr.
Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1218
Author: Colburn, R.; Asquith, D.
Year: 1973
Title: Tolerance of Stethorus punctum adults and larvae to various pesticides
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 66
Pages: 961-962
Keywords: En.
Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, some fungicides are toxic to certain aphid predators, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4326
Author: Cole, J. F. H.; Everett, C. J.; Wilkinson, W.; Brown, R. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Cereal arthropods and broad-spectrum insecticides
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 1
Pages: 181-188
Keywords: En.
Ref., cypermethrin, dimethoate, winter wheat, cypermethrin reduced 4-6% of species, dimethoate 9-10%, effects of autumn applications could not be detected in the following year, 3-7 ha plots, pirimicarb, pitfalls and Dvac, Carabidae, Nebria brevicollis larvae, Staphylinidae, Linyphiidae, Sitobion avenae, linyphiids were reduced by dimethoate and cypermethrin, spiders were the most vulnerable group of predators to broad-spectrum insecticides, pyrethroid, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, vacumm insect net, suction sampling, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1413
Author: Cole, J. F. H.; Wilkinson, W.
Year: 1984
Title: Selectivity of pirimicarb in cereal crops
Journal: Proceedings of BCPC - Pests and Diseases 1984
Volume: 1
Pages: 311-316
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, carbamate insecticides, Gramineae, permethrin, cypermethrin, dimethoate, organophosphorus insecticides, pyrethroids, winter wheat, pitfalls, Dvac, no effect on Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Staphylinidae reduced by dimethoate, rove beetles, Linyphiidae reduced by permethrin and dimethoate, Araneae, spiders, carabids, staphylinids and linyphiids reduced by cypermethrin and dimethoate in autumn, timing of spray applications


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5509
Author: Cole, L.J.; McCracken, D.I.; Dennis, P.; Downie, I.S.; Griffin, A.L.; Foster, G.N.; Murphy, K.J.; Waterhouse, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Relationships between agricultural management and ecological groups of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Scottish farmland 
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 93
Pages: 323-336
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., 68 carabid species, community, biodiversity, management practices, habitat selection,  polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Scotland, 61 farmland sites (40 in 1998, 21 in 1999), grassland, pasture, Gramineae, heather, set-aside, oil seed rape, cereals, vegetables, management intensity scored 0-24, methods, pitfalls, ten ecological traits used were length, overwintering stage, life cycle duration, food of adult, diel activity pattern, breeding season, emergence season, main perioid of seasonal activity, wing morphology (brachypterous, apterous, macropterous, dimorphic), locomotion method (runner, pusher, digger), most of these traits were also subdivided giving a total of 27 attributes, multivariate analysis used to group carabid species objectively on the basis of their ecological traits,  Appendix listing attribute codes (1-4; e.g. 1 for length  is <5mm, 4 is >15mm) for each trait for each species, weightings were applied to some traits, detrended correspondence analysis DCA, fuzzy clustering, the analysis organised species into 7 ecological groups, significant relationships were found between ecological groupings and habitat types, the ecological group fingerprint of a site varied according to management intensity, e.g. diurnal plant feeders, ecological groups cut across taxonomic boundaries and contained species from more than one genus, composition of groups was determined mainly by size, diel activity and diet
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4068
Author: Colebourn, P. H.
Year: 1974
Title: The influence of habitat structure on the distribution of Araneus diadematus Clerck
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 43
Pages: 401-409
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, limestone pavement, heathland, heather, grikes, density, relocation experiments, lack of competition for grike spaces, spiders, Araneae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat selection, habitat preferences, web-site choice behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 652
Author: Colebourne, P. H.
Year: 1974
Title: The influence of habitat structure on the distribution of Araneus diadematus Clerck
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 43
Pages: 401-409
Keywords: En.
Rep. spiders, Araneae, predators, Argiopidae, Araaeidae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4966
Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Predation on immature parasitoids and its impact on aphid suppression
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 126
Pages: 292-304
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., intraguild predation is capable of producing diverse impacts on biological control of herbivorous pests (sometimes stabilising, sometimes disrupting, IGP, intra-guild predation, USA, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, cotton, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, natural enemies, Hippodamia convergens, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, predators eat aphid mummies, manipulative field experiment and laboratory prey preference experiment, methods, effect of hyperparasitoids. Treatments in the field were a) aphids only in small cage, b) aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (achieved by fine mesh cage windows which excluded ladybirds but allowed parasitoids in and out), c) aphids and all natural enemies (coarse mesh), d) uncaged control. Toxic bait was used to kill ants in cages. Parasitoids significantly reduced rate of aphid increase compared with aphid-only cages (although parasitism did not exceed 10%), but there was significantly more reduction when both ladybirds and parasitoids were allowed into the cage. Mummy predation was 98-100% by the end of the experiment.  Hyperparasitism increased throughout the experiment which ran for about a month. Plant biomass was significantly less in the aphids-only treatment than in the other treatments, damage, yield. In the lab H. convergens ate both live and mummified aphids but significantly preferred the latter, prey preference, prey selection. In this system predators added to pest suppression rather than inhibiting it through IGP, the combination of predators and parasitoids resulted in fewer pests and more cotton biomass, natural enemy interactions.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5457
Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D.
Year: 2000
Title: The evaluation of biological control of spider mites
Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA January 2000, Ed. by Dugger P. & Richter, D., National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA
Volume: 2
Pages: 1151-1157
Alternate Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA January 2000, Ed. by Dugger P. & Richter, D., National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA
Keywords: Rep., pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, conservation biological control, western flower thrips as a predator, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, Orius tristicolor, Geocoris pallens, Geocoris punctipes, methods, field enclosures, generalist predators suppressed Tetranychus 76-99%, cage experiments and insecticide manipulation experiments, acephate, pesticides, suppression of mites by thrips sometimes led to increased cotton yields (non-significant), predators significantly reduced and mites significantly increased by acephate
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5018
Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D.; Hsu, C.L.
Year: 1998
Title: Evaluation of predaceous mite releases for spider mite management
Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Diego, California, USA, 5-9 January 1998
Volume: 2
Pages: 976-982
Alternate Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Diego, California, USA, 5-9 January 1998
Keywords: Rep., pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, cotton, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Galendromus occidentalis, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, methods, inundative releases, augmentative biological control,  individual plants were caged and treatments were spider mites (control), spider mites plus G. occidentalis, spider mites plus F. occidentalis, all three. Spider mites were significantly reduced (but not controlled) 38-47% by predatory mites but not by thrips. In a second experiment individual leaves were caged and predatory Heteroptera was added in addition to spider mites thrips and predatory mites, Orius tristicolor, Anthocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris pallens, Geocoridae, the heteropterans caused a significant reduction in predatory mites, spider mites were significantly reduced compared with controls, the effect of G. occidentalis + O. tristicolor was additive, G. occidentalis + Geocoris was not, G. occidentalis reproduced on spider mites on cotton, although intraguild predation reduced G. occidentalis persistence it did not prevent spider mite suppression, intra-guild predation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6004
Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D.; Hsu, C.L.
Year: 2003
Title: Interactions between the augmentatively released predaceous mite Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and naturally occurring generalist predators
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32(4)
Pages: 840-852
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., augmentative biological control, conservation biological control, natural enemies, pests, in the absence of polyphagous predators G. occidentalis suppressed spider mites on cotton, although polyphagous Heteroptera predators killed G. occidentalis they also improved spider mite control by consuming spider mites too, intraguild predation, IGP, Anthocoridae, Orius tristicolor, Lygaeidae, Geocoris pallens, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris atricolor, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus turkestani, cage and open field experiments in USA cotton, sweeping and removal of leaves followed by leaf washing, methods, F. occidentalis did not affect abundance of G. occidentalis but Orius and Geocoris reduced G. occidentalis from 3.7 per cage to 0 - 0.8 per cage, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5540
Author: Colgan, D.J.; Brown, S.; Major, R.E.; Christie, F.; Gray, M.R.; Cassis, G.
Year: 2002
Title: Population genetics of wolf spiders of fragmented habitat in the wheat belt of New South Wales
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 11
Pages: 2295-2305
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Australia, cereals, Gramineae, methods, remant cypress pine woodland, trees, forests, conifers, DNA techniques, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, morphospecies (no identifications given), reference to rapid re-ballooning by Argiope trifasciata, aerial dispersal, aeronauts, despite habitat fragmentation no widespread genetic effects due to this were found,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4666
Author: Coll, M.
Year: 1996
Title: Feeding and ovipositing on plants by an omnivorous insect predator
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 105(2)
Pages: 214-220
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., TP., omnivory, Orius insidiosus, oviposition behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, survival, fecundity, population dynamics, bean, Leguminosae, tomato, pepper
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4517
Author: Coll, M  ; Bottrell, D.G.
Year: 1991
Title: Microhabitat and resource selection of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its natural enemies in Maryland field corn.
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20(2)
Pages: 526-533
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Coleomegilla maculata and Orius insidiosus feed on corn borer eggs and larvae and also on corn pollen and silk, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, methods, blacklight traps for cornborer, destructive sampling of plants, overwintered Orius colonise in June, peak nymphs coincided with corn pollen shedding, silk production and peak density of cornborer eggs and larvae, adults of C. maculata appeared at this time also, Orius eats thrips and aphids early in season then switches to corn pollen, alternative food, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4403
Author: Coll, M.; Bottrell, D. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Mortality of European corn borer larvae by natural enemies in different corn microhabitats
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 2
Issue: 2)
Pages: 95-103
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Ostrinia nubilalis, cereals, maize, Gramineae, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation especially by Orius insidiosus was an important larval mortality factor but parasitism was not, population dynamics, parasitoids, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, biological control linked to alternative arthropod prey and pollen food sources, mortality of larvae in whorls and leaf axils was 72-80% cf 53% for larvae concealed in ears, vertical distribution, predators killed c. 33% of 2nd generation 1st instar larvae in axils and ears and c. 41% OF 1ST instar 1st generation larvae in whorls, predators were the main mortality factor for larvae in ears, other factors also killed larvae in exposed microhabitats of whorls and leaf axils, predator population peaks coincided with corn pollen-shedding when they fed on both pollen and 2nd generation borer larvae, it is the older 2nd generation larvae that bore into the stalks and ears, corn borer neonates also feed on corn pollen as does Coleomegilla maculata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, predator exclusion cages were used to estimate mortality due to predators, large mesh cages cf controls suggested that predation was by small predators, of which O. insidiosus was the only common species, most predation in stems was by non-sucking predators such as Carabidae, ants, spiders, fungus beetles, and birds, ground beetles, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Aves, Vertebrata, parasitised corn borer larvae continue to feed and develop and may change microhabitats, dispersal, migration, movement, moribund pests, O. insidiosus in corn feeds on thrips, aphids and eggs and young larvae of corn borer, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4995
Author: Coll, M.; Gavish, S.; Dori, I.
Year: 2000
Title: Population biology of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in two potato cropping systems in Israel
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 90
Pages: 309-315
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, moths were caught in pheromone traps, parasitoids, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, most abundant predators were Coccinella 7-punctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Orius albidipennis and four ant species, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Solanaceae, rearing out of larvae for parasitoids, methods, Petri dish feeding studies in lab, all the above species attacked and consumed larvae, adult ladybirds and late larvae of lacewings attacked all stages of the pest (except eggs), field experiment using predator exclusion cages, significantly fewer larvae were recovered from uncaged plants compared with caged ones, impact on pest population, 17% survived on uncaged plants compared with 96% on caged plants, the authors attribute about 80% of larval mortality to predation, up to 40% of larvae were parasitised
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5350
Author: Coll, M.; Guershon, M.
Year: 2002
Title: Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: mixing plant and prey diets
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 47
Pages: 267-297
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, omnivores, herbivores, biological control, pests, more than 40 insect families of 12 orders include at least one omnivorous species, intraguild omnivory occurs where the omnivore and its prey feed on the same host plant, morphological traits, digestive enzymes, foraging behaviour, switching to predation when plant availability or quality declines, phylogenetic traits, omnivory has appeared independently in different groups at different times, no generalisation such as predation evolved from omnivory is possible, animal food to supplement plant food usually enhances reproduction, population dynamics, life history processes, omnivory allows persistence in a habitat when one of the food types becomes scarce, it can also enable avoidance or reduction of interspecific competition, it can also reduce competition by intraguild predation (e.g. thrips feeding on eggs of their spider mite competitors), IGP, interactions between natural enemies. Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae,  presence of plant products (such as pods) may reduce the predation efficiency of individual omnivores but increase overall predation pressure on a pest because the omnivore population is more numerous and remains longer, complex food webs that contain omnivory are now considered to be more stable than simpler trophic webs, omnivorous predators may cause direct feeding damage to crop plants, partial plant resistance could be detrimental to omnivores if they cannot deactivate toxins, but it could also cause them to switch to predation of pests on the semi-resistant plant
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4665
Author: Coll, M.; Izraylevich, S.
Year: 1997
Title: When predators also feed on plants: effects of competition and plant quality on omnivore-prey population dynamics
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 90(2)
Pages: 155-161
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, omnivory, Orius displaces its thrips prey from plants, pests, Thysanoptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, model, population dynamics, tritrophic interactions, food webs, trophic webs, intraguild predators competing with their prey for plant resources
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2711
Author: Collatz, K. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Structure and function of the digestive tract
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 229-238
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5250
Author: Collier, T.R.; Hunter, M.S.
Year: 2001
Title: Lethal interference competition in the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia sophia
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 129
Pages: 147-154
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, Bemisia tabaci, USA, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, both species can suppress progeny production (50-92%) of the other using multiparasitism and host feeding on parasitised hosts, rearing on greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, laboratory experiments on cotton plants, methods, host dissections to distinguish eggs of the two parasitoid species, behavioural observations, lethal intraspecific interference competition was also studied, natural enemy interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2032
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1918
Title: A short summary of our knowledge of the frit fly
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 5
Pages: 81-96
Keywords: En.
Rep.(extract), Diptera, pests, Chloropidae, Oscinella frit, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, review, lists parasitoids and predators, natural enemies, biological control, Miris dolabratus is a predator (obscure Russian reference; not in Kloet & Hincks - could it be Leptoterna dolabrata), Coccinellidae and a pathogenic fungus kill the larvae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, insect disease, in Russia 16-21% of frit pupae were parasitised


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2080
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1945
Title: The British species of Opomyzidae (Diptera)
Journal: Ent. Rec.
Volume: 57
Pages: 13-16
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, cereals, grass, Gramineae, UK, keys, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2079
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1946
Title: The British genera and species of Oscinellinae (Diptera, Chloropidae)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 97
Issue: 5)
Pages: 117-148
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pests, Oscinella frit, frit fly, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2081
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1947
Title: The British genera of Trypetidae (Diptera) with notes on a few species
Journal: Ent. Rec.
Volume: 59
Issue: Suppl. 1-14, Corr. 36
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, keys, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2073
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1958
Title: A short synopsis of the British Scatophagidae (Diptera)
Journal: Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 13
Pages: 37-56
Keywords: En.
UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scathophagidae, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, structure, classification, dung flies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2072
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1961
Title: British Flies, Vol. VI, Empididae
Journal: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: En.
Rep., Book, , Tachydromyia, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, keys, structure, identifications, taxonomy, structure, systematics, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2070
Author: Collin, J. E.
Year: 1966
Title: The British species of Chamaemyia Mg. (Octhiphila Fln.)(Diptera)
Journal: Trans. Soc. Br. Ent.
Volume: 17
Pages: 121-128
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, Chameamyiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1924
Author: Collingwood, C. A.
Year: 1964
Title: The identification and distribution of British ants. I
Journal: Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 16
Issue: 3)
Pages: 93-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., revised key to UK species, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5715
Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Effects of different grass treatments used to create overwintering habitat for predatory arthropods on arable farmland
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 96
Pages: 59-67
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, habitat diversification, beetle banks, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, conservation biological control, grasses tested were Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Festuca rubra and Cynosurus cristatus, single-grass-species banks created in 1993 and sampled 1995-1998, methods, handsorted soil samples, species composition, table of density of 27 species of ground beetle and 25 species of spider and 2 species of rove beetle in each bank, abundance, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, greatest predator density was in A. elatius and D. glomerata, Tachyporus hypnorum was the dominant species, community, UK, one of the main aims of beetle banks is to reduce field size to enable predators that disperse by walking (e.g. Demetrias atricapillus and Agonum dorsale) to colonise more easily in the spring, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape,  beetle banks receive a grant (600 per ha) under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5751
Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 2003
Title: A 5-year comparison of overwintering polyphagous predator densities within a beetle bank and two conventional hedgebanks
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 143
Pages: 63-71
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, UK, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, abundance, densities in the beetle bank were similar to or greater than those in hedgebanks but densities varied between years more strongly in the beetle banks, conservation biological control, grassy ridges, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus, Gramineae, beetle banks are included in the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, clay soil (previous studies of beetle banks all on chalky soils), methods, handsorting soil samples, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, staphylinids were dominant in all studied habitats, Aleocharinae, Tachyporus densities given, 21 carabid species dominated by Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion obtusum, 12 spider species, species list of 56 species, species composition, community, beetle banks are also good habitats for skylarks and harvest mice, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, distribution, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5541
Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M.; Chaney, K.
Year: 2002
Title: Influence of beetle banks on cereal aphid predation in winter wheat
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 93
Pages: 337-350
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, habitat diversification, habitat modification, farming practices, methods, exclusion barriers, pitfalls, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, aphid numbers were 34% higher in reduced-predator enclosures than in control areas during the aphid peak, predation decreased with increasing distance away from the beetle bank, conservation biological control, Sitobion avenae, winter wheat, beetle bank sown with grasses, species lists of predators caught, species composition, this is the first reported evidence of a beetle bank reducing aphid populations, gives economics of beetle banks in relation to insecticide costs, pesticides, and discusses contribution of beetle banks to farmland biodiversity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4427
Author: Collins, K. L.; Wilcox, A.; Chaney, K.; Boatman, N. D.
Year: 1996
Title: Relationship between polyphagous predator density and overwintering habitat within arable field margins and beetle banks
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1996, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 635-640
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Carabidae, Araneae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, predator density in a 3- year-old beetle bank was as high during winter as in nearby hedge banks, soil cores, overwintering abundance, habitat selection, grassland, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5120
Author: Collins, K.L.; Wilcox, A.; Chaney, K.; Boatman, N.D.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 1997
Title: The influence of beetle banks on aphid population predation in winter wheat
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 50
Pages: 341-346
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, cereals, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predator exclusion plots set up at four distances away from the beetle bank, methods, farming practices, polythene barrier exclosures, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, predation of placed out aphids was monitored, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, were all significantly less abundant inside exclosure plots, no significant difference in placed out aphid numbers between exclosures and controls (except on one sampling occasion), but natural aphid populations were significantly greater within exclosures, there were significantly more aphids 83 m away from the beetle bank than 8 m away, distribution, predators were probably migrating from the bank and reducing aphids, dispersal, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2928
Author: Collins, R. T.; Dash, B. K.; Agarwala, R. S.; Dhal, K. B.
Title: An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals
Journal: Who
Keywords: Rep., methods, details of gel diffusion methods up to 1975, serology, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1229
Author: Collyer, E.
Year: 1953
Title: Insect population balance and chemical control of pests: predators of the fruit tree and red spider mite
Journal: Chem. and Ind.
Volume: ?
Pages: 1044-1046
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, pests, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, orchards


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1957
Author: Collyer, E.
Year: 1953
Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. III. Further predators of the mite
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science, London
Volume: 28
Pages: 98-113
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, UK, Thrips tabaci will eat mites as will Coccinella 7-punctata larvae, life histories of predatory bugs, Thysanoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1958
Author: Collyer, E.
Year: 1953
Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. II. some important predators of the mite
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science, London
Volume: 28
Pages: 85-97
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, UK, 45 species feeding on mite, but only very few effective species, life history and feeding by Anthocoris nemorum and other bugs, Thrips tabaci is a predator, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1975
Author: Collyer, E.
Year: 1953
Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. IV. The predator-mite relationship
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume: 28
Pages: 246-259
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Tetranychidae, Acari, trees, top fruit, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 373
Author: Colyer, C. N.
Year: 1952
Title: Notes on the life histories of the British species of Phalacrotophora Enderlein (Dipt., Phoridae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 88
Pages: 135-129
Keywords: En.
Rep, Diptera, parasites, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1997
Author: Comins, H. N.; Hassell, M. P.; May, R. M.
Year: 1992
Title: The spatial dynamics of host-parasitoid systems
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 61
Pages: 735-748
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, parasitoids, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, models, in each generation proportions of host and parasitoid in each patch move to adjacent patches, constant host reproduction rate, density in 2D array gives spiral waves or chaos or crystal lattice or extinction, probability of extinction increases with reduction in size of array, results insensitive to details of interaction, cellular automaton gives same results


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2112
Author: Comstock, J. H.; Gertsch, W. J.
Year: 1940
Title: The Spider Book
Journal: Doubleday & Doran, New York.
Pages: 729 pp
Keywords: Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2339
Author: Conley, M. R.
Year: 1985
Title: Predation versus resource limitation in survival of adult burrowing wolf spiders
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 67
Issue: 1)
Pages: 71-75
Keywords: En.
Geolycosa rafaelana, Paracyphononyx funereus
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, non-reproducing females, USA, desert, methods, marking with fluorescent paint, food added in some plots and density reduced in others, Pompilidae, parasitism, 65% winter mortality, survivorship, burrow dweller, live four years, predation assumed, predator.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4162
Author: Connell, J. H.
Year: 1983
Title: On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 122
Pages: 661-696
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, 527 experiments covering 215 species, competition found in about half of the species and 2/5 of the experiments, but inter- and intraspecific competition were not usually separated, where they were separated interspecific competition was the stronger in 75% of experiments, marine organisms and large organisms showed more competition than terrestrial or small, competition was usually assymmetrical, amensalism, experimental design, practical problems, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2421
Author: Conrady, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Ecological studies on the effect of pesticides on the animal community of a meadow
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 29
Issue: 4)
Pages: 273-284
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5218
Author: Constant, B.; Grenier, S.; Bonnot, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Artificial subsrate for egg laying and embryonic development by the predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 7
Pages: 140-147
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, rearing, culturing, food, diet, trophic behaviour, France, greenhouse, glasshouse, protected crops, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Aleyrodidae, comparison of rearing on tobacco and artficial substrates, life history parameters, Parafilm, methods, fed on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, 22C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4830
Author: Constantineanu, I.; Constantineanu, R.
Year: 1996
Title: Contributions of entomophagous predator insects in limiting the outbreak of Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae)
Journal: Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale
Volume: 41(1)
Pages: 69-77
Alternate Journal: Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale
Keywords: Rep., Romania, trees, forest, oak woodland, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, gypsy moth, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, large investigation of 14 woods over 13 years, direct in situ visual observation in the field, methods, EGG clusters were attacked by adults and larvae of dermestid beetles Dermestes erichsoni and Dermestes lardarius, and by larvae of the ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta, and Heteroptera adults, oophagy, the mites, Trombidium, Trombidiidae used  holes made in eggs by predators as shelter sites, gives the life cycle of the predators, Dermestes also feeds on dead larvae and pupae killed by polyhedrosis virus, foraging behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding, necrophagy, 36% of 2695 egg clusters were attacked by predators, D. erichsoni attacked 13 - 32% of eggs, in some other oak woods 42% of 6911 egg clusters were attacked by predators, there were fewer egg predators in woods sprayed with insecticide than in unsprayed woods or those treated with patogens, microbial pesticides, NPV, nucleopolyhedrosis virus, dermestid larvae that had been feeding on virus-killed caterpillars moved to feed on gypsy moth egg clusters and may thus help to disseminate the virus, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, pathogen dissemination. LARVAE and PUPAE were attacked by Calosoma sycophanta larvae at 15-20 caterpillars per day, consumption rates, predation rates in the field, it kills more than it eats, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, gives life cycle of C. sycophanta, it feeds during day and night, diel cycles, they are more active near the base of the tree, destroying about 70% of the pupae there, adults can climb right into the crown catch a caterpillar and fall with it to the ground to eat it there, vertical migration, jackdaws also ate pupae, the earwig Forficula auricularia was observed to eat dead pupae but not live ones. ADULT female moths, hardly mobile because of being gravid, were seen to be attacked by larvae of C. sycophanta and Siplha carinata. Coleoptera, Dermestidae, Carabidae, Acari, Dermaptera, Aves, Vertebrata
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1314
Author: Cook, R. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Decision making in cereal disease control
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monographs 25
Pages: 133-141
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, UK, % crops treated with fungicide 1972-81, winter wheat 80% in 1981, results of farmers opinions, 97% farmers considered yield a very important feature of a cultivar, Gramineae, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4289
Author: Cook, S. P.; Smith, H. R.; Hain, F. P.; Hasting, F. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae by invertebrates at low small mammal population densities
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1234-1238
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, invertebrate predation decreased with increasing small mammal density, the native generalist predator complex showed no time lag in accepting Lymantria dispar pupae as a new food item, trees, forests, woodland, freeze-dried pupae were put out at 6 sites including sites where Gypsy Moth was absent, predation occurred on the first night of exposure, main invertebrate predators were ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, various mice, shrews and voles which are known to eat pupae were present, Vertebrata, Mammalia, total predation was 63-78%, invertebrate predation was 0.5 - 26%, the negative relationship between invertebrate and vertebrate predation might be because vertebrates get there first or because vertebrate damage to the pupa masks evidence of previous invertebrate predation, hardwood, especially oak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2109
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Title: The biology of the spider genus Dysdera
Journal: Natur und Museum
Volume: 95
Pages: 179-184
Keywords: Dysdera crocata, Dysdera erythrina.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 579
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1965
Title: Systematic aspects of the external morphology of Dysdera crocata and Dysdera erythrina
Journal: Acta Zoologica
Volume: XLV1
Keywords: En.
Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, Dysderidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2107
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1965
Title: Spider genus Dysdera
Journal: Nature.
Volume: 205
Pages: 1027
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2108
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1965
Title: A contribution to the biology of the British spiders belonging to the genus Dysdera
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 16
Pages: 20-25
Keywords: En.
Dysdera crocata, Dysdera erythrina.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2173
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1965
Title: The identification of females of the British species of Erigone (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 101
Pages: 195-196
Keywords: En.
Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis
Rep., spiders, predators, structure, taxonomy, systematics, key


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 580
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1966
Title: Synopsis of the structure and function of the genitalia in Dysdera crocata
Journal: Senckenbergiana biologica.
Volume: 47
Keywords: En.
Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, Dysderidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 654
Author: Cooke, J. A. L.
Year: 1968
Title: Factors affecting the distribution of some spiders of the genus Dysdera
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 103
Pages: 221-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, woodlice, Isopoda, Dysderidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2199
Author: Coombes, D. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator of cereal aphids
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Pages: 191 p
Keywords: En.
Rep(Lit.Bk), predators, beetles, biology, overwintering - low soil moisture, poor dispersal out from boundaries, distribution, behaviour, methods, strawburning effect, absolute density, quadrats, Dvac, dissectio n, consumption, foraging, quantifying predation, detection periods, digestion rates, temperature, crop volume index, alternative food, Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Cecidomyiidae, consumption rates in laboratory and field, diel activity, 24 hour sweeping, video observations, activity peaks dawn and dusk, plant climbing, time spent on ground, proportion of aphid population on plant and ground, ground search, soil washing, aphid distribution edge versus middle, dead aphids on ground and in spiders webs, aphids took 7 min to return to plant during daytime


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 888
Author: Coombes, D. S.
Title: Personal communication to Paul Sopp; factors limiting effectiveness of Demetrias atricapillus
Keywords: Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetle, aphid, pest, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predator, female consumption is 80% higher than male in June, in April male eats more aphids than female, July female 15% more, main prey till late May is Diptera, up to 60% contained aphid remains in May-June (cf up to 30% male), low abundance of beetles in mid-field, slow dispersal from boundary, low male feeding rate, low activity after aphid arrival, distribution, synchronisation, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 925
Author: Coombes, D. S.
Year: 1986
Title: The predatory potential of polyphagous predators in cereals in relation to timing of dispersal and aphid feeding
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague, and Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht
Pages: 429-434
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Dvac, UK, Bembidion lampros began dispersing before late March, Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus hypnorum from mid-April, Tachyporus chrysomelinus from late April, B.lampros and D.atricapillus showed a wave of dispersal, dispersal period was c. 40 days, rapid colonisation by Tachyporus - no wave, at aphid immigration in late May Demetrias mainly at 5m from edge, Tachyporus evenly over field, by mid-June all predators evenly dispersed, dissection of Demetrias, same amount of food in male and female in April then males ate less but females at same level until July, feeding in August by callows, food mainly Cecidomyiidae and Mycetophilidae until June, 60% females ate aphid early June, at this time aphid density less than 20 per sq m so very effective at finding aphids, aphid feeding continued until late July, predator density never less at edge than middle, predator:prey ratio more than 1:1 in April/May for 3/4 species, biological control, dispersal, distrbution, behaviour, phenology, gut dissection, feeding, foraging, diet, consumption, sex differences, Diptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, aphid feeding at low aphid density, effectiveness of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 818
Author: Coombes, D. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of Demetrias atricapillus (L.)(Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator of cereal aphids
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Litbk., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, Gramineae, biology, overwintering in low moisture soil, microclimate, dispersal out poor, distribution, migration, movement, strawburning effect, absolute density, 24 hour Dvac, suction sampler, methods, gut dissection, consumption rate on aphids at ambient 1.8 times at constant temperature, detection periods in relation to temperature, digestion rates, trophic behaviour, foraging, crop volume index (CVA), correlations between CVA and number of small aphids eaten at various temperatures used to estimate consumption rates in field, 7 aphids per beetle per day, this could stop an aphid population increasing, diel activity using video, peaks at dawn and dusk, plant climbing observations, behaviour, spent more time on ground at high aphid density, 14% aphids were on ground, vertical stratification, horizontal aphid distribution, ground search and soil washing for aphids, aphids took 6-7 min to return to plant during day


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2774
Author: Coombes, D. S.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1986
Title: The dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predatory Coleoptera in cereals
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 108
Pages: 461-474
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, UK, 1981-1984, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, and Demetrias atricapillus walked from boundaries, Tachyporus probably flew, all fully dispersed by late May, more predators moving out from boundaries with higher densities, mid-field mid-summer D.atricapillus populations positive correlation with winter boundary populations, not for other species, A.dorsale mid crop mid summer numbers correlated with weed cover, not for other species, 10 years 'B' sample data showed more D.atricapillus in fields with hedgerows than those without, lines of pitfalls and gutter traps, methods, 4% formalin, Dvac, mark recapture with A.dorsale, breaking tip of elytron, soil washing for boundaries in winter, ground search in fields, plea for dispersal and timing to be taken into account in predator ranking, movement, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3303
Author: Coop, L. B.; Berry, R. E.
Year: 1986
Title: Reduction in variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) injury to peppermint by larval parasitoids
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 79
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1244-1248
Keywords: En.
Rep., variegated cutworm is Peridroma saucia, USA, economic threshold model, consumption of peppermint by larvae parasitized by Meteorus communis was reduced by 93%, estimated 34% increase in economic threshold if biocontrol by parasitoids is active, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, lima bean diet, parasitism surveys in field, lab studies of consumption rates of peppermint leaves, plant damage, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 201
Author: Coope, G. R.
Year: 1979
Title: The Carabidae of the glacial refuge in the British Isles and their contribution to the post glacial colonisation of Scandinavia and the North Atlantic Islands
Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification. (eds Erwin et al.).
Keywords: En.
Rep, cereals, ice ages, fossils, palaeontology, interglacials, distributi on, pine, spruce, forest, tundra, extinctions, invasions, ancestors, precursors


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 313
Author: Coope, G. R.; Angus, R. B.
Year: 1975
Title: An ecological study of a temperate interlude in the middle of the last glaciation, based on fossil Coleoptera from Isleworth, Middlesex
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 44
Pages: 365-391
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, palaeontology, ancient, ancestors, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 43,000 years ago, 248 species, all morphologically the same as modern species, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics, ecological associations also the same as today, south England, UK, community, temperate treeless environment, includes Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion obtusum, Pterostichus melanarius, Calathus fuscipes, Amara aenea, Harpalus rufipes, Xantholinus linearis, Tachyporus sp., Xantholinus angustatus, evidence from weeds etc in association suggests that the soil was periodically disturbed by natural processses


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 910
Author: Corbet, S. A.; Backhouse, M.
Year: 1975
Title: Aphid-hunting wasps: a field study of Passaloecus
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 127
Pages: 11-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Sphecidae, 5mm, Norfolk, marked with paint, nest in wooden boards, caught aphids on Hogweed, up to 15 m from nest, 52- 229 s for a round trip, full nest has 162 aphids, female makes 2-3 nests, Hyalopterus pruni and Aphis fabae taken, adults may feed on honeydew too, not active if cool dull, in glasshouse could collect 30 aphids/day and kill 1500 during life of 50 days, could be transported in holes at night, in wild June to September, can re-use old nests, Hymemoptera, feeding rates, distribution, behaviour, protected crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5347
Author: Corbett, A.
Year: 1998
Title: The importance of movement in the response of natural enemies to habitat manipulation
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 25-48
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., vegetational diversification, intercropping, habitat diversification, uncultivated strips in soybean as corridors for natural enemy movement, this was not successful as the corridors served as a sink for Orius insidiosus, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, other examples of diversification reducing or increasing natural enemies on crop plants, abundance, review, enhancement of natural enemies at various distances from the diversified habitat depending on species involved, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, diffusion model, diffusion coefficient is a measure of overall mobility, the diffusion constant can vary with location (e.g. .crop versus diversified habitat), this is built into a model to predict the movement of natural enemies, marking methods for movement studies, elemental markers, trace elements, rubidium, conservation biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1646
Author: Corbett, A.; Leigh, T. F.; Wilson, L. T.
Year: 1991
Title: Interplanting alfalfa as a source of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for managing spider mites in cotton
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 1
Pages: 188-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, Leguminosae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, arable, Tetranychidae, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4626
Author: Corbett, A.; Rosenheim, J.A.
Year: 1996
Title: Impact of a natural enemy overwintering refuge and its interaction with the surrounding landscape
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 155-164
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., mark-release-recapture studies. Anagrus epos (Mymaridae) are egg parasitoids of grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula (Cicadellidae) in California vineyards. Prune trees adjacent to vineyards harbour the overwintering host Edwardsiana prunicola. Anagrus in prune trees were marked with the trace element rubidium and later caught in vineyards up to 100 m distant. Refuges contributed 1-34% of Anagrus in vineyards. Natural enemies, pests, grapes, USA, Hemiptera, biological control, marking methods, migration, dispersal, distribution, movement, markers, landscape diversification, refuges, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5640
Author: Corey, D.; Kambhampati, S.; Wilde, G.
Year: 1998
Title: Electrophoretic analysis of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) feeding habits in field corn
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 71(1)
Pages: 11-17
Alternate Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Heteroptera, gel electrophoresis, isocitrate dehydrogenase, main early-season food is thrips, Thysanoptera, then later corn pollen was predominant food, omnivory, other foods included aphids, leafhoppers and Lepidoptera eggs, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, presence of a single corn borer egg in the Orius gut could be detected for 16 h, detection periods, multiple prey species (up to 3) were detected in a few individuals, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2068
Author: Cornelius, M.; Barlow, C. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Effect of aphid consumption by larvae on development and reproductive efficiency of a flower fly Syrphus corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 112
Issue: 10)
Pages: 989-992
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, behaviour, population dynamics, Metasyrphus corollae, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3965
Author: Cornell, H. V.; Hawkins, B. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Patterns of parasitoid accumulation on introduced herbivores
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 77-89
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, parasitoid complexes on introduced hosts showed lower % parasitism cf on endemic hosts, habitat type had no effect on parasitoid species richness of introduced hosts, and the disturbance of agricultural habitats did not reduce the rate of parasitoid community assembly, some introduced herbivores attract parasitoids early ie within 1 year, and others do not, parasitoids attacking introduced herbivores are often idiobionts, which are often generalists, which "kill the host outright and do not need exquisite physiological adaptation to the host's internal environment in order to develop successfully" as do koinobionts, but the period of time required for full acquisition of parasitoids, including koinobionts by some hosts is probably 100- 10,000 years, classical biological control, colonisation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 196
Author: Cornic, J. F.
Year: 1973
Title: Etude du regime alimentaire de trois especes de carabiques et de sez variations en verger de pommiers
Journal: Annls. Soc. ent. Fr.
Volume: 9
Pages: 69-87
Keywords: Fr.
Rep, orchard, apple, Carabidae, diet, food, predation, prey, gut contents, gut dissection, sex, season, empty guts, gonad development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2469
Author: Cornic, J. F.
Year: 1973
Title: Etude du regime alimentaire de trois especes de carabiques et de ses variations en verger de pommiers
Journal: Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.)
Volume: 9
Issue: 1)
Pages: 69-87
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., studies on the feeding habits of 3 species of carabid beetles and their variation in an apple orchard, France, top fruit, trees, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Pterostichus melanarius ate worms, slugs, spiders, beetle larvae, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Limacidae, Araneae, predation, feeding behaviour, food, diet, Harpalus affinis mainly phytophagous but 20-40% ate Diptera and Lepidoptera larvae in July, herbivory, Harpalus rufipes mainly carnivorous in summer and mixed feeder in autumn, variation in diet was related to ovogenesis and oviposition periods, reproductive periods, most specimens have empty crops towards end of life cycle, pest and beneficial status, Table of species and their pest prey and authors for a wide range of crops and countries, pitfalls, Figure of ovaries before, during, after reproduction, showing corpora lutea, structure, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 200
Author: Cornic, J. F.
Year: 1974
Title: Elevage de Platysma vulgare L. (Coleoptere, Carabique) et observations biologiques sur le developpement en captivite
Journal: Revue de Zoologie Agricole et de Pathologie Vegetale.
Volume: 73
Pages: 90-104
Keywords: Fr.
Pterostichus melanarius
Rep(Ent.Dept), rearing, methods culture, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4173
Author: Corrigan, J. E.; Bennett, R. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Predation by Chiracanthium mildei (Araneae, Clubionidae) on larval Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in a greenhouse
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Pages: 132-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, P.blancardella is a pest of apple in North America, top fruit, orchards, trees, forest, woodland, C.mildei occurs in Europe and N.America, it can detect the leafminer and bites through the bottom surface of the mine, Chrysopidae larvae attack through the top surface, Canada, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, food, diet, predation on immobile prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 349
Author: Cory, S. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Aspects of the Ecology of Predatory Ground and Rove Beetles as related to their pest control potential
Journal: D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford.
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Stenus, Tachinus, Nebria, Loricera pilicornis
LitBk., methods, cereals, winter wheat, beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Oxford, quadrats, ground search, pitfalls, dry pitfalls, wet pitfalls, species composition, nocturnal, diurnal, marking, mark release recapture, mark recapture, elytra, paint, enamel, survival rate, movement, dispersal, migration, densities, laboratory, feeding rates, egg predation, wasteful killing, flour moth, Lepidoptera, mean lengths, dry weights


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4371
Author: Costello, M. J.; Daane, K. M.
Year: 1998
Title: Influence of ground cover on spider populations in a table grape vineyard
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 23
Pages: 33-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat diversity, USA, spiders are dominant predators in vineyards, ground cover did not affect spider density on vines but did affect species composition, annual variation in spider density was greater than that due to treatment, greater spider diversity on the ground cover itself, ground covers were purple vetch, common vetch, barley and peas, Leguminosae, cereals, Gramineae, vine plants sampled by beating, ground covers sampled by Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, Metaphidippus, Oxyopes, Hololena, Neoscona, Cheiracanthium inclusum, more than 22 species including Erigone dentosa and Pardosa ramulosa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 604
Author: Cottenie, P.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1977
Title: Studie van de Arachnofauna in winterarwevelden (Study of the arachnofauna in fields of winter wheat)
Journal: Parasitica.
Volume: 33
Pages: 138-147
Keywords: Flemish
Rep., Araneae, predators, spiders, cereals, community, species compositio n


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2082
Author: Cotterell, G. S.
Year: 1920
Title: The life-history and habits of the yellow dung fly (Scatophaga stercoraria); a possible blow fly check
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Pages: 629-647
Keywords: En.
Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Musca domestica, Scatophagidae, Scathophagidae, Scathophaga stercoraria, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2074
Author: Coulson, J. C.; Butterfield, J.
Year: 1982
Title: The distribution and biology of Lonchopteridae (Diptera) in upland regions of northern England
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 7
Issue: 1)
Pages: 31-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., includes Lonchoptera lutea, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5741
Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Mead, A.; Whipps, J.
Year: 2002
Title: Control of Allium white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) with composted onion waste. 
Journal: Soil Biology & Biochemistry
Volume: 34
Pages: 1037-1045
Alternate Journal: Soil Biology & Biochemistry
Keywords: Rep., pathogens, disease, field vegetables, horticulture, UK, compost from onion waste stimulated S. cepivorum sclerotia to germinate and they are unable to then survive without a living host, composted waste was more effective in this respect than raw waste, this function was still operative after 1 month, this would also be a route for disposing of packhouse waste which is becoming increasingly expensive to dispose of in landfill, over 30,000 tonnes of onion waste produced annually in UK, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5742
Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Whipps, J.; Banham, H.
Year: 2002
Title: Putting waste to a good use
Journal: Grower
Volume: 137(21)
Pages: 16-17
Alternate Journal: Grower
Keywords: Rep., composted onion waste can be used to clean up white rot infested land and return it to production, Allium white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum, onion wastes cause sclerotia to germinate and they cannot survive without the living host, UK, field vegetables, horticulture, plant diseases, plant pathogens, aerated bulk composting tunnels are free of bad odours and pollution run-off, methods, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5743
Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Whipps, J.; Banham, H.
Year: 2002
Title: Waste not... and control white rot
Journal: HDC News
Volume: 86
Pages: 8-10
Alternate Journal: HDC News
Keywords: Rep., Allium white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum, can cause severe plant wilting and death, it can reduce yields to uneconomic levels in four successive years of cropping, ungerminated sclerotia can survive in soils in the absence of host plants for 20 years, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3079
Author: Cowgill, S. E.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1993
Title: The effects of weeds on the numbers of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults and the distribution and composition of their eggs in winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 123
Pages: 499-515
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, aphids, pests, UK, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, pesticides, herbicide treated cf untreated headlands, Episyrphus balteatus numbers greatest in untreated because they foraged on weed flowers, behaviour, distribution, 15 x 1 m2 quadrats for insitu recording of aphids and syrphid eggs on crop and weeds, eggs identified at least to genera using keys, reference eggs and SEM and light microscope, methods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, positive correlation between aphid density and syrphid eggs in June, Melanostoma eggs not related to aphid density, egg:aphid ratio not always greater where more weeds, biological control, farming practices, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5720
Author: Cowgill, S.E.; Wratten, S.D.; Sotherton, N.W.
Year: 1993
Title: The selective use of floral resources by the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) on farmland
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 122
Pages: 223-231
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, margins of cereal fields, Gramineae, foraging behaviour, weeds, methods, in situ visual observation, Index C of Murdoch for flower preference, E. balteatus visited 27 flower species, preferred flowers were Leontodon autumnalis, Aethusa cynapium, Daucus carota and Silene alba, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 310
Author: Cox, M. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Larvae of the British genera of chrysomeline beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Syst. Ent.
Volume: 7
Pages: 297-310
Keywords: En.
Keys, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2231
Author: Coyle, A.; Greenstone, M. H.; Hultsch, A. L.; Morgan, C. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Ballooning mygalomorphs: estimates of the masses of Sphodros and Ummidia ballooners (Araneae: Atypidae, Ctenizidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 291-296
Keywords: En.
Rep., Columbia, Missouri, USA, spiders, distribution, aerial dispersal, behaviour, soybeans, methods, vertical sticky traps, mass is not the only constraint on ballooning behaviour, habitat predictability hypothesis supported.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3853
Author: Coyle, F. A.; Goloboff, P. A.; Samson, R. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Actinopus trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Actinopodidae) killed by the fungus, Nomuraea atypicola (Deuteromycotina)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 89-93
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, Argentina, aggregation of burrowing spiders, fungal morphology, infection mode and growth, spiders killed by fungus are near burrow entrance which is atypical of dead spiders not attacked by fungus, may be adaptation for aerial dispersal of conidia, distribution, effect of pathogens on behaviour of predators, mortality, spider- killing fungi, other host records listed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2531
Author: Craig, C. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Aerial web-weaving spiders: linking molecular and organismal processes in evolution
Journal: Tree
Volume: 7
Issue: 8)
Pages: 270-273
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3966
Author: Craig, T. P.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of intraspecific plant variation on parasitoid communities
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 205-227
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, parasitoid community of gall-forming sawfly Euura lasiolepis on willow in USA, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, trees, woodland, forest, mainly by 4 parasitoid species, the parasitoid community varied (ie differences in % parasitism by each species) between individuals of the same host plant species amongst sites and over time, this was caused by aspects of the host plant and gall, such as gall thickness, ie the parasitoid community structure was controlled from the bottom up, the presence of alternative hosts affected the probability of attack on E. lasiolepis, concealed feeders such as gallers, shoot borers, fruit and seed feeders, leafminers and leafrollers are very numerous and many are pests in forestry and agriculture, intraspecific plant variation may be an important factor structuring the parasitoid communities of such concealed feeders, biological control, tritrophic interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2527
Author: Crane, E.; Walker, P.
Year: 1985
Title: Important honeydew sources and their honeys
Journal: Bee World
Volume: 66
Issue: 3)
Pages: 105-112
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2110
Author: Crane, J.
Year: 1948
Title: Comparative biology of salticid spiders at Rancho Grande, Venezuela
Journal: Zoologica.
Volume: 33-35
Keywords: Araneae, predators, Salticidae, South America


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1338
Author: Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1971
Title: Acaricidal action of fungicides
Journal: Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1971
Pages: 133
Keywords: En.
pesticides, acaricides, Acari, mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1339
Author: Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1982
Title: Resistance to organophosphates, and the genetic background, in fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, from English apple orchards
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 100
Pages: 11-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, trees, top fruit, insecticide resistance, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1340
Author: Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1982
Title: Resistance to binapacryl and tetradifon, and the genetic background, in fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, from English apple orchards
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 100
Pages: 25-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticide resistance, trees, top fruit, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5246
Author: Crawford, R.L.
Year: 1985
Title: Mt. St. Helens and spider biogeography
Journal: Proceedings of the Washington State Entomological Society
Volume: 46
Pages: 700-702
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Washington State Entomological Society
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, USA, volcano erupted in 1980, spiders collected by pitfalls, barrier flight traps, hand collection, sweeping, collections at control sites unaltered by eruption and at a severely affected site covered with volcanic ash, 59 species in control site, Drassodes sp. and the introduced Lepthyphantes tenuis were collected from sites affected by the eruption, at the eruption sites 43 species were collected of which 34 are known ballooners, many immigrants perished but some survived for a few months on windblown insects, they did not seem to reproduce or overwinter, from this it appears that all spiders at the site had ballooned or been blown in, Padosa spp. Erigone spp., Enoplognatha ovata, Theridion bimaculatum, Metaphidippus and others, 17 spiders per ten pitfall days were caught at the eruption site which was similar to the 20 at the control site, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, aeronauts, colonisation, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2200
Author: Crawford, R. L.; Edwards, J. S.
Year: 1986
Title: Ballooning spiders as a component of arthropod fallout on snowfields of Mount Rainier, Washington, USA
Journal: Arctic and Alpine Research
Volume: 18
Issue: 4)
Pages: 429-437
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, transects, quadrats, aerial dispersal, altitude, species composition, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Linyphiidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4071
Author: Crawford, R. L.; Sugg, P. M.; Edwards, J. S.
Year: 1995
Title: Spider arrival and preliminary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 133
Issue: 1)
Pages: 60-75
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, aerial dispersal, distribution, aerial migration, movement, colonisation, immigration, biogeography, in 1981-1986 ballooning spiders were 23% of aerial arthropods which were at density of 105 per m2 in summer, 125 species, 50% were Linyphiidae, species composition, community, virgin land, volcano, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5190
Author: Crawford, R.L.; Sugg, P.M.; Edwards, J.S.
Year: 1995
Title: Spider arrival and primary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 133
Pages: 60-75
Alternate Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, distribution, ballooning, aeronauts, USA, eruption in 1980 which sterilised 80 km2, 1981-86 there were 14324 spiders of  9 families and 125 species (and 105 spiders per m2 = 91 mg per m2) which was 23% of windblown arthropod fallout (53% Diptera, 23% other insects), density, abundance, Linyphiidae were 34% of individuals and 50% of species, by 1986 two lycosid and four linyphiid species (three were Erigone) had established reproducing populations near vegetation patches, pitfalls, hand searching, flight traps, deposition traps, the proportion of Lycosidae increased with time, immigration rates of 1 per m2 per day by some spider species were common, Lepthyphantes tenuis was the most abundant species in the samples, L. tenuis is an introduced species as are Enoplognatha ovata, Enoplognatha latimana and Theridion bimaculatum, L. tenuis was the most successful at establishing populations, the author warns that high immigration rates from considerable distances (at least 50 km) was occurring here and that the ecological significance of this will have been ignored or underestimated in other habitats because of inability to measure it
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1990
Author: Crawley, M. J.
Year: 1990
Title: The population dynamics of plants
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 125-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., short-lived species with recruitment determined by germination and disturbance not amenable to current models, some species too long-lived to know about their population dynamics, populations are regulated by density dependent processes, less variation in numbers when densities are high, few show persistent cyclic or chaotic dynamics, fecundity of a genotype can vary phenotypically by 4 orders of magnitude, can get pollinator limitation of plant density, seed eaters can determine dominant tree species in forests, herbivores, phytophages, theoretical


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3297
Author: Crawley, M. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Natural enemies: the population biology of predators, parasites and diseases
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 592 pp
Keywords: En.
In. Lib., includes population dynamics of natural enemies and their prey, foraging theory, predatory arthropods, natural enemies and community dynamics, biological control, prey defense and predator foraging, parasitoids, pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3904
Author: Crawley, M. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Population dynamics of natural enemies and their prey
Journal: In "Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 40-89
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., for generalist predators the dynamics of the predator can be considered to be uncoupled from that of any one prey species, fixed number predation results in highly unstable prey population equilibrium either increasing fast or being driven to extinction, fixed proportion predation, random proportion predation, functional response, generalist predators can regulate prey at low densities if they have sigmoid Type II functional responses, trophic behaviour, foraging, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, density-dependent predation can be achieved by switching to abundant prey or aggregating in prey-rich areas or by the prey having a fixed number of refuges, prey refuges, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, random or Poisson search, aggregated or negative binomial search, dynamics of coupled predator- prey systems, numerical response, mutual interference, examples for vertebrates, ladybirds and aphids, need to consider a very large spatial scale and it is very weather dependent, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5748
Author: Criner, G.K.; Allen, T.G.; Schatzer, R.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Compost economics: production and utilization in agriculture
Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 241-260
Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, 210 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in USA in 1996, MSW, EPA estimated that composting can handle 30-60% of a community's waste stream, EPA estimated market size for compost in agriculture is 684 million cubic metres and there is currently less than 2% market penetration, food crop production uses a quarter of compost produced, compost production systems, windrow composting can take 4-18 months, aerated static piles can produce compost in 2-20 weeks, in-vessel composting, odours, leachate, pathogens and heavy metals, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5542
Author: Crist, T.O.; Ahern, R.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of habitat patch size and temperature on the distribution and abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an old field
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(4)
Pages: 681-689
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, USA, dispersal, migration, movement, grass, Gramineae, mown and unmown patches of three sizes, pitfalls, large open areas as well as vegetation patches were important to beetles such as Harpalus pensylvanicus, Pterostichus atratus and Calathus opaculus depending on season, these three species showed the same pattern of distribution and abundance across treatments and months and this may have been a response to preferred temperature, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1226
Author: Critchley, B. R.
Year: 1968
Title: Study of Carabidae of arable land with special reference to effects of soil-applied pesticides
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1225
Author: Critchley, B. R.
Year: 1972
Title: Field investigations on the effects of an organophosphorus pesticide, thionazin, on predaceous Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 62
Pages: 327-342
Keywords: En.
insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1227
Author: Critchley, B. R.
Year: 1972
Title: A laboratory study of the effects of some soil-applied organophosphorus pesticides on Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 62
Pages: 229-242
Keywords: En.
ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4359
Author: Croft, B. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Biological control of apple mites by a phytoseiid mite complex and Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae): long- term effects and impact of azinphosmethyl on colonisation by Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1317-1325
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trees, pests, USA, apple field plots, Typhlodromus pyri, Metaseiulus occidentalis, A. andersoni, Z. mali releases and colonisations, long-term biological control, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, these three organophosphorus-resistant mite species (T. pyri, M. occidentalis and Z. mali) gave effective control of Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae and Aculus schlechtendali, commercial orchard of dwarf apple trees, interactions between all the mite species described in detail, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, insecticides, pesticides, insecticide resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1220
Author: Croft, B. A.; Brown, A. W. A.
Year: 1975
Title: Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 20
Pages: 285-335
Keywords: En.
pesticides, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4290
Author: Croft, B. A.; Kim, S. S.; Kim, D. I.
Year: 1995
Title: Leaf residency and interleaf movement of four phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1344-1351
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, trees, predatory mites, distribution, dispersal, migration, USA, Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni are polyphagous phytoseiids, Metaseiulus occidentalis and Neoseiulus fallacis are oligophagous phytoseiids, intra-plant movement in relation to prey density, the oligophagous species are better able to respond numerically to tetranychid outbreaks, but the polyphagous species are better able to maintain them at low levels, Tetranychidae, spider mites, competition, species displacement test on apple seedlings and leaves, methods, a high rate of reproduction and high activity suit N. fallacis as a specialist predator, but because of its high energy needs it is displaced at low prey levels by generalist species, the broad food habits and lower rates of increase allow T. pyri and A. andersoni to survive well at low prey levels, Tetranychus urticae as prey in lab trials, population dynamics, fecundity, life history strategies, specialist predators complemented by generalist predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3330
Author: Croft, B. A.; MacRae, I. V.
Year: 1992
Title: Biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuter (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 202-209
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, mixtures of predators added to apple trees gave as good or better control of pest mites Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae as either predator alone, M.occidentalis was better early in season and T.pyri was better later, complementary biological control agents, orchards, top fruit, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3333
Author: Croft, B. A.; MacRae, I. V.
Year: 1992
Title: Persistence of Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple after inoculative release and competition with Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 1168-1177
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, T.pyri and M.occidentalis gave good control of Panonychus ulmi and Aculus schlechtendali when introduced together on apple in 1990, thereafter competition favoured T.pyri and M.occidentalis disappeared from mixed species plots in 1991, there was also interspecific competition between the phytoseiids and a stigmaeid mite, T.pyri can feed and reproduce on pollen, T.pyri may feed on M.occidentalis eggs, Z.mali either directly or indirectly suppressed the phytoseiids and they did the same to Z.mali, stigmaeids will feed on immature phytoseiids, given equal choice of P.ulmi and phytoseiid eggs Z.mali ate 38% of the latter, top fruit, trees, orchards, predatory Acari, pest mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, population dynamics, diet, predation on predators, hyperpredators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5543
Author: Croft, B.A.; MacRae, I.V.
Year: 1993
Title: Biological control of apple mites: impact of Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari : Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22(4)
Pages: 865-873
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory mites, biological control, top fruit, orchards, trees, USA, T. pyri was less abundant where Z. mali was common, biocontrol of pest mites was effective with Z. mali alone, T. pyri alone, M. occidentalis alone, or T. pyri + M. occidentalis, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Aculus schlechtendali , rust mite, stigmaeids eat phytoseiids in the laboratory, IGP, intraguild predation, discussion describes how the three predators have complementary attributes (in relation to preferred weather, pest stage and pest density) that enable them to work together as a guild in suppressing mite pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4470
Author: Croft, B. A.; McMurtry, J. A.; Luh, H. K.
Year: 1998
Title: Do literature records of predation reflect food specialization and predation types among phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) ?
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 22
Pages: 467-480
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, methods, phytoseiids feed on Acari, Collembola, Psocidae, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, pollen, sap, exudates, fungi, honeydew, and arthropod secretions, 13 species of Phytoseiidae, thrips, psocids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5202
Author: Croft, B.A.; Monetti, L.N.; Pratt, P.D.
Year: 1998
Title: Comparative life histories and predation types: are Neoseiulus californicus and N. fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) similar Type II selective predators of spider mites
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(3)
Pages: 531-538
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory mites, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips, Thysanoptera, maize pollen, corn, cereals, Gramineae, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, feeding on phytoseiid eggs, N. fallacis is more of a specialist than N. californicus, Amblyseius californicus, laboratory tests at 25C, tests on bean and apple, mortality, fecundity, reproduction, survival, temperature
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5083
Author: Croft, B.A.; Pratt, P.D.; Koskela, G.; Kaufman, D.
Year: 1998
Title: Predation, reproduction, and impact of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on cyclamen mite (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on strawberry
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 91(6)
Pages: 1307-1314
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, predatory mites, soft fruit, USA, Phytonemus pallidus, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius andersoni, Galendromus occidentalis, Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, predator-prey interactions observed in the lab, pest control tests on single strawberry plants in the lab, N. fallacis gave better control than N. cucumeris but the latter could prove valuable for longer-term pest regulation at lower densities
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4882
Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G.
Year: 1996
Title: Detection of predation on vine weevil by natural enemies using immunological techniques
Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem
Volume: 316
Pages: 86-90
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem
Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, serology, methods, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, cross reactions of the polyclonal antiserum were absorbed out, polyclonal recognised all vine weevil stages but did not distinguish between them, the monoclonals were stage specific, antisera will be used to investigate pest consumption by polyphagous predators in soft fruit, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, biological control, UK
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4883
Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G.
Year: 1997
Title: Predators of vine weevil in soft fruit plantations
Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK
Pages: 83-87
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, gives information on biology and life cycle of the weevil, pitfall trapping showed that the following species occurred in commercial strawbwerry and blackcurrant crops, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Notophilus biguttatus, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Bembidion lampros, Carabus violaceus, Ocypus olens, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, stage-specific monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, serology, methods, ELISA showed that vine weevil had been consumed in the field; H. rufipes and P. madidus ate larvae and adults, B. lampros ate eggs, N. biguttatus ate eggs and larvae and C. fuscipes and C. violaceus ate adults, barriered plot experiments suggested that predators could reduce low-density vine weevil populations by 80%
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4884
Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Vine weevil and its natural enemies
Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK
Pages: 105-106
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, gives information on biology and life cycle of the weevil on blackcurrant, pitfall trapping showed that the following species occurred in commercial strawbwerry, Harpalus rufipes, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, these predators were found above and below polythene sheets on which the strawberries were grown, and also in straw-covered alleys, distribution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3205
Author: Crook, N. E.; Payne, C. C.
Year: 1980
Title: Comparison of three methods of ELISA for baculoviruses
Journal: J. gen. Virol.
Volume: 46
Pages: 29-37
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, indirect method most sensitive and double antibody sandwich method most specific


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2839
Author: Crook, N. E.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Detection of aphid remains in predatory insects and spiders by ELISA
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 105
Pages: 413-422
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, methods, serology, preparation of antigen, antiserum, enzyme labelled gamma globulin, ELISA test procedure, sensitivity, could detect less than 1/100 of an adult aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, specificity, cross reacted with other aphids especially taxonomically related ones, no cross reaction with nearly 100 species of predator and alternative prey or with plant material, mildew or honeydew, fungi, aphids could be detected in Bembidion lampros stored for up to 7 days in 4% formalin and 6% teepol or 70% ethanol, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, detergent, Araneae, only 14% were positive after 8 months in 70% ethanol, denaturation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5245
Author: Cross, J.V.; Easterbrook, M.A.; Crook, A.M.; Crook, D.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Innocenzi, P.J.; Jay, C.N.; Solomon, M.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Review: natural enemies and biocontrol of pests of strawberry in northern and central Europe 
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 165-216
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., pests, biocontrol, soft fruit, horticulture, Nematoda, Mollusca, slugs and snails, Sciomyzidae, farming practices, capsid bugs have few natural enemies, Lygus,  Heteroptera, naturally occurring predatory mites regulate pest mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus, carabids regulate root weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Anthonomus, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Curculionidae, aphids, Hemiptera, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Anthocoridae, Orius, Nabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Tachyporus, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, Miridae, Anystis, Allothrombium, Aphelinus, Lysiphlebus, Aphidius, diseases, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, microbial pesticides, Diptera, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cecidomyiidae, cockchafer larvae, Melolontha, Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, Rickettsiella, insect pathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, froghoppers, Cercopidae, Philaenus, leafhoppers, Cicadellidae, Erythroneura, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, Hymenoptera, Dryinidae, craneflies, Tipulidae, Phytonemus pallidus, strawberry mite, cyclamen mite, tarsonemid mite, thrips, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Scolothrips, Amblyseius. Neoseiulus, Typhlodromus, Stethorus, Feltiella, Phytoseiulus, Rhynchites, spiders, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, moths, whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Macrolophus, Dicyphus, Miridae, Hemerobiidae, Delphastus, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1987
Author: Crossley, D. A.; Mueller, B. R.; Perdue, J. C.
Year: 1992
Title: Biodiversity of microarthropods in agricultural soils: relations to processes
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 37-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., mites and Collembola in complex food webs, Acari, review, have impact on organic debris, microbial decomposers, Nematoda, roots and pathogenic fungi, plant diseases, estimates of abundance in agroecosystems and natural, ants, pests, egg predation by mites, trophic groups, biodiversity, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2929
Author: Crowle, A. J.
Year: 1958
Title: Simplified micro double diffusion agar precipitin technique
Journal: J. Lab. Clin. Med.
Volume: 52
Pages: 784
Keywords: En.
serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2930
Author: Crowle, A. J.
Year: 1961
Title: Immunodiffusion
Journal: Academic Press
Pages: 333 pp
Keywords: En.
book, methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2934
Author: Crowle, M. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Precipitin and microprecipitin reactions in fluid and in gels
Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology", Ed by H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Volume: 2nd Edition
Pages: 3-14
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, classic tube method, nephelometry or accurate measure of amount of precipitate, radial diffusion method, quantification, double diffusion, each antigen antibody system behaves independently and does not interfere with each other, immunoelectrophoresis eg crossed 2D can be done on a microscope slide, rocket immunoelectrophoresis is same as radial immunodiffusion but faster, easier to read and more sensitive and quantitative, amount of antigen determines height of the rocket, counterimmunoelectrophoresis or crossover electrophoresis is very fast and sensitive because little of the reagents are lost in diffusion, but concentrations of reagents must be precise for success, immunofixation is a variant of standard immunoelectrophoresis, electrophoresis of antigen in a thin gel, then a thin strip of antiserum saturated cellulose acetate laid on the gel for 20 minutes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 324
Author: Crowson, R. A.
Year: 1956
Title: Coleoptera : Introduction and Keys to Families
Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: IV
Issue: I
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 312
Author: Crowson, R. A.
Year: 1967
Title: The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera
Journal: E.W. Classey Ltd. Hampton Middlesex.
Keywords: En.
Rep(part), structure, penes, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 198
Author: Crowson, R. A.
Year: 1981
Title: The Biology of the Coleoptera
Journal: Academic Press, London.
Keywords: En.
Rep(extracts), structure, penes, extra-oral digestion, adults, larvae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1719
Author: Crumb, S. E.; Eide, P. M.; Bonn, A. E.
Year: 1941
Title: The European earwig
Journal: USDA Technical Bulletin
Volume: 766
Pages: 1-76
Keywords: En.
Rep.part, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, climate, weather, mosses, lichens and algae preferred to higher plants except grasses, food, diet, behaviour, food preference, Gramineae, living plants preferred to dead, also eat fungal spores, grass, pollen, aphids, earwigs, larvae, moth scales, flies, mites, Collembola, spiders, thrips, Protozoa, beetles, gut dissection, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Acari, Araneae, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, crop damage, eat codling moth larvae and Sminthurus, Cydia pomonella, caterpillars, trees, orchards, top fruit, Symphypleona, Sminthuridae, description of stages, structure, keys, classification, instars, phenology, parasitoids of predators and predators of predators, Tachinidae, gregarines, Gregarina, insect pathogenic nematodes, pathogenic fungi, mites, predated by Pterostichus vulgaris, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, methods of control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4131
Author: Crute, S.; Day, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Understanding the impact of natural enemies on spruce aphid populations through simulation modelling
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 329-337
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, conifer forest, woodland, spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum is a pest of Sitka spruce, model eaxamines effects of Hemerobiidae and Syrphidae on aphid populations in summer, predation, polyphagous predators, population dynamics, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, daily time steps, aphid development modelled using physiological timescale, model assumes all aphids are equally liable to predation, model results compared with field data for Northern Ireleland, UK, model output gave good fit to field data, model run with no predators gave huge autumn aphid peak that was absent in field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5544
Author: Cuc, N.T.T.; P., Van Mele
Year: 1999
Title: Beneficial effects of black ants (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith) in sapodilla production in Vietnam 
Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. by Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 29-33
Alternate Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. by Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., fruit, farmer surveys, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, trees, these ants reduce the fruit borer Alophia sp. as shown by ant-exclusion experiments, some farmers believe they reduce detrimental ant species which attend scales and mealy bugs, references to Dolichoderus suppressing pod borers and mirids, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5394
Author: Culin, J.D.; Rust, R.W.
Year: 1980
Title: Comparison of the ground surface and foliage dwelling spider communities in a soybean habitat
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 577-582
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, 48 species in ground community and 105 in foliage community with only 2 species common to both, these were the lycosid Pardosa milvina and the linyphiid Tennesseellum formicum, references to vertical stratification of spider communities in forests, prairie, sand dunes, cotton, alfalfa, soybean, methods, pitfalls, ground cloth, shake cloth, density of spiders from shake cloth was the same as for plant fumigation, evenness, 7 guilds were active hunters on ground and active hunters on foliage (Lycosidae, Salticidae, Anyphaenidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Gnaphosidae), ambush hunters on foliage (Thomisidae), sheet web spiders on ground, sheet-web spiders on foliage (Linyphiidae), orb-weavers on foliage (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae), other web builders on foliage (Theridiidae, Dictynidae, Amaurobiidae), in the ground community 4 species were dominant, 1 sub-dominant, 27 rare and 16 transient, species composition, species list of common species, in the foliage there were 8 dominant, 6 subdominant, 42 rare and 49 transient, species richness was positively related to vegetational habitat complexity (few at early crop growth stage, maximum for mature crop and decline as crop senesced), whereas species richness remained fairly constant on the ground
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3990
Author: Culin, J. D.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1982
Title: Feeding behaviour and prey of Neoscona arabesca (Araneae: Araneidae) and Tetragnatha laboriosa (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) in soybean fields
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 27
Pages: 417-424
Keywords: En.
spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, pests, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Argiopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4038
Author: Culin, J. D.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1983
Title: Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: Ground-surface spiders
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 76
Pages: 832-838
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, community, distribution, vertical stratification, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5392
Author: Culin, J.D.; Yeargan, K.V.
Year: 1983
Title: Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: foliage-dwelling spiders
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 76
Pages: 825-831
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, community, methods for alfalfa, Dvac inside 30 cm high metal ring within which vegetation was cut to ground level, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, also transect Dvac sampling without cutting the vegetation, methods for soybean, shake-cloth (row of plants shaken onto polythene sheet on the ground), orb-web guild (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae), space-web guild (Linyphiidae, Theridiidae), hunters (Thomisidae, Salticidae, Philodromidae, Clubionidae, Anyphaenidae, Pisauridae, Lycosidae), density, abundance, species richness, biodiversity, 45-92 morphospecies from alfalfa foliage depending on year,  48-72 in soybean, evenness, orb-web spiders were most abundant guild in both crops, guild structure became more stable over time in the perennial alfalfa than it did in the annual soybean, Sorensen's index of similarity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5393
Author: Culin, J.D.; Yeargan, K.V.
Year: 1983
Title: T Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: ground-surface spiders
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 76
Pages: 832-838
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, community, methods, pitfalls at apex of V-shaped fences, evenness, Sorensen's index of similarity, 57-78 species in alfalfa depending on year, 49-60 soybean, abundance, species richness, biodiversity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2528
Author: Culliney, T. W.
Year: 1986
Title: Predation on adult Phyllotreta flea beetles by Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Nabicula americolimbata (Hemiptera: Nabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 118
Pages: 731-732
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5021
Author: Culliney, T.W.; Grace, J.K.
Year: 2000
Title: Prospects for the biological control of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), with special reference to Coptotermes formosanus
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 90
Pages: 9-21
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., review, termite damage and control costs $2 billion per year in USA, agricultural statistics, references that most orders of predatory insects contain some representatives that attack termites, but ants are their greatest predators, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many ants take termites opportunistically, especially alate reproductives and worker termites foraging outside the nest, specialised ant predators of termites are important regulators of termite populations in natural ecosystems, there are a few parasitoids of termites, viruses, bacteria, Protozoa and Nematoda show little promise for termite control, pathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae plus semiochemicals have potential, pathogens, diseases
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2529
Author: Culliney, T. W.; Pimentel, D. Namuco O.; Capewell, B. A.
Year: 1986
Title: New observations of predation by plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 118
Pages: 729-730
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3123
Author: Cumming, J. M.; Cooper, B. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Techniques for obtaining adult-associated immature stages of predacious Tachydromiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea), with implications for rearing and biocontrol
Journal: Ent. News
Volume: 104
Issue: 2)
Pages: 93-101
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Platypalpus induced to oviposit by decapitation, methods, rearing, culturing in agar, some species of larvae were predatory on Drosophila larvae, Tachydromiinae as biocontrol agents of agricultural pests, predatory flies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1418
Author: Cuperus, G. W.; Radcliffe, E. B.
Year: 1984
Title: Effect of trichlorfon sprays and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars on pea aphid, Acythosiphon pisum (Harris)
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 3
Pages: 199-208
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, plant resistance, pesticides, trichlorfon and carbaryl induced aphid outbreaks, carbamate insecticides, Lygus, Nabidae and spiders reduced, Heteroptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, no increase in % parasitism related to cultivar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1341
Author: Curry, J. P.
Year: 1970
Title: The effects of different methods of new sward establishment and the effects of the herbicides paraquat and dalapon on the soil fauna
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 10
Pages: 329-361
Keywords: En.
grassland, Gramineae, farming practices, pesticides, Ireland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1790
Author: Curry, J. P.
Year: 1971
Title: Seasonal and vertical distribution of the arthropod fauna of an old grassland soil
Journal: Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, B.
Volume: 3
Pages: 49-71
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, stratification, dispersal, 79% Collembola and 45% Acari to depth of 15 cm were in top 4 cm, mites, Collembola more numerous in November to May, phenology, Pergamasus spp. were predominantly surface-dwelling, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, little definite evidence for vertical movement within the soil except in a few cases, Ireland, behaviour, Pergamasidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3700
Author: Curry, J. P.; Cunningham, C.
Year: 1978
Title: A comparison of the epigeal arthropod fauna of old pasture and new leys of various floral types
Journal: Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society, Series A
Volume: 6
Pages: 305-316
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Ireland, grassland, Gramineae, community, Tullgren funnel, permanent pasture, ryegrass, clover, Leguminosae, density, abundance, Acari, Collembola, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, Sminthurus viridis, diversity, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1417
Author: Curry, J. P.; Purvis, G.
Year: 1981
Title: Studies on the influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the arthropod fauna of sugar beet
Journal: Journal of Life Sciences of the Royal Dublin Society
Volume: 3
Pages: 397-408
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, Ireland, farming practices, fertiliser, pre- and post-emergence herbicides, pesticides, soil cores, Dvac, plant counts, Aphis fabae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, 70-80% weed cover in weedy, mainly red dead- nettle, dicotyledonous weeds, Cerastium agropyron, groundsel, less A.fabae but more total aphids in weedy, total Collembola more in weedy, soil fauna, no differences for manure, Staphylinidae and Araneae more species and individuals in weedy, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, good references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 565
Author: Curtis, D. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Pitfalls in spider community studies (Arachnida, Araneae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology.
Volume: 8
Pages: 271-280
Keywords: En.
Nemastoma bimaculatum
Rep, spiders, predators, methods, dry pitfalls, water and detergent, formalin, rain covers, woodland, forest, 3 different woodland sites, Latin square, 130 species, 11000 individuals, phenology, species diversity, list of species, harvestmen, Opiliones, phalangids, species abundance curves, relative merits of different pitfall designs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 462
Author: Curtis, D. J.; Pearson, R. G.
Year: 1972
Title: Effect of darkness on the fine structure of the phalangid eye
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 2
Pages: 53-57
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3274
Author: Curtis, L. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite
Journal: Science, Washington
Volume: 235
Issue: 4795)
Pages: 1509-1510
Keywords: En.
Rep., estuarine snails Ilyanassa obsoleta infected by the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca strand themselves on beaches to pass on cercariae to semi-terrestrial crustaceans eg Amphipoda living there, USA, this case is unusual because normally intermediate host behaviour is modified by the parasite to make predation by a definitive host more likely, Mollusca, migration, movement, dispersal, parasitism, Platyhelminthes, flatworms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 418
Author: Cushman, R. A.
Year: 1922
Title: The identity of Ichneumon coccinellae Schrank (Hym.)
Journal: Proc. ent. Soc. Wash.
Volume: 24
Pages: 241-242
Keywords: En.
Coleomegilla maculata, Perilitus coccinellae
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenoptera, eggs, larvae, eggs laid in C. maculata larvae gave rise to parasite adults, behaviour, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1308
Author: Cussans, G. W.
Year: 1975
Title: Weed control in reduced cultivation and direct drilling systems
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 8
Pages: 240-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2114
Author: Cuthbertson, A.
Year: 1926
Title: Spiders as natural enemies of crane flies
Journal: Scottish Naturalist.
Volume: 160
Pages: 127-129.
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Tipulidae, Diptera.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3978
Author: Cutler, B.; Jennings, D. T.; Moody, M. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Biology and habitats of the lynx spider Oxyopes scalaris Hentz (Araneae: Oxyopidae)
Journal: Entomologists News
Volume: 88
Pages: 87-97
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, hyperpredation, predators of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4039
Author: Czajka, M.; Goos, M.
Year: 1976
Title: Araneae of sugar beet fields in Pawlowice Wielkie near Wroclaw (Poland)
Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Volume: 46
Issue: 1)
Pages: 179-185
Keywords: Pol., En. Summ.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, emphasis on Linyphiidae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis and Oedothorax apicatus were dominants, abundance, species composition, pitfalls, 45 species, divided into ground and plant-based species, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, migration, movement, many UK cereal species, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1313
Author: Daamen, R. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Surveys of diseases and pests of winter wheat in the Netherlands 1979-80
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 46
Issue: 3)
Pages: 933-937
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4288
Author: Daane, K. M.; Yokota, G. Y.; Zheng, Y.; Hagen, K. S.
Year: 1996
Title: Inundative release of common green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to suppress Erythroneura variabilis and E. elegantula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1224-1234
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, small plot and field trials, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, at release rate of 9884 Chrysoperla carnea larvae per ha the predator had no significant effect, but at 19,768 per ha leafhopper densities were reduced by 31-34%, in a similar experiment C. rufilabris at 19,768 per ha reduced leafhopper but C. carnea and C. comanche at the same release rate did not, in commercial vineyards the mean reduction of leafhoppers in C. carnea plots was 96%, if leafhoppers were already above the economic threshold of 15-20 per leaf the C. carnea treatment often did not reduce them to below the economic threshold, grapes, releasing larvae was more effective than releasing eggs, some growers do use inundative release of Chrysoperla species for leafhopper control, farming practices, mass-production techniques have been improved over the last two decades, culturing, the impact of commercial releases is not well documented, growers seem to have experienced mixed results, gives references where hyperpredation reduced the effectiveness of released chrysopids in various crops, ants, Orius, and the spiders Theridion dilutum, Cheiracanthium inclusum and Hololena nedra ate the released chrysopid eggs, oophagy, intra-guild predation, IGP, natural enemies of natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, different Chrysopa species have different preferred prey spectra, A. oculata prefers aphids and weevil larvae but ignores grasshoppers, Hemiptera, Curculionidae, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Chrysoperla eggs in 1996 sold for about $3 per 1000, this is about twice the insecticide cost for leafhopper control, pesticides, released lacewings seem to have a slow initial response to increase in prey density, authors advocate monitoring leafhopper density to pick the best situations for chrysopid release and also develop better release methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2031
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Karg, J.
Year: 1975
Title: An ecological analysis of Diptera in agrocenoses
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Volume: 1
Issue: 3)
Pages: 123-137
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, predatory Diptera formed 5-63% of total Diptera in a range of crops, arable, cereals, Gramineae, potatoes, community composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 629
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1968
Title: Studies on the incidence of mosquitoes in the food of Tetragnatha montana Simon and its food activity in the natural habitat
Journal: Ekol. Pol. A.
Volume: 16
Issue: 43?)
Pages: 843-853
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, prey, pests, Diptera, feding, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 640
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1968
Title: Spiders and mosquitoes of the ecotone of alder forest (Carici elongatae - Alnetum) and oakpine forest (Pino - Quercetum)
Journal: Ekol. Polska A.
Volume: 16
Pages: 461-483
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, species composition, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 633
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1970
Title: Interaction between two spider species in prey reduction
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II Ser. Sci. Biol.
Volume: 18
Issue: 7)
Pages: 383-388
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 647
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1970
Title: Mosquito reduction by five spider species in conditions of competition of predator pairs
Journal: Wiad. parazyt.
Volume: 18
Issue: 6)
Pages: 779-781
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, behaviour, predation, consumption rate, bilogical control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 645
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K.
Year: 1966
Title: Experimental studies on the reduction of the abundance of mosquitoes by spiders. III. Indices of prey reduction and some controlling factors
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II Ser. Sci. Biol.
Volume: 14
Pages: 777-782
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, predation, consumption


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 634
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Prey and predator density and their reactions in the process of mosquito reduction by spiders in field experiments
Journal: Ekol. Pol. A.
Volume: 16
Issue: 40)
Pages: 773-819
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 639
Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K.
Year: 1968
Title: The predation of spiders on forest mosquitoes in field experiments
Journal: J. Med. Entomol.
Volume: 5
Pages: 252-256
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4880
Author: Dajoz, R.
Year: 1987
Title: Le Regime alimentaire des coleopteres Carabidae
Journal: Cahiers des Naturalistes
Volume: N.S. 43
Pages: 61-96
Alternate Journal: Cahiers des Naturalistes
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, larvae are nearly all predatory, the structure of the proventriculus and mouthparts varies according to diet, gizzard structure, carabids can have a significant influence on the functioning of ecosystems eg in affecting detritivore populations in forests, and pest populations in crops, biological control. Literature review, methods of study, some carabid larvae are ectoparasitoids and some are specialist predators of ants and termites, some are phytophagous. Mandible structure, digestive enzymes, speed of digestion and extra-oral digestion, prey capture techniques, abundance and density in crops 
Notes: Fr.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1917
Author: Dales, R. P.
Year: 1950
Title: The reproduction and larval development of Nereis diversicolor
Journal: Journal of the Marine Biological Association
Volume: 29
Pages: 321-360
Keywords: En.
Annelida, population dynamics, cohort splitting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1919
Author: Dales, R. P.
Year: 1951
Title: An annual history of a population of Nereis diversicolor
Journal: Biol. Bull.
Volume: 101
Issue: 2)
Pages: 131-137
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, cohort splitting, Annelida


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1177
Author: Daminova, D.
Year: 1975
Title: On the species diversity of aphid predators in Fergana Valley
Journal: Ecology and Biology of the Animals of Uzbekistan, Ed. by K.S. Khairutdinov and A.G. Davletshina, Part 1, Invertebrates, FAN, Tashkent
Pages: 1-211
Keywords: USSR, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6006
Author: Danner, B.J.; Joern, A.
Year: 2004
Title: Development, growth, and egg production of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in response to spider predation risk and elevated resource quality
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 29
Pages: 1-11
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., relevant to indirect beneficial effects of natural enemies for agriculture, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, grasshoppers, pests, Lycosidae, grasshoppers grew faster and became larger on high quality food in absence of spiders, development rate, biomass, population dynamics, but when spiders were present grasshopper performance on high quality food was no better than on low quality food in absence of spiders, spider-exposed grasshoppers produced fewer eggs (because of delay in age of first reproduction) than spider-free grasshoppers, reproduction, fecundity,  methods, USA, sandy grassland paririe, Gramineae, 0.4 m2 field cages, mesh size of some cages prevented spider entry or exit but other cages had a larger mesh so that spiders from the open field could enter, fertiliser added to some cages, grasshoppers in presence of spiders spent less time moving and less time feeding,   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3181
Author: Danthanarayana, W.
Year: 1969
Title: Population dynamics of the weevil Sitona regensteinensis (Hbst.) on broom
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 1-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Curculionidae, serology, precipitin test, Silwood Park UK, adults killed by parasitoids, natural enemies, bushes, pathogenic fungi, disease, Beauveria bassiana, egg mortality due to sterility, parasitism and predation, Mymaridae egg parasitoid, Hymenoptera, feeding on eggs in lab were Staphylinus compressus, Staphylinus stercorarius, Ocypus sp., Oxypoda longiuscula, Aleocharinae, Stenus impressus, Tachinus rufipes, Pergamasus crassipes was observed to eat eggs in the field, diet, trophic behaviour, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, positive in precipitin tests were Pterostichus madidus, Tachinus rufipes, Abax paralellepideus, Pterostichus nigra, Leistus terminatus, Leistus ferrugineus, Leistus sp., Hyobates nigricollis, S. stercorarius, S. compressus, Staphylinus aeneocephalus, Othius longiuscula, Philonthus politus, Stenus clavicornis, S. impressus, Xantholinus linearis, P.madidus and T.rufipes thought to take larvae and pupae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Acari, predatory mites, Pergamasidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 274
Author: Danthanarayana, W.
Year: 1970
Title: Studies on the dispersal and migration of Sitona regensteinensis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 13
Pages: 236-246
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2970
Author: Danthanarayana, W.
Year: 1983
Title: Population ecology of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 52
Pages: 1-33
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, predators identified using the precipitin test, serology, methods, the moth is a pest in fruit, grapes, horticulture in Australia and New Zealand, studied here in Australia, trees, orchards, biological control, % of predators feeding on caterpillars, predation is the key mortality factor in all life stages and seasons, spiders, earwigs, Araneae, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 811
Author: D'Arcy-Burt, S.; Blackshaw, R. P.
Year: 1991
Title: Bibionids (Diptera: Bibionidae) in agricultural land: a review of damage, benefits, natural enemies and control
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 118
Issue: 3)
Pages: 695-708
Keywords: En.
Rep., pest, polyphagous predators, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5879
Author: Davidson, G.; Phelps, K.; Sunderland, K.D.; Pell, J.K.; Ball, B.V.; Shaw, K.E.; Chandler, D.
Year: 2003
Title: Study of temperature - growth interactions of entomopathogenic fungi with potential for control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata) using a nonlinear model of poikilotherm development
Journal: Journal of Applied Microbiology
Volume: 94
Pages: 816-825
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Microbiology
Keywords: Rep., V. destructor (= Varroa jacobsoni), Hymenoptera, Apidae, honeybees, Apis mellifera, entomoptathogenic fungi, pathogens, diseases, natural enemies, UK, pests, microbial pesticides, mycopesticides, ectoparasitic mite pest, biological control, thermal biology, colony extension rates for 41 isolates measaured at 20 C, 30C and 35C, temperature and growth rate, growth of 22 isolates measured at 10 temperatures (12 - 35C), 11 isolates grew above 35C, some isolates could therefore function within bee colonies, methods, Sharpe and DeMichele mechanistic model of poikilotherm development, table listing 41 isolates with their source and host and summary of experimental results, includes Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Hirsutella kirchneri, Metarhizium flavoviride, Paecilomyces farinosus, Peaceilomyces fumosoroseus, Tolypocladium inflatum, Tolypocladium niveum, hosts include Coleoptera, Hyponomeutidae, Curculionidae, Eurytomidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae, ticks, Ixodidae, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Mycobatidae, Pseudococcidae, aphids, Aphididae, Coccidae, whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Oribatidae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, SDA petri dishes, super-optimum temperatures, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1908
Author: Davidson, J.
Year: 1932
Title: Factors affecting oviposition of Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola)
Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-16
Keywords: En.
behaviour, pests, lucerne, Leguminosae, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 83
Author: Davies, M.
Year: 1963
Title: The larvae of some British Notiophilus species (Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 99
Pages: 206-209
Keywords: En.
Systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 221
Author: Davies, M. J.
Year: 1953
Title: The contents of the crops of some carabid beetles
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 89
Pages: 18-23
Keywords: En.
Rep, diet, predation, gut contents


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 275
Author: Davies, M. J.
Year: 1955
Title: The ecology of small predatory beetles with special reference to their competitive relations
Journal: D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University.
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 219
Author: Davies, M. J.
Year: 1959
Title: A contribution to the ecology of species of Notiophilus and allied genera
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 95
Pages: 25-28
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2997
Author: Davies, R. W.
Year: 1967
Title: A study of predators of triclads by means of a serological technique
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Wales
Keywords: En.
Rep., notes?, methods, precipitin test, serology, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, aquatic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1918
Author: Davies, R. W.
Year: 1969
Title: Predation as a factor in the ecology of triclads in a small weedy pond
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 38
Issue: 3)
Pages: 577-
Keywords: En.
Platyhelminthes, Tricaldida, flatworms, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2971
Author: Davies, R. W.
Year: 1969
Title: The production of antisera for detecting specific triclad antigens in the gut contents of predators
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 20
Pages: 248-260
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, predation, aquatic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2969
Author: Davies, R. W.; Reynoldson, T. B.
Year: 1969
Title: The incidence and intensity of predation on lake dwelling triclads in the laboratory
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 50
Issue: 5)
Pages: 845-?
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Tricladida, Plathelminthes, flatworms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1353
Author: Davis, B. N. K.
Year: 1965
Title: The immediate and long-term effects of the herbicide MCPA on soil arthropods
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 56
Pages: 357-366
Keywords: En.
UK, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1368
Author: Davis, B. N. K.
Year: 1968
Title: The soil macrofauna and organochlorine insecticide residues at twelve agricultural sites near Huntingdon
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 61
Pages: 29-45
Keywords: En.
pesticides, UK, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1923
Author: Davis, B. N. K.
Year: 1973
Title: The Hemiptera and Coleoptera of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in East Anglia
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 213-237
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Heteroptera, life cycles, food, Deraeocoris ruber is predatory, Liocoris tripustulatus sometimes eat aphids, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Miridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1361
Author: Davis, B. N. K.; French, M. C.
Year: 1969
Title: The accumulation and loss of organochlorine insecticide residues by beetles, worms and slugs in sprayed fields
Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
Volume: 1
Pages: 45-55
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Coleoptera, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Limacidae, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1185
Author: Davis, R.
Year: 1961
Title: A mite, Allothrombium mitchelli, new to science, predator of the balsam woolly aphid - Chermes piceae Ratz
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
Volume: 63
Pages: 269-272
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, trees, forests, USA, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1955
Author: Davis, R.; Flechtmann, C. H. W.; Boczek, J. H.; Barke, H. E.
Year: 1982
Title: Catalogue of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
Journal: Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw
Keywords: En.
?, Eriophyidae, pests, systematics, taxonomy, structure, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3902
Author: Dawah, H. A.; Hawkins, B. A.; Claridge, M. F.
Year: 1995
Title: Structure of the parasitoid communities of grass-feeding chalcid wasps
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 708-720
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK herbivore chalcids Tetramesa, complex of herbivores and parasitoids mainly in the chalcid family Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, pests, grassland, Gramineae, each Tetramesa species is attacked by a set of monophagous parasitoids plus a smaller number of polyphagous species, food web, community structure, some species are parasitic in early larval instars and herbivorous in later ones, larvae live within plants sometimes in galls, some Tetramesa species are major pests of cereals and grasses in USA and USSR, 10 species of grasses at 24 sites in England and Wales sampled 1980-92, grass-herbivore-parasitoid web of 87 species, herbivores and primary parasitoids were very specific, all 16 species of hyperparasitoids were facultative non-host-specific ie omnivores, food web was compartmentalised around the grass species and held together by the numerically dominant generalist hyperparasitoids, all species that occur in UK are nearly always also found in each local population sampled, ie very strong association between regional and local species richness, so there is no beta diversity or between-site diversity, perhaps because the host plants are everywhere, each Tetramesa supports 1 to 8 parasitoid species, host density is the main factor affecting primary parasitoid density, generalist predator density is affected by Teramesa density, host voltinism and gall formation, perhaps galls are easier to find, % parasitism corelated with host density, negatively or positively depending on species, abundances of parasitoids fluctuated independently of each other in 90% of potential interactions between species pairs ie not much evidence for competition, rank abundances of species in sub-communities was usually fairly stable in space and time but this stability declined with increase in number of specialist parasitoids, there were 3 species of tertiary parasitoids but they occurred in only 63/64781 observations, gall formation appeared to give no protection from parasitoids, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1366
Author: Dawkins, T. C. K.
Year: 1985
Title: THe effect of straw incorporation on arable crops. A survey of the literature
Journal: Recent Developments in Cereal Production, University of Nottingham
Pages: 38-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., advantages of burning, quick, nitrogen released, no acids, makes soil friable, blackgrass reduced, tillage costs reduced, disadvantages, charcoal may inactivate herbicides, increases erosion, straw incorporation may increase slugs, farming practices, fertilizer, weeds, grasses, Gramineae, economics, pesticides, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, yields increased or reduced depending on soil type


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2538
Author: Dawson, G. W.; et al.
Year: 1989
Title: Secondary plant metabolites as targets for genetic modification of crop plants for pest resistance
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 27
Pages: 191-201
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1369
Author: Dawson, G. W.; Griffiths, D. C.; Hassanali, A.; Pickett, J. A. Plumb R. T. Pye B. J. Smart L. E.; Woodcock, C. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Antifeedants: a new concept for control of barley yellow dwarf virus in winter cereals
Journal: BCPC - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 3
Pages: 1001-1008
Keywords: En.
methods, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, UK, diseases, winter barley, spray application methods, electrostatic, alarm pheromones, behaviour, host plant selection, distribution, dispersal, Ajuga extract, polygodial from Polygonum hydropiper, weeds, semiochemicals, cypermethrin control, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, clean and weedy plots, Dvac, yield, more aphids and virus in weedy, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, electrostatic cypermethrin better than hydraulic, small plants in autumn are good targets for electrostatics, less virus and more yield with alarm pheromone derivatives and polygodial


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 869
Author: Dawson, G. W.; Griffiths, D. C.; Pickett, J. A.; Woodcock, C. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Decreased response to alarm pheromone by insecticide- resistant aphids
Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 70
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., E-beta farnesene, Myzus persicae on Chinese cabbage, Hemiptera, pests, comparison of susceptible and OP-resistant clones, pesticides, applied droplet of pheromone above leaf and observed under microscope how many withdrew stylets, behaviour, 86% S responded cf 9% R, similar responses to very high levels of pheromones and crushed aphids, similar responses with S and R clones from different sources


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 217
Author: Dawson, N.
Year: 1957
Title: Ecology of Fenland Carabidae
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of Cambridge.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 220
Author: Dawson, N.
Year: 1965
Title: A comparative study of the ecology of eight species of fenland Carabidae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 34
Pages: 299-314
Keywords: En.
Agonum obscurum, Pterostichus strenuus, Pterostichus vernalis
Rep, habitat preference, life history, phenology, feeding, diet, predation, seasonal variation, attack, Collembola, temperature, threshold , digestion rate, gut dissection, aphids, plant material, scavenging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3685
Author: Day, M. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Spider Wasps: Hymenoptera, Pompilidae
Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London, Ed. by W.R. Dolling and R.R. Askew
Volume: 6
Issue: 4)
Pages: 60 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., on shelf, predators, natural enemies, hyperpredation, predators of predators, spider hunting robber wasps, 41 British species, agitated activity, feed larvae on spiders, Araneae, run and make short flights in vegetation only when sun is out, antennae and wings in ceaseless agitation, Hymenoptera Neurotica, functional morphology, Linyphiidae are not attacked by pompilids but are often prey of Sphecidae such as Trypoxylon in Britain, obligate spider hunters, prey food, diet, foraging, trophic behaviour, collection and preservation, methods, checklist, key to species, identification, structure, systematics, classification, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5607
Author: Day, S.E.; Jeanne, R.L.
Year: 2001
Title: Food volatiles as attractants for yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(2)
Pages: 157-165
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wasps, Vespula germanica, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, USA, Vespula maculifrons, Dolichovespula maculata, Polistes fuscatus, olfactory attraction to isobutanol and acetic acid, Vespula vidua, vespine species vary in their responses to olfactory cues, combinations of substances may be most effective as attractants, toxic baiting is best method of controlling nuisance wasps, methods, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4437
Author: De Angelis, D. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Stability and connectance in food web models
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 56
Pages: 238-245
Keywords: En.
Rep., computer studies suggest that randomly connected systems tend to become less stable as the number of connections among the components increases, community, trophic webs, in a model more appropriate for food webs it is shown that there are plausible cases where the probability of stability of the food web increases as the connectance is increased, examples of cases where increased connectance can increase stability include if the higher trophic levels have strong self-damping to control their population growth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1651
Author: De Barro, P.
Year: 1992
Title: The impact of spiders and high temperatures on cereal aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) numbers in an irrigated perennial grass pasture in South Australia
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 19-26
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, irrigated pasture in autumn, small pipe cages, methods, abiotics, weather, climate, various treatments including natural enemies removed, removed and returned, undisturbed, with and without heat, glass plate put over pipe, temperature 17 - 22 C in mesh cages cf 18-34 C in glass cages, high temperature mortality threshold is 32 C and cages stayed above this level for 2 h, only 1 Carabidae specimen, Platycoelus sp., Coleoptera, ground beetles, 1 Lycosidae species, 6 Linyphiidae species, Erigone, Eperigone fraderosum, more aphids in enemy removed plots, exposure to high temperatures had no effect on adult aphids but did reduce nymphs, no mortality of spiders due to heat, reduction of aphids in autumn may keep them below level where alatae production is triggered thus reducing the numbers flying to cereals, distribution, dispersal, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3004
Author: De Barro, P. J.
Year: 1991
Title: A cheap, lightweight, efficient vacuum sampler
Journal: J. Aust. Ent. Soc.
Volume: 30
Pages: 207-208
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, suction sampler, modified McCulloch Eager Beaver Blower/Vac R, 2 stroke petrol engine nozzle diameter 11.4 cm, samples 11.3 m3 per minute, weighs 5.08 kg, Australia, sampling cereal aphids in grass pastures and roadside verges, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, sampling efficiency assessed by counting aphids remaining in plots after vacuuming, vegetation and soil removed to depth of 1cm, efficiency for Rhopalosiphum padi was 60- 93%, wetness did not appear affect efficiency nor did aphid density, efficiency reduced for taller grasses, nozzle velocity of 62.6 m per sec cf most Dvac 40.3 m per sec


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5123
Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E.
Year: 2001
Title: Biological control of thrips on ornamental crops: interactions between the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on cyclamen
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 41-55
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., protected crops, protected ornamentals, flowers, horticultural crops, glasshouse crops, greenhouse crops, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Amblyseius cucumeris, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases in a greenhouse, augmentative biological control, mites caused a significant reduction in numbers of thrips (immatures, pupae and adults), high mite release rates early in the season followed by frequent low-rate introductions later could prevent damage by thrips on cyclamen 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5881
Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E.; Kravar-Garde, L.; Fenlon, J.S.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2004
Title: Phytoseiid mites in protected crops: the effect of humidity and food availability on egg hatch and adult life span of Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus cucumeris, N. californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Pages: in press
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, population dynamics, binomial model of egg hatch success in relation to relative humidity, egg mortalities of 0.5% to 16%, egg development rate, longevity greatest for N. californicus, survival time doubled when free water was available in the absence of food, methods, mite rearing, culturing, platforms with spider mites, bran mites or pollen as food, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, pests, Tyrophagus sp., Ricinus communis, diet, trophic behaviour, saturated salt solutions for humidity control, paper wick supplying water, fungal hyphae as food, fungi, fungivory, mycetophagy, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5882
Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E.; Kravar-Garde, L.; Fenlon, J.S.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2004
Title: The relationship between dietary specialism and availability of food and water on cannibalistic interactions among predatory mites in protected crops
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Pages: in press
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, population dynamics, Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Acari, Phytoseiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, inundative releases, P. persimilis is a specialist on spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, I. degenerans much more cannibalistic than P. persimilis, egg cannibalism, oophagy, intraspecific interactions, methods, rearing on platforms, culturing, castor bean pollen, Ricinus communis, bran mite, Tyrophagus sp., 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3534
Author: De Keer, R.; Alderweireldt, M.; Decleer, K.; Segers, H.; Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Horizontal distribution of the spider fauna of intensively grazed pastures under the influence of diurnal activity and grass height
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 107
Pages: 455-473
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, pitfalls and quadrats, nocturnal species preferred higher vegetation eg Pachygnatha clercki, Oedothorax apicatus, diurnal species prefer short vegetation eg Pardosa spp., Erigone dentipalpis, diel cycles, behaviour, dispersal, movement, migration, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, habitat structure, islets of tall vegetation due to no grazing over cattle droppings, references to well developed vertical vegetation structure giving a rich spider fauna, biodiversity, Belgium, quadrat samples were manually sorted then Tullgren extracted, they were taken by day and by night in high and low vegetation on 2 July, pitfalls emptied twice per day, micrometeorology measurements, prey availability by using a narrow nozzle suction sampler in the immediate area where a spider was found, methods, vacuum insect net, densities in quadrats were higher in tall than in short grass but pitfall catch was the reverse, migration from short to high vegetation at night, percentage species composition different in pitfalls and quadrats, Erigone spp. and Bathyphantes gracilis were relatively immobile, Oedothorax spp. which actively search for prey were the most active species, temperature fluctutation less in tall grass where it is cooler by day and warmer by night than in short grass, microclimate, abiotic conditions, RH higher in tall vegetation by day and night, moisture, relative humidity, prey availability mainly Collembola greater in tall grass February to April, but from May onwards was greater in short grass, seasonal pattern, but prey availability was not assessed at night, Isotomurus palustris was the most abundant potential and actual prey species, diet, food, predation, trophic behaviour, female lycosids carrying eggsacs look for well-exposed sites on sunny days to warm up their cocoons, insolation, sun-bathing, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1644
Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Life history of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in a heavily grazed pasture
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 171-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, perrenial ryegrass, grazed and fertilized, time sorting pitfalls, quadrats, hand sorting, Tullgren funnels, hand collection, spiders observed with prey, window traps, methods, juveniles identified to species, abdomens dissected to assess egg development, neither sex preferred day or night activity, diel cycle, behaviour, both sexes have 2 activity peaks during year, phenology, females consume more than males have longer life and higher density, food, predation, consumption rates, longevity, population dynamics, eggs in summer, adults by end of summer, mating in autumn, cocoons in spring, small % overwinter as subadults, highest density in autumn and winter, distribution between high and low vegetation, eggs, oviposition, juveniles moult in a web but adults never found in a web, 19 females with food in chelicerae, mainly Collembola, gives species, mites and a Chironomidae, Acari, Diptera, diet, aerial dispersal mainly in spring, especially adult females, and start of summer for subadults and new adults, dispersal occurs before egg production, small peaks in autumn and winter, movement, pre- oviposition feeding mainly in short grass but egg laying in long grass, females that had already produced a cocoon on dissection had large cavities in abdomen, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1645
Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneida, Linyphiidae) under different conditions of temperature and food supply
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 24
Issue: 1)
Pages: 63-73
Keywords: En.
2 generations per year in field, phenology, voltinism, behaviour
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fed Drosophila, Diptera, experiments in dark because trial showed no difference between light and dark, juvenile development at various temperatures given excess Collembola, juvenile development at various food levels at 20C, predation and reproduction by adults for different food levels and temperatures, males developed faster than females, sex, juvenile development very slow below 10C and absent at 5C, more mortality at lower temperatures, development equation to predict when adult, Belgium, I's in field 26 May became adults 23 June to 14 July as predicted, next generation I's 21 July were adults by 11 August as predicted, most of their progeny will be adults in September, at very low feeding rate juveniles develop slower and more die, survivorship, population dynamics, at 20C females make cocoons every 5 days, at 5C no eggs produced but feeding continues, fecundity, reproduction, oviposition, most overwinter as adult females, more food gives more eggs per cocoon and more cocoons per famale, number of eggs per cocoon in field for generation 1 was less than in lab under maximum food, at less than one prey per 6 days got no reproduction, temperature largely determines juvenile development rate except when food very scarce, growth,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1643
Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 7
Issue: 8)
Pages: 237-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, at 20C generation time is 40 days and 200 eggs produced over 20 days, potentially able to have more than 1 generation in northern Europe, phenology, fecundity, reproduction, below 10C there is very little growth or reproduction, food intake and reproduction are closely related to food supply, adults given Drosophila, juveniles given Isotoma, Diptera, Collembola, predation, food, diet, rearing, culturing, wasteful killing occurs at higher prey densities, reproduction stopped at a food supply rate of 1 fly per 12 days, mean number of cocoons produced per female was as high as 10.4, E.atra was able to develop and reproduce at low feeding rates, useful for a coloniser where prey may be scarce, 2 generations per year in an ungrazed pasture in Belgium, grassland, Gramineae, voltinism, likely to be a good biological control agent because shows functional response augmented by wasteful killing and numerical response, juvenile mortality increases at lower temperatures, abiotics, weather, climate, low food supply increases duration of juvenile instars, development rate, growth rate, juvenile mortality 10% with high food 33% with low food, reproductive lifespan strongly dependent on food supply, nutrition, number of eggs per cocoon decreases with increasing age, food consumption stays constant, in field eggs produced March to April, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4714
Author: De Kraker, J.; Van Huis, A.; Van Lenteren, J.C.; Heong, K.L.; Rabbinge, R. 
Year: 1999
Title: Egg mortality of rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis in irrigated rice fields 
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 44
Pages: 449-471
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., methods, sentinel egg masses, parasitoids, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Philippines, Trichogramma, pests, biological control, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, egg predation by predatory crickets, Orthoptera, polyphagous predators, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, more than 80 species of predator and 50 parasitoids attack leaffolders in Philippine rice, Dvac inside temporary plastic enclosures, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, cages moths temporarily on plants to get egg masses to observe, some were covered with exclusion cages, plants and egg masses taken back to lab after two days for examination, in addition marked eggs were checked daily in the field, predators present in the field were Gryllidae, Tettigonidae, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, the density of Gryllidae was significantly correlated with egg disappearance, predation and parasitism appeared to be positively density dependent and caused a large proportion of leaffolder mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5716
Author: de Snoo, G.R.
Year: 1996
Title: Enhancement of non-target insects: indications about dimensions of unsprayed crop edges
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 200-219
Alternate Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: Rep., Holland, the Netherlands, farming practices, landscape, conservation headlands, habitat diversification, methods, butterfly transect, Lepidoptera, in situ direct counts, visual observations, significantly more butterflies in unsprayed than sprayed edges but no difference between 3 m-wide and 6 m -wide unsprayed edges, pesticides, abundance, similarly there were more predators in unsrayed edges but width of unprayed edge also did not affect abundance of hoverflies and ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Episyrphus balteatus, predators, natural enemies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5717
Author: de Snoo, G.R.; de Leeuw, J.
Year: 1996
Title: Non-target insects in unsprayed cereal edges and aphid dispersal to the adjacent crop
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 120
Pages: 501-504
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., unsprayed edges 3m-wide and 6m-wide at edge of winter wheat in the Netherlands, Holland, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, farming practices, landscape, habitat diversification, methods, sweep nets, sweeping, direct in situ visual counts for aphids, pests, Hemiptera, insect biodiversity greater in unsprayed edges, abundance, significantly more flower visitors (hoverflies, sap beetles, Stratiomyidae, Apidae and sawflies) and aphid predators (ladybirds, assassin flies and lacewings) in unsprayed, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pollinators, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Hymenoptera, bees, Symphyta, Coccinellidae, Asilidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Adalia bipunctata, Episyrohus balteatus, Lema melanopa, Oulema melanopus, Chrysomelidae, Leptogaster cilindrica, ground beetles, Carabidae, biological control, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, aphids increased in unpsprayed edges but did not invade the field, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, blue-headed wagtail (Motacilla flava flava) spent more time in unsprayed edges where its Diptera food was more abundant, Vertebrata, Aves, birds, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5800
Author: De Snoo, G.R.; Van der Poll, R.J.; Bertels, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Butterflies in sprayed and unsprayed field margins
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 157-161
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, Holland, the Netherlands, abundance, outer 3-6 m  of fields of winter wheat and potato unsprayed with herbicides and insecticides, pesticides, habitat diversfication, farming practices, landscape, cereals, Gramineae, significantly more species and individuals in unsprayed compared with sprayed, these effects more marked in wheat than potato and farmers prefer to leave wheat edges unsprayed rather than potato edges, species richness, biodiversity, there has been a marked decline in abundance of butterflies in Europe over last half century, methods, transect counts, 2084 individuals of 14 species observed, species composition, species list, community, Pieris brassicae and Polyommatus icarus were observed only in unsprayed edges, large white and common blue, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2991
Author: De Snoo, G. R.; Van der Poll, R. J.; De Leeuw, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Carabids in sprayed and unsprayed crop edges of winter wheat, sugar beet and potatoes
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 199-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., Netherlands, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, herbicides, cereals, Gramineae, arable, 1990 and 1991, carabids in pitfalls in sprayed and unsprayed crop edges 3m wide and 100m long, more individuals and species caught in unsprayed than sprayed edges of winter wheat and sugar beet, unusual statistics eg Liptak simultaneous test and Lancaster generalization, methods, weeds became problem in sugar beet, caught 44233 beetles of 68 species in 1990 and 43243 of 55 species in 1991, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius 31%, Bembidion tetracolum 16%, Nebria brevicollis 10%, Trechus quadristriatus 9%, Harpalus rufipes 8% and Agonum dorsale 8%, more Loricera pilicornis, A.dorsale and Amara in winter wheat cf T.quadristriatus and P.melanarius in sugar beet and potatoes, long Appendix listing catches of all species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3927
Author: Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Natural enemies of spiders: mud dauber wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in East Texas
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 13
Pages: 283-290
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneidae and Theridiidae constitute more than 90% of the wasps diet, food, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, sphecids are fairly selective hunters and individual wasps sometimes choose predominantly a single species of spider, prey selection, prey preference, 1985 summer, grassland and cotton, Gramineae, arable, 69 wasp nests collected of which 23 contained spiders, Dvac to assess potential spider prey, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, wasps were Sceliphron caementarium and Chalybion californicum, other spiders taken by wasps were Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, wasps captured mainly spiders that were common in the area but species diversity of potential prey was greater than that of actual prey, species composition, 54 spider species, sphecids are sometimes killed by web making spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2539
Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Size and phenology of ballooning spiders at two locations in Eastern Texas
Journal: J. Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 111-120
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3991
Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Seasonal patterns of spiders captured in suction traps in eastern Texas
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 15
Pages: 399-412
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, ballooning, distribution, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3873
Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Foraging by selected spider predators on the cotton fleahopper and other prey
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 12
Pages: 263-270
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, arable, pests, Hemiptera, Miridae, trophic behaviour, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 891
Author: Dean, G.; Dewar, A. M.; Powell, W.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1980
Title: Integrated control of cereal aphids
Journal: Bulletin WPRS/SROP
Volume: III
Issue: 4
Pages: 30-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, methods, efficiency of Dvac cf plant counts for aphids, effect of 2 sprays of aphox on Metopolophium dirhodum, pesticides, insecticides, aphicides, reinfestation and recovery of populations in sprayed plots, yield loss, aphid-specific predators, parasitoids, pathogens, Entomophthora, resurgence, very large numbers of M.dirhodum had large effect on yield


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1184
Author: Dean, G. J.
Year: 1974
Title: Effects of parasites and predators on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum and Macrosiphum avenae
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 63
Pages: 411-422
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Sitobion avenae, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1182
Author: Dean, G. J.
Year: 1975
Title: The natural enemies of cereal aphids
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 80
Pages: 130-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, more detail in later papers, argues against all groups of natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1107
Author: Dean, G. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Phenology of aphidophagous predators
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 182-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 516
Author: Dean, G. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Survival of some aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae) predators with special reference to their parasites in England
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research.
Volume: 73
Pages: 469-480
Keywords: En.
Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Phoridae, Tetrastichus coccinellae, Phalacrotophora fasciata, Dinocampus coccinellae, Chrysoperla carnea, Gelis areator, Dichrogaster aestivalis, Ichneumonidae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Melanostoma mellinum, Platycheirus manicatus, Syrphus ribesii, Diplazon laetatorius, Diplazon tetragonus, Diplazon pectoratorius, Enizemum ornatum, Homotropus fissorius, Homotropu s tarsatorius, Bathythrix pellucidator, Promethes sulcator, Woldstedtius biguttatus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, Adalia bipunctat a, Hippodamia convergens
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, methods, Dvac, visual counts, field cages, laboratory, cereals, winter wheat, nettles, eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, population dynamics, survival, mortality, overwintering, temperature, percentage parasitism, behaviour, development rate, cannibalism, foraging, good references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1186
Author: Dean, G. J.; Jones, M. G.; Powell, W.
Year: 1981
Title: The relative abundance of the hymenopterous parasites attacking Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals during 1973-79 in Southern England
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 71
Pages: 307-315
Keywords: En.
pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1179
Author: Dean, G. J.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1973
Title: Infection of cereal aphids by the fungus Entomophthora
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 74
Pages: 133-138
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 892
Author: Dean, G. J. W.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1971
Title: Entomophthora infecting the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum and Sitobion avenae
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 18
Pages: 169-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, biological control, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5545
Author: Dean, H.A.; Schuster, M.F.; Boling, J.C.; Riherd, P.T.
Year: 1979
Title: Complete biological control of Antonina graminis in Texas with Neodusmetia sangwani (a classic example)
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 25(4)
Pages: 262-267
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., USA, A. graminis is a mealybug pest of forage and lawn grasses, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Pseudoccidae, N. sangwani is an Encyrtidae parasitoid discovered in India and introduced into Texas where it eliminated the pest, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, cost-benefit analysis for Texas ranchers and turf maintenance, classical biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4471
Author: Decae, A. E.
Year: 1987
Title: Dispersal: ballooning and other mechanisms
Journal: In "Ecophysiology of Spiders" Ed. By W. Nentwig, Springer- Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 348-355
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, movement, cursorial dispersal is characteristic of most species in the primitive groups of spiders (collectively the Orthognatha), species belonging to 22 families of Labidognatha are known to balloon, ballooners have been caught at 300km from land and 5km high in the air, intercontinental ballooning in the jet-stream is likely to take 45h at -60C and it is unlikely that spiders would survive, long-distance migration may occur at lower altitudes, there is an exponential decline in density of aerial arthropods in general with increase in altitude and the vast majority are at < 1000m, vertical distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3573
Author: DeClercq, P.; Degheele, D.
Year: 1992
Title: Influence of feeding interval on reproduction and longevity of Podisus sagitta (Het., Pentatomidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 37
Issue: 4)
Pages: 583-590
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab, Belgium, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, population dynamics, females fed on wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella at increasing intervals of 1,3,7,14,21 days decreased oviposition frequency and brood size, reproduction, behaviour, low frequency feeding doubled maximum longevity of females, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, no adult cannibalism but females occasionally ate their own eggs, references to extensive cannibalism in Podisus maculiventris, moisture essential for survival in low food situations, trophic behaviour, references to adult Podisus migrating away from areas of low prey availability, cf Weyman, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 920
Author: DeClercq, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Study of the soil fauna in winter wheat fields and experiments on the influence of this fauna on the aphid population
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: III
Issue: 3
Pages: 133-135
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, results of barrier experiments, predation, predator exclusion, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 912
Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Epigeal arthropods in relation to predation of cereal aphids
Journal: Aphid Antagonists, Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Pages: 88-92
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Gramineae, Hemiptera, biological control, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2751
Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R.
Year: 1983
Title: On the influence of pesticides on the eigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat
Journal: Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Plant Protection, Budapest
Volume: 1
Pages: 41-44
Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1370
Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R.
Year: 1985
Title: On the influence of pesticides on the epigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat
Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 1985
Issue: VIII/3
Pages: 129-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Belgium, pitfalls, pirimicarb, parathion, dimethoate, benomyl, carbamates, fungicides, organophosphorus insecticides, barriered plots, all reduced spiders by 7-18%, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parathion and dimethoate reduced Staphylinidae by 41-67%, rove beetles, Coleoptera, pirimicarb and benomyl by 3-8%, parathion and dimethoate reduced Carabidae by 28-29%, pirimicarb by 11%, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1178
Author: Dedryver, C. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Influence of the relative humidity upon the development of the entomopathogenic fungi Entomophthora aphidis Hoffman, in the populations of the aphid Sitobion avenae F. in 1976 in the West of France
Journal: C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D
Volume: 286
Issue: 23)
Pages: 1723-1726
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1187
Author: Dedryver, C. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Biologie des pucerons des cereales dans l'Ouest de la France. II. Pepartition spatio-temporelle et action limitatrice de trois especes d'Entomophthoracea
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 24
Issue: 4)
Pages: ?
Keywords: Fr.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1188
Author: Dedryver, C. A.; Vible, J. C.; Anglade, P.
Year: 1977
Title: Development of Rhopalosiphum padi L. and Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae F. (Hom., Aphididae) in 1975 on durum wheat (Triticum durum) in Gironde (South-West France). Regulative effect of Entomophthora. Effect on yield
Journal: Rev. Zool. Agric. Pathol. Veg.
Volume: 76
Issue: 2)
Pages: 50-62
Keywords: pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3854
Author: Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Changes in the spider fauna over 14 years in an industrially polluted area in Holland
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 103-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, The Netherlands, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arachnofauna, pitfall traps in peat bog 1974-79 and 1986-89, chemical and petrochemical factories and nuclear power station nearby, large reduction in catch of wandering spiders and Lycosidae in second period, abundance, some Linyphiidae increased in the traps, Trochosa terricola, Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa pullata, Agroeca proxima, Centromerus sylvaticus, species list in Molinia, Erica and oak, trees, woodland, forest, 94 species including Pachygnatha degeeri, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, money spiders, wolf spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4836
Author: Deguine, J.P.
Year: 1991
Title: Observations on carabid predators of lepidopteran cotton pests in North Cameroon
Journal: Coton et Fibres Tropicales
Volume: 46(3)
Pages: 249-255
Alternate Journal: Coton et Fibres Tropicales
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Africa, in situ visual observations of predation by carabid larvae, methods, descriptions of larvae, prey included earthworms, description and photographs of attack behaviour, these carabid larvae can defend themselves by squirting a pink repellent liquid out of the pygidium, predator defence behaviour, in the lab they ate 6 species of caterpillar pest including Heliothis armigera and Spodoptera littoralis, they ate 0.5 per day in lab compared with 6 per day in the field, predation rates, consumption rates, larvae were reared out and found to be Lissauchenius venator, Graphipterus obsoletus and Pachydinodes conformis, adults had the same diet as larvae (based on field and lab observations)
Notes: En. & Fr.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1364
Author: Dehne, H. W.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Untersuchungen zum Auftreten von Getreideblattlausen an Winterweizen unter praktischer Anbaubedingungen. I. Einfluss von Mehltaubefall und Fungizidbehandlungen
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 49
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 651-655
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, pesticides, fungicides, mildew, fungi, more aphids where fungicides used, diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1352
Author: Deiss, P.
Year: 1981
Title: Comparative levels of crop protection chemicals used in France and all over the world
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 1
Issue: 7)
Pages: 595-600
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5035
Author: Dejean, A.; Djieto-Lordon, C.; Durand, J.L.
Year: 1997
Title: Ant mosaic in oil palm plantations of the southwest province of Cameroon: impact on leaf miner beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 90(5)
Pages: 1092-1096
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Africa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, pests, six ant species were distributed in a mosaic pattern, distribution, Hispinae leaf miner beetle pest Coelaemenodera minuta, this pest is attacked by parasitoids and some ant species eat its eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ant community, significant negative correlation between percentage of oil palms occupied by Crematogaster gabonensis and the incidence of pest attack, the reverse was true for some other ant species such as Tertramorium aculeatum, trees, forest, plantations, woodland, C. gabonensis is diurnal and was observed to use the mandibles to open tunnels and capture C. minuta larvae, but T. aculeatum is nocturnal and less aggressive, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4323
Author: DeKeer, R.; Desender, K.; D'Hulster, M.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1986
Title: Importance of edges for the spider and beetle fauna of a pasture
Journal: Annales Societe Royale Zoologie Belgique
Volume: 116
Pages: 92-93
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Erigone atra and Oedothorax fuscus were dominants, O. fuscus but not E. atra were abundant in the border, at the end of summer O. fuscus moves to the edge of the field for overwintering, whilst E. atra balloons away (and some stay in the field), aerial dispersal, Philonthus varius moves to edge, Oxytelus rugosus occurs in edge and field, Pterostichus strenuus and Clivina fossor stay in the field but most other carabids overwinter at the edge, they are spring breeders, minimum temperatures in winter are higher at the edge, % litter and sod layer is thicker at edge and the soil less compacted, maximum density at edge was 250 spiders m-2, 1100 staphylinids and 900 carabids, the edge is partly grazed but is under a fence and so is untrampled


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2253
Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Life history pattern of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall 1834) (Araneida, Linyphiidae) in a heavily grazed pasture
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 171-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., Belgium, perrenial ryegrass, grazed and fertilised, spiders, phenology, methods, time-sort pitfalls, quadrats handsorting Tullgren funnels, hand collection, window traps, juveniles identified to species, activity peaks, reproduction, voltinism, location of eggsacs, height of vegetation, sex differences, diel activity, distribution, aerial dispersal, window traps, predation, consumption (females more than males), overwintering, density, eating Collembola (gives species), mites and chironomids, Acari, Diptera.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 857
Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Observations on the life cycle of Erigone atra (Araneae, Erigoninae) in a heavily grazed pasture
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 201-212
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, Belgium, Erigone dentipalpis 8 times less abundant than Erigone atra, 4 ha field, pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren funnels, methods, fortnightly collection of spiders and cocoons, unable to separate species of cocoon, eggsac, window traps 0.5-1.5 m high, identification of juveniles to genus, spines and trichobothria on legs, taxonomy, systematics, subadult males to species, juveniles to 4 instars on length of tarsus and metatarsus IV, females dissected and egg diameter measured, reared spiders on Drosophila at 20C, culturing, recorded number of cocoons and eggs per cocoon, reproduction, fecundity, peak males in pitfalls in July, new adults in July and September, phenology, voltinism, eggs laid in July adult by September, most new adults inseminated following spring, mating, copulation, lay eggs which are adult by July, 2 generations per year, males active most in afternoon, females 0600-1000 and 1600-1800, the same time as Collembola which they come out of their webs to feed on, springtails, diel activity, trophic behaviour, so males find females in their webs, density, 0.46 sq m sampled monthly in 30 quadrats, some juveniles in winter, overwintering, peak adult density second generation in October, aeronautic losses and/or mortality in winter followed by large reproduction and fast development in summer, aerial migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, population dynamics, peak density 318 per sq m in August mostly I's, cocoons found in higher vegeatation March to September, vertical stratification, microhabitat, peak cocoons April and August, mean eggs per cocoon 13 (7-21), pattern of demales containing mature eggs, weekly catch in window traps, both generations have dispersal phase as adults before maturity, coccoon development time 13 days at 20C, takes about a month egg to adult, generation time, in 25 days can produce 200 eggs per female, E. dentipalpis prefers patches of shorter vegetation, references to life cycles of Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis and Oedothorax fuscus, Linyphiidae, money spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2245
Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 7
Pages: 237-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, generation time, temperature, fecundity, food supply, Drosophila, Diptera, Isotoma, Collembola, prey density, wasteful killing, voltinism, cocoon production, Belgium, pasture, grassland, field observations, biological control, functional response, numerical response.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1367
Author: Delorme, R.; Fritz, R.
Year: 1978
Title: Effect of some fungicides on Entomophthora aphidis
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 23
Issue: 4)
Pages: 389-401
Keywords: En.
pesticides, fungal pathogens, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Aphis fabae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 642
Author: Deltshev, C.; Kajak, A.
Year: 1974
Title: Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny Mountains (Carpathia ns) XVI Effect of pasture management on the number and biomass of spiders (Araneae) in two climatic regions (the Pieniny and the Sredna Gora Mountains)
Journal: Ekol. Pol.
Volume: 22
Pages: 693-710
Keywords: Araneae, predators, energetics, community, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4121
Author: Delucchi, V.
Year: 1982
Title: Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Zeiraphera diniana [Lep., Tortricidae] and their role in population control in outbreak areas
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 27
Issue: 1)
Pages: 77-92
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, biological control, community, conifer trees, forest, woodland, species richness, 109 species of primary and secondary parasitoid associated with this pest in Central European Alps area, 90 are primary, 13 are obligate hyperparasitoids and 6 are facultative hyperparasitoids, Ichneumonidae predominate in all host outbreak areas, parasitoids and predators can slow the increase rate of the host, larvae feed between larch needles and pupating cocoons are in leaf litter on the ground, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, pest outbreak cycles involving defoliation last 8-10 years, plant damage, polyphagous predators that eat the pest, including its eggs, are Acari, Miridae, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, predatory mites, Heteroptera, lacewings, earwigs, there is a granulovirus, GV, baculovirus, pathogen, disease, insect pathogenic virus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4591
Author: Demichelis, S.; Manino, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Electrophoretic detection of parasitism by Dryinidae in Typhlocybinae leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 130
Pages: 407-414
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., methods, electrophoresis, Italy, pests, grape, potato, natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, PAGE electrophoresis, alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme system detected dryinids at an early stage of development but did not discriminate among  dryinid species. Detection of parasitism.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 272
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1958
Title: A study of the predators of the broom beetle using the precipitin test
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 23
Issue: C)
Pages: 34
Keywords: En.
Phytodecta olivacea
Abstract, serology, Chrysomelidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2768
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1960
Title: A quantitative study of the predators on the eggs and larvae of the broom beetle, Phytodecta olivacea Forster, using the precipitin test
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Pages: 149-167
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, serology, egg feeders were Forficula auricularia, Anthocoris nemorum, Miridae, earwig, Dermaptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, feeding, predation, diet, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1860
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1963
Title: The natural prey of three species of Anthocoris living on broom
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 6
Pages: 149-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1669
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1964
Title: The feeding habits of Miridae (Heteroptera) living on broom (Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm.)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 7
Pages: 149-154
Keywords: En.
behaviour, UK, precipitin test, predation, natural enemies, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1359
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1967
Title: The control of Pieris rapae with DDT. I. The natural mortality of the young stages of Pieris
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 485-500
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, serology, preciptin test, Harpalus rufipes and Trechus quadristriatus climb plants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1355
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1968
Title: The control of Pieris rapae with DDT. II. Survival of the young stages of Pieris after spraying
Journal: Journal of Apllied Ecology
Volume: 5
Pages: 451-462
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, behaviour, brassicas, field vegetables


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1362
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1968
Title: The sub-lethal effect of DDT on the rate of feeding by the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis ey Applicata
Volume: 11
Pages: 51-54
Keywords: En.
behaviour, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, reduced feeding rate on seeds at sub-lethal concentration, recovery rapid when DDT removed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1351
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1969
Title: Some effects of weed control on the numbers of Pieris rapae on brussels sprouts
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 6
Pages: 339-345
Keywords: En.
farming practices, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, brassicas, field vegetables, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2919
Author: Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1971
Title: The population ecology of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 7
Pages: 26-67
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, precipitin test, pests, population dynamics, high mortality of young larvae due to invertebrate predators, some adults eaten by Xysticus cristatus, Thomisidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, antiserum from old larvae, Anystis baccarum frequently seen feeding on Cinnabar eggs, predatory mites, Acari, positive in test at Weeting Heath were Oxyptila scabricula, Erythraeus phalangoides, earthmite, Phalangium opilio, Metabletus foveatus, Amara spp., Harpalus rufitarsus, Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber, Opiliones, harvestmen, Phalangida, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Isopoda, woodlice, at Monks Wood additional positives were Theridion ovatum, Theridiidae, Meta segmentata, Araneidae, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, Pardosa amentata, Lycosidae, Harpalus rufipes, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion lampros, Amara aulica, Anthicus antherinus, Tachyporus spp., Rhagonycha spp., Staphylinidae, rove beetles, soldier beetles, Cantharidae, Calocoris norwegicus, Heteroptera, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoridae, Nabis rugosus, Nabidae, Heterotoma merioptera, Forficula auricularia, earwigs, Dermaptera, Chrysopa larvae, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Panorpa sp., scorpion fly, Mecoptera, Philoscia muscorum, some of these may have eaten Cinnabar eggs, consumption, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4171
Author: Dempster, J. P.; Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1974
Title: Diversification of crop ecosystems as a means of controlling pests
Journal: In "Biology in Pest and Disease Control", Ed. by D. Price Jones and M.E. Solomon, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
Pages: 106-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., it is not stability that is required in pest populations, but maintenance below the level at which economic damage occurs, Panonychus ulmi has been exacerbated as an orchard pest due to insecticides, pesticides, Acari, mites, apples, top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, Brussels sprouts in hoed compared with plots undersoen with clover, farming practices, habitat diversity, field vegetables, brassicas, Leguminosae, survival of Pieris larvae lower in clover plots, more polyphagous predators in pitfalls in clover plots, eg Phalangium opilio, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and Staphylinidae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, fewer Bembidion caught in clover plots, slightly less cabbage root fly damage in clover plots, sprouts from clover plots were larger and heavier, yield, in a second experiment there were more Brevicoryne brassicae and cabbage root fly eggs on hoed plots, red clover competed seriously with the crop but white clover was better, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, Delia radicum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 212
Author: Dempster, J. P.; Richardson, O. W.; Waloff, N.
Year: 1959
Title: Carabidae as predators on the pupal stage of the chrysomelid beetle Phytodecta olivacea
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 10
Pages: 65-70
Keywords: En.
Rep, pitfalls, precipitin test, serology, Ouchterlony, mark-recapture, Lincoln index, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 125
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1965
Title: External characters of sibling species Trechus obtusus Er. and Trechus quadristriatus Shrk
Journal: T. Ent.
Volume: 108
Pages: 219-239
Keywords: Carabidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 87
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1970
Title: On the significance of dispersal power for populations of carabid beetles
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 4
Pages: 1-28
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 110
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1971
Title: Dispersal and Dispersal Power of Carabid Beetles
Journal: H. Veenman and Zonen, B.V., Wageningen.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3100
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Dispersal power and survival: carabids in a cultivated countryside
Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen
Volume: 14
Pages: 1-190
Keywords: En.
In Lib., book, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, distribution, migration, behaviour, population dynamics, theoretical, arable, metapopulations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2431
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1979
Title: The significance of dispersal power for the survival of species
Journal: Fortsch Zool
Volume: 25
Pages: 79-94
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3697
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Some remarks in retrospect
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele and F. Weber. Miscellaneous Papers of the Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, H. Veenman & Zonen B.V.
Volume: 18
Pages: 213-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, dispersal power, feeding habits, diel activity, longevity, breeding season, fecundity, reproduction, distribution, migration, trophic behaviour, r and k strategists


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 225
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1981
Title: On the survival of populations in a heterogeneous and variable environmen t
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 50
Pages: 39-53
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2432
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1985
Title: Fluctuations of density and survival of carabid populations
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 67
Pages: 322-330
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3443
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1986
Title: What can carabid beetles tell us about dynamics of populations?
Journal: In "Carabid beetles, their adaptations and dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L.Luff, D.Mossakowski and F.Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart
Pages: 315-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Wijster, Drenthe, The Netherlands, summed yearly pitfall catches used to indicate change in size of local breeding populations (R) from year to year, data runs of up to 12 years, diagrams of frequency of logR showed normal curves for all species, his data did not support hypothesis that high rate of local extinctions is confined to species at edge of their range, also occurred in middle of range, species with low powers of dispersal had mean survival times for local populations of c. 40 years, whereas for species with high power of dispersal it was c. 10 years, species with good dispersal also settle in stable habitats where the poor dispersers live but their populations are not as stable there as the poor dispersers, this is because their high dispersal reduced potential reproduction thus increasing the chance of local extinction, population dynamics, migration, distribution, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3444
Author: Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. The significance of density-related egg production
Journal: In "Carabid beetles, their adaptations and dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L.Luff, D.Mossakowski and F.Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart
Pages: 361-370
Keywords: En.
Rep., Wijster, The Netherlands, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor, negative correlation between year catch in pitfalls and sum of mean weekly eggs per female in pitfalls, Baars and Van Dijk supposed that reduced fecundity at high density would reduce population size but Den Boer claims here otherwise, mean density of eggs is higher than mean density of adults, variation in mean egg density is lower than variation in mean density of recruits or of overwintering adults, in peak years the reduction in fecundity is too small to reverse the course of density, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2428
Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Den Boer-Daanje, W.
Year: 1990
Title: On life history tactics in carabid beetles: are there only spring and autumn breeders ?
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 247-258
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2534
Author: Den Boer, P. J.; et al.
Year: 1986
Title: Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles (5th European Carabidologists' Meeting)
Keywords: TP, in Library


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4007
Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1994
Title: Carabid beetles in a changing environment
Journal: Wageningen Agricultural University Papers
Volume: 94-6
Pages: 1-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 1959-89 pitfalls in heathland in Holland, trends in climate, hydrology, acidification and fertilization of soil, and plant species composition desribed, many carabid species stenotopic for heathland declined or disappeared, whilst eurytopic species increased or were unchanged, long-term monitoring, population dynamics, community, key species included Pterostichus versicolor, Calathus melanocephalus, Harpalus latus, Pterostichus diligens, Pterostichus lepidus, Table with annual catch of 23 species, some species increased as a result of sod cutting, changes in abundance discussed in relation to powers of dispersal and environmental changes, distribution, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3445
Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Van Huizen, T. H. P.; Den Boer-Daanje, W.; Aukema, B.; Den Bieman, C. F. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Wing polymorphism and dimorphism in ground beetles as atages in an evolutionary process (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 6
Pages: 107-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species that can be macropterous include Amara plebeja, Amara familiaris, Harpalus rufipes, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus versicolor, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, Loricera pilicornis and Nebria brevicollis, in Amara plebeja there is flight of unfertilized females, flight muscles reduced during migration, structure, then developed again for return flight, oogenesis flight syndrome, this seems to be the only species doing this, in A.dorsale some individuals never develop flight muscles, in A.familiaris the flying period coincides with the breeding period but some individuals lose flight muscles when developing eggs, L.pilicornis can show high level of flight activity at any time, pitfalls and window traps, many individuals of N.brevicollis never develop wing muscles, some species with short wings can make short hopping flights eg P.oblongopunctatus and Agonum assimile, wing dimorphic species include Clivina fossor and Pterostichus strenuus, for these there may be a dualism in the choice of stable/unstable habitats eg C.fossor, wing dimorphics have low frequency of intermediate wing sizes eg Notiophilus biguttatus, some evidence that brachyptery is dominant in wing dimorphic species ie macropters are double recessives, Pterostichus melanarius has low percentage macropters but got into the new polders with high percentage macropters, Den Boer considers that populations in stable habitats evolve towards brachyptery by natural selection because genes associated with high dispersal ability "fly away", amongst monomorphic macropters the relative wing size from large to small is A.plebeja > A.familiaris > N.brevicollis, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, distribution, population dynamics, evolution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2325
Author: Deng, D.; Gui-qiane, W.; Jing, L.
Year: 1985
Title: Bionomics of predaceous carabids in Heilongjian (China)
Journal: Acta Entomol. Sin.
Volume: 28
Issue: 3)
Pages: 281-287
Keywords: En.?
Sitobion avenae, Pieris rapae
Rep., beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, farmland, pitfalls, prey, food, diet, pests, cereals, spring wheat, aphids, Lepidoptera, pesticides, insecticides, BHC, methyl-parathion, mortality, species composition, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2533
Author: Dennis, P.
Title: The predatory potential of staphylinid beetles
Journal: 10 month report (PhD)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2755
Author: Dennis, P.
Year: 1991
Title: Temporal and spatial distribution of arthropod predators of the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) in cereals next to field margin habitats
Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 5
Pages: 79-88
Keywords: En.
Rep., Norway, pests, oats, Hemiptera, Gramineae, directional gutter traps, methods, pitfalls, grassy margins, May to July, freeze-killed aphids as artificial prey next to each pitfall, more aphid predators near edge, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Clivina fossor did not use field margins and was evenly distributed across fields, directional traps caught Trechus secalis, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Lycosidae, Formica moving into field, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation rates of aphid baits correlated with abundance of aphid predators, advocates not spraying at 0-10 m from edge because aphids should be controlled there and it would conserve natural enemies, pesticides, insecticides, Stenus biguttatus, Pterostichus spp., Adalia septempunctata, Linyphiidae, Opiliones, Chilopoda, Syrphidae, Cantharidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, harvestmen, centipedes, hoverflies, Diptera, soldier beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1981
Author: Dennis, P.; Fry, G. L. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland ?
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 95-115
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Norway, directional gutter traps at various distances from grassy boundary, methods, cereals, Gramineae, winter soil samples and Tullgren extraction from grassy edges, good habitats for arthropod diversity and aphid predator abundance were tussocks, raised banks, low vegetation, behaviour, habitat preferences, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, upto 29 June Trechus secalis, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Bembidion guttula, Stenus biguttatus, Lycosidae and Formicidae were caught in greater numbers moving into field than the reverse for distances up to 10m, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predators tended to aggregate near field margins except Clivina fossor which is evenly distributed and does not use field margins


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4307
Author: Dennis, P.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Behavioural aspects of staphylinid beetles that limit their aphid feeding potential in cereal crops
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 38
Issue: 3)
Pages: 222-237
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Gramineae, UK, trophic behaviour, food, diet, foraging, methods, time-lapse video monitoring in an insectary, field observations in enclosures in winter wheat including using red light at night, searching behaviour, capture efficiency and handling time measured in the lab, in the insectary Philonthus cognatus was diurnal, diel cycles, Tachyporus hypnorum climbed stems by day and was active on ground by day and night, vertical distribution, stratification, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, Tachyporus larvae were nocturnal, in the field Tachyporus adults spent more time active on the plants than on the ground, gives speed of running, Tachyporus chrysomelinus and Tachyporus obtusus searched plants early in the morning and late in the afternoon, but T. hypnorum only in late afternoon and evening, T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus searched mainly the lower leaves whereas T. obtusus climbed to the ears also, P. cognatus climbed and often fell from leaves and stems, Tachyporus flew from the top of plants on warm afternoons in May and June, fungi encountered were Sporobolomyces, Septoria, Erisyphe, Puccinia and Cladosporium, mildew and rusts, Tachyporus was observed to eat Septoria and Erisyphe in the field, and fungi were often preferred to aphids, prey preference, prey selection, Tachyporus was repelled by a Lema larva, Oulema melanopus, Philonthus fuscipennis, dislodgement and remote dislodgement of aphids was observed, T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus were more efficient at aphid feeding on the ground than on the plant, the reverse for T. obtusus, many Tachyporus adults caught on the plant at night were resting rather than active, from 75 climbs on wheat by various staphylinids 35% of aphids were dislodged cf 9.5% eaten, third instar Tachyporus larvae climbed up to ears and ate aphids there, authors conclude that these staphylinids have a significant role in predation of cereal aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3212
Author: Dennis, P.; Thomas, M. B.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Structural features of field boundaries which influence the overwintering densities of beneficial arthropod predators
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 361-370
Keywords: En.
Rep., Tachyporus hypnorum and Demetrias atricapillus, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, habitat selection, microclimate, UK and Norway, quadrats, vegetation manipulated in boundary enclosures, methods, least on bare earth, most in Dactylis glomerata tussocks, grass, Gramineae, field edges, 3 successive winters, Tachyporus in Norway liked raised boundaries with tussock grass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2811
Author: Dennis, P.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1991
Title: Field manipulation of populations of individual staphylinid species in cereals and their impact on aphid populations
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 17-24
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, winter wheat, Gramineae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, biological control, Hemiptera, pests, methods, tepee exclusion enclosure cage, 0.25 m2 polythene tube half buried in ground with netting above tied off and supported by canes, 1987-88, all predators removed from within cages then individual species of staphylinid added, 5 replicates per species, at end absolute density sampling done to quantify other natural enemies, consumption rates measured in Petri dishes inside tepees, food, diet, in 1987 Philonthus cognatus reduced aphid numbers to 7 per stem from a no-predator control of 25 per stem, in 1988 Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus and Philonthus cognatus significantly reduced aphids by 25% compared with control but all were above economic threshold, level of mildew Erysiphe graminis pustules was lower in the T. chrysomelinus cages, aphids eaten per day in dishes were 6.0 Tachyporus hypnorum, 4.6 T. chrysomelinus, 9.6 T. obtusus, 13.3 Tachyporus larvae, 38.4 P. cognatus, Tachyporus did not affect aphid population development at high aphid density in 1987, may have also fed on mildew in 1987, claims that T. chrysomelinus is more abundant than other Tachyporus species early in aphid population development but no data given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2803
Author: Dennis, P.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Mycophagy as a factor limiting predation of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in cereals
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 81
Pages: 25-31
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, feeding behaviour, plant pathogens, diseases, fungi, mildew, mistakenly claims Sunderland found Erisyphe in Tachyporus guts, growing Erisyphe on spring wheat and quantification, methods, rearing larvae on eggs deposited in Petri dishes, culturing, consumption rate experiments in Petri dishes, Sitobion avenae and mildew preference experiments, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, no significant difference in conidia consumption rates of different Tachyporus adults, females consumed more than males for Tachyporus hypnorum and Tachyporus obtusus, sex related differences, third instar larvae ate more than first or second, Philonthus cognatus larvae ate mildew but adults did not, presence of aphids reduced mildew consumption especially by Tachyporus larvae, increasing preference for S. avenae in order T. hypnorum, T. larvae, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, T. obtusus, P. cognatus larvae and adults, no differences between sexes or larval instars, aphid consumption rate reduced in presence of mildew for female T. hypnorum and T. larvae, Holling Type 2 functional response to total food i.e. as prey density increased a decreasing proportion would be eaten, the less abundant species are more aphidophagous and less mycophagous, ways needed to increase their abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4351
Author: Dennis, P.; Young, M. R.; Howard, C. L.; Gordon, I. J.
Year: 1997
Title: The response of epigeal beetles (Col.: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) to varied grazing regimes on upland Nardus stricta grasslands
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 34
Pages: 433-443
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, UK, grazing by sheep and cattle, pitfalls, significant effects of grazing on 5/32 bettle species, i.e. on Carabus violaceous, Othius angustus, Pterostichus strenuus, Xantholinus linearis and Olophrum piceum, ordination methods, CCA, Cheviot hills on Sourhope series soils, total of 36176 individuals of 68 species caught, Calathus melanocephalus plus Tachinus signatus plus Pterostichus madidus plus Carabus violaceous and Carabus problematicus formed 84% of the catch, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2985
Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D.
Year: 1983
Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. I. Prey selection
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 25
Pages: 109-115
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, includes Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara plebeja, Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus biguttatus, birch oak litter layer, forest, trees, deciduous, gut dissection cf precipitin test, serology, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, antigens prepared against 11 food types, beetles collected from dry pitfalls, capillary ring test, antisera tested for cross reactions only against the 11 antigens, small sample sizes, precipitin test detected Nematoda and carrion undetected in gut dissection, prey detected by gut dissection were usually detected in precipitin test but not always, in precipitin test A.plebeja ate Enchytraeidae and Diptera, Annelida, Atheta ate Enchytraeidae and mites, Acari, Lathrobium ate mites and Collembola, L.pilicornis ate nematodes mites and Collembola, N.brevicollis, N.biggutatus and P.melanarius ate a wide range including Enchytraeidae, nematodes, Lumricidae, Isopoda, spiders, Collembola, Diptera, fungi, Araneae, earthworms, woodlice, in gut dissection A.plebeja Atheta and Lathrobium ate nothing, L.pilicornis ate Collembola, N.brevicollis ate worms, isopods, spiders, mites, Collembola, Diptera and Coleoptera, N.biguttatus ate mites, Collembola, fungi, algae, P.melanarius ate spiders, Collembola, Diptera, fungi and Coleoptera, prey gut contents were of insufficient volume to elicit a noticeable reaction, secondary predation, food chain effects, Staphylinidae, rove beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 277
Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. V. Summary and conclusions
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 171-177
Keywords: En.
Rep, average linkage cluster analysis, niche overlap, competition, food, predation, prey, diet, activity, diel activity, seasonal activity, population density, adults, Carabidae, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 345
Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. III. Seasonal activity patterns as revealed by pitfall trapping
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 45-56
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, methods, grid, formalin, trapping out, community, phenology, Carabidae, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 346
Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. IV. Population densities and community composition
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 157-170
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods, flotation, pitfalls, trapping out, saturation pitfalls, plastic enclosure, marking, Coleoptera, diversity, density, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5826
Author: Denno, R.F.; Fagan, W.F.
Year: 2003
Title: Might nitrogen limitation promote omnivory among carnivorous arthropods ?
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 84(10)
Pages: 2522-2531
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., review, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators are frequently nitrogen-limited and can increase nitrogen intake by feeding on other predators, intraguild predation, trophic webs, food webs, community, references to widespread omnivory and to widespread food limitation in spiders, mites, mantids, bugs, beetles, lacewings and wasps, Araneae, Acari, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Vespidae,  C:N ratios of predators exceed those of herbivores, N demand for spiders is often greater than for insect predators, parasitoids also thrive on high protein diets, fitness, sources of N include cannibalism and consumption of exuviae,web silk and proteinaceous plant material such as seeds and pollen, herbivory, evidence is limited that predators prefer to attack the most nutritious prey, mismatch of N content across trophic levels may promote omnivory,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5986
Author: Denno, R.F.; Gratton, C.; Dobel, H.; Finke, D.L.
Year: 2003
Title: Predation risk affects relative strength of  top-down and bottom-up impacts on insect herbivores
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 84(4)
Pages: 1032-1044
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., saltmarsh, USA, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, plant nutrition, trophic cascades, impact of predation on herbivore populations, relevant to biological control, herbivores responded mainly to nitrogen content of host (Spartina alterniflora), cordgrass, grasses, Gramineae, behaviour (especially anti-predator defensive behaviour) of some species of sap-feeding herbivore influenced predation risk and the relative proportion of top-down and bottom-up influences on their population dynamics, abundance, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, planthoppers, dominant herbivores were Proklesia marginata, Proklesia dolus, at densities of thousands m-2, other planthoppers (Delphacodes penedetecta and Megamelus lobatus) were less abundant, as were Cicadellidae, Sanctanus aestuarium, and Miridae, Trigonotylus uhleri, Heteroptera, Pardosa littoralis at density about 200 m-2, Proklesia are 61% of diet of P. littoralis and it can consume 70 per day, food, fiet, trophic behaviour, predation rates, consumption rates, laboratory functional response experiments showed Proklesia to be more at risk than other herbivores, artificial spider (dead P. littoralis glued to wire) thrust at herbivores to determine their defensive behaviour (nil, controlled descent, hide behind stem, drop off plant), dislodgement, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, manipulative experiments in the field involving various levels of plant fertilisation and exposure to spider predation, all herbivores were increased by plant fertilisation but only Proklesia were significantly reduced by spider predation, S. aestuarium jumped off the plant and avoided predation, D. penedetecta avoided predation by hiding behind stems, Proklesia either remained in place or descended slowly in the presence of a spider and they were vulnerable to visually orienting P. littoralis, vertical stratification of these herbivores also creates differential risk because Pardosa forages near the ground,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5550
Author: Denno, R.F.; Gratton, C.; Peterson, M.A.; Langellotto, G.A.; Finke, D.L.; Huberty, A.F.
Year: 2002
Title: Bottom-up forces mediate natural-enemy impact in a phytophagous insect community
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(5)
Pages: 1443-1458
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., host plant nutrition, vegetation complexity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, planthoppers, Hemiptera, Proklesia, Spartina, cordgrass, saltmarsh, USA, spider impact on planthopper populations was affected by plant nutrition and vegetation complexity (greatest impact for poor plant nutrition and high structural complexity when straw was present - the straw probably acted as a scaffold enabling this ground predator to reach its plant-feeding prey), vertical distribution, vertical migration, dispersal, movement, population dynamics, impact on planthoppers was greater in laboratory systems than in the field, this is attributed to IGP by spiders on other planthopper enemies in the field, intraguild predation, methods, Pardosa littoralis often achieves densities of 200 m-2 in the saltmarsh, abundance, Proklesia form more than 60% of the diet of Pardosa, planthoppers are also attacked by Linyphiidae and the bug Tytthus vagus eats its eggs, Heteroptera, Miridae, oophagy, Pardosa kills Tytthus and reduces its abundance, factorial experiment in laboratory mesocosms, manipulative field experiment using groups of small uncaged Spartina islets in a flooded area, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5753
Author: Denys, C.; Tscharntke, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Plant-insect communities and predator-prey ratios in field margin strips, adjacent crop fields, and fallows
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 130
Pages: 315-324
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Germany, cereals, Gramineae, comparison of natural strips, Phacelia strips, wildflower strips and winter wheat or oat strips, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, potted plants of mugwort and red clover were put out in the strips as a quantitative index of arthropod colonisation, Artemisia vulgaris, Trifolium pratense, Leguminosae, direct in situ visual counting of invertebrates on the potted plants plus some laboratory examination of excised plant parts, species arthropod species richness did not vary between strip types but was greater than within fields, predator abundance and predator-prey ratios were significantly greater in 6-year-old than in 1-year-old strips, species list of 60 arthropod species on mugwort, species composition, community, 10 species in red clover flower heads, aphids were dominant, pests, Hemiptera, Theridion was the commonest polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Theridiidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, predatory Heteroptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 82
Author: Desender, K.
Year: 1982
Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land. II. Hibernation of Carabidae in agroecosystems
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 23
Pages: 295-303
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Amara aenea, Clivina fossor
Rep, Belgium, winter, quadrats, soil sorting, Tullgren funnel, fields, edges, middles, pastures, grassy borders, grassland, aggregations, litter layer, grass strips


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 226
Author: Desender, K.
Year: 1983
Title: Ecological data on Clivina fossor (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from a pasture ecosystem. 1. Adult and larval abundance, seasonal and diurnal activity
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 25
Pages: 157-167
Keywords: En.
Rep, Belgium, epigeic, digging, soil, breeding, phenology, hibernation, overwintering, pitfalls, enclosures, trapping out, soil samples, time-sort pitfalls, temperature, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2425
Author: Desender, K.
Year: 1986
Title: On the relation between abundance and flight activity in carabid beetles from a heavily grazed pasture
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 102
Pages: 225-
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2433
Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Population dynamics of carabid beetles and larvae in a maize field boundary
Journal: Zeit ang Ent
Volume: 106
Pages: 13-19
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2316
Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M.
Year: 1990
Title: The carabid fauna of maize fields under different rotation regimes
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 493-500
Keywords: En.
Rep., rove beetles, predators, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1988, pitfalls, continuous maize compared with maize rotated with Italian ryegrass and grazed pasture, carabid fauna similar in both but small fields so easy colonization, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, comparison of quadrats and pitfalls showed very different species compositions, ground search, gives carabid densities, DECORANA, TWINSPAN, multivariate statistics, 50 species, community, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4321
Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Field edges and their importance for polyphagous predatory arthropods
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 54
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 823-835
Keywords: En.
Rep., Melle near Ghent Belgium, quadrats 1985-9, edge samples only in winter, 30 x 12.5 cm x 12.5 cm per sample, handsorted then Tullgren funnels, methods, only data on adults here, field centre values are mean yearly estimates, density per m2 was pasture 115 spiders and 27 carabids, fields 3-7 spiders 8-12 carabids, edges 11-117 spiders 28-548 carabids, spiders more numerous in pasture centre than carabids, the reverse for maize and ryegrass, the impoverished nature of maize is probably due to high agrochemical inputs plus poor habitat structure, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, cereals and grassland, Gramineae, pesticides, diversity increases with density, density ratios (margin/centre) was 20 for carabids cf 1 for spiders in pasture, ratio for spiders was greater than for carabids in maize, ordination using TWINSPAN, Micrargus herbigradus, Robertus lividus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Centromerus sylvaticus, Monocephalus fuscipes and Oedothorax retusus tended to prefer margins to centres, whilst Oedothorax fuscus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone vagans, Milleriana inerrans and Tiso vagans tended to prefer the field and pasture centres, pasture and field margins seemed to be important hibernation refuges for Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus vernalis, Bembidion tetracolum, Pterostichus strenuus, Bembidion properans and Clivina fossor, these tend to be brachypters or have low flight incidence in the Melle area, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, authors estimate that 0-10% of carabids and spiders from a field hibernate at its edge


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3140
Author: Desender, K.; co, authors
Title: A collection of non-agricultural carabid reprints
Keywords: En.
Rep. kept on shelf, TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3475
Author: Desender, K.; Dufrene, M.; Loreau, M.; Luff, M. L.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1994
Title: Carabid Beetles: Ecology and Evolution
Journal: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 474 pp
Keywords: Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2628
Author: Desender, K.; et al.
Title: Package of papers (non-agricultural)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 202
Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Population restoration by means of dispersal, studied for different carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a pasture ecosystem
Journal: Proceedings of the VIII International Colloquium of Soil Zoology (eds. P. Lebrun, H.M. Andre, A. De Medts, C. Gregoire-Wibo and G. Wauthy. In 'New Trends in Soil Biology'.
Pages: 541-550
Keywords: En.
Clivina fossor
Rep, grazed pasture, quadrats, ground search, pitfalls, window traps, fenced enclosures, trapping out, flight activity, soil surface, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, grazed Belgian pasture, 2 plots 30m x 30m, fenced pitfalls in one, unfenced in the other, quadrats and window traps, Pterostichus melanarius reproduced in summer to autumn and hibernates as larva, behaviour, phenology, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion properans, Clivina fossor, breed in spring and newly emerged adults overwinter, got similar patterns in 2 plots implying fast restoration of populations in heavily sampled aras, methods, positive correlation between catch and daily temperature, weather, climate, microclimate, activity, got very short-term removal effects, Clivina fossor had reduced surface activity, it was reduced in open pitfall plot in second year, lower larval recruitment, population dynamics, very low flight activity observed, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, even for Pterostichus vernalis which is constantly macropterous, suggests carabid dispersal in grass is mainly by walking, also data on Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus strenuus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2627
Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1986
Title: Pitfall trapping within enclosures: a method for estimating the relationship between the abundances of coexisting carabid species (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Holarctic Ecology
Volume: 9
Pages: 245-250
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies grazed pasture, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, methods, 30 pairs of fenced pitfalls 1 meter square with roof netting, containing 2 pitfalls connected by guideplates, with formalin and detergent, cf unfenced pitfalls, density, abundance, also 60 pairs of soil samples 10 cm diameter by 15 cm deep from inside fenced areas, manual sorting followed by 3 days in Tullgren funnels, in May density from soil samples was similar to that estimated from fenced pitfalls, main species were Clivina fossor, Pterostichus vernalis, Bembidion properans, Pterostichus strenuus, catches in unfenced pitfalls were not well correlated with true abundance, authors consider that diurnal activity cycle and feeding ecology have a large effect on unfenced pitfall catch


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2426
Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.; D'Hulster, M.; Vanhercke, L.
Year: 1981
Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land I Seasonal Occurrence of Carabidae in the grassy edge of a pasture
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 22
Pages: 379-384
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2882
Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.; Van Hercke, L.
Year: 1982
Title: Qualitative seasonal variations of the Carabidae (Coleoptera) from a pasture at Melle (East Flanders, Belgium), studied by means of different sampling methods
Journal: Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea
Volume: 50
Pages: 83-92
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, quadrats, fenced pitfalls, unfenced pitfalls, 1979, only 12 species in quadrats, 32 species in fenced pitfalls, 46 species in unfenced pitfalls, fenced pitfalls enclosed by 1 m2 fine net cage, habitat samples extracted in Berlese funnels, gives table with species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 276
Author: Desender, K.; Mertens, J.; D'Hulster, M.; Berbiers, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Diel activity patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera), Staphylinidae (Coleopte ra) and Collembola in a heavily grazed pasture
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 21
Pages: 347-361
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Tachinus rufipes, Philonthus laminatus
Rep, pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, Ghent, Belgium, adults, larvae, season, male, female, diurnal, nocturnal, activity pattern, humidity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2629
Author: Desender, K.; Panne, V.
Year: 1983
Title: The larvae of Pterostichus strenuus Panzer and Pterostichus vernalis Panzer (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Annls Soc r Belg
Volume: 113
Pages: 141-153
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2468
Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Ecological data on Clivina fossor (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from a pasture ecosystem. 2. Reproduction, biometry, biomass, wing polymorphism and feeding ecology
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 22
Issue: 2)
Pages: 233-246
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, started 1979, spring breeder, surface activity mainly in May, phenology, behaviour, window traps, 5 categories of ovarian development, methods, eggs, reproductive condition, most only breed once, voltinism, adult biomass, larval headwidth and biomass, larvae, wing size, structure, gut dissection, time-sort pitfall, oviposition was mainly July to October, mean number of eggs per female peaked in June to August at c. 6, some eggs present in all months, but less than 1 per female in winter, fecundity, activity on ground surface in May may be to find mate and copulate, reproduction, maximum of 12 eggs per female, larvae present for nearly 12 months, tenerals July to February, no sexual dimorphism, can be wing polymorphic but in this study most had small wings and were not caught in window traps, genetics, evolution, habitat disturbance, stability, specimens from a nearby saltmarsh were macropters, dissected 175 beetles, 89 were empty, % with food highest in March to June, only c. 30% in other months, predation, consumption, diet, feeding preferences, 63% had liquid food, 20% soil, 29% unidentified insects, 28% plant material, herbivory, 18% Enchytraeidae, 15% Collembola, 7% Acari, 6% fungi, 5% eggs, 6% aphids, 5% worms, 4% Nematoda, 1% each for spiders, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, Diptera larvae and pupae, Coleoptera adults and pollen, monthly diet data also given, 2 nematodes were Mermithidae parasitoids and the other 2 soil nematodes, quotes literature on Clivina spp as pests, Annelida, mites, Hemiptera, Lumbricidae, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4322
Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1986
Title: Adult and larval abundance from carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) in a pasture under changing grazing management
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 943-955
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, grazing pressure was low 1979-81 and increased 1982-4, quadrats, open pitfalls, enclosed pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, window traps, methods, Pterostichus melanarius is omitted because it can hide below the quadrat depth of 15 cm, more short-grazed patches continuously available in 1984 than in previous years, this was due to a more continuous and much lower grazing pressure rather than frequent rotational grazing, farming practices, annual mean density of adults was 25 m-2 and of larvae 25 m-2 in 1979 and 1980, but in 1984 there were c. 55 adults m-2 and 60 larvae m-2, but the difference between years was not significant for Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus vernalis, Pterostichus strenuus, but Bembidion properans density of adults and larvae increased significantly from c. 5 m-2 in 1979, 1980 to c. 20 m-2 in 1984, B. properans is very closely related to B. lampros, peak densities of B. properans larvae were c. 170 m-2, adults 47 m-2 in 1984, it is a univoltine spring breeder, adult activity peak May-June, tenerals July- August, larvae July-August, i.e. all during the grazing season, density and activity are much greater in short- grazed patches cf long-grass islets around cattle droppings, almost exclusively diurnal, the grass islets are used for overwintering by other species, behaviour, phenology, voltinism, diel cycles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 821
Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Life cycle strategies in the most abundant ground beetles from a heavily grazed pasture ecosystem
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 191-200
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus strenuus, Pterostichus vernalis, Nebria brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus
Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, grass, Gramineae, Belgium, data on population dynamics and feeding ecology of carabid larvae are almost lacking, 10 species occur at more than 1 per sq m, quadrats, pitfalls including barriered and time-sort, window traps, larvae identified to species and successfully allocated to one of three instars, phenology including larvae, activity, overwintering, aggregation, dissection of females for reproductive periods, in temperate climates nearly all carabids are univoltine, methods, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 819
Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Sampling pasture carabids with pitfalls: evaluation of species richness and precision
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 53
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1109-1117
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, methods, Belgium, pasture, grass, Gramineae, barriered pitfalls, collector curves based on probability of catching a species, to estimate how many sampling units needed before no substantial increase in catch, precision - variance mean ratio, six sampling units sufficient to catch the dominant species in the area, increased sampling effort gives information about vagrants, for most species precision improves sharply to 6-10 sampling units, precision not as good from fenced cf unfenced pitfalls so need more fenced pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2626
Author: Desender, K.; Segers, R.
Year: 1985
Title: A simple device and technique for quantitative sampling of riparian beetle populations with some carabid and staphylinid abundance estimates on different riparian habitats (Coleoptera)
Journal: Rev Ecol Biol Sol
Volume: 22
Issue: 4)
Pages: 497-506
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 706
Author: Desender, K.; van den Broeck, D.; Maelfait, J. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Population biology and reproduction in Pterostichus melanarius Ill. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from a heavily grazed pasture ecosystem
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 50
Issue: 2b
Pages: 567-575
Keywords: En.
Rep., predator, ground beetle, grassland, Belgium, 1979-1981, pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, methods, density, aggregation, phenology, larvae, oviposition, overwintering, hibernation, winter, soil surface, sex ratio, climate, time-sorting pitfall, fecundity, activity, diurnal, nocturnal, season, natural enemies, Gramineae, grazed pasture, 2 plots of 30 m by 30 m, pitfalls with formalin and detergent in both, in one plot the pitfalls were within 1 m square wooden barriers covered with netting, fenced pitfalls, peak density 15 - 22 per sq m, higher in grass than cultivated fields, significant aggregation, distribution, new adults in June active until September, peak July to August, ovisposition August to September, larvae hibernate, mostly as III, some active on soil surface in winter, behaviour, a small proportion of adults survive winter and breed again, sex ratio 1:1, except in June when more males, in lab got high and prolonged oviposition mean 174 eggs per female but this reduced in field by climate and food, fecundity, very high variability in fecundity between individuals, time-sorting pitfalls, until August mainly mainly nocturnal after August mainly diurnal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3141
Author: Desender, K.; Vaneechoute, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Phoretic associations of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and mites (Acari)
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3)
Pages: 363-371
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour,, dispersal, distribution, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4678
Author: Devoe, R.D.
Year: 1972
Title: Dual sensitivities of cells in wolf spider eyes at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light
Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
Volume: 59
Pages: 247-269
Alternate Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, intracellular recordings from visual cells, methods, colour vision, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1287
Author: Devonshire, A.; Field, L.
Year: 1989
Title: Gene amplification and insecticide resistance - 10 years on
Journal: Insect Molecular Genetics Newsletter
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, methods, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1360
Author: Devonshire, A. L.; Foster, G. N.; Sawicki, R. M.
Year: 1977
Title: Peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hom., Aphididae) resistant to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on potatoes in Scotland
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 26
Issue: 2)
Pages: 60-62
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, pesticide resistance, UK, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1358
Author: Devonshire, A. L.; Needham, P. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Resistance to O.P.'s of Myzus persicae from sugar beet in 1975
Journal: Proceedings of the 8th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference 1975
Pages: 15-19
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, UK, organophosphorus pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2880
Author: Dewar, A. M.; Dean, G. J.; Cannon, R.
Year: 1982
Title: Assessment methods for estimating the numbers of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cereals
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 72
Pages: 675-685
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, pests, visual counting better than Dvac, more accurate especially at higher aphid densities, for cut and washed samples aphids were lost by falling off during cutting, authors consider reduction in Dvac efficiency at higher aphid densities to be due to more larger morphs falling off and getting stuck in the foliage, Metopolophium dirhodum fell off more readily than Sitobion avenae, adult apterae of M. dirhodum more prone to fall off than younger nymphs or alatae, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, suction sampler


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5764
Author: Dewar, A.M.; May, M.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Haylock, L.A.; Champion, G.T.; Garner, B.H.; Sands, R.J.N.; Qi, A.; Pidgeon, J.D.
Year: 2003
Title: A novel approach to the use of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops for environmental benefit
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
Volume: 270
Pages: 335-340
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
Keywords: Rep., GMHT, UK, sugar beet, tolerance to glyphosate, herbicides, pesticides, weeds in diets of farmland birds, Aves, Vertebrata, farming practices, methods, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Pterostichus melanarius, Aleocharinae, Philonthus cognatus, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra were dominant, Linyphiidae, weed biomass and staphylinid abundance were significantly correlated, GMHT permits higher weed populations early in the season than can be achieved conventionally, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1192
Author: Dhalival, J. S.; Singh, B.
Year: 1975
Title: Effect of simulated rain on the survival of the wheat aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi and its syrphid predator (Eristalis tenax)
Journal: Indian Journal of Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 186-187
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Sitobion miscanthi, rain dislodged them, weather, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5473
Author: Dhandapani, N.; Kalyanasundaram, M.; Swamiappan, M.; Sundara Babu, P.C.; Jayaraj, S.
Year: 1992
Title: Experiments on management of major pests of cotton with biocontrol agents in India
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 114
Pages: 52-56
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., 6.5 million ha cotton grown in India, attacked by Lepidoptera pests Heliothis armigera, Spodoptera litura, whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and leafhoppers Amrasca devastans, caterpillars, Hemiptera, cotton caused 52-55% of pesticide use in India, agricultural statistics, randomised block with five replicates, biocontrol plots had augmentative releases of Trichogramma chilonis (against H. armigera), Brinckochrysa scelestes (against B. tabaci) and sprays of S. litura NPV, B. tabaci and S. litura were significantly reduced and cotton yield in biocontrol plots was not significantly less than in pesticide plots, cost:benefit ratio was about 1:4 for both biocontrol and pesticides, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, damage reduction, yield increase, pathogens, Neuroptera, lacewings, viral biopesticides, microbial insecticides, baculoviruses
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4808
Author: Dharmadhikari, P.R.; Ramaseshia, G.; Achan, P.D.
Year: 1985
Title: Survey of Lymantria obfuscata and its natural enemies in India
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30(4)
Pages: 399-408
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, trees, firest. woodland, long list of larval and pupal parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Diptera, hyperparasitoids, egg parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, oophagy, egg predators included Dermestidae, Bethylidae, the main predators of caterpillars were Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, egg predators, nematodes, diseases, pathogens. Larvae and adults of Calosoma himalayanum killed and ate caterpillars, Calosoma maderae ate caterpillars.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1803
Author: Dhillon, B. S.; Gibson, N. H. E.
Year: 1962
Title: A study of the Acarina and Collembola of agricultural soils. 1. Numbers and distribution in undisturbed grassland
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 1
Pages: 189-209
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 266
Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1982
Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land. III. Seasonal abumdance and hibernation of Staphylinidae in the grassy edge ofa pasture
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 23
Pages: 403-414


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2427
Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1982
Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 23
Pages: 403-414
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 269
Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1984
Title: Ecological and faunal studies of Coleoptera in agricultural land. IV. Hibernation of Staphylinidae in agroecosystems
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 65-73
Keywords: En.
Platystethus arenarius
Rep, winter, soil samples, Belgium, fields, middle, edge, ryegrass, hayfield, pasture, handsort, Tullgren funnel, coprophagy, depth of sod, methods, behaviour, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 13 sites, handsort, 560 individuals of 45 species excluding Aleocharinae, none found in centre of Italian ryegrass field, Gramineae, very few in centres of other ryegrass fields, most abundant on pasture edge were Oxytelus rugosus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus nitidulus, and Trogophloeus elongatulus, most abundant in pasture were Philonthus varius, Xantholinus linearis, O.rugosus, T.chrysomelinus, Xantholinus longiventris, Platystethus arenarius, Hypomedon melanocephalus, most abundant at edge of arable fields were T.hypnorum, T.chrysomelinus, T.rufipes, P.varius, Philonthus varians, X.linearis, only a few species show preference for a particular site, very high numbers can occur in grassy borders where there is no trampling cf Duffey 1975 who found decrease in Staphylinidae due to trampling, good sites are where there is a well developed sod layer rather than just litter, density increases with depth of sod as has been found for carabids, grass islets surrounding cattle droppings are not grazed or trampled and harbour dood density, this habitat could be important because likely to have much larger surface area than narrow edge sites, distribution, habitat preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5258
Author: Di Giulio, M.; Edwards, P.J.; Meister, E.
Year: 2001
Title: Enhancing insect diversity in agricultural grasslands: the roles of management and landscape structure
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 310-319
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, Switzerland, Heteroptera, management accounted for 30% of bug species variance, extensively-managed meadows had more individuals and species, biodiversity, species richness, abundance, the bug community of intensive meadows was dominated by widespread and less specialist species, sweep net, 5608 bugs of 93 species at 24 sites, mainly herbivores but some polyphagous predators such as Nabis pseudoferus, Nabidae, natural enemies, N. pseudoferus has 2-3 generations per year and lives in cereals, grassland and field edges, it is more abundant in the intensive sites, management types defined by number of cuts per year and type and amount of fertilizer used, agricultural practices 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4109
Author: Diamond, J. M.
Year: 1987
Title: Competition among different taxa
Journal: Nature
Volume: 326
Pages: 241
Keywords: En.
Rep., ecologists have focussed on competition between closely related species, but a critical resource can also be shared by taxonomically remote species, eg krill sustaining whales, birds and fish, gives examples of competition between bees and hummingbirds, bees and finches for nectar, flamingoes competing with fish for zooplankton, intra-genus competition likely to be more symmetrical than extra-genus competition, interspecific competition, population dynamics, Aves, Vertebrata, Apidae, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1937
Author: Dicke, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. I. Response to volatile kairomones
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 4
Pages: 1-13
Keywords: En.
they then responded to T.urticae, response affected by starvation time and amount of carotenoids in diet, T.urticae is rich in carotenoids
Rep., predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trees, orchards, top fruit, fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, behaviour, semiochemicals, Y-tube olfactometer, methods, response to P.ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite, Aculus schlechtendali, russet mite, Eriophyidae, T.pyri reared on Vicia faba pollen responded to all 3 prey but if reared on T.urticae responded only to P.ulmi, pollen reared ones preferred P.ulmi, food, diet, prey preference, when fed on V.faba pollen and beta carotene they responded only to P.ulmi, if reared on T.urticae then starved for 48 h before experiment


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 873
Author: Dicke, M.; De Jong, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. 2. Electrophoretic diet analysis
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 4
Pages: 15-25
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, methods, PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, field collected predators in an orchard with Panonychus ulmi and Aculus schlechtendali, pests, trees, P. ulmi dominant in diet, trophic behaviour, P. ulmi preferred to Aculus, Dutch apple orchard, retention time, detection period more than 40 h at 25C, 65% P. ulmi in diet, 6% Aculus, mite densities per leaf from which predators collected showed that P. ulmi preference held over a wide P. ulmi: Aculus ratio


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2537
Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W.
Year: 1988
Title: How plants obtain predatory mites as bodyguards
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 38
Issue: 2-4)
Pages: 148-165
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3262
Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W.; Jong, M. de Alers M. P. T.; De- Jong, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Do phytoseiid mites select the best prey species in terms of reproductive success ?
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 8
Issue: 3)
Pages: 161-173
Keywords: En.
Rep., optimal foraging theory predicts they should, used a 2 prey 3 predator system, predators were Amblyseius finlandicus, A. potentillae, Typhlodromus pyri, prey were Aculus schlectendali and Panonychus ulmi, intrinsic rates of increase measured, all predators performed best on A.schlechtendali, although A.finlandicus preferred A.schlectendali to P.ulmi the other predators had the reverse preference, predatory mites reared on pollen, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trophic behaviour, predation, population dynamics, prey selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2540
Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W.; van den Berg, H.
Year: 1989
Title: Does prey preference change as a result of prey species being presented together ? Analysis of prey selection by the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 81
Pages: 302-309
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4503
Author: Dicke, M. ; Takabayashi, J. ; Posthumus, M.A. ; Schutte, C.  ; Krips, O.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Plant-phytoseiid interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: variation in production of cues and in responses of predatory mites. 
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 22
Pages: 311-333
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., review, latiles vary with the herbivore and plant species, and the predator response depends on its hunger level, experience, pathogen infestation and presence of competitors, Phytoseiidae have olfactory chemoreceptors on tarsi of front legs which they wave in the air, Table of tritrophic plant-mite systems for which carnivore attraction by herbivore-infested plants has been shown, includes five species of Amblyseius, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Typhlodromus pyri,the volatiles attracting predators were produced by leaves attacked by herbivores but not by other types of mechanical damage, terpenoids are often involved, Amblyseius andersoni responds to the volatiles even though it is a polyphagous predator that can feed and reproduce on a wide range of prey (mites, thrips, pollen), P. persimilis and A. andersoni can suddenly and permanently cease to respond to plant volatiles and infection of these phytoseiids with a pathogen is suspected as the cause, Tetranychus urticae release a chemical in reponse to P. persimilis that causes other P. persimilis to avoid the area, the P. persimilis do not avoid areas where Orius insidiosus is killing T. urticae even though Orius is an intraguild predator of P. persimilis, pests, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, infochemicals, dispersal, distribution, movement, Acari, predatory mites, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Tetranychidae, behaviour  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4515
Author: Dickens, J.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Predator/prey interactions: Olfactory adaptations of generalist and specialist predators
Journal: Agriculture and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 47-54
Alternate Journal: Agriculture and Forest Entomology
Keywords: TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, semiochemicals
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1190
Author: Dicker, G. H. L.
Year: 1944
Title: Tachyporus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) larvae preying on aphids
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 80
Pages: 71
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, predation, strawberry aphids Capitophorus fragariae at East Malling and other places observed being eaten by Tachyporus obtusus and Tachyporus hypnorum, larvae May to early August, phenology, diet, feeding behaviour, UK, larvae moulted in shelter of partially folded leaves, 30-50,000 larvae per acre, behaviour, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 223
Author: Dicker, G. H. L.
Year: 1951
Title: Agonum dorsale (Pont.); an unusual egg laying habit and some biological notes
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 87
Pages: 33-34
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1183
Author: Dicker, G. H. L.
Year: 1952
Title: Studies in population fluctuations of the strawberry aphid Pentatrichopus fragaefolii. 1. Enemies of the strawberry aphid
Journal: 39th Report of the East Malling Research Station, 1950- 1951
Pages: 166-168
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, natural enemies, biological control, very few aphids parasitised, parasitoids, fungus infection more frequent, disease, fungal pathogens, Cantharis rustica, Rhagonycha fulva ate the aphid, predation, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, also eaten by 5 Anthocoridae, 2 Miridae, Deraecoris ruber, Plagiognathus arbustorum, Heteroptera, Chrysopa carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Rhyzobius litura, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Anystis agilis, Acari, predatory mites, Allothrombium fuliginosum, predators not thought to be important


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2536
Author: Dielman, F.; Eenink, A. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Breeding lettuce (Lacuca sativa) for resistance to the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri
Journal: Int Cont of Insect Pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 183-185
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4814
Author: Digweed, S.C.
Year: 1993
Title: Selection of terrestrial gastropod prey by Cychrine and Pterostichine ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 125
Pages: 463-472
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, slugs, pests, Limacidae, snails, Scaphinotus marginatus killed and ate 6 snail species plus Deroceras reticulatum, food, diet, trophic behaviour, in laboratory conditions, four Pterostichus species killed and ate some snail species but not others, thought to be related to shell thickness, S. marginatus used elongated mouthparts to winkle snails out without having to crush the shell, foraging behaviour, morphology
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4435
Author: Digweed, S. C.; Currie, C. R.; Carcamo, H. A.; Spence, J. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Digging out the "digging-in effect" of pitfall traps; influences of depletion and disturbance on catches of ground beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 39
Pages: 561-576
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, conifer forest, trees, 21 species listed, species composition, Pterostichus melanarius, fewer carabids caught at high pitfall density, suggesting depletion occurred, where ground was disturbed near pitfalls there was a greater catch (i.e. the digging-in effect), pitfall catch was also affected by large-scale habitat differences among blocks, effects can be seen within a week-long trapping period, traps should be placed at least 25 m apart in forest habitats to reduce depletion effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 827
Author: Dijk, Th S.; van
Year: 1973
Title: The age composition of Calathus melanocephalus L. analysed by studying marked individuals kept within fenced sites
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 12
Pages: 213-240
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predator, methods, generation of female determined by examination of ovary corpora lutea and male by aedeagus colour, Holland, heath, paint marking on hind femur and by branding elytra, pitfalls, teneral females required 6 weeks to develop corpora lutea, age composition of population same inside and outside enclosures, old females reproduce earlier in season than young, old males sexually active earlier than young males, gives % females with spermatophores in bursa copulatrix, mating stimulates oviposition rather than egg production, overwintering % negatively correlated with % breeding, in favourable winters high % survive to breed again next year, discussion of origin of corpora lutea, fecundity, reproduction, mating, behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2188
Author: Dijk, T. S.; van
Year: 1979
Title: Reproduction of young and old females in two carabid beetles and the relationship between the number of eggs in the ovaries and the number of eggs laid
Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen
Volume: 18
Pages: 213-222
Keywords: Predators, ground beetles, Carabidae, structure, physiology, behaviour, age


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 825
Author: Dijk, Th S. van
Year: 1986
Title: How to estimate the level of food availability in field populations of carabid beetles
Journal: In "Carabid Beetles, their Adaptations and Dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L. Luff, P. Mossakowski and F. Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart
Pages: 371-384
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Calathus melanocephalus, number of eggs in ovaries correlated with numbers laid, not true for all carabids, mean eggs in ovaries negatively correlated with density of beetles, hypothesis of White 1978 is that predators usually experience a shortage of suitable food, groups of insectary beetles given different regimes of blowfly maggots and egg production recorded, other beetles taken from field and dissected for eggs, changes in numbers of eggs in ovaries are rapid responding to food and temperature, eggs in ovaries and eggs laid increase with food availability, fecundity in field was high in 1982 but female body weight not high, this interpreted as being due to high availability of low quality food (but, NB author presents no data on food quality or prioritization of caloric allocation to eggs or body growth), methods, foraging, consumption, fecundity, physiology, trophic behaviour, dissection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2535
Author: Dijken, M. J.; van, Kole M.; van Lenteren, J. C.; Brand, A. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Host-preference studies with Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) for Mamestra brassicae, Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 101
Issue: 1)
Pages: 64-85
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 544
Author: Dijkstra, H.
Year: 1970
Title: Comparative research of the courtship behaviour in the genus Pardosa. III. Agonistic behaviour in Pardosa amentata
Journal: Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille.
Volume: 41 Suppl. 1
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2374
Author: Dill, M. L.; Fraser, A. H. G.; Roitberg, B. D.
Year: 1990
Title: The economics of escape behaviour in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 83
Pages: 473-478
Keywords: En.
Rep., response to alarm pheromones is to drop or walk away, aphids less likely to drop or walk when feeding on high quality hosts and less likely to drop when conditions hot and dry, Hemiptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5257
Author: Dinkins, R.L.; Brazzel, J.R.; Wilson, C.A.
Year: 1970
Title: Seasonal incidence of major predaceous arthropods in Mississippi cotton fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 63
Pages: 814-817
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, D-vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, arthropods were sucked only from the terminal portion of the plant, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, phenology, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoris, Nabis spp., Nabidae, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleomegilla maculata, Scymnus spp., Hippodamia convergens,  spiders, Araneae 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2990
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Estimation of epigeic spider population densities using an intensive D-vac sampling technique and comparison with pitfall trap catches in winter wheat
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 23-32
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, methods, density, abundance, 1989-1991, dvac within 0.25 m2 quadrats using small nozzle diameter of 20 cm cf original 33 cm, plants shaken then cut off at ground level, Dvaced for 1 minute, emptied and Dvaced for further 2 minutes, Dvac samples hand-sorted in Lab, pitfalls with ethylene glycol run concurrently, Dvac method compared with visual hand- search in field and heat extraction of samples, also efficiency from release of dye-marked spiders into enclosures 1 day previously, repeated Dvacing of the same area did not improve efficiency much, species composition similar in Dvac and hand search but more juveniles in Dvac, heat extraction had same species composition but more juveniles than Dvac perhaps due to premature emergence in the apparatus, efficiency by marked spider method was 75% for Erigone atra male, 81% females and 100% for Oedothorax apicatus females, species composition, sex ratio and age composition all very different in pitfalls cf Dvac, regressions between density and pitfall catch weak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3819
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik von Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) in Winterweizen und deren Beeinflussung durch insektizide Wirkstoffe
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Hannover
Pages: 383 pp
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, investigations of the population dynamics of spiders in winter wheat and the effects of insecticides on them, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, side-effects of pesticides on non- targets, ecotoxicology, field and laboratory experiments, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, 1989-92, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamate insecticides, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, topical applications, direct indirect and oral toxicity using lab spraying apparatus, mortality, on adults, immatures, gravid females, sublethal effects eg on web building behaviour, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, methods of estimating density, abundance, comparison with pitfalls and photoeclectors, intensity of ballooning, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, movement, distribution, 153 species, maximum density 300 per m2, parasitoids of Erigone eggsacs, egg cocoons, Gelis, Aclastus, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, density manipulation of Erigone atra in small plots to test their role as aphid predators, biological control, relative activity of sexes affects degree of contamination with contact pesticide residues, arachnofauna species list, biodiversity, discussion has sections on Dvac, pitfalls, photoeclectors, water traps, E.atra, Erigone dentipalpis, O. apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, and Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4672
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Population dynamics and eggsac parasitism of Erigone atra (Blackwall) in winter wheat
Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Volume: hors serie
Pages: 153-164
Alternate Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, density, abundance, parasitoids, intensive Dvac method, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, aerial migration monitored with water traps, aerial dispersal, movement, visual observations of ballooning, density of eggsacs from Dvac, 9 Hymenoptera parasitoid species reared from eggsacs, petri dish  method for measuring fecundity in the field, E. atra become adult in June/July and a few weeks later leave the field by ballooning, natality, reproduction, population dynamics, E. atra  was 24 - 49% of spiders in Dvac and 41% - 64% of spiders in pitfalls, its density was 1-27 per m2, small numbers caught by Dvac in winter, overwintering, population collapse before harvest in some years but not in others, juveniles always more numerous than adults in water traps, peak ballooning in July, aerial movement, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, distribution, mass take-offs followed by population declines observed in June and July, eggsac density 1 - 3 per m2 in spring to 8 in June, in spring 75% of adult females incarcerated without food in the field produced eggsacs within 10 days, it took 18-42 days for spiderlings to emerge from these eggsacs, maximum eggsac parasitism about 6% in July, all were Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae were Aclastus minutus, Gelis declivis, Gelis festinans, Gelis bicolor, Gelis hortensis, Gelis viduus, Pteromalidae were Spaniopus dissimilis, Braconidae were Centistes cuspidatus, longevity of female parasitoids was 11 - 59 days, Aclastus and Gelis have a rapid juvenile development compared to Erigone, probably 2 Erigone generations per year, voltinism
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4367
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Intraguild predation between spiders, carabid beetles and lacewing larvae and effects of multi-species interactions on aphid populations
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 11
Pages: 717-720
Keywords: Ger. (En. Summ.)
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Araneae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, Sitobion avenae, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Pterostichus melanarius and L2 larvae of Chrysoperla carnea in Petri dish microcosm experiments, trophic behaviour, food, diet, population dynamics, spiders and P. melanarius nearly eliminated C. carnea in 4-day Petri dish experiments, in 7-day microcosm experiments on wheat plants additive effects of spiders and lacewings in reducing aphids were observed if both predator types survived


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4388
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Laboratory testing of the effects of pesticides on two dominant spider species (Erigone atra (Blackwall) and Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall)) of the European agricultural ecosystem, and predictions from laboratory testing to the field situation
Journal: In "New Studies in Ecotoxicology", Eds P.T. Haskell and P.K. McEwen, The Welsh Pest Management Forum, Cardiff
Pages: 19-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., describes lab rearing of these spiders on the Collembola Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus and the fruit fly Drosophila, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, culturing, methods, Linyphiidae, Diptera, hatchling to adult development period at 23C was 17-18 days for E. atra and 23-27 days for O. apicatus, 10,000 reared with 77% success rate for E. atra and 73% for O. apicatus, describes methods for testing topical, spray, residue and dietary exposure of Karate (lambda- cyhalothrin) and Sumicidin 10 (fenvalerate), pyrethroid insecticides, dide-effects of pesticides, predictions of field mortality, E. atra is proposed as a suitable standard test species for regulatory testing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4401
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Intragild-Pradation zwischen Spinnen, Laufkafern und Florfliegenlarven sowie Auswirkungen von Multispezies- Interaktionen auf Blattlauspopulationen
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Gess. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: in press
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., intra-guild predation between spiders, carabid beetles and lacewing larvae and effects of multi-species interactions on aphid populations, IGP, hyperpredation, Hemiptera, pests, Araneae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, cereals, Gramineae, Petri dish and microcosm tests, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Pterostichus melanarius killed 2nd instar C. carnea larvae, Linyphiidae, in microcosms of 15 one-week-old wheat seedlings E. atra increased C. carnea mortality rate to 67%, O. apicatus increased it to 36%, effects on Sitobion avenae were additive if both predator species survived, otherwise not


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4402
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Intraguild predation between erigonid spiders, lacewing larvae, and carabids
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 163-167
Keywords: En.
Rep., IGP, hyperpredation, Hemiptera, pests, Araneae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, cereals, Gramineae, Petri dish experiments, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Pterostichus melanarius killed 2nd instar C. carnea larvae, male and female Linyphiidae killed larvae but especially females, fewer larvae killed when Sitobion avenae was also present, larvae never preyed on the spiders, male spiders fed on larvae only if alternative prey was unavailable, there was little predation by E. atra on O. apicatus or vice versa, P. melanarius is top predator in this system


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4673
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Interactions between spider and lacewing predators (Araneae: Erigonidae and Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and their effects on the grain aphid Sitobion avenae Fab. (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: 21(8)
Pages: 91-101
Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, intraguild predation, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, lab microcosm studies, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Chrysoperla carnea, unidirectional IGP, population dynamics, food, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding preferences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5445
Author: Dinter, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Microcosm studies on intraguild predation between female erigonid spiders and lacewing larvae and influence of single versus multiple predators on cereal aphids
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 126
Pages: 249-257
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, natural enemies of natural enemies. IGP, hyperpredation, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, Araneae, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, laboratory experiments with units of 15 wheat seedlings and 15 IV instar Sitobion avenae, spiders ate lacewing larvae to a significant degree, aphid  numbers were significantly reduced by all predator treatments (single species and combinations) compared with predator-free controls, combinations reduced aphid numbers more than single species, when alternative prey (Collembola, vestigial-winged Drosophila) were available IGP did not occur, E. atra + alternative food had no impact on aphids, E. atra + alternative food did enhance the effect of lacewing larvae in reducing aphids, population dynamics, impact on pest populations, methods, describes spider rearing methods using Diptera and Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, microcosms were 10 x 30 cm, soil covered with Plaster of Paris, predators added one day after aphids, experiment run for 7 days (allows aphid reproduction) at 20C 16L, microcosms were lightly shaken daily to simulate disturbance that would occur in the field, both spiders were observed to kill and eat lacewing larvae in their webs and they also actively hunted them on the ground surface, spiders had no effect on body weights of lacewing larvae suggesting no competition for aphid prey, biomass, spider density in mesocosms (141 m-2) within range observed in field (up to 300 m-2), abundance,  reference that O. apicatus males had no impact on aphid populations in microcosms
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3114
Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Freiland- und Laboruntersuchungen zur Nebenwirkung von Insektiziden auf epigaische Spinnen in Winterweizen
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 8
Pages: 152-160
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, field and lab studies of side-effects of insecticides on epigeic spiders (Araneae) in winter wheat, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, pirimicarb, carbamates, fenvalerate, pitfalls, D-vac, 2 years, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, treated in lab, pirimicarb less damaging than fenvalerate, pitfalls not adequate in ecotoxicological studies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3162
Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Spider populations in winter wheat fields and the side- effects of insecticides
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 77-85
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, Germany, pesticides, methods, pitfalls, intensive Dvac method, 1989, 1991, immatures in June reached density of 300 m-2, abundance, Erigone atra activity, Linyphiidae, cereals, pitfalls inadequate, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3580
Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Side-effects of insecticides on two erigonid spider species
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 74
Pages: 151-163
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, methods, rearing Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus on Drosophila and Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, Diptera, Collembola, prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, topical application of fenvalerate and lambda cyhalothrin caused a weeks delay in web-building, sub-lethal effects on behaviour, pyrethroids in webs had greater effects than onto spiders sitting or walking on soil, residues of lamda more toxic than those of fenvalerate, males more susceptible to pyrethroids than females related to body weight, biomass and sex, mortality of E.atra greater than O.apicatus, both pyrethroids toxic to spiderlings and lambda inhibited emergence of E.atra from cocoons, pirimicarb harmless to both species, carbamates, mean number of E.atra spiderlings per cocoon was 12.4-14 and 74% to 79% became adult, fecundity, reproduction, survival, mortality, development, in O.apicatus number of spiderlings per cocoon and proportion becoming adult decreased from first to third cocoon, cocoon development period at 23C was 10 days for E.atra and 9.4 days for O.apicatus, development rate, juvenile development 17.2-17.7 days for E.atra and 23-27 days for O.apicatus varying with sex, sex-related development rates, references to mass-rearing spiders, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4671
Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 1995
Title: Analyse der Populationsstruktur und -dynamik von Spinnen (Araneae) in Winterweizen - Vergleich von Intensiv-D-vac Methode und Bodenfallentechnik
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 10
Pages: 533-536
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., TP, analysis of population structure and population dynamics of spiders in winter wheat, comparison of intensive D-vac and pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, activity, density, abundance, hand search and  heat extraction of soil samples, pitfalls overestimated males of Erigoninae, no reliable correlation between density and pitfall catch 
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1357
Author: Dinther, J. B. M.; van
Year: 1963
Title: Residual effect of a number of insecticides on adults of the carabid Pseudophonus rufipes (Dej.)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 8
Pages: 43-48
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Harpalus rufipes, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 215
Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van
Year: 1966
Title: Laboratory experiments on the consumption capacity of some Carabidae
Journal: Meded. Rijksfak. Landbouwwet. Gent.
Volume: 31
Pages: 730-739
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 218
Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van; Mensink, F. T.
Year: 1965
Title: Egg consumption by Bembidion ustulatum and Bembidion lampros (Carabidae) in laboratory prey density experiments with housefly eggs
Journal: Meded. LandbHoogessch. Opzoek. Stns. Gent.
Volume: 30
Pages: 1542-1554
Keywords: En.
Rep, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 222
Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van; Mensink, F. T.
Year: 1971
Title: Use of radioactive phosphorus in studying egg predation by carabids in cauliflower fields
Journal: Meded. Fak. Landbouwwetensch. Gent.
Volume: 36
Pages: 283-293
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 216
Author: Dinther, J. van
Year: 1972
Title: Carabids as predators of the cabbage root fly
Journal: Entomologia (Ber.).
Volume: 32
Pages: 193-194
Keywords: Predation, prey, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5008
Author: Dippel, C.; Heidger, C.; Nicolai, V.; Simon., M.
Year: 1997
Title: The influence of four different predators on bark beetles in European forest ecosystems (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 21(3)
Pages: 161-175
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Keywords: Rep., Scoloposcelis pulchella, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Thanasimus formicarius, Coleoptera, Cleridae, Nemosoma elongatum, Ostomidae, Medetera dendrobaena, Diptera, Dolichopodidae, bark beetles include Pityogenes chalcographus, Taphrorychus bicolor, Ips typographus, Scolytidae, trees, woodland, forests, conifers, deciduous, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, references to use of insecticides and pheromones, pesticides, semiochemicals, infochemicals, Germany, bark photoeclectors, methods, lab studies, pest consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, field densities, abundance, different predator species prey on the same bark beetle species, [does not say if these predators are specialists or polyphagous]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 638
Author: Disney, R. H. L.; Evans, R. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Phoridae (Diptera) whose larvae feed on eggs of spiders (Araneida)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 115
Issue: 1376-1379)
Pages: 21-22
Keywords: En.
Robertus, Enoplognatha, Theridiidae
Araneae, predators, cocoons, behaviour, food, diet, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1356
Author: Dittrich, V.; Hassan, S. O.; Ernst, G. H.
Year: 1985
Title: Sudanese cotton and the whitefly: a case study of the emergence of a primary pest
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 161-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, insecticide resistance assay methods, DDT residues on leaves stimulated whitefly fertility, fecundity, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Bemisia tabaci, DDT and dimethoate used to control bollworm from 1964 now many whitefly resistant, several mechanisms, fertility boosted, organophosphorus insecticides, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, claim natural enemies not very important, but good data not given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 919
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1958
Title: The escape responses shown by certain aphids to the presence of the coccinellid Adalia decempunctata (L.)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 110
Pages: 319-334
Keywords: En.
ladybird, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, behaviour, predators caused dislodgement of aphids, distribution, defence, avoidance of predation, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 391
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1959
Title: An experimental study of the searching behaviour of the predatory coccinellid beetle Adalia decempunctata (L.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 28
Pages: 259-281
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, foraging, eggs, fecundity, unhatched eggs, eating eggs, upward search, leaf rim, leaf veins, hunger, efficiency, starvation, capture efficiency, age, aphids, instar, range, distance covered


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1197
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1970
Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of the coccinellid beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) as a predator of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 39
Pages: 739-751
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1196
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1971
Title: The role of intra-specific mechanisms and predation in regulating the numbers of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 8
Pages: 179-193
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, trees, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 843
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Cereal aphids as an applied problem
Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset
Volume: 2
Pages: 1-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, excludes virus transmission, criticism of Potts claim of long-term aphid decline, global problem, sampling methods, relationship between % tillers infested and density, colonisation and host plant selection, population increase, weather, plant quality, plant resistance, best to measure rm, antibiosis, antixenosis, role of symbionts, resistance and natural enemies, aphid- specifics, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Syrphidae good at low aphid density, hoverflies, Diptera, entomogenous fungi, Entomophthora, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, criticism of Carter correlation between polypred abundance in B samples and of Ekbom & Wiktelius, ELISA, hedgerow refuges, aphid fall-off and re-climb (pre-Winder), criticism of barrier experiments, yield, ways of causing damage, forecasting in relation to weather, short-term forecasts, economic thresholds, need for economic evaluation taking into account environmental costs of agrochemicals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5504
Author: Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 1997
Title: Patch quality and fitness in predatory ladybirds
Journal: Ecological Studies
Volume: 130
Pages: 205-223
Alternate Journal: Ecological Studies
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, predators, biological control, more successful against coccids than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, foraging behaviour of adults, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aphid abundance threshold for oviposition by ladybirds, optimal foraging, to maximise fitness they must lay a few eggs early in development of the aphid colony (because colony becomes rapidly extinct), Adalia bipunctata on trees, Coccinella 7-punctata in cereals, Gramineae, oviposition inhibited by conspecific larvae or tracks left by them, kairomones, semiochemicals, infochemicals, if adults oviposit too much in a patch they risk reduced fitness due to egg cannibalism, ladybird eggs are defended from predation by other species by alkaloids, oophagy, eggs in clusters are less vulnerable than individual eggs, coccidophagous ladybirds do not show a more optimal use of prey than aphidophagous ones, aphids have shorter generation times than ladybirds, but coccids do not, also coccidophagous ladybird larvae do not have to search for their immobile prey
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3654
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Guo, Y. Q.
Year: 1993
Title: Egg and cluster-size in ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) - the direct and indirect effects of aphid abundance
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 90
Issue: 4)
Pages: 457-463
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food stress to adults and larvae of Coccinella 7-punctata affects egg production rate and brood size but not egg size, food quantity, population dynamics, reproduction, clutch size, fecundity, oviposition, egg size probably constrained by minimum size that first instar larvae can be to capture prey, large females have more ovarioles than small females, biomass, physiology, behaviour, structure, proportion of eggs giving rise to larvae is constant for broods of 6 to 60, ie no increase in pre-dispersal sibling cannibalism, mean number of eggs per brood is c. half the number of ovarioles in the gonads, because beetle size and number of ovarioles is affected by larval food supply potential reproduction is affected by both the aphid abundance when it is a larva and when it is adult


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4674
Author: Dixon, A.F.G.; Hemptinne, J.L.; Kindlmann, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents: patterns and processes
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42(1/2)
Pages: 71-83
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., TP., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, aphidophagous coccinellids tended to be ineffective but coccidophagous species are very effective, review, aphids develop faster than coccids, aphidophages also develop faster than coccidophages but aphidophage development is relatively much slower in relation to the prey than is the case for coccidophages, optimum food utilisation, generation time ratio
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2402
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Horth, S.; Kindlmann, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Migration in insects: cost and strategies
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 182-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., optimal energy partitioning model, investment in gonads and fat reserves in winged and unwinged of 3 families of aphids measured, lipids, pests, Hemiptera, structure, morph, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, gonad development was at expense of lipids, survival under starvation longer if more lipids, lipid reserves related to habitat quality, autolysis of wing muscles correlated with large increase in gonad size and occurs in aphids in fragmented habitats, winged aphids had smaller gonads than wingless, apterae, alatae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1195
Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Russel, R. J.
Year: 1972
Title: The effectiveness of Anthocoris nemorum and A. confusus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as predators of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides. II. Searching behaviour and the incidence of predation in the field
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 15
Pages: 35-50
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoris confusus, in summer parasitised aphids were less than 10% of total aphids but were 10-70% of the food of anthocorids, parasitoids, prey selection, natural enemies of natural enemies, predation on mummies, direct in situ observation of feeding, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, large aphids eaten by Anthocoridae were either moulting or newly moulted, prey size selection, vulnerable prey, aphids in aggregations dispersed to other leaves when disturbed by an anthocorid, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour, anthocorid survival is partly dependent on the presence of mummies, anthocorid nymphs also feed on Chrysopidae larvae and Syrphidae larvae and spider eggsacs, hyperpredation, predators of predators, interspecific predation, lacewings, Neuroptera, Diptera, hoverflies, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1288
Author: Dixon, P. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Pesticides and natural enemies (particularly ground beetles) of aphids on potato
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh
Keywords: En.
Carabidae, Coleoptera, biological control, arable, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2424
Author: Dixon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1988
Title: Differential mortality of carabid beetles from potato fields to the insecticide Demeton-S-methyl in the laboratory
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 237-238
Keywords: TP, 20% mortality of beetles fed insecticide-treated Myzus persicae, oral toxicity, pesticides, food chain poisoning


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4676
Author: Dixon, P.L.; McKinlay, R.G.
Year: 1989
Title: Aphid predation by harvestmen in potato fields in Scotland
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Pages: 253-255
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Opiliones, Phalangida, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Phalangium opilio, Leiobunum rotundum, pitfalls, Opilio saxatilis, Mitopus morio, gut dissection, methods, aphid remains identified to species, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 54% of P. opilio contained aphid remains, up to 5 aphids per individual P. opilio found, aphids could be identified to species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3306
Author: Dixon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Pitfall trap catches of and aphid predation by Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus in insecticide treated and untreated potatoes
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 64
Pages: 63-72
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1983-1985, commercial potato crops in Scotland, plots treated with demeton-S-methyl, in situ aphid counts, formalin pitfalls, ground sticky traps to catch falling aphids in treated and untreated, sticky on potato stems for climbing carabids and some night observations, methods, semi-field experiments for side-effects of spray on carabids, gut dissection, detection periods, Macrosiphum euphorbiae dominant, Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani present, 19 species of Carabidae, 96% were Trechus and Pterostichus, pitfall catch lower just after spray then higher than controls a few weeks later, more aphids fell to ground dead in treated plots, Trechus and Bembidion seen on plant in daytime, no carabid mortality in semi-field trials, 1800 P.melanarius and 910 P.madidus dissected, 14.1% and 30.5% contained aphids of which 80% were M.euphorbiae, 24 h after spraying 78% P.madidus contained aphids in treated cf 23% in untreated, reference that 20% mortality of beetles fed insecticide-treated M.persicae, pitfalls alone not adequate in this sort of study, arable, ground beetles, Coleoptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, methods, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, species composition, vertical stratification, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predation, trophic behaviour, activity, carrion feeding, scavenging, food chain toxicity, oral poisoning


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2066
Author: Dixon, T. J.
Year: 1959
Title: Studies on oviposition behaviour of Syrphidae
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 111
Pages: 57-80
Keywords: En.
hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2065
Author: Dixon, T. J.
Year: 1960
Title: Key to and descriptions of the 3rd instar larvae of some species of Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 112
Pages: 345-379
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2769
Author: Doane, J. F.
Year: 1977
Title: Spatial pattern and density of Ctenicera destructor and Hypolithus bicolor (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in soil in spring wheat
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 109
Pages: 807-822
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, soil samples, emergence traps, eggs and small to medium larvae aggregated, large larvae random, distribution, larvae of C. destructor 0.25 to 1.46 per 81 cm2 over 14 years, density, larvae of H. bicolor 0.16 to 0.64, these are the main wireworm pests causing damage in prairie provinces, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 224
Author: Doane, J. F.
Year: 1981
Title: Seasonal captures and diversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae ) in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatchewan
Journal: Quaest. Entomol.
Volume: 17
Pages: 211-233
Keywords: En.
Cereals, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4030
Author: Doane, J. F.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1979
Title: Seasonal captures of spiders (Araneae) in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatchewan
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 111
Issue: 4)
Pages: 439-445
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Canada, community, species composition, 47 species, pitfalls, Lycosidae were commonest family, diversity in edge and middle, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3203
Author: Doane, J. F.; Scotti, P. D.; Sutherland, O. R. W.; Pottinger, R. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Serological identification of wireworm and staphylinid predators of the Australian soldier fly (Inopus rubriceps) and wireworm feeding on plant and animal food
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 38
Pages: 65-72
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, soldier fly, Stratiomyidae, Diptera is a New Zealand pasture pest, grassland, Gramineae, wireworm Conoderus exsul, Elateridae, Coleoptera, pests, feeding trials on plant and animal food in the lab and also for the wireworm Agrypnus variabilis, immuno-osmophoresis to detect soldier fly predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cross-over immunoelectrophoresis, fed soldier fly to wireworms to get detection time and daily consumption rates, digestion rates, wireworms sometimes bit SF larvae in lab without killing them, wounding, 6% of SF larvae in field had these bites and would probably die, cross reactions with whole body preparations of wireworms, but not with starved wireworm guts, usually 4 h feeding was necessary before SF meals could be detected, detection period less than 24 h at 20C, 18% predators were positive, Rothschild method, rove beetle Thyreocephalus oxthodoxus had high % positive and reference that it reduced SF by 60% in enclosure trials


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1349
Author: Dobson, C. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Spray drift - measurement using neutron activation analysis
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 507
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, distribution, dispersal, cereals, Gramineae, methods, permethrin on winter wheat, pyrethroid insecticides, ulvamast, ULV, pesticide application methods, compared with conventional deposits, residues, residues greatest down wind of ULV


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1350
Author: Dodd, G. D.
Year: 1973
Title: Integrated control of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.))
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Reading
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lit.bk., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, brussels sprouts, UK, plant resistance, resistant and susceptible varieties both became more resistant with age, probably due to low amino acid levels, mode of action of pirimicarb and disulfoton on aphids and Aphidius rapae and Adalia bipunctata and Syrphidae larvae, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, topical, fumigant, residual, systemic, integrated control, IPM, resistant varieties plus low dose insecticides, spares natural enemies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4845
Author: Domiciano, N.; Herzog, D.C.
Year: 1990
Title: Population dynamics of pests and some of their predators in soybean field under influence of herbicidal applications of toxaphene
Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira
Volume: 25(2)
Pages: 253-273
Alternate Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira
Keywords: Rep., USA, toxaphene caused decrease of Nabis roseipennis and Solenopsis invicta but increase of Labidura riparia, pesticides, herbicides, weeds, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, biological control, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, Dermaptera, earwigs, pitfalls and sweeping, sweep nets, methods, beating (i.e. a plastic sheet was placed between rows and plants on either side were shaken over the sheet), nabid nymphs were unable to disperse by flight and their density tended to follow that of Anticarsia gemmatalis
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4726
Author: Donald, P.F.
Year: 1998
Title: Changes in the abundance of invertebrates and plants on British farmland
Journal: British Wildlife
Volume: 9(5)
Pages: 279-289
Alternate Journal: British Wildlife
Keywords: Rep., UK, long-term changes monitored by Rothamsted Insect Survey (light traps for moths), ITE Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (light traps) and Game Conservancy (D-vac), vacuum insect netting, suction sampling, table summarising long-term trends, methods, Lepidoptera, Bembidion lampros, Collembola, aphids and butterflies may be increasing but Staphylinidae, spiders and harvestmen show long-term declines, gives data on long-term plant changes, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Opiliones, pesticides, distribution, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5155
Author: Doncaster, C.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Healthy wrinkles for population dynamics: unevenly spread resources can support more users
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 91-100
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., there is a curvilinear relationship between the abundance of organisms using a resource and the size of that resource and this allows local unevenness in the resource to support more resource users, consumers that make few inroads on the size of a resource can benefit from environmental heterogeneity (but more efficient resource exploiters may not  be favoured by heterogeneity)  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4028
Author: Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1956
Title: Annotated list of spiders (Araneae) from apple trees in Nova Scotia
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 88
Pages: 697-700
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, species composition, community, top fruit, woodland, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 631
Author: Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1965
Title: A spider's first meal after moulting
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 97
Pages: 446
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, Philodromus rufus (Thomisidae) obtains its first post-moult meal by feeding on excess moulting fluids from the exuvia which may contain a rich broth of proteins, behaviour, nutrition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5951
Author: Dondale, C.D.
Year: 2000
Title: A network of spiders
Journal: Biodiversity
Volume: 1(2)
Pages: 2-6
Alternate Journal: Biodiversity
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, earliest fossils from Devonian (before insect orders), primitive Liphistiidae, mygalomorphs, web-builders, Erigone atra life cycle, Linyphiidae, Achaearanea tepidariorum, Araneus diadematus, Salticus scenicus, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, light brown apple moth caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Epiphyas postvittana, orchards, trees, top fruit, impact on pests by an assemblage of spiders, community, spider venoms for treating epilepsy, spiders as bioindicators, 36,000 species in 3,150 genera and 106 families, species richness, methods for measuring diversity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 854
Author: Dondale, C. D.; Binns, M. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Effect of weather factors on spiders (Araneida) in an Ontario meadow
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 55
Pages: 1336-1341
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, small hayfield for 5 years, methods, "quick traps" erected day before and released at a distance to enclose 0.5 sq m, contents D-vaced and material put through Tullgren funnel or saltwater flotation, 15 categories of arthropods, spiders divided into "hunters" and "web- spinners", multiple regression for numbers, temperature, rainfall for 2 separate plots in the field, one drier than other, seasonal changes in abundance explainable by weather, but relative importance of weather factors varied between plots, Collembola, springtails, thrips, Thysanoptera, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, fly and beetle larvae, Diptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, ants, Formicidae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, mites, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4031
Author: Dondale, C. D.; Parent, B.; Pitre, D.
Year: 1979
Title: A 6-year study of spiders (Araneae) in a Quebec apple orchard
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 111
Pages: 377-380
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, top fruit, Canada, community, species composition, 41 species, 15 Theridiidae, 6 Linyphiidae, 6 Argiopidae, 9 Thomisidae, 3 Salticidae, 1 Tetragnathidae, 1 Dictynidae, dominant was Theridion murarium, numbers declined due to broad spectrum pesticides, prey not mentioned


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 545
Author: Dondale, C. D.; Redner, J. H.; Farrell, E.; Semple, R. B.; Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1970
Title: Wandering of hunting spiders in a meadow
Journal: Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur.
Volume: 41
Pages: 61-64
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, grassland, movement, dispersal, distributi on, behaviour, distance moved


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5832
Author: Donovan, B.J.
Year: 2003
Title: Potential manageable exploitation of social wasps, Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), as generalist predators of insect pests
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 49(4)
Pages: 281-285
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Vespula germanica and Vespula shidai kill pest caterpillars in orchards and cabbage fields, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, brassicas, top fruit, trees, field vegetables, horticulture, V. germanica and Vespula vulgaris invaded New Zealand, references to extreme polyphagy of vespids, vespids moved 4.8 million prey loads ha-1 per season in NZ, wasp nests can be managed in a similar way to commercial honeybee hives, hived nests are transportable, wasp numbers need be high in a locality only temporarily as needed for pest control (then hived nests can be sealed and transported elsewhere), the relative impact of wasps on pests and beneficials needs to be assessed, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1365
Author: Doodson, J. K.; Saunders, P. J. W.
Year: 1969
Title: Observations on the effects of some systemic chemicals applied to cereals in trials at the N.I.A.B
Journal: Proceedings of the 5th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference
Volume: 1
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Gramineae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5658
Author: Dormann, W.
Year: 2000
Title: A new pitfall trap for use in periodically inundated habitats
Journal: J In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Pages: 247-250
Alternate Journal: J In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Keywords: Rep., methods, Germany, salt marshes, peat bogs, airbell trap, flooded habitats, when the water rises an airbell pushes the trap cup up against the roof of the trap which seals it off from the water, when the water recedes the trap sinks back to soil surface level and can resume catching of walking arthropods, traps were not damaged even at times of high tide when there was strong wave action, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 644
Author: Dorris, P. R.
Year: 1968
Title: A preliminary study of the spiders of Clark County Arkansas compared with a five year study of Mississippi spiders
Journal: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc.
Volume: 22
Pages: 33-37
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, community, species composition, biogeography


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1371
Author: Dorris, P. R.
Year: 1970
Title: Observations on the impact of certain insecticides on spider populations in a cotton field
Journal: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc.
Volume: 24
Pages: 53-54
Keywords: En.
pesticides, arable, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3710
Author: Dorschner, K. W.; Kenny, S. T.
Year: 1992
Title: Occurrence of hop aphid phagostimulants in the honeydew of aphids
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 65
Pages: 49-55
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3707
Author: Douglas, A. E.; Prosser, W. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Synthesis of the essential amino acid tryptophan in the pea aphid (Acythosiphon pisum) symbiosis
Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology
Volume: 38
Issue: 8)
Pages: 565-568
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1670
Author: Doutt, R. L.; Nakata, J.
Year: 1973
Title: The Rubus leafhopper and its egg parasitoid: an endemic biotic system useful in grape pest management
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Issue: 3)
Pages: 381-386
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, use of weeds to increase habitat complexity, methods, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5786
Author: Dover, J.; Sotherton, N.W.; Gobbett, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Reduced pesticide inputs on cereal field margins: the effects on butterfly abundance
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 17-24
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, conservation headlands, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, transect counts, population increases in some butterfly species due to use of conservation headlands, gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus, meadow brown Maniola jurtina, species composition, species list of 25 species, community, biodiversity, distribution, abundance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1926
Author: Dover, J. W.
Year: 1986
Title: The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 42
Issue: 3)
Pages: 243-247
Keywords: En.
Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, diamondback moth, brassicas, field vegetables, weeds, Leguminosae, Labiatae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5787
Author: Dover, J.W.
Year: 1997
Title: Conservation headlands: effects on butterfly distribution and behaviour
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 63
Pages: 31-49
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, Lepidoptera, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, outermost 6 m of cereal fields are selectively sprayed, Gramineae, pesticides, butterflies spent more time foraging on headland flora in conservation headlands compared to control headlands,  in situ direct visual observation, methods, flight and transit speeds, dispersal, movement, migration, pierids in conservation headlands spent less time flying and more time feeding than in control headlands, they especially exploited charlock in conservation headlands, Sinapis arvensis, reference that nectar from perennials is more energetic than nectar from annuals, and that nectar promotes butterfly longevity and fecundity, population dynamics, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5698
Author: Dover, J.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Butterflies and field margins
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 117-124
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Lepidoptera, conservation headlands, landscape, biodiversity, habitat diversification, farming practices, pre-war unimproved grassland supported 28 butterfly species but modern leys and pastures support only about three, Gramineae, sympathetically-managed field edges can have 20 species (a third of the British list), study of population trends in conservation headlands suggested that increases there were due to reproduction and survival rather than just local redistribution, methods, mark-release-recapture, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5526
Author: Dowell, F.E.; Broce, A.B.; Xie, F.; Throne, J.E.; Baker, J.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Detection of parasitised fly puparia using near infrared spectroscopy
Journal: Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Volume: 8
Pages: 259-265
Alternate Journal: Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Keywords: Rep., methods, pests, Diptera, house flies, Musca domestica, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Spalangia spp., Muscidifurax spp., natural enemies, biological control, commercial insectaries need a rapid means of determining parasitisation levels to maintain quality assurance, diode array NIR spectrometer used to collect spectra of 700-1700 nm from fly pupae, differences were detectable even when parasitoids were in the early stages of development, absorption differences between parasitised and unparasitised pupae may be due to differences in moisture, chitin or lipid compositions, about 80-90% of puparia containing parasitoids were identified correctly, percentage parasitism
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 829
Author: Dowley, J.; O'Sullivan, E.
Year: 1991
Title: Changes in the distribution of phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in Ireland 1985-89
Journal: Potato Research
Volume: 34
Pages: 67-69
Keywords: En.
Rep.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3201
Author: Downe, A. E. R.; West, A. S.
Year: 1954
Title: Progress in the use of the precipitin test in entomological studies
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 86
Pages: 181-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Dytiscidae larvae ate mosquito larvae, Reduviidae ate forest tent caterpillar, Miridae and Anthocoridae and thrip ate codling moth egg, see Hall et al 1953, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, pests, trees, forests, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1729
Author: Downes, J. A.
Year: 1974
Title: Sugar feeding by the larvae of Chrysopa (Neuroptera)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 106
Pages: 121-125
Keywords: En.
behaviour, Chrysopidae, lacewings, food, diet, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2789
Author: Downes, M. F.
Year: 1985
Title: Fecundity and fertility in Latrodectus hasselti (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: Australian Journal of Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 261-264
Keywords: En.
TP, production of inviable eggs may enable spiderlings, by providing an early food source, to escape unfavourable areas


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4675
Author: Downie, I.S.; Abernethy, V.J.; Foster, G.N.; McCracken, D.I.; Ribera, I.; Waterhouse, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Spider biodiversity on Scottish agricultural land
Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, ed by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Bucks, UK
Pages: 311-317
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, ed by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Bucks, UK
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species richness, UK, Scotland, intensive arable, grassland, heather moorland, gorse pasture, pitfalls, 50 sites, Gramineae, farming practices, management intensity, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, multivariate statistics, DCA, discussion of advantages and disadvantages of pitfalls, 33123 individuals, 16 families, 140 species, estimated (rarefaction curves) maximum number of species was not reached, methods, species richness decreased significantly with increasing management intensity, highly disturbed sites contained mostly Linyphiidae but more stable sites had higher proportions of non-linyphiid families
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5191
Author: Downie, I.S.; Ribera, I.; McCracken, D.I.; Wilson, W.L.; Foster, G.N.; Waterhouse, A.; Abernethy, V.J.; Murphy, K.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Modelling populations of Erigone atra and E. dentipalpis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) across an agricultural gradient in Scotland
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 80
Pages: 15-28
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, UK, 71 sites over 2 years, pitfalls, E. atra dominated autumn-sown crops, Erigone dentipalpis dominated low-intensity grasslands, Gramineae, both were absent from upland and moorland, habitat selection, regression models explained 66% variation in E. atra abundance, increasing plant species richness and stem density had negative effects but increasing levels of grazing and vegetation biomass above 50 mm had positive effects on E. atra abundance, interactions between the two species did not explain their relative abundances,  about 37000 Erigone caught overall of which 64% dentipalpis and 34% atra, timing of disturbance and subsequent succession had the greatest influence on the data, combined grazing by cattle and sheep make a uniform close-cropped sward that E. atra can colonise successfully, farming practices, cereals, wheat, barley, oilseed rape, oats, fodder beet, set aside and a range of grassland and natural habitats, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2847
Author: Drake, J. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Communities as assembled structures: do rules govern pattern
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Volume: 5
Pages: 159-163
Keywords: En.
Rep., assembly rules can govern community patterns; pattern can be result of history of assemblage eg the order in which species are added, theoretical


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2799
Author: Drake, J. A.
Year: 1990
Title: The mechanics of community assembly and succession
Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology
Volume: 147
Pages: 213-234
Keywords: En.
Rep., model, 25 producer species, 25 herbivore, 25 top predators, second model with 125 species with 25 omnivores feeding on the other species, alternative stable invasion resistant states were produced by altering the sequence of invasions, theoretical, community assembly rules, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2727
Author: Drake, V. A.; Farrow, R. A.
Year: 1985
Title: A radar and aerial-trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales
Journal: Aust J Ecol
Volume: 10
Pages: 223-235
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5670
Author: Drechsler, M.; Settele, J.
Year: 2001
Title: Predator-prey interactions in rice ecosystems: effects of guild composition, trophic relationships, and land use changes - a model study exemplified for Philippine rice terraces
Journal: Ecological Modelling
Volume: 137
Pages: 135-159
Alternate Journal: Ecological Modelling
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, model of rice fields in a landscape of vegetable fields and woodlands, trees, forests, effects of landscape changes on balance between pests and their natural enemies, biological control, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Nilaparvata lugens, brown planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, white-backed planthopper, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnathidae, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, a high proportion of vegetable fields reduces pest abundance, farming practices, methods, this is a model of intermediate complexity, comparison of synchronous and asynchronous cropping, two climatic seasons, model does not deal with species but rather with crude guilds (e.g. hunting spiders, web-building spiders), parasitisation functional response, oophagy, C. lividipennis egg predation functional response, Pardosa functional response, Tetragnathidae show no functional response, prey preference, degree of preference for hoppers and mirids (attention factor), spider abundance modelled in relation to crop growth stage, sensitivity analysis showed that parasitoid and mirid population processes were important as well as suitability of non-rice habitats for hoppers, model suggests interactions between predators (such as mirids eating parasitised hoppers and impacting on parasitoid abundance), predation of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, intraguild predation, IGP, spiders had less effect on hoppers than did mirids and parasitoids, whether the mirid eats or avoids parasitoids makes a difference to model outcomes, cites references that mid-season spider density in rice is 70 - 150 m-2, non-rice habitats are less suitable for these spiders 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4879
Author: Dreisig, H.
Year: 1981
Title: The rate of predation and its temperature dependence in a tiger beetle, Cicindela hybrida
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 36
Pages: 196-202
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Cicindelidae, Denmark, sand dunes, model based on Hollings functional response equation, methods, direct in situ visual observation of predation in sandy areas in the field, and timing of foraging and predation components such as prey handling time, and in situ temperature measurement. Tiger beetles often show aggressive behaviour towards insects they cannot overcome and kill. Prey density was counted using quadrats. Tiger beetles detect large prey such as spiders and beetles at 30 cm and small prey such as ants at 15 cm. They eat dead prey which are detected at 7 cm. Foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding, necrophagy, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Handling times range from 30 sec for a small spider to 7 min for a large caterpillar. Satiation appears to play no part in its behaviour in the field. Formica rufa was often attacked but always repelled the attack by spraying a deterrent. The tiger beetle is very inefficient in prey capture if there is any vegetation present for the prey to seek refuge in. Also it does not detect prey that become immobile and the tiger beetle does not wait long before moving off to find another prey, so "freezing" by the prey is an effective prey defence strategy. Cicindela was observed to eat ants, Carabidae, Cantharidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, spiders, Heteroptera nymphs, Collembola and Lepidoptera larvae. Dead insects lying on the sand formed 25% of the diet. Searching appears to be random, with no apparent aggregative response to prey. Fights between tiger beetles last only a few secs so there is no real interference effect. Prey capture was less that one per hour at 20C and peaked at 7 at 36C, prey capture rates, predation rates, ground beetles, soldier beetles. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 214
Author: Dritschilo, W.; Erwin, T. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Responses in abundance and diversity of corn-field carabid communities to differences in farm practices
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 63
Pages: 900-904
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, cereals, maize, organic, conventional, diversity index


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 213
Author: Dritschilo, W.; Wanner, D.
Year: 1980
Title: Ground beetle abundance and diversity in organic- conventional corn fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 9
Pages: 629-631
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, cereals, maize, organic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4140
Author: Dromph, K.; Holst, N.; Eilenberg, J.
Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids: V. Entomophthoralean fungi
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: En.
Rep., entomogenous fungi, pathogens, diseases, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, life cycle of Entomophthora, currently the model is a sketch of components and their interactions, metabolic pool model, fungus is modelled as two sub-populations, ie sporulating cadavers and conidia, age-distributed mass and numbers of cadavers and conidia, conidial lifespan depends on temperature and humidity, microclimate, weather, physiological timescale, density of hosts and conidia and apparency of hosts based on Gutierrez - Baumgaertner functional response, inoculum level is very important and is affected by sporulation, transmission and conidial persistence, some species have resting spores induced by low temperature and poor nutrition, aphids infected with Erynia neopaphidis normally die within a 4 h period 14 h after dawn, and sporulation peaks 8-16 h later at 15C, diel cycles, conidia content of the air shows the same daily variation as sporulation of individual cadavers, peak number of conidia occurs around dawn, in lab Coccinella 7- punctata will carry E.neoaphidis conidia from infected to healthy aphid colonies and initiate infection, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectors, disease transmission, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, in the field conidia can remain infective for up to 14 days on leaves, C.7-punctata adults and larvae will prey on infected aphids, predation on moribund prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, degree of aphid aggregation is very important to sustainability of an epizootic, biotypes within an aphid species can vary enormously in susceptibility to E.neoaphidis, alatae can be more susceptible than apterae, some moribund aphids and grasshoppers alter their vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, moribund carrot flies oviposit in trees and hedges instead of on carrots, Umbelliferae, Diptera, field vegetables, arable, oviposition behaviour, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5825
Author: Dromph, K.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Collembolans as vectors of entomopathogenic fungi 
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 47
Pages: 245-256
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pathogens, diseases, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, pests, springtails, alternative food, soil fauna, interactions between trophic levels, community, laboratory trials using Tenebrio molitor, Coleoptera, even small numbers of Collembola were shown to transmit fungal inoculum and cause infection of a host living in the soil, infection is maily via faecal pellets of Collembola, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Folsomia fimitaria, Hypogastrura, Proisotoma minuta, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4563
Author: Drukker, B.; Scutareanu, P. ; Sabelis, M.W.
Year: 1995
Title: Do anthocorid predators respond to synomones from Psylla-infested pear trees under field conditions ?
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 77
Pages: 193-203
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, trees, orchards, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, Netherlands, methods, caging, exclusion techniques, semiochemicals, foraging, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal. In a Dutch pear orchard Psylla-infested trees were covered with a fine gauze mesh screen and compared with caged uninfested trees. Anthocorids were monitored by beating and significantly more more caught near infested than uninfested cages. When the infested cage was covered with airtight transparent plastic there was no anthocorid response, suggesting that they had been responding to odour rather than visual cues. Not known if they were responding to to Psylla odour or pear damage synomone but the latter is suspected. Species involved were Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris nemoralis, Orius majusculus, Orius vicinus, Orius minutus.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5546
Author: Duan, J.J.; Head, G.; McKee, M.J.; Nickson, T.E.; Martin, J.W.; Sayegh, F.S.
Year: 2002
Title: Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 104
Pages: 271-280
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Bacillus thuringiensis toxin used for corn rootworm control, pests, Diabrotica spp., no detrimental effects of transgenic pollen on survival and development of larvae or survival and reproduction of adults in laboratory trials, by Monsanto USA, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5613
Author: Dubbert, M.; Tscharntke, T.; Vidal, S.
Year: 1998
Title: Stem-boring insects of fragmented Calamagrostis habitats: herbivore-parasitoid community structure and the unpredictability of grass shoot abundance
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 23
Pages: 271-280
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, Germany, Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae, Ciptera, Cecidomyiidae, Homoptera, Pseudococcidae, shoot abundance varied greatly between years and between habitats within a year, herbivore attack rate and species richness was correlated with shoot abundance, biodiversity, the herbivores and their parasitoids were extremely mobile, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, 25 grassland habitats on sandy soil surrounded by pine trees, 10 herbivore species, 18 parasitoid species listed, natural enemies, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 7
Author: Dubrovskaya, N. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Field carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Byelorussia
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 49
Pages: 476-483
Keywords: En.
Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja, Amara aenea, Asaphidion flavipes, Bembidion lampros, Clivina fossor, Harpalus affinis, Loricera pilicornis, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Trechus quadristriatus, Sitona
Rep, Wheat, manipulation, reduction, soil cores, pitfalls, ground search, deep ploughing, earthworms, weevils, wireworms, sampling methods, density, potatoes, sugar beet, clover, undersowing, pesticide trenches, spring cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3232
Author: Dudevoir, D. S.; Reeves, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Feeding activity of carabid beetles and spiders on gypsy moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) at high density prey populations
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 25
Pages: 341-356
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, trees, forests, caterpillars, pests, USA, pitfalls and tree banding, 48 species of carabids, 43 species of spider, ELISA, serology, 26 species of carabid positive, 50% +ve for Calosoma frigidum, 31 species of spiders positive, 57% +ve for Haplodrassus bicornis, % +ve tended to be greater for tree band collections, mixed species woodland, an NPV reduced caterpillar survival in one year, pathogens, disease, virus, large larvae may descend to ground during daytime and return to feed on foliage at night, vertical distribution, stratification, dispersal, movement, migration, antiserum to III larvae, detection periods at 25C, digestion rates, quantification of amount eaten not attempted, in lab Lycosa spp. did not feed on large larvae but Calosoma and Pterostichus did, got positives with Crustacea and Diplopoda which the authors attributed to carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1728
Author: Duelli, P.
Year: 1980
Title: Adaptive dispersal and appetitive flight in the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 5
Issue: 3)
Pages: 213-220
Keywords: En.
Rep., Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5797
Author: Duelli, P.; Obrist, M.K.
Year: 2003
Title: Regional biodiversity in an agricultural landscape: the contribution of seminatural habitat islands
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 129-138
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., conservation of regional species biodiversity, species richness, more than 63% of 1000 arthropod species in an agricultural landscape depended on seminatural habitats, Switzerland, 5 km transect, marshland, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, maize, sown grassland, pitfalls, window traps, yellow water traps, sweep net samples, 222,812 individuals identified to species level, 2229 species, community, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Empididae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, woodlice, Isopoda, psocids, Psocoptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, grasshoppers, Orthoptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, species richness by extrapolation from rarefaction functions, index of dispersal capacity of a species from number caught in flight traps in relation to number caught in pitfalls and sweep net, 50% of species were rare (< 5 individuals), only 6% of species were confined to seminatural habitats, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4912
Author: Duelli, P.; Obrist, M.K.; Schmatz, D.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above ground insects
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 33-64
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., biodiversity is usually higher in less intensively cultivated habitats, mosaic landscapes are more important than management regimes in promoting biodiversity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders. Authors suggest concentrating on polyphagous predators caught in pitfalls and Heteroptera, Symphyta and Aculeata Hymenoptera caught in flight traps, methods. Standardisation of sampling methodology is advocated. Funnel pitfalls are three times more efficient than cup pitfalls. Suction sampling within a tent is claimed to be an "absolute" method, vacuum insect net, Dvac. Increase in number of species caught is a non-linear function of collecting effort. Number of species per number of individuals can  be estimated from rarefaction curves but  needs to be based on at least 5 traps and 3 months.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4324
Author: Duelli, P.; Studer, M.; Marchand, I.; Jakob, S.
Year: 1990
Title: Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 54
Pages: 193-207
Keywords: En.
Rep., Switzerland, directional gutter traps and directional sticky traps (wire mesh squares on poles sticky both sides) put at edges and in middle of a maize field, methods, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, caught more Propylea 14- punctata leaving than entering field in July when tenerals emerged, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, emigration, in most flying insects the number of individuals flying over 1 ha maize per day is larger than the number of adults in the field, pitfalls suggested a continuous net immigration of ground beetles but spiders tended to move from West to East into field at one end and out at the other, population dynamics, Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, May- September 1983, 57 species of carabids, 78 species of spiders, the immigrants were mainly small to medium sized carabids, roads were more of a barrier than was a grass strip, 300m transect of funnel pitfalls through wetland, pasture, wheat, grass slope, dry meadow May-August, grassland, in 12/15 flying carabid species there was no correlation between numbers in pitfalls and numbers on sticky traps in the same habitat, some "natural" species were caught mainly outside the wheat, but "agricultural" species common in wheat tended to be found in the other habitats in high numbers too, 30/42 spider species were collected in wheat, pitfall distribution patterns suggest that 60% would have been absent but for the neighbouring semi-natural habitats, in contrast only 16% of carabid species seemed to be in wheat because of adjacent land, 22% for staphylinids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 569
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1956
Title: Aerial dispersal in a known spider population
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 25
Pages: 85-111
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution, movement, ballooning, flying, aeronauts, silk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 637
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1962
Title: A population study of spiders in limestone grassland
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 31
Pages: 571-599
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, species composition, community, sampling methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 641
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1962
Title: A population study of spiders in limestone grassland - the field layer fauna
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 13
Pages: 15-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, species composition, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 636
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1963
Title: Ecological studies on the spider fauna of the Malham Tarn area
Journal: Field Studies.
Volume: 1
Issue: 5)
Pages: 65-87
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, community, species composition, Yorkshire, limestone


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2176
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1963
Title: A mass dispersal of spiders
Journal: Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc.
Volume: 20
Pages: 38-43
Keywords: En.
Porrhomma pygmaeum, Linyphiidae
Rep., Araneae, predators, October 1960, autumn, ballooning, behaviour, dispersal, movement, distribution, gossamer, silk, aeronaut, England, floods, sheets of silk and spiders, part of life cycle, related to population density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 648
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1966
Title: Spider ecology and habitat structure
Journal: Senckenberg. biol.
Volume: 47
Pages: 45-49
Keywords: En.
Lepthyphantes
Rep., Araneae, predators, distribution, vertical, zonation, stratification, coloration, behaviour, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 635
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1968
Title: An ecological analysis of the spider fauna of sand dunes
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 37
Pages: 641-674
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 646
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1970
Title: Habitat selection by spiders on saltmarsh in Gower
Journal: Nature in Wales.
Volume: 12
Issue: 1)
Pages: 15-23
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, coastal, estuarine, behaviour, dispersal, distributio n


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 584
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1974
Title: Changes in the British spider fauna
Journal: Syst. Assoc. Spec.
Volume: 6
Pages: 293-305
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, systematics, biogeography, community, species list, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2879
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1974
Title: Comparative sampling methods for grassland spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 3
Issue: 2)
Pages: 34-37
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, UK, examination of 0.5 m2 of calacareous grassland height 15 cm takes 60-90 minutes, Dvac opening 909 cm2, Burkard 19.6 cm2, more spiders are damaged in the latter, efficiency of Dvac, Burkard Univac and hand collection compared in 0.5 m2 chalk grassland in May 1972, 62 species from 40 0.5 m2, more species where vegetation height greater, density 9 per m2 in Dvac, 2.5 per m2 Burkard, 6 per m2 hand search, 99 subsamples of 1/11 m2 with Dvac gave significantly greater density than 9 samples of 1 m2 even though same area, perhaps because Dvac sucks spiders from beyond its 1/11 m2, suction sampler


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 630
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1975
Title: Habitat selection by spiders in man-made environments
Journal: Proceedings of the Sixth Arachnological Congress, 1974.
Pages: 53-67
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 605
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1978
Title: Ecological strategies in spiders including some characteristics of species in pioneer and mature habitats
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 42
Pages: 109-123
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, methods, pitfalls, cages, ploughing, Linyphiidae, money spiders, winter, overwintering, immigration, movement, dispersal , ballooning, aerial migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2881
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1980
Title: The efficiency of the Dietrick Vacuum Sampler (D-VAC) for invertebrate population studies in different types of grassland
Journal: Bull. Ecol.
Volume: 11
Issue: 3)
Pages: 421-431
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, UK, Gramineae, Dvac samples taken then turf down to 1 cm cut out and extracted in a Tullgren funnel, Dvac efficiency varied with season, 10% in May to 57% in August, efficiency was highest for insects exposed on the plant and lowest for those on ground and in litter, suction sampler


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5547
Author: Duffey, E.
Year: 1998
Title: Aerial dispersal in spiders
Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Ed. by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, UK
Pages: 187-191
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Ed. by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, UK
Keywords: Rep., ballooning review, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, movement, aerial migration, aeronauts, mainly Linyphiidae but also young of larger spiders up to 19.2 mg, behaviour to become airborne, tip-toe, parachute and breaking silk, observations of multiple silk strands emitted from the spinnerets for ballooning, low wind speeds required for take-off, appears to be no single stimulus for ballooning but various environmental and physiological factors, hunger, example of millions of spiders leaving a sewage filter bed that had been shut down reducing the food supply, Erigone longipalpis, Leptorhoptrum robustum, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3488
Author: Duffey, E.; Green, M. B.
Year: 1975
Title: A linyphiid spider biting workers on a sewage-treatment plant
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 3
Issue: 5)
Pages: 130-131
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Araneae, Linyphgiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Leptorhoptrum robustum in marshy areas and in vast numbers amongst stones of sewage filter beds, will bite people causing inflammation and swelling, abundance of L.robustum was 29,000 m-3 with mean adults 1500 m-3 and maximum adults 11,200 m-3, density, when sewage beds are shut off and begin to dry the spiders prey of Diptera larvae and Enchytraeidae larvae die off and the appearance of vast quantities of silk strands suggests a massive aerial dispersal by the spiders, other species include Milleriana inerrans, Oedothorax apicatus, Ostearius melanopygius and Erigone arctica, distribution, migration, movement, food, diet, ballooning in response to food shortage or altered microclimate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 643
Author: Duffey, E.; Locket, G. H.; Millidge, A. F.
Year: 1957
Title: The spider fauna of the heaths and fens in West Suffolk
Journal: Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists Society.
Volume: 10
Issue: 3)
Pages: 1-11
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, community, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 784
Author: Duffield, S. I.; Barker, S. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Spatial and temporal effects of dimethoate on populations of Carabidae and their prey in winter wheat
Journal: In: Ground Beetles: Their Role in Ecological and Environmental Studies, Ed. by N.E. Stork, Intercept, Hampshire
Pages: 95-105
Keywords: En.
pesticides, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insecticide, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3213
Author: Duffield, S. J.; Aebischer, N. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The effect of spatial scale of treatment with dimethoate on invertebrate population recovery in winter wheat
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 263-281
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, UK, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Aphididae, pests, biological control, natural enemies, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, pitfalls, methods, predators recovered progressively from edge to centre of treated plots and recovery rate was related to field size, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, aphids and Collembola recovered fastest in the centre of treated plots ie where fewest predators, rate of recovery was quickest for staphylinids, followed by Linyphiidae then carabids, pest resurgence, good correlation data for effect of predators on aphids and Collembola


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2430
Author: Duffield, S. J.; Baker, S. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Spatial and temporal effects of dimethoate on populations of Carabidae and their prey in winter wheat
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 95-104
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4292
Author: Duffield, S. J.; Jepson, P. C.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1996
Title: Spatial changes in invertebrate predation rate in winter wheat following treatments with dimethoate
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 78
Issue: 1)
Pages: 9-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, insecticides, predation of Drosophila pupae and artificial aphid populations at different distances into dimethoate plots, Diptera, Hemiptera, methods, bait traps, wave of predation rate from edge to centre, different rates of recovery of Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, 1989 and 1990, pitfall traps, dead Drosophila pupae in Petri dishes containing compost put out in field, aphid- rich (Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum) patches created in the field, Winder aphid climbing traps and aphid fall-off trays were used in these patches, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, dislodgement, movement, migration, the proportion of pupae removed was significantly correlated with total polyphagous predators, total carabids and Pterostichus melanarius in pitfalls, following dimethoate spray the proportion of aphids re- climbing increased significantly cf controls, the proportion of aphids re-climbing was significantly negatively related to pitfall catch of carabids, staphylinids and total polyphagous predators, extrapolation of this relationship suggests that in the absence of predators 86% of aphids would re-climb sticks, predation of live aphids on the ground is the best explanation of the spatial patterns observed, ecotoxicology, side-effects of insecticides, mechanisms of insecticide side-effects in the field, immigration, colonisation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2423
Author: Duffield, S. J.; Moffatt, J.
Year: 1991
Title: Does scale influence the recovery of dimethoate-depleted invertebrate populations in winter wheat ?
Journal: Ed Polgar et al, Aphidophaga
Pages: 305-311
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2294
Author: Duman, J. G.
Year: 1979
Title: Subzero temperature tolerance in spiders: the role of thermal hysteresis factors
Journal: J. Comp. Physiol.
Volume: 131
Pages: 347-352
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, physiology, freezing, overwintering, winter, survival


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1180
Author: Dunn, J. A.
Year: 1949
Title: The parasites and predators of potato aphids
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 40
Pages: 97-122
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1193
Author: Dunn, J. A.
Year: 1950
Title: Pea aphid population studies in 1950
Journal: Report of the National Vegetable Research Station for 1950
Pages: 21
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, arable, Acyrthosiphon pisum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1194
Author: Dunn, J. A.
Year: 1951
Title: The effect of temperature on the pea aphid - ladybird relationship
Journal: Report of the National Vegetable Research Station for 1951
Pages: 21
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, arable, Acyrthosiphon pisum, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, weather


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 870
Author: Dunn, J. A.
Year: 1959
Title: The biology of the lettuce root aphid
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 47
Issue: 3)
Pages: 475-491
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pemphigus bursarius pest of summer lettuce, primary host poplar, arable, trees, lettuce sown April- May worse affected than July, alternative hosts include Sonchus (not over winter), descriptions of eggs morphs, possible confusion with other species, taxonomy, systematics, structure, migrations to host plants, movement, dispersal, distribution, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1191
Author: Dunn, J. A.
Year: 1960
Title: The natural enemies of lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 51
Pages: 271-278
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, field vegetables, biological control, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chloropidae larvae ate P. bursarius on roots of Sonchus, Thaumatomyia glabra = Chloropisca glabra, and T. notata, Carabidae and Staphylinidae found in close association, rove beetles, ground beetles, Coleoptera, larvae of Tachyporus chrysomelinus observed feeding on P. bursarius, ladybirds Coccinellidae, including on poplar, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1354
Author: Dunning, R. A.
Year: 1971
Title: Changes in sugar beet husbandry and some effects on pests and their damage
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: En.
arable, UK, farming practices, herbicides by removing alternative plant food may increase the number of pests on sugar beet seedlings, this ocurred with Onychiurus armatus in the Netherlands, pesticides, Collembola, seedlings weakened by herbicide may suffer more from pest damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 273
Author: Dunning, R. A.
Year: 1973
Title: Pygmy beetle
Journal: MAFF Advisory Leaflet
Volume: No. 589
Issue: HMSO Edinburgh.
Keywords: En.
Atomaria, sugar beet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1363
Author: Dunning, R. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Sugar-beet pest, disease and weed control and the problems posed by changes in husbandry
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC MOnograph 25
Pages: 143-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, farming practices, UK, agricultural statistics, increase in pesticide use, 35% of crop gets insurance pesticides which is rarely necessary, gamma HCH is overused and destroys predators, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae resistant to organophosphorus insecticides in 1974, choice now between pirimicarb and demeton-S-methyl, carbamates, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, sugar beet grown in a field no more than 1 year in 3, yield increase due to aldicarb in only 30% fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1189
Author: Dunning, R. A.; Baker, A. N.; Windley, R. F.
Year: 1975
Title: Carabids in sugar beet crops and their possible role as aphid predators
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 80
Pages: 125-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, biological control, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2878
Author: Durkis, T. J.; Reeves, R. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Barriers increase efficiency of pitfall traps
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 93
Pages: 8-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., lots of references, 2 pitfalls connected by various lengths of plexiglass, methods, mixed hardwood forest, 60 barrier traps April, June, 7.5 m apart, live animals counted and released within 10 feet of capture site, racoons stopped experiment in August, barrier traps caught twice as many Carabidae as ordinary traps, nearly twice as many Carabidae caught with each 2 foot increment in barrier length, does not give species caught, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2064
Author: Dusek, J.; Laska, P.
Year: 1974
Title: Overwintering and spring emergence of some common species of aphidophagous syrphids
Journal: Folia Fac. Scient. Nat. Univ. Purk. Brun. (Biologica)
Volume: 15
Pages: 71-75
Keywords: behaviour, distribution, phenology, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2063
Author: Dusek, J.; Laska, P.; Sedivy, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Parasitisation of aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) by Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Palaearctic Region
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 76
Issue: 6)
Pages: 366-378
Keywords: hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4685
Author: Dutton, A.; Bigler, F.
Year: 1995
Title: Flight activity assessment of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in labaoratory and field conditions
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 40(2)
Pages: 223-233
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., flight activity can decline during mass production, but both flight and walking are needed for this to be an efficient parasitoid in the field. Lab flight test was in a small cylinder with light attracting parasitoids to the top where they were caught on a sticky plate. They could only reach the top by flying because there was a sticky ring around the inside of the cylinder to ctach walkers. A field cage containing many sticky-coated plastic strips on the plastic walls was also used. The parasitoids were put in a hanging basket and had to fly to reach the sticky strips. Results showed that variation in flight initiation exists between strains. A commercial strain showed better flight activity than some other strains. Field cage results tended to support lab results. The lab test could be used for Trichogramma quality assessment. Natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, eggs, biological control, mass-rearing, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4585
Author: Dwumfour, E.F.
Year: 1992
Title: Volatile substances evoking orientation in the predatory flowerbug Anthocoris nemorum (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 82
Pages: 465-469
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory bugs, semiochemicals, odours, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, olfactometer, attracted by volatiles from nettle, willow, tomato, tested aphids, spider mites and bean, pests, Hemiptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1760
Author: Dyck, V. A.; Kamal, N. Q.; Kenmore, P. E.; Dulay, A. C.; Palis, F. V.
Year: 1981
Title: Suppression of planthopper and leafhopper populations by natural enemies, especially predators
Journal: IRRI Saturday Seminar, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders respond to increasing pest densities by producing more spiderlings and with improved survival, numerical response, rice, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Nilaparvata lugens, Delphacidae, Cicadellidae, Nephotettix, Araneae, polyphagous predators, biological control, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5754
Author: Dyer, L.E.; Landis, D.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Influence of noncrop habitats on the distribution of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in cornfields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 924-932
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, E. terebrans is a parasitoid of the European cornborer, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, methods, Malaise traps in fields and at edges near woodland and near an herbaceous edge, trees, forest, females more abundant near edges especially wooded edges in first generation, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2062
Author: Dyte, C. E.
Year: 1967
Title: Some distinctions between the larvae and pupae of the Empididae and Dolichopodidae (Diptera)
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London A
Volume: 42
Pages: 119-127
Keywords: En.
UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1703
Author: Dzyuba, Z. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Effectiveness of field populations of natural enemies of the Sunn Pest Eurygaster integriceps Put. in the steppe zone of the Krasnodar region
Journal: Biotsenoticheskoe obosnovanie kriteriev effektivnosti prirodnykh entomofagov, Ed. by K.V. Novozhilov
Pages: 51-55
Keywords: Russ.En.Summ.
USSR, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, biological control, where wheat replaced rice in 1980's egg parasitoids play most important role on Eurygaster control, they keep the pest at the economic threshold level, Hymenoptera, Telenomus chloropus, Trissolcus grandis, Trissolcus simoni


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 805
Author: Eason, E. H.
Year: 1964
Title: Centipedes of the British Isles
Journal: London, Warne
Keywords: En.
Rep., Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, taxonomy, structure, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2175
Author: Eason, R. R.; Peck, W. B.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1967
Title: Notes on spider parasites, including reference list
Journal: J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 40
Pages: 422-434
Keywords: En.
Philodromus, Xysticus, Thomisidae, Zelotes, Gnaphosidae, Tarentula, Clubiona, Clubionidae, Tetragnatha, Tetragnathidae, Pisaura mirabilis, Pisauridae, Theridion, Theridiidae, Acroceridae, Chloropidae, Phoridae, Phalacrotophora, Megaselia, Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae, Drosophilidae, Braconidae, Eurytomidae, Mantispidae
Rep., Araneae, predators, Idris, Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, Pardosa, Lycosidae, eggsac, eggs, host specific, oviposits in new eggsac, behaviour, chemotactic host finding, Ogcodes pallidipennis, Diptera, endoparasite, induces Pardosa to produce silk, emerges through lung slit and adheres to silk, Gelis in Trochosa eggsac, apterous ant-like Ichneumonidae, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3470
Author: Easson, D. L.; Picton, J. R.
Year: 1994
Title: Reduced input systems of cropping
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 77-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., RISC, IFS, Integrated Farming Systems, Northern Ireland, UK, 4 seasons into 9 year project, protocols similar to TALISMAN, arable and grass rotations, Gramineae, half rate fertiliser and pesticide inputs reduced cereal yields by 6.7%, oilseed rape by 5% and potatoes by 18%, brassicas, gross margins not significantly reduced except for potatoes, economics, profitability, more flexibility in reduced rate pesticides desirable, invertebrates not mentioned, farming practices, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1736
Author: East, R.
Year: 1974
Title: Predation on the soil-dwelling stages of Winter Moth at Wytham Woods, Berkshire
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 43
Pages: 611-626
Keywords: En.
Rep., predation on pupae by Carabidae and Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forests, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3158
Author: Easterbrook, M. A.; Cantwell, M. P.; Chandler, D.
Year: 1992
Title: Control of Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 20
Issue: suppl.
Pages: 17-19
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, a strain is promising outdoors, UK, pests, Coleoptera, weevils, Curculionidae, entomogenous fungi, biological control, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5259
Author: Easterbrook, M.A.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Solomon, M.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Biological control of strawberry tarsonemid mite Phytonemus pallidus and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on strawberry in the UK using species of Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 25
Pages: 25-36
Alternate Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Neoseiulus californicus controlled T. urticae on potted strawberry in a glasshouse, Neoseiulus cucumeris and Neoseiulus californicus reduced numbers of P. pallidus on potted strawberry in a glasshouse, obtaining favourable predator-prey ratios was necessary for success, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, predatory mites, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, horticulture, protected crops, greenhouse vegetables 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1284
Author: Easterbrook, M. A.; Solomon, M. G.; Cranham, J. E.; Souter, E. F.
Year: 1985
Title: Trials of an integrated pest management programme based on selective pesticides in English apple orchards
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 215-230
Keywords: En.
Rep., IPM, UK, top fruit, trees, conventional is 5 insecticide acaricides per year, pesticides, diflubenzuron may have reduced Forficula auricularia and allowed increase of Eriosoma lanigerum, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, earwigs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, woolly aphid, a few selective sprays allowed Typhlodromus pyri to control Panonychus ulmi and apple rust mite Aculus schlechtendali, Tetranychidae, Acari, predatory mites, fruit tree red spider mite, cost of IPM as great as conventional because sprays more expensive, economics, IPM allowed increase of predatory Miridae and Anthocoridae but these did not control minor pests such as mussel scale Lepidosaphes ulmi and apple sucker Psylla mali, Heteroptera, Psyllidae, E.lanigerum does not respond to pirimicarb, carbamates, dimilin kills earwigs allowing resurgence of E.lanigerum, insect growth regulator, earwigs also reduce mussel scales, no commercially available selective sprays against Tortricidae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, some T.pyri now resistant to carbaryl and organophosphorus insecticides, these can be used in selective IPM programmes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1464
Author: Easterbrook, M. A.; Souter, E. F.; Solomon, M. G.; Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Trials on integrated pest management in English apple orchards
Journal: Proceedings of the 1979 British Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases
Pages: 61-67
Keywords: En.
IPM, UK, trees, top fruit, pesticides, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 416
Author: Eastop, V. F.; Pope, R. D.
Year: 1966
Title: Notes on the ecology and phenology of some British Coccinellidae
Journal: Entomologist.
Volume: 99
Pages: 287-289
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Kew, species composition, community, phenology, associated plants


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 350
Author: Eastop, V. F.; Pope, R. D.
Year: 1969
Title: Notes on the biology of some British Coccinellidae
Journal: Entomologist.
Volume: 102
Pages: 162-164
Keywords: En.
Rhyzobius litura, Coccidula rufa, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Rhopalosiphum padi, Adalia bipunctata
Rep, Coleoptera, Kew, 1963-1968, field, winter, activity, spring, aphids, predation, prey, diet, food, gut dissection, cereal aphids, population cycle, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 695
Author: Eberhard, W. G.
Year: 1970
Title: The predatory behaviour of two wasps Agenoideus humilis (Pompilidae) and Sceliphron caementarium (Sphecidae) on the orb weaving spider Araneus cornutus (Araneida)
Journal: Psyche.
Volume: 77
Pages: 243-271
Keywords: Araneae, predators, Argiopidae, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 696
Author: Eberhard, W. G.
Year: 1971
Title: The ecology of the web of Uloborus diversus (Araneae : Uloboridae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 6
Pages: 328-342
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2247
Author: Eberhard, W. G.
Year: 1987
Title: How spiders initiate airborne lines
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Araneae, behaviour, aerial dispersal, distribution, ballooning


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4769
Author: Eberhard, W.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Spider manipulation by a wasp larva
Journal: Nature
Volume: 406
Pages: 255-256
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, behaviour, parasitoids, Ichneumonidae. The spider Plesiometa argyra is forced by its parasitoid, Hymenoepimecis sp., to build a parasitoid cocoon web just before the spider is killed by the parasitoid larva. The cocoon web involves just the early stages of orb web building.  The parasitoid larva then moults, kills and consumes the spider, then spins its pupal cocoon inside the cocoon web. Independent spider behavioural units are under chemical control and this chemical control system is used by the parasitoid larva (which makes small holes in the spider abdomen to drink haemolymph) to induce production of the cocoon web. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 475
Author: Edgar, A. L.; Yuan, H. A.
Year: 1968
Title: Daily locomotory activity in Phalangium opilio and seven species of Leiobunum (Arthropoda : Phalangida)
Journal: Bios.
Volume: 39
Pages: 167-176
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, predators, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 511
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1966
Title: Prey and predators of the wolf spider Lycosa lugubris
Journal: J. Zool. London.
Volume: 159
Pages: 405-411
Keywords: En.
Pardosa lugubris
Araneae, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2353
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1969
Title: Prey and predators of the wolf spider Lycosa lugubris
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 159
Pages: 405-411
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, oak wood, Scotland, prey were Diptera, Hemiptera and Araneae, behaviour, sit-and-wait predator, feeding rates, cannibalism, vertebrate predators, pathogenic fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 512
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Prey of the wolf spider Lycosa lugubris
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 106
Pages: 71-73
Keywords: En.
Pardosa pullata, Pardosa lugubris
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, food, diet, Diptera, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 881
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Prey and feeding behaviour of adult females of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Clerck)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 20
Pages: 487-491
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, Netherlands, eggsacs in May and June-July, 31/46 prey in May were Diptera (cf Pardosa lugubris in Scotland 10/42), larger prey taken by P.amentata even though spiders same size, 11% spiders collected on warm (more than 15C) mornings cf 4% on cool (less than 15C), fewer spiders fed pm, diel cycle, predation, foraging, behaviour, positive correlation between weight of prey and duration of feeding in lab, 40 mins to eat 3mg, 21 mins to eat 1 mg Drosophila (cf 58min for P.lugubris), calculation of feeding frequency, 1.17 prey per spider per warm sunny day


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 509
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1971
Title: Aspects of the ecological energetics of the wolf spider Pardosa (Lycosa) lugubris (Walckenaer)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 7
Pages: 136-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scotland, female ingests 308 calories in life, 73% goes to respiration and 26% to production, males ingest 98 calories, 81% to respiration and 16% to production, eats large proportion of food killed, population dynamics, feeding behaviour, population killed 1.39 kcal per sq m per year 81% was ingested, of this 71% to respiration and 26% to production, oak woods on edge of Loch Lomond, trees, forests, overwinters twice before maturity, life cycle, female produces eggsac in summer and autumn, reproductive periods, 2-3 year life cycle, voltinism, 1 generation per 2 years, rearing methods, culturing, 1.6 females per sq m in summer produce 55 spiderlings per sq m and 0.9 females produce 16 spiderlings in autumn, density, natality, reproduction, recruitment, in laboratory very few faeces produced suggesting assimilation efficiency near 100%, cannibalism considered to be very important, excretion, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 535
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1971
Title: The life cycle, abundance and seasonal movement of the wolf spider, Lycosa (Pardosa) lugubris, in central Scotland
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 40
Pages: 303-322
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, distribution, dispersal, phenology, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2352
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1971
Title: Seasonal weight changes, age structure, natality and mortality of the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris (W.) in central Scotland
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 22
Pages: 84-92
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, oak wood, phenology, behaviour, instar determination, size frequency distributions, habitat selection in relation to age, fecundity and natality, percentage eggsac parasitism, density, survivorship, no spiderling ballooning, mortality of spiderlings, growth, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3454
Author: Edgar, W. D.
Year: 1971
Title: Aspects of the ecology and energetics of the eggsac parasites of the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris (Walck.)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 7
Pages: 155-163
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids of predators, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae Gelis micrurus and Hidryta sordidus caused 2.9 - 34.8% eggsac parasitism, representing reduction in recruitment of 9.1% in 1965 and 10.9% in 1966, reproduction, population dynamics, oak woodland in Scotland UK, forests, trees, bivoltine parasitoids, degree of parasitism varied considerably from area to area, distribution of mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 507
Author: Edgar, W. D.; Loenen, M.
Year: 1974
Title: Aspects of the overwintering habitat of the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris
Journal: J. Zool. London.
Volume: 172
Pages: 383-388
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, temperature, winter, behaviour, distributi on, litter, dense vegetation, surface temperature, air temperature, temperature variation, microclimate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3855
Author: Edmunds, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Wasp predation on orb web spiders (Araneidae) in Ghana
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 117-122
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Africa, Argiopidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, hyperpredation, predators of predators, 2 species of spider-hunting wasps Sphecidae, Hymenoptera, Theridiidae, individual wasps often specialised with one species of spider comprising up to 92% of their prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, search image


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1588
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1958
Title: Ecology of Symphyla. Part I. Populations
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 1
Pages: 308-319
Keywords: En.
uk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1584
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1959
Title: A revision of the British Symphyla
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 132
Pages: 403-439
Keywords: En.
UK, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1585
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1959
Title: Ecology of Symphyla. Part II. Seasonal soil migrations
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 2
Pages: 257-267
Keywords: En.
UK, dispersal, distribution, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1586
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1959
Title: Keys to the genera of the Symphyla
Journal: Jounal of the Linn. Soc. Lon. Zoology
Volume: XLIV no. 296
Pages: 164-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1587
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1961
Title: Ecology of Symphyla. Part III. Factors controlling soil distribution
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 4
Pages: 239-256
Keywords: En.
UK, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1252
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1965
Title: Effects of pesticide residues on soil invertebrates and plants
Journal: Ecology and the Industrial Society, Ed. by G.T. Goodman, R.W. Edwards and J.M. Lambert, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
Pages: 239-261
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1250
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1966
Title: Insecticide residues in soils
Journal: Residue Reviews
Volume: 13
Pages: 83-132
Keywords: En.
pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1248
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Effects of herbicides on the soil fauna
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th British Weed Control Conference
Volume: 3
Pages: 1052-1062
Keywords: En.
pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1244
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1977
Title: Investigations into the influence of agricultural practice on soil invertebrates
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 87
Pages: 515-520
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, UK, no direct effects of straw-burning on hypogeal invertebrates in soil, but may be indirect effects, it drastically reduces surface-living epigeal invertebrates, Collembola, Acari, mites, spiders, Araneae, millipedes, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, polyphagous predators, no effect on slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, populations recover by following spring, does not discuss immigration or effects of scale


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2737
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1977
Title: Investigations into the influence of agricultural practices on soil invertebrates
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 87
Pages: 515-520
Keywords: En.
farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1465
Author: Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1983
Title: The environmental impact of pesticides. Fact and fiction
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 48
Pages: 149-157
Keywords: En.
Rep., history of pesticide use back to AD 70, hazards to wildlife as individuals not species or ecosystem processes, no great accumulation in soil, toxicity as important as persistence, effect of residues depends on species affected more than residue level, not always accumulation, can get equilibrium, top predators just as likely to get high dose from environment as from food, especially fish, Pisces, vertebrates, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3160
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Brust, G. E.; Stinner, B. R.; McCartney, D. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Work in the United States on the use of cropping patterns to promote natural enemies of pests
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 139-147
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, USA, Ohio, 8 years, methods, tethered caterpillars, predation greater in maize-legume intercrop than in monocrops, predator densities 4-10 times greater in intercrops in 2 years, weediness enhanced predator and parasitoid density, absolute density estimates methods not given, Lepidoptera, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4014
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Butler, C. G.; Lofty, J. R.
Year: 1975
Title: The invertebrate fauna of the Park Grass Plots. II Surface fauna
Journal: Rothamsted Report for 1975
Volume: Part II
Pages: 63-89
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, UK, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2873
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Fletcher, K. E.
Year: 1971
Title: A comparison of extraction methods for terrestrial arthropods
Journal: In: Methods of Study in Quantitative Soil Ecology: Population, Production and Energy Flow, Ed by J. Phillipson, JBP Handbooks
Volume: 18
Pages: 150-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, survey of most commonly used methods, funnel extractors, Murphy split funnel, Kempson infra- red, Macfadyen high gradient, Macfadyen air-conditioned funnel, brine flotation, Salt & Hollick method, Edwards & Heath method, grease film method, all methods were compared on a single soil type, mites, Collembola, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Acari, woodland, pasture, arable, grassland, Gramineae, comparisons on different soil types, factors affecting efficiency, size of sample, collecting fluids, no single method is best for all taxonomic groups, best general method is Tullgren funnel


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1102
Author: Edwards, C. A.; George, K. S.
Year: 1976
Title: Biological control - carabids and cereal aphids
Journal: Report of Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1976
Pages: 131
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1103
Author: Edwards, C. A.; George, K. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Carabid beetles as predators of cereal aphids
Journal: Proceedings of the 1981 British Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases
Pages: 191-199
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1592
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Lofty, J. R.
Year: 1980
Title: Effects of earthworm inoculation upon the root growth of direct drilled cereals
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 533-543
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, methods, UK, Gramineae, Annelida, Lumricidae, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1384
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Lofty, J. R.
Year: 1982
Title: The effect of direct drilling and minimal cultivation on earthworm populations
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 19
Pages: 723-734
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, UK, Annelida, Lumbricidae, continuous arable decreases worms, reduced more by plough than direct drill, Lumbricus terrestris, Allolobophora longa, due to mechanical damage and less organic matter, competition between worm species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1100
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Parsons, N.; George, K. S.; Heilbroon, T.
Year: 1978
Title: Carabids as predators of cereal aphids
Journal: Annual Report of Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1977
Pages: 101
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, negative correlation between numbers of aphids and Agonum dorsale


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1386
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Stafford, C. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Interactions between herbicides and the soil fauna
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 91
Pages: 132-137
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, herbicides that have direct effects on the soil fauna are cyanazine, DNOC, manuron, simazine, TCA, cyanazine had direct and indirect effects on Collembola in cereals, simazine reduced total arthropods, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1104
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Sunderland, K. D.; George, K. S.
Year: 1979
Title: Studies on polyphagous predators of cereal aphids
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 16
Pages: 811-823
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, exclusion barriers, phenology, negative relationship between aphid and predator abundance, winter wheat, UK, North Farm and Rothamsted, methods, pitfalls, fonofos, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, fewer carabids caught in enclosed and fonofos plots, aphid numbers less in controls, aphid numbers largest where predators decreased early in season, early predation, timing of predation, negative relationship between predator and aphid numbers, positive correlation between aphid numbers and aphid-specific predators and parasitoids, Agonum dorsale important, comparison of carabid species composition in Sussex and Hertfordshire, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Clivina fossor, Pterostichus madidus, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus affinis, Notiophilus biggutatus, Loricera pilicornis, Asaphidion flavipes, Calathus fuscipes, Trechus quadristriatus, in situ counts of aphids and Dvac


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1249
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Thompson, A. R.
Year: 1973
Title: Pesticides and the soil fauna
Journal: Pesticide Reviews
Volume: 45
Pages: 1-79
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1245
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Thompson, A. R.
Year: 1975
Title: Some effects of insecticides on predatory beetles
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 80
Issue: 1)
Pages: 132-135
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, fonofos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, phorate, carbophenothion, disulfoton, parathion, all organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1266
Author: Edwards, C. A.; Thornhill, W. A.; Jones, B. A.; Bater, J. E.; Lofty, J. R.
Year: 1984
Title: The influence of pesticides on polyphagous predators of pests
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC - Pests and Diseases, 1984
Volume: 1
Pages: 317-323
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, methods, barriered plots, UK, also in sugar beet with no barriers, arable, pitfalls with picric acid, diazinon, fonofos, phorate, disulfoton, parathion killed or depressed activity of beetles throughout season, organophosphorus pesticides, behaviour, temporary suppression of catch by chlorfenvinphos, gamma HCH, aldicarb, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sub-lethal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1240
Author: Edwards, C. R.; Berry, E. C.; Brindley, T. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Effect of insecticide applications on insect predators of the European corn borer in central Iowa
Journal: Iowa State J. Res.
Volume: 54
Issue: 3)
Pages: 361-366
Keywords: En.
USA, Lepidoptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2728
Author: Edwards, J. S.
Year: 1986
Title: Derelicts of dispersal: Arthropod fallout on Pacific Northwest volcanoes
Journal: Ed By Danthanarayana Springer Verlag
Pages: 196-203
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1251
Author: Edwards, P. J.; Wilkinson, W.
Year: 1983
Title: A laboratory toxicity test for carabid beetles
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 719
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, IOBC test, lab and field, beetles exposed to deposit on soil, direct spray, spraying soil and barley in vessel with beetle, spraying food, exposure to dry deposit on glass, residues, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, 8 pesticides, Agonum most susceptible followed by Pterostichus, gamma HCH more toxic when on soil, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorfenvinphos when direct on beetles, contact toxicity, organophosphorus insecticides, lab and field tests fairly consistent, food chain toxicity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1217
Author: Edwards, P. J.; Wilkinson, W.; Coulson, M.
Year: 1984
Title: A laboratory toxicity test for carabid beetles
Journal: Proceedings of BCPC - Pests and Diseases 1984
Volume: 1
Pages: 359-362
Keywords: En.
methods, insecticides, pesticides, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3550
Author: Edwards, R. L.
Year: 1954
Title: The effect of diet on egg maturation and resorbtion in Mormoniella vitripennis (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)
Journal: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
Volume: 95
Pages: 459-468
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, reproduction, trophic behaviour, if starved death occurs in 5 days eggs being resorbed first leaving only 3 eggs at death, if fed on honey 22 eggs are developed but they are gradually resorbed leaving only a couple after 28 days, if fed on host blood 260 eggs are deposited in 5 days and 40 eggs still in ovary, if they are then starved eggs are rapidly resorbed and death occurs after 2 days, if they are given honey after host blood they can live for another 8 days and there is less egg resorption, they parasitize Muscidae pupae, Diptera, host feeding is through a feeding tube, 25C, 75% RH, methods, mature eggs do not take up stain but immature and resorbing eggs stain deeply


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4073
Author: Edwards, R. L.
Year: 1993
Title: New records of spiders (Araneae) from Cape-Cod, Massachusetts, including 2 possible European immigrants
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 104
Issue: 2)
Pages: 79-82
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Europe, biogeography, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Trochosa ruricola and Lepthyphantes tenuis, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4464
Author: Edwards, R. L.; Gabriel, W. L.
Year: 1998
Title: Dry weight of fresh and preserved spiders (Araneida: Labidognatha)
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 109
Issue: 1)
Pages: 66-74
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, USA, spiders collected and preserved in alcohol, length measured from clypeus to end of abdomen, specimens damp dried on tissue before weighing, fresh material collected from the same area was weighed and measured within a few days of capture, then oven dried at 40C for 7 days, data for 78 genera in 17 families, condition factor measured, alcohol dissolves and extracts some parts of spider bodies, for more precision a sclerotised body part (e.g. head capsule) should be used for length, dry weights can be derived from either fresh or preserved material


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2543
Author: Eenink, A. H.; Dieleman, F. L.
Year: 1980
Title: Resistance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
Journal: Int cont of insect pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 177-181
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5380
Author: Eggers, C.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 2001
Title: Reduzierung des Blattlausbefalls durch Mulchsaatverfahren in Ackerbohne
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 13
Pages: 253-256
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., Germany, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, aphid abundance was reduced by mulching in broad beans, methods, farming practices, within-crop habitat diversification, Leguminosae, 4 years of field experiments, direct drilling after mustard as a catch crop, straw mulch, direct in situ visual counting on plants, yellow water traps, sticky nets, suction traps, ground photoeclectors, mulch was associated with reduced aphids (50-80%) and increase in abundance of polyphagous predators, spiders, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Araneae
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4907
Author: Eggers, T.; Jones, H.T.
Year: 2000
Title: You are what you eat... or are you ?
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE)
Volume: 15(7)
Pages: 265-266
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE)
Keywords: Rep., community, food, diet, trophic behaviour, soil food webs are poorly described, 90% of above ground net primary production is decomposed below ground, stable isotopes, methods, heavy isotopes accumulate in food chains so the consumer contains more than the consumed, heavy N (15) is 3.4% higher at the next trophic level up, this technology applied to Collembola in forest soils suggested that Collembola belonged to a number of different trophic groups, i.e. omnivory is common in decomposer webs which seem to consist usually of 2 rather than 5 trophic levels, a few specialised species within each trophic guild feed on totally different resources to the other member species, the extensive omnivory suggests that there may be a high degree of functional redundancy in soil food webs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1372
Author: Eghtedar, E.
Year: 1969
Title: Die Empfindlichkeit von Philonthus fuscipennis Mannh. und Tachyporus hypnorum L. (Col., Staphylinidae) gegenuber Insektiziden
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst
Volume: 21
Pages: 182-185
Keywords: Ger., En.summ.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, susceptibility, lab and field, Germany, both predators killed 100% in lab by parathion, diazinon, dimethoate, bromophos, lindane, organophosphorus insecticides, in field lindane and parathion were toxic 40-45%, toxaphene, thiodan, carbaryl, derris, pyrethrum had no effect, carbamates, pyrethroids, methoxychlor was toxic to T.hypnorum but not P.fuscipennis, adults and larvae surviving insecticides in lab showed no sterility symptoms, longevity, reproduction, fecundity, barriered plots in field, living and dead beetles counted in plots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 262
Author: Eghtedar, E.
Year: 1970
Title: Zur Biologie und Okologie der Staphyliniden Philonthus fuscipennis Mannh. und Oxytelus rugosus Grav
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 10
Pages: 169-179
Keywords: Ger.En.sum.
Rep, biology, ecology, Staphylinidae, oviposition, eggs, soil crevices, soil, chambers, larvae, behaviour, activity, temperature, development rate, ovaries, daylength, photoperiod, voltinism, feeding, prey, predation, cuticle soft, Diptera, Dasyneura brassicae, consumption rate, omnivore, overwintering, hedges, woods, fields, margins, edge, middle, winter activity, rape, embankment, Kiel, pupation, depth, day, night activity, Meligethes aeneus, Ceut. assimilis, laboratory, nematodes, insect eggs, carrion, thick cuticle, survival, ploughing, , grass, moss


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4251
Author: Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1977
Title: Natural enemies of cabbage looper on cotton in the San Joaquin Valley
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 43
Issue: 3)
Pages: 73-106
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, biological control, Trichoplusia ni, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, polyphagous predators, predators are Chrysopa carnea, Orius, Geocoris, Nabis, Collops vittatus, Zelus renardii, Sinea diadema, spiders, Carabidae, Anthicus, Polistes, parasitoids, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Tachinidae, Trichogramma, NPV, Neuroptera, lacewings, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Coleoptera, Malachiidae, Reduviidae, Araneae, ground beetles, wasps, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Diptera, virus, pathogens, disease, life table studies, chemical exclusion methods, when naturally-occurring predators are reduced there are secondary pest outbreaks on USA cotton


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4008
Author: Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1992
Title: Guild analysis in biological control
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 26-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, natural enemies, different species of parasitoids that exploit a given stage of a host are a parasitoid guild, interaction between guilds is very important to biological control but has received little attention, guild analysis could be helpful in designing environmental manipulations to enhance natural enemies, paper deals with 3 guilds a) 7 parasitoid species attacking the midge galls of Rhopalomyia californica, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, b) 12 parasitoid species attacking Melanaspis obscura scale on pecan, c) 4 Phytoseiidae predatory mite species attacking Tetranychus urticae on bean, pests, Hemiptera, Tetranychidae, Acari, polyphagous predators, Leguminosae, trees, woodland, forest, consideration given to ecological and evolutionary history, patterns in guild structure, factors affecting guild structure, effects on host populations, relationships between structure and effects on hosts, quantitative species composition for each guild, intrinsic factors affecting guild structure include intraspecific and interspecific competition, intraguild predation, extrinsic factors include spatial structure of host population, habitat disturbance and host plant structure, hyperpredation, predators of predators, hyperparasitism, "it is imperative to get a better understanding of how human activity influences natural enemy guild structure, to enable us to restructure guilds to improve pest control", farming practices, in the case of R.californica the relationship between guild structure and effect on host population is that the % parasitism per gall is directly related to number of species of parasitoid attacking the gall


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3977
Author: Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid communities, parasitoid guilds, and biological control
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 418-436
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, it is easier to assign parasitoids to guilds than predators, they tend to be more host specific and stage specific, parasitoid guild defined here as parasitoids that exploit the same stage of the host (different to definition of Mills 1992), there is a need to find out whether the decision to host-feed cf oviposit can depend on whether the host is already parasitised (conspecific or heterospecific), ie host-feeding might also be a mechanism to reduce numbers of a competitor, natural enemy interactions, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, interspecific competition, multiparasitism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4253
Author: Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1995
Title: Biological control of Obscure Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in California: an experimental approach
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 4)
Pages: 779-795
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, natural enemies, USA, Melanaspis obscura attacks Quercus and other trees in USA, it is a minor pest of pecan too, woodland, forest, oak, nuts, 8 parasitoid species discovered in Texas and one, Encarsia aurantii, was released in California in 1988 to control the scale on oaks in Capitol Park, by 1994 control was successful, predators of these scales include mites and Miridae (species given), also attacked by entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, Acari, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4227
Author: Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Structure and impact of natural enemy guilds in biological control of insect pests
Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. by G.A. Polis and K. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 337-342
Keywords: En.
Rep., there is a need to assess the structure of natural enemy guilds associated with pests, both for classical biological control and augmentative biological control, Obscure Scale Melanaspis obscura a pest of oak and pecan, trees, nuts, forest, orchards, deciduous woodland, studies of parasitoids on pecan in Texas, USA, releases of Encarsia aurantii in 1987 and 1988, intra-guild predation IGP in parasitoid guilds may sometimes improve the overall of biological control, disruptive IGP interactions will become more critical as attempts are made to replace insecticides with insectary-produced biocontrol agents released in large numbers, Cyzenis albicans is not a significant parasitoid of winter moth in the UK because it suffers from hyperparasitoids and pupal predation, but it was very successful in Canada, success in Canada may have been aided by a build up of moth pupal predators because the parasitoid pupae remain in the ground for 10 months cf 5 months for unparasitised pupae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Operophtera brumata, community, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, North America, Hemiptera, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5105
Author: Ehler, L.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Invasion biology and biological control
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 13
Pages: 127-133
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, classical biological control, in UK (very) approximately 10% of invaders establish and 10% of these achieve pest status, polyphafous predators have hampered the establishment of exotic herbivores introduced for biological control of weeds, food, diet, trophic biology, natural enemies, pests, ants, bugs, spiders, Mecoptera, scorpion flies, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, the author suggests that generalists should be encouraged in areas where exotic pests are expected to increase the likelihood of rapid extinction by predators, in only 4 years spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata spread 900 miles and infested 98% of California alfalfa
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5483
Author: Ehler, L.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Natural enemies provide an ecosystem service
Journal: IOBC Newsletter
Volume: 71
Pages: 1-2
Alternate Journal: IOBC Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., 2 predatory bugs per plant will control beet armyworm on USA sugar beet as effectively as a chemical insecticide, pesticides, polyphagous predators, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, Spodoptera exigua, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, Nabis, Geocoris, Nabidae, Geocoridae, chlorpyrifos, they are worth 15 US$ per acre, economic value 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5443
Author: Ehler, L.E.
Year: 2002
Title: An evaluation of some natural enemies of Nezara viridula in northern California
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 47
Pages: 309-325
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, USA, sentinel egg masses of this exotic pest put out in weeds, tomato and bean crops, Leguminosae, methods, egg predation by chewing predators was less than 10%, predators usually ate less than 40% of an individual egg mass, partial consumption, consumption rate studies in the lab of eggs, nymphs and adults, oophagy, 5 species of egg parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, Encyrtidae, egg masses attached to a wire flag pushed into ground close to foliage, egg masses retieved after 5-7 days, parasitoids then reared out, then eggs examined for evidence of predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Malachiidae, Collops, Anthicidae, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Geocoris, Anthocoridae, Orius, Nabidae, Nabis, Reduviidae, Zelus, Miridae, Lygus, predatory bugs, Dermaptera, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, spiders, Araneae, Opiliones, harvestmen, Isopoda, Crustacea, Armadillidium vulgare, egg predation only by Collops, Chrysoperla, Geocoris, Oxyopes and Armadillidium, but most predators tested ate nymphs, references to predators of Nezara in various countries, author considers that Nezara abundance is controlled by a range of factors including natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5121
Author: Ehler, L.E.; Andres, L.A.
Year: 1983
Title: Biological control: exotic natural enemies to control exotic pests
Journal: In "Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture" Ed. by C.L. Wilson & C.L. Graham, Academic Press, New York
Pages: 395-418
Alternate Journal: In "Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture" Ed. by C.L. Wilson & C.L. Graham, Academic Press, New York
Keywords: Rep., classical biological control, USA, for introductions against Lepidoptera Coleoptera Homoptera 34% were successful in the world and 24% in USA, in contrast 74% of arthropods introduced for biocontrol of weeds in North America became established, factors affecting success, host compatibility, climate, parasitoids, predators, hyperparasitoids, the Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis protects honeydew-producing homopterans and can thereby disrupt biocontrol projects, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, habitat, competition, genetics, host tolerance, host phenology
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3918
Author: Ehler, L. E.; Hall, R. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Evidence for competitive exclusion of introduced natural enemies in biological control
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1890-1968 there were c. 2000 introductions of arthropod predators and parasitoids in classical biological control programmes, 66% failed to establish, if competitive exclusion was occurring would expect the establishment rate for single species to be better than for multi-species, from a large database the rate of establishment was reduced when more species released, rates of establishment also negatively related to number of exotic incumbent species associated with the target pest, population dynamics, competition, [see criticisms of this by Keller 1984]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4254
Author: Ehler, L. E.; Kinsey, M. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Spatial distribution of progeny in a parasitoid of a gall midge and its relevance to applied biological control
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 3
Pages: 116-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, gall midge Rhopalomyia californica larvae attacked by 7 parasitoid species, Diptera, Hymenoptera, density-independent responses by Platygaster californica were due to habitat disruption by malathion-bait sprays, organophosphorus insecticides, indirect effects of pesticides, interspecific competition, host-suppression by members of competitive natural enemy guilds, risk-spreading, spatial distribution, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3847
Author: Ehler, L. E.; Kinsey, M. G.
Year: 1995
Title: Ecology and management of Mindarus kinseyi Voegtlin (Aphidoidea: Mindaridae) on white-fir seedlings at a California forest nursery
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 62
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, woodland, trees, pests, balsam twig aphid, USA, damage, conifers, 1989-92, aphid life cycle, phenology, colonisation by alatae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density, abundance, overwintering eggs, predators and parasitoids not able to maintain aphids at low levels, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, natural enemies, biological control, lacewings released into aphid patches gave good control, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, release of natural enemies, natural enemy introductions, safer soap, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3334
Author: Ehler, L. E.; Miller, J. C.
Year: 1978
Title: Biological control in temporary agroecosystems
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 23
Pages: 207-212
Keywords: En.
Rep., high level of disturbance favours generalist predators, r-K theory and examples, authors disagree that r-pests unlikely to be controlled by natural enemies because they might be controlled by r-natural enemies, examples to support this from biocontrol of Noctuidae pests in California annual crop cotton, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius and Chrysoperla carnea are dominant predators, predation on Heliothis zea normally occurs before any mortality caused by parasitoids, examples of secondary pests ie caused by insecticides reducing natural enemies, the complex of predators in cotton is the major biotic mortality factor affecting Trichoplusia ni, Spodoptera exigua and H.zea, more so than parasitoids, authors say this is biological control of r-pests by r-natural enemies, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5181
Author: Ehmann, W.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Organization of spider assemblages on shrubs: an assessment of the role of dispersal mode in colonization
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 131(2)
Pages: 301-310
Alternate Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, USA, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronautic dispersal, ground dispersal, sage brush habitat in Utah, exclosures (circular metal flashing coated with sticky material) prevented ground colonisation of shrubs but permitted aerial colonisation, control shrubs were open to both types of dispersal processes, methods, at the plot scale 74% of spiders arrived by air, the two treatments developed similar guild structures suggesting that dispersal mode was not very important in affecting spider assemblages, community,  shrubs sampled by beating onto a sheet, ballooners recorded from 9 families including Araneidae, Clubionidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae and Thomisidae, nearly twice as many species were found on control shrubs, four guilds; jumpers, trappers, ambushers and pursuers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2292
Author: Ehrlich, P. R.; Birch, L. C.
Year: 1967
Title: The "balance of nature" and "population control"
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 101
Pages: 97-107
Keywords: En.
theoretical, stability, homeostasis, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4261
Author: Eigenbrode, S. D.; Moodie, S.; Castagnola, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Predators mediate host plant resistance to a phytophagous pest in cabbage with glossy leaf wax
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 77
Issue: 3)
Pages: 335-342
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Chrysopa carnea larvae, Orius insidiosus adults and Hippodamia convergens adults in the field, brassicas, arable, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators significantly reduced Plutella xylostella survival on glossy plants but only the chrysopid was effective on normal wax plants, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Diamondback moth, predators move more easily on glossy plants, the caterpillars mine less and are more active which exposes them to predation, mobility, behaviour, movement, resistance to Plutella on glossy Brassica oleracea appeared to depend on generalist predators for its full expression, individually caged plants with and without each predator species, methods, cages, predators accumulate debris, probably surface lipid crystals, after walking on normal wax cabbage, but not after walking on glossy cabbage, all 3 species were relatively ineffective as predators on normal wax cabbage, other pests on cabbage are potential prey of these predators and their control may therefore also be enhanced, Pieris rapae, Trichoplusia ni, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, whiteflies, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, aphids, glossy phenotypes of some non-Brassica crops are resistant to pests and predators may be involved, genetic manipulation of surface lipids of crops may help predators to control pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5789
Author: Eigenbrode, S.D.; Pimentel, D.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of manure and chemical fertilsers on insect pest populations on collards
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 20
Pages: 109-125
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., USA, brassicas, Brassica oleracea, comparison of fresh and composted cow manure with inorganic fertliser and no fertiliser, farming practices, organic, significantly less flea beetles on collards treated with manure compared to inorganic fertiliser, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Phyllotreta, mechanism might be manure altering plant physiology to make it more resistant to pest attack but this not tested, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4680
Author: Eilenberg, J.
Year: 1987
Title: Abnormal egg-laying behaviour of female carrot flies (Psila rosae) induced by the fungus Entomophthora muscae
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 43
Pages: 61-65
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP, Diptera, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, Diptera, pests, field vegetables, Denmark, fungus-infected flies rarely found in fields but frequently in hedges at 4 - 6  m above ground, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2549
Author: Eimear, M. E. G.; Mercer, P. C.; McGimpsey, H. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Evaluation of Alternaria alternata as a biological agent against Alternaria brassicae
Journal: TAC (AAB Suppl 118)
Volume: 12
Pages: 142-143
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3638
Author: Eisner, T.; Eisner, M.
Year: 1991
Title: Unpalatability of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing moth Utetheisa ornatrix, and its larva, to wolf spiders
Journal: Psyche
Volume: 98
Pages: 111-118
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, physiology, food quality, the moth sequesters alkaloids from its food plants, makes the prey unpalatable to Lycosa ceratiola, control moths free of alkaloid were readily eaten, adults are cut out of the webs by Argiopidae, Araneidae, their eggs are rejected by Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, adults and eggs from a lab culture free of alkaloids are accepted by these predators, USA, no spiders were tested twice, alkaloid-containing larvae and adults were quickly released by the spiders and many prey survived, deterrents, chemical defences, prey defences, when alkaloids were added topically to edible prey such as mealworms they deterred feeding by Nephila clavipes, lycosids rejected the moth in the field as well as the lab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4701
Author: Eisner, T.; Eisner, M.; Rossini, C.; Lyengar, V.K.; Roach, B.L.; Benedikt, E.; Meinwald, J.
Year: 2000
Title: Chemical defense against predation in an insect egg
Journal: PNAS
Volume: 97(4)
Pages: 1634-1639
Alternate Journal: PNAS
Keywords: Rep., TP., oophagy by lacewing larvae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, toxins, poisons, Lepidoptera, alkaloids sequestered in eggs, anti-predator mechanism, behaviour of predator in relation to variability of chemical defense 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4777
Author: Ekbom, B.
Year: 1994
Title: Arthropod predators of the pea aphid , Acythosiphon pisum Harr. (Hom., Aphididae) in peas (Pisum sativum L.), clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 117
Pages: 469-476
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, pitfalls, Sweden, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Dvac,  methods, gut dissection, food, diet, trophic behaviour, no correlation between number of predators caught and number of aphids at peak, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, ground beetles, abundance, spiders, Araneae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae. Percentages of beetles that had consumed A. pisum were Coccinella 7-punctata 45-80%, Pterostichus melanarius 3-44%, Pterostichus cupreus 6% and Bembidion lampros 0%. Other pitfall catches were Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes, Patrobus atrorufus, Pterostichus niger, Synuchus nivalis, Trechus quadristriatus, Trechus secalis, Oxytelus spp., Philonthus spp., Tachyporus spp., Opiliones, harvestmen, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5815
Author: Ekbom, B.
Year: 2003
Title: The influence of landscape and farm management on biological control by generalist predators
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 43-46
Alternate Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Rhopalosiphum padi, spring cereals, Gramineae, summary of research in Sweden since 1979, field data plus exclusion trials plus gut contents analyses plus laboratory observations plus simulation studies all suggested that generalist predators were reducing the size of aphid populations in the spring, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus cupreus, carabid fecundity was higher in more complex landscapes (and on organic farms, and on farms with fields having high perimeter to area ratio), population dynamics, prey availability was greater in perennial than in annual crops,  yield losses were greater where polyphagous predators were excluded, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1101
Author: Ekbom, B.; Wiktelius, S.
Year: 1985
Title: Polyphagous arthropod predators in cereal crops in central Sweden 1979-82
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 99
Pages: 433-442
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, 16 fields, pitfalls, commonest Carabidae Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Synuchus nivalis, Trechus quadristriatus, Trechus secalis, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, log cumulative number predators caught up to aphid peak cf aphid abundance at peak, some slopes significantly negative, slopes for aphid-specifics not significant, mainly Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, phenology of Bembidion, P.melanarius, Oxytelus, Atheta, spiders, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, T.secalis not recorded from arable land outside Scandinavia, larger numbers of B.lampros and Pterostichus cupreus in smaller fields, active predators in early stage of aphid infestation are Bembidion, Clivina fossor, Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale, P.melanarius, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3034
Author: Ekbom, B. S.; Wiktelius, S.; Chiverton, P. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Can polyphagous predators control the birdcherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in spring cereals ? A simulation study
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 65
Pages: 215-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., discrete event simulation model, predator behaviour model, Sweden, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, affected by temperature, aphid density and distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, active early in season, phenology, eat R.padi, search rates, temperature dependent consumption rates, P.cupreus climbs plant Bembidion lampros does not, vertical stratification, relationship between hunger and speed of search, diel activity pattern, aphid population growth model, population dynamics, temperature dependent aphid landing rates, mortality due to predation assumed to be equal for all aphid instars, basic densities used were 0.005 m-2 for P.cupreus and 1 m-2 for B.lampros, model run for 3 years, predation during the arrival and establishment of aphids was more effective in reducing aphid peak than was later predation, therefore size of immigration in relation to early predator density is very important, R.padi outbreaks can sometimes be prevented by early predation, need to find ways to increase abundance of early predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4349
Author: Ekschmitt, K.; Weber, M.; Wolters, V.
Year: 1997
Title: Spiders, carabids and staphylinids - the ecological potential of predatory macroarthropods
Journal: In "Fauna in Soil Ecosystems", Ed. by G. Benckiser, Marcel Dekker, New York
Pages: 307-362
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, family composition, more species and individuals of carabids on clay cf sandy soils, some Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Chloropidae and Sarcophagidae eat spider eggs, predatory Diptera, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, pitfall traps can catch from an area of 100 m2 for larfe carabids, sampling methods, effects of farming practices, pesticides, Trechus quadristriatus adults are active mainly in spring and autumn and their larvae live deep in the soil so avoiding insecticides, harvesting and crop rotation, effects of scale, methods to conserve predators, reduced management intensity, refuges and overwintering sites, intercropping and mulching, weed strips, beetle banks, impact of predators on pests, trophic ecology, spider tolerance of starvation, predation rates, wasteful killing by T. quadristriatus, vertical distribution and aphid dislodgement, Hemiptera, vertical stratification, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, manipulative field experiments


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3099
Author: El Banhawy, E.; Carter, N.; Wynne, I. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Preliminary observations on the population development of anystid and free-living mesostigmatic mites in a cereal field in Southern England
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 17
Pages: 541-549
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Anystis numbers increased at aphid decline but no evidence for causal relationship, electrophoresis suggested they predated on Limothrips cerealium, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory mites, Acari, Thysanoptera, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 405
Author: El, Hariri
Year: 1964
Title: Hibernation of Coccinellidae
Journal: Report of Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1964.
Pages: 193-194
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, behaviour, water, fat, glycogen, reserves, larvae, pupation, emergence, aphids, predation, food, diet, foraging, winter, survival


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2753
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1977
Title: Die Ermittlung der witrschaftlichen Schadensschwelle fur die kleine Kohlfliege (Erioischia brassicae Bouche) im Blumenkohlanbau. II. Quantifizierung der Eimortalitat
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 84
Issue: 2)
Pages: 78-83
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., determination of the economic threshold of the cabbage root fly in early cauliflower, estimation of egg mortality, pests, Diptera, Delia, brassicas, field vegetables, Germany, pitfalls, by excluding beetles using plexiglass barriers mortality of pest eggs and larvae decreased from 98% to 50%, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus obtusus, Stenus, Aleochara


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2548
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Auswirkung der Bodenbearbeitungsart auf die edaphischen Raubmilben (Mesostigmata: Acarina)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 27
Pages: 79-88
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2544
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1987
Title: Environmental manipulation detrimental to pests
Journal: Parasitis 86
Pages: 105-121
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2546
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Methods for studying abundance and species diversity in arable soils
Journal: BCPC Mono No 40
Pages: 159-166
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3913
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Methods for studying abundance and species diversity of invertebrates in arable soils
Journal: In "Field Methods for the Study of Environmental Effects of Pesticides", Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 40
Pages: 159-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lautenbach project Germany, Acari, Collembola, earthworms, Diptera larvae, mites, Lumbricidae, Annelida, sampling design, extraction techniques, auger size, accuracy, labour, mesostigmatid mites, area and vertical distribution, long-term comparisons between different field treatments, millipede abundance, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, earthworm abundance estimation techniques, quantifying dipteran larvae density, flotation, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2542
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Integrated farming: an ecological farming approach in European agriculture
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 21
Issue: 1)
Pages: 33-39
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3815
Author: El Titi, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Ecological aspects of integrated farming
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 243-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, effects of soil tillage, IFS, farming practices, earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Enchytraeidae, Lumbricus terrestris, energy consumption, economics, species diversity, biodiversity, IPM, crop rotation, crop variety, plant resistance, fungal pathogens, diseases, weed diversity, review, hoverflies and soldier beetles dependent on flowers of weeds, Diptera, Syphidae, Cantharidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, Hymenoptera, spiders, Carabidae, ground beetles, Amara, pitfalls, weeds attract herbivore pests thus reducing crop damage eg wireworms, Elateridae, Collembola, Onychiurus, sugar beet, arable, Collembola feeding on pathogenic fungi, food preference, food selection, diet, trophic behaviour, effects of hedgerows


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4490
Author: El Titi, A.; Ipach, U.
Year: 1989
Title: Soil fauna in sustainable agriculture: results of an integrated farming system at Lautenbach , F.R.G
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 27
Pages: 561-572
Keywords: En.
Rep., IFS, Germany, numbers and biomass of earthworms and predatory mites were up to 6 times greater on IFS than conventional, methods, farming practices, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, greater abundance and diversity of gamasid mites in IFS thought to be due to reduced tillage, density of plant parasitic nematodes was lower in IFS but that of saprophytic and predatory nematodes was greater, Nematoda, soil samples and Tullgren funnel extraction, Acari and Collembola were more than 60% of the soil fauna, 65 gamasid species found, only subterranean Collembola included here, 26 species of Onychiuridae and Isotomidae found, gamasids feed on saprophytic nematodes, Collembola, Enchytraeidae, immature Diptera etc, Annelida, food, diet, trophic behaviour, seedling damage is reduced on IFS even though more Onychiuridae were present


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1934
Author: Elbadry, E. A.
Year: 1972
Title: Observations on the biology of Pergamasus crassipes (L.), a predaceous gamasid mite inhabiting forest soils in Bavaria (Acarina: Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 71
Pages: 296-303
Keywords: Acari, Gamasidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2909
Author: Elgar, M. A.; Crespi, B. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Cannibalism: Ecology and Evolution among diverse taxa
Journal: Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 370 pp
Keywords: En.
cannibalism is frequent and widespread, behaviour, consumptionn, scavenging, carrion feeding, corpses


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1203
Author: El-Heneidy, A. H.; Abbas, M. S. T.
Year: 1984
Title: Population dynamics of certain insect predators associated with aphids in maize fields in the Giza region
Journal: Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinar medizin
Volume: 22
Issue: 4)
Pages: 407-413
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Egypt, natural enemies, biological control, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Aphis gossypii, timing of damage, phenology, abundance, Paederus alfierii, Orius, Coccinella 11-punctata, no parasitoids, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, 73% plants infested at immigration, high infestation associated with ants and few predators, Formicidae, Cydonia vicina, Scymnus interruptus, Chrysopa carnea, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Syrphus, Diptera, hoverflies, Labidura riparia, Dermaptera, earwigs, Mantidae, Sphodromantis viridis, spiders, Araneae, lists species in a range of crops, infestation affected by sowing date


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2999
Author: Eligh, G. S.
Year: 1951
Title: Factors influencing the importance of the precipitin test in the determination of blood meals of insects
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 213-218
Keywords: En.
methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5981
Author: Elliott, N.C.; Kieckhefer, R.W.; Beck, D.A.
Year: 2002
Title: Effect of aphids and surrounding landscape on the abundance of Coccinellidae in cornfields
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 24
Pages: 214-220
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, methods, in situ direct observation visual inspection of plants, landscape structure from aerial photographs of six counties, Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, % of grassland and woodland in landscape was correlated with abundance of some ladybird species, woodland used for overwintering by C. maculata, forest, trees, C. maculata does not disperse as well as the other species and its local abundance in fields is affected by proximity of woodland, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, for most agricultural ladybird species breeding and overwintering are in different habitats and they must disperse between habitats, "it may be possible to enhance populations of coccinellids in agricultural crops by manipulating the size and composition of the elements comprising the landscape matrix", 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3103
Author: Elliott, N. C.; Kieckhefer, R. W.; Kauffman, W. C.
Year: 1991
Title: Estimating adult coccinellid populations in wheat fields by removal, sweepnet and visual count sampling
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 123
Pages: 13-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, cereals, Gramineae, abundance, predators, USA, 1988-9, 5 species in 10 30 x 30 m plots of spring wheat, visual counts from a path followed by intensive removal sampling with a pooter, searching soil and plant, sweepnet samples taken at same time, crop plant growth stage affected sweep catch and was included in regression converting sweeps to density, coefficient of determination 0.51 to 0.9, visual counts were affected by temperature and aphid density and these were included in regressions, coefficients of determination 0.63-0.94, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1254
Author: Elliott, W. M.
Year: 1970
Title: The action of some systemic aphicides on the nymphs of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) and A. confusus Reut
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 66
Pages: 313-321
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris confusus, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1253
Author: Elliott, W. M.; Way, M. J.
Year: 1968
Title: The action of some systemic aphicides on the eggs of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) and A. confusus Reut
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 62
Pages: 215-226
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris confusus, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 453
Author: Ellis, A. E.
Year: 1942
Title: The natural history of Wheatfen Broad, Surlingham. Part IV. The woodlice and harvestmen
Journal: Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society.
Volume: 15
Pages: 291-300
Keywords: En.
Opiliones, Phalangida, Isopoda, predators, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3156
Author: Ellis, P. R.
Year: 1992
Title: The influence of weed vegetation on populations of aphids and their natural enemies
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 20
Issue: suppl
Pages: 71-75
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pests, Hemiptera, UK, farming practices, viruses, competition with crop, yield, trap crops, methods, field vegetables, brassicas, parasitoids, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, effects of weeds on host plant finding by pests, manipulation of weed vegetation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1391
Author: Ellis, P. R.; Dowker, B. D.; Freeman, G. H.; Hardman, J. A.
Year: 1985
Title: Problems in field selection for resistance to carrot fly (Psila rosae) in carrot cv Long Chantenay
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 106
Pages: 349-356
Keywords: En.
Rep., Umbelliferae, UK, methods, pests, Diptera, field vegetables, plant resistance, see also Cole in same volume


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3225
Author: Ellis, P. R.; Hardman, J. A.; Saw, P. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Host plants of the carrot fly, Psila rosae (F.)(Dipt., Psilidae)
Journal: The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine
Volume: 128
Pages: 1-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, Umbelliferae, weeds, field vegetables, behaviour, host plant selection, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, P. rosae is oligophagous but confined to Umbelliferae, biochemical factors are the key to determining host range, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5359
Author: Ellis, S.; Boag, B.; Green, D.; Hancock, M.
Year: 2001
Title: Monitoring the effects of insecticides and molluscicides on non-target arthropods and nematodes
Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Pages: 151-174
Alternate Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, pitfalls, Linyphiidae, Collembola, pesticides, low-input farming, integrated control, farming practices, a linyphiid new to science was discovered during this project and called Centromerus minutissimus, aphicides, insecticides, molluscicides, cereals, Gramineae, BYDV, multivariate analysis, DECORANA, only on 7 occasions (11%) out of 66 pesticide applications was there evidence of a possible effect on non-targets, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2762
Author: Elton, C. S.
Year: 1958
Title: The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants
Journal: Methuen, London
Pages: 181 pp
Keywords: En.
distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, book, biogeography, Wallace's 6 regions, deliberate introductions of plants, often with insects attached was a major source of invasion, eg by 1945 USA had introduced 200,000 species from all over the world, most invasions of North America have been from Europe, most mammals have been transported intentionally, the majority of invasions are unsuccessful either because of man's quarantine and eradication or due to ecological resistance, invaders may be sequestered in marginal habitats, lots of examples of invasions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3848
Author: Elzen, G. W.
Year: 1989
Title: Sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial parasitoids
Journal: In "Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates", Ed. by P.C. Jepson, Intercept, Dorset, UK
Pages: 129-150
Keywords: En.
Rep., book, TP, review, natural enemies, biological control, direct toxicity and selectivity, reproduction, resistance, behaviour, parasitization


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1921
Author: Emden, H. F.; van
Year: 1963
Title: Observations on the effect of flowers on the activity of parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 98
Pages: 265-270
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, 6 habitats, flowering weeds nearby increased the activity of parasitoids in wheat and cabbage fields, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, field vegetables, nettle, fat hen, buttercup, behaviour, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1121
Author: Emden, van H. F.
Year: 1963
Title: A field technique for comparing intensity of mortality factors acting on the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in different areas of a crop
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 6
Pages: 53-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, predators, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1935
Author: Emmanuel, N.
Year: 1977
Title: Aspects of the biology of mites associated with cereals during growth and into storage
Journal: PhD thesis, National University of Ireland
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1809
Author: Emmanuel, N.; Curry, J. P.; Evans, G. O.
Year: 1985
Title: The soil Acari of barley plots with different cultural treatments
Journal: Experimental and Applied Ecology
Volume: 1
Pages: 5
Keywords: En.
Rep., Anystidae, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Thysanoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, USA, Anystis agilis, will also eat aphids, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1810
Author: Emmanuel, N.; Curry, J. P.; Evans, G. O.
Year: 1985
Title: Studies on the mite populations of barley and weeds
Journal: Proc. R. Ir. Acad.
Volume: ?
Pages: 101-113
Keywords: En.
Rep., mites, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, May - August 1975, 64 species, mainly Prostigmata, densities 41,000 to 216,000 per sq m, highest density in ploughed and cultivated and lowest in direct drilled, probably because ploughing speeds up organic decomposition which boosts food supply of microbe - feeding mites, common species in decaying crop residues on the soil surface are also the species found on the barley plant and on weeds, greater biomass and higher diversity in grass leys than in barley, species composition, vertical distribution, Ireland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1812
Author: Emmanuel, N.; Evans, G. O.
Year: 1979
Title: Survival of mites associated with growing barley through harvest and into storage
Journal: Recent Advances in Acarology
Volume: 1
Pages: 498-502
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, adults very aggressive predators of Hemiptera nymphs, Thysanoptera and others, pests, aphids, thrips, behaviour, food, diet, larvae sometimes parasitise insects but are easily detached, parasitoids, feed on scales, mites, cannibalistic in captivity, pollen, leaf tissues, Psyllidae nymphs, also 4 records of biting people


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5355
Author: Emmerson, M.C.; Raffaelli, D.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Detecting the effects of diversity on measures of  ecosystem function: experimental design, null models and empirical observations
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 91(1)
Pages: 195-203
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., experiments to measure ecosystem function of several species in isolation and compare with species mixtures, e.g. release of ammonia in replicate mesocosms (= aquaria) in a marine system controlled for biomass, experiments in Scotland and Australia, ammonia production in the multispecies treatment was significantly higher than for Hydrobia (Gastropoda) or Corophium (Amphipoda) but not for Nereis (Polychaeta), Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida, community, species richness, individual species contributed differentially (idiosyncratically) to ecosystem function and these effects were biomass and density dependent, this is due to niche differences between species, relative yield (RY) and relative yield total (RYT) models can be represented graphically and allow the detection of complementary resource use by species and the detection of disproportionate effects of a single species on ecosystem function, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5389
Author: Enders, F.
Year: 1974
Title: Vertical stratification in orb-web spiders (Araneidae, Araneae) and a consideration of other methods of coexistence
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 55
Pages: 317-328
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, USA, Argiope aurantia and Argiope trifasciata occur together in space and time and are of similar size, plots of lespedeza (dicot perennial), webs of A. aurantia are located progressively higher as the summer progresses because of growth of immatures (progress through instars) and growth of vegetation (enabling all spiders to move up), trifasciata webs are higher than aurantia until September, paint-marked spiders were seen to occasionally invade webs of other spiders (intra- and interspecific), records of interspecific web invasions by various other species of spider are documented, Araneus cornutus, Neoscona arabesca, Tetragnatha laboriosa, successful intruders tend to be larger than the original occupant, the Argiope species studied were attacked by spider hunting wasps other spiders and egg predators, including Cantharidae larvae, Coleoptera, soldier beetles, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Hymenoptera, Mimetus, Lycosa, Salticidae, hyperpredators, natural enemies of natural enemies,  27% cocoons parasitised by Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae hyperparasitoid, parasitism by Chloropidae, Diptera, immature trifasciata build webs higher up than aurantia, trifasciata is believed to have evolved after aurantia, smaller araneid species tend to breed before larger species, phenology, biomass, references that Latrodectus species and some Pardosa are vertically-stratified, some spiders (such as Mimetidae) make their living by invading webs of other spiders to eat the host, web invasion between families has been observed, the lowest strata of herbaceous vegetation are expected to have the most insects especially small ones (i.e. a zone where detritivores from the ground and falling herbivores are both available), hence small spiders (that take small prey) may be lower down
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 691
Author: Enders, F.
Year: 1975
Title: The influence of hunting manner on prey size particularly in spiders with long attack distances
Journal: American Naturalist.
Volume: 109
Pages: 737-763
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, foraging, food, diet, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Salticidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4679
Author: Enders, F.
Year: 1975
Title: Change in web site in Argiope spiders (Araneidae)
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 94
Pages: 484-490
Alternate Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., TP., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiope aurantia, Argiope trifasciata, move 3 days after moulting, web-site tenacity, movement, dispersal, migration, distribution, USA, ruderal habitats
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 694
Author: Enders, F.
Year: 1976
Title: Effects of prey capture, web destruction and habitat physiognomy on web-site tenacity of Argiope spiders (Araneidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology.
Volume: 3
Pages: 75-82
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Argiopidae, predators, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4439
Author: Endler, J. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Interactions between predators and prey
Journal: In "Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach", Ed. By J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies, Blackwell, Oxford, UK
Pages: 169-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., apostatic predation = preying on the commoner prey items at a rate greater than in proportion to their relative abundance, search image, trophic behaviour, foraging, natural enemies, prey preference, prey selection, for prey with apostatic predators prey polymorphism may reduce overall risk per individual prey, aposematic colouration (warning)is often combined with noxiousness in prey, evolution of unpalatability, distastefulness, repellent, mimicry, 6 stages of predation are a) encounter, b) detection, c) identification, d) approach, e) subjugation and f) consumption, it is advantageous for prey to interrupt this sequence as early as possible for various reasons, avoidance of predation, anti-predator behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 506
Author: Engelhardt, W.
Year: 1964
Title: Die mitteleuropaischen Arten der Gattung Trochosa C.L. Koch 1848 (Araneae : Lycosidae). Morphologie, Chemotaxonomie, Biologie, Autokologie
Journal: Z. Morphol. Okol. Tiere.
Volume: 54
Pages: 219-392
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, predators, structure, systematics, chemotaxonomy, biology, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2370
Author: Epperlein, K.; Freier, B.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Larvenschaden des Getreidelaufkafers - sichere Diagnose und Bekampfungsen tscheidung
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR
Volume: 9
Issue: 1985/39
Pages: 185-187
Keywords: Germ., Eng summ.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, predators, damage from larvae of the corn ground beetle - reliable diagnosis and decisions on control action, gives damage symptoms in relation to plant growth stage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2369
Author: Epperlein, K.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1984
Title: Zusammenhang zwischen Larvenalter und Schadwirkung des Getreidelaufkafers (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) an Wintergetreide
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR
Volume: 1984
Issue: 6/38
Pages: 125-127
Keywords: Germ., Eng. summ.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, predators, interaction of larval age and injurious action of the corn ground beetle in winter cereals, winter barley in autumn, control thresholds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2366
Author: Epperlein, K.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Zum Witterungseinfluss auf Massenwechsel des Getreidelaufkafers (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze)
Journal: Beitr. Ent. Berlin
Volume: 35
Issue: 2) S.
Pages: 409-413
Keywords: Germ.
Rep., influence of weather, Halle East Germany, carabid beetles, predators, Carabidae, cereals, get outbreaks when ground temperature high rainfall and ground moisture low especially in September, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2367
Author: Epperlein, K.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Moglichkeiten zur Altersbestimmung von Larven des Getreidelaufkafers (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze)
Journal: Beitr. Ent. Berlin
Volume: 35
Issue: 2) S.
Pages: 415-418
Keywords: Germ.
Rep., lengths and breadths of head capsule were measured but in fact simple measurement of larval length allowed delimitation of the different larval stages, 3 stages found rather than 4 as in the literature, ground beetles, Carabidae, predators, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2371
Author: Epperlein, K.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Kenntnis der Dispersion des Getreidelaufkafers (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) - wightige Voraussetzung fur die effektive Uberwachung und gezielte Bekampfung
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR
Volume: 39
Pages: 41-42
Keywords: Germ., Eng. summ.
Rep., Carabidae, Ground beetles, predators, understanding of the dispersion of the corn ground beetle - major prerequisite for effective monitoring and directed control, dispersion affected by moisture and soil type, crop rotation and neighbouring crops, field edges infested from fields with Zabrus host plants the previous year


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2368
Author: Epperlein, K.; Wetzel, T.; Blumel, O.
Year: 1984
Title: Einfluss der Fruchtfolge auf das Schadauftreten des Getreidelaufkafers (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) im Wintergetreide
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR
Volume: 6
Issue: 1984/38
Pages: 123-124
Keywords: Germ. Eng summ.
Rep., ground beetles, Carabidae, predators, influence of crop rotation on the injurious occurrence of the corn ground beetle in winter cereals, outbreaks in 1976 and 1982, damage occurred in fields where cereals had been grown the previous year


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4416
Author: Erickson, K. S.; Morse, D. H.
Year: 1997
Title: Predator size and the suitability of a common prey
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 109
Pages: 608-614
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Syrphidae Toxomerus marginatus as prey and the crab spider Misumena vatia, Diptera, hoverflies, Araneae, Thomisidae, relative gain in spider mass from a single prey decreased with increasing spider mass, Toxomerus changes, with spider biomass from a large hard-to-capture bonanza to a small easy-to-capture item of low per capita value, i.e. change in prey suitability during a predator's lifetime, USA, lab study


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 93
Author: Ericson, D.
Year: 1977
Title: Estimating population parameters of Pterostichus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius (Carabidae) in arable fields by means of capture-recapture
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 29
Pages: 407-417
Keywords: En.
Methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2874
Author: Ericson, D.
Year: 1977
Title: Estimating population parameters of Pterostichus cupreus and P. melanarius (Carabidae) in arable fields by means of capture-recapture
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 29
Pages: 407-417
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sweden, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, mark-release-recapture, 1969, 1970, 2 fields, 30-40 pitfall traps per grid, soldering iron used to mark elytra, recapture rates for Harpalus rufipes too low for estimating population size, test for temporary marking effects, high SE's, sex differences, improvements to methodology suggested


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 95
Author: Ericson, D.
Year: 1978
Title: Distribution, activity and density of some Carabidae (Coleoptera) in winter wheat fields
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 18
Pages: 202-217
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes
Rep, mark-recapture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 90
Author: Ernsting, G.
Year: 1977
Title: Effect of food deprivation and type of prey on predation by Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Carabidae) on springtails (Collembola)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 31
Pages: 13-20
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3532
Author: Ernsting, G.; Huyer, F. A.
Year: 1984
Title: A laboratory study on temperature relations of egg production and development in two related species of carabid beetle
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 62
Pages: 361-367
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults and larvae of Notiophilus biguttatus and Notiophilus rufipes fed Orchesella cinta, Collembola, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, rate of egg production did not differ between species, fecundity, natality, reproduction, egg production greater at daily fluctuating temperature than at constant temperature, food supply affects egg production and the temperature egg production relationship, development times longer in N.rufipes especially at low temperatures, fecundity is related to body size, biomass, both species are spring breeders with adult hibernation but there is much flexibility, overwintering, O.cincta was mass-reared in the lab, culturing, temperatures used 7,12,16,21C, larval mortality of N.rufipes was 100% at 7C, mortality was highest during first larval instar and pupal stage, larvae, pupae, survival, size of beetle measured as width of pronotum, methods, when food is limited consumption is the same at 12C and 20C, but more is channelled into reproduction at 12C than 20C, there was a decline in the size of reared adults at either side of an optimal temperature, so timing of reproduction in relation to temperature not only affects the individuals own reproduction but that of its offspring by affecting their size during development, in crickets the effect of fluctuating temperature on reproduction is mediated by the endocrine system, Orthoptera, hormones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3459
Author: Ernsting, G.; Isaaks, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Egg size variation in Notiophilus biguttatus (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 133-137
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, egg weight affected by size of female but more strongly by temperature, heavier eggs at lower temperature, hatchling size and weight are positively correlated with egg weight, development time increases with egg size, Orchesella cincta were mass reared in lab, Collembola, culturing, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1638
Author: Ernsting, G.; Isaaks, J. A.; Berg, M. P.
Year: 1992
Title: Life cycle and food availability indices in Notiophilus biguttatus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 17
Pages: 33-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, effects of food and temperature on growth rate and oviposition rate, eggs, fecundity, reproduction, adult body size affected by temperature and food supply to larvae, eggs in females all year except late winter to early spring and July, survivorship related to reproductive status, body size and fat content not related to springtail density in 11 pine plantations, phenology, population dynamics, mortality, Collembola, food, prey, forests, trees, conifers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 576
Author: Ernsting, G.; Jager, J. C.; Meer, J. van der; Slob, W.
Year: 1985
Title: Locomotory activity of a visually hunting carabid beetle in response to non-visual prey stimuli
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata.
Volume: 38
Pages: 41-47
Keywords: En.
Notiophilus biguttatus
Beetles, Coleoptera, predators, Carabidae, springtails, Collembola, behaviour, foraging, movement, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 92
Author: Ernsting, G.; Jansen, J. W.
Year: 1978
Title: Interspecific and intraspecific selection by the predator Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Carabidae) concerning two collembolan prey species
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 33
Pages: 173-183
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1903
Author: Ernsting, G.; Joosse, E. N. G.
Year: 1974
Title: Predation on two species of surface-dwelling Collembola. A study with radio-isotope labelled prey
Journal: Pedobiolgia
Volume: 14
Pages: 222-231
Keywords: En.
Rep.?, methods, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4480
Author: Ernsting, G.; Joosse, E. N. G.
Year: 1974
Title: Predation on two species of surface dwelling Collembola. A study with radio-isotope labelled prey
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 14
Pages: 222-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation rates, trees, woodland, forest, Holland, Orchesella cincta and Tomocerus minor, Notiophilus biguttatus and the Pseudoscorpiones Neobisium muscorum, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Neobisium consumes the prey partially after extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory experiments using woodland soil, springtails labelled with P32 through their food of malt agar and milk, radio labels, radiotracers, experiment on predation of Collembola in soil cf numbers remaining when no predators were added, radioactivity did not reduce the survival rate of the Collembola or the probability of predation, predator cf no-predator experiments showed that about 30% of Collembola were eaten by predators and the rate as calculated from radiotracer data was similar, the woodland soil contained many species of Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Opiliones and pseudoscorpions and the label was found in many of them, rove beetles, spiders, harvestmen


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3295
Author: Ernsting, G.; Mulder, A. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Components of predatory behaviour underlying density- dependent prey-size selection by Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Carabidae, Coleoptera)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 51
Pages: 169-174
Keywords: En.
Rep., 2 size classes of Collembolan Orchesella cincta used, smaller sizes were preferred, but larger prey were more likely to be eaten as prey density reduced, this was shown by model and experiment, optimal foraging theory predicts predators to become increasingly selective with an increase in food supply, this paper investigates effects of differences in encounter frequency on prey selection, Netherlands, predator attack success rate with larger prey is very low even when predator is hungry, when prey are larger they might be dangerous and a longer time is taken for recognition of them as potential food, attack latencies were reduced when pine needles were added to the lab jars, "the effect of encounter frequency on prey size selection implies that the average size of prey captured in the field may vary with variation in prey density", during periods of high prey density there will be lots of encounters with the preferred small prey, also the predator will be less hungry and more selective, on both these counts more small prey will be taken, concentration on small prey means shorter handling times and more needed for satiation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates, prey size selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3247
Author: Ernsting, G.; Van der Werf, D. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Hunger, partial consumption of prey and prey size preference in a carabid beetle
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 155-164
Keywords: En.
Rep., Notiophilus biguttatus and Orchesella cincta, partial consumption of prey is due to gut limitation rather than diminishing returns hypothesis, and is affected by prey size, prey choice was affected by hunger, definition of partial consumption "a prey is abandoned before all its ingestible biomass is consumed", only reproductive females used here, hungry beetles preferentially attacked large springtails but mostly could not handle them and switched to smaller ones, well-fed beetles selected mainly small springtails, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Collembola, trophic behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 88
Author: Erwin, T. L.; Ball, G. E.; Whitehead, D. R.; Halpern, A. L.
Year: 1979
Title: Carabid Beetles : Their Evolution, Natural History and Classification
Journal: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Carabidology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., August 21-25, 1976. Dr. W.Junk, THe Hague, Netherlands. ISBN 90 -6193 -596 -2.
Pages: 635 p
Keywords: En.
Rep(parts)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 89
Author: Esau, K. L.; Peters, D. C.
Year: 1975
Title: Carabidae collected in pitfall traps in Iowa cornfields, fencerows and prairies
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 4
Pages: 509-513
Keywords: En.
Rep, aldrin, heptachlor, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4945
Author: Escher, N.; Kach, B.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 2000
Title: Decomposition of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize by microorganisms and woodlice Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda)
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 1
Pages: 161-169
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., GM crops, genetically modified maize, cereals, Gramineae, decomposers, P. scaber ate as much GM as non-GM maize and its fecundity was the same but mortality of juveniles on non-GM was greater, bacterial growth on woodlouse faeces was less on GM, nutritional quality of GM leaves was better than that of non-GM leaves and this gave a lower mortality and faster weight gain of adult P. scaber, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4594
Author: Estes, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Top-level carnivores and ecosystem effects: questions and approaches. 
Journal: In "Linking Species and Ecosystems", Ed by C.G. Jones & J.H. Lawton, Chapman & Hall, New York, USA
Pages: 151-158
Alternate Journal: In "Linking Species and Ecosystems", Ed by C.G. Jones & J.H. Lawton, Chapman & Hall, New York, USA
Keywords: Rep., TP, food webs, trophic webs, top-down control, trophic cascades, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, hyperpredation, intraguild predation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5799
Author: Estevez, B.; Domon, G.; Lucas, E.
Year: 2000
Title: Contribution de l'ecologie du paysage a la diversification des agroecosystemes a des fins de phytoprotection
Journal: Phytoprotection
Volume: 81
Pages: 1-14
Alternate Journal: Phytoprotection
Keywords: Rep., Canada, use of landscape ecology in agroecosystem diversification towards phytoprotection, habitat diversification, crop protection, biological control, 
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5260
Author: Eubanks, M.D.
Year: 2001
Title: Estimates of the direct and indirect effects of red imported fire ants on biological control in field crops
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 35-43
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Solenopsis invicta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, IGP, intraguild predation, references to the extreme polyphagy of these ants in a wide range of crops, they kill many pests but also other predators and parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, sweep net in cotton and soybean, ant abundance was negatively correlated with abundance of all 16 herbivore taxa in cotton and 13/16 in soybean, also negatively correlated with 22/24 natural enemy taxa in cotton and 14/16 in soybean, Geocoris and spiders were negatively correlated with ants in cotton but not in soybean, Araneae, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Orius, Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Scymnus, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens, Stethorus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleomegilla maculata, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Hemerobius, Micromus, Reduviidae, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Notoxus, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Miridae, aphids, Hemiptera, flea beetles, Chrysomelidae, weevils, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae, Orthoptera, abundance of caterpillars was positively related to abundance of spiders, carabids and reduviids, author considers this is due to IGP by these groups on Scymnus and Geocoris inhibiting biocontrol of caterpillars, thus when ants reduce spiders, carabids and reduviids they reduce the IGP pressure on  Scymnus and Geocoris which in turn reduce caterpillar populations, path analysis, methods, manipulative field experiments are needed to test results of this correlative study
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5117
Author: Eubanks, M.D.; Denno, R.F.
Year: 2000
Title: Host plants mediate omnivore-herbivore interactions and influence prey suppression
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 81(4)
Pages: 936-947
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, alternative foods, alternative prey, predatory Heteroptera, Leguminosae, Geocoris punctipes eat aphids and Lepidoptera eggs and plant material, Geocoridae, lima beans, pests, Hemiptera, biological control,  caterpillars, corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphids, in lab trials the bean pods reduced G. punctipes rate of feeding on aphid and H. zea eggs, consumption rates, functional responses, the predator ignored eggs when aphids were present, prey preference, prey selection, apparent competition, in field cage experiments pea aphids were significantly reduced by G. punctipes but this reduction was not as great if the caged plant had pods, there were more predators present and fewer aphids in plots that had more pods per plant, therefore pods were associated with high predator densities and this factor caused greater pest reduction in spite of the reduced feeding rate on aphids per predator caused by pod presence, [effect might be analogous to trophic diversification from habitat diversification], Geocoris had a large impact on aphid populations and caged aphids were often driven to exctinction, using omnivores in pest control benefits from being able to boost their density by providing desirable plant resources such as pollen or pods, predator enhancement techniques, methods, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1246
Author: Eusackers, H.
Year: 1978
Title: Side effects of the herbicide 2,4,5 - T affecting the carabid Notiophilus biguttatus (F.), a predator of springtails
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 86
Issue: 2)
Pages: 113-128
Keywords: Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, pesticides, polyphagous predators, Collembola


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3639
Author: Evans, E. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Consequence of body size for fecundity in the predatory stinkbug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 75
Pages: 418-420
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, biomass, larger females laid eggs at younger ages, laid more frequently and laid more eggs per bout of oviposition than did smaller females, oviposition behaviour, reproduction, small females maturing in late summer probably have only two thirds the reproductive capacity of larger females maturing in early summer, Spodoptera larvae as food, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, length and width measurements, fecundity by day 30 of adult life was 60-328


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3543
Author: Evans, E. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Intra versus interspecific interactions of ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) attacking aphids
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 87
Pages: 401-408
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, lab, pea aphid on beans, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, third instar larvae of Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, Hippodamia sinuata, Coccinella 7-punctata, weight gain of a larva did not depend on whether its competitor was heterospecific or conspecific and aphid populations were equally reduced, references to new predators interfering with or enhancing the ability of already present predators to control prey, interactions between natural enemies, predator disturbance in current study caused aphids to drop off plant and resulting spatial patterns of aphid on the host plant were different from the controls with no predators present, flush off, fall off, drop off, dislodgement, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, migration, movement, indirect effects of different coccinellid species causing different degrees of drop-off not investigated here


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4036
Author: Evans, E. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Indirect interactions among phytophagous insects: aphids, honeydew and natural enemies
Journal: In "Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology" Ed. by S. Leather, K. Walters, N. Mills and A. Watt, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 287-298
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, alternative prey, apparent competition, community, aphids produce honeydew which is used by ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, honeydew may feed specialist natural enemies that attack non-aphid prey or hosts, indirect apparent competition, cites Zoebelein that 246 insect species (mostly Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera) consumed honeydew from aphids, scales and Psyllidae in forests of Bavaria, 66% of these were entomophages including non-aphidophages such as Asilidae, Dolichopodidae, Therevidae and Raphidiidae, trees, woodlands, diet, food, trophic behaviour, many parasitoids feed on honeydew, which often increases fecundity and longevity of Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae, an egg parasitoid of Colorado beetle searched honeydew covered leaves and survived longer when honeydew was available, arable, foraging behaviour, habitat selection, quality of honeydew for various parasitoids and predators differs very much according to aphid species and other factors, in USA alfalfa the parasitoids of alfalfa weevil benefits from honeydew from Acyrthosiphon pisum the pea aphid, Leguminosae, and it responded very significantly to sprays of artificial honeydew and weevils were reduced 25-45% in sprayed cf control plots, others have obtained analogous effects in cotton, corn and artichokes, some parasitoids forage on honeydew at long distanceas from the host populations they attack, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, maize, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6007
Author: Evans, E.W.; Richards, D.R.; Kalaskar, A.
Year: 2004
Title: Using food for different purposes: female responses to prey in the predator Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 29
Pages: 27-34
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ladybirds, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, weevils, Curculionidae, Hypera postica, Acyrthosiphon pisum, ladybirds ate aphids and weevil larvae but preferred aphids, prey selection, prey preference, fecundity was related more to aphid than weevil consumption, reproduction, population dynamics, methods, laboratory observations in petri dishes, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4195
Author: Evans, E. W.; Swallow, J. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Numerical responses of natural enemies to artificial honeydew in Utah alfalfa
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 1392-1401
Keywords: En.
Rep., sucrose solution, sugar, protein supplement sprayed separately and together, water controls, sweeping, sweep net, sucrose resulted in reduced aphid density, adult Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae responded positively to sucrose and sometimes also to protein supplement, there were also sometimes positive responses from Bathyplectes curculionis the alfalfa weevil parasitoid, and from adult Syrphidae and some Anthocoridae and Geocoridae bugs to sucrose, but not by spiders or Oribatidae mites, in the absence of rain responses could be seen for 7 days, biological control, polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Leguminosae, methods, kairomones, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Hymenoptera, Curculionidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Heteroptera, Araneae, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4049
Author: Evans, F. C.; Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1968
Title: Taxonomic composition, trophic structure and seasonal occurrence in a grassland insect community
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 37
Pages: 259-273
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, field layer of abandoned field in USA, 1584 resident species, majority were Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, food habits of larvae and adults taken from the literature, trophic behaviour, food, diet, 31 feeding categories present simplified to 7 trophic categories ie predators, parasitoids, blood- suckers, omnivores, flower feeders, leaf and stem feeders and scavengers, done separately for larvae and adults, natural enemies, most species were herbivores as adults, c. half were predators or parasitoids as larvae, 75% of species fed at flowers, the ratio of numbers of species with herbivorous larvae to number with carnivorous larvae was stable, suggesting that trophic structure (guild structure) of the community persists in spite of a continual seasonal replacement of species, April to October 1948-66, pitfalls, sweep nets and Malaise traps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 297
Author: Evans, G.
Year: 1975
Title: The Life of Beetles
Journal: Allen and Unwin Ltd, London.
Keywords: En.
Phyllobius, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Nebria brevicollis, Dyschirius, Bledius, Necrophorus, Clivina, Orchestes, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Rhodalia cardinalis
Rep(part), Coleoptera, larvae, root-feeders, use of weevil snout, oviposition, Silphidae, slugs, predators, nocturnal, tree trunks, useful statistics about beetles, Cicindelidae, mid-gut enzymes, regurgitation, extra-oral digestion, necrophagy, tunnel diggers, jumping weevils, book, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, pest control, citrus mealybug, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1952
Author: Evans, G. O.
Year: 1955
Title: Identification of terrestrial mites
Journal: Soil Zoology, Ed. by Kevan, D.K., London
Pages: 55-61
Keywords: En.
Acari, taxonomy, classification, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1954
Author: Evans, G. O.
Year: 1957
Title: An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera
Journal: J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool.
Volume: 43
Pages: 203-259
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, identification, UK, systematics, taxonomy, structure, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1589
Author: Evans, G. O.; Browning, E.
Year: 1954
Title: Pseudoscorpiones
Journal: Synopses of the British Fauna, Linnaean Society, London
Volume: 10
Keywords: En.
UK, Arachnida, predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1956
Author: Evans, G. O.; Sheals, J. G.; MacFarlane, D.
Year: 1961
Title: Terrestrial Acari of the British Isles. 1. Introduction and biology
Journal: British Museum, London
Pages: 219 pp
Keywords: En.
Lib., book, mites, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, techniques, methods, classification, taxonomy, identification, systematics, book, UK, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2244
Author: Evans, H. C.; Samson, R. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Fungal pathogens of spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Mycological Society
Volume: 21
Issue: 4)
Pages: 152-159
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spider abdomen more susceptible than insect cuticle, no records of Entomophthorales attacking spiders, most records from tropical and subtropical forests, 13 species attack UK spiders.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1750
Author: Evans, H. F.
Year: 1973
Title: A study of the predatory habits of anthocorid species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Journal: D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford
Keywords: En.
UK, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1862
Author: Evans, H. F.
Year: 1976
Title: The population dynamics of Anthocoris confusus in a laboratory cage ecosystem
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 45
Pages: 773-789
Keywords: En.
Rep., Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3544
Author: Evans, H. F.
Year: 1976
Title: The role of predator-prey size ratio in determining the efficiency of capture of Anthocoris nemorum and the escape reactions of its prey, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 85-90
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, lab, capture efficiency increases with predator- prey size ration, aphids escape by kicking, walking or dropping off plant, kicking is most successful at low predator-prey size ratio but dropping is best at high ratio, broad bean leaves in a glass tube, first instar aphids usually dropped off, fall off, forced off, dislodgement, behaviour, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, vertical distribution, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, aphids are paralysed by secretions from the bug, if an aphid escapes rostral insertion by an anthocorid it will eventually die, but an aphid wounded by a fine pin continued to live and feed, wounding, toxins, poisons, killing without consumption, large wounded aphids did escape from the rostrums of small anthocorid nymphs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 91
Author: Evans, M. E. G.
Year: 1964
Title: A comparative account of the feeding methods of the beetles Nebria brevicollis (Carabidae) and Philonthus decorus (Staphylinidae)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Volume: 66
Pages: 91-109
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 298
Author: Evans, M. E. G.
Year: 1967
Title: Notes on feeding in some beetles of the woodland floor
Journal: Entomologist.
Volume: 100
Pages: 300-303
Keywords: En.
Cantharis, Tachinus rufipes, Trichoniscus, Atheta
Rep, larvae, adults, laboratory, observations, predation, Staphylinidae, scavenging, cannibalism, size, springtail, Collembola, Coleoptera, woodlice, Isopoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 325
Author: Evans, M. E. G.
Year: 1969
Title: The surface activity of beetles in a northern English wood
Journal: Trans. Soc. Br. Ent.
Volume: 18
Pages: 247-262
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2547
Author: Evans, M. E. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Carabid locomotor habits and adaptations
Journal: Ed by Den Boer et al ECM
Pages: 59-77
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3713
Author: Evans, M. E. G.; Forsythe, T. G.
Year: 1985
Title: Feeding mechanisms, and their variation in form, of some adult ground beetles (Coleoptera, Caraboidea)
Journal: Journal of Zoology
Volume: 206
Pages: 113-143
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, structure of mouthparts and foregut, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fluid feeding, pre-oral digestion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2340
Author: Evans, R. E.
Year: 1969
Title: Parasites on spiders and their eggs
Journal: Proceedings Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Volume: 21
Pages: 156-168
Keywords: En.
Theridion ovatum, Gelis micrurus, Gelis pumilis, Zygiella, Gelis corruptor, Gelis zonatus, Agroeca brunnea, Gelis rufulus, Ocymorus similis, Tromatobia oculatoria, Gnypetomorpha borealis, Gnypetomorpha gracilis, Ischnurgops fragilis, Dictyna, Lysibia namus, Dibrachys cavus, Schizopyga atra, Clubiona, Psammochares niger, Vespa vulgaris, Megaselia pulicaria, Megaselia tenebricola, Zatypota percontaria, Acrodactala degener, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Polysphincta tuberosa, Araneus cucurbitinu s, Gibbelula aranearum, Hymenostilbe verrucosa, Akanthomyces aranearum.
Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Britain, Ichneumonidae, hyperparasit es, Chalcidae, Pompilidae, common wasp killed spider, Rhinophorinae, Cytidae, Phoridae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Argiopidae, Phygadeuonini, entomogenous fungi, Clubionidae, Dictynidae, Lycosidae, predator, see also A.E. Le Gros (1962) Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 16.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 94
Author: Evans, W. G.
Year: 1983
Title: Habitat selection in the Carabidae
Journal: Coleopterist's Bulletin.
Volume: 37
Pages: 164-167
Keywords: En.
Bembidion obtusidens
Rep, olfactory stimuli, soil, microorganisms, beaches, saline lakes, volatiles, algae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 941
Author: Evenhuis, H. H.
Year: 1964
Title: The inter-relations between apple aphids and their parasites and hyperparasites
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 9
Pages: 227-231
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, orchards, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 394
Author: Evenhuis, H. H.
Year: 1968
Title: The natural control of the apple-grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, with remarks on the control of apple aphids in the Netherlands in general
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology.
Volume: 74
Pages: 106-117
Keywords: Pests, predators, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, weather, rain, hail, wind, ice, spring, parasites, Syrphidae, Diptera, Anthocorid ae, bugs, no data on predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4861
Author: Evenhuis, H.H.
Year: 1983
Title: Role of carabids in the natural control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gessellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 4(1/3)
Pages: 83-85
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gessellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, the Netherlands, some insecticides applied to strawberry resulted in higher densities of pest than for  non-insecticidal controls, pesticides, soft fruit, horticulture, vine weevil natural enemies include a Tachinidae parasitoid, entomophagous fungi, insect pathogenic nematodes and carabids, Diptera, Nematoda, pathogens, disease, Bembidion tetracolum was a voracious predator of vine weevil eggs in the laboratory
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4172
Author: Everleigh, E. S.; Chant, D. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Experimental studies on acarina predator-prey interactions: the effect of predator density on prey consumption, predator searching efficiency and functional response to prey density
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 60
Pages: 611-629
Keywords: En.
Rep., mutual interference between adult femalres of Phytoseiulus persimilis, lab 25C, experiments also done with Amblyseius degenerans, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Phtyoseiidae, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3957
Author: Everts, J. W.
Year: 1990
Title: Sensitive indicators of side-effects of pesticides on the epigeal fauna of arable land
Journal: Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Pages: 114 pp
Keywords: Rep., side-effects of pesticides on non-targets, pitfalls, pesticide treated oilseed rape with untreated winter wheat as control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Linyphiidae were 13% of total polyphagous predators, Araneae, spiders, natural enemies, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus were 76% of spiders, species composition, Pterostichus cupreus was 66% of Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Clivina fossor, E.atra, O.apicatus, M.rurestris reduced by deltamethrin, Trechus quadristriatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis and Bathyphantes gracilis by fenitrothion, Erigone atra and Meioneta rurestris males by bromophos ethyl, recovery took 7-16 weeks depending on species, pyrethroid insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, experiments with spiders in containers in deltamethrin and unsprayed plots, methods, mortality of O.apicatus and E.atra 67-100% cf 0- 40% controls, less effect of deltamethrin under rainy conditions, deltamethrin induced diuresis causing dessication under dry conditions, weather, humidity, soil moisture, effect of cultivation history, ploughing and non-chemical weeding on spiders, farming practices, spiders reduced by harrowing and ploughing, geographical location more important than cropping history, quantitative exposure of spiders and Collembola to deltamethrin in field, lab experiments on female O.apicatus, effect of deltamethrin greatest at 5% and 30% soil moisture, after 144 h in 5%, simulated rain reduced toxic effect of residues by 92-97%, mean of 15 Drosophila eaten per spider per 72 h, prey consumption rates, 56% of dose in spider's body came from residue, 31% from direct hit, 12% from oral, sublethal effects such as uncoordinated walking and paralysis can last for 4 days, walking speed reduced by deltamethrin and the ability to locate moist areas is reduced, activity, behaviour, dispersal, movement, migration, Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus cupreus ate more treated than untreated spiders in lab tests, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, predators of predators, % of P.cupreus containing linyphiids in the gut increased 8 fold after a deltamethrin spray in the field, field observations that spiders initially activated by deltamethrin before paralysis, tin lab B.gracilis females and O.apicatus males were more sensitive to residues than O.apicatus females, males more sensitive than females to topical applications, E.atra consumed less treated than untreated Collembola but other spiders did not, trophic behaviour, oral toxicity much less than topical or residual for all species tested


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3031
Author: Everts, J. W.; Aukema, B.; Hengeveld, R.; Koeman, J. H.
Year: 1989
Title: Side-effects of pesticides on ground-dwelling predatory arthropods in arable ecosystems
Journal: Environmental Pollution
Volume: 59
Pages: 203-225
Keywords: En.
Rep., Netherlands, pitfalls, herbicides, deltamethrin, fenitrothion, bromophos-ethyl, pyrethroids, organophosphorus pesticides, deposition onto soil measured, bioassays in field, Linyphiidae sensitive to the 3 insecticides, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, mechanical weeding reduced diversity cf chemical weeding, farming practices, ploughing reduced spiders, deltamethrin more damaging if hot and less if rainy, weather, climate, microclimate, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Meioneta rurestris and Bathyphantes gracilis recommended as indicator species, winter wheat, oilseed rape, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, species list for Carabidae and spiders, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Pterostichus cupreus was dominant carabid, Clivina fossor and Trechus quadristriatus were reduced by insecticides, Lepthyphantes tenuis reduced by fenitrothion, B.gracilis did not recover for 16 weeks, recovery rates, B.gracilis and Pachygnatha clercki reduced by deltamethrin, Tetragnathidae, reference to Petersen 1986 for the use of guilds of species in ecotoxicological field studies, ploughing had as great an effect on O.apicatus as the worst pesticides, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus can be reared in the lab, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3030
Author: Everts, J. W.; Aukema, B.; Mullie, W. C.; van Gemerden, A.; Rottier, A. van Katz R.; van Gestel, C. A. M.
Year: 1991
Title: Exposure of the ground dwelling spider Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall)(Erigonidae) to spray and residues of deltamethrin
Journal: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume: 20
Pages: 13-19
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides, pesticides, pyrethroids, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, exposure of spiders and Collembola in the field using fluorescent tracer, methods, less tracer on spiders than on soil surface, effects of residues strongly related to water content of soil, radio-labelled deltamethrin used to determine route of uptake, consumption of contaminated prey was not a large source of pesticide intake, absorbtion from soil was twice as great as from direct hit, O.apicatus can be reared on Collembola and Drosophila in 30 days with 90% survival, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2232
Author: Everts, J. W.; Diependaal, M.; Postuma, R.; Scholtens, A. Wouters L. Hengeveld R.; Koeman, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Animal indicators for side-effects of pesticide treatments in oilseed in winter
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 925-929
Keywords: En.
Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax apicatus
Rep., spiders, Araneae, fenitrothion, insecticides, pitfalls, winter wheat, cereals, Linyphiidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1014
Author: Everts, J. W.; Willemsen, I.; Stulp, M.; Simons, L.; Aukema, B.; Kammenga, J.
Year: 1991
Title: The toxic effect of deltamethrin on linyphiid and erigonid spiders in connection with ambient temperature, humidity and predation
Journal: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume: 20
Pages: 20-24
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, pesticides, insecticides, effect greatest at high temperature and low humidity, affected ability to select moist habitats, walking speed decreased, predation by carabids increased, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, sublethal effects lasted up to 4 days, Oedothorax apicatus adult females, Lab studies in Petri dishes, Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus cupreus sprayed and unsprayed against sprayed and unsprayed spiders, gut dissection of P.cupreus in sprayed oilseed rape and unsprayed winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, % containing spiders 3.9% in rape pre-spray and 9.7% post-spray, 4.3% in wheat pre- spray and 1.6% after, mortality, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5677
Author: Ewald, J.A.; Aebischer, N.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Trends in pesticide use and efficacy during 26 years of changing agriculture in southern England
Journal: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Volume: 64(2)
Pages: 493-529
Alternate Journal: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Keywords: 1970-1995, UK, inputs increased over 26 years, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, agricultural statistics, herbicides, fungicide use 129% higher on modern than on traditional farms, insecticide use similarly higher, monitoring
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3009
Author: Eweida, M.; Ryden, K.
Year: 1984
Title: Detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in cereals and grasses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Sweden
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 91
Issue: 2)
Pages: 131-137
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 387
Author: Ewrent, H. A.; Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1966
Title: Dispersal of three species of coccinellids in corn fields
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 98
Pages: 999-1003
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, cereals, maize, distributi on, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1747
Author: Eyles, A. C.
Year: 1964
Title: Feeding habits of some Rhyparochrominae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) with particular reference to the value of natural foods
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 116
Pages: 89-114
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, behaviour, diet, food, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2550
Author: Eyre, M. D.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1990
Title: The ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages of British grasslands
Journal: Entomologist's Gazette
Volume: 41
Pages: 197-208
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 832
Author: Eyre, M. D.; Rushton, S. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Quantification of conservation criteria using invertebrates
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 26
Pages: 159-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, water beetles, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, N.E. England, methods, rarity indices and typicalness measurements using geometric scale, extra weighting for rare species, detrended correspondence analysis, DECORANA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4080
Author: Faber, D. B.; Baylis, J. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Effects of body size on agonistic encounters between male jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 45
Pages: 289-299
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, territoriality, aggression, aggressive behaviour, interference competition, biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5653
Author: Fadl, A.; Purvis, G.
Year: 1998
Title: Field observations on the life cycles and seasonal activity patterns of temperate carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inhabiting arable land 
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 42
Pages: 171-183
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, phenology, reproduction, population dynamics, in disturbed arable habitats most species are flexible and will breed at various times of year, impact of farming practices in relation to timing of emergence from pupation, mortality, three years and ten fields, Ireland, cereals, Gramineae, forage maize, grass leys, root crops, methods, pitfalls, beetles dissected and placed into four categories of ovary development, 29,451 adults and 2,536 larvae of 52 species, dominants were Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Bembidion aeneum, Bembidion guttula, Bembidion lampros, Clivina fossor, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus strenuus, Trechus quadristriatus, adults of some species survive to breed in a second year, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5666
Author: Fadl, A.; Purvis, G.; Towey, K.
Year: 1996
Title: The effect of time of soil cultivation on the incidence of Pterostichus melanarius (Illig.)(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in arable land in Ireland
Journal: Annales Zoologici Fennici
Volume: 33
Pages: 207-214
Alternate Journal: Annales Zoologici Fennici
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, farming practices, phenology, methods, pitfalls, abundance, reproduction, population dynamics, spring soil cultivation reduces survival of larvae and pupae, mortality, rapid dispersal of new adults between fields masks the effects of soil cultivation, distribution, movement, migration, landscape, crop rotations, ley grass, maize, wheat, barley, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, sugar beet, fodder beet, brassicas, potatoes, females dissected and classified into four groups based on stage of ovary development, 7877 beetles caught, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1607
Author: Faeth, S. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Invertebrate predation on leaf-miners at low densities
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 5
Pages: 111-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, Diptera, Agromyzidae, mortality, exclusion experiments showed that ants and other onsects cause great mortality of leaf-miners on oak, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, Quercus, trees, forests, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3976
Author: Faeth, S. H.
Year: 1994
Title: Induced plant responses: effects on parasitoids and other natural enemies of phytophagous insects
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 245-260
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, plant resistance, plant defences, review, tritrophic interactions, increasing concentrations of nicotine in diet of host insect reduced performance of 6 parasitoid species, generalist natural enemies tend to be more susceptible to these effects, because specialists may become adapted to food plant allelochemicals in the host, secondary plant metabolites, defensive plant compounds, some allelochemicals reduce the efficiency of insect pathogens, entomogenous fungi, insect parasitic viruses and bacteria, insect diseases, herbivory can trigger, ie induce, an anti-herbivore response by the plant host, often of chemical defences, induced response could attract natural enemies, semiochemicals, kairomones, or cause pests to move into natural enemy space, or prolong herbivore development making them more available to natural enemies, eg beet armyworm caterpillar damage to corn causes release of terpenoid volatiles which are used for host location by Braconidae parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4488
Author: Fagan, W. F.; Hakim, A. L.; Ariawan, H.; Yuliyantiningsih, S.
Year: 1998
Title: Interactions between biological control efforts and insecticide applications in tropical rice agroecosystems: the potential role of intraguild predation
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 13
Pages: 121-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., Java, Indonesia, wet paddy, cereals, Gramineae, open-top cages, 4 replicated treatments a) insecticide + spiders, b) insecticide, c) spiders and d) nothing added, the spiders used were the wolf spiders, Lycosidae, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, the insecticide used was monocrotophos a broad spectrum OP with a short half-life, organophosphorus pesticides, L. pseudoannulata can reach a density of 30 adults m-2, abundance, in the insecticide + spider treatment the insecticide had degraded before spiders were added and so it did not kill them, spider density in cages was less than the maximum density in open fields, methods, suction sampling from individual rice plants, vacuum insect net, Dvac, insecticide alone and spiders alone reduced pest densities but insecticide + spiders did not, pest densities (mainly planthoppers, Delphacidae) in insecticide + spiders were 72% higher than in the nothing added treatment, insecticide alone reduced pest densities by 16%, spiders alone reduced them by 14%, spiders significantly reduced density of mesoveliids (generalist predatory Hemiptera that kill hoppers at the base of rice plants) as did insecticides, insecticide + spiders produced an additive reduction of mesoveliid density halving their density, authors suggest the explanation for the results is that in insecticide or spider treatments sufficient mesoveliids survived to prevent pest resurgence, but in insecticide + spiders the spiders reduced mesoveliid density too far and the spiders themselves were not able to prevent pest resurgence, powerful indirect effects seem to be operating in the complex natural enemy communities of tropical rice, IGP, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4274
Author: Fagan, W. F.; Hurd, L. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Hatch density variation of a generalist arthropod predator: population consequences and community impact
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 75
Issue: 7)
Pages: 2022-2032
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Mantis religiosa, Mantidae, abandoned cow pasture, grassland, Gramineae, plots with different densities of mantids experimentally manipulated, methods, Dvac and hand search, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, predator load defined as proportion of the total arthropod biomass present as predators, supplementary food from sweep nets added to some treatments, mantids reduced numbers and biomass of gryllids and non-aphid Homoptera significantly, population dynamics, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, abundance, "intra-habitat dispersal can buffer generalist predator populations against spatial heterogeneity in total prey availability, just as euryphagy buffers them against fluctuation in abundance of specific prey types", movement, migration, distribution, herbivorous Miridae were significantly increased with increase in mantid density, presumably because mantids ate species that preyed on them or competed with them, [so augmenting predator densities could have unexpected and undesired side effects], predator enhancement, predator augmentation, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5446
Author: Fagan, W.F.; Moran, M.D.; Rango, J.J.; Hurd, L.E.
Year: 2002
Title: Community effects of praying mantids: a meta-analysis of the influences of species identity and experimental design
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 385-395
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, methods, USA, Mantodea, mantids can have strong impact on prey populations, exhibit high levels of intraguild predation and initiate trophic cascades, IGP, food webs, trophic webs, synthesis of results from 13 experimental manipulations, Tenodera sinensis and Mantis religiosa are exotics introduced in 1900, pasture and old field, Gramineae, studies using 1 cubic metre plastic and netting cages, compared with open-field plastic-barriered plots, mantids added into cages and plots and effects on prey compared with controls where no mantids were added, Dvac and hand sampling, vacumm insect net, suction sampling, response ratio is natural log of mean number in treated divided by mean number in control, net impact on prey per mantid day was used to compare across experiments, T. sinensis had significant impact on Diptera, Hemiptera & Homoptera regardless for both cage and barrier studies, but impact on Araneae and Hymenoptera was only in barrier studies, spiders, impact on Coleoptera only in cage studies, fewer effects recorded for M. religiosa, strongest net impacts of mantids on prey occurred in experiments initiated with low rather than high mantid densities (thought to be due to interference, cannibalism and starvation of mantids), abundance, in some cases mantid addition increased the abundance of beetles and bugs which may have occurred through IGP of other predators, authors recommend that much more effort should be devoted to understanding the community niche of generalist predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3331
Author: Failes, E. S.; Whistlecraft, J. W.; Tomlin, A. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Predatory behaviour of Scatophaga stercoraria under laboratory conditions
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 37
Issue: 2)
Pages: 205-213
Keywords: En.
Rep., males killed more prey than females, sex related predation rates, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, arable, field vegetables, onions, onion fly, Delia antiqua, pre- conditioning with 3 fly species of different sizes did not affect prey chosen in subsequent random choice experiments, prey size selection, trophic behaviour, predatory flies, predation, larger flies Musca and Delia were preferred to smaller ie Drosophila, prey preference, could be a good predator for IPM in vegetable crops because it occurs early in growing season when onion flies are most numerous, phenology, Canada, partial consumption, well fed flies only ate the head of their prey, satiation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2830
Author: Fan, Y.; Liebman, M.; Groden, E.; Alford, A. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Abundance of carabid beetles and other ground-dwelling arthropods in conventional versus low-input bean cropping systems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 43
Pages: 127-139
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, 2 field seasons, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae more abundant in low-input but varying with year, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Elateridae adults 23 times higher in high input system, pests, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis significantly more abundant in low input, Agonum muelleri and Clivina fossor significantly more abundant in conventional plots, farming practices, Phaseolus vulgaris, rotations, pitfalls, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Leguminosae, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4627
Author: Fantle, M.S.; Dittel, A.I.; Schwalm, S.M.; Epifanio, C.E.; Fogel, M.L.
Year: 1999
Title: A food web analysis of the juvenile  blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids.
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 120
Pages: 416-426
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., In cases where a predator is likely to be feeding in more than one ecosystem during a relatively short period of time, analyses using stable  isotopes of carbon and nitrogen might be applicable for determining the relative contribution of prey from each ecosystem to the overall diet of the predator (but without any precision concerning exactly which species have  been consumed). blue crabs are omnivores and generalist predators eating molluscs, shrimps, worms and plant material. Crustacea, USA, crabs sampled in a bay and an saltmarsh estuary. The carbon and nitrogen isotope proportions of potential foods and crabs suggested that crabs in the marsh fed on primary consumers in the marsh, such as periwinkles. Crabs in bay and marsh appeared to utilise different sources of carbon. Methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, movement, distribution, dispersal migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2731
Author: Farrow, R. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Aerial dispersal of microinsects
Journal: Proc 3rd Aus Conf Grassl Invert Ecol
Pages: 51-55
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2730
Author: Farrow, R. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Interactions between synoptic scale and boundary-layer meterology on micro-insect migration
Journal: Ed by Danthanarayana Springer Verlag
Pages: 185-195
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4915
Author: Fauvel, G.
Year: 1999
Title: Diversity of Heteroptera in agroecosystems: role of sustainability and bioindication
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 275-303
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., biodiversity, bioindicators, 50-100 species recorded per crop, trophic behaviour ranges from phytophagy to zoophagy and many are omnivorous. Miridae are the dominant heteropterans in fruit orchards and cereals and are diverse in these crops, Gramineae, top fruit, trees. Miridae are more susceptible than Anthocoridae to pesticides. Nabidae, Tingidae, Coreidae, Reduviidae, Lygaeidae, Beryrtidae, Pentatomidae, pests e.g. tarnidhed plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, polyphagous predators, predatory Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control. Their overall role in biological control can be difficult to assess because many species can shift between herbivory and predation. References to identification keys for adults eggs and nymphs, sampling techniques for trees, grasses and crops, beating, suction sampling, Dvav, vacuum insect net, light traps, yellow traps, sex pheromone baited traps. Pollen is not a sufficient food for most anthocorids. Development and reproduction, diapause, hibernation, voltinism, distribution in relation to climate, microclimate and vegetation strata. Large table showing species and their prey in apple, pear and stone fruits. Prey include aphids, mites, caterpillars, Psyllidae, Coccidae, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Acari. Relationship with plants, attraction to flowers, pollen, nectar, dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, trichomes, hairiness, vineyards, grapes, maize, cereals, sunflower, potatoes, legumes, crucifers, alfalfa, soybean. Biocontrol examples, anthocorids against psyllids, mirids against aphids and mites, Orius against mites on Rosaceae. There is much interchange of mirids and anthocorids between orchards and surroundings, Heteroptera of crops are generally good fliers or runners
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5203
Author: Fauvel, G.; Malausa, J.C.; Kaspar, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Laboratory studies on the main biological characteristics of Macrolophus caliginosus
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32(5)
Pages: 529-543
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, France, Miridae, eats greenhouse whitefly, food, diet, trophic behaviour, egg development 11.4 days at 25C and more than a month at 15C, larval development 19-58 days depending on temperature, development possible at 10C but not at 40C, longevity 232 days and fecundity 409 eggs when fed on Ephestia kuehniella eggs, Lepidoptera, Anagasta kuehniella, moth eggs, this predator was able to develop and reproduce on half the normal food ration, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, temperature
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2435
Author: Fazekas, J.; Ka'da'r, F.
Year: 1991
Title: Seasonal activity, age structure and egg production of the ground beetle, Agonum dorsale in an abandoned apple orchard
Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L.Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 133-136
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, Hungary, unsprayed orchard, pitfalls, methods, beetles aged by degree of bristle and mandible wear, teneral young and old, dissection for eggs, phenology, sex ratio, mean eggs per female 4.5 - 6.2, c. 10% adults bred in second year, 5% pitfall catch was tenerals, reproduction, egg complement, voltinism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4905
Author: Fazekas, J.P.; Kadar, F.; Sarospataki, M.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 1997
Title: Seasonal activity, age structure and egg production of the ground beetle Anisodactylus signatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Hungary
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 94
Pages: 473-484
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, this species has summer larvae and winter larvae, phenology, seasonal activity peaks, 2-10 eggs per female, egg complement, females seem not to reproduce in their first adult year, fecundity is 15.6 and longevity more than one year, population dynamics, this is a common species in agricultural fields, maize, pitfalls, apple orchard, cereals, Gramineae, trees, top fruit, age assessed by bristle and mandible wear, methods, Grum method for estimating reproductive output
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4904
Author: Fazekas, J.P.; Kadar, F.; Sarospataki, M.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 1999
Title: Seasonal activity and reproduction in the spring breeding ground beetle species Agonum dorsale and Brachinus explodens in Hungary (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 23(4)
Pages: 259-269
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abandoned apple orchard near Budapest, trees, woodland, top fruit, activity peak in May-June, phenology, peak egg production in May-June, mean eggs per gravid female was 13.5 for B. explodens and 5.4 for A. dorsale, egg complement, taking account also of egg volume the reproductive effort of A. dorsale was greater, pitfalls, beetles aged by bristle and mandible wear, methods, dissection for eggs, reproductive output from Grum method (weekly egg complement data and egg deposition rate needed)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4483
Author: Feber, R. E.; Johnson, P. J.; Smith, H.; Baines, M.; Macdonald, D. W.
Year: 1995
Title: The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance of beneficial arthropods
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", BCPC Symposium Proceedings No.63, BCPC Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 163-170
Keywords: En.
Rep., 2m wide margins established around 6 fields in Oxford, 10 management regimes compared, methods, farming practices, habitat diversification, habitat modification, Dvac, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Linyphiidae were reduce by mowing and glyphosate, Staphylinidae only by mowing, spring and summer mowing had the greatest effect, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, herbicides, pesticides, staphylinid abundance in the crop was greater near to uncut field margins, density, enhancement of abundance, distribution, treatments included natural regeneration and sowing grass and wildflower mixtures, Gramineae, wildflower mixture by itself had no effect on linyphiid or staphylinid abundance, peak linyphiid density was 193 m-2 in September


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5701
Author: Feber, R.E.; Smith, H.; MacDonald, D.W.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects on butterfly abundance of the management of uncropped edges of arable fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 33
Pages: 1191-1205
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Lepidoptera, habitat diversification, landscape, distribution, farming practices, mowing edges in summer reduced butterfly abundance and diversity (more detrimental than not mowing, or mowing in spring and autumn) because adults were ovipositing and larvae were feeding at that time, biodiversity, species richness, sowing with grass and wildlower mixture increased abundance and also reduced abundance of noxious weeds such as creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), Gramineae, abundance of nectar sources appeared to be main factor affecting abundance of adults, sown edges had a greater proportion of perennial flowering plants and these were better nectar sources for butterflies and bumblebees than were annuals, methods, standardised transect counting, 21 species recorded, species list, species composition in three years,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5699
Author: Feber, R.E.; Smith, H.; Macdonald, D.W.
Year: 1999
Title: The importance of spatially variable field margin management for two butterfly species
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 155-162
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, distribution, farm practices, landscape, diversification, incidence of small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) and peacock (Inachis io) butterflies related both to abundance of nectar sources and larval foodplants, Lepidoptera, management to maintain patchy habitats (e.g. nettles of different heights) will promote butterfly biodiversity in margins, Urtica dioica, nectar sources for A. urticae were thistles (Carduus spp., Cirsium spp.), field scabious (Knautia arvensis), knapweed (Centaurea spp.), the two species of butterfly showed different nettle height preferences for oviposition (tall for I. io, short for A. urticae), south-facing nettle patches had most butterfly larvae, abundance, weeds, mowing some parts of margins but not others will promote butterfly abundance and diversity 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1534
Author: Feeney, A. M.
Year: 1983
Title: The occurrence and effect of pesticides on aphid predators in Ireland, 1979-1982
Journal: Aphid Antagonists, Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Pages: 123-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2434
Author: Felkl, G.
Year: 1988
Title: First investigations on the abundance of epigeal arthropods cereal aphids and stenophagous aphid predators in herbicide-free border strips of winter wheat fields in Hesse
Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen
Volume: 40
Pages: 483-491
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3304
Author: Fellers, G. M.; Fellers, J. H.
Year: 1982
Title: Scavenging rates of invertebrates in an eastern deciduous forest
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 107
Pages: 389-392
Keywords: En.
Rep., all dead insects were taken by ants with a median time of 3.8 min, USA, forest, trees, few dead invertebrates are ever found, adult Lepidoptera and larval and adult Diptera used in experiments, killed by freezing, 4-7mm long corpses, 20 observations per prey type, observed 1 m distant from corpse, 4-17 July 11:00-20:00h, oak and pine, observations on leaf litter and pine needles, all of the scavengers were ants, all corpses were located in <36 min and 50% in <4min, the main species of ants were also found to be active at night during warm weather, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, trophic behaviour, savenging, carrion feeding, carrion removal rates, natural enemies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2351
Author: Felton, C.
Year: 1969
Title: Cannibalism in Pirata piraticus (Clerck)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 1
Pages: 23
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, wolf spider, Lancashire, Juncus swamp, large numbers of immatures present, adults observed with immatures in fangs, predation not actually observed, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4457
Author: Feng, M. G.; Johnson, J. B.; Halbert, S. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Natural control of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Encyrtidae) on irrigated spring wheat in Southwestern Idaho
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1699-1710
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, USA, epizootics with Erynia neoaphidis and other fungi attacking Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Diuraphis noxia occurred after the crop was damaged by large aphid populations, Russian wheat aphid, an exception was during a year with unusually frequent rainfall in May and June, development of fungal infection was better correlated with host density than with climate, humidity, aphid feeding site on the plant is thought to influence the development of mycoses


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4681
Author: Feng, M.G.; Nowierski, R.M.; Scharen, A.L.; Sands, D.C.
Year: 1991
Title: Entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) infecting cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Montana
Journal: Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Volume: 67(1)
Pages: 55-64
Alternate Journal: Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., TP., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies, biological control, USA, irrigated and dryland small grains, Diuraphis noxia, Russian wheat aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum maidis, D. noxia had very low abundance in irrigated crops, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1535
Author: Fenton, F. A.
Year: 1959
Title: The effect of several insecticides on the total arthropod population in alfalfa
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 52
Pages: 428-432
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4935
Author: Ferguson, K.I.; Stiling, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Non-additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 108
Pages: 375-379
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, parasitoids, natural enemies, effects of various combinations of natural enemies on caged aphids (Dactynotus) on marsh elder (Iva frutescens), USA, parasitoids reduced aphids more than ladybirds, ladybirds reduced the efficiency of parasitoids probably due to interference behaviour, ladybirds ate parasitised aphids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Cycloneda sanguinea [KDS comment: this is a polyphagous predator in crops such as cotton and corn, e.g. eats Lepidoptera eggs], Aphidius floridaensis, Hymenoptera, intraguild predation, negative interactions, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5449
Author: Ferguson, S.H.; Joly, D.O.
Year: 2002
Title: Dynamics of springtail and mite populations: the role of density dependence, predation, and weather
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 565-573
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Collembola, Acari, Canada, predatory mites, Gamasida, Labidostomma spp., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, methods, time-series analysis, aspen and pairie site, Gramineae, grassland, spiders, centipedes, beetles and beetle larvae, Araneae, Coleoptera, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, refuges (milk cartons filled with sand) were placed on the ground and numbers of invertebrates sheltering below were monitored, May to September 1997 - 1999, springtail populations did not appear to be regulated by predatory mites or other generalist predators but rather by competition for food, temperature affected reproduction, intrinsic regulation, bottom-up control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1705
Author: Fergusson, N. D. M.
Year: 1983
Title: A review of the genus Platytelenomus Dodd (Hym., Proctotrupoidea)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: Nov
Pages: 199-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., egg parasitoids of Lepidoptera boring into maize, millet, rice, Scelionidae, caterpillars, pests, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Platytelenomus busseolae hosts include Sesamia cretica, Sesamia inferans, Sesamia vuteria, Sesamia botanephaga, Chilo sp., life history, distribution Africa through Middle East to India, 3 other species with unknown hosts, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5094
Author: Fernandez Garcia, A.; Griffiths, G.J.K.; Thomas, C.F.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Density, distribution and dispersal of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis in two adjacent cereal fields
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 137
Pages: 89-97
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, UK, Gramineae, movement, migration, distribution during summer as activity declines for aestivation in a hedgerow, mark-release-recapture, mark-recapture, MRR, density estimation, abundance, methods, pitfall traps, Lincoln Index, mean density was 0.9 m-2, activity density was temperature dependent, there were some aggregations in the hedgerow in summer and in a few places in the fields in autumn, the hedge was a barrier to movement between fields, metapopulation structure, agricultural statistics concerning application of insecticides in relation to control of BYDV, pesticides, life cycle, beetles were marked on the elytra using a model-maker's drill and paint marker, SADIE
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3919
Author: Ferran, A.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Foraging behaviour of ladybird larvae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 90
Issue: 4)
Pages: 383-402
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, visual and olfactory cues, success of larva in capturing aphid affected by plant structure, aphid species, predator age, hunger level, genetics, intraspecific competition, patches, area restricted search, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, turning frequency, lab video and image analyser study, methods, optimal foraging, coccinellid may be able to recognise prey visually at 1 cm distant, no olfactory cues currently known, reports of chemical marking of plants by larvae to avoid re-searching require confirmation, palpal contact is enough to reject some distasteful prey, prey preference, prey selection, trophic behaviour, honeydew can increase duration of intensive search, kairomones, semiochemicals, Stethorus has a weak preference for Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae, Acari, mites, the search mode ie extensive or area restricted on finding a prey can depend on what food the larva had previously eaten, so trophic conditioning in Coccinellidae can affect prey preference and searching activity, in spring Coccinella 7-punctata are found on lower parts of wheat plants ie the warmest stratum, and aphids higher up the plant can escape, vertical stratification, cereals, Gramineae, microclimate, C.7-punctata in wheat in spring is active mainly at midday, but later in year searching is for much longer periods and may be more related to feeding opportunities than diel cycles, plant-related aspects of coccinellid species composition and searching behaviour, III and IV instar C.7-punctata larvae cannot get into the space between stem and ear of wheat where Rhopalosiphum padi hide, prey refuges, functional responses, but searching efficiency depends on prey distribution, ie at low prey density C.7-punctata is most efficient if prey are uniformly distributed but at high prey density most efficient when prey are aggregated, sibling cannibalism, intraspecific mutual interference causes ladybirds to fall off a plant, switch from intensive to extensive search and stop feeding, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1029
Author: Ferran, A.; Iperti, G.; Lapchin, L.; Lyon, J. P.; Rabasse, J. M.
Year: 1986
Title: The efficiency of aphidophagous predators in cereal crops: A new approach
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Pages: 423-428
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predation, quantifying larval efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3363
Author: Ferran, A.; Iperti, G.; Lapchin, L.; Rabasse, J. M.
Year: 1991
Title: La localisation, le comportement et les relations "proie- predateur" chez Coccinella septempunctata dans un champ de ble
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36
Issue: 2)
Pages: 213-225
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep., localisation, behaviour and predator prey relationships for C.7-punctata in a wheat field, Gramineae, cereals, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, France, seasonal changes in vertical distribution, migration, dispersal, movement, daytime observations, in spring larvae and adults remained close to ground, by June they were on upper parts of tillers where the aphids were, their vertical stratification corresponded with that of the aphids, 1987, 15 km from sea, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Diuraphis noxia, Russian wheat aphid


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6008
Author: Ferrari, J.; Darby, A.C.; Daniell, T.J.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Douglas, A.E.
Year: 2004
Title: Linking the bacterial community in pea aphids with host-plant use and natural enemy resistance
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 29
Pages: 60-65
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, pathogens, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius eadyi, entomopathogens, pathogenic fungi, Pandora neoaphidis (= Erynia neoaphidis), Entomophthorales, secondary symbiont bacteria, accessory bacteria, proteobacteria, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, host resistance to parasitism,  aphids carrying certain types of symbionts were more resistant to the effects of parasitoids and pathogens, 47 aphid clones from Vicia, Trifolium, Lotus and Pisum, Leguminosae, UK, methods, DNA techniques, PCR, T-RFLP, bacterial composition varied with plany type,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5462
Author: Ferrer, F.
Year: 2001
Title: Biological control of agricultural insect pests in Venezuela; advances, achievements, and future perspectives
Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Volume: 22(3)
Pages: 67-74
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Keywords: Rep., South America, Table of introductions and releases of biocontrol agents, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, pathogens, microbial pesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, baculovirus, Chrysoperla, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, fruit, trees, orchards, Gramineae, cotton, sugarcane, maize, cereals, potato, tomato, brassicas, classical biological control, tachinid Amazonian fly Lydella minense used commercially (7 million released 1981-92) against sugarcane borer, Diatraea spp., Lepidoptera, Diptera, Tachinidae, almost complete biocontrol of citrus blackfly by an introduced parasitoid, substantial control of five Diatraea spp. By Cotesia flavipes, 129 million Telenomus remus (Scelionidae) have been released against Spodoptera frugiperda on 11845 ha maize 1979-99 and enabled 80% reduction in pesticide use, there are 120,000 ha sugarcane, froghopper Cercopidae Aeneolamia varia is controlled on sugarcane with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on 87,000 ha 1986-90, on sorghum 19 million T. remus plus 267,000 Trichogramma species were released against caterpillars (especially S. frugiperda) which reduced pest control costs by $23/ha 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4844
Author: Ferrero, F.
Year: 1985
Title: A precious forest auxiliary insect: Calosoma sycophanta
Journal: Phytoma
Volume: 370
Pages: 28
Alternate Journal: Phytoma
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, trees, forest, woodland, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth, Thaumetopoea processionea, Tortrix viridana,  in oak forests in southern France, adult Calosoma live for several years and larvae live in the soil, adults climb up trunks right to the tops of trees and are active fliers, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, adults can attack prey much larger than themselves, one adult was observed to climb a tree, grab an L. dispar larva, fall to the ground with it, partly consume it, then repeat this 5 times, in situ visual observation, methods, appear to hunt by olfaction rather than vision, they can attack other carabids, hyperpredation, intraguild predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, estimated that a pair of C. sycophanta can consume several hundred caterpillars, predation rates, consumption rates, Carabus auronitens is common in french forests
Notes: Fr.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1072
Author: Fet, V. Y.
Year: 1979
Title: Ecology of gall-forming aphids (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) and a complex of invertebrates linked to them on the pistachio (Pistacia vera)
Journal: Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR
Volume: Ser. Biol. Nauk 0
Pages: 67-70
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, nuts, natural enemies, biological control, predation, gall aphids Forda hirsuta and Slavum lentiscoides are main pests in pistachio woods, main enemy is monophagous Pyralidae larva Alophia combustella, Lepidoptera, very high density of predators and high predator-prey ratio


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1977
Author: Fewkes, D. W.
Year: 1958
Title: The biology and feeding habits of some British Nabidae
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Stalia major fed in light and dark, feeding behaviour, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1676
Author: Fewkes, D. W.
Year: 1960
Title: The food requirements by weight of some British Nabidae (Heteroptera)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 3
Pages: 231-237
Keywords: En.
UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Hemiptera, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1675
Author: Fewkes, D. W.
Year: 1961
Title: Diel vertical movements in some grassland Nabidae (Heteroptera)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 97
Pages: 128-130
Keywords: En.
UK, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, vertical distribution, behaviour, dispersal, migration, diel cycles, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 837
Author: Ffrench-Constant, R. H.; Devonshire, A. L.
Year: 1987
Title: A multiple homogenizer for rapid sample preparation in immunoassays and electrophoresis
Journal: Biochemical Genetics
Volume: 25
Pages: 493-499
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, perspex rods fit into 96 well immunoplate, 8 channel Finnpipette to transfer homogenate, claims OK even for hard bodied insects, reduces sample preparation from 180 to 22 mins, no contamination of wells, ELISA, evaluated for electrophoresis of resistant Myzus persicae, available from Biotech Instruments Ltd


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3491
Author: Ffrench-Constant, R. H.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Soil contact toxicity of insecticides to the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30
Issue: 3)
Pages: 271-278
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, pesticides, earwigs confined on sprayed soil surfaces in lab, pirimicarb had no effect on 2nd instars or adults, 2nd instar more susceptible to dimethoate and cypermethrin than adult, in June 83% of earwigs collected by nocturnal sweeping of winter wheat had fed on aphids, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, food, diet, predation, gamma HCH, DDT, dimethoate and fenitrothion were toxic to 2nd instars at well below field rates, cypermethrin and deltamethrin caused 100% and 80% knockdown for 48h after which 50% recovered, carbamate, organophosphorus, organochlorine insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2935
Author: Fichter, B. L.; Stephen, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Time-related decay of prey antigens ingested by arboreal spiders as detected by ELISA
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 1583-1587
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, trees, forests, USA, biological control, polyphagous predators known to be important in regulating 4 species of Lepidoptera larvae, including Douglas-fir tussock-moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata, larvae in dishes with spiders, Araneae, apparently consumed, Tribolium larvae used as an alternate food during detection period, Salticidae, Thomisidae, only 75% positive at To, but may have killed prey and not eaten it, no decline in % positive over 12 days, this was not affected by alternative food, except where a lot eaten, digestion rate was more rapid if more prey was eaten so that detection period remained about the same


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2947
Author: Fichter, B. L.; Stephen, W. P.
Year: 1979
Title: Selection and use of host-specific antigens
Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 25-33
Keywords: En.
Rep., describes message amplification principle of ELISA inherent in enzyme action, methods, serology, preparing specific antigens for Douglas-fir tussock moth, pests, Lepidoptera, haemolymph drawn out and also from 15 other caterpillar species in the area, an antiserum prepared and this reacted in agarose by immunoelectrophoresis with the lepidopteran soup of other species and the bands that reacted compared with bands that react with DFTM antigens to enable bands specific to DFTM to be picked out, then 11 runs done and the appropriate band picked out and injected into a rabbit, antiserum reacted 1:262000 with DFTM and 1:128 with pooled other lepidopteran antigens, therefore very sensitive and specific


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2984
Author: Fichter, B. L.; Stephen, W. P.
Year: 1981
Title: Time-related decay in prey antigens ingested by the predator Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) as detected by ELISA
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 51
Pages: 404-407
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, serology, methods, Podisus fed a tussock moth larva, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, concentration of prey antigen as determined by ELISA declined at a linear rate over 7 days, 50% were positive after 3 days at 24C, at time zero 80% were positive, authors suggest there was some killing without feeding, moulting did not affect the detection period, great variability in optical density of the trial animals, large numbers of predators were required for testing, error analysis ascribed the bulk of the variability to the organisms rather than the test system, wasteful killing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1152
Author: Field, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Guild structure in solitary spider-hunting wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) compared with null model predictions
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 17
Pages: 198-208
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Norfolk Breckland, UK, pitfalls, water traps, phenology, abundance, prey type, prey size, behaviour, distribution, prey to family, Agelenidae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae, Pisauridae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Zoridae, microhabitats, guild definitions, 24 species, interspecific competition may have helped to determine guild structure, problems with null models


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 940
Author: Fielding, M.
Year: 1955
Title: The parasites and predators of aphids in Australia
Journal: Circ. Soc. Ent. Sydney
Volume: 36
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Cecidomyiidae, Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3619
Author: Finch, S.
Year: 1996
Title: A review of the progress made to control the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) using parasitoids
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 227-239
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pests, Diptera, field vegetables, arable, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera, main parasitoid is the eucoilid Trybliographa rapae, brassicas, it attacks three larval instars, and causes up to 60% parasitism of overwintering pupae, Aleochara bilineata and Aleochara bipustulata parasitise the pupae, the former is commoner, they regularly cause 20-30% parasitism and up to 60%, A.bilineata can be a predator ans a parasitoid, A.bipustulata prefers to attack bean seed fly Delia platura, a suggested control strategy is to put meal around brassica plants to attract D.platura, then A.bipustulata which will also attack D.radicum, the other parasitoids come along later, alternative strategy is inundative release of A.bilineata early in season, habitat manipulation, flowering plants at edge of field might increase fecundity of T.rapae, beetle banks might be useful refuge for A.bipustulata, undersowing with clover reduces the effectiveness of A.bilineata which likes bare ground between plants but slightly enhances T.rapae, farming practices, methods, habitat preference, brassicas are short-season and D.radicum attacks early so natural enemies need to be rapidly effective, difficulties of mass-rearing parasitoids eg poor host switching, eg parasitoids reared on onion fly can give a poor percentage parasitism of D.radicum, culturing, mass production, cost of biocontrol compares favourably with insecticides, economics, pesticides, released A.bilineata disperse at 6.5 m per day, distribution, dispersal rates, migration, movement, mortality of competing parasitoids in multiparasitised pupae varies from 35-87% depending on time of attack of second parasitoid, when beetle larva attacks a small pupa with the wasp larva still inside both parasitoids die, but if the wasp larva has moved to feed externally it usually outcompetes the beetle, interactions between natural enemies, parasitoids are more susceptible to soil insecticides than D.radicum, ploughing and organic soils are also detrimental


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4232
Author: Finch, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of beetle size on predation of cabbage root fly eggs by ground beetles
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 81
Pages: 199-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, brassicas, field vegetables, arable, UK, laboratory study on number of eggs eaten by 60 carabid species, prey size selection, trophic behaviour, relationship between beetle length and egg consumption rate, maximum number of eggs was eaten by 7 species of Agonum, 5 species of Amara, 7 species of Bembidion, some Pterostichus were too large to feed on eggs, species list with collection site, non-hungry beetles tested, eggs on filter paper in plastic boxes and a beetle added


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4771
Author: Finch, S.; Collier, R.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Host-plant selection by insects - a theory based on 'appropriate/inappropriate landings' by pest insects of cruciferous plants
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 96
Pages: 91-102
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., seven hypotheses, resource concentration hypothesis, enemies hypothesis, review. Insects land indiscriminately on green but avoid brown., then host planr selection is determined by volatile plant chemicals, followed by visual stimuli, followed by non-volatile plant chemicals. Herbivores, phytophages, behaviour, distribution, movement. This theory will help to optimise the use of intercropping, undersowing and companion planting for pest control. Cruciferae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1300
Author: Finch, S.; Eickenrode, C. J.; Cadoux, M. E.
Year: 1986
Title: Behaviour of onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in commercial onion fields treated regularly with parathion sprays
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 79
Issue: 1)
Pages: 107-113
Keywords: En.
pests, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, field vegetables, USA, Allium


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3157
Author: Finch, S.; Elliott, M. S.
Year: 1992
Title: Carabidae as potential biological agents for controlling infestations of the cabbage root fly
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 20
Issue: suppl.
Pages: 67-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, field vegetables, brassicas, Diptera, Delia radicum, lab tests suggest medium size beetles eg Bembidion tetracolum, Amara familiaris and Agonum dorsale better egg predators than either small eg Bembidion lampros and Trechus quadristriatus or large eg Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius ones, A. dorsale survived 1 month without food, is not killed by P. melanarius, aggregates, eats large numbers of eggs and larvae and is not cannibalistic, trophic behaviour, distribution, predators of predators, consumption rates, greenhouse trials with B. tetracolum suggested 2 beetles per plant needed for control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4793
Author: Finch, S.; Elliott, M.S.
Year: 1992
Title: Predation of cabbage root fly eggs by Carabidae 
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: 15(4)
Pages: 176-183
Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, laboratory feeding trials, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, vegetables, intermediate sized beetles were more effective egg predators than small or large ones, oophagy, Agonum dorsale could be a good predator because it can survive for a month without food, is not killed by Pterostichus melanarius, aggregates, eats many cabbage root fly eggs and larvae, is carnivorous but not cannibalistic. Greenhouse trials with Bembidion tetracolum showed that 2 per plant could control a bad fly infestation, but this species was not effective in the field. Intraguild predation trials in petri dishes, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Nebria brevicollis, Harpalus rufipes, methods for enclosing beetles near plants for trials of efficacy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3143
Author: Finch, S.; Jones, T. H.
Year: 1987
Title: Interspecific competition during host plant selection by insect pests of cruciferous crops
Journal: In "Insects-Plants" Ed. by Labeyrie, V., Fabres, G., and Lachaise, D., Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht
Pages: 85-90
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, host plant selection by Delia radicum affected by Pieris, Plutella, frass, Brevicoryne brassicae, behaviour, field vegetables, brassicas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, aphids, Hemiptera, UK, semiochemicals, Diptera, cabbage root fly


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2855
Author: Finch, S.; Skinner, G.; Freeman, G. H.
Year: 1978
Title: Distribution and analysis of cabbage root fly pupal populations
Journal: Annals of Apllied Biology
Volume: 88
Pages: 351-356
Keywords: En.
Rep., index of aggregation b of Taylors Power Law was constant at 1.3 for CRF pupae in UK and Canada, variance = mean for Poisson, variance greater than mean when there is aggregation, gives formula for calculating number of samples needed for a given precision of sampling using coefficient of variation ie standard deviation divided by mean, also b of Taylors Power Law, methods, statistics, distribution, dispersion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3715
Author: Fincke, O. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Population regulation of a tropical damselfly in the larval stage by food limitation, cannibalism, intraguild predation and habitat drying
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 100
Pages: 118-127
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, cannibalism is a common cause of mortality, survivorship, population dynamics, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2273
Author: Fink, L. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Green lynx spider egg sacs: sources of mortality and the function of female guarding (Araneae: Oxypodidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Issue: 2)
Pages: 231-239
Keywords: En.
predators, eggsacs attacked by ants and parasitised by mantispids, but the spiders guard the sacs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5361
Author: Finke, D.L.; Denno, R.F.
Year: 2002
Title: Intraguild predation diminished in complex-structured vegetation: implications for prey suppression
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(3)
Pages: 643-652
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., IGP, interactions between natural enemies, USA, habitat complexity, vegetation complexity, salt marsh, Prokelisia planthoppers, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, prey, herbivores, spiders, Pardosa littoralis, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, implications for biological control, Heteroptera, Miridae bug predator Tytthus vagus, bugs ate planthopper eggs, oophagy, spiders ate planthoppers and mirids, asymmetric IGP, estuarine system, Spartina alterniflora, more leaf litter (thatch) accumulates at higher elevations, abundance, Pardosa can reach densities of 600 m-2, consumption rates, Pardosa can consume 70 planthoppers per day, lab mesocosm experiments, functional responses with Pardosa and 2 prey (hopper & mirid), lab mesocosm experiments of effects of habitat complexity (thatch present or absent) on prey suppression in the IGP system, densities of predators in field by D-vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, thatch biomass determined in field, in the lab planthoppers survived significantly better when both predators were present than if only mirids were present, interference, antagonistic interaction, mirids alone were very effective in planthopper suppression, in the lab mirids were more vulnerable to spider attack than were planthoppers (probably because mirids were more active), when both predators were present prey suppression was greater in mesocosms with thatch than in those without thatch (87% difference), probably because thatch was a refuge for mirids, in the field there were more mirids per spider in locations with thatch present, predators may aggregate in complex-structured habitats to reduce mortality by IGP, planthopper outbreaks are rarer in complex than in simple habitats, agroecosystem habitat management techniques could be developed to reduce IGP and improve biological control of pests, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5536
Author: Finke, D.L.; Denno, R.F.
Year: 2003
Title: Intra-guild predation relaxes natural enemy impacts on herbivore populations
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 28
Pages: 67-73
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Spartina cordgrass, salt marsh, USA, Pardosa littoralis, Lycosidae, Araneae, Tytthus vagus, Miridae, predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, herbivore prey Prokelisia planthoppers, Hemiptera, spiders reduced the abundance of mirids in field experiments, planthopper by spiders alone was greater than for mirids plus spiders, all this applies only to simple structure habitats lacking leaf litter, experimental units were 2.5m2 salt marsh islets surrounded by water, islets were defaunated and had dead vegetation removed before start of experiment, methods, reference that leaf litter dampens the negative effects of spiders on bugs and therefore increases the predation pressure on planthoppers, habitat structural complexity, alternative prey were available on the islets, herbivore and natural enemy community on Spartina is similar to that in Asian rice, cereals, Gramineae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 101
Author: Finlayson, D. G.; Campbell, C. J.
Year: 1976
Title: Carabid and staphylinid beetles from agricultural land in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia
Journal: Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia.
Volume: 73
Pages: 10-20
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1297
Author: Finlayson, D. G.; Mackenzie, J. R. Campbell C. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Interactions of insecticides, a carabid predator, a staphylinid parasite, and cabbage maggots in cauliflower
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 789-794
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, brassicas, pests, field vegetables, Diptera, cabbage root fly, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1608
Author: Finnegan, R. J.
Year: 1974
Title: Ants as predators of forest pests
Journal: Entomophaga Memoires hors Serie
Volume: 7
Pages: 53-59
Keywords: En.
Rep., Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, Formica rufa, red wood ant group, some species are very good predators, numerous, hunt at all levels of forest, active for 200 day per year, active throughout 24 hours, attack all stages of prey, individuals take food back to nest, no resting after food capture, specialise in a prey type when it starts to become abundant, if no live food present can subsist on aphid honeydew, pests, Hemiptera, vertical distribution, dispersal, behaviour, foraging, food diet, diel activity, functional response, efficiency, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3818
Author: Firbank, L. G.; Arnold, H. R.; Eversham, B. C.; Mountford, J. O. Radford G. L. Telfer M. G. Treweek J. R. Webb N. R. C.; Wells, T. C. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Managing set-aside land for wildlife
Journal: ITE Research Publication No. 7, NERC
Volume: 7
Pages: 146 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, conservation, management, rotational and non-rotational, rare arable weeds and birds, Aves, Vertebrata, field margins, natural regeneration and sown clover, long-term habitat restoration, various types of grassland, Gramineae, enhancing wildlife, farming practices, agricultural statistics, bees, Hymenoptera, natural enemies of aphids, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, butterflies, Lepidoptera, species lists of weeds classified according to degree of rarity, methods, list of native grasses that give good swards, inclusion of selected wildflower seeds species listed, list of grass/forb species to create chalk or limestone grassland, and for acid grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5943
Author: Firbank, L.G.; Smart, S.M.; Crabb, J.; Critchley, C.N.R.; Fowbert, J.W.; Fuller, R.J.; Gladders, P.; Green, D.B.; Henderson, I.; Hill, M.O.
Year: 2003
Title: Agronomic and ecological costs and benefits of set-aside in England
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 95
Pages: 73-85
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, 11% arable land set-aside under EU Common Agricultural Policy, CAP, natural regeneration, non-food crops, sown grass covers, Gramineae, agricultural statistics, farming practices, landscape, invertebrate pests more frequent in crops than neighbouring set-aside, abundance, distribution, methods, biodiversity, national survey of farmer practice and opinions, 1842 replies to questionnaire, botanical assessments on 200 farms, pest assessment on 100 fields, Hemiptera, aphids, Mollusca, Limacidae, slugs, Diptera, frit fly, wheat bulb fly, gout fly, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, Delia coarctata, Chlorops pumilionis, birds surveyed on 155 farms, Vertebrata, Aves, crop plant diseases assayed for 69 sites, older set-aside sites developed wildflowers and perennial grasses, weeds, there were gradients of disease from set-aside into crop fields but no evidence that these were caused by set-aside, powdery mildew, septoria leaf blotch, birds preferred set-aside to crop fields, bird density 9-fold greater on set-aside (probably due to aggregation rather than reproduction), dispersal, migration, movement, there were gradients of overall invertebrate abundance (in pitfalls) from set-aside into crops, overall agronomic costs of set-aside are low and this coincides with farmer perceptions,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1095
Author: Firempong, S.; Kumar, R.
Year: 1975
Title: Natural enemies of Toxoptera aurantii (Boy)(Homoptera: Aphididae) on cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Biol. J. Linn. Soc.
Volume: 7
Pages: 261-292
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Africa, trees, plantations, biological control, Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, predators, sleeve cages, exclusion methods, detail about predator and prey behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6003
Author: Firle, S.; Bommarco, R.; Ekbom, B.; Natiello, M.
Year: 1998
Title: The influence of movement and resting behavior on the range of three carabid beetles
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 79(6)
Pages: 2113-2122
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, population dynamics, spatially explicit individual-based model for Pterostichus cupreus (= Poecilus cupreus), Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger, data on beetle movement in the field used in the model, diffusion gave a good fit for population spread at large scales (hundreds of metres) and time periods (several seasons) but biased random walk was better fit at scale of about 1 m, area was thoroughly searched in circular expansion pattern, these beetles rarely fly but P. cupreus and P. melanarius have developed wings, P. cupreus is a diurnal summer breeder with hibernating larvae and lives 2-3 years, diel cycles, phenology, voltinism, the other species are nocturnal autumn breeders, methods, marked beetles tracked with harmonic radar and resting periods within overall activity period also quantified, active period 8 h day-1 but 78% of this time resting, field observations showed P. melanarius movement rate not affected by aphid density but the other species moved less at high aphid density than at low, pests, Hemiptera, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2436
Author: Fischer, I.; Chambon, J. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Faunistic inventory of cereal arthropods after flowering and incidence of insecticide treatments with deltamethrin dimethoate and phosalone on the epigeal fauna
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 52
Pages: 201-211
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1633
Author: Fitt, B. D. L.; McCartney, H. A.; Walklate, P. J.
Year: 1989
Title: The role of rain in dispersal of pathogen inoculum
Journal: Annual Review of Phytopathology
Volume: 27
Pages: 241-270
Keywords: En.
fungal diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4175
Author: Fitt, P.; Mares, C. L.; Llewellyn, D. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 4
Pages: 535-548
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, crop expressing Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, pathogens, disease, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, good efficacy of plants against field populations of Helicoverpa, Heliothis, but less expression as plants senesced, larger caterpillar instars survived but at slow growth rate, sub-lethal effects, microbial insecticides and host plant resistance, risk of resistance, plants were heavily attacked by Miridae which would formerly have been controlled by broad spectrum anti-Helicoverpa insecticides, pesticides, increase in importance of minor pests, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, fewer Helicoverpa eggs on transgenic plants, there was a high density of lacewings, spiders and the predatory beetle Lauis bellulus, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, 250 species of predators are found in Australian cotton, biodiversity, species richness, natural enemy community, Bt resistance has evolved in field populations of Plutella xylostella, resistance management could be by use of seed mixtures to give both normal and transgenic plants in the field, a refuge area of 10% of total crop area should avert resistance according to simulations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 288
Author: Fitton, M. G.
Year: 1975
Title: The larvae of the British genera of Cantharidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: J. Ent.(B)
Volume: 44
Pages: 243-254
Keywords: En.
Rep, key, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 289
Author: Fitton, M. G.
Year: 1982
Title: A fungus attacking the soldier beetle Rhagonycha fulva (Coleoptera : Cantharidae) in southern England
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 33
Pages: 215-219
Keywords: En.
Entomophthora
Rep, pathogens, callows


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2233
Author: Fitton, M. G.; Shaw, M. R.; Austin, A. D.
Year: 1987
Title: The Hymenoptera associated with spiders in Europe
Journal: Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society.
Volume: 90
Pages: 65-93
Keywords: En.
Pardosa pullata
Rep., Araneae, parasites, eggs, cocoons, behaviour, hosts, external, spiders as prey for Sphecidae and Pompilidae, hyperparasites, fly larvae feeding on spider eggs, predators, Diptera, Acrodactyla degener common on British Linyphiidae, Gelis, Idris, Lycosidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2300
Author: Fitton, M. G.; Shaw, M. R.; Gauld, I. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Pimpline ichneumon flies: Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae)
Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects (Royal Entomological Society of London)
Volume: 7
Issue: 1)
Keywords: En.
Parasites, spider egg parasites, Araneae, predators, structure, systemati cs, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2708
Author: Fitton, M. G.; Shaw, M. R.; Gauld, I. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Pimpline Ichneumon Flies
Journal: Handbk Ident Br Insects
Volume: 7
Issue: 1)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2946
Author: Fitzgerald, J. D.; Solomon, M. G.; Murray, R. A.
Year: 1986
Title: The quantitative assessment of arthropod predation rates by electrophoresis
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 109
Pages: 491-498
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, vertical polyacrylamide gel slabs, Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae as test animals, pests, trees, orchards, top fruit, Acari, Tetranychidae, fruit tree red spider mite, two spotted spider mite, no loss of enzyme activity for up to 1 year at -20C, band intensity measured with scanning densitometer, integration of area under curve for a given band, P. ulmi showed 2 main stained bands, one of the bands showed a non-linear response between sample concentration, staining time and densitometer reading, whereas the second band showed linear relationships, in P.ulmi and T.urticae it is the most densely staining bands that behave non-linearly and these are the most useful bands because they show up well, cause of non-linearity not known, need to pick a band where there is a linear response between densitometer reading and sample concentration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1910
Author: Flaherty, D.
Year: 1969
Title: Ecosystem trophic complexity and Willamette mite Eotetranychus willameti (Acarina: Tetranychidae) densities
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 50
Pages: 911-916
Keywords: En.
Acari, pests, spider mites, weeds provide increased numbers of natural enemies, diversity, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3673
Author: Flanders, S. E.
Year: 1942
Title: Oosorption and ovulation in relation to oviposition in the parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 35
Pages: 251-266
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, physiology, trophic behaviour, hydropic parasitoid eggs have a trophic membrane that causes the egg to increase enormously in size, by absorption of host fluids allowing embryo development in Braconidae, in some hydropic species the oviducts are adapted to store a large number of eggs, structure, in some species when hosts are lacking oosorption occurs at the same rate as oogenesis, this means that a fairly constant number of eggs reach maturity each day and the female is able to exercise restraint in oviposition and choice of hosts, oosorption therefore plays a part in host selection and the efficiency of parasitization, anhydropic species need to host-feed for continued egg development, in some Pteromalidae that attack the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica obligatory host feeding must precede oviposition, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, pests, Leguminosae, USA, in most anhydropic species oogenesis may proceed until the death of the female, in some species lack of sperms in the spermatheca tends to inhibit oviposition, Metaphycus helvolus is an efficient parasitoid of black scale in California, it host-feeds before oviposition and oosorption takes a few hours but oogenesis takes 3 days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 942
Author: Flanders, S. E.
Year: 1947
Title: Elements of host discovery exemplified by parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 299-309
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3402
Author: Flanders, S. E.
Year: 1953
Title: Predatism by the adult hymenopterous parasite and its role in biological control
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 46
Pages: 541-544
Keywords: En.
Rep., hosts destroyed by mutilation are usually too small to receive a parasitoid egg, host-feeding takes longer than oviposition and so host feeders suffer more from ant interference where ants attend honeydew-producing pests, host feeding may be detrimental to maintenance of the parasitoid population, young stages of Myzus persicae are killed by Aphelinus host feeding, at low host population density host feeding activity by Metaphycus helvolus can drastically reduce the population of black scale, 75% of parasitoid-induced mortality of black scale by M.helvolus was by host feeding, other similar examples given, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2904
Author: Fletcher, B. S.; Kapatos, E.; Southwood, T. R. E.
Year: 1981
Title: A modification of the Lincoln Index for estimating the population densities of mobile insects
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 397-400
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Dacus oleae, olive fly, Diptera, in olive groves in Corfu, pests, over 24 hours could be immigration and emigration, rate of loss of marked flies was calculated and incorporated into the Lincoln Index as a correction factor, migration, movement, dispersal, distribution, mark-release-recapture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 570
Author: Fletcher, R. K.; Thomas, F. L.
Year: 1943
Title: Natural control of eggs and first instar larvae of Heliothis armigera
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology.
Volume: 36
Pages: 557-560
Keywords: En.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, pests, Lepidoptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2556
Author: Flinn, P. W.; Hower, A. A.; Taylor, R. A. J.
Year: 1985
Title: Preference of Reduviolus americoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) for potato leafhopper nymphs and pea aphids
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 117
Issue: 12)
Pages: 1503-1508
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 86
Author: Flint, J. H.
Year: 1956
Title: An aggregation of Agonum dorsale
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 92
Pages: 408
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2437
Author: Flint, M. L.; Roberts, P. A.
Year: 1988
Title: Using crop diversity to manage pest problems: some California examples
Journal: American Journal of Alternative Agriculture
Volume: 3
Pages: 164-167
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3487
Author: Floate, K. D.; Doane, J. F.; Gillott, C.
Year: 1990
Title: Carabid predators of the wheat midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Saskatchewan
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 1503-1511
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, serology, immunoelectro-osmophoresis, methods, cereals, Gramineae, Canada, 14 species ate Sitodiplosis mosellana, midge larvae in soil and on soil surface where they are exposed to predation, spring wheat, predators collected by pooter, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, feeding trials in lab, trophic behaviour, food, diet, carabid density from handsort and salt flotation of soil samples, cross-reactions and detection periods, in lab smaller beetles ate more in relation to their body weight than did larger beetles, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Bembidion obscurellum, Agonum placidum and Pterostichus corvus killed 9, 15, 43, 48 larvae per day in lab, females of two species killed and ate more than males, sex, Bembidion killed 1.6 - 3.0 times more than they consumed, wasteful killing, partial consumption, about 10 species in soil samples, densities 0.2- 17.5 m-2, Bembidion dominant, no cross-reactions with Dolichopodidae or Sciaridae, Bembidion were main midge consumers n field, % positive for Bembidion was highest for species 4.5 mm long and less for smaller and larger beetles, estimated minimum and maximum daily predation rates using Dempster and Rothschild methods (as did Sunderland & Sutton, Winder et al), maximum was 86 m-2 day-1 estimated to reduce midge population by 11%, but nocturnal predation may have been underestimated here, up to 50% of the few carabid larvae tested had eaten midge larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4611
Author: Floren, A.; Linsenmair, K.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Non-equilibrium communities of Coleoptera in trees in a lowland rain forest of Borneo
Journal: Ecotropica
Volume: 4(1-2)
Pages: 55-67
Alternate Journal: Ecotropica
Keywords: Rep., Kinabalu NP, tree-specific canopy fogging, methods, woodland, forest, 100 m2 cotton roofs were fitted over trees to exclude beetles falling from other trees of the higher canopy, three tree species studied, chemical knockdown, insecticides, pesticides, relative proportion of Coleoptera remained at 5% despite large variation in total arthropod abundance, 96% of beetle species represented by less than 10 species and 60% were singletons, 485 species of Chrysomelidae and 257 of Curculionidae, weevils, species richness, biodiversity, re-fogging experiments showed that Coleoptera distribution patterns of initially fogged versus re-fogged trees were similar for nearly all species, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community structure  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2759
Author: Fluckiger, C. R.; Kristinsson, H.; Senn, R.; Rindlisbacher, A. Buholzer H.; Voss, G.
Year: 1992
Title: CGA 215'944 - a novel agent to control aphids and whiteflies
Journal: Bcpc ?
Pages: 5-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, pesticides, insecticides, Ciba- Geigy, novel class of insecticide causing insects to stop feeding and die, behaviour, antifeedant, in lab was safe to Orius majusculus, Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella 7- punctata, Amblyseius fallacis, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, may be more selective than pirimicarb, systemic and translaminar, controls resistant homopterans, insecticide resistance, aphids take a few days to die but stop feeding in a few hours, vegetables, ornamentals, cotton, arable, deciduous fruit, citrus, trees, orchards


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2760
Author: Fluckiger, C. R.; Senn, R.; Buholzer, H.
Year: 1992
Title: CGA 215'944 - opportunities for use in vegetables
Journal: Bcpc ?
Pages: 13-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, pesticides, insecticides, Ciba- Geigy, novel class of insecticide causing insects to stop feeding and die, behaviour, antifeedant, may be more selective than pirimicarb, systemic and translaminar, controls resistant homopterans, insecticide resistance, aphids take a few days to die but stop feeding in a few hours, vegetables, ornamentals, cotton, arable, deciduous fruit, citrus, trees, orchards, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, brassicas, Leguminosae, potato


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 934
Author: Fluke, C. L.
Year: 1929
Title: The known predacious and parasitic enemies of the pea aphid in North America
Journal: Res. Bull. Wisc. agric. Exp. Stn.
Volume: 93
Pages: 47 pp
Keywords: En.
USA, peas and alfalfa, pests, Hemiptera, legumes, Acyrthosiphon pisum, biological control, natural enemies, predators, parasitoids, Acari, mites, Allothrombium pulvinus, Neuroptera, lacewings, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Reduviidae Sinea diadema, Nabis ferus, Nabis subcoleoptratus, Nabidae, Eustilbus apicalis Phalacridae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Cantharidae, Podabrus tomentosus, Podabrus rugulosus, Cantharis lineola, Cantharis carolinus, Aphidoletes, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Aphidius, Praon


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 571
Author: Foelix, R. F.
Year: 1982
Title: Biology of Spiders
Journal: Harvard University Press.
Pages: 306 pp book
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, review, natural enemies, description of moulting, functional anatomy, metabolism, neurobiology, spider webs, location of prey and prey capture, reproduction, ecology, development, phylogeny and systematics, more than 25000 species, Linyphiidae has 3500 species exceeded only by Salticidae at 4000, the tarsal organ, a pit under each tarsus, might be a humidity receptor, midgut diverticulae in the prosoma, opisthosoma and legs, scavenging occurs regularly in some Lycosidae, some species are specialist ant hunters, development is from pre-larva to larva (using yolk as food) then nymph to adults (requiring food), most spiders of temperate regions live only one year, Mimetidae (Pirate spiders) feed exclusively on other spiders, kleptoparasitism, Pompilidae hunt spiders exclusively and Sphecidae (mud daubers) hunt spiders and insects, there is a limited degree of food specialisation in Pompilidae in respect of the spider family hunted, Sphecidae attack mainly web-spiders, one female sphecid can catch 100-300 spiders per summer, Ichneumonidae attack spiders and eggs, Diptera parasites of spider eggs found in Chloropidae, Asilidae and Sarcophagidae, ant mimicry, structure, systematics, classification, taxonomy, foraging, trophic behaviour, predation, voltinism, hyperpredation, carrion feeding, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, prey capture rates, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1984
Author: Foissner, W.
Year: 1992
Title: Comparative studies on the soil life in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands of Austria
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 207-218
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, farming practices, 13 paired sites, no large differences for Protozoa, higher biiological activity in ecofarmed caused by more humus and less compaction, more organic matter in ecofarmed, detrimental effect of conventional is greater in semi- arid regions than where there is mixed farming with livestock, also data on numbers and biomass of Nematoda, earthworms, bacteria and fungi, Lumbricidae, Annelida, grain and vegetable fields and vineyards, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1059
Author: Fol'kina, M. Y.
Year: 1978
Title: On the species composition of spider predators of fruit aphids in gardens of the Zalisk Alatau
Journal: Izvestiia Akademia Nauk Kazakhskoi SRR, Seriia Biologicheskaia
Volume: 2
Pages: 23-29
Keywords: Russ.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, trees, pests, Hemiptera, 43 species preying on aphids, Aphis pomi, Hyalopterus pruni, Dysaphis reaumuri, apple, pear, plum, apricot, reed, natural enemies, biological control, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5208
Author: Foltyn, S.; Gerling, D.
Year: 1985
Title: The parasitoids of the aleyrodid Bemisia tabaci in Israel: development, host preference and discrimination of the aphelinid wasp Eretmocerus mundus
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 38
Pages: 255-260
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pests, whiteflies, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, biological control, Bemisia argentifolii, Aphelinidae, Hymenoptera, rearing on cotton, culturing, 25C, development rate, behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2104
Author: Foott, W. H.
Year: 1974
Title: Observations on Coccinellidae in cornfields in Essex County, Ontario
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
Volume: 104
Pages: 16-21.
Keywords: Beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, predators, predation, aphids, corn, cereals.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 291
Author: Forbes, S. A.
Year: 1883
Title: The food relations of the Carabidae and Coccinellidae. III
Journal: State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull.
Volume: 1
Pages: 33-64
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, predation, not much use


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4123
Author: Force, D. C.
Year: 1974
Title: Ecology of insect host-parasitoid communities
Journal: Science
Volume: 184
Pages: 624-632
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, community, Cecidomyiidae midge Rhopalomyia californica galling coyote brush, Diptera, 12 species of parasitoid attack it, gives parasitoid trophic web, multiparasitism and hyperparasitism, glasshouse studies of effectiveness of each species alone and in combination with other species, primary parasitoids with high rates of increase were very effective, interspecific competition, population dynamics, Tetrastichus by itself achieved 100% parasitism over 100 days, but when other parasitoid species were added total parasitism dropped below 80%, but although Tetrastichus has a high reproductive rate it is usually the least dominant species under natural conditions, Zatropis prefers to hyperparasitise Tetrastichus rather than oviposit on host larvae, foraging behaviour, in field studies Platygaster, although a poor competitor, is usually the commonest species, it is the only egg parasitoid of R.californica and c. 80% of eggs are attacked by it, total % parasitism changes very little with season even though the number of hosts and parasitoids does, the parasitoid complex reacted slowly to host number changes and there were large oscillations in host density, % parasitism was reduced when there were more species of parasitoid interacting, species richness, the four primary parasitoids have reproductive capacities negatively related to their competitive abilities, when the habitat is disturbed Tetrastichus does well but gradually loses out in competition as other parasitoid species arrive as the plants grow, r-species at early successional stages are replaced by K-species later


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 290
Author: Ford, G. H.
Year: 1917
Title: Observations on the larval and pupal stages of Agriotes obscurus L
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 3
Pages: 97-115
Keywords: En.
Calosoma, Pterostichus madidus, Nebria brevicollis
Rep(part), predation, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Elateridae, birds, wireworms , consumption rates, diet, moles, Aves, Mammalia, references, parasites, pathogens, fungi, bacteria, pest, cotrol, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2555
Author: Ford, J. B.; Giboney, F. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Video recording techniques for studying predatory mite behaviour
Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS III/6
Pages: 35
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3165
Author: Ford, M. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Insecticide exposure, pick-up and pharmacokinetics with target and non-target insects
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 29-41
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, walking, tracks, Tachyporus hypnorum, contact with plant surfaces quantified, walking speed, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1536
Author: Ford, M. G.; Holloman, D. H.; Khambay, B. P. S.; Sawicki, R. M.
Year: 1987
Title: Combating resistance to xenobiotics
Journal: Ellis Horwood Series in Biomedicine, Ellis Horwood and VCH
Keywords: En.
pesticides, biological and chemical approaches, insecticide resistance, measurement of resistance, mechanisms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 490
Author: Ford, M. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Metabolic costs of the predation strategy of the spider Pardosa amentata (Clerck) (Lycosidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 28
Pages: 333-340
Keywords: Rep, Araneae, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 573
Author: Ford, M. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Energy costs of the predation strategy of the web- spinning spider Lepthyphantes zimmermanni Berktau (Linyphiidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 28
Pages: 341-349
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predator, webs, laboratory, description of web, non-sticky silk, spider remains in web unless very little food, even when no food often stay, food, food supply, food availability, hunger, site tenacity, sit-and -wait strategy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 541
Author: Ford, M. J.
Year: 1978
Title: Locomotory activity and the predation strategy of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Clerck) (Lycosidae)
Journal: Animal Behaviour.
Volume: 26
Pages: 31-35
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, movement, dispersal, food, foraging, behaviour, laboratory, diurnal, very little movement, sit and wait strategy, more prey less movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2817
Author: Forster, P.
Year: 1991
Title: Influence of pesticides on larvae and adults of Platynus dorsalis (Pont.) (Col., Carabidae) and adults of Tachyporus hypnorum (L.) (Col., Staphylinidae) in laboratory and semi-field trials
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 98
Issue: 5)
Pages: 457-463
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, in lab parathion-ethyl, dimethoate and pyrazophos caused high mortality at less than field recommended rates, organophosphorus insecticides and fungicides, metasystox damaged Agonum dorsale only, deltamethrin caused high mortality to T. hypnorum but less to A. dorsale, pyrethroid insecticides, A. dorsale larvae more susceptible to pesticides than adults, in semi-field trials detrimental effects were weather dependent, climate, % mortality nearly always more than 20% and up to 80% for A. dorsale and ranged from 20% to 100% for T. hypnorum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4060
Author: Forster, R. R.
Year: 1971
Title: Notes on an airborne spider found in Antarctica
Journal: Pacific Insects Monograph
Volume: 25
Pages: 119-120
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography, in 1960 an erigonid was caught in aerial nets at Marble Point, Antarctica, believed to be Erigone autumnalis or a very close relative, this species is common in USA and may have arrived by boat to McMurdo Sound, Erigone is recorded from the Southern Hemisphere, including 3 species from New Zealand, but these have all been introduced, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 96
Author: Forsythe, T. G.
Year: 1982
Title: Feeding mechanisms of certain ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: The Coleopterists Bulletin.
Volume: 36
Pages: 26-73
Keywords: En.
Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrus, Nebria gyllenhalli, Loricera pilicornis, Broscus cephalotes, Pterostichus niger, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Abax, Agonum dorsale, Amara aulica, Harpalus rufipes,
Rep, mandible shape, carnivore, phytophage, omnivore, extra-oral digestion, intra-intestinal digestion, defense, vomiting, enzymes, mouthparts, feeding methods, food, prey, predation, diet, regurgitation, Collembola, proteases, crop


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2328
Author: Forsythe, T. G.
Year: 1982
Title: Qualitative analyses of certain enzymes of the oral defence fluids of Pterostichus madidus (F.), including a list of other carabid beetles which produce oral defence fluids
Journal: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Volume: 118
Pages: 1-5
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, physiology, digestion, gut contents, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3716
Author: Forsythe, T. G.
Year: 1983
Title: Mouthparts and feeding of certain ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
Volume: 79
Issue: 4)
Pages: 319-376
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, trophic behaviour, 17 species, gut content analysis, regurgitation of pre-oral digestive fluids, fluid feeders, Clivina, Bembidion, Leistus, Trechus, Notiophilus, gut dissection, methods, scavenging, carrion feeding, diet, food, defence fluids, extra-oral digestion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2388
Author: Forsythe, T. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Common Ground Beetles
Journal: Naturalists' Handbooks, Richmond Publishing Company, Surrey, UK
Volume: 8
Pages: 74 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., mini review, book, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, natural history, food, ovary development, aggregation, overwintering, structure, physiology, behaviour, defence, hunting methods, predation, locomotion, digging, climbing, classification, identification, keys, taxonomy, systematics, stridulation, flight, wing polymorphism, rearing, marking


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1787
Author: Foster, G. N.
Year: 1970
Title: Natural enemies of Bourletiella hortensis (Fitch) (Collembola)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 106
Pages: 96
Keywords: En.
Rep., Symphypleona, biological control, swede seedlings, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, UK, Close House walled garden, Sminthuridae, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, contents of crop and rectum of Phalangium opilo examined in chloralphenol, methods, gut dissection, polyphagous predators, they had eaten B.hortensis, aphids, plant tissue and pollen, Hemiptera, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum and Notiophilus biguttatus ate B.hortensis, latter also ate an insect larva, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, predation, food, diet, behaviour, B.hortensis observed on field beans, Platypalpus minutus and Platypalpus pallidiventris observed to eat B.hortensis but only when the prey moved, Diptera, Empididae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1098
Author: Foster, G. N.
Year: 1972
Title: The population dynamics of aphids infesting potato
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Keywords: En.
Rep.part, pests, Hemiptera, arable, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, diet of Anthocoris and Tachyporus including Collembola, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, 3 foot suction trap catches of spiders, Tachyporus etc, Araneae, aerial dispersal, vertical distribution, Cantharidae feeding references, Empididae did not eat aphids in lab or field, predation, behaviour, Linyphiidae hunted and ate aphids in field, did not rely just on webs, Anystis ate aphids, thrips and syrphid eggs in field, Acari, predatory mites, Thysanoptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1041
Author: Foster, G. N.
Year: 1976
Title: Population dynamics on potatoes
Journal: Studies in Biological Control, Ed. by V. Delucchi, IBP Synthesis Report No. 9, Cambridge University Press
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Myzus persicae on potatoes in 5 countries, evidence for relative importance of parasitoids, pathogens and predators, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2553
Author: Fougeroux, A.; Taupin, P.; Chambon, J. P.; Cocquempot, C.
Year: 1986
Title: Comparaison de techniques de suivi de certains arthropodes en cereales
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a
Pages: 1113-1124
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4682
Author: Fournier, E.; Loreau, M.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of newly planted hedges on ground-beetle diversity (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in an agricultural landscape
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 22(1)
Pages: 87-97
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep., TP., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls, fenced pitfall traps for density, methods, biodiversity, decrease in diversity with increasing distance from the hedge, France, barley, cereals, Gramineae, community, distribution, 30 species listed
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5660
Author: Fournier, E.; Loreau, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Movement of Pterostichus melanarius in agricultural field margins in relation to hunger state
Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Pages: 207-219
Alternate Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Keywords: Rep., France, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, starved and satiated beetles were released into enclosed multi-habitat field plots, hedge, transition crop, cereal field, Gramineae, starved beetles were more active than satiated beetles, starved beetles moved towards the field edge, winter wheat, foraging behaviour, methods, pitfalls, formaledhyde extraction in quadrats, beetles marked on elytra with a micro-drill, prey diversity in pitfalls was greatest in the hedge but prey abundance was similar in hedge and field, beetles were more active in field than hedge, the relationship between hunger and activity varied according to habitat, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5150
Author: Fournier, E.; Loreau, M.
Year: 2001
Title: Activity and satiation state in Pterostichus melanarius: an experiment in different agricultural habitats
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 235-244
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., France, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, starved and satiated beetles were released in circular enclosures and recaptured using pitfalls over 6 days, starved beetles were significantly more active for 1 day, starved beetles gained weight and satiated beetles lost weight, the centre of the crop was the most productive area for starved beetles to gain weight rapidly (compared with hedge and crop edge), food availability was assessed with pitfalls and by watering the ground with formaldehyde within quadrats, mark-release-recapture, MRR, potential prey quantified were Tetanoceridae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae, Jassidae, Bibionidae, Sciaridae, Scathophagidae, prey diversity was highest in the hedge then lower and fairly stable from edge to middle of field, herbivores were more abundant in the crop, phytophages, abundance and biomass of earthworms and other prey sampled by formaldehyde extraction was greatest in the hedge, second greatest in the middle of the field and least at the edge, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5647
Author: Fournier, E.; Loreau, M.
Year: 2002
Title: Foraging activity of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius Ill. In field margin habitats
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 89
Pages: 253-259
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, capture-recapture, France, gradient from hedge through mixed crop to winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, prey availability assessed with pitfalls and formaldehyde extractions in soil quadrats, prey diversity and abundance were greatest in the hedge and least in wheat, two plastic barriered plots were established to include hedge and into wheat, each contained 16 pitfalls, methods, P. melanarius is a nocturnal autumn breeder, diel activity cycle, breeding period, P. melanarius was dominant carabid in the study area, beetles were collected and given an individual mark with a micro-drill, then either fed earthworms or starved, then they were released into the plots, those caught in pitfalls were weighed and released nearby, this repeated daily for 8 days, mean time to first recapture was lower for starved than satiated (i.e. hungry beetles more active), beetles tended to move towards the hedge, hunger and foraging behaviour, landscape, satiated tended to stay more in their initial habitat but there was an interaction between hunger level and habitat type, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4927
Author: Fowler, H.G.
Year: 1987
Title: Predatory behaviour of Megacephala fulgida (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Journal: The Coleopterists Bulletin
Volume: 41(4)
Pages: 407-408
Alternate Journal: The Coleopterists Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., Brazil, tiger beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement. M. fulgida is a very common tiger beetle in South America which makes a phonotactic response to the song of mole crickets, Scapteriscus species. It makes numerical responses and functional responses to cricket density. The author observed it enter mole cricket galleries, drag out mole crickets and consume them on trhe surface. It consumes even heavily sclerotised parts of the mole cricket. All crickets that are killed are eaten. If mole crickets are hiding in the soil M. fulgida has been observed to actively dig out and consume them. In situ visual observations, Orthoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5029
Author: Fowler, S.V.
Year: 1987
Title: Field studies on the impact of natural enemies on brown planthopper populations on rice in Sri Lanka
Journal: Proceedings 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7-11 Sept. 1987
Pages: 567-574
Alternate Journal: Proceedings 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7-11 Sept. 1987
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Nilaparvata lugens, Delphacidae, Hemiptera, methods, natural enemy exclusion cages, rice feeds 14 million people in Sri Lanka, agricultural statistics, but 50% of the crop is lost to pests and diseases, damage, yield loss, visual counts, sweeping, yellow water traps, malaise traps, sweeping was poor for taxa that are normally found at the base of rice hills e.g. bph, Gerridae and Lycosidae, rearing out of parasitoid eggs, 1500 bph eggs were also dissected, exclusion cages of two different mesh sizes were used, some control cages had open bottom sections to permit predator entry, pests and natural enemies were added to some of the closed cages, manipulated predators were Zygoptera, Ophionea, Paederus, Micraspis, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Oxyopes, Lycosidae, Aergiope, Tetragnatha, Linyphiidae, Anagrus, Oligosita, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleroptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Neuroptera, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, suction sampling inside cages, Dvac, vacuum insect net, wet paddies, addition of egg parasitoids did not affect bph populations (but they managed to get into control cages too), but wide-mesh closed cages with predators added had significantly lower bph numbers than control cages, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1538
Author: Fowler, V. W.; Gair, R.
Year: 1956
Title: Notes on the biology and chemical control of the spruce pineapple gall Adelges (Chermes abietis)
Journal: Roy. Hort. Soc. J.
Volume: 81
Pages: 29-36
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, conifers, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4029
Author: Fox, C. J.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1972
Title: Annotated list of spiders (Araneae) from hayfields and their margins in Nova Scotia
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 104
Pages: 1911-1915
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, community, species composition, grass, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2940
Author: Fox, C. J. S.; MacLellan, C. R.
Year: 1956
Title: Some Carabidae and Staphylinidae shown to feed on a wireworm Agriotes sputator (L.) by the precipitin test
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 88
Pages: 228-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Coleoptera, biological control, serology, Eastern Canada, adults and larvae of several species fed on wireworm in the field, rove beetles, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4713
Author: Fox, C.W.; Czesak, M.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Evolutionary ecology of progeny size in arthropods
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 341-369
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: REp., TP., reproduction, egg size, geographical variation, natural selection, parental investment, life history, models of optimal progeny size, fitness, iteroparity, population dynamics, parental care, nonadaptive variation in progeny size, plasticity in progeny size in response to environmental factors, conceptual framework, trade-offs between progeny size and number, Crustacea, Orthoptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, responses to predation risk, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sheield bugs lay smaller eggs at the periphery of the clutch where the eggs are more susceptible to predation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1596
Author: Fox, L.; Landis, B. J.
Year: 1973
Title: Notes on the predacious habits of the Gray field slug, Deroceras laeve
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 306-307
Keywords: En.
pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, predation, behaviour, Myzus persicae on sugar beet in greenhouse, aphids, Hemiptera, arable, slugs ate both sugar beet and aphids, 8.5 aphids eaten per slug per day, consumption rates, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, food, diet, dissection showed aphid fragments in gut, ate insect eggs in lab, reported in field to eat weevil galls, sawfly eggs and larvae, Coleoptera, Cucurlionidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3139
Author: Fox, L. R.; Morrow, P. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Specialization: species property or local phenomenon ?
Journal: Science
Volume: 211
Pages: 887-893
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, theoretical, local feeding specialization of herbivores in specific communities, but generalists as a species over a range of geographical locations, diet breadth may not be a species characteristic, polyphagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1071
Author: Fox, R. C.; Griffith, K. H.
Year: 1976
Title: Predation of pine cinaran aphids by spiders
Journal: J. Georgia Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 11
Pages: 241-243
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, loblolly pine seedlings in a glasshouse infested with Cinara, conifers, attracted 39 species of spider, all caught aphids in webs, or ate them, many seen outside in pine plantations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5360
Author: Frampton, G.
Year: 2001
Title: The effects of pesticide regimes on non-target arthropods
Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Pages: 219-254
Alternate Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Keywords: Rep., UK, low input farming, pesticides, integrated farming, farming practices, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, multivariate analyses, CANOCO, Collembola, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Linyphiidae, summary of the commonest species and how they vary with season and year, species composition, community composition, Sorenson quantitative index, methods, similarity and diversity indices, analysis in trophic guilds i.e. herbivores, detritivores, carnivores, predictability of species occurring in space and time (7 fields for 7 years), highest ranked i.e. most reliably present were Pterostichus melanarius, Aleocharinae, Erigone atra and Lepthyphantes tenuis, distribution, side-effects of pesticides on non-targets, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Sitobion avenae, repeated use of organophosphorus insecticides in successive seasons can can cause long-term declines of some arthropods (especially Collembola) 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1541
Author: Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of some commonly-used foliar fungicides on Collembola in winter barley: laboratory and field studies
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 113
Pages: 1-14
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, carbendazim, propiconazole, pyrazophos, triadimenol, increased lab mortality of Sminthurus aureus, pyrazophos had greatest effect, Sminthuridae, organophosphorus pesticides, pyrazophos in winter barley reduced 3 species of Symphypleona to zero 4 weeks after treatment but returned to normal after 11 weeks, 11 species of Collembola collected by Dvac


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3958
Author: Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1988
Title: Efects of the foliar fungicide pyrazophos on cereal Collembola
Journal: In "Field Methods for the Study of Environmental Effects of Pesticides", Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 40
Pages: 319-326
Keywords: En.
Rep., organophosphorus pesticides, more than 10 million spray ha are now treated with foliar fungicides, agricultural statistics, lab studies, Latin Square of 9 plots of 2.7 ha in winter barley field, given pyrazophos or dimethoate or control in May, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, side effects of pesticides on non- targets, 100% mortality of Sminthurus aureus in 13 h in lab, in field S.aureus, Sminthurus viridis, Sminthurus elegans and Jeannenotia stachi were reduced by pyrazophos, Sminthuridae, pests, lucerne flea, 3 species were eliminated, dimethoate had greatest effect 1 week after spray, pyrazophos 4 weeks and later, pyrazophos might have operated via reduction of fungus as food, mycetophages, indirect effects, Symphypleona were still reduced after 11 weeks, Gregoire-Wibo recorded population doubling times of 3 species of Collembola at 21C at 5-20 days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3002
Author: Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1994
Title: Sampling to detect effects of pesticides on epigeal Collembola (springtails)
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology, Sampling to Make Decisions
Volume: 37
Pages: in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., mini-review, extensive table of pesticides known to affect Collembola, includes molluscicides, fungicides, carbamates, pyrethroids, most data is on organophosphorus insecticides, at least 12 species adversely affected, more sensitive to dimethoate than Coleoptera or Linyphiidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, species composition, community structure remains affected long after pesticides reduced, dangerous to use single species ot total Collembola, best to monitor a small group of indicator species, suggests use of the following species that are common and affected by most active ingredients, Sminthurus viridis, lucerne flea, Sminthuridae, Sminthurinus elegans, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Isotoma viridis, this could be extended to include Isotoma notabilis, Isotomidae, Isotomurus palustris, Entomobrya multifasciata and Pseudosinella alba, sampling methods, can get very low yield of epigeal species in soil cores, best is D-vac, 97% sampling efficiency for epigeals, number of samples taken in most studies is usually too small to detect effects of pesticides when species have low abundance eg Arthropleona can be less abundant than Symphypleona, and this may explain inconsistent results between studies, quotes his thesis on diel cycles and the changing efficiency of sampling methods, experimental designs, no published rates of dispersal in farmland, plot barriers can affect sampling efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4300
Author: Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1997
Title: The potential of Collembola as indicators of pesticide usage: evidence and methods from the UK arable ecosystem
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Pages: 179-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., 7 years monitoring in conventional and reduced- pesticide arable rotations (MAFF SCARAB project), split field comparisons, methods, farming practices, no insecticides used in the reduced-pesticide halves, Dvac samples 25 to 125m from field margins, in a wheat - grass rotation Lepidocyrtus cyaneus and Lepidocyrtus violaceous declined after a chlorpyrifos spray in 1991 and effects persisted to 1996, cereals, Gramineae, springtails, organophosphorus insecticides, effects on Sminthurus elegans were transient, and on Entomobrya multifasciata were intermediate, Sminthuridae, Arthropleona, Symphypleona, side-effects of pesticides, indirect effects, dimethoate was harmful but cypermethrin and pirimicarb did not seem to be, carbamate pesticides, distribution, suction sampling, vacuum insect net


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4941
Author: Frampton, G.K.
Year: 1999
Title: Spatial variation in non-target effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola in winter wheat
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 55
Pages: 875-886
Alternate Journal: Pesticide Science
Keywords: Rep., UK, Ryobi suction sampling for epigeic arthropods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, wheat ears were dissected for other species, methods, Collembola were reduced by chlorpyrifos, pesticides, Collembola as bioindicators, Table showing ten species of Collembola found in wheat ears just before harvest on 15 August, the most frequent was Entomobrya multifasciata, there was a positive correlation between numbers of E. multifasciata in ears and on the ground, total Collembola density in the crop canopy estimated to exceed 700 per m2, abundance, vertical distribution, most abundant polyphagous predators of Collembola were Linyphiidae and Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, they were reduced by some of the pesticides tested, effects on other crop-inhabiting arthropods such as Sitodiplosis mosellana, cereals, Gramineae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3714
Author: Frampton, G. K.; Cilgi, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Long-term effects of pesticides on Carabidae in UK farmland: some initial results from the "SCARAB" project
Journal: In "Carabid Beetles: Ecology and Evolution" Ed. by K. Desender, M. Dufrene, M. Loreau, M.L. Luff and J.P. Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 433-438
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pesticides, side-effects on non-targets, IPM, cereals, Gramineae, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, Bembidion, population recovery, pyrethroid insecticides, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5727
Author: Frampton, G.K.; Cilgi, T.; Fry, G.L.A.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1995
Title: Effects of grassy banks on the dispersal of some carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on farmland. 
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 71
Pages: 347-355
Alternate Journal: Biological Conservation
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, Norway, landscape, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, gutter pitfall traps inside polythene barrier enclosures, mark-recapture, barley, cereals, movement of Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger was slower through a 1.3 m-wide and 0.3 m-high grassy bank than through a barley crop which would reduce inter-field movement in summer, references to various techniques for marking carabids, retention of enamel paint marks varied from 70 (glabrous elytra of P. melanarius) to100% (pubescent elytra of H. rufipes) depending on species, starved beetles were recaptured more quickly than satiated beetles, starvation, hunger, foraging behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3151
Author: Frampton, G. K.; Langton, S. D.; Grieg-Smith, P. W.; Hardy, A. R.
Year: 1992
Title: Changes in the soil fauna at Boxworth
Journal: In "Pesticides, cereal farming and the environment" Ed. by P. Grieg-Smith, G. Frampton and A. Hardy, HMSO, London
Pages: 132-143
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, extraction methods, Collembola, mites, Acari, vertical distribution, Dvac, effect of pesticides, Gramineae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5952
Author: Frampton, G.K.; van den Brink, P.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Influence of cropping on the species composition of epigeic Collembola in arable fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 46
Pages: 328-337
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., species composition similar between fields but differed between farms, Arthropleona favoured by grass and wheat rotation but Symphypleona favoured by mixed cereals and break crops, Gramineae, farming practices, mixed cereals and roots on stony sand was very poor environment for Collembola, soil types, abundance, distribution, biodiversity, taxonomic richness, methods, soil samples are biased towards euedaphic and hemiedaphic species, Dvac suction sampling used here to emphasise epigeic species, vacuum insect net, nine crop types in eight fields on three farms for six years, UK SCARAB Project, low input pesticides with no insecticides, multivariate statistics, PCA, CANOCO, dominants were Sminthurinus elegans, Sminthurus viridis, Isotoma viridis, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, Deuterosminthurus spp., Pseudosinella alba, Isotomurus spp., winter oilseed rape winter wheat, spring barley, winter barley, grass, spring beans, spring wheat, sugar beet, potato, Leguminosae, beans and rape were sampled cut ans resampled, spring-sown crops are less favourable than winter-sown crops, potato and sugar beet were least favourable, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4770
Author: Frampton, G.K.; Van den Brink, P.J.; Gould, P.J.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Effects of spring precipitation on a temperate arable collembolan community analysed using Principal Response Curves
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 231-248
Alternate Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Keywords: Rep.,  UK, rainfall, plots in spring peas protected from rain, others irrigated and compared with natural rainfall controls. Soil-surface species sampled by suction sampling. Irrigation had a positive effect on all species other than Bourletiella hortensis. Ryobi suction sampler with 12 cm diameter nozzle. Dominant species were Lepidocyrtus 32%, Entomobrya multifasciata 18%, Sminthurus elegans 15%, Pseudosinella alba 14%. Peak catches of Arthropleona in August and of Symphypleona in May-July. Phenology, methods, species composition, abundance, Legumonosae. Some species of Symphypleona have synchronised hatching when rainfall follows drought. Spring rainfall effects effects on collembola populations can persist for a long time and could account for some of the large yesr-to-year fluctuations in abundance in arable rotations which contain spring crops. Implications of global climate change
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5091
Author: Frampton, G.K.; Van den Brink, P.J.; Gould, P.J.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Effects of spring drought and irrigation on farmland arthropods in southern Britain 
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 37
Pages: 865-883
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., peas, Leguminosae, plots were shielded from rain or irrigated or subject to natural rainfall, methods, UK, community, manipulation of precipitation in May affected the arthropod community for at least 97 days, drought had negative effects on herbivores, mycophages, omnivores and predators, but no effects on pests, Ryobi suction sampler, vacuum insect net, multivariate analyses, weather, climate, polyphagous predators, Collembola, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1870
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1967
Title: The insect predators of the pupal stage of the winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Hydriomenidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 375-389
Keywords: En.
UK, trees, forests, pests, soil, litter, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae and Staphylinidae and voles are predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Vertebrata, Mammalia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2938
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1967
Title: A serological method used in the investigation of the predators of the pupal stage of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Hydriomenidae)
Journal: Quaestiones entomologicae (University of Alberta)
Volume: 3
Pages: 95-105
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, forests, trees, Lepidoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, serology, precipitin test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3113
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1967
Title: The insect predators of the pupal stage of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.)(Hydriomenidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Issue: 2)
Pages: 375-389
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, earwigs, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, forests, Lepidoptera, marking, methods, density, abundance, rearing beetles, feeding tests with larvae pupae and adult, food, diet, caterpillars, predation, consumption rates, small mammals, serology, precipitin test, radiotracers, important predators are Pterostichus madidus, Abax parallelepipedus, Philonthus decorus, other predators include Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Athous haemorrhoidalis and small mammals, Elateridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4239
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1967
Title: The effect of pupal predators on a population of winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera, Hydriomenidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 611-621
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, Wytham woods, forest, trees, methods, mark-release-recapture, MRR, pitfalls, activity levels of carabids, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, density of 6 Abax per m2, abundance, serology, 17% Abax ate moth pupae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, detection periods, digestion rates, estimates of prey consumption rates by carabid populations, data for Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Abax parallelepipedus, Philonthus decorus, Sorex araneus, 1965, shrews, Vertebrata, Mammalia, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, 4 beetle species estimated to take 95 pupae per m2 in 1965, Sorex took 25 pupae per m2, references to Elateridae larvae eating moth pupae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 702
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1968
Title: Notes on the biology of Philonthus decorus (Grav.)(Col., Staphylinidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 103
Pages: 273-277
Keywords: En.
Rep., predator, beetle, Coleoptera, geographical distribution, habitat, woods, forest, soil, leaf litter, Wytham Wood, Wistmans Wood, England, pitfalls, methods, mark-release-recapture, density, phenology, adults, larvae, egg, pupae, development rate, duration of stadia, fecundity, behaviour, burrowing, foraging, food, diet, 15 other species of Philonthu s, Lepidoptera larvae, Cholevidae, Opiliones, harvestmen, spiders, Araneae, scavenger, winter moth pupae, economic importance, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults in pitfalls all months except January, 44- 77 per sq m, females gravid in April to July, 1 or 2 eggs per female, fecundity, reproduction, hatch in 10 days, larvae 3 to 4 weeks, III June to August, larvae can burrow, behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, pupae for 12 days, tenerals in July to August, observed to eat Lepidoptera larvae, cholevids, opilionids, spiders and dead invertebrates, does not state whether in lab or field, and winter moth pupae, 15 other species of Philonthus at Wytham, Araneae, Opiliones, harvestmen, Coleoptera, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 244
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1969
Title: The larva and biology of Quedius picipes and notes on the biology of five other Quedius species (Staphylinidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 104
Pages: 263
Keywords: En.
Rep, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 98
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1971
Title: Carabidae (Coleoptera) as predators of the red-backed cutworm (Lepidopter a : Noctuidae) in central Alberta
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 103
Pages: 1039-1044
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 99
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1971
Title: Carabidae (Coleoptera) of an arable field in central Alberta
Journal: Quaestiones entomologicae.
Volume: 7
Pages: 237-252
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, oats, Gramineae, Canada, 63 species, pitfalls, life histories, density, abundance, Staphylinidae, 6 species of rove beetles, Araneae, 6 species of spider, cutworms, pests, Lepidoptera, biological control, caterpillars, red-backed cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster, Noctuidae, climate, frosts, weather, burrowing, vertical distribution, mark-release-recapture, MRR, methods, clipping elytra, culturing, rearing, phenology, oviposition behaviour, reproduction, development rates, hibernation, overwintering, Tachyporus, Trochosa terricola, Lycosidae, Pardosa, Xysticus, Thomisidae, species composition, Loricera pilicornis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2936
Author: Frank, J. H.
Year: 1979
Title: The use of the precipitin technique in predator-prey studies to 1975
Journal: In " Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, review, first studies bloodmeals of mosquitoes, then predation on mosquitoes, then predation in agriculture and forestry, good references, sections on medical, forestry, field crops and grassland, other plants, planaria, flatworms, Gramineae, discussion lists questions that need answering, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4972
Author: Frank, J.H.
Year: 1982
Title: The parasites of the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, Uiversity of Florida
Volume: 824
Pages: 1-118
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, Uiversity of Florida
Keywords: Rep., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, host-parasite and parasite-host lists for 540 species of staphylinid and 470 species of parasite, more than 380 ate entomogenous fungi, Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales, diseases, pathogens, other fungi plus 50 species of Nemata, 17 of Hymenoptera, 5 of Gregarinida and Microsporidia, Protozoa, Nematomorpha, phoretic beetle, Coleoptera, phoretic mites, Acari, Oxytelus, Platystethus, Stenus, Lathrobium, Paederus, Rugilus, Gyrohypnus, Othius, Xantholinus, Gabrius, Ocypus, Philonthus, Quedius, Staphylinus, Conosoma, Tachinus, Tachyporus, Aleochara, Atheta, Mermithidae, Nematoda, nematodes, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Proctotrupidae, Perilitus
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4187
Author: Frank, T.
Year: 1996
Title: Species diversity and activity densities of epigeic and flower visiting arthropods in sown weed strips and adjacent fields
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 101-105
Keywords: En.
Rep., habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, methods, Switzerland, arthropods on ground and visiting flowers in weed strips, in field boundaries and in fields of rape, maize and wheat, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, yellow traps, pitfall traps, direct in situ visual observation, most spiders in 2 year-old weed strip, they could not hibernate in 1 year old strips, weed strips enrich adjacent fields in species and abundance, some species dispersed from strips into fields, dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ground beetles that appeared to disperse out of strips included Clivina fossor, Harpalus affinis, Agonum dorsale, Carabidae, Coleoptera, more Lepidoptera and Syrphidae in strips than outside, Diptera, hoverflies, Apoidea and Sphecidae, Hymenoptera, bees, wasps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4551
Author: Frank, T.
Year: 1998
Title: Slug damage and numbers of slug pests, Arion lusitanicus and Deroceras reticulatum, in oilseed rape grown beside sown wildflower strips
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 67
Pages: 67-78
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, weeds, brassicas, crop damage greatest near the weed strips, pesticides, molluscicides, metaldehyde pellets
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4552
Author: Frank, T.
Year: 1998
Title: The role of different slug species in damage to oilseed rape bordering on sown wildflower strips
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 133
Pages: 483-493
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, brassicas, weeds, diversification, 72-89% crop damaged near the strips, Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras reticulatum
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4550
Author: Frank, T.
Year: 1999
Title: Density of adult hoverflies (Dipt., Syrphidae) in sown weed strips and adjacent fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 123
Pages: 351-355
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Diptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Switzerland, larval food, diet, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, enhancing predation, habitat diversification, flowers for adult feeding
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4554
Author: Frank, T.  ; Barone, M.
Year: 1999
Title: Short-term field study on weeds reducing slug feeding on oilseed rape
Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Volume: 106(5)
Pages: 534-538
Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Keywords: Rep., TP, diversification, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, brassicas, Deroceras reticulatum, pesticides, molluscicides, metaldehyde, the weeds Stellaria media and Capsella bursa-pastoris reduced slug damage to rape to the same extent as metaldehyde pellets but only at moderate slug densities
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4556
Author: Frank, T.  ; Friedli, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Laboratory food choice trials to explore the potential of common weeds to reduce slug feeding on oilseed rape
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 17
Pages: 19-29
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, trophic behaviour, food, damage, brassicas, Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras reticulatum, rape, Brassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Veronica persica and Taraxacum officinale were preferred, food preferences, selected weeds sown in oilseed rape can protect young rape plants from severe slug damage
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4181
Author: Frank, T.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Ground dwelling spiders (Araneae) in sown weed strips and adjacent fields
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 16
Issue: 2)
Pages: 179-193
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, habitat diversification, habitat management, Switzerland, 1992, pitfalls, in weed strips, field boundary and fields of rape, maize and wheat, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, most individuals and species were in a 2 year old strip, indirect evidence that spiders moved from strips into fields in spring, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, 41% were Oedothorax apicatus and Oedothorax fuscus, 29% were Erigone atra and Erigone dentipalpis in wheat, table of full species composition for 74 species, species almost completely confined to weed strips were Bathyphantes gracilis, Diplostyla concolor and Lepthyphantes tenuis, species preferring the field boundary included Pachygnatha degeeri, Trochosa ruricola, Alopecosa pulverulenta and Micrargus herbigradus, species apparently showing dispersal from strips into fields were Pachygnatha clercki, E. atra, E. dentipalpis, O. apicatus, Pardosa agrestis and Pardosa palustris, species not dispersing included O. fuscus, Meioneta rurestris, Porrhomma microphthalmum and Pardosa pullata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3045
Author: Franke, U.; Friebe, B.; Beck, L.
Year: 1988
Title: Methodisches zur Ermittlung der Siedlungsdichte von Bodentieren aus Quadratproben und Barberfallen
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 253-264
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., methods for determining soil animal population densities using quadrats and pitfall traps, density, beech wood, Germany, trees, forest, efficiency of handsorted quadrats determined by sorting the same sample 3 times, efficiency was 63% for Diptera larvae and 100% for Gastropoda, Opiliones and Dermaptera, representivity is 1- (standard deviation/mean), flooding a 3m x 3m area with pitfall traps, up to 41, did not reduce numbers of small beetles and spiders, for large Carabidae and Agelenidae the pitfalls had a catch area of influence of 1 m2, also information on Lumbricidae, Collembola, Enchytraeidae, Mollusca, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Annelida, earwigs, harvestmen, Phalangida, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1069
Author: Franz, J. M.
Year: 1958
Title: The effectiveness of predators and food in limiting gradations of Adelges (Dreyfusia) piceae (Ratz.) in Europe
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 781-787
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2554
Author: Franz, J. M.; et al.
Year: 1980
Title: Results of a joint pesticide test programme by the working group: pesticides and beneficial arthropods
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 25
Issue: 3)
Pages: 231-236
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2088
Author: Fraser, A. M.
Year: 1982
Title: The role of spiders in determining cereal aphid numbers
Journal: Ph.D. thesis, University of East Anglia.
Keywords: En.
Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpi s, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax spp., Meioneta rurestris.
Rep., predators, Araneae, winter wheat, species composition in quadrats, feeding observations in laboratory and field, methods, prey on sticky traps, density of aphids and Collembola springtails in pitfalls, aphids escaping from webs, measurement of spider hunger, capture efficiency, aggregation on various scales, maximum consumption rate, model of effect on aphid population, position and size of webs.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4528
Author: Fraser, L.H.  ; Grime, J.P.; paper., Oksanen theory predicts that productivity of the environment determines trophic chain length. This paper is defence of criticisms of a previous botanical
Year: 1999
Title: Experimental tests of trophic dynamics: towards a more penetrating approach
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 119(2)
Pages: 281-284
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Fretwell  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2721
Author: Fraser, R. S. S.
Year: 1992
Title: Integrated pest and disease management in protected crops
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 21
Issue: 3)
Pages: 169-175
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3920
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Bosch, R. Van Den
Year: 1973
Title: Biological control of the walnut aphid in California: the interrelationship of the aphid and its parasite
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 561-568
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forest, woodland, parasitoids, natural enemies, population dynamics, USA, Chromaphis juglandicola 1969-70, Trioxys pallidus from Iran was released in 1969, aphid numbers went down to 0.01 - 0.001 of numbers in previous years, experimental release of aphids, two trees inoculated with 6000 aphids, showed that the parasitoid was responsible for aphid decline, low aphid density caused loss of 15 species of predators from the system, so addition of 1 species led to loss of 15 species, methods, Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae, predators included a hunter thrips, a flower beetle and a snake fly, Thysanoptera, Anthicidae, Coleoptera, Raphididae, Diptera, French ecotype of T.pallidus was a failure, Chrysopidae larvae were observed frequently sucking the contents of mummified aphids, the mummy then has one or more small punctures that are easily identified, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, mummies attacked by coccinellids do not remain on the leaves but these attacks have not been observed in the field, 5 species of hyperparasitoid with one dominant species responsible for 98% of all hyperparasitism, mummies containing hyperparasitoids were also predated, a fairly constant 10% mummies were killed by predators, hyperparasitism usually accounted for a higher percentage but was more variable, Argentine ants Iridomyrmex humilis were observed carrying aphids and mummies down trees, number of mummies carried exceeded those expected on basis of random search, all large unmummified aphids carried by the ants were found to be parasitised, so ants selectively removed parasitised individuals, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, ants were experimentally excluded from some aphid-infested trees and this caused the outbreak to be faster and higher and emigrant alates initiated outbreaks elsewhere on the tree,the ant is a threat to biological control of walnut aphid


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 972
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.
Year: 1976
Title: Coccinellids and aphids (A quantitative study of the impact of adult ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) preying on field populations of pea aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia
Volume: 73
Pages: ?
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3300
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Ives, P. M.; Raworth, D. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Predation of aphids by coccinellid larvae
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 113
Issue: 11)
Pages: 1043-1046
Keywords: En.
Rep., 4 Coccinellidae species feeding on pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum on alfalfa and Metopolophium dirhodum cereal aphids on oat seedlings in lab, describes search patterns and aphid capture by each species on each plant species, older M.dirhodum are captured and also leave the plant more frequently than young, ladybird larvae often fail to detect I's, both trends are reversed in A.pisum, the abundance of each species on each crop is not connected with larval predation efficiency, Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, arable, Leguminosae, predation, trophic behaviour, foraging, prey size selection, vertical dispersal, distribution, movement migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 396
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Nealis, V.; Raworth, D. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Control of aphid density by a complex of predators
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 113
Pages: 1035-1042
Keywords: En.
Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid
Rep, methods, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, times outside, sub-experiments lack of cage effect, manipulation, effect of predation on aphid population, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2552
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Nelson, C.
Year: 1981
Title: Note on the occurrence of predatory Anystis mites (Acari: Anystidae) in SW British Columbia
Journal: J. Ent. Soc. B.C.
Volume: 78
Pages: 46
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1080
Author: Frazer, B. D.; Raworth, D. A.
Year: 1985
Title: Sampling for adult coccinellids and their numerical response to strawberry aphids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 117
Pages: 153-161
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, predators, natural enemies, biological control, ladybirds, methods, slow increase in coccinellid abundance compared with aphid abundance may be a sampling artifact


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3908
Author: Free, C. A.; Beddington, J. R.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1977
Title: On the inadequacy of simple models of mutual interference for parasitism and predation
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 46
Pages: 543-554
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, mutual interference refers to behavioural interactions between searching individuals at high density causing a reduction in searching efficiency, pseudo-interference occurs where parasitoids aggregate on a patchily distributed host and searching efficiency decreases at higher parasitoid density but without direct behavioural interaction, already parasitized hosts are more frequently encountered, foraging behaviour, population dynamics, abundance, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, the degree of behavioural interference for randomly searching natural enemies is likely to be small, field data shows that interference occurs but not easy to tell which type, spatial complexity and aggregation will often be dominant factors affecting the outcome of natural enemy - host interactions, habitat diversification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 287
Author: Free, J. B.; Williams, I. H.
Year: 1978
Title: The responses of the pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) and the seed weevil (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis ) to oil-seed rape, Brassica napus, and other plants
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 15
Pages: 761-774
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3283
Author: Freed, A. N.
Year: 1984
Title: Foraging behaviour in the jumping spider Phidippus audax: bases for selectivity
Journal: J. Zool. Lond.
Volume: 203
Issue: 1)
Pages: 49-61
Keywords: En.
Rep., when given choice, P.audax always selected insects with high activity levels rather than any specific length or mass, but large prey were pursued more slowly than small ones, spiders spent less time handling lower ranked prey if alternative prey was present, lab arena tests, prey included Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera larvae, predator prey encounters recorded on video, the sexes selected identical food items, P.audax exhibits prey- specific attack behaviour but difficulty of capture does not affect choice of food, handling times, Araneae, Salticidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2823
Author: Freeman, J. A.
Year: 1945
Title: Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. The insect population of the air from the ground level to 300 feet
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 128-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, UK, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, vertical stratification, agricultural area in Lincs, air sampled at 10 and 177 and 277 feet by nets on wireless masts, Diptera most numerous near ground, Hemiptera mainly above 100 feet, aphids most numerous group at all heights, pests, the following accounted for half the catch, Brevicoryne brassicae, Sciara, Oscinis, Aphidius, Leptocera, Pterodela pedicularia, most caught in May, June, September, most caught when RH less than 59%, windspeed less than 12 mph, temperature more than 64F, humidity, weather, climate, meteorology, behaviour, species occurring most commonly in top and middle nets include Tachyporus hypnorum and Tachydromia sp., Empididae, on some days billions of insects were carried out over North Sea, Sitobion avenae common, staphylinids were the most numerous Coleoptera both in number of individuals and species, the commonest of these were Tachyporus, Oxytelus and Atheta, small numbers of Collembola at all heights, staphylinids were only numerous in the upper levels in mid-May but many caught at lower levels throughout year suggesting an active high level migration in May, larger forms such as Nabis ferus, Harpalus affinis, Coccinella 7-punctata, Scatophaga stercoraria occasionally found in upper nets, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, carabids were only taken at 64-70F, quotes other authors taking "living" insects at heights up to 16,000 feet, he considers there is a constant interchange of wind-borne insects between UK and continent of Europe


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 568
Author: Freeman, J. A.
Year: 1946
Title: The distribution of spiders and mites up to 300 feet in the air
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 15
Pages: 69-74
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Acari, predators, Behaviour, dispersal, movement, balloonin g, flying, silk, gossamer, strata, methods, Linyphiidae, aeronauts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3176
Author: Frei, G.; Manhart, C.
Year: 1993
Title: Beneficial and pest arthropods in artificial weed strips in wheat fields
Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern
Volume: 4
Pages: En. summ. 134
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, 1989, 1990, 52 weed species, D-vac, some weed species attract very large numbers of predators and parasitoids unrelated to phytophage density, highest natural enemy density in spring before high cereal aphid numbers build up, lists best 12 plant species, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, behaviour, land use, methods, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5385
Author: Freier, B.; Kuhne, S.; Baier, B.; Schenke, D.; Kaul, P.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 2001
Title: Field study on effects of insecticide applications in wheat on the arthropod community of field boundaries
Journal: Workshop on Risk Assessment Mitigation Measures 1999; Mitteilungen der Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Volume: 383
Pages: 82-87
Alternate Journal: Workshop on Risk Assessment Mitigation Measures 1999; Mitteilungen der Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, Karate, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroids, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, grass and herb strip boundary, methods, side-effects on non-targets, biocoenometer (in a cage plants removed and search and area in cage sampled with suction sampler or vacuum insect net), Malaise trap, pitfall, grasshopper cage, fluorescent markers, residue analyses, effects on polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, Orthoptera, no clear conclusion
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4201
Author: Freier, B.; Mowes, M.; Triltsch, H.
Year: 1997
Title: Beneficial thresholds for Coccinella 7-punctata L. as a predator of cereal aphids in winter wheat - results of population investigations and computer simulations
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 121
Pages: in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, population dynamics, methods, "beneficial threshold" is the "density of a predator guild necessary to keep a pest under control", 8 field and 4 cage experiments to measure the effect of coccinellids on aphid populations, all predators converted to predator units (PU's), fertile female adult C. 7-punctata = 1.0, larva = 0.5, Episyrphus balteatus larva = 0.4, Syrphidae, hoverflies, GTLAUS simulation model, beneficial threshold of C. 7-punctata varied between 15 and > 60 PU per m2 in middle and East Germany, but there is a need to calculate summarised effects of the whole predator community weighted as PU,s, PU for a given species of predator varied a lot but PU for all predators combined varied much less, maximum PU in a field was 16.4 PU per m2 and coccinellids accounted for 46% of this, from the literature it seems to be rare for coccinellids to control aphid pests, in the current study significant relationships between coccinellid density and aphid infestation were not found, PU's are based on lab feeding rates at 20C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4183
Author: Freier, B.; Mowes, M.; Triltsch, H.; Rappaport, V.
Year: 1996
Title: Investigations on the predatory effect of coccinellids in winter wheat fields and problems of situation-related evaluation
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 41-52
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7- punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, cereals, Germany, Gramineae, winter wheat, GTLAUS simulation model, numerical response is difficult to predict, hunger not important, coccinellids reduced aphid increase rate during their increase phase, important variables were predator-prey ratio, coccinellid density and temperature, aphids favoured at < 20C, coccinellids favoured at > 22C, combination of field data and climate chamber experiments, density determination of predators by total habitat destruction, methods, abundance, for coccinellids, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae, Diptera, Neuroptera, hoverflies, lacewings, visual assessment underestimnated predator density by 40 - 63%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4862
Author: Freier, B.; Triltsch, H.
Year: 1997
Title: How beneficial are beneficials ? A closer look at natural assistants against aphids
Journal: Forschungs Report, Ernahrung Landwirtschaften Forsten
Volume: 2
Pages: 12-16
Alternate Journal: Forschungs Report, Ernahrung Landwirtschaften Forsten
Keywords: Rep.,  Germany, effectiveness of predators against aphids investigated in laboratory, field cages, climate chambers and by computer simulations, effectiveness of adults and larvae of Coccinella 7-punctata and Propylea 14-punctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Chrysoperla carnea, large ground beetles, small Diptera and spiders against aphids is tabulated, effects of temperature, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Carabidae, Araneae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, lacewings, Neuroptera
Notes: Ger.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4202
Author: Freier, B.; Triltsch, H.; Rossberg, D.
Year: 1996
Title: GTLAUS - A model of wheat - cereal aphid - predator interaction and its use in complex agroecological studies
Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Volume: 5
Pages: 543-554
Keywords: En.
Rep., Germany, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, submodels are wheat ontogenesis, population dynamics of Sitobion avenae, and population dynamics and predation of aphid specific predators, especially Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, grain yield loss and aphid mortality due to parasitoids and entomogenous fungi is also included, Hymenoptera, pathogens, insect diseases, plant damage, age structure variation in the initial aphid population leads to large differences in population growth rate, higher temperatures benefitted C. 7-punctata more than S. avenae, lists of computer models for winter wheat development and for cereal aphid population dynamics with references, model does not yet include polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1537
Author: Freitag, R.
Year: 1979
Title: Carabid beetles and pollution
Journal: Carabid beetles: their evolution, natural history and classification, Ed. by Erwin et al.
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, grass, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, near sulphur emitting factories, aphids very resistant to pollution, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies very sensitive, table of references to effects of insecticides on carabids, pesticides, references to increases in catch after sub- lethal doses, methods, references to persistence of effects for more than 1 year, effects of herbicides, carabids are good bio-indicators of pollution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1539
Author: Freitag, R.; Ozburn, G. W.; Leach, R. E.
Year: 1969
Title: The effects of sumithion and phosphamidon on populations of five carabid beetles and the spider Trochosa terricola in northwestern Ontario and including a list of collected species of carabid beetles and spiders
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 101
Pages: 1328-1333
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, Canada, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species composition, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1540
Author: Freitag, R.; Poulter, F.
Year: 1970
Title: The effects of the insecticides sumithion and phosphamidon on populations of five species of carabid beetles and two species of lycosid spiders in northwestern Ontario
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 102
Pages: 1307-1311
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Canada, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4684
Author: French, B.W.; Elliott, N.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Temporal and spatial distribution of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in grasslands and adjacent wheat fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 43(1)
Pages: 73-84
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, cereals, Gramineae, wheat, pitfalls, 69 species, biodiversity, species richness, phenology, season of reproduction, habitat preference, landscape structure 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5792
Author: French, B.W.; Elliott, N.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Spatial and temporal distribution of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in riparian strips and adjacent wheat fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(4)
Pages: 597-607
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, landscape, methods, pitfalls containing insecticide-treated cattle ear tags to kill entering beetles, pitfalls with metal guide strips,  CCA, multivariate statistics, this classified beetle groups into various types and degree of habitat specialisation, habitat preference, habitat selection, rivers, grassy areas, 8800 individuals of 101 species, species composition varied with season, species list, most of the common and dominant species were more numerous in fields than riparian edges, not known if they overwinter in riparian edges
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5261
Author: French, B.W.; Elliott, N.C.; Berberet, R.C.; Burd, J.D.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of riparian and grassland habitats on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in adjacent wheat fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(2)
Pages: 225-234
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Gramineae, community, cereals, directional pitfall traps, methods, insecticide cattle ear tags inside pitfalls to kill beetles on entry, galvanised sheet metal strips placed in different orientations to guide walking beetles into the traps, CANOCO canonical correspondence analysis, mark-recapture, enamel paint on elytra and pronotum, 9151 beetles of 94 species, species list given, seasonal trends in ground beetle dispersal into wheat from natural habitats were hard to detect from directional pitfalls but mark-recapture showed that 45/67 species of beetle moved between habitats (trapping extended to 5 m into the wheat field), distribution, dispersal, movement, migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2937
Author: Freund, J.
Year: 1947
Title: Some aspects of active immunization
Journal: Ann. Rev. Microbiol.
Volume: 1
Pages: 291-308
Keywords: En.
Rep?., serology, methods, adjuvants to antibody production, TESTING


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4553
Author: Friedli, J.  ; Frank, T.
Year: 1998
Title: Reduced applications of metaldehyde pellets for reliable control of the slug pests Arion lusitanicus and Deroceras reticulatum in oilseed rape adjacent to sown wildflower strips
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 504-513
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, brassicas, pesticides, molluscicides, diversification, weeds, more crop damage near the strips, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3419
Author: Fritz, R. S.
Year: 1982
Title: Selection for host modification by insect parasitoids
Journal: Evolution
Volume: 36
Pages: 283-288
Keywords: En.
Rep., hypothesis is that parasitoids, through evolution, alter the hosts characteristics to reduce predation on the parasitized prey and hence reduce the parasitoids death rate, gives examples of birds and mammal predators that avoid parasitized pupae, Aves, Mammalia, Vertebrata, predation on parasitoids, predation on moribund prey, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, natural enemies, palatability, prey preference, the opposite of host suicide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3517
Author: Fritz, R. S.; Morse, D. H.
Year: 1985
Title: Reproductive success and foraging in the crab spider Misumena vatia
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 65
Pages: 194-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Thomisidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, individually marked spiders, brood weight and number of eggs per brood were correlated with female reproductive weight, no relationship between egg weight and number of eggs per brood, biomass, hatching success fixed at 95%, spider growth rates very variable suggesting large variation in feeding rate, in 2 years 20% of females could not get enough food to grow and reproduce, food limitation in field, spiders investigated on milkweed in field, 4 main foods included bumble bees and honey bees, Apidae, Hymenoptera, preference, capture success, optimal foraging, patch choice and reproductive success on Umbelliferae, choice of patches with few flowers reduced reproductive success, currently rearing spiders in lab to investigate variation in size at reproduction under uniform conditions to see if there are genetic differences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1561
Author: Froud-Williams, R. J.; Chancellor, R. J.; Drennan, D. S. H.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence of cultivation regime upon buried weed seeds in arable cropping systems
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 20
Pages: 199-208
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, farming practices, 1000 to 500,000 weed seeds per sq m in seed bank, seed bank different to seedling flora, if seed return is prevented seed numbers can decline by germination 62% in year 1 and 81% of original in 2 years


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1562
Author: Froud-Williams, R. J.; Drennan, D. S. H.; Chancellor, R. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence of cultivation regime on weed floras of arable cropping systems
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 20
Pages: 187-197
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, farming practices, 4 sites, 3 years, 37 species, seedling numbers varies greatly between sites and seasons and rarely more than 1 per sq m in spring, annual grasses more prevalent where less soil disturbance, Poa annua, blackgrass, direct drilling, dicotyledons more frequent with cultivation because seeds brought to surface to germinate, Polygonum, Viola, poppy, some dicots such as Taraxacum, Cirsium, Rumex, and biennials like Anthriscus, Heracleum, and windborne colonisers like Senecio, Sonchus and Epilobium did well in reduced cultivation, as did Matricaria and Stellaria, rotation affected weed composition because different herbicides used on different crops, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4914
Author: Frouz, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Use of soil dwelling Diptera (Insecta, Diptera) as bioindicators: a review of ecological requirements and response to disturbance
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 167-186
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., larvae vary in abundance in soil from several hundred to several thousand per m2, they contribute to decomposition and nutrient cycling, most soil dwelling species are only there as larvae. Saprophagous, algaevorous, fungivorous and predatory species are found. Larvae are difficult to identify, references to keys. Sampling and extraction methods. Large table of density data from the literature. Table of number of species per habitat ranges from 28 to 164. Vertical distribution, effects of tillage, manure, fertiliser, pesticides, drainage, set-aside, fire, heavy metals, air pollution on populations, farming practices. Abundance of Chironomidae, Sciaridae, Scatopsidae, Psychodidae larvae increases when manure or slurry is applied, and it can be an oviposition attractant to adult females, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, semiochemicals, detritivores, decomposers. Notes on bioindication at the level of the individual, population, species, community and landscape. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3813
Author: Fry, G.
Year: 1995
Title: Landscape ecology of insect movement in arable ecosystems
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 177-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, distribution, dispersal, migration, methods, observation and mark-release-recapature, MRR, scales, modelling, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, biological control, natural enemies, review, video techniques, radar, reaction-diffusion models, geographical information systems, GIS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5718
Author: Fry, G.L.A.
Year: 1995
Title: Landscape ecological principles and sustainable agriculture
Journal: BCPC Symposium Proceedings "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?" British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 247-254
Alternate Journal: BCPC Symposium Proceedings "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?" British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Keywords: Rep., pests and natural enemies have spatial dynamics operating at larger scales than field or farm, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, spatial arrangement of mosaic of cropped and uncropped areas affects abundance and diversity of organisms in the landscape, cites Petit (1994) that current distribution of some ground beetles is related to historical patterns of hedgerow networks rather than current hedgerow distribution, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, long-term temporal effects, hierarchy of spatial scales, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1532
Author: Fryer, J. D.
Year: 1981
Title: Weed control practices and changing weed problems
Journal: Pests, Pathogens and Vegetation, Ed. by J.M. Thresh, Pitman, London
Pages: 403-414
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pesticides, agricultural statistics, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides sales, crops and acreages treated, cereals 103% with herbicide, Gramineae, poppy and charlock have declined, Polygonum Veronica and chickweed stayed same, wild oats and blackgrass have increased, dicotyledons, Gramineae, direct drilling allows weeds to germinate before winter and allows them a 10 month growing season, farming practices, some herbicides cause massive infestations of tolerant weeds, cultural and chemical control in cereals, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1563
Author: Fryer, J. D.; Makepeace, R. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Weed Control Handbook
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Volume: 1
Keywords: En.
Rep.part, herbicides, pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 100
Author: Fuchs, G.
Year: 1969
Title: Die okologische Bedeutung der Wallhecken in der Agralandschaft Nordwestde utschlands am Beispiel der Kafer
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 9
Pages: 432-458
Keywords: Ger.
Agonum dorsale
Carabidae, hedges, fields, movement, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4863
Author: Fuester, R.W.; Sandridge, P.T.; Dill, N.H.; McLaughlin, J.M.; Taylor, P.B.; Sigmond, J.O.D.; Newlon, C.J.
Year: 1997
Title: Apparent fate of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae stung by the introduced parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(6)
Pages: 1442-1451
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, classical biological control, Lymantria dispar, USA, forest, woodland, trees, parasitoids adults were taken into the field and allowed to sting apparently healthy pupae in temporary small cages and the location of the parasitised pupa was marked, these and control pupae were collected 13-22 days later, methods, they were examined for evidence of parasitism by other species (including Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae), and for disease and attack by the ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta, pupae killed by the carabid were found at all three field sites investigated, Hymenoptera, Diptera, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, there were high levels (31%) of predation on pupae by Calosoma at one site,  stinging not resulting in parasitism also sometimes caused mortality from desiccation and disease, wounding, indirect effects, C. disparis practiced host-feeding
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4806
Author: Fuester, R.W.; Taylor, P.B.
Year: 1996
Title: Differential mortality in male and female Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae by invertebrate natural enemies and other factors.
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25(2)
Pages: 536-547
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, USA, Lymantria dispar, forest, woodland, trees, methods, examination of pupal remains after emergence enabled emergence of healthy moth, chalcid parasitoid, ichnumonid parasitoid, dipterous parasitoid (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae), predated by invertebrates, diseased or desiccated to be determined. Invertebration was the main mortality class, observed in about a quarter of pupae during 9 years. Most of the pupae classified as attacked by invertebrates had the jagged wounds characteristic of Calosoma sycophanta. Other pupae were thought to be killed by stink bugs, ants, harvestmen, and spiders. Overall pupal mortality by predators and parasitoids was about 50% in some years. Impact on pest populations. There was a significant positive correlation between abundance of C. sycophanta larvae and incidence of predated pupae, and this species was thought to be the most important mortality agent of pupae over the long term. Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, population dynamics, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging, Pentatomidae, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Ichneumonidae, Opiliones, Araneae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4165
Author: Fuhrer, E.; Elsufty, R.; Willers, D.
Year: 1978
Title: Antibiotic effects of entomophagous endoparasites against microorganisms within the host body
Journal: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Parasitology, Warszawa 1978
Volume: Section F
Pages: 100
Keywords: En.
infection of hosts by Beauveria bassiana is facilitated by parasitic changes in the properties of the host cuticle, but the fungus tends to be inhibited once inside the host, perhaps because the parasitoid larvae induce production of fungistatic materials, examples are Pieris brassicae attacked by Apanteles glomeratus (Braconidae) and Cydia pomonella attacked by Ascogaster quadridentatus (Braconidae), larvae of Pimpla turionellae (Ichneumonidae) produce an antibiotic and fungistatic liquid, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, orchards, trees, forests, woodland, top fruit, Hymenoptera, interactions between natural enemies, inter-kingdom competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4796
Author: Fuller, B.W.
Year: 1988
Title: Predation by Calleida decora (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean.
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 81(1)
Pages: 127-129
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Anticarsia gemmatalis, laboratory and field experiments, live eggs and larvae were readily accepted as prey, cage experiments, impact on pest populations was reduction of larval populations by 57%, oophagy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4920
Author: Fuller, B.W.; Reagan, T.E.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparative predation of the sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on sweet sorghum and sugarcane
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 81(2)
Pages: 713-717
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pitfall and destructive sampling, methods, predators were reduced in some plots using chlordane, pesticides, insecticidal check method, sugarcane borer is Diatraea saccharalis. Predators were ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, imported fire ant, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, tiger beetles, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Gryllidae, Orthoptera, crickets.  Canopy predators were more abundant in sugarcane than in sorghum. Leptotrachelus dorsalis is a canopy-dwelling carabid, vertical distribution, more carabid larvae were found in sorghum. Caterpillar numbers were significantly greater (by 60% in sorghum, 45% in sugarcane) in predator-reduced plots. Damage was significantly greater on sugarcane (72% greater) and sorghum (44%) in predator-reduced plots. Yields were about significantly less (by 19% for sugarcane and 22% for sorghum) where predators were reduced [the possibility that the insecticide stimulated growth and activity of the pest directly, or reduced competition from other herbivores etc, is not discussed].
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3054
Author: Funke, W.
Year: 1971
Title: food and energy turnover of leaf-eating insects and their influence on primary production
Journal: Ecological Studies
Volume: 2
Pages: 81-93
Keywords: En.,
Rep., beech forest, weevils, methods for measuring population density, fecundity in lab, soil-living larvae and pupae assessed by sorting quadrats and by extraction in Berlese-Tullgren funnels and Kempson apparatus, sampling animals on emergence, eclector means emergence trap, positive phototaxis takes insect into clllecting bottle of photoeclector, gives design, killed and fixed in picric acid and nitric acid, pitfall trap inside photoeclector, also arboreal photoeclectors around tree trunks, photoeclectors are moved every week or month, larval stages of Curculionidae and Elateridae can immigrate beneath the eclector frame which is several cm deep, efficiency, 90- 100% for weevils, Elateridae and Diptera introduced and captured, also catch Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Collembola etc, foliage samples, shaking and beating of branches, gives data for production of imagines, cost of maintenance of imagines and influence of herbivores on primary production, trees, woodland, Coleoptera, population dynamics, activity, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, vertical stratification, soil, ground beeles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, energetics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4632
Author: Funke, W.; Jans, W.; Manz, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Temporal and spatial niche differentiation of predatory arthropods of the soil surface in two forest ecosystems
Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Volume: 196
Pages: 111-114
Alternate Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Chilopoda, Araneae, Opiliones, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, centipedes, Myriapoda, spiders, harvestmen, trees, woodland, Germany, methods, there are 250-400 species of predator in the litter layer of deciduous woodland in Central Europe. This study in oak and beech forest Germany collected 93 species, biodiversity. Methods, time-sorting pitfalls on the ground, diel activity cycles, diurnalism for Philonthus decorus, Abax and Pterostichus. Diel cycles are affected  by temperature and relative humidity. Staphylinids were mainly diurnal, the other groups mainly nocturnal. Time-sorting pitfalls also used at the top of 2 m high artificial tree trunks and showed that more flying insects were caught at higher temperatures when litter-dwelling mites, Collembola and Diptera larvae retired deeper into the ground. Ring-shaped pitfalls, with and without artificial tree trunks in the centre were used to investigate which species of predator use trunk silhouettes for orientation when moving over the ground. Acari, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, attraction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1533
Author: Furk, C.; Cotten, J.; Gould, H. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Monitoring for insecticide resistance in aphid pests of field crops in England and Wales
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection
Volume: 2
Pages: 637
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Hemiptera, resistant Myzus persicae, moderate resistance RI in 89% of samples from East with high spray pressure, higher resistance R2 in 35% of samples in North where less spraying, reason not known, resistance not detected in cereal aphids or Macrosiphum euphorbiae or Brevicoryne brassicae, Gramineae, brassicas, field vegetables, potatoes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4193
Author: Furlong, M. J.; Pell, J. K.
Year: 1996
Title: Interactions between the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans Brefeld (Entomophthorales) and two hymenopteran parasitoids attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 68
Pages: 15-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diadegma semiclausum was susceptible to Z. radicans but Cotesia plutellae was not, D. semiclausum was much less susceptible than larvae and adults of P. xylostella, parasitoids did not vector conidia directly but P. semiclausum adults caused increased movement of larvae which enhanced infection levels in P. xylostella, natural enemies, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, interactions between natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, behaviour, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 572
Author: Furuta, K.
Year: 1977
Title: Evaluation of spider, Oxyopes sertatus and O.badius (Oxyopidae) as a mortality factor of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) and pine moth, Dendrolimus spectabilis (Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae)
Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 12
Pages: 313-324
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, forest, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5702
Author: Fussell, M.; Corbet, S.A.
Year: 1992
Title: Flower usage by bumble-bees: a basis for forage plant management
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Pages: 451-465
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Hymenoptera, bumble-bees more frequently visit perennial plants (of late successional stages) than annuals (of newly disturbed land), foraging behaviour, distribution, landscape, bumble-bees are economically more important as crop pollinators since the advent of Varroa mite in honey bees, Acari, Varroa destructor, Apidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4298
Author: Gabarra, R.; Castane, C.; Albajes, R.
Year: 1995
Title: The mirid bug Dicyphus tamaninii as a greenhouse whitefly and western flower thrips predator on cucumber
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 5
Issue: 4)
Pages: 475-488
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Frankliniella occidentalis, D. tamaninii also feeds on plants, food, diet, trophic behaviour, it is effective against pests on tomatoes, cage experiments with cucumbers, cages containing predators, it was effective against pests and did not damage plants, prospects for inoculative and conservation biocontrol, Spain, cucumbers are a very common crop in Spain both in semi-open plastic houses and in open fields, protected crops, D. tamaminii is polyphagous and eats T. vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci, Lepidoptera eggs and WFT, Aleyeurodidae, in cage experiments T. vaporariorum and WFT were consistently reduced by the predator, an initial predator:prey ratio of 0.2:1 prevented whitefly population increase, a similar ratio was effective for naturally established D. tamaninii and T. vaporariorum in a tomato field, predator at 18 per cucumber plant controlled WFT below the economic threshold, no mirid damage on fruits was observed, but it has been observed to damage tomato, "the role of polyphagous predators in biological control has been neglected", D. tamaninii shows good potential for biocontrol of a range of pests on cucumber


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4016
Author: Gabbutt, P. D.
Year: 1956
Title: The spiders of an oak wood in southeast Devon
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine
Volume: 92
Pages: 351-358
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, trees, woodland, forest, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2788
Author: Gage, S. H.; Wirth, T. M.; Simmons, G. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Predicting regional Gypsy Moth (Lymantriidae) population trends in an expanding population using pheromone trap catch and spatial analysis
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Issue: 2)
Pages: 370-377
Keywords: En.
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5400
Author: Gagne, I.; Coderre, D.; Mauffette, Y.
Year: 2002
Title: Egg cannibalism by Coleomegilla maculata lengi neonates: preference even in the presence of  essential prey
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 285-291
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, intraspecific competition, Canada, survival, development rate, weight, biomass, population dynamics, cannibals grew faster and were heavier than non-cannibals, aphids offered as alternative food, pests, Hemiptera, methods, Manly preference index, there was a consistent preference for eggs over aphids, oophagy, neonates preferred aphids painted with egg extract to unpainted eggs, chemical cues are involved in egg searching, kairomones, olfactory cues, semiochemicals, infochemicals, laboratory study
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1123
Author: Galecka, B.
Year: 1966
Title: The role of predators in reduction of two species of potato aphids Aphis nasturtii Kalt and A.frangulae Kalt
Journal: Ekol. pol. A
Volume: 16
Pages: 245-274
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, natural enemies, biological control, Aphis frangulae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, predators more abundant in fields in wooded areas and aphids reduced more here, habitat diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4692
Author: Gallo, J.; Pekar, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under organic farming system in Slovakia: Effect of ploughing and previous crop
Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 72
Pages: 31-36
Alternate Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Keywords: Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, no pesticides or inorganic fertilisers, community of pests and natural enemies, shallow compared with deep ploughing, greatest community variation was attributable to year, study duration was 3  years, natural enemy abundance was affected by previous crop, more after maize than after alfalfa, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera pests, polyphagous predators, predatory thrips, Nabis ferus, Nabidae, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla  carnea, Empididae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, multivariate statistics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5953
Author: Gallo, J.; Pekar, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Effect of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under integrated farming system in Slovakia
Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 74 
Pages: 60-65
Alternate Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, most pests favoured deep ploughing but natural enemies favoured shallow ploughing, no effect of previous crop (silage maize, peas), Leguminosae, methods, 8 plots each of 50 m2,  sweep net, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Oulema, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Agromyzidae, sawflies, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, flea beetles, frit flies, Diptera, Chloropidae, Oscinella frit, thrips, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Lygus, Cicadellidae, Elateridae, Lepidoptera, Nabidae, Nabus ferus, Cantharidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Malachidae, parasitoids, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, Empididae, hoverflies, Syrphidae, weevils, Apion, Sitona, Nematocera, Chironomidae, Simulium, Atomaria, Meligethes, Enicmus, community, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5262
Author: Garat, O.; Trumper, E.V.; Gorla, D.E.; Perez-Harguindeguy, N.
Year: 1999
Title: Spatial pattern of the Rio Cuarto corn disease vector, Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Hom., Delphacidae), in oat fields in Argentina and design of sampling plans
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 123
Pages: 121-126
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Hemiptera, pests, distribution, cereals, Gramineae, Poisson, negative binomial, aggregation indices, methods, planthoppers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2862
Author: Garbe, V.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1992
Title: Mulchsaat zu Zuckerruben
Journal: Zuckerrube
Volume: 41
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Germany, sugar beet, at 2 locations, conventional cultivation compared with catch crops of mustard and Phacelia followed by seed bed preparation, or, alternatively, direct drilled with sugar beet, usually more aphids on the conventional and fewest Staphylinidae, big effect on spiders with 120 per m2 on direct drilled into mustard and sugar beet cf 10 per m2 on conventional in June, arable, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, farming practices, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 849
Author: Garcia, M. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Arthropods in a tropical corn field: effects of weeds and insecticides on community composition
Journal: In "Plant - Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions" Ed. by P.W. Price, T.M. Lewinsohn, G.W. Fernandes and W.W. Benson, John Wiley & Sons
Pages: 619-634
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, Brazil, diversity and stability problem, criticism of Island Biogeography Theory, weedy and unweedy corn crops, maize, cereals, Gramineae, cultural practice, 8 x 450m plots, some sprayed endosulphan, sweep netting, greater numbers in weedy, no typical corn pests in their plots, endosulphan reduced species in weedy plots but not in bare


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 575
Author: Garcia, R.; Schlinger, E. I.
Year: 1972
Title: Studies of spider predation on Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) in a salt marsh
Journal: Proceedings and Papers of the 40th Annual Conference of the California Mosquito Control Association.
Pages: 117-118
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, pests, prey, foraging, diet, mosquitoes, Diptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 948
Author: Gardner, S. M.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1985
Title: Plant structure and the foraging success of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 171-179
Keywords: En.
Rep., wheat, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids searched mainly on leaves and came in contact mainly with Metopolophium dirhodum, lab at 21C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2956
Author: Gardner, W. A.; Shepard, M.; Noblet, R.
Year: 1981
Title: Precipitin test for examining predator-prey interactions in soybean fields
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 113
Issue: 5)
Pages: 365-369
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, ring test on cotton bollworm and 2 other Lepidoptera pests as prey, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5080
Author: Garthwaite, D.
Year: 2000
Title: Changes in biological control usage in Great Britain between 1968 and 1995 with particular reference to biological control in tomato crops
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 451-457
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., UK (England, Wales and Scotland, but not Northern Ireland), pesticides, protected crops, agricultural statistics, pesticide treated area (including repeat treatments to same area) increased from 17 million ha in 1976 to 46 million ha in 1998 on all indoor and outdoor crops, insecticides, use of biocontrol agents increased from 17ha in 1968 to 30,000 ha in 1999, but by 1995 use of biocontrol was only 1% of total pesticide treated area, number of biocontrol agents used increased from 2 in 1981 to 23 in 1995, by 1995 biocontrol was used on 70% of treated tomatoes, MAFF Agricultural Census
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4720
Author: Garthwaite, D.G.; Thomas, M.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Pesticide Usage Survey Report 159: Arable Farm Crops in Great Britain 1998
Journal: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, & Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department
Volume: 159
Pages: 97 pp
Alternate Journal: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, & Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department
Keywords: Rep., TP., MAFF, pesticides, agricultural statistics, UK, cereals, Gramineae, wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, oilseed rape, brassicas, linseed, flax, potatoes, peas, beans, Leguminosae, legumes, root crops, sugar beet, set-aside, areas of crops grown, for period autumn 1997 to harvest 1998, data based on 4% of area grown, area of arable crops treated with pesticide increased by 12% since 1996 (but some applications were at reduced rate), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4477
Author: Gaston, K. J.; Gauld, I. D.
Year: 1993
Title: How many species of pimplines (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are there in Costa Rica ?
Journal: Journal of Tropical Ecology
Volume: 9
Pages: 491-499
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biodiversity, methods, species richness from a network of Malaise traps,Pimplinae includes koinobiont ectoparasitoids of spiders and predators in spider eggsacs, polyphagous predators, Araneae, eggsac parasitoids, a network of Malaise traps was operated at 17 sites in Costa Rica for more than 100 Malaise trap years 1986 - 1990, 150 species of Pimplinae were caught, this is considered to be an accurate estimate of biodiversity because a) when the catches of the 17 sites were successively added together in a random sequence the curve for cumulative number of species plotted against cumulative number of sites approaches an asymptote, and b) few extra species have been added by additional collecting at other sites in Costa Rica, this assessment of species richness was achieved in spite of the Pimplinae being scarce in Costa Rica, the overall mean number caught was only 6 individuals per trap per month, species richness of Pimplinae appears to be greater in the tropics than in temperate regions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5387
Author: Gaston, K.J.; Warren, P.H.; Hammond, P.M.
Year: 1992
Title: Predator: non-predator ratios in beetle assemblages
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 90
Pages: 417-421
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., community, Coleoptera, wide variety of sampling methods, Malaise trap, flight interception traps, pitfalls, yellow water traps, insecticidal fogging, litter sampling, beetles from temperate and tropical forests, number of predatory species increases with number of non-predatory species so that there is a fairly constant ratio, temperate communities tend to contain a higher proportion of predators than tropical ones, litter sampling is predator-biased and fogging is non-predator biased, hypotheses to explain the results, a) random draw - i.e. local assemblages comprise species drawn at random from a regional pool, b) prey niches - i.e. more prey types provide more niches for predators, c) enemy-free space - i.e. number of prey coexisting with a predator is limited by apparent competition, d) energy ratios - i.e. species richness proportional to available energy at each trophic level and e) common determinants of diversity - i.e. factors influencing diversity act equally on predators and prey, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2394
Author: Gauch, H. G.
Year: 1982
Title: Multivariate analysis in community ecology
Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Pages: 298 pp
Keywords: En.
statistics, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2395
Author: Gauch, H. G.; Wentworth, T. R.
Year: 1976
Title: Canonical correlation analysis as an ordination technique
Journal: Vegetatio
Volume: 33
Issue: 1)
Pages: 17-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., statistics, methods, multivariate analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 489
Author: Gavarra, M. R.; Raros, R. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Studies on the biology of the predatory wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulat a Boes. et Str. (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Philipp. Ent.
Volume: 2
Pages: 427-444
Keywords: Predators, Philippines


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4174
Author: Gay, P.; Gay, G.; Koziel, M.
Year: 1996
Title: Bt maize self protected from European corn borer
Journal: 2nd Colmar Symposium for Plant Biology, Colmar, France
Pages: 47-51
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, pathogens, disease, natural enemies, biological control using transgenic corn, Bacillus thuringiensis, cereals, Gramineae, there was a significant yield advantage for the Bt hybrid cf the non Bt hybrid in the presence of Ostrinia nubilalis, microbial insecticides and host plant resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5617
Author: Geden, C.J.; Bernier, U.R.; Carlson, D.A.; Sutton, B.D.
Year: 1998
Title: Identification of Muscidifurax spp., parasitoids of muscoid flies, by composition patterns of cuticular hydrocarbons
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 12
Pages: 200-207
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., methods, natural enemies, Diptera, gas chromatography, Muscidifurax raptor, Muscidifurax zaraptor, Muscidifurax raptorellus, Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae, attack house flies and stable flies, pests, augmentative biological control, produced by commercial insectaries, some of the 5 species in the genus are difficult to distinguish by morphology, hydrocarbons on cuticle of insects are for water-proofing, mate-finding and recognition of nest mates, this method allowed identification of three Muscidifurax species (above), the method identified M. raptor from 5 countries and three continents indicating that the hydrocarbon pattern is highly conserved
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5159
Author: Geden, C.J.; Stinner, R.E.; Axtell, R.C.
Year: 1988
Title: Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference, and field conditions
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 17(2)
Pages: 320-329
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Musca domestica, Diptera, pests, biological control, USA, fly maggots in lab killed by histerid beetles and predatory mites, Coleoptera, Histeridae, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Macrochelidae, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, there was significant interspecific interference for five out of nine combinations of predator species, natural enemy inteactions, gives predation rates by various predators on maggots for a field experiment in a poultry house
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 185
Author: Geiler, H.
Year: 1956
Title: Zur Okologie und Phanologie der auf mitteldeutschen Feldern lebenden Carabidae
Journal: Wiss. Z. Univ. Leipzig Math. Naturw. Reihe.
Volume: 6
Pages: 35-53
Keywords: Ger.
Ecology, phenology, fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 567
Author: Geiler, H.
Year: 1963
Title: Die Spinnen und Weberknechtfauna nordwestsachsischer Felder (Die Evertebratenfauna mitteldeutscher Feldkulturen V. )
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Zoologie Deutschland.
Volume: 50
Pages: 257-272
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, community, 39 species, arable, soil, plants, all seasons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5489
Author: Gelernter, W.D.; Lomer, C.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Success in biological control of above-ground insects by pathogens
Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Pages: 297-322
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pests, Bacillus thuringiensis US$100 million golabal sales, other microbial insecticides US$40 million, variety tenebrionis against Colorado beetle on potato is technically effective but not muxh used because of precise requirements of timing and spray coverage, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, more than 50 applications per year against Diamondback moth resulted in resistance to Bt, e.g. in South America and SE Asia, Plutella xylostella, cabbages, brassicas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, but Bt has been used in IPM programmes against pests on outdoor tomatoes in USA and Mexico, these involve release of egg parasitoids and use of soft chemicals, profits $64-$1000 per ha higher than wirth conventional insecticides, Hymenoptera, Trichogramma pretiosum, Bt israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus for control of blacklies and mosquitoes, Diptera, Nematocera, Simuliidae, coconut rhinoceros beetle controlled by baculovirus, Oryctes rhioceros, palm trees, plantations, viral biopesticides, Metarhizium anosopliae Green Muscle against locusts and grasshoppers, entomopathogenic fungi   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3199
Author: Gentry, J. W.; Moore, C. G.; Hayes, D. E.
Year: 1967
Title: Preliminary report on soluble antigen fluorescent antibody technique for identification of host source of mosquito blood meals
Journal: Mosquito News
Volume: 27
Pages: 141-143
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, antiserum to various vertebrate bloods conjugated with fluorescing compound commercially available, mosquito bloodmeals on cellulose acetate discs dipped in these conjugates, after washing etc discs fluoresce if positive, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5353
Author: Geoghegan, I.E.; Chudek, J.A.; Mackay, R.L.; Lowe, C.; Moritz, S.; McNicol, R.J.; Birch, N.E.; Hunter, G.; Majerus, M.E.N.
Year: 2000
Title: Study of anatomical changes in Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) induced by diet and by infection with the larva of Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using magnetic resonance microimaging
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 457-461
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, ladybirds, parasitoids of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, detecting parasitism, NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance enables changes to be seen within the bodies of living insects and the same individuals can be re-examined on different occasions, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphon pisum, food, diet, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, images of ladybirds fed on A. pisum differ from those for ladybirds fed on an artificial diet, authors claim that a ladybird can be kept comatose under carbon dioxide for up to 18 h without apparent physical harm, a proton NMR spectrometer is needed, a parasitoid larva can be seen within the ladybird
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 947
Author: George, K. S.
Year: 1957
Title: Preliminary investigations on the biology and ecology of the parasites and predators of Brevicoryne brassicae
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 48
Pages: 619-629
Keywords: En.
aphid, pests, brassicas, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, parasitoids, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4623
Author: Gerber, G.H.; Walkof, J.; Juskiw, D.
Year: 1992
Title: Portable, solar-powered charging system for blacklight traps
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 124
Pages: 553-554
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., solar electric module charges a 12 V battery, the system ran 8-10 h per day June to September in Canada without failure, methods, attraction, attractive traps, ultraviolet, ultra-violet, UV, aerial migration, movement dispersal
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1965
Author: Gerson, U.
Year: 1982
Title: Is the mite Lorryia formosa Cooreman (Prostigmata: Tydeidae) a sanitizing agent in citrus groves ?
Journal: Acta Oecol. (Oecol. Appl.)
Volume: 3
Issue: 1)
Pages: 47-51
Keywords: En.
Acari, trees, top fruit, mite cleans sooty mould growing on honeydew produced by scale insects, pests, Hemiptera, pathogenic fungi, Cladosporium, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5113
Author: Gerson, U.; Cohen, E.
Year: 1989
Title: Resurgences of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) induced by synthetic pyrethroids
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 6
Pages: 29-46
Alternate Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., pests, insecticides, side effects of pesticides, indirect effects of pesticides, tritrophic interactions, review, resurgences can take from a week to several months to occur, Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae predatory mites are killed and also repelled by residues, pest eggs covered with pesticide are less palatable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, spider mites are less affected than their predators, pesticides can inhibit the action of entomogenous fungi, pathogens, diseases, microbial pesticides, pyrethroids are repellent to spider mites causing their distribution to become more dispersed thus reducing intraspecific competition and increasing reproductive rate, dispersal, migration, movement, population dynamics, pyrethroids can also change spider mite sex ratio to being more female and reduce generation time, and delay winter diapause, sublethal doses can increase reproductive rate, hormoligosis, pyrethroids can alter plant physiology to reduce resistance to spider mites, some resurgences of Homoptera pests may involve some of the above mechanisms and there are some data to support this, Hemiptera 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3924
Author: Getz, W. M.; Gutierrez, A. P.
Year: 1982
Title: A perspective on systems analysis in crop production and insect pest management
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 447-466
Keywords: En.
Rep., varying life table approach is an application of systems analysis, historical perspective, population dynamics, biological control, natural enemies, methods, operations research, simulation and analytical models, these approaches are not mutually exclusive, "interdisciplinary bees are needed to cross-fertilise between these different approaches", lack of awareness of important biological processes can invalidate a simulation model, simulation models not used just for prediction but to enhance understanding of systems, analytical models better at elucidating mechanisms of system function


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1945
Author: Ghai, S.; Shenhmar, M.
Year: 1984
Title: A review of the world fauna of Tenuipalpidae (Acarina: Tetranychoidea)
Journal: Oriental Insects
Volume: 18
Pages: 99-172
Keywords: pests, mites, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1125
Author: Ghani, M. A.
Year: 1971
Title: Natural enemies of forage and grain legume aphids in Pakistan
Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Pakistan Station Report, January 1967 - December 1971
Pages: 34
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3648
Author: Ghanim, A. E. B.; Freier, B.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1984
Title: Zur Nahrungsaufnahme und Eiablage von Coccinella septempunctata L. bei unterschiedlichen Angebot von Aphiden der Arten Macrosiphum avenae (Fabr.) und Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)
Journal: Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 20
Pages: 117-125
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Sitobion avenae, Germany, on the food intake and oviposition of C.7- punctata at different availability of the aphids M.avenae and R.padi, natural enemies, biological control, C.7- punctata laid 66% fewer eggs on diet of R.padi cf S.avenae, reproduction, oviposition, fecundity, population dynamics, food quality, behaviour, physiology, oviposition threshold at 10 mg biomass aphid availability, if optimal food supply reduced by 50% fecundity declines by 67%, food quantity, coccinellids can respond immediately with increased oviposition if aphid numbers increase


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1396
Author: Gholson, L. E.; Beegle, C. C.; Best, R. L.; Owens, J. C.
Year: 1978
Title: Effects of several commonly used insecticides on cornfield carabids in Iowa
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 71
Issue: 3)
Pages: 416-418
Keywords: En.
USA, pesticides, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, carbofuran, phorate, tenbufos, aldrin, carbaryl, leptophos, trichlorfon, methomyl, toxaphene, organophosphorus insecticides, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2939
Author: Gibert, J.
Year: 1971
Title: Analyses electrophoretiques sur gel de polyacrylamide des proteines de l'hemolymphe de Niphargus virei (Amphipodes des eaux souterraines)
Journal: Comptes Rendues Ser. D, Sciences Naturelles
Volume: 19
Pages: 273
Keywords: Fr.
methods, serology, Amphipoda, subterranean water


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3137
Author: Gibson, C. W. D.; Hambler, C.; Brown, V. K.
Year: 1992
Title: Changes in spider (Araneae) assemblages in relation to succession and grazing management
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Pages: 132-142
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, community, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4963
Author: Gibson, P.H.; Cosens, D.; Buchanan, K.
Year: 1997
Title: A chance field observation and pilot laboratory studies of predation of the New Zealand flatworm by the larvae and adults of carabid and staphylinid beetles
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 130
Pages: 581-585
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, Terricola, Artioposthia triangulata, introduced to Scotland 30 years ago and now established, UK, it is a serious predator of earthworms and therefore a pest, in an allotment garden experiment earthworms were stained with neutral red, Annelida, Lumbricidae, methods, dyes, stains, worms were fed to 100 flatworms which became red and were released for dispersal studies, a red-stained carabid larva [not identified] was subsequently found, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, in the laboratory carabid larvae [unidentified] and adults of the rove beetle Philonthus marginatus consumed the flatworm [does not say if this was living or dead, but a later statement implies they were alive], Staphylinidae, other predators including centipedes and earwigs did not consume the flatworm, the flatworm is not cannibalistic, the carabid larvae consumed their own body weight of flatworm per day, consumption rates, an adult Amara aulica only ate the flatworm after 24 days starvation, hunger and prey acceptability
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2030
Author: Gilbert, F. S.
Year: 1985
Title: Diurnal activity patterns in hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 385-392
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, behaviour, diel cycles, Metasyrphus corollae is sun-loving, gardens in SE England, UK, larger species spent less time in flight, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, large species became active at lower temperatures than small ones, size, weather, microclimate, tolerance of low temperatures related to feeding on grass pollen, Gramineae, food preferences, proline fuelled flight, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 931
Author: Gilbert, N.; Gutierrez, A. P.
Year: 1973
Title: A plant-aphid-parasite relationship
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 42
Pages: 323-340
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, Thimbleberry, Masonaphis maxima, Aphidius rubifolii


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3900
Author: Gilbert, N.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Frazer, B. D.; Jones, R. E.
Year: 1976
Title: Ecological Relationships
Journal: W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, USA
Pages: 157 pp
Keywords: En.
Book, HRI Lib., variable life tables, birth and death rates at each time step of day degrees, physiological time scale, methods, deterministic simulation models, reproduction, mortality, survival rates, survivorship, population dynamics, Fisher's principle of maximal fitness eg survival to reproductive age x fecundity, temperature, age distribution of prey and hunger are important parameters in predator - prey relationships, pests, natural enemies, biological control, plant - herbivore relationships, movement, distribution, dispersal, migration, sampling, field experiments, field cages, in Coccinellidae - aphid models need to invoke a 70% background mortality of pea aphid on alfalfa thought to be due to harvestmen and spiders attacking first instars, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Opiliones, Phalangida, Araneae, polyphagous predators, predation on parasitised aphids treated in model as 2-species interactions between predators and parasitoids, analyse the ecosystem as an assemblage of 2- species interactions, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, model of Masonaphis maxima on thimbleberry Rubus attacked by Aphidius rubifolii and Syrphidae, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, includes syrphids eating parasitised aphids on page 125, in the model aphids have an age-related probability of leaving the plant, they climb a new plant at random, vertical distribution, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, probability of predator contacting aphid is related to hunger, foraging behaviour, physiology, capture success is related to aphid size, consumption rates, prey size preference, metabolic pool model for plant - herbivore interrelations, priority of distribution of carbohydrate by plants is respiration then fruit development then growth and storage, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1733
Author: Gilbert, O.
Year: 1951
Title: Observations on the feeding habits of some British pseudoscorpions
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 121
Pages: 547-555
Keywords: En.
feeding methods, behaviour, Pseudoscorpionidae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 189
Author: Gilbert, O.
Year: 1956
Title: The natural history of four species of Calathus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) on sand dunes in Anglesey
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 7
Pages: 22-47
Keywords: En.
Rep, pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 186
Author: Gilbert, O.
Year: 1958
Title: Life history patterns of Nebria brevicollis and Nebria degenerata
Journal: J.Soc.Br.Ent.
Volume: 6
Pages: 11-14
Keywords: Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2558
Author: Gildow, F. E.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence of barley yellow dwarf virus-infected oats and barley on morphology of aphid vectors
Journal: Phytopathology
Volume: 73
Issue: 8)
Pages: 1196-1199
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5215
Author: Gilkeson, L.A.
Year: 1987
Title: A note on fecundity of the aphid predator, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119(12)
Pages: 1145-1146
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., Diptera, predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, reproduction, biological control, fecundity was 154 under normal rearing conditions, but when extra water was available it increased to 245, culturing
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2566
Author: Gillespie, A. T.; Claydon, N.
Year: 1989
Title: The use of entomogenous fungi for pest control and the role of toxins in pathogenesis
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 27
Pages: 203-215
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4890
Author: Gillespie, D.R.; McGregor, R.R.
Year: 2000
Title: The functions of plant feeding in the omnivorous predator Dicyphus hesperus: water places limits on predation
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 380-386
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., lab study, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, omnivory, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, pests, biological control, nymphal development on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella alone or with tomato leaves or water. Plant feeding or water weas needed for successful development, but nymphs cannot complete development on tomato leaves alone. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5221
Author: Gillespie, D.R.; Opit, G.; Roitberg, B.
Year: 2000
Title: Effects of temperature and relative humidity on development, reproduction, and predation in Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 17
Pages: 132-138
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Canada, food, diet, trophic behaviour, RH, moisture, life history parameters, predatory gall midge, twospotted spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Acari, glasshouse vegetable crops, greenhouse, protected crops, horticulture, fecundity, predation rates, extended periods of low humidity <60% RH reduce survival and reproduction, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4561
Author: Gillespie, D.R.; Quiring, D.J.M.
Year: 1992
Title: Competition between Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)(Thysanoptera: Thripidae).
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 124
Pages: 1123-1128
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, predatory mites, glasshouse crops, protected crops, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, diet, food, trophic behaviour, predators of predators. Orius tristicolor will eat thrips, aphids, whitefly, and Lepidoptera eggs and larvae. O. tristicolor and Amblyseius cucumeris may be introduced simultaneously or sequentially in cucumber greenhouses. In single bean leaf cage experiments mortality of A. cucumeris due to intraguild predation by O. tristicolor was negatively related to density of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Thrips mortality due to O. tristicolor was not affected by A. cucumeris density. Fewer A.cucumeris were eaten by O. tristicolor than would be the case if they ate equal proportions of thrips and A. cucumeris. This suggests that the predators can be used together against WFT. Reference that Leptinothrips mali and Stethorus punctum are compatible as specialist predators of Panonychus ulmi, but Orius insidiosus fed on L. mali. Reference that Xylocoris flavipes (Anthocoridae) avoids eating parasitised eggs of almond moth and so is compatible with its parasitoids. Reference that the generalist predator Ambyseius degenerans feeds on eggs of the specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 588
Author: Gillespie, R. G.
Year: 1981
Title: The quest for prey by the web-building spider Amaurobius similis (Blackwall)
Journal: Animal Behaviour.
Volume: 29
Pages: 953-966
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Agelenidae, food, foraging, predation, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4085
Author: Gillespie, R. G.
Year: 1987
Title: The mechanisms of habitat selection in long-jawed orb- weaving spider Tetragnatha elongata (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Pages: 81-90
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat preferences, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4693
Author: Gillespie, R.G.; Caraco, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Risk-sensitive foraging strategies of two spider populations
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 68
Pages: 887-899
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, USA, Tetragnatha elongata, Tetragnathidae, web site tenacity in relation to prey availability in creek and lake habitats, risk, risk-sensitive foraging model, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, microhabitat selection
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1902
Author: Gilmore, S. K.
Year: 1970
Title: Collembola predation on nematodes
Journal: Search - Agriculture
Volume: 1
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., Collembola as predators, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, 10/12 Collembola species reduced nematode populations in experimental dishes, Folsomia candida, Hypogastrura, Sminthurides, Sinella, Entomobryoides, Tomocerus, Isotomurus, Isotoma, 8/10 species of nematodes were eaten, Nematoda, consumption rates 78-2427 nematodes per Collembolan per day in a flat dish and 16-39 in soil, Collembola sucked in nematodes like spaghetti, behaviour, food, diet, nematodes preferred to Bakers yeast, fungi, grew faster and larger on nematodes than yeast, growth rates, culturing, rearing, Collembola dissected immediately after eating nematodes, remains sometimes found but often not so very rapid digestion, methods, references to Collembola and nematode densities in soils, ratios of 10-100 nematodes per Collembola may be typical i.e. 1 days food, Collembola could exert a powerful influence on nematode populations, population dynamics, sevin is very toxic to Collembola, carbaryl, carbamate insecticides, pesticides, Arthropleona, Symphypleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1469
Author: Gilmour, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Minimising cereal fungicide inputs
Journal: Proceedings 1979 British Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases
Pages: 683-692
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, pesticides, insurance treatment is not justified except for mildew of spring barley


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3174
Author: Gilpin, M.; Hanski, I.
Year: 1991
Title: Metapopulation dynamics
Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society
Volume: 42
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, book, photocopies on shelf, collection of 18 papers by various authors, population dynamics, models, theoretical, dispersal, distribution, connectivity, movement, migration, local extinction, conspecific attraction, frogs, forests, trees, Vertebrata, Amphibia, birds, Aves, genetics, habitat fragmentation, land use, diversity, interspecific competition, behaviour, invasion resistance, community, persistence, predator-prey patch models, predation, natural enemies, biological control, acarine predator-prey systems in greenhouse, protected crops, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1701
Author: Girling, D. J.
Year: 1972
Title: Report on investigations on graminaceous stem borers in East Africa (Nov. 1969 - Mar 1972)
Journal: CIBC, East African Station, Muguga, Kenya
Pages: 55 pp
Keywords: En.
cereals, grasses, Gramineae, pests, Diptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, exotic parasitoids released, natural enemies, biological control, sorghum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5095
Author: Girling, D.J.
Year: 1978
Title: The distribution and biology of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its relationship to other stem borers in Uganda
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 68
Pages: 471-488
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, East Africa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, methods, ants were seen taking tagged E. saccharina eggs on maize plants in the field, cereals, corn, Gramineae, egg batches that were found were completely removed but some egg masses were not found, 92% of eggs were taken in a week compared with only 6% where plant stems had been grease-banded to exclude ants, impact on pest populations 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1402
Author: Gish, C. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Organochlorine insecticide residues in soils and soil invertebrates from agricultural lands
Journal: Pesticides Monitoring Journal
Volume: 3
Pages: 241-252
Keywords: En.
pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1900
Author: Gisin, H.
Year: 1960
Title: Collembolenfauna Europas
Journal: Geneva
Keywords: Keys to European Collembola, taxonomy, structure, systematics, classification, identification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1947
Author: Gledhill, T.; Viets, K. O.
Year: 1976
Title: Checklist of the freshwater mites
Journal: Freshwater Biological Association
Volume: Occasional Publication No. 1
Keywords: En.
Acari, systematics, classification, taxonomy, UK, aquatic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1056
Author: Glen, D. M.
Year: 1975
Title: Searching behaviour and prey density requirements of Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.)(Heteroptera, Miridae) as a predator of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae (L.) and leafhopper, Alnetoidea alneti (Dahlbom)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 44
Pages: 85-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1886
Author: Glen, D. M.
Year: 1975
Title: The effects of predators on the eggs of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, in a cider apple orchard in south-west England
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 80
Pages: 115-119
Keywords: En.
UK, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trees, top fruit, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1885
Author: Glen, D. M.
Year: 1977
Title: Predation of Codling Moth eggs, Cydia pomonella, the predators responsible and their alternative prey
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 445-456
Keywords: En.
Rep., Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, earwigs, UK, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, apple orchards, top fruit, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1739
Author: Glen, D. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Effects of natural enemies on a population of codling moth Cydia pomonella
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 199-201
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, UK, apple trees, orchards, top fruit, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1887
Author: Glen, D. M.; Brain, P.
Year: 1978
Title: A model of predation on codling moth eggs (Cydia pomonella)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 47
Pages: 711-724
Keywords: En.
UK, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trees, apple orchards, top fruit, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1568
Author: Glen, D. M.; Milsom, N. F.
Year: 1978
Title: Survival of mature larvae of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) on apple trees and ground
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 90
Pages: 133-16
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, UK, orchards, top fruit, 44% larvae disappeared from trees while searching for cocooning sites, behaviour, mortality, dispersal, experimental evidence for the importance of predation by tits, Parus, Aves, vertebrates, birds, polyphagous predators present and would feed on larvae but numbers taken estimated to be low, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, some larvae killed by Verticillium lecanii, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3468
Author: Glen, D. M.; Wiltshire, C. W.; Wilson, M. J.; Kendall, D. A.; Symondson, W. O. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Slugs in arable crops: key pests under CAP reform ?
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 199-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., integrated farming systems IFS will probably favour slugs because of non-inversion tillage, reduced tillage, incorporation of crop residues, cover crops, farming practices, UK, cereals, Gramineae, arable, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, cultural control by seed bed preparation, appropriate drilling depth and broadcast molluscicide pellets, pesticides, methods, more Carabidae and Staphylinidae survive non-inversion tillage and BYDV incidence is reduced, virus disease, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, serology, slug haemolymph detected in Pterostichus melanarius guts using ELISA, more than 80% P.melanarius contained slug in July to September, pitfall catch of P.melanarius positively correlated with slug numbers in soil as was quantity of slug eaten per beetle, slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita causes swelling of mantle, inhibits feeding, reduces plant damage, affects slug behaviour altering distribution and dispersal, it kills other slugs and snails but not insects and should integrate well in IPM, non- targets, specificity, parasites, Nematoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4523
Author: Gliessman, S.R. ; Garcia, E.R.  ; Amador, A.M.
Year: 1981
Title: The ecological basis for the application of traditional agricultural technology in the management of tropical agro-ecosystems
Journal: Agro-Ecosystems
Volume: 7
Pages: 173-185
Alternate Journal: Agro-Ecosystems
Keywords: Rep., TP
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4698
Author: Glover, L.A.
Year: 1994
Title: Environmental and regulatory aspects of using genetically-modified microorganisms in the field
Journal: In "Molecular Biology in Crop Protection" ed by G. Marshall & D. Walters, Chapman & Hall, London
Pages: 263-274
Alternate Journal: In "Molecular Biology in Crop Protection" ed by G. Marshall & D. Walters, Chapman & Hall, London
Keywords: Rep., TP., GM, industry wants legally enforceable guidelines because of public image, there is much "natural" exchange of genetic information in the environment, detection of introduced bacteria, regulations in UK, Australia and some other countries
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3524
Author: Gluck, E.; Ingrisch, S.
Year: 1990
Title: The effect of biodynamic and conventional agriculture management on Erigoninae and Lycosidae spiders
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 110
Issue: 2)
Pages: 136-148
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, 4 years, pitfalls, cereals, winter wheat, winter barley, rye, Gramineae, formalin pitfalls, April to July, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone atra were dominants at 66-81% of total spiders, more spiders caught in conventional but % Lycosidae lower than in biodynamic, more O.apicatus and E.atra in centre than edge, distribution, 14 species of lycosids, 6 abundant, Pardosa amentata dominant and more in centre, Pardosa prativaga in edge and centre, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa pullata, Trochosa ruricola and Pirata hygrophilus just in edges of biodynamic, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1884
Author: Godan, D.
Year: 1983
Title: Pest slugs and snails. Biology and Control
Journal: Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Volume: Section 3.6.3
Issue: Predators
Pages: 320-342
Keywords: En.
Rep.part, Mollusca, Limacidae, natural enemies, biological control, ON SHELF together with copy of selected reference pages


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3565
Author: Godfray, H. C. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoids
Journal: Intercept Ltd, Andover
Pages: 520 pp
Keywords: En.
Book, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, physiology, behaviour, host location, oviposition, reproduction, longevity, sex ratio, immatures and adults, life history, community, Hymenoptera, Diptera, some Scelionidae egg parasitoids fight with conspecifics over possession of egg batches, some Tachinidae produce very small egg batches and infection of host is by oral ingestion of eggs, some perilampids Chalcidoidea wait at the base of Chrysopa egg stalks for the eggs to hatch, lacewings, predators, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, parasitoids of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, offspring survival and fecundity depend crucially on the size and species of host, some Braconidae parasitoids of aphids prefer to attack starved hosts because a) they put up less defence and b) development is faster, which can be a valuable trade-off with fecundity, the percentage of hosts used for oviposition increases with encounter rate, clutch size ie number of eggs deposited in a host in a single oviposition bout, offspring fitness often declines with increasing clutch size, larger clutches tend to be laid on larger hosts, both solitary and gregarious parasitoids have been observed to destroy eggs of conspecifics on previously parasitized hosts eg using the ovipositor, ovicide, avoidance of superparasitism, intraspecific competition, in multiparasitism ie host attacked by more than one species of primary parasitoid some species consistently lose out in competition, eg Aphidius smithi attacking aphids, and are able to discriminate hosts already attacked, interspecific ovicide, eg by some Ephedrus which inject toxin into aphid host at oviposition killing Aphidius eggs but not Ephedrus, in the real world as opposed to foraging models most parasitoids with adequate egg supplies oviposit on nearly all hosts encountered even when survival probability of progeny is low, greater clutch size may be to increase the chances that at least some survive host defences eg encpasulation of eggs, in pro-ovigenic species ie all eggs together in body at same time larger females tend to contain more eggs, in synovigenic species ie eggs produced and laid sequentially maximum egg load usually correlated with body size, reproductive success is strongly influenced by amount and type of food eaten, host-feeding, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3998
Author: Godfray, H. C. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology
Journal: Intercept, Andover
Pages: 520 pp
Keywords: En.
book, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, definitions, life histories, host location including learning, oviposition behaviour, sex ratio, juvenile, adult, community patterns, some cleptoparasitoids of insects in dead wood lack a boring ovipositor and have to wait for another parasitoid species to make the hole, foraging behaviour, female Aphelinidae always develop as endoparasitoids of homopterans but males can develop from other hosts, including as ectoparasitoids and even as hyperparasitoids of females of their own species ie autoparasitoids, parasitoids can learn about their host at the emergence site, eg parasitoid of cabbage aphid, if reared on aphids on potato, will be more responsive to potato plants than cabbage plants, some parasitoids can learn where to search for hosts as a result of a successful search which modifies subsequent behaviour, "it is quite frequent for several parasitoids to be found searching a patch simultaneously", interference is density dependent and may help to stabilise host-parasitoid population dynamics, during superparasitism some parasitoids use the ovipositor to destroy eggs of conspecifics, multiparasitism may occur when one species cannot recognise the chemical host mark of another species, some sibling species can recognise it, kairomones, semiochemicals, in multiparasitism of Heliothis virescens eggs by Telenomus heliothidis and Trichogramma pretiosum, the T.heliothidis larva secretes a cytolytic chemical that dstroys host tissue and eggs of T.pretiosum, some ectoparasitoids destroy eggs of other species present on the host, some Ephedrus are suspected to inject a venom during oviposition which kills newly-laid eggs of Aphidius, Lepidoptera, pests, interspecific competition, toxins, poisons, in some Trichogramma species microorganisms transmitted via the eggs convert unfertilised male eggs to viable females and thus induce parthenogenesis, host suicide remains controversial, movement of moribund hosts to reduce hyperparasitism, distribution, dispersal, migration, some leafhoppers parasitised by Dryinidae wasps embed the rostrum into the plant prior to being killed, it is probably in the parasitoids interest that the host is not dislodged, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, behaviour of moribund prey, dislodgement, ectoparasitoid larvae move actively over the host surface and destroy any eggs they find, ectoparasitoids are often facultative hyperparasitoids and feed on larvae of other ectoparasitoids already present on the host, definition of hyperparasitism as feeding not on the host but on the larvae of other species of parasitoid, larvae of one species of endoparasitoid inside the host may asphyxiate younger larvae of another species, adult parasitoids of bark beetles often encounter each other and show agonistic behaviour, interference competition, aggressive behaviour, interspecific competition, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, some parasitoids of Tephritidae fruit flies defend fruits from other parasitoids, territoriality, Diptera, some Scelionidae egg parasitoids also defend host egg batches, many Bethylidae remain with their brood after oviposition and some defend them from hyperparasitoids, parental care, dislodgement of hosts, falling off, vertical dispersal, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae use their sting to defend themselves against predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, flea beetles jump when confronted by a predator, Halticinae, host defence reactions, superior dispersal capabilities of poorer competitors may explain coexistence, fugitive species hypothesis, this gives counterbalanced competition, the role of interspecific competition in community organisation id still in dispute, apparent competition occurs when 2 host species share the same parasitoid species, increase in one host species results in more parasitoids which depresses the second host species, hyperparasitism is known from 17 families of Hymenoptera parasitoids and a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera, the Alloxystinae are exclusively obligate hyperparasitoids of aphids, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1995
Author: Godfray, H. C. J.; Blythe, S. P.
Year: 1990
Title: Complex dynamics in multispecies communities
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 221-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, methods, dimensionality of the attractor underlying persistent dynamics, low dimensionality implies few separate equations to describe the persistent behaviour of the system, evidence for chaos, attractor reconstruction, estimation of the correlation dimension, problems in using these new techniques, use of lab microcosms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6002
Author: Godfray, H.C.J.; Hassell, M.P.
Year: 1997
Title: Hosts and parasitoids in space
Journal: Nature
Volume: 386
Pages: 660-661
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, population dynamics, extent of forest fragmentation affected parasitism of forest tent caterpillar by Tachinidae parasitoids, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Malacosoma disstria, scale at which fragmentation had this affect varied between species of parasitoid, local population extinctions due to fragmentation might be offset by dispersal from surviving populations, metapopulations, distribution, migration, movement, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4695
Author: Godfray, H.C.J.; Muller, C.B.
Year: 1999
Title: Host-parasitoid dynamics
Journal: In "Insect Population Dynamics" ed by J.P. Dempster and I. McLean, Kluwer, London
Pages: 135-165
Alternate Journal: In "Insect Population Dynamics" ed by J.P. Dempster and I. McLean, Kluwer, London
Keywords: Rep., TP, natural enemies, biological control, apparent competition, community, exploitation competition for hosts, bottom-up host regulation, natural enemies of parasitoids, spatial aspects, trophic webs, food webs, quantitative parasitoid web diagram, mummy parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, quantitative parasitoid overlap diagram, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 812
Author: Godfray, H. C. J.; Waage, J. K.
Year: 1991
Title: Predictive modelling in biological control: the Mango mealy bug (Rastrococcus invadens) and its parasitoids
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 434-453 (see also pp 514-531)
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5651
Author: Godfray, H.J.C.; Agassiz, D.J.L.; Nash, D.R.; Lawton, J.H.
Year: 1995
Title: The recruitment of parasitoid species to two invading herbivores
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 393-402
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., invasions, in 1980's two leaf-mining moths (Phyllonorycter) arrived in UK from southern Europe attacking Pyracantha and plane and spreading at 10 km per year, distribution, dispersal, movenent, migration, parasitoid community attacking moths 10 years later described here, natural enemies, leafminers, pests, 16 parasitoid species attacked each host (as many as attack native Phyllonorycter) but structure of these assemblages was different to that for native hosts, the dominant parasitoid species was a specialist that invaded UK at the same time as its host, methods, mines collected from three sites were reared out, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Ichneumonoidea, species composition, species lists,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4800
Author: Godfrey, K.E.; Whitcomb, W.H.; Stimac, J.L.
Year: 1989
Title: Arthropod predators of velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), eggs and larvae
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18(1)
Pages: 118-123
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., direct observation, in situ visual observation, methods, soybeans, USA, known densities of live eggs and larvae were placed on a number of plants in the field, live larvae were also placed on the ground, these were untethered larvae, artificial prey, sentinel prey, baits, there were both daytime and night observation periods. ON FOLIAGE: Eggs were eaten by Miridae and Geocoris punctipes, oophagy, predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical stratification. Larvae were eaten by Nabidae, Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Orthoptera, Carabidae, earwigs, ants and spiders, the species are listed and records divided into predation on small, medium and large larvae. Nabis, Geocoris, Podisus, Zelus, Tettigonidae, Calleida decora larva, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Dermaptera, Labidura. Total predation events on larvae on the foliage were 11 observed in 1981 and 32 in 1982. ON GROUND: there were 407 observations of predation on larvae in 1981 and 84 in 1982, these were by ants, earwigs, spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa molvina). The number of successful and unsuccessful predation attempts are given (relevant to mortality induced by wounding). In some years nearly half the predation attempts on small caterpillars were not successful, with higher failure rates for larger caterpillars. Ants were observed to contact a caterpillar, disengage, recruit other ants, then a group of ants woulf successfully overcome the prey. Predators had a much greater surface area to search to find prey on the foliage than on the ground, which affected foraging efficiency (and the relative number of predation events observed here on plant and ground... see also Griffiths on A. dorsale). Although predator species composition was fairly constant in the two years, the key species attacking larvae were different in each year (reasons unknown). 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5112
Author: Goeden, R.D.; Louda, S.M.
Year: 1976
Title: Biotic interference with insects imported for weed control
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 325-342
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., biological control of weeds, classical biological control, imported phytophages do not always become established, herbivores, natural enemies, predators, parasitoids, pathogens, diseases, food, diet, trophic behaviour, thrips, chrysomelids, sawflies, seed-feeding chalcids, Tephritidae, Tingidae, cochineal insect, mealybugs, Cactoblastis cactorum, Cerambycidae, weevils, Geometridae, cinnabar moth, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Diptera, Heteroptera, Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, scales, Lepidoptera, Curculionidae, the above biocontrol herbivores were hampered by endemic predators as follows, spiders, Araneae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predatory bugs, Pentatomidae, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, ants, Formicidae, Vespidae, predatory wasps, predatory mites, Acari, mice, Mammalia, Lygaeidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Orthoptera, cockroaches, Reduviidae, lizards, Reptilia, Miridae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Mecoptera, Nabidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, woodlice, Isopoda, experimental demonstrations of predator impact, in about half of the published projects some biotic interference to imported herbivores was reported
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4101
Author: Goff, A. M.; Nault, L. R.
Year: 1974
Title: Aphid cornicle secretions ineffective against attack by parasitoid wasps
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 565-566
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, defensive behaviour, foraging behaviour, semiochemicals, 4-24% of Acyrthosiphon pisum and Acyrthosiphon solani produced cornicle droplets when attacked by Aphidius ervi pulcher, only stung aphids produced droplets, they were not produced in response to a wasp in the vicinity, Aphidiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3519
Author: Gokool, S.; Curtis, C. F.; Smith, D. F.
Year: 1993
Title: Analysis of mosquito bloodmeals by DNA profiling
Journal: Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 208-215
Keywords: En.
Diptera, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4361
Author: Goldschmidt, H.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Variable degrees of granivory and phytophagy in insectivorous carabid beetles
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Issue: 6)
Pages: 521-525
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, food, diet, 25 species of carabid tested in the lab, Harpalinae ate seeds and leaf pieces, Carabus ate very little plant material, phytophagy was less predominant than granivory, half of the species were not phytophagous, leaves of wheat, cereals, Gramineae, seeds of Poa annua, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Taraxacum spp., Carabus spp., Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus spp. and Clivina fossor were not or only slightly herbivorous, some herbivory was shown by Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius and Harpalus rufipes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4590
Author: Gols, R.; Posthumus, M.A.; Dicke, M.
Year: 1999
Title: Jasmonic acid induces the production of gerbera volatiles that attract the biological control agent Phytoseiulus persimilis
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93(1)
Pages: 77-86
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP, ornamentals, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, semiochemicals, herbivore-induced synomones, protected crops,the Netherlands, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, spidermites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5263
Author: Gonzalez, D.; Ramsay, D.A.; Leigh, T.F.; Ekbom, B.S.; Van den Bosch, R.
Year: 1977
Title: A comparison of vacuum and whole plant methods for sampling predaceous arthropods on cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 750-760
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, bollworm, Lepidoptera, Heliothis zea, cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, caterpillars, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, phenology of Orius tristicolor, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris pallens, Nabis americoferus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, Nabidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, notoxus beetle Notoxus calcarata, Coleoptera, spiders, Araneae, with Dvac the sides and top of the plant was sampled but not the ground, Orius are frequently inside flowers or protected by bracts and are not sampled efficiently by Dvac, diurnal variation in catch, AM cf PM, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5089
Author: Gonzalez-Hernandez, H.; Johnson, M.W.; Reimer, N.J.
Year: 1999
Title: Impact of Pheidole megacephala (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the biological control of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 15
Pages: 145-152
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, USA, Hawaii, pink pineapple mealybug in pineapple, a combination of lab experiments and manipulations in the field showed that ants significantly decreased mealybug mortality by interfering with the foraging behaviour of parasitoids (especially Anagyrus ananatis) and predators (especially the ladybird Nephus bilucernarius), Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, methods, ant exclusion techniques, predator exclusion
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1925
Author: Good, J. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Association between earwigs Forficula auricularia L. and Cow Parsnip Heracleum Sphondylium L
Journal: Ir. Nat. J.
Volume: 19
Issue: 6)
Pages: 204
Keywords: En.
Rep., weeds, Ireland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Umbelliferae, Dermaptera, prefer moist stems 1-1.5 cm diameter, broken, not rooted in ground, behaviour, habitat preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1571
Author: Good, J. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Notes on the biogeography and ecology of the Common Earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera) in Ireland. Part 1. Distribution
Journal: Ir. Nat. J.
Volume: 20
Issue: 11)
Pages: 496-497
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, F.auricularia and Labia minor occur in Ireland, northern distribution limited by frozen soil, weather, climate, F.auricularia probably in all counties of Ireland, good references


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1572
Author: Good, J. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Notes on the biogeography and ecology of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera) in Ireland. Part 2. Life cycle
Journal: Ir. Nat. J.
Volume: 20
Issue: 12)
Pages: 543-546
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 50 eggs per nest, fecundity varies with season, eggs moved by female to different depths on a diel cycle, vertical distribution, behaviour, female fasts during nesting, hatching late February onwards, 2nd broods do not require mating, nymphs to adults in late July in Cork, some nymphs overwinter, males evicted from nests by females at start of oviposition, 88% in hedgerow in March were male


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1570
Author: Good, J. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Fungi attacking eggs of the earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera)
Journal: Ir. Nat. J.
Volume: 21
Issue: 8)
Pages: 370
Keywords: En.
Rep., Ireland, fungal pathogens, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 4 species of fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2567
Author: Good, J. A.; Giller, P. S.
Title: The diet of predatory staphylinid beetles - a review of records
Journal: Ent mon Mag (in press)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2761
Author: Good, J. A.; Giller, P. S.
Year: 1988
Title: Impact of crop management on staphylinid diet variability: a preliminary evaluation of electrophoretic prey detection
Journal: Ecological Bulletins
Volume: 39
Pages: 94-96
Keywords: En.
Rep., Ireland, methods, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, arable, predation rate per predator on pests could increase under intensive agriculture brcause less alternative prey, Dvac, alpha esterase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme electrophoresis, used Tachyporus hypnorum, Metopolophium dirhodum and Sminthurus viridis system, Collembola, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, esterases concluded to be unsuitable for prey detection in staphylinids in agriculture because of intraspecific variation in predator and prey, MDH shows more promise but needs evaluation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3959
Author: Good, J. A.; Giller, P. S.
Year: 1991
Title: The effect of cereal and grass management on staphylinid (Coleoptera) assemblages in south-west Ireland
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 810-826
Keywords: En.
Rep., Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, community, farming practices, 49 sites, winter wheat, winter oats, spring barley, spring wheat, silage, meadow, permanent pasture, pitfalls and Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, June - July, 9135 individuals and 104 taxa, DECORANA, multivariate statistics, methods, Dvac showed clear separation of species between cultivated and cut habitats compared with old pasture and hay meadow, species composition, fewer species in disturbed sites, many Stenus species only occurred in old pasture and hay meadow, distribution, adundance, density, dimethoate treated sites had fewer species and Stenus lacking, oroganophosphorus insecticides, side effects of pesticides on non-targets, fenvalerate produced a different effect, fungicide propiconazole did not appear to have much effect, late-sown spring crops had fewer species than early-sown, effect of sowing date, biodiversity, more species in small fields including Stenus, effects of field size, rapid re-invasion may mask effects of some other pesticides, dispersal, migration, movement, immigration, colonisation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1124
Author: Goodarzy, K.; Davis, D. W.
Year: 1958
Title: Natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata) in Utah
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 51
Pages: 612-616
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, USA, biological control, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Orius, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Nabis, Nabidae, Geocoris, Geocoridae, Collops, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, coccinellids were best


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 460
Author: Goodnight, C. J.
Year: 1946
Title: Habitat relations of some Mexican phalangids
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 27
Pages: 66
Keywords: Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5484
Author: Goolsby, J.A.; Ciomperlik, M.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Development of parasitoid inoculated seedling transplants for augmentative biological control of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 82(4)
Pages: 532-545
Alternate Journal: Florida Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., banker plants for parasitoids against Bemisia argentifolii, (= Bemisia tabaci), natural enemies, methods, Hymenoptera, Eretmocerus hayati, cantaloupes, Cucurbitaceae, imidacloprid, insecticides, pesticides, watermelons, field trials, Texas, banker plants are a reliable method for field delivery of Eretmocerus, Bemisia costs USA $1 billion, early season Eretmocerus releases plus selective insecticides provide season long pest control, augmentative biological control, IPM, USA, banker plants increase efficiency of field delivery of parasitoids and so reduce application costs, banker plants were estimated to release 4 000 - 69,000 parasitoids per acre 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1274
Author: Goos, M.
Year: 1973
Title: Influence of aphicides used in sugar beet plantations on arthropods. II. Studies on arachnids -Arachnoidea
Journal: Polskie Pismo ent.
Volume: 43
Pages: 851-859
Keywords: pesticides, insecticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4605
Author: Gopen, G.D. ; Swan, J.A.
Year: 1990
Title: The science of scientific writing
Journal: American Scientist
Volume: 78
Pages: 550-558
Alternate Journal: American Scientist
Keywords: Rep., controlling reader interpretation, comprehensible flowing text achieved by satisfying reader expectations with respect to the positioning of material within sentences, context, stress points, verb early in sentence.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4352
Author: Gordon, I. J.; Dennis, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Multiple-scale impacts of large herbivore grazing and biodiversity management in the uplands
Journal: In "The Spatial Dynamics of Biodiversity" Ed. by I. A. Simpson and P. Dennis, IALE (UK) University of Stirling
Pages: 25-32
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, grassland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, hierarchy of scales of effect of grazing, experiments at Macaulay Land Use Research Institute sites in Scotland including Sourhope Farm, effect of grazing on arthropods, Dvac in 1993 and 1994, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Linyphiidae, Staphylinidae and plant bugs, Araneae, spiders, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diversity promoted by tussock, tall sward and short grass areas promoted by light grazing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 705
Author: Gordon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Dispersal of ground beetles in a potato crop; a mark- release study
Journal: Entomologia.
Volume: 40
Pages: 104-105
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, arable, movement, distribution, Scotland, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, methods, starved, enamel paint, pitfalls, distance travelled, multiple recaptures, sex, Cory, winter wheat, cereals, furrows, non-directional.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2326
Author: Gordon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Dispersal of ground beetles in a potato crop; a mark release study
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata
Volume: 70
Pages: 104-105
Keywords: En.
Carabidae, Coleoptera, movement, methods, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1295
Author: Gordon, R.; Cornect, M.
Year: 1986
Title: Toxicity of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron to the rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata, a parasitoid and predator of the cabbage maggot Delia radicum
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 42
Issue: 6)
Pages: 179-185
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, dimilin, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4694
Author: Gorny, J.
Year: 1971
Title: Untersuchungen uber die Laufkafer (Col., Carabidae) der Feldschutzhecke und angrenzenden Feldkulturen
Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Volume: 41(2)
Pages: 387-415
Alternate Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, landscape, Poland, fields and hedges, distribution, table of 83 species, biodiversity, community
Notes: Polish, Ger. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3960
Author: Gotceitas, V.; Colgan, P.
Year: 1989
Title: Predator foraging success and habitat complexity: quantitative test of the threshold hypothesis
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 80
Pages: 158-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., experimental studies of large mouth bass predating juvenile bluegill sunfish in various densities in artificial vegetation, methods, Pisces, fish, Vertebrata, foraging behaviour, foraging success was reduced at high plant stem density and it was a non-linear relationship, there was a threshold, the prey selected more compex habitats as a refuge and the threshold for this selection enables them to select habitats safe from predation, prey refuges in enemy free space, no references to non-aquatic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1786
Author: Goto, H. E.
Year: 1960
Title: Simple techniques for the rearing of Collembola and a note on the use of a fungistatic substance in the cultures
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 96
Pages: 138-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., culturing, mass production


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3456
Author: Gowling, G. R.; Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1994
Title: Falling aphids enhance impact of biological control by parasitoids on partially aphid-resistant plant varieties
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 125
Pages: 233-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, UK, arable, brassicas, plant resistance, integrated control, Hymenoptera, vertical distrbution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, cage experiments with Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius rhopalosiphi showed 30% aphid reduction on susceptible wheat Armada but 57% on se-resistant winter wheat Rapier, aphids fell off plants and fewer regained pplants if parasitoids were present, reason unknown, field experiment with Brevicoryne brassicae on Brussels sprouts showed more aphid leaving a semi-resistant cv than a susceptible one, aphids might have fallen in response to alarm pheromone, gives references for alarm pheromone involvement in response to Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae and Syrphidae, measurement of parasitization rates on the plant will undersetimate the true biocontrol effect of parasitoids, methods, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4801
Author: Grafius, E.; Warner, F.W.
Year: 1989
Title: Predation by Bembidion quadrimaculatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18(6)
Pages: 1056-1059
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, onion fly, USA, feeding on eggs and larvae, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory and field trials to determine effectiveness of the predator, consumption rates, predation of eggs on soil surface was 70% versus 18% for eggs 1 cm below ground in petri dishes, vertical distribution, vertical stratfication, foraging behaviour. In field cage studies pest numbers were reduced by 57%, effectiveness, impact on pest populations. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3588
Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E. E.; Hoy, M. A.
Year: 1985
Title: Short-term effects of permethrin and fenvalerate on oviposition by Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Pages: 955-959
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, lacewings, natural enemies, biological control, USA, lab, population dynamics, sub-lethal effects of pesticides, permethrin and fenvalerate reduced number of eggs deposited per live female and the effect increased with increased concentration, fewer eggs deposited on upper surface of leaf which was the most heavily pesticide coated, distribution, 1 hour exposure to a field dose had no efect but 24-72 h exposures resulted in fewer eggs deposited, adults did not avoid landing on treated plants and 67% were knocked down by permethrin and 17% by fenvalerate but could later resume normal oviposition, reproduction, fecundity, behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4291
Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E. E.; Ouyang, Y.
Year: 1995
Title: Augmentation of Euseius tularensis (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in citrus
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 3)
Pages: 738-747
Keywords: En.
Rep., predatory mites, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, orchards, USA, California, releases of E. tularensis and apple pollen, pollen had no effect, greater cumulative number of predatory mites was significantly correlated with improved biocontrol of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri, Thysanoptera, a single release of 2000 mites per tree increased peak mite density two fold, thrips scar the fruit and cause downgrading, economic damage, E. tularensis eats citrus thrips, citrus red mite, small insects, pollen and leaf sap, food, diet, trophic behaviour, alternative foods, mites for release were reared in a glasshouse, methods, cumulative densities of about 5 mites per leaf over 13 weeks reduced fruit scarring below 5% in one year, but not in another, mites cost $7-10 per 1000 currently and commercial releases would be very expensive, but E. tularensis is naturally abundant in the area and elimination of broad-spectrum pesticides might allow natural control, farming practices, also pruning can stimulate increase in numbers of E. tularensis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4985
Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E.E.; Ouyang, Y.; Striggow, R.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Predaceous mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for control of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in nursery citrus
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(1)
Pages: 121-130
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., nursery trees in a greenhouse exposed to a wide range of temperatures, protected crops, top fruit, trees, orchards, predatory mites, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases of predators against twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and citrus red mite Panonychus citri, some predators reduced pests by more than 85% after 1 week, Galendromus occidentalis was the most effective species for controlling mixed-species spider mite infestations, eggs of T. urticae were eaten to a greater extent than eggs of P. citri giving more rapid and complete control of T. urticae, G. occidentalis, Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus longipes all declined as the pest became scarce, but Euseius stipulatus and Amblyseius limonicus persisted at low density even in the absence of spider mites, USA, Phytoseiulus tend to be specialist feeders, Euseius and Amblyseius generalist and Galendromus and Neoseiulus intermediate, references to phytoseiids controlling mites on mature citrus trees
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4622
Author: Graham, H.M.; Jackson, C.G.; Lakin, K.R.
Year: 1984
Title: Comparison of two methods of using the D-vac to sample mymarids and their hosts in alfalfa
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 9(3)
Pages: 249-252
Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., USA, dropping sampling head vertically over plants compared with sweeping the head through the tops of the plants. More adult Mymaridae and nymphs of Lygus and Nabis were collected by vertical drop. More adults of Lygus and Nabis were collected by sweeping the head. This comparison was based on unit time and effort, but the area sampled per replicate was 6 times greater for sweeping the head. Polyphagous predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Nabidae, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, abundance, Nabidae, Leguminosae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5141
Author: Graham, H.M.; Wolfenbarger, D.A.; Nosky, J.B.
Year: 1978
Title: Labeling plants and their insect fauna with rubidium
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7(3)
Pages: 379-383
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, rubidium chloride was sprayed onto cotton, grain sorghum and hyacinth bean Dolichos lab-lab, rubidium was translocated in the plant to the grain head where Spodoptera frugiperda were feeding, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, fall armyworm, USA, the label was detectable in bollworm and S. frugiperda for 28 days after spraying, and in some other herbivores for 14 days, phytophages, predators such as ladybirds adults and larvae chrysopids, syrphids, Geocoris and Nabis had levels higher than in control plots, results suggest that rubidium moves through the food chain, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, predatory Heteroptera, Nabidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2779
Author: Granlund, H.
Year: 1984
Title: Trap crops in the control of the rape blossom beetle
Journal: Koetoiminta ja kaytanto
Volume: 15 V
Pages: 32
Keywords: Finn.
Coleoptera, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, arable, Finland, second generation of Meligethes aeneus (Nitidulidae) has damaged cauliflowers, trap crops of sunflower, Calendula and rape were grown on 4 ha within an area of 43 ha cauliflower, rape sown at end of June, rape trapped most of the beetles preventing damage to cauliflower, and could easily be destroyed by insecticides, pesticides, methods, cultural, farming practices, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 554
Author: Granstrom, U.
Year: 1973
Title: Pitfall traps for studying the activity of ground living spiders (Araneida)
Journal: Aquilo Ser. Zool.
Volume: 14
Pages: 93-98
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, methods, Sweden, full species list not given, distribution, movement, behaviour, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4262
Author: Grasswitz, T. R.; Burts, E. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of native natural enemies and augmentative releases of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 41
Issue: 3)
Pages: 176-183
Keywords: En.
Rep., Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, USA, exclusion cage techniques showed that native natural enemies caused significant mortality of A. pomi but they failed to control it in some conditions, methods, augmentative releases of C. rufilabris and A. aphidimyza were not successful, the native natural enemies were Chrysopa nigricornis, A. aphidimyza, Orius sp., Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coccinella transversoguttata, Hippodamia convergens, Heteroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, where plant growth was not too vigorous, and aphid growth rates slower, native natural enemies were able to keep them under control, survival of released C. rufilabris was poor and some individuals were seen in the field to feed on alternative prey in preference to aphids, trophic behaviour, feeding observations, manipulation of orchard ground cover can increase natural enemies but research is needed into optimal species and mixtures of plants for this, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5023
Author: Grasswitz, T.R.; Burts, E.C.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of native  natural enemies on the population dynamics of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hom.: Pseudococcidae), in apple and pear orchards
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 40(1)
Pages: 105-117
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., trees, top fruit, pests, Homoptera, USA, exclusion cages were applied to infested shoots in apple and pear orchards, methods, closed cages were compared with cages that were open at both ends, also uncaged shoots were inspected every fortnight, burlap bands were also used as refuges which gave an index of predator and pest abundance, the burlap bands were often used as pupation sites, on apple there was a significantly faster pest decline in uncaged and open caged than in closed caged treatments, no significant effect of natural enemies was recorded in the pear orchard, this was thought to be due to interference from large quantities of honeydew produced by pear psylla Cacopsylla pyricola, Psyllidae, natural enemies included ladybirds, lacewings, predatory bugs, Chamaemyiidae flies, spiders and parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, polyphagous predators, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Hyperaspis lateralis, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa nigricornis, Anthocoridae, Orius, Campylomma verbasci, Deraeocoris brevis, Heteroptera, Coccinella transversoguttata, Hemerobius pacificus, Hemerobiidae, Nabis, Araneae, Leucopis verticalis  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5652
Author: Gratton, C.; Welter, S.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Does "enemy-free space" exist ? Experimental host shifts of an herbivorous fly
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 80(3)
Pages: 773-785
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., enemy-free space does exist for the leafminer fly Lriomyza helianthi immediately following a host shift when mortality on new hosts was 17% less than on the usual host, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, population dynamics, fitness, Diptera, foraging behaviour, results varied annually depending on parasitoid community structure, natural enemies, when generalist ectoparasitoids were abundant host-shifting by the herbivore was not advantageous probably because these parasitoids are less discriminating of habitat, biological control, Diglyphus sp., Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, sunflower, Asteraceae, USA, abandoned field, tiny larvae were experimentally transferred between hosts, methods, plants brought back to laboratory and mines dissected to record parasitism, this also revealed cases of destructive host feeding by parasitoids (larvae flattened and dry with melanised puncture wounds), additional hosts were collected for rearing out parasitoids, parasitoid community included endo- and ectoparasitoid idiobionts and endoparasitoid koinobionts, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1400
Author: Gratwick, M.
Year: 1965
Title: Laboratory studies of the relative toxicities of orchard insecticides to predatory insects
Journal: Annual Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1964
Pages: 171-176
Keywords: En.
pesticides, trees, top fruit, UK, natural enemies, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4392
Author: Gravena, S.; Da-Cuhna, H. F.
Year: 1991
Title: Predation of cotton leafworm first instar larvae Alabama argillacea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36
Pages: 481-491
Keywords: En.
Rep., Brazil, this is a key pest of cotton, caterpillars, some plots sprayed with malathion to reduce predators, then leafworm larvae released in sprayed plots after the insecticide residues had disappeared, pesticides, methods, in situ visual counts of predators and larvae, also beating predators onto sheats, beating tray, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Cycloneda, Eriopis, Hyperaspis, Mycrosymnus, Scymnus and Zagreus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Paederus and Philonthus, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Orius insidiosus and Xylocoris, also Geocoris, Nabis and Podisus, Nabidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Callida, 4 ant genera including Solenopsis, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, 2 Chrysopa species, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, at least 29 spider species including Oxyopes salticus, Oxyopidae, Araneae, insecticidal check method, authors claim a predation rate of 79-90% a few days after introduction of larvae, but there was little difference between predator- reduced and control plots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1468
Author: Gravena, S.; de Batista, G. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Toxicity of insecticides to natural enemies of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, and influence of weeds on arthropod density in grain sorghum
Journal: Cientifica
Volume: 7
Issue: 3)
Pages: 461-469
Keywords: pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 781
Author: Gravesen, E.; Toft, S.
Year: 1987
Title: Grass fields as reservoirs for polyphagous predators (Arthropoda) of aphids (Homopt., Aphididae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 104
Pages: 461-473
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, barley plots in a grass field, barriers, pitfalls, harrow, rotavation, plough, methods, effect of cultivation on predators, more aphids and fewer predators inside barriers, more Collembola outside barriers, predators migrated from the grass and controlled the aphids, aggregative numerical response, predators aggregate in Collembola rich areas in spring, springtails, distribution and movement, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2260
Author: Gray, A. J.; Crawley, M. J.; Edwards, P. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Colonisation, succession and stability
Journal: 26th Symposium of the British Ecological Society ISBN 0- 632-01631-0
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1410
Author: Gray, M. E.; Coats, J. R.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of insecticide and herbicide combination on nontarget arthropods in a cornfield
Journal: Environmental Entomology (see also 12(6), 1636-1640)
Volume: 12
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1171-1174
Keywords: En.
pesticides, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 17 main species, also crickets, Orthoptera, Phalangida, Opiliones, harvestmen, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, spiders, Araneae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Anthicidae, Iowa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1398
Author: Grayson, J. M.; Cochran, D. G.
Year: 1968
Title: The phenomenon of cross-resistance in insects - empirical, theoretical and genetical considerations
Journal: Wld. Rev. Pest Control
Volume: 7
Pages: 172-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticide resistance, mechanisms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5482
Author: Greathead, D.J.; Greathead, A.H
Year: 1992
Title: Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database
Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Volume: 13(4)
Pages: 61N-68N
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, global coverage, online with 4769 records, classical biological control, list of reviews, including for 15 named species of pests, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, database does not include as control agents pathogens, nematodes, arachnids and vertebrate predators, protected crops pests excluded, results classified into 7 categories ranging from failure to establish to complete control of pest, introductions of > 2000 parasitoids and predators against 543 pests in 200 countries, most success is against Hemiptera, main agents are Hymenoptera the Coleoptera expecially Coccinellidae then Diptera Tachinidae, ladybirds, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2439
Author: Greaves, M. P.; Marshall, E. J. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Field margins: definitions and statistics
Journal: BCPC Mono
Volume: 35
Pages: 3-11
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 193
Author: Green, J.
Year: 1954
Title: The food, predators and a parasite of Bembidion laterale (Samonelle) (Col. Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 90
Pages: 226-227
Keywords: En.
Rep, mud, sand estuary, predation, prey, diet, Dolichopodidae, Diptera, larvae, amphipods, packs, attack, waders, birds, fungal pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3717
Author: Green, M. R.; Ogilvy, S. E.; Frampton, G. K.; Cilgi, T.; Jones, S. Tarrant K.; Jones, A.
Year: 1995
Title: SCARAB: The environmental implications of reducing pesticide inputs
Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings, Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability"
Volume: 63
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, UK, IPM, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 190
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1961
Title: Studies in the Ecology of Carabidae
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of London.
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 183
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1963
Title: Daily rhythms of locomotor activity in some Carabidae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata.
Volume: 6
Pages: 171-180
Keywords: En.
Rep, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 188
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1964
Title: The habitats of some Carabidae
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Pages: 129-132
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 191
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1964
Title: Aggregation in Carabidae
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 99
Pages: 202
Keywords: En.
Rep, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 192
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1964
Title: The distribution, dispersal and size of a population of Nebria brevicolli s with comparative studies of three other Carabidae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 33
Pages: 311-
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 194
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1964
Title: Further notes on aggregation in Carabidae (especially Nebria brevicollis)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 99
Pages: 109-114
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3943
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1964
Title: Pitfall trapping as a method for studying populations of Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 33
Pages: 301-310
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, methods, live trapping, carabids escaped from galvanized metal strip enclosures, fenced pitfalls, comparison of catches in grassland where vegetation was cut for 60 cm around trap cf uncut traps, Gramineae, more carabids caught in the cleared traps especially for Pterostichus, comparison of pitfalls and quadrats showed diurnal species such as Notiophilus biguttatus were under-represented in the pitfalls, trap avoidance by visual predators, abundance, behaviour, diel cycles, in a woodland transect the catch was negatively related to depth of litter, short grass or thin litter allowed more surface movement than thick grass or deep litter, trees, forest, pitfalls cannot be properly used for quantitative assessment of carabid fauna of a habitat or to compare numbers of one species in different habitats, species composition, vegetation density, vegetation structure, habitat structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 187
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.
Year: 1965
Title: On the ecology of some British carabid beetles with reference to life histories
Journal: Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 16
Issue: part VI
Pages: 149-179
Keywords: En.
Rep, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 184
Author: Greenslade, P. J. M.; Southwood, T. R. E.
Year: 1962
Title: The relationship of flight and habitat in some Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Entom.
Volume: 95
Pages: 86-88
Keywords: En.
Rep, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2958
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1977
Title: A passive haemagglutination inhibition assay for the identification of stomach contents of invertebrate predators
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 457-464
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pardosa ramulosa feeding on water boatman, Ephydridae and mosquitoes, serology, methods, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 543
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1978
Title: The numerical response to prey availability of Pardosa ramulosa (McCook) (Araneae : Lycosidae) and its relationship to the role of spiders in the balance of nature
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 42
Pages: 183-193
Keywords: En.
Diptera, Hemiptera
Rep, predators, edge, ponds, food, diet, prey, predation, foraging, water boatman, brine fly, mosquitoes, prey availability, number of spiders collected per hour, female size, reproduction, fecundity, egg sac, aggregative response, reproductive response, no evidence for aggregative or reproductive numerical response, summer, general comments about spiders, sit and wait strategy, behaviour, references, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, aquatic insects, population dynamics, methods, stomach contents of 2000 spiders assayed by passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 488
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1979
Title: A line transect density index for wolf spiders (Pardosa spp.) and a note on the applicability of catch per unit effort methods to entomological studies
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 4
Pages: 23-29
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, USA, mark-release-recapture, Pardosa ramulosa, marsh area, does not climb into the vegetation, transect was circumference of a pool, very uniform vegetation and weather and collecting system needed for the catch per unit effort method, results from the 2 methods were well correlated


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2954
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1979
Title: Passive haemagglutination inhibition: a powerful new tool for field studies of entomophagous predators
Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 69-78
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, photo of microtitration plate with test in action showing agglutination and lack of it, coat blood cells with antigen, only tiny amount of antibody needed to cause aggregation of cells, this known amount of antibody is first mixed with the test material such as homogenised predator, if antigen present it blocks antibody combining sites and so the antibody that is then added is inactivated, inhibition of aggregation is a positive response, it is 250 times more sensitive than precipitin test, also tends to be more specific, 1 person can assay 500 predator stomachs in duplicate working intermittently over 2.5 days, each assay uses only 25 microlitres of predator homogenate, test done in microtitration plate, homogenates do not need filtering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3280
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1979
Title: Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition
Journal: Nature
Volume: 282
Pages: 501-503
Keywords: En.
Rep., foraging behaviour should lead to nutritional as well as caloric optimisation, Pardosa ramulosa, 80% of diet in USA near pools is Ephydra riparia, Aedes dorsalis and a waterboatman Trichocorixa reticulata, spider gut contents were analysed with passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, taking a variety of species can minimise the consumption of specific noxious defensive compounds from each one, the results indicated dietary mixing, amino acid content of spiders and prey were determined by chromatography, author assumed that number of individuals of each species per spider stomach followed a Poisson distribution cf Nakamura, references to studies of Pardosa in lab where survival and fecundity are higher on mixed diet than single species diet, P.ramulosa preyed on the 3 species in proportions which optimized the proportions of the essential amino acids they provide in the diet, methods, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera, Heteroptera, serology, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, optimal foraging, predation, prey species selection, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 542
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1982
Title: Ballooning frequency and habitat predictability in two wolf spider species (Lycosidae : Pardosa)
Journal: Fla. Entomol.
Volume: 65
Pages: 83-89
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, movement, dispersal, distribution, silk, more ballooning in unpredictable habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2957
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1983
Title: Site-specificity and site-tenacity in a wolf spider: a serological dietary analysis
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 56
Pages: 79-83
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, a single mosquito pupa meal eaten by Pardosa ramulosa remained detectable after 2 weeks when spider given ad lib serologically negative food at field temperatures, passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, suggests a 2 week throughput even when feeding, Diptera, detection period, digestion rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3195
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1983
Title: En enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the Amblyospora sp. of Culex salinarius (Microspora: Amblyosporidae)
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 41
Pages: 250-255
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, the first ELISA for a microsporidian, can detect down to 2000 spores, indirect ELISA was 10 times more sensitive than double antibody sandwich but it is better suited to work with monoclonal antibodies, it is more economical with antiserum and allows the same conjugate to be used for a greater range of mouse produced antisera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2222
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1984
Title: Determinants of web spider species diversity: vegetation structural diversity vs. prey availability
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 62
Pages: 299-304
Keywords: En.
Rep., California, Costa Rica, scrub, meadow, Araneae, distribution, height of vegetation influences diversity more than prey availability, transects, direct observation, prey in sticky traps separating day and night, recorded prey in webs, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Tetragnathidae, Linyphiidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2564
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1989
Title: Foreign exploration for predators: a proposed new methodology
Journal: Env Ent
Volume: 18
Pages: 195-200
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2384
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Meteorological determinants of spider ballooning: the roles of thermal vs the vertical windspeed gradient in becoming airborne
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 84
Pages: 164-168
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, aerial migration, silk, dispersal, distribution , behaviour, USA, soybeans, grass, 2 sites 25 km apart, methods, frame sticky trap, winds more than 5 m per sec obliterate temperature differenc es needed for maintenance of thermals, aeronaut index of Vugts and van Wingerden, 12210 spiders caught, 80% Linyphiidae and Tetragnathidae, proportion of possible sunshine correlation, time courses of ballooning frequency similar at the two sites, numbers of ballooners decrease when sunniness increases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2563
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Meterological determinants of spider ballooning: the roles of thermals vs. the vertical windspeed gradient in becoming airborne
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 84
Pages: 164-168
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2562
Author: Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1991
Title: Aerial dispersal of arthropod natural enemies: altitudinal differences in taxonomic distributions of dispersers
Journal: 10th Conf Biomet & Aerobiol
Pages: 104-106
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 562
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Bennett, A. F.
Year: 1980
Title: Foraging strategy and metabolic rate in spiders
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 61
Pages: 1255-1259
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, webs, foraging strategy, hunting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2561
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Eaton, R. R.; Morgan, C. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Sampling aerially dispersing arthropods: a high-volume, inexpensive, automobile- and aircraft-borne system
Journal: J. Econ Ent
Volume: 84
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1717-1724
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2239
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Hultsch, A. L.; Morgan, C. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Effects of method and time of preservation on volumetric mass estimates of spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 406-408
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, no evidence that sticky-trapping followed by treatment with paint thinner and toluene alters the volume-mass relationship for ethanol preserved spiders.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3317
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Hunt, J. H.
Year: 1993
Title: Determination of prey antigen half-life in Polistes metricus using a monoclonal antibody-based immunodot assay
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 68
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: En.
Rep., P.metricus maintained on Trichoplusia ni then given 5th instar Heliothis zea larva, killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48, 96 h intervals and given T.ni during the intervals, immunodot analysis with monoclonal to H.zea arylphorin, exponential decay in % positive P.metricus with time, H.zea 5th instar detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures, "detectability half-life" is more appropriate than detectability period or Dmax where decay in detectability is exponential, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, serology, methods, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2236
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Ignoffo, C. M.; Samson, R. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Susceptibility of spider species to the fungus Nomuraea atypicola
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Pages: 266-268
Keywords: En.
Rep., fungus attacks a range of spiders in the wild, 17 out of 20 species died in laboratory when infected, pathogens, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2953
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Morgan, C. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Predation on Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): an instar-specific ELISA assay for stomach analysis
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 82
Issue: 1)
Pages: 45-49
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, pests, caterpillars, monoclonal antibody to arylphorin of H. zea distinguishes 5th instars in predator guts from other instars and eggs, could be used in life table studies, speeded up ELISA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2240
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Morgan, C. E.; Hultsch, A. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Ballooning methodology: equations for estimating masses of sticky-trapped spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 225-230
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, methods, aerial dispersal, distribution, use width and length to get volume, relate mass to volume, Tetragnathidae had a different mass-volume relationship to other spiders.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2241
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Morgan, C. E.; Hultsch, A. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Spider ballooning: development and evaluation of field trapping methods (Araneae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 337-345
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Missouri, soybeans, spiders, aerial dispersal, distribution, behaviour, horizontal wire traps, panel traps, temperature related adhesive efficiency, underestimation, Linyphiidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2235
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Morgan, C. E.; Hultsch, A. N.
Year: 1987
Title: Ballooning spiders in Missouri, USA, and New South Wales, Australia: family and mass distributions
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Pages: 163-170
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, behaviour, aerial dispersal, distribution, soybeans, methods, sticky traps, net towed by kite, Linyphiidae dominated at both sites.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5954
Author: Greenstone, M.H.; Shufran, K.A.
Year: 2003
Title: Spider predation: species-specific identification of gut contents by polymerase chain reaction
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 31
Pages: 131-134
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., pilot laboratory study, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, DNA techniques, advantages and disadvantages of serological and DNA methods of gut analysis, mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase II (COII) has multiple copies per cell, cereal aphids, pests, Gramineae, USA, Hemiptera, biological control, Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, eaten by Oxyopes salticus, Oxyopidae,  Misumenops, detectability half lives, test was specific with detection period of 12h, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2560
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Stuart, M. K.; Haunerland, N. H.
Year: 1991
Title: Using monoclonal antibodies for phylogenetic analysis: an example from the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Ann Ent Soc Amer
Volume: 84
Issue: 5)
Pages: 457-464
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3493
Author: Greenstone, M. H.; Trowell, S. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Arthropod predation - a simplified immunodot format for predator gut analysis
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 87
Issue: 2)
Pages: 214-217
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, USA, predator homogenate applied to nitrocellulose membrane employing MAB, monoclonal antibodies, assay interpreted by eye and detects 1 egg or 5th instar Helicoverpa zea in gut of 2nd instar or adult Podisus maculiventris, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4735
Author: Grefenstette, W.
Year: 1999
Title: Boll weevil eradication: beltwide status and future outlook
Journal: In 1999 Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences
Volume: 2
Pages: 809-813
Alternate Journal: In 1999 Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences
Keywords: Rep., TP,  by 1998 weevil was eradicated from 4.7 million acres in 11 states. Anthonomus grandis.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1272
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1980
Title: Etude de l'effet de pesticides betteraviers sur certains ravageurs (atomaires) et sur la faune endogee et epigee participant a la fertilite du sol et au controle naturel de populations nuisables (acariens, collemboles, carabides)
Journal: Institut Belge pour l'amelioration de la Betterave
Volume: 111
Pages: 133-165
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, pests, Coleoptera, Atomaria, pygmy beetle, sugar beet, arable, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, soil fauna, mites, Acari, Collembola, Carabidae, ground beetles, Belgium, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1399
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1980
Title: Mise au point de bioessais en vue de detecter des residus de pesticides par utilisation de carabides
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 45
Issue: 3)
Pages: 675-690
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., standardised bioassay tests for detecting pesticide residues by means of Carabidae beetles, methods, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aldicarb, carbamate insecticides, Belgium, effect on different species in lab, immersion, exposure to dry film, addition to soil, quatities species are sensitive to, carabids are sensitive enough to use as a pesticide bioassay, Nebria brevicollis, quotes Dinther effects on Harpalus rufipes, parathion, dieldrin, carbaryl, DDT, toxaphene, aldicarb on Bembidion lampros, Amara, Notiophilus biguttatus, Harpalus affinis, organophosphorus insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1404
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1981
Title: Influence de la repartition de l'aldicarb sur les microarthropodes edaphiques (acariens et collemboles) 1
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rojksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 46
Issue: 2)
Pages: 629-636
Keywords: Fr.,en.summ.
Rep., pesticides, carbamate insecticides, Acari, mites, Collembola, soil Belgium


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1273
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1982
Title: Ecologie de Lorocera pilicornis F. (Coleoptere, Carabidae) en culture
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fukulteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 47
Issue: 2)
Pages: 729-739
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., Loricera pilicornis, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, sugar beet, arable, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pitfalls, abundant in wheat in spring but not in sugar beet because ground bare, lots in sugar beet in autumn, numbers greatly reduced by herbicides but only slightly by aldicarb, pesticides, carbamate insecticide, ate Collembola and aphids in lab but refused Atomaria, predation, prey preference, behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pygmy beetles, fed on Folsomia candida in lab, ate in seconds, mean 24-32 per day, up to 60 in one meal, consumption rates, handling times, behaviour, 90 minutes after meal crop brown and distended, gut dissection, 4-6 days after meal crop empty, detection periods, digestion rates, Collembola remains in rectum all gone by 7 days, temperature not given, beetles in reproductive condition in maize in July, phenology, 72% had eaten aphids, 70% Isotoma palustris, 18% Isotoma viridis, males ate more than females, sex, diet, up to 10 Collembola per gut, when given Collembola contaminated with carbaryl in lab some died after 1-3 days, some showed sub-lethal poisoning behavioural effects but recovered, others hyperactive, others immobile, others reduced appetite, sub-lethal effects, no controls, references to food chain effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1401
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Ecological impact of sugar-beet crop treatments, field experiments. I. Epigeic Collembola
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 25
Pages: 37-48
Keywords: fr.
Rep., arable, pesticides, Belgium, cages to avoid migration problems, methods, distribution, dispersal, pitfalls, Sminthuridae, Entomobryomorphes, Isotomidae and sminthurids increased by organic material, farming practices, crop rotation increased sminthurids, aldicarb reduced sminthurids more than lindane, carbamate insecticides, lindane more deleterious to isotomids than aldicarb


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1405
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Ecological impact of sugar beet crop treatments. II. Acari, Polydesmidae, Staphylinidae, Cryptophagidae and Carabidae
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 25
Pages: 93-108
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, mites, Diplopoda, millipedes, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, pitfalls, cages, methods, lindane and aldicarb killed mites and carabids but not staphylinids and polydesmids, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, removal of weeds increased carabid activity, other species more active when herbicides not used, behaviour, farming practices, organic additives increased carabids, some species at 10-35 per sq m, fertilizer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1408
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.; Hoecke, A.; van
Year: 1979
Title: Ecological effect of aldicarb on carabids from sugar beet fields
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 44
Issue: 1)
Pages: 367-378
Keywords: Rep., arable, Belgium, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, carbamate insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1785
Author: Gregoire-Wibo, C.; Snider, R. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Temperature-related mechanisms of population persistence in Folsomia candida and Protaphorura armata (Insecta: Collembola)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 25
Issue: 6)
Pages: 413-418
Keywords: En.
Rep., F.candida has fecundity of 1000 eggs at 15.5C, fecundity reduced at higher temperatures, at 21C it can double its population in 4.5 days, reproduction, population dynamics, abiotics, weather, climate, microclimate, population regulation, size, food, Arthropleona, intrinsic rate of increase


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5204
Author: Grenier, S.; Guillaud, J.; Delobel, B.; Bonnot, G.
Year: 1989
Title: Nutrition and rearing of the predacious bug Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) with artificial media
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 34(1)
Pages: 77-86
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, France, Miridae, controls were fed on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, if no vegetable matter was available survival to adult was only 33%, on artificial food but no vegetation survival was 21%, with artificial food plus Pelargonium leaf survival rose to 62%, vegetable food is important in the biology of this predator, omnivore, temperature
Notes: Fr. En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2565
Author: Grevstad, F. S.; Klepetka, W.
Year: 1992
Title: The influence of plant architecture on the foraging efficiencies of a suite of ladybird beetles feeding on aphids
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 399-404
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5169
Author: Grez, A.A.; Prado, E.
Year: 2000
Title: Effect of plant patch shape and surrounding vegetation on the dynamics of predatory coccinellids and their prey Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1244-1250
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, mark-release-recapture to measure immigration and emigration, MRR, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, brassicas, coccinellids were more numerous in and emigrated less from square patches of brassicas than from I shaped patches, Brassica oleracea, patches were surrounded either with Allium porrum or Medicago sativa, Leguminosae, aphids increased more rapidly and brassicas were heavier in patches surrounded by Allium, Chile, Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia variegata, Eriopis connexa, landscape, habitat management, diversification
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3259
Author: Griffiths, C.; Carter, J. B.; Overend, J.
Year: 1984
Title: Phaonia signata (Meigen)(Diptera: Muscidae) larvae predatory upon leatherjackets, Tipula paludosa (Meigen)(Diptera: Tipulidae) larvae
Journal: Entomologists Gazette
Volume: 35
Issue: 1)
Pages: 53-55
Keywords: En.
Rep., P.signata seen eating T.paludosa larvae by rolling back grassland turf, in lab a P.signata larva punctured the exoskeleton of a T.paludosa larva and consumed the contents, it then wounded a second larva which lost some haemolymph through the wound, this may be one of the causes of the black scars commonly found on the skins of leatherjackets and reported in Carter 1976 J.Appl.Ecol. 13(1) 103-122, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wounding, predation, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1962
Author: Griffiths, D. A.
Year: 1960
Title: Some field habitats of mites of stored food products
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 48
Pages: 134-144
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, samples from grassland, stacks of grain, hay and straw in fields and yards, cereals, Gramineae, species lists, Cheyletus eruditus from straw sacks in field, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Eulaelaps stabularis predator or parasitoid, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1407
Author: Griffiths, D. C.; Pickett, J. A.
Year: 1980
Title: A potential application of aphid alarm pheromones
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 27
Issue: 2)
Pages: 199-201
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, behaviour, Myzus persicae, lab, permethrin, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1397
Author: Griffiths, D. C.; Raw, F.; Lofty, J. R.
Year: 1967
Title: The effects on soil fauna of insecticides tested against wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 60
Pages: 479-490
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, Coleoptera, Elateridae, cereals, Gramineae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2322
Author: Griffiths, E.
Year: 1982
Title: The carabid, Agonum dorsale, as a predator in cereals
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 152-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, cereal aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1126
Author: Griffiths, E.
Year: 1983
Title: The feeding ecology of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale in cereal crops
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Rep.(part under G.), aphids, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, behaviour, culturing, rearing, UK, gut dissection, methods, diel activity, nocturnal, insensitive to red light, physiology, searching behaviour, foraging, predation, larvae ate aphids in lab, fecundity, 35 eggs per female, detection periods, digestion rates, no eating at temperature threshold of 3.5C, sex and voracity, climbing, vertical distribution, stratification, food capture efficiency with temperature, diet in field, PAGE, gel electrophoresis, aphids in gut at low aphid density, aphid density on ground and plant, observations in field, time spent searching and feeding, model, when estimate of total carabids used aphid outbreaks not likely, in electrophoresis hard to separate Collembola from Nematocera and variability between gels for each, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1037
Author: Griffiths, E.; Wratten, S. D.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Foraging by the carabid Agonum dorsale in the field
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 181-189
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, plots in winter wheat with 2 levels of Sitobion avenae, Agonum introduced, observation in red light, methods, counting on tillers, soil scrapes, gut dissection, behaviour, no activity, running, searching, eating, predation, distribution, dispersal, 10 Agonum per 0.25 sq m, 90% of time spent on ground, most time searching, greater % aphids in guts in high aphid density areas, 5 h activity per night, 15 min spent on wheat, none seen feeding on wheat, vertical distribution, surface area of wheat per sq m of ground can be 20 sq m


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5313
Author: Griffiths, G.; Winder, L.; Bean, D.; Preston, R.; Moate, R.; Neal, R.; Williams, E.; Holland, J.; Thomas, G.
Year: 2001
Title: Laser marking the carabid Pterostichus melanarius for mark-release-recapture
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 662-663
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, mark-recapture, marking methods, UK, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, techniques such as immunoglobulin permit batch marking but do not allow identification of individuals, beetle chilled for sedation then held in a cell by vacuum while an engineering laser made a mark on the elytra, e.g. 3 digit code with text height of 1.5 mm, after 4 weeks no beetles (n = 30) had lost the mark and mortality of marked beetles was the same as unmarked, marks could be detected for at least 3 months in the laboratory, Bembidion lampros was marked with spots and Amara plebeja with a single digit, the equipment costs 15,000 and could be made portable for field use
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5002
Author: Grimm, B.; Paill, W.; Kaiser, H.
Year: 2000
Title: The "Spanish slug": autecology, predators and wild plants as food plants
Journal: Forderungsdienst
Volume: 48(1)
Pages: 11-16
Alternate Journal: Forderungsdienst
Keywords: Rep., Arion lusitanicus, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus violaceus, Carabus granulatus, Carabus cancellatus, beetles were collected in pitfall from a bean field and tested electrophoretically for Arion remains in the crop, Leguminosae, electrophoresis, methods, percentage positives were 16% P. melanarius, up to 80%  C. granulatus, up to 100% C. violaceus adults and 78% C. violaceus larvae
Notes: Ger.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3046
Author: Grimm, R.; Funke, W.; Schauermann, J.
Year: 1975
Title: Minimalprogramm zur Okosystemanalyse: Untersuchungen an Tierpopulation in Wald-Okosystemen
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie, Erlangen 1974
Pages: 77-87
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., a programme to give species composition, population structure and dynamics of arthropods in woodland, pitfalls, ground photo-eclectors and arboreal photoeclectors, beech forest, weevils, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Diptera, Nematocera, methods, Curculionidae, trees, Germany, Coleoptera, rove beetles, spiders, polphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3275
Author: Griswold, M. J.; Trumble, J. T.
Year: 1985
Title: Responses of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to light
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 650-653
Keywords: En.
Rep., larvae move to base of plants during day, in lab they react to light intensity depending on larval instar, in both lab and field 5th instars were on leaves at night but most were in the sheltered areas in celery hearts or on ground by day, beet armyworm, in field tests larvae were dusted with fluorescent pigment and observed in UV light, methods, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, USA, vertical migration, distribution, movement, dispersal, diel cycle, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1657
Author: Gromadzka, J.
Year: 1970
Title: The occurrence of leafhoppers (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) on rye grown near shelterbelts
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 18
Pages: 291-306
Keywords: Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, trees, increase in numbers with increase in distance from shelter belt, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3208
Author: Gromadzka, J.; Trojan, P.
Year: 1967
Title: Comparison of the usefulness of an entomological net, photoeclector and biocenometer for investigation of entomocenosis
Journal: Ekol. Polska
Volume: 15
Pages: 505-529
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Poland, mown and unmown meadows, grassland, Gramineae, grass below shelter belt, potato, alfalfa, arable, Leguminosae, sweep net, biocenometer was a mesh- covered pyramid 0.25 m2 which was dropped onto the ground from a hand-held crane, cf quick trap, contents were removed with a suction sampler, attempts were made to place photoeclector quickly without disturbing insects, it was emptied after 5 mins and 30 mins, repeated sweeping in one area depletes the populations there and changes taxonomic composition, effect on catch of varying the number of sweeps, the mesh of the biocenometer allows it to drop without forcing a column of air onto the ground and scaring the insects, some insects eg Auchenorrhyncha are not removed efficiently by the biocenometer, photoeclector caught mainly Diptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, but authors did not consider it a good method, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2320
Author: Grootaert, P.
Year: 1986
Title: A new Platypalpus species related to P. pictitarsis (Becker 1902)(Diptera , Empidoidea, Hybotidae) from western Europe
Journal: Bulls. Annls. Soc. r. belge Ent.
Volume: 122
Pages: 187-193
Keywords: En.
Platypalpus kirtlingensis, Tachydromia
Rep., predators, flies, Great Britain, Belgium, France, structure, systematics, taxonomy, classification, Empididae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3603
Author: Gross, H. R.
Year: 1987
Title: Conservation and enhancement of entomophagous insects - a perspective
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 22
Pages: 97-105
Keywords: En.
Rep., references to 600 predator species in cotton and more than 1000 in soybean in USA, arable, cereals, community, plea for more information on nocturnal foraging predators, diel cycles, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, pests, biological control, review, diversity stability paradigm, crop diversity, polycultures, intercropping, farming practices, habitat management, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, selective breeding of crop plants to be favourable to natural enemies not tried, methods, artificial food sprays, mass release of Trichogramma, Hymenoptera, egg parasitoids, provision of protected nest sites for Polistes wasps and Formica rufa ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, kairomones for parasitoids and predators, use of plant allelochemicals to simulate plant diversity in monocultures and enhance parasitoid numbers and activity, semiochemicals, olfactory responses, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, attraction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3865
Author: Gross, H. R.; Young, O. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Archytas marmoratus (Diptera, Tachinidae) - screened cage evaluations of selected densities of adults against larval populations of Heliothis zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on whorl and tassel stage cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Issue: 1)
Pages: 157-161
Keywords: En.
caterpillars, pests, arable, parasitoids, natural enemies, methods, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4194
Author: Gross, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Insect bahavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 38
Pages: 251-273
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars wriggling, thrashing, rolling and dropping, Lepidoptera, movement, activity, anti-parasitoid behaviour, defences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1403
Author: Grossbard, E.
Year: 1979
Title: Straw decay and its effect on disposal and utilization
Journal: Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
Keywords: En.
Lib., Farming methods, economics, effect of straw on direct drilling, acids, fungi on straw, diseases, pathogens, effect on soil fauna, most invertebrates when straw spread and not removed, Collembola and mites after straw removal or straw burning, Acari, earthworms reduced after 4 seasons straw burn, Lumbricidae, Annelida, mechanisms of microorganisms breaking down straw, effect of added chemicals on straw breakdown, herbicides, pesticides, sodium hydroxide, industrial uses for straw,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1461
Author: Grosse Wichtrup, L.
Year: 1984
Title: Cereal aphid control in winter wheat by red clover underseed: An integrated pest management approach within the Lautenbach project
Journal: XVIIth International Congress of Entomology
Volume: Abstract Volume
Pages: 843
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Germany, IPM, methods, undersowing, Legumnosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 182
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1966
Title: Diurnal activity rhythm of starvated Carabidae
Journal: Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences Cl. II Serie des Sciences Biologiques.
Volume: 14
Pages: 405-411
Keywords: Behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 180
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1971
Title: Spatial differentiation of the Carabus L. (Carabidae, Col.) mobility
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 19
Pages: 1-34


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 195
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1971
Title: Remarks on the differentiation in Carabidae, Mobility
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 19
Pages: 47-56


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4697
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1971
Title: Spatial differentiation of the Carabus L. (Carabidae, Coleoptera) mobility
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 19
Pages: 1-34
Alternate Journal: Ekologia Polska
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Carabus nemoralis, Carabus arcensis, population density, humidity, rates of escape from fenced plots, hunger and satiation, hungry individuals more likely to move
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 181
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1975
Title: Mortality patterns in carabid populations
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 23
Pages: 649-665


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4699
Author: Grum, L.
Year: 1984
Title: Carabid fecundity as affected by extrinsic and instrinsic factors
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 65
Pages: 114-121
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., TP., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, method for estimating oviposition rates, 8 species, mean number of eggs in ovaries related to body weight, difference between autumn and spring breeders, egg deposition rate negatively related to female mobility, reproduction, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 797
Author: Grundy, A. J.; Sutton, S. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Year class splitting in the woodlouse Philoscia muscorum explained through studies of growth and survivorship
Journal: Holarctic Ecology
Volume: 12
Pages: 112-119
Keywords: En.
Rep., Isopoda, population dynamics, Spurn, laboratory, fecundity data in lab similar to those in field, survivorship of newborn 0% at 5C 36% at 13C 70% at 20C, splitting not dependent on population density, predation data, average attack coefficients, first and second brood cultures grew at same rate ie no genetic basis, litter, grassland, soil, Gramineae, decomposer, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4864
Author: Gruntal, S.Y.; Sergeyeva, T.K.
Year: 1989
Title: Food relations characteristics of the beetles of the genera Carabus and Cychrus
Journal: Zoologisch Zhurnal
Volume: 58
Pages: 45-51
Alternate Journal: Zoologisch Zhurnal
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Russia, pests, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, serological methods, all species ate earthworms, slugs, centipedes, harvestmen, spiders, Enchytraeidae, Elateridae, leatherjackets, woodlice, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Opiliones, Phalangida, Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Tipulidae, Isopoda, Mollusca, Limacidae, Carabus granulatus, Carabus arcensis, Carabus hortensis, Carabus coriaceus, Carabus glabratus, Cychrus caraboides
Notes: Russ., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3719
Author: Gruttke, H.; Kratz, W.; Weigmann, G.; Haque, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Terrestrial model food chain and environmental chemicals. I. Transfer of sodium (C-14) pentachlorophenate between springtails and carabids
Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Volume: 15
Issue: 3)
Pages: 253-259
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Germany, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, soil food chain in ruderal ecosystem, yeast-Collembola-carabids tritrophic model, beetles excreted the toxin faster than springtails, trophic behaviour, Folsomia candida, Nebria brevicollis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5314
Author: Gu, H.; Wackers, F.; Steindl, P.; Gunther, D.; Dorn, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Different approaches to labelling parasitoids using strontium
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 99
Pages: 173-181
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, marking methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, trace elements, Hymenoptera, Cotesia glomerata, laboratory experiments, wasps can be labelled by feeding on Sr sucrose solution or by feeding on nectar from a plant soil-drenched with Sr solution or by rearing on Pieris brassicae that have eaten such a plant, the label did not decline with age and was detectable for at least 16 days, mark-release-recapture, mark-recapture, Switzerland, elemental labelling, trace elements are transferrable between generations and trophic levels, food, diet, predation, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Sr labelling had no negative effects on parasitoid development and behaviour including flight and host-finding, labelling with rubidium at the same concentration had negative effects on development time and flight behaviour 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4965
Author: Guido, A.S.; Fowler, H.G.
Year: 1988
Title: Megacephala fulgida (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): a phonotactically orienting predator of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Journal: Cicindela
Volume: 20(3/4)
Pages: 51-52
Alternate Journal: Cicindela
Keywords: Rep., tiger beetles, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, in USA mole crickets damage turf and vegetables, grassland, Gramineae, M. fulgida is commonly associated with mole crickets in their area of origin in South America, M. fulgida is a predator of the first three nymphal instars of mole crickets, it is attracted to synthesised songs of mole crickets at sound traps in Brazil and Uruguay, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, aggregation, aggregative numerical response, attraction to sound of prey
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2831
Author: Guillebeau, L. P.; All, J. N.
Year: 1989
Title: Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and the striped lynx spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae): cross predation and prey preferences
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 82
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1106-1110
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Geocoris spp. adults consumed all eggs and spiderlings from Oxyopes salticus eggsac if female excluded, but they preferred Heliothis zea eggs, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, biological control, they attacked I-III instar spiders but were not cannibalistic, behaviour, O. salticus females ate Geocoris III instar and adults and I-III O. salticus at 1-2 per day, cannibalism, consumption rates, O. salticus chose more active prey, prey preference, laboratory experiments in relation to cotton


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 574
Author: Gunn, A.
Title: The Ecology of Grassland Spiders
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London.
Keywords: En.
Rep(part), Araneae, predators, field layer, ground, distribution, strata, sweeping, quadrats, Dvac, pitfalls, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1406
Author: Gunn, J. S.
Year: 1982
Title: Planning crop protection programmes to safeguard yield and quality for the potato crop
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monograph 25
Pages: 155-165
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, arable, pesticides, comprehensive account of problems of potato growing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2299
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1983
Title: Winter mortality of spruce-living spiders: effect of spider interactions and bird predation
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 40
Pages: 226-233
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predator, population dynamics, overwintering, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2298
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1985
Title: Interspecific predation as a mortality factor among overwintering spiders
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 65
Pages: 498-502
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predator, winter, behaviour, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2333
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Sex ratio in the spider Pityohyphantes phrygianus affected by winter severity
Journal: Journal of Zoology
Volume: 213
Issue: 4)
Pages: 609-619
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, conifers, Sweden, subadults, branches netted to exclude predators, birds, methods, marking with Humbrol enamel paint, mortality, survivorship, activity, temperature, food, antifreeze, glycerol, energetics cost


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2334
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1988
Title: Body size and survival: implications for an overwintering spider
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 52
Issue: 3)
Pages: 274-282
Keywords: En.
Pityohyphantes phrygianus
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, Sweden, conifers, subadults, large size did not increase winter survival, feed and grow in winter, methods, marking with Humbrol enamel paint, enclosed in netted branches, predator.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2306
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1990
Title: Vegetation structure and the abundance and size distribution of spruce-li ving spiders
Journal: J. Anim. Ecol.
Volume: 59
Pages: 743-752
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, trees, forest, conifers, branches with sparse needles harboured shorter spiders than needle dense branches, more spiders where more needles, laboratory and field experiments, interaction between vegetation structure bird predation to explain results, population dynamics, distribution, density, foraging, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3856
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1990
Title: Selective mortality in spiders
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 151-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, survival, survivorship, Sweden, high mortality occurs in juveniles of most spider species, large spiders overwintering on spruce were affected by bird predation, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Aves, Vertebrata, trees, forest, woodland, conifers, Pityohyphantes phrygianus, predation by other spiders at high autumn densities, abundance, trophic behaviour, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4473
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1992
Title: Fractal dimension of plants and body size distribution in spiders
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 6
Issue: 6)
Pages: 636-641
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, forest, woodland, plants with fine lobes and complicated leaf shapes should provide relatively more space for small animals than larger ones, experiment in oak wood and spruce forest, conifers, deciduous, Sweden, plastic broad-leaf and plastic spruce were placed in oak and spruce forests, spiders were collected from real and plastic plants in the lab, photographs of plastic and real plants were examined under grids with different numbers of squares, the number of squares entered by the contour of the plant was recorded, methods, the number of squares entered was plotted against grid size and log diagonal and slope used as estimator of D the fractal dimension, D from low to high were plastic broad-leaf, oak, plastic spruce, spruce, the family and species composition was similar on plastic and real plants, Linyphiidae were clear dominants, the experiments showed that mean spider body size is qualitatively related to vegetation fractals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4225
Author: Gunnarsson, B.
Year: 1996
Title: Bird predation and vegetation structure affecting spruce- living arthropods in a temperate forest
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 65
Pages: 389-397
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, woodland, conifers, spiders were the commonest arthropod taxa on spruce branches, at 36-97% of arthropod density, abundance, species composition, larger spiders were found on branches from which birds were excluded, bird predation is strong and reduces arthropod density, predator exclusion methods, Aves, Vertebrata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5514
Author: Gurdebeke, S.; Maelfait, J.P.
Year: 2002
Title: Pitfall trapping in population genetics studies: finding the right "solution"
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 30
Pages: 255-261
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., methods, collecting Coelotes terrestris spiders by hand for genetics studies was very time-consuming, so pitfall traps were modified, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Amaurobiidae, use of a funnel trap with 96% ethanol as preservative was the best approximation to hand catching and immediate preservation at -20C, lower concentrations of ethanol gave inadequate preservation of DNA, deciduous forest fragmentation in Belgium, woodland, trees, landscape, nocturnal,  traps emptied weekly, a RAPD profile could not be generated from samples kept in formaldehyde, funnels reduce spider escape rate and evaporation of ethanol, references that DNA degrades substantially after 3 weeks in 70% ethanol at room temperature, it is recommended to test the effect of the intended collecting/storage fluid on DNA of the target organism before using it as a storage medium, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4696
Author: Gurr, G.M.; Thwaite, W.G.; Nicol, H.I.
Year: 1999
Title: Field evaluation of the effects of  the insect growth regulator tebufenozide on entomophagous arthropods and pests of apples 
Journal: Australian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 38(2)
Pages: 135-140
Alternate Journal: Australian Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP., vacuum sampling in tree foliage, methods, insecticides, pesticides, IGR, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, lacewings, specialist mite predator Stethorus, Araneae, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Lepidoptera pests, biological control, suction sampling, Australia, fruit trees, damage
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5719
Author: Gurr, G.M.; Van Emden, H.F.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1998
Title: Habitat manipulation and natural enemy efficiency: implications for the control of pests
Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. by P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego
Pages: 155-183
Alternate Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. by P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego
Keywords: Rep., need to move from empirical to predictive approach, community, diversity and stability, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, resource concentration hypothesis, enemies hypothesis, r and K strategists, reduced biodiversity in annual compared with perennial crops, a danger of diversification is that it may favour polyphagous pests, sugars enhance longevity fecundity and searching capacity of parasitoids, population dynamics, feeding on aphid honeydew, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Hemiptera,  pollen enhances egg maturation of hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, commercial wildflower seed mixes have not been evaluated with respect to trade-offs between benefit of fostering beneficials versus disbenefits of harbouring pests and diseases, pathogens, toxic residues of pesticides within the crop may repel immigration of natural enemies from refuge areas, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5955
Author: Gurr, G.M.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1999
Title: 'Integrated biological control': a proposal for enhancing success in biological control
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 45(2)
Pages: 81-84
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., conservation biological control techniques applied to exotic biocontrol agents (i.e. to classical biological control), this can be termed integrated biological control, it may also improve the success of inundative biological control, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, success rate of classical biocontrol against invertebrate pests is less than 10%, Copidosoma koehelri is an exotic parasitoid attacking larvae of potato moth in Australia, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Phthorimaea operculella, sowing borage and buckwheat at edges of potato fields significantly increased parasitism within the field because longevity and fecundity of adult parasitoids were enhanced by access to flower nectar, landscape, understorey management in vineyards and orchards can make inudative releases of Trichogramma spp. more cost-effective, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5486
Author: Gurr, G.M.; Wratten, S.D.; Barbosa, P.
Year: 2000
Title: Success in conservation biological control of arthropods
Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Pages: 105-132
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., review, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, selective insecticides, pesticides, selective food plants that benefit natural enemies more than pests, in New Zealand strips of non-native grasses contain spiders at densities up to 1000 per m2, Araneae, polyphagous predators, abundance, 51 studies of habitat manipulation reviewed but few investigated effects of natural enemies impacting pest populations to reduce crop damage or increase yield, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5796
Author: Gurr, G.M.; Wratten, S.D.; Luna, J.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: pest management and other benefits
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 107-116
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., review, habitat diversification, landscape, 7 commercial seed mixtures for increasing floral biodiversity on farmland are available in USA, need to understand mechanisms whereby biodiversity favours biological control of pests, within-crop diversification, strip-harvesting, farming practices, variety mixtures, weed strips, Phacelia strips, silvoarable agroforestry, ground cover plant in 135000 ha citrus in China to boost populations of Amblyseius spp., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, trees, woodland, orchard, forest, top fruit, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, pest spider mites, Tetranychidae, Panonychus citri, beetle banks, trap crops, conservation tillage, conservation biological control, relay intercropping, living mulches, clover, Leguminosae, benefits at scale of field, farm and landscape, pollinators, bumblebees, Apidae, aesthetics and tourism, recreation, prevention of soil erosion,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1914
Author: Guthrie, W. D.; Barry, B. D.; Rossman, E. C.; Jarvis, J. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Correlation between leaf-feeding resistance to European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and resistance to Northern corn leaf blight
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Issue: 4)
Pages: 811-814
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, Ostrinia nubilalis, DIMBOA confers some resistance to leaf feeding by larvae, plant resistance, behaviour, hydroxamic acids, 7537 Zea mays genotypes tested using field plots and borer egg masses placed on plants, screening, high resistance to borer is conditioned by several genes i.e. not just DIMBOA involved, 25% genotypes were resistant to borer but susceptible to fungal pathogen,, 1.5% were resistant to both, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3926
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.
Year: 1992
Title: The ecological basis for crop protection: theory and practice
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases 1992, BCPC, Farnham, UK
Pages: 955-964
Keywords: En.
Rep., time varying life tables approach, methods, population dynamics, extension of metabolic pool model sun - crop - herbivore - carnivore to include economic aspects by multiplying energy fixed by crop price, ratio of resource acquired to demand regulates all birth, death, net immigration, ageing and net growth processes, mortality, survival, survivorship, reproduction, these models cannot be used predictively because of uncontrolled variables such as weather and migration rates, so they are aimed at better understanding of ecosystem interactions, distribution, dispersal, movement, cotton example involving plant and herbivores but not natural enemies, arable, model takes account of plant being able to compensate for damage up to a certain point, the compensation point, after which yield loss will occur, author equates dispensible mortality in predator - prey systems with pre-compensation point plant damage, and indispensible mortality with post- compensation point yield loss


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3897
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Baumgaertner, J. U.
Year: 1984
Title: A realistic model of plant-herbivore-parasitoid-predator interactions
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 933-949
Keywords: En.
Rep., simulation model, predator used here to include plants searching for light, herbivores for plants, parasitoids for hosts and predators for prey, to allow for a unified model across trophic levels, methods, natural enemies, biological control, USA, functional response ie predation success increases with prey density, currency is biomass or calories, energetics, search success ie prey capture or ingestion rate includes predator and prey density, predator demand rate, predator discovery rate, time in day degrees above a threshold, physiological time scale, abundance, demand rate is affected by age-specific rates for growth, reproduction, respiration, conversion costs, egestion, population dynamics, discovery rate ie searching rate is affected by supply-demand ratio ie hunger, physiology, foraging behaviour, metabolic pool model, prey preference can be incorporated reflecting predator nutritional requirements, but in this model preference is just a function of the relative biomass of each prey species in the system, number of individuals of a prey species can be estimated by dividing population biomass by mean biomass of an individual, interaction matrix for pea aphid, blue alfalfa aphid, Aphidius smithi, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa carnea and Hypera brunneipennis on alfafa to include competition, predation, preference, commensalism, for egg, pupa, larva and adult, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acythosiphon kondoi, pests, Hemiptera, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Curculionidae, arable, Leguminosae, natural enemies, in simulations C. carnea was top predator and displaced the parasitoid and coccinellid from the system, which does not happen in the field, the frequency dependent preference submodel was probably inadequate for the lacewing, running the system without C. carnea at a range of temperatures suggested that aphids declined at higher temperatures due to various factors including increased prey demand by coccinellids, Table showing parameter settings derived from the literature eg search rates for each species, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3899
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Baumgaertner, J. U.
Year: 1984
Title: Age-specific energetics models - pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) as an example
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 924-932
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, USA, calories used as currency, functional response incorporating predator demand rate, which includes calories used for reproduction and growth, respiration, egestion, food acquisition rate is less than demand rate to allow for imperfect searching, here the pea aphid is modeled as a predator of plant sap, metabolic pool model, energy allocation to growth or reproduction is age-specific, aphid can regulate flow of sap into its body, embryos can be selectively resorbed by adult if food becomes limiting, ageing as rate of passing through instars slows down when food is limiting, food supply also affects physiological mortality rate, model tested with two aphid data sets that were not used to construct the model, reasonable fit, foraging, physiology, population dynamics, simulation model


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3898
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Baumgaertner, J. U.; Hagen, K. S.
Year: 1981
Title: A conceptual model for growth, development and reproduction in the ladybeetle, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Canadain Entomologist
Volume: 113
Pages: 21-33
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, growth, reproduction, ageing, survival and migration rates of H. convergens in alfalfa, arable, Leguminosae, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predation success of adults and larvae measured in the lab, consumption rates, in the model assimilate requirements of growth, reproduction and metabolism affect hunger level, physiology, trophic behaviour, hunger determines food demand, searching success is affected by beetle size and hunger, currency of model is biomass, priority order of assimilate use is respiration, then growth, then reproduction according to the metabolic pool model, functional response for searching success incorporates prey and predator densities, prey biomass, beetle biomass, predator demand rate, predator search rate, increment of time in day degrees, physiological time scale, abundance, search rate is related to size of predator and hunger or demand rate, foraging behaviour, emigration is a function of supply-demand ratio, simulation model


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3896
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Baumgaertner, J. U.; Summers, C. G.
Year: 1984
Title: A case study in an alfalfa ecosystem
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 950-963
Keywords: En.
Rep., alfalfa, pea aphid, blue aphid, Hippodamia convergens system in California USA, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, model with energy or biomass as currency, energetics, population dynamics, included species-specific density- dependent morph determination, sex ratio, emigration rates, and effects of food supply on reproduction, growth, foraging, development, and survivorship rates, mortality, survival, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, field data on pests and natural enemies March 1977 to March 1978, simulation model, Orius and Entomophthora also present and incorporated in model based on regressions between aphid mortality due to these natural enemies and aphid density, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, disease, good fit of model output to observed data for total aphids, Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis, had little effect on pattern and magnitude of the aphid populations, coccinellids affected numbers but not pattern of aphids, high temperatures and alfalfa cutting were the main mortality agents of pea aphids, coccinellids suppressed aphid population growth only when aphid populations were high, farming practices, Curculionidae, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 309
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Denton, W. H.; Shade, R.; Maltby, H.; Burger, T.; Moorehead, G.
Year: 1974
Title: The within-field dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L. )) in wheat and oats
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 43
Pages: 627-640
Keywords: En.
Lema melanopa
Rep, pest, predation, Coccinellidae, eggs, pathogens, fungi, Beauvaria, parasitism, Mymaridae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3915
Author: Gutierrez, A. P.; Hagen, K. S.; Ellis, C. K.
Year: 1990
Title: Evaluating the impact of natural enemies: a multitrophic perspective
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 81-109
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., biological control, pests, linked age-structure population models of plants, herbivores, pathogens, predators and parasitoids, driven by biomass flow and weather, time varying life table, metabolic pool model, methods, energetics, population dynamics, phytophages, entomogenous fungi, disease, physiological time scale, deterministic simulation model, distributed delay model, Erlang distribution of development times of a cohort, demand rate is the major driving variable, demand is always set greater than supply to allow for imperfect search, search rate is proportion of universe searched, and is set to increase with size of predator, energy goes first to respiration then reproduction then growth and reserves, model used for alfalfa, apple, cassava, bean, cotton, grape, rice and tomato, in alfalfa example constant immigration rates and emigration and mortality were set as a function of supply:demand ratio, adding both the fungal pathogen Erynia neoaphidis and the ladybird Hippodamia convergens to the model gave a better fit to aphid trends than either alone, aphid dynamics in this system determined in order of importance by weather, harvesting, plant production, pathogen, Coccinellidae, and Aphidius smithi, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1888
Author: Gutierrez, C.; Castanera, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Effect of the maize tissues with a high and a low DIMBOA content on the biology of the borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Journal: Investigacion Agraria, Produccion y Proteccion Vegetales
Volume: 1
Issue: 1)
Pages: 109-119
Keywords: Sp.En.summ.
cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, lab, larvae reared on high and low DIMBOA maize plants and on semi-synthetic diet with no DIMBOA, methods, culturing, hydroxamic acids, behaviour, % of larval pupal and total mortality was highest and length of larval stage longest on the high DIMBOA maize, development rate, growth rate, plant resistance, such maize varieties could contribute to control of first generation and reduce damage by second, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 709
Author: H Aitchison, C. W.
Year: 1984
Title: L Low temperature feeding by winter-active spiders
Journal: L J. Arachnology
Volume: 12
Pages: N 297-305
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, predators, behaviour, overwintering, foraging, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 727
Author: H Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D.
Year: 1987
Title: L Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils
Journal: L Phytopathology
Volume: 77
Pages: N 327-331
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., S. sclerotiorum occurs in the field but only a few % of lettuces affected so soils might be suppressive due to antagonist fungi and animals grazing on sclerotia, sclerotia baits put out in field yielded various fungi and Bradysia (Diptera, Sciaridae) larvae and Onychiurus sp (Collembola, springtail), these observed to feed on sclerotia, Bradysia density in soil related to pH % organic matter and nitrate, Bradysia larvae highly voracious and aggregative in instars II- IV, I instar more dispersive, larvae do not repel one another from the sclerotia, sclerotia damaged by larvae had germination rate of 0-30% cf 95% for controls, larvae prefer to remain in top few cm of soil and feed on sclerotia there (sclerotia deeper than 4cm do not cause damage), behaviour, distribution, dispersal, disease, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 715
Author: H Anderson, J. F.
Year: 1978
Title: L Energy content of spider eggs
Journal: L Oecologia
Volume: 37
Pages: N 41-57
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, predators, energetics, calorific content


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 714
Author: H Baert, L.
Year: 1980
Title: L Autoecologie de Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall 1829)(Araneae,Linyphiidae) I. Influence de temperatures constantes sur la duree du developpement postembryonnaire
Journal: L Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg.
Volume: 58
Issue: 19)
Pages: N 1-14
Keywords: G Fr.
S Spiders, money spiders, predators, influence of constant temperatures on the duration of post-embryonic development, spiderlings, physiology, laboratory, growth rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 765
Author: H Battu, G. S.; Singh, B.
Year: 1975
Title: L A note on spiders predating on the insect pests of cotton
Journal: L Science and Culture
Volume: 41
Pages: N 212-214
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, foraging, feeding, behaviour, feed on jassids and aphids in the lab, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, feed on these and bollworm larvae in the field, arable, Lepidoptera, diet, observations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 729
Author: H Beute, M. K.; Benson, D. M.
Year: 1979
Title: L Relation of small soil fauna to plant disease
Journal: L Annual Review of Phytopathology
Volume: 17
Pages: N 485-502
Keywords: G En.
S Rep, review, nematodes and viruses excluded, mites are most abundant followed by Collembola (springtails), thistle rust spread by Ceutorhynchus weevil (Coleoptera beetle), bark beetles and pathogenic fungi in conifers, Sitona and fungus against legumes, mites and Pythium in peanut pod rot, gives egs of insecticides reducing disease incidence in a rabge of crops, mechanisms include flea beetles wounding potatoes lets in Rhizoctonia, bulb mites let in fungal diseases, Bradysia larvae (Diptera, flies, Sciaridae) predispose roots of clovers etc to attack by pathogens, Collembola transport fungi to roots, Pythium propagules passed through peanut mite guts were viable, Verticillium viable through mite guts, fungal spores carried on insects exterior could also be important in disease transmission, distribution, dispersal, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 761
Author: H Bollen, G. J.; Middelkoop, J.; Hofman, T. W.
Year: 1991
Title: L Effects of soil fauna on infection of potato sprouts by Rhizoctonia solani
Journal: L In "Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases" Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers & A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pages: N 27-34
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., increased infection when nematicides used because soil faunal grazing on fungi reduced, Aphelenchoidae nematodes can decrease infection by root diseases, in lab collembola reared on Alternaria porri, nematode, mite and Folsomia fimetaria did not affect potatoes in absence of pathogen, at low disease pressure the invertebrates suppressed development of the disease but were less effective at high disease pressure, springtails, Acari, diet, feeding preference, arable, plant pathogens, disease, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 756
Author: H Booth, R. G.; Usher, M. B.
Year: 1985
Title: L Relationships between Collembola and their environment in a maritime Antarctic moss-turf habitat
Journal: L In "Ecological Interactions in Soil" Ed. by A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher, British Ecological Society
Volume: Special Publication No. 4
Pages: N 279-284
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, vertical distribution, Cryptopygus and Friesea were strongly aggregated, physical factors associated with distribution, behaviour, Signy Island South Orkneys


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 758
Author: H Brown, R. A.
Year: 1985
Title: L Effects of some root-grazing arthropods on the growth of sugar beet
Journal: L In "Ecological Interactions in Soil" Ed. by A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher, British Ecological Society
Volume: Special Publication No. 4
Pages: N 285-295
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., symphylans millipedes and Collembola especially Onychiurus armatus feed on the roots, invasion of fungal pathogens following damage may lead to seedling mortality, arthropod grazing on on sugar beet seedlings increased weed abundance, springtails, Myriapoda, soil, behaviour, diet, feeding preferences, distribution and dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 713
Author: H Buche, W.
Year: 1966
Title: L Beitrage zur Okologie und Biologie winterreifer Kleinspinnen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Linyphiiden Macrargus rufus rufus (Wider), Macrargus rufus carpenteri (Cambridge) und Centromerus sylvaticus (Blackwall)
Journal: L Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere
Volume: 57
Pages: N 329-448
Keywords: G Germ.
S Spiders, Araneae, money spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology, overwintering, winter-active


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 764
Author: H Buxton, J.
Year: 1975
Title: L Studies on the predatory activities of the European earwig on the Damson Hop Aphid
Journal: L PhD Thesis, University of London
Pages: N
Keywords: G En.
S see lit. bk., detection period for aphids was 20 hours, gives % feeding on aphids and other foods, Hemiptera, pests, polyphagous predator, Dermaptera, foraging, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 768
Author: H Cameron, P. J.; Thomas, W. P.; Hill, R. L.
Year: 1979
Title: L Introduction of lucerne aphid parasites and a preliminary evaluation of the natural enemies of Acyrthosiphon spp (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in New Zealand
Journal: L Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand
Pages: N 219-223
Keywords: G En.
S Pea aphid, pest, Hemiptera, predators, arable, legumes, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, predators could account for variations from expected aphid population increases, test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 767
Author: H Cherian, M. C.
Year: 1933
Title: L An agromyzid fly predacious on aphids
Journal: L Madras Agriculture
Volume: 21
Pages: N 343-344
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Leucopis spp, description of egg, larva, pupa, adult, larvae observed eating aphids on sorghum, cotton and beans, predator, Diptera, pests, Hemiptera, foraging, behaviour, arable, cereals, Gramineae, legumes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 770
Author: H Clausen, C. P.
Year: 1978
Title: L Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Aphididae
Journal: L Agricultural Handbook USDA
Volume: No 480
Pages: N 35-46
Keywords: G En.
Cavariella aegipodii, Brevicoryne brassicae, Diaeretella rapae, Trioxys pallidus, Eriosoma lanigerum, A. mali, Acythosiphon pisum, Aphidius smithi, Entomophthora, Megoura viciae, Aphidius megourae, Encarsia
S Rep., Hemiptera, useful summaries of pest status, carrot, sugarcane, walnut, pea, alfalfa, citrus and others, parasitoids, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, Coccinellidae, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 743
Author: H Curl, E. A.
Year: 1979
Title: L Effects of mycophagous Collembola on Rhizoctonia solani and cotton-seedling diasease
Journal: L In "Soil-borne Plant Pathogens" Eds B. Schippers & W. Gams, Academic Press, London
Pages: N 253-269
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, fungi, Proisotoma minuta and Onychiurus encarpatus reared on Rhizoctonia solani growing on nutrient agar, can freeze Collembola -20 for 1 h and they live, aggregate and feed on R. solani in preference to agar, prefer R. solani to Trichoderma harzianum, seedling growth in presence of R. solani improved if Collembola added, reproduction suppressed by Trichoderma, Penicillium and Aspergillus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 747
Author: H Curl, E. A.
Year: 1982
Title: L The rhizosphere: relation to pathogen behaviour and root disease
Journal: L Plant Disease
Volume: 66
Issue: 7)
Pages: N 624-630
Keywords: G En.
Fusarium, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora
S Rep., fungi, pathogens attracted to roots by exudates especially of germinating seedlings at low temperature, penetrate roots and damage plant


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 725
Author: H Curl, E. A.; Gudauskas, R. T.
Year: 1985
Title: L Effects of soil insects on populations and germination of fungal propagules
Journal: L in Ecology and Management of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens
Pages: N 20-23
Keywords: G En.
Proisotoma minuta, Onychiurus encarpatus
S Rep., Collembola found in rhizosphere suppressed colony growth of some disease fungi such as Rhizoctonia in petri dishes and were attracted to mycelia, the reverse is true for some other fungi eg the antagonist Trichoderma, Collembola reduce germination rates of sclerotia, many spores pass through springtail guts intact, USA, distribution, dispersal, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 751
Author: H Curl, E. A.; Harper, J. D.
Year: 1990
Title: L Fauna-microflora interactions
Journal: L In "The Rhizosphere" Ed. by J.M. Lynch, Wiley
Pages: N 369-388
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., mini-review, soil, definitions of micro- meso- and macrofauna, protozoa and nematodes and oribatid mites feeding on fungi, Acari, diet, Collembola associated with mycorrhizas, springtails, behaviour, distribution, aggregation near roots, oribatids could control Rhizoctonia solani, plant pathogens, biological control of diseases, collembola feed on R. solani and prefer them to antagonists such as Trichoderma, collembola reduce germination of sclerotia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 744
Author: H Dennis, P.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1990
Title: L Feeding behaviour of the staphylinid beetle Tachyporus hypnorum in relation to its potential for reducing aphid numbers in wheat
Journal: L Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 117
Pages: N 267-276
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., rove beetle, predator, foraging, behaviour, petri dish tests in lab and ground level in winter wheat, Manly beta indices of prey preference used, aphids strongly preferred to Isotoma or Sciara, pests, Homoptera, Sitobion avenae, Collembola, Diptera, addition of mildew greatly reduced the consumption rate on aphids, Erisyphe, mildew feeding observed, climbing rates greater where plants infested with mildew and aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 753
Author: H El Titi, A.; Ulber, B.
Year: 1991
Title: L Significance of biotic interactions between soil fauna and microflora in integrated arable farming
Journal: L In "Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases" Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers & A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pages: N 1-19
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., mini-review of effects of invertebrates on pathogenic soil fungi, biological control, protozoa eat fungi, the nematode Aphelenchus avenae has been used to control Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium, other examples given, no reports of effects of myriapods on plant pathogens, centipedes, millipedes, Collembola feed preferentially on fungi, diet, springtails, gives references to Collembola feeding on plant pathogenic fungi, diseases, investigations of their effects on crop diseases still very rare, bulb mites Rhizoglyphus eat Fusarium, Acari, some enchytraeids feed preferentially on fungi such as Cladosporium, earthworms disseminate pathogens such as Pythium and Fusarium, distribution and dispersal, reduced tillage systems in spring barley gave more collembola and less seedling loss, cereals, Gramineae, in lab Onychiurus fimatus preferred Pythium to Trichoderma


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 759
Author: H Finlay, R. D.
Year: 1985
Title: L Interactions between soil micro-arthropods and endomycorrhizal associations of higher plants
Journal: L In "Ecological Interactions in Soil" Ed. by A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher, British Ecological Society
Volume: Special Publication No. 4
Pages: N 319-331
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., mini-review, effect of nematodes, lab experiments on Trifolium and leek with Folsomia candida and Onychiurus ambulans, gives gut content analysis methodology, field experiment, Collembola densities higher in treatments with mycorrhizae present, no evidence of root grazing, mycorrhizal parts found in collembola guts, where collembola density high got lower plant yield but at low grazing intensities mycorrhizal plant growth is stimulated, springtails, arable, legumes, behaviour, diet, feeding preferences, distribution and dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 731
Author: H Gardiner, R. B.; Jarvis, W. R.; Shipp, J. L.
Year: 1990
Title: L Ingestion of Pythium spp. by larvae of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Journal: L Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 116
Pages: N 205-212
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., flies, fungal structures fed to larvae of Bradysia provided a complete nutritional source for development from egg to adult, mycelium digested and oospores remained intact and germinated after passage through the gut, oospores could stay in the gut for 48 h, some zoospores also passed through intact, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, soil, disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 721
Author: H Gist, C. S.; Crossley, D. A.
Year: 1973
Title: L A method of quantifying pitfall trapping
Journal: L Environ. Ent.
Volume: 2
Pages: N 951-952
Keywords: G En.
Rep., Predators, methods, soil invertebrates, macrofauna, removal trapping in plots surrounded by barriers, strips of aluminiuim foil nailed onto ground and coated with a sticky resin, hardwood forest, USA, deciduous, number of animals caught per night plotted against total removed, intercept gives total in plot, no difference between numbers caught in handsorting and removal trapping, Diplopoda, Araneae, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Myriapoda, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 5 x 5 m plots each containing 25 pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 734
Author: H Goldberg, N. P.; Stanghellini, M. E.
Year: 1990
Title: L Ingestion-egestion and aerial transmission of Pythium aphanidermatum by Shore flies (Ephydrinae: Scatella stagnalis)
Journal: L Phytopathology
Volume: 80
Pages: N 1244-1246
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., shore flies (Diptera) feed on cucumber roots colonized by fungus, 97% of I, 20% of III and pupae and 10% adults carried mature oospores in their guts, when excreted these germinated, the disease was transmitted to cucumber by adults and larvae, other egs of fungal diseases transmitted by flies quoted, distribution, dispersal, soil, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 737
Author: H Hamon, N.; Bardner, R.; Allen-Williams, L.; Lee, J. B.
Year: 1990
Title: L Carabid populations in field beans and their effect on the population dynamics of Sitona lineatus (L.)
Journal: L Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 117
Pages: N 51-62
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, weevils, predators, methods, arable, pitfalls, mark-recapture, adult weevils fed on P32 labelled beans and released in open field cages, 12 common species of carabid (all found in cereals), largest numbers of carabids in late summer when peak emergence of Sitona occurs, Pterostichus caught at 9-20 per sq m per day, 7% carabids were radioactive, in lab starved carabids ate 20 adult weevils per day but maximum of 3 per day in large arenas, 4% carabids radioactive from eating larvae, rough calculation of predation rate estimated mortality of larvae at 0.6-10.5% and adults at 2.6%-23.8%, no discussion of problems due to scavenging secondary predation or label leaking into other food chains etc, consumption, foraging, behaviour, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 766
Author: H Hance, T.
Title: L Experiments on Aphis fabae population control by different densities of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: L Annales de la Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique
Volume: 115
Issue: 1)
Pages: N 105-106
Keywords: G En.
Asaphidion flavipes, Agonum dorsale, Omaseidius vulgare
S Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, sugar beet, Belgium, ground beetle, polyphagous predator, methods, large and small field cages, A. flavipes reduced aphids by 99% in one case, greater reduction at higher predator density except for A. dorsale where got interference effects, predation rates, foraging, manipulation, see fuller paper Vol 116, 15-24, 1986


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 769
Author: H Heathcote, G. D.
Year: 1971
Title: L Abundance of aphids and some insects that prey on them in Suffolk, as shown by catches on sticky traps
Journal: L Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalist's Society
Volume: 15
Pages: N 437-442
Keywords: G En.
S pests, Hemiptera, predators, methods, arable, sugar beet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 711
Author: H Helenius, J.
Year: 1990
Title: L Effect of epigeal predators on infestation by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and on yield of oats in monocrops and mixed intercrops
Journal: L Entomologia exp. et appl.
Pages: N
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., preprint, Hemiptera, pest, cereals, Gramineae, 1983-1985, beans and oats, pitfalls, pitfalls in barriers, methods, ingress and egress, peak aphid densities increased by predator exclusion, usually no interaction between crop and predator effect, usually more aphids in mixed stands than monocrops, Coccinellidae numerous in some years, ladybirds, more Carabidae in mixed crops, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Finland, oat yield reduced by intercropping, yield higher where more predators, see also OILB Bull


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 752
Author: H Hepperly, P. R.; Rodriguez-Cancel, R. E.
Year: 1987
Title: L Fruity aromas from pink mould and their association with insect attraction
Journal: L Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto-Rico
Volume: 71
Issue: 3)
Pages: N 327-330
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., oak wilt fungus aroma attracts fruit flies, Diptera, Drosophilidae, sap beetles and squirrels, rusts can be cross-fertilised by flies attracted to them by fruity smell, Fusarium attacks of maize, cotton and sorghum is associated with insect activity, other examples given, fungi, distribution, dispersal, plant pathogens, disease, cereals, Gramineae, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 760
Author: H Hofman, T. W.; Middelkoop, J.; Bollen, G. J.
Year: 1991
Title: L Causes of the increased incidence of Rhizoctonia solani in potato crops treated with nematicides
Journal: L In "Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases" Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers & A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pages: N 21-26
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., nematicides did not affect host-plant resistance or the infection process or kill R. solani, they did promote Verticillium biguttatum a mycoparasite of R. solani, lab experiments suggested that suppression of the soil fauna (nematodes and Collembola) reduced mycophagy causing increase in R. solani, springtails, arable, plant pathogens, disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 735
Author: H Kaiser, P. A.; Lussenhop, J.
Year: 1991
Title: L Collembolan effects on establishment of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae in soybean (Glycine max)
Journal: L Soil Biol. Biochem.
Volume: 23
Issue: 3)
Pages: N 307-308
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, Folsomia candida occurs in USA soils, experiments in pots showed that Collembola can interfere with the establishment of mycorrhizas on roots especially if they get in very early when seeds are germinating, distribution, dispersal, disease, soil, behaviour, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 726
Author: H Kalb, D. W.; Millar, R. L.
Year: 1986
Title: L Dispersal of Verticillium albo-atratum by the fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens)
Journal: L Plant Disease
Volume: 70
Pages: N 752-753
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., 79% of adult flies from a chamber of alfalfa affected by Verticillium wilt were contaminated with the fungus and transmitted it to clean alfalfa plants, Shore flies (Scatella) were also contaminated, Diptera, Sciaridae, disease, legume, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 733
Author: H Kessler, K. J.
Year: 1990
Title: L Destruction of Gnomonia leptostyla perithecia on Juglans nigra leaves by microarthropods associated with Elaeagnus umbellata litter
Journal: L Mycologia
Volume: 82
Issue: 3)
Pages: N 387-390
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Juglans = walnut, Elaeagnus = autumn olive, microarthropods feed on fungus in infected fallen walnut leaves, grazing occurred in both litter types but more extensive in olive litter, perithecial grazing by oribatid mites and Collembola, Acari, springtails, distribution, dispersal, trees, orchard, behaviour, soil, disease, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 719
Author: H Kirchner, W.
Year: 1973
Title: L Ecological aspects of cold resistance in spiders (a comparative study)
Journal: L Effects of temperature on ectothermic organisms, Ed. by W. Wieser, Springer Verlag, Berlin
Pages: N 271-279
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, predators, overwintering, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 718
Author: H Kirchner, W.; Kestler, P.
Year: 1969
Title: L Untersuchungen zur Kalteresistenz der Schilfradspinne Araneus cornutus (Araneidae)
Journal: L J. Insect Physiol.
Volume: 15
Pages: N 41-53
Keywords: G Germ.
S Spiders, Araneae, Argiopidae, predators, cold resistance, overwintering, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 728
Author: H Lartey, R. T.; Curl, E. A.; Peterson, C. M.; Harper, J. D.
Year: 1989
Title: L Mycophagous grazing and food preference of Proisotoma minuta (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Onychiurus eucarpatus (Collembola: Onychiuridae)
Journal: L Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Issue: 2)
Pages: N 334-337
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, preferred to graze on Rhizoctonia rather than antagonist fungi such as Gliocladium and Trichoderma, when forced to feed on antagonists fecundity was reduced cf Rhizoctonia, disease, high mortality rate if fed on antagonists, Collembola should be useful alongside antagonsists in biological control, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 736
Author: H Lovei, G. L.; Samu, F.
Year: 1987
Title: L Estimation of the number of carabid species occurring on a wet meadow
Journal: L Acta Phytopathologica Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 22
Pages: N 399-402
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., beetles, Coleoptera, predators, ground beetles, pitfalls in meadow near Budapest for 1 week in July, methods, equilibrium equation of theory of island biogeography used to calculate number of species present, 18 species caught and 32 predicted as present, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 740
Author: H Luck, R. F.; Shepard, B. M.; Kenmore, P. E.
Year: 1988
Title: L Experimental methods for evaluating arthropod natural enemies
Journal: L Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: N 367-391
Keywords: G En.
S review, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 710
Author: H Nakamura, K.
Year: 1968
Title: L The ingestion in Wolf spiders I. Capacity of gut of Lycosa pseudoannulata
Journal: L Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: X
Pages: N 45-53
Keywords: G En.
S Lycosidae, predators, foraging, behaviour, physiology, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 732
Author: H Nemeye, P. S.; Moore, D.; Prior, C.
Year: 1990
Title: L Potential of the parasitoid Heterospilus prosopidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a vector of plant- pathogenic Colletotrichum spp
Journal: L Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 116
Pages: N 11-19
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., coffee berry disease and mango anthracnose, adult parasitoids could collect wetted and unwetted spores of both on their bodies, spores were viable, spore concentrations are high on diseased berries and parasitoids visit berries looking for their host, distribution, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 723
Author: H Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1981
Title: L Einige Beobachtungen zur Nahrungsokologie der Wolfspinne Pardosa lugubris (Walck.)
Journal: L Dtsch. Entomol. Z.
Volume: 28
Pages: N 297-300
Keywords: G Germ.
S Wolf spiders, Araneae, predators, Lycosidae, observations, feeding ecology, behaviour, physiology, prey, foraging, ingestion, consumption


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 739
Author: H Oxford, G. S.
Year: 1975
Title: L Food induced esterase phenocopies in the snail Cepea nemoralis
Journal: L Heredity
Volume: 35
Pages: N 361-370
Keywords: G En.
S methods, electrophoresis, Mollusca, feeding on nettle induced secondary esterases in the snail, might have been mediated via the gut microflora


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 750
Author: H Parkinson, D.
Year: 1988
Title: L Linkages between resource availability, microorganisms and soil invertebrates
Journal: L Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 24
Issue: 1-3)
Pages: N 21-32
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Canadian forest litter, decay and leaching, effects of climate on this especially freeze-thaw cycles in winter, mites, Acari, Collembola, springtails, enchytraeidae, Cladosporium and Phoma eaten in preference to Penicillium and Paecilomyces fungi, collembola can prefer fungi that support lower reproductive rates than less preferred fungi, diet, feeding, behaviour, basidiomycete hyphae produce volatiles that kill Onychiurus subtenuis, nutrient level of substrate on which fungi grow affects reproductive rate of Folsomia candida feeding on them, mini-review, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 754
Author: H Rabatin, S. C.; Stinner, B. R.
Year: 1988
Title: L Indirect effects of interactions between VAM fungi and soil-inhabiting invertebrates on plant processes
Journal: L Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 24
Issue: 1-3)
Pages: N 135-146
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi occur in many crop plants and have external spores and mycelia which are eaten by invertebrates, VAM increases efficiency of plant roots, up to 50% VAM propagules eaten by Collembola, millipedes, woodlice, worms, Carabidae, scarab beetles, then up food chain, spores viable through rodents, spores dispersed by animals, maize, pasture, cereals, Gramineae, ground beetles, predators, Myriapoda, Isopoda, distribution, dispersal, diet, feeding, behaviour, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 717
Author: H Ramousse, R.
Year: 1973
Title: L Body, web-building and feeding characteristics of males of the spider Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae)
Journal: L Psyche
Volume: 80
Pages: N 22-47
Keywords: G En.
S predators, Argiopidae, behaviour, foraging, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 722
Author: H Rovner, J. S.; Knost, S. J.
Year: 1974
Title: L Post-immobilization wrapping of prey by lycosid spiders of the herbaceous stratum
Journal: L Psyche
Volume: 81
Pages: N 398-415
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, wolf spiders, predators, behaviour, foraging, feeding, vegetation, ability to capture multiple prey, ingestion, observation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 712
Author: H Schaefer, M.
Year: 1987
Title: L Life cycles and diapause
Journal: L Ecophysiology of Spiders, Ed. by W. Nentwig, Springer Verlag, Berlin
Pages: N 331-347
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, predators, phenology, overwintering, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 716
Author: H Schaeffer, M.
Year: 1977
Title: L Untersuchungen uber das Wachstum von zwei Spinnenarten (Araneida) im Labor und Freiland
Journal: L Pedobiologia
Volume: 17
Pages: N 189-200
Keywords: G Germ.
S Spiders, Araneae, predators, development, laboratory and field, spiderlings, eggs, growth rate, temperature


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 757
Author: H Shaw, P. J. A.
Year: 1985
Title: L Grazing preferences of Onychiurus armatus (Insecta: Collembola) for mycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi of pine plantations
Journal: L In "Ecological Interactions in Soil" Ed. by A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher, British Ecological Society
Volume: Special Publication No. 4
Pages: N 333-337
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., lab experiments using fauna and flora from the field, pronounced preference for one mycorrhiza species, 3 others contained toxic compounds, springtails, soil, behaviour, diet, feeding, forest, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 708
Author: H Spiller, D. A.
Year: 1984
Title: L Competition between two spider species: experimental field study
Journal: L Ecology
Volume: 65
Pages: N 909-919
Keywords: G En.
S Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 720
Author: H Tanaka, K.; Ito, Y.
Year: 1982
Title: L Decrease in respiratory rate in a wolf spider Pardosa astrigera (L. Koch) under starvation
Journal: L Researches in Population Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: N 360-374
Keywords: G En.
S Lycosidae, predator, physiology, behaviour, survival, overwintering, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 762
Author: H Toft, S.
Year: 1976
Title: L Life-histories of spiders in a Danish beech wood
Journal: L Natura Jutlandica
Volume: 19
Pages: N 5-40
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Araneae, predators, 2 year study, canopy, herb- layer, litter, phenology, instars, oviposition, fecundity, development of 52 species, 55% biennials, 33% annuals, the rest mixed, ID of immatures is safer when adult species composition is known, litter samples put through a Duffey extractor, methods, pitfalls, sweeps, beating, stem traps or arboreal photoeclectors, high canopy not sampled, instars separated by length of tibia I, dissection of females to determine egg laying history, some linyphiids have 4 immature instars, peak catch of females in pitfalls correlated with different stages of the reproductive period in different species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 741
Author: H Toft, S.
Year: 1988
Title: L Interference by web take-over in sheet-web spiders
Journal: L XI European Archnological Colloquium, Berlin
Pages: N 48-59
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, Linyphia triangularis webs in Junipers, large or small webs depending on structure of bush, spiders marked with paint and released into vacant webs, methods, retention times over 1 week recorded, large spiders live in low bushes and smaller spiders in columnar bushes, small spiders put in large webs were gradually expelled over week by larger spiders, L. triangularis more likely to take over webs of L. tenuipalpis than the reverse, in some encounters the invader eats the web-occupant, behaviour, interspecific aggression, intraspecific aggression, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 742
Author: H Toft, S.
Year: 1989
Title: L Mate guarding in two Linyphia species (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: L Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 8
Issue: 2)
Pages: N 33-37
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., money spiders, predators, Linyphia triangularis and L. tenuipalpis adult males appear in the webs of subadult females one or two days before the females final moult, mating occurs immediately after the moult, males compete, larger ones are normally more successful but a small male can interfere with mating between a large pair, mating status of females determined by cutting out spermathecae cutting open and observing under phase contrast, males take most of the food entering the web while waiting for female to moult, web is reduced in size to a small size prior to mating then females have to build a new one and there is a high incidence of change in web sites at this time, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, intraspecies teritoriality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 745
Author: H Ulber, B.
Year: 1980
Title: L Studies on the food selection of Onychiurus fimatus Gisin (Onychiuridae, Collembola), a seedling pest of sugar beet
Journal: L Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 90
Pages: N 333-346
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, diet, feeding, lab, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, germinating weed seedlings attracted Onychiurus away from sugar beet seedlings, soil fungi Fusarium Alternaria were preferred to seedlings, Collembola attacked plant pathogenic fungi, biological control, addition of organic material straw and alfalfa attracted Onychiurus away from beet seedlings, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 748
Author: H Usher, M. B.; Stoneman, C. I.
Year: 1977
Title: L Folsomia candida - an ideal organism for population studies in the laboratory
Journal: L Journal of Biological Education
Volume: 11
Pages: N 83-90
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtail, parthenogenetic, no males identified, uncommon in field in Britain but occurs in potting compost, gives culture details, rearing, breeding ceases at 27C, describes simple ecological studies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 755
Author: H Visser, S.
Year: 1985
Title: L Role of the soil invertebrates in determining the composition of soil microbial communities
Journal: L In "Ecological Interactions in Soil" Ed. by A.H. Fitter, D. Atkinson, D.J. Read & M.B. Usher, British Ecological Society
Volume: Special Publication No. 4
Pages: N 297-317
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., invertebrates increase soil pore size to the advantage of fungi, Dipteran larvae invading wood take soil fungi with them, Trichoderma produces toxins against Protozoa and nematodes, some nematodes feed on mycorrhizae, many mites and collembola select specific fungal species, mycetophilids are attracted to volatiles from wood-decaying fungi, Folsomia candida feed on leek root mycorrhizae and affect growth, fungal spores carried on bodies of mites and collembola eg Fusarium, earthworms could be distributors of mycorrhizae and Trichoderma, many mycorrhizae have specific growth requirements and cannot be isolated so role of fauna in their dispersal may have been greatly underestimated, flies, behaviour, diet, feeding preferences, distribution and dispersal, Acari, springtails, kairomones, arable, diseases, plant pathogens, fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 749
Author: H Visser, S.; Parkinson, D.; Hassall, M.
Year: 1987
Title: L Fungi associated with Onychiurus subtenuis (Collembola) in an aspen woodland
Journal: L Canadian Journal of Botany
Volume: 65
Issue: 4)
Pages: N 635-642
Keywords: G En.
Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Mortierella
S Rep., springtail, vertical migration of collembola leading to fungal distribution, dispersal, methods for determining fungi on exoskeleton and in faeces, more than 100 species from exoskeleton, all had some propagules usually less than 10, 50% of feaces contained viable fungi, the fungi are r-strategists that sporulate profusely


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 724
Author: H White, P. F.
Year: 1981
Title: L Spread of the mushroom disease Verticillium fungicola by Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae)
Journal: L Protection Ecology
Volume: 3
Pages: N 17-24
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., 75 adult flies per sq m infected with disease caused an exponential spread of disease resulting in 1.8% yield loss, Distribution, dispersal, compost


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 746
Author: H Wiggins, E. A.; Curl, E. A.
Year: 1979
Title: L Interactions of Collembola and microflora of cotton rhizosphere
Journal: L Phytopathology
Volume: 69
Pages: N 244-249
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, Proisotoma minuta and Onychiurus encarpatus commonest rhizosphere Collembola in Alabama cotton fields, more numerous near roots, distribution, dispersal, Collembola survived on Rhizoctonia cultures for 5 months and preferred young hyphae, diet, feeding preference, 3-35 egg masses produced in 2 days at 25C in dark, reproduction, fecundity, soil, survived and reproduced on water agar, increased most rapidly on Fusarium doubling in 6 weeks, plants exposed to Collembola had better root systems, biological control of diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 730
Author: H Williets, H. M.; Thompson, A. R.; Morris, G. C. L.
Year: 1989
Title: L Laboratory studies on the selection of Pythium ultimum, a plant-pathogenic fungus, by Onychiurus auranticus (Collembola)
Journal: L Aspects of Applied Biology, Roots and the Soil Environment
Volume: 22
Pages: N
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., springtails, part of study of effects of Collembola on establishment of field-sown vegetable crops in UK, Collembola preferred 1 day old mycelia cf older, many useful references, soil, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 763
Author: H Winder, L.
Year: 1990
Title: L Predation of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators on the ground
Journal: L Ecological Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: N 105-110
Keywords: G En.
S Rep., Hemiptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, beetles, spiders, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, methods, polypreds manipulated using barriers, aphid falling rate by detergent traps, aphid climbing traps, peak aphid highest where polypreds lowest, fall off rates same in all treatments but climbing rates highest where polypreds lowest, ground zone predators reduced rate at which aphids return to canopy, pest control, foraging, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1973
Author: Haarlov, N.
Year: 1979
Title: Mites from plots supplied different quantities of manures and fertilizers
Journal: Recent Advances in Acarology
Volume: 1
Pages: 125-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3041
Author: Haas, V.
Year: 1980
Title: Methoden zur Erfassung der Arthropoden fauna in der Vegetationsschicht von Grasland-Okosystem
Journal: Zool. Anz. Jena
Volume: 204
Issue: 5-6)
Pages: 319-330
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., sampling methods for arthropods in the vegetation layer of grassland ecosystems, Gramineae, Germany, used repeated suction sampling of vegetation layer within a 0.25 m2 biocenometer and calculated efficiency on the basis of decreasing numbers caught in successive samples, also by release and recapture of a known number of arthropods, efficiency 97% for Diptera, 95% Auchenorrhyncha, 92% Hymenoptera, 92% Halticinae, 85% Araneae, 80% Ptiliidae, 78% Aphidina, 72% Thysanoptera, sweep net catches were not efficient, suction sampler Omega, air intake 14.8 msec-1, 6.7l airmin-1, Dvac, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, flea beetles, spiders, thrips, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 676
Author: Hackman, W.
Year: 1954
Title: The spiders of Newfoundland
Journal: Acta zool. Fenn.
Volume: 79
Pages: 1-99
Keywords: Araneae, predators, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 503
Author: Hackman, W.
Year: 1957
Title: Studies on the ecology of the wolf spider Trochosa ruricola (Deg.)
Journal: Soc. Sci. Fenn. Commentat. Biol.
Volume: 16
Pages: 1-34
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, spiders, polyphagous predator natural enemies, population dynamics, female lives 1 year, Finland, hibernates as adult and mates in spring, immatures balloon, breed in spring and sometimes August too, reactions to temperature, humidity and light, coastal habitat, prey includes Diptera, diet, food, cannibalism, feeding behaviour, egg parasitoids, Pimplinae, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, Mermis infections, Nematoda, colour marking with cellulose paint, methods, adults on 2 islands, 7-10 per sq m shore, density, males did not move far but 42% females moved up to 20 m from release point and 6% more than 40 m, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, fecundity, relation ship between eggs per cocoon and length of cephalothorax, size, in June estimated 18,000 spiderlings per 100 m shore and 4000 more in August, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4948
Author: Haeberli, S.; Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Schaller, J.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 2000
Title: Characterisation of antibacterial activity of peptides isolated from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae, Ctenidae)
Journal: Toxicon
Volume: 38
Pages: 373-380
Alternate Journal: Toxicon
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, toxins, poisons, venoms, 5 peptides isolated from this neotropical wandering spider, they inhibit bacteria (of significance because many bacteria have become antibiotic-resistant), they are probably part of the venom and also may help to prevent the venom glands becoming infected
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 11
Author: Haeck, J.
Year: 1971
Title: The immigration and settlement of carabids in the new Isselmeer polders
Journal: Miscellaneous Papers Landb. Hogeschool, Wageningen
Volume: 8
Pages: 33-52


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 353
Author: Hagen, K. S.
Year: 1962
Title: Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 289-326
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1144
Author: Hagen, K. S.; van den Bosch, R.
Year: 1968
Title: Impact of pathogens, parasites and predators on aphids
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 325-384
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4761
Author: Hagler, J.R.
Year: 1998
Title: Variation in the efficacy of several predator gut content immunoassays
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 12
Pages: 25-32
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Coccinellidae, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, serology, Hippodamia convergens given eggs of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, Lepidoptera, then tested with assays. ELISA, dot blot, Western blot. Direct and indirect ELISA did not give good results, but sandwich ELISA and blots were better. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods discussed. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3316
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Brower, A. G.; Tu, Z.; Byrne, D. N.; Bradley- Dunlop, D.; Enriquez, F. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Development of a monoclonal antibody to detect predation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 68
Pages: 231-236
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, B.tabaci egg antigen, positive reactions with eggs and females, no cross reactions except for female Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Hemiptera, pests, Auchenorrhyncha, serology, methods, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3234
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Cohen, A. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Effects of time and temperature on digestion of purified antigen by Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) reared on artificial diet
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 83
Pages: 1177-1180
Keywords: En.
Rep., aim to determine if a known antigen ie rabbit IgG remains detectable in the gut of G.punctipes, predators assessed by antibody to rabbit IgG in single radial immunodiffusion ie similar to Ouchterlony method, serology, detection period 2 days at 27C and 1 day at 40C, digestion rates, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3255
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Cohen, A. C.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey selection by in vitro- and field-reared Geocoris punctipes
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 59
Pages: 201-205
Keywords: En.
Rep., prey selection by G. punctipes reared in lab for 6 years was very similar to field animals, they preferred Lygus hesperus to Aphis nerii, Heliothis zea, H. virescens and Spodoptera exigua, the lab-reared animals had been reared on artifical diet but prey preference remained unchanged, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, aphids, Hemiptera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, rearing, culturing, mass- rearing, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3236
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Cohen, A. C.; Bradley-Dunlop, D.; Enriquez, F. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Field evaluation of predation on Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) using species- and stage specific monoclonal antibody
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 896-900
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Heteroptera, pests, alfalfa, arable, USA, predators collected and assayed by ELISA, older eggs of L.hesperus less reactive than younger eggs, the MAB is probably an anti-vitellin and young eggs have more vitellin, % +ves for various predators which may have eaten eggs or gravid females, +ves mainly for the Reduviidae Zelus renardii and there was little consumption by Geocoris, Orius or Nabis, polyphagous predators, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae, authors acknowledge that many other variables have to be measured before this technology can be used to quantify egg predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3237
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Cohen, A. C.; Bradley-Dunlop, D.; Enriquez, F. J.
Year: 1992
Title: New approach to mark insects for feeding and dispersal studies
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 20-25
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, aim is to mark lots of mass-reared predators externally using rabbit IgG, release in field, recapture together with wild predators, then use ELISA to (a) differentiate between released and wild (b) identify food of predators eg eggs and females of Lygus hesperus, serology, Heteroptera, pests, biological control, ie to find out if trophic behaviour of cultured predator is same as wild ones, rearing, lab-reared L.hesperus adults were dipped in rabbit IgG, these could be reliably detected with radial immunodiffusion cf negative controls for at leat 8 days, most female L.hesperus were positive with egg monoclonal antibody ELISA and nearly all males were negative


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3235
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Cohen, A. C.; Enriquez, F. J.; Bradley-Dunlop, D.
Year: 1991
Title: An egg-specific monoclonal antibody to Lygus hesperus
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 1
Pages: 75-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods,, pests, Heteroptera, the monoclonal was very specific, reactions being confined to L.hesperus and mainly to the eggs, there was some reaction to adult females perhaps they contained eggs, ELISA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3102
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Durand, C. M.
Year: 1994
Title: A new method for immunologically analyzing predator gut contents
Journal: submitted to Entomophaga
Keywords: En.
Rep., rabbit IgG sprayed onto whitefly and bollworm eggs and these fed to ladybirds and Orius, the label can be detected by ELISA using goat antirabbit IgG, better detection for chewers than suckers, antigen and antibody are commercially available, simple system to use, methods, serology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, diet, behaviour, Hemiptera, pests, Lepidoptera, moths, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5133
Author: Hagler, J.R.; Jackson, C.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Methods for marking insects: current techniques and future prospects
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 46
Pages: 511-543
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., mark-release-recapture, MRR, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, tags, labels, bands, mutilation marking, wing clipping, notching, marking beetle elytra, paint and ink, coding systems, dust marking, fluorescent dusts, mass-marking, self-marking, internal dyes, pollen marking, genetic marking, radioactive isotope markers, environmental laws often preclude use of radioactive markers, elemental marking, rare elements, trace elements, elemental marking can also  be used for predation studies, nitrogen-15 marking, protein marking and ELISA, serological methods, protein marking can be used in predation studies, genetically engineered marking, bioluminescent markers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5516
Author: Hagler, J.R.; Jackson, C.G.; Henneberry, T.J.; Gould, J.R.
Year: 2002
Title: Parasitoid mark-release-recapture techniques - II. Development and application of a protein marking technique for Eretmocerus spp., parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 12
Pages: 661-675
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, methods, distribution, dispersal, aerial movement, aerial migration, pests, whitefly, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) marker applied externally or internally, assayed by ELISA, the majority of adult parasitoids fed on honey solution containing IgG retain the marker for life as they also did if the marker was sprayed on externally, USA, Eretmocerus eremicus were marked internally and externally then released into the centre of a cotton field, they were recaptured using small suction traps operated for 32h post-release, few were caught at night and the most intense dispersal phase was shortly after sunrise, diel activity patter, diurnal, sex ratio of released parasitoids was 1:1 but 7-9 times more males than females were recaptured (both for marked and unmarked wasps), 40% of captured parasitoids were marked, most were recaptured in the cotton field but a few were caught in adjacent fields, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5515
Author: Hagler, J.R.; Machtley, S.A.; Leggett, J.E.
Year: 2002
Title: Parasitoid mark-release-recapture techniques - I. Development of a battery-operated suction trap for collecting minute insects
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 12
Pages: 653-659
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, movement, aerial migration, distributuion, aerial dispersal, methods, it can be difficult to remove delicate parasitoids intact from sticky traps, materials per trap excluding batteries cost US$10, high-quality battery life is about 16h, the trap will collect small insects flying near its entrance but is not powerful enough to collect large insects, trapped insects remain alive and are held against the organdy fabric of a collecting vial which can be easily capped, removed and replaced, the trap was effective in catching Eretmocerus, Encarsia and Anaphes iole, Hymenoptera, USA
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3347
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Naranjo, S. E.
Year: 1992
Title: Use of serological techniques for identifying predators of major cotton pests
Journal: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 1992
Volume: 2
Pages: 909-910
Keywords: En.
Rep., a species and egg specific monoclonal antibody developed for pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, no cross reactions, pre-insecticide era 7% world crops lost to pests but estimate for 1990's is 13%, causes of increase probably includes loss of natural enemies, serology, ELISA, MAB, methods, arable, USA, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3492
Author: Hagler, J. R.; Naranjo, S. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Qualitative survey of 2 coleopteran predators of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) using a multiple prey gut content ELISA
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 1)
Pages: 193-197
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, monoclonal antibodies, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, biological control, cotton, arable, pests, whitefly, caterpillars, Hemiptera, multiple serodiagnostic ELISA or MS ELISA, vacuum collection of predators, negative beetle controls, homogenate from each betle put in a well on 2 separate ELISA plates, one for testing with anti- B.tabaci egg MAB and the other with anti- P.gossypiella egg MAB, assayed 663 Collops vittatus and 613 Hippodamia convergens, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, 8-93% of C. vittatus ate whitefly eggs, 2-68% ate bollworm eggs, of H.convergens 2-79% ate whitefly eggs and 0-50% ate bollworm eggs, test does not distinguish between eggs and gravid whitefly, the beetles fed on these pests even at low pest density, does not say how many individuals ate both pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5649
Author: Hagler, J.R.; Naranjo, S.E.; Erickson, M.L.; Machtley, S.A.; Wright, S.F.
Year: 1997
Title: Immunological examinations of species variability in predator gut content assays: effect of predator: prey protein ratio on immunoassay sensitivity
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 9
Pages: 120-128
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, USA, ELISA to detect pink bollworm eggs in predators was more efficient for small predators, Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Pectinophora gossypiella, pests, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, care must be taken not to overload an ELISA microplate with nontarget (predator) proteins, protein concentration above 125 microgram per well is likely to give a false negative so samples from large protein-rich predators should be diluted with PBS, dot blot immunoassay was more sensitive than ELISA (because there are more binding sites on the dot blot nitrocellulose membrane than in an ELISA well), Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoridae, Hippodamia convergens, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predator : prey protein ratio can affect estimation of retention time in the gut, detection periods, non-target proteins saturate the competitive binding sites on ELISA microplates,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5097
Author: Hagley, E.A.C.
Year: 1989
Title: Release of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi Degeer (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 121(4/5)
Pages: 309-314
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., release of 335000 predator eggs per ha significantly reduced the aphid population on dwarf apple trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, lacewings, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, the larvae were reared on Myzus persicae, A. pomi, Panonychus ulmi, Cydia pomonella larvae, and Oriental Fruit Moth larvae Grapholitha molesta, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, spider mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, mass rearing, culturing, methods, references to other successful aphid control programmes by releasing this lacewing, various other predators were present in release and no-release plots, including Coccinellidae, Cecidomyidae, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Chrysopidae, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, predatory thrips
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4772
Author: Hagley, E.A.C.; Allen, W.R.
Year: 1988
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 120
Pages: 917-925
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., apple, trees, top fruit, orchards, Canada, pests, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, biology of the pest, methods, corrugated cardboard trunk bands to estimate number of pest larvae seeking cocooning sites. Pitfalls, daily emptying and freezing beetles, serology, polyclonal antiserum, immunoelectrophoresis. Data suggested that Pterostichus melanarius aggregate close to tree trunks and feed on Cydia larvae that are seeking cocooning sites, but they do not significantly affect the number of larvae moving from fruit trees to pupation sites. Serologically positive species were P. melanarius, Amara aenea, Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum, Clivina impressifrons, Diplochaeila impressicollis, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Pterostichus chalcites, Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis, detection periods, food, diet, trophic behaviour.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3380
Author: Hagley, E. A. C.; Allen, W. R.
Year: 1989
Title: Prey of the cribellate spider, Dictyna annulipes (Araneae, Dictynidae), on apple tree foliage
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Issue: 3)
Pages: 366-367
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, orchards, top fruit, USA, methods, analysis of carcasses in the web and immunoelectroosmophoresis, serology, web examinations at 2- 3 day intervals, antisera to apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella, Diptera, Aphis pomi, aphid, Hemiptera, Pholetesor ornigis, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, Phyllonorycter blancardella, leafminer, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, Chronomidae were 71% of cadavers in webs, leafhopper 15%, Miridae 5%, Heteroptera, aphids 3%, other prey in the webs included Araneae, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Neuroptera, lacewings, hyperpredators, predation on predators, chironomid carcasses accumulated in the webs over time as they were not removed by D.annulipes, most serological positives were for Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2465
Author: Hagley, E. A. C.; Allen, W. R.
Year: 1990
Title: The green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer (Homoptera: Aphididae), as prey of polyphagous arthropod predators in Ontario
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 122
Pages: 1221-1228
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, apple orchards, top fruit, trees, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, predators collected from leaves and frozen, dry pitfalls, feeding trials in lab at 24C, immunoelectroosmophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes, serology, methods, 4 years testing, positives for Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, Chrysopa, Forficula auricularia, Miridae, Reduviidae, Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Heteroptera, Dermaptera, earwigs, Diptera, hoverflies, unimportant were Anthocoris and Orius, Anthocoridae, 10/16 Carabidae species were positive including Amara aenea, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, ground beetles, also ants, Staphylinidae, Trochosa terricola, centipedes, millipdes and woodlice, Formicidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda, predation, feeding behaviour, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 699
Author: Hagley, E. A. C.; Holliday, N. J.; Barber, D. R.
Year: 1982
Title: Laboratory studies of the food preferences of some orchard carabids (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 114
Pages: 431-437
Keywords: En.
Amara aenea, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus aeneus
Rep., predators, beetles, apple, trees, petri dishes, polyphagous, seeds, chickweed, Lepidoptera, codling moth larvae, apple maggot pupae, scarabid larvae, prey size, earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, eggs, A. aenea was often found in foliage of trees, P. melanarius kills prey even when satiated, behaviour, foraging, prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5124
Author: Hagley, E.A.C.; Miles, N.
Year: 1987
Title: Release of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on peach grown in a protected environment structure
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119
Pages: 205-206
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., lacewings, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spider mites, top fruit, orchards, protected crops, trees, Canada, predator eggs were added to some trees and others acted as controls, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, after 8 weeks there were significantly fewer mite-infested leaves on trees where the predator was released, the predator developed well on mite food, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 502
Author: Hagstrum, D. W.
Year: 1970
Title: Physiology of food utilisation by the spider Tarentula kochi (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 63
Pages: 1305-1308
Keywords: En.
Rep, predators, digestion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 505
Author: Hagstrum, D. W.
Year: 1970
Title: Ecological energetics of the spider Tarentula kochi (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 63
Pages: 1297-1304
Keywords: Predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 674
Author: Hagstrum, D. W.
Year: 1971
Title: Carapace width as a tool for evaluating the rate of development of spiders in the laboratory and the field
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 64
Pages: 757-760
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, methods, growth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 896
Author: Hagvar, E. B.
Year: 1972
Title: The effect of intra and interspecific larval competition for food (Myzus persicae) on the development at 20C of Syrphus ribesii and Syrphus corollae [Diptera, Syrphidae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 17
Issue: 1)
Pages: 71-77
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, hoverflies, behaviour, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 895
Author: Hagvar, E. B.
Year: 1973
Title: Food competition in larvae of Syrphus ribesii (L.) and Syrphus corollae (Fabr.)(Dipt., Syrphidae)
Journal: Nor. Entomol. Tidsskr.
Volume: 20
Pages: 315-321
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, hoverflies, behaviour, predation, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 894
Author: Hagvar, E. B.
Year: 1974
Title: Effectiveness of larvae of Syrphus ribesii and S.corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae) as predators on Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 19
Issue: 2)
Pages: 123-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, hoverflies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4120
Author: Hagvar, E. B.
Year: 1988
Title: Multiparasitism of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae: competition in the egg stage between Aphidius matricariae and Ephedrus cerasicola
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 47
Pages: 275-282
Keywords: En.
Rep., interspecific competition, population dynamics, interference competition, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, lab study, Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae, E.cersicola oviposited without hesitation in M.persicae already parasitized by A.matricariae 1-3 days earlier, foraging behaviour, when E.cerasicola oviposited 1-2 days after A.matricariae very few A.matricariae survived, and dissection showed that Aphidius eggs were killed at least 1 day before Ephedrus eggs hatched, so the effect was probably achieved by toxins injected by the ovipositing female or emanating from the Ephedrus egg, this is interspecific competition but without the involvement of larvae, when Ephedrus oviposited 3 days after Aphidius the Aphidius survived, its larva probably ate the Ephedrus eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2261
Author: Hairston, N. G.; Smith, F. E.; Slobodkin, L. B.
Year: 1960
Title: Community structure, population control and competition
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 94
Pages: 421-425
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2579
Author: Hajjar, M. J.; Ford, J. B.
Year: 1989
Title: The effect of sublethal doses of cypermethrin on egg laying of mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae (F.))
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 26
Pages: 227-239
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4749
Author: Halaj, J.; Cady, A.B.
Year: 2000
Title: Diet composition and significance of earthworms as food of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 143
Pages: 487-491
Alternate Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., USA, soybean and adjacent hedgerow, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, direct in situ visual observations during 30 - 60 min walks 8:00 - 11:00 and 21:30 - 00:30 in August and September, using headlamps at night. 1032 individuals observed over 50 h. Four species of Leiobunum plus Hadrobrunus maculosus. More individuals and higher proportion feeding were found in the hedgerow and most activity was at night. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel cycles, nocturnal. Blackberries were 25% of food taken in hedge, but overall earthworms were 47% of diet. Annelida, Lumbricidae, omnivory. Most worms (fresh and in various states of decomposition) were collected from the ground but consumed on the vegetation. Foraging behaviour.  In the lab, H. maculosus (the largest species) was incapable of killing small worms but readily ate dead worms. Carrion feeding, scavenging. In the soybeans they were observed eating aphids and other Hemiptera, adult Diptera, Carabidae, Araneae, Diplopoda and Mollusca, but not known how much of this was scavenging. Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, millipedes, Myriapoda.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5090
Author: Halaj, J.; Cady, A.B.; Uetz, G.W.
Year: 2000
Title: Modular habitat refugia enhance generalist predators and lower plant damage in soybeans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(2)
Pages: 383-393
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, wire and straw spider refuges put in field, they held 5-36 times the spider density recorded in the field and increased eggsac production 18-87 fold, predator enhancement, Araneae, habitat manipulation, 60% more spider species found in refugia compared with open field, they also increased the abundance of harvestmen, ground beetles and rove beetles, Opiliones, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, soybean seedlings within 1 m of the refuges were significantly a third less damaged but this did not affect seed production, damage type suggested attack by various beetle pests, Lycosidae, Theridiidae, Thomisidae, Table of 100 spider species, community, biodiversity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5679
Author: Halaj, J.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle ?
Journal: The American Naturalist
Volume: 157(3)
Pages: 262-281
Alternate Journal: The American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., meta-analysis, still too early to make reliable predictions about which communities will exhibit strong cascades, this is a broader meta-analysis than that of Schmitz et al. (2000), cascade in terms of predators affecting herbivore populations and feeding through to an effect on plant parameters, publications critically screened, methods, Hedges's d  as measure of effect size (number of standard deviations by which control and treatment groups differ), response ratio (experimental mean divided by control mean), 57 arthropod studies 1960-99, 40 studies met selection criteria, overall conclusion is that predation can exert a significant pressure on herbivore populations in a wide range of terrestrial communities,  in general intraguild predation and omnivory do not prevent generalist predators from initiating strong trophic cascades, IGP, intra-guild predation, food webs, trophic webs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, there were stronger effects of predation on plant damage than on plant biomass, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, review, yield, predator removal normally caused strong herbivore increases but occasionally a weak decline, generalist natural enemies can trigger strong trophic cascades but it is not yet known whether specialist natural enemies generate cascades that are stronger or weaker than those caused by generalists, trophic cascades in crop systems produced greater effects on plant biomass than for grassland and forests (perhaps because crops have lower biodiversity), Gramineae, woodland, trees, trophic cascades affecting phytoplankton in aquatic systems were stronger than effects on primary producers in terrestrial systems, 
Notes: En. 


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5551
Author: Halaj, J.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2002
Title: Impact of a detrital subsidy on trophic cascades in a terrestrial grazing food web
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(11)
Pages: 3141-3151
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, USA, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, wolf spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, detritivores, Collembola, mites, Acari, fungus gnats, Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae, Diptera, herbivores, cucumbers, squash, vegetables, Cyclotrachelus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Scarites spp., Pardosa milvina, Hogna helluo, Schizocosa avida, Linyphiidae also abundant, striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittata, spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata, squash bugs Anasa tristis and Anasa armigera, Heteroptera, manipulative field experiments, barriered plots with and without mushroom compost plus wheat straw, methods, abundance of carabids and spiders manipulated within 8m x 8m fenced plots, comparison with open plots, Collembola were 2-4 times more abundant in mulched plots and carabids, lycosids and Linyphiidae were also greatly increased, these changes in predator density did not affect fruit yield of cucumber and squash (in spite of effects being demonstrated in previous years), pest densities were lower in previous years so in the current experiment they may have been high enough to escape control by generalist predators, alternatively predators may have become satiated on detritivores and failed to kill many herbivores, community, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4717
Author: Hald, A.B.
Year: 1999
Title: The impact of changing the season in which cereals are sown on the diversity of the weed flora in rotational fields in Denmark
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 24-32
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP., plant species that are important food for arthropod herbivores were at greater density in spring than winter cereals, Gramineae, alternative food for polyphagous predators, vegetational diversification, habitat diversification, biodiversity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2393
Author: Hald, A. B.; Kjolholt, J.
Year: 1985
Title: The impact of pesticides on the wild flora and fauna in agroecosystems
Journal: Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Denmark
Keywords: En.
Rep., seminar in Copenhagen, agricultural statistics, invertebrate collection in hedges and crops ( K. Hansen ), variation in pesticide susceptibility due to differences in nitrogen balance in relation to food of partridge ( J. Dahlgren ), fungicides, habitat management for European hares, pesticide-free headlands and gamebirds ( M. Rands ), laboratory and field experiments on effects of herbicides and fungicides on invertebrates ( N. Sotherton ), pyrazophos, ecological roles of weeds ( J. Streiberg ), untreated field edges and beneficial insects ( P. Esbjerg ), parasitoids, aphid-specific predators, cereals, polyphagous predators, earthworms in hedgerows ( C. Anderson ), vertebrates, birds, Aves, Mammalia, natural enemies, Gramineae, Lumbricidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3828
Author: Hald, Pontoppidan H.; Reddersen, J.; Elbek-Pedersen, H.
Year: 1994
Title: Unsprayed field margins in rotational fields. Flora, arthropod fauna and yields, 1987-92
Journal: Bekaempelsmiddelforskning fra Miliostyrelsen, Miliostyrelsen, Copenhagen
Volume: 6
Pages: 157 p
Keywords: Dan., En. Summ.
Rep., 26 fields, soil seedbank analyses, Denmark, weed biomass, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, fungivore gut analyses, gut dissection, fungus feeding, mycetophagy, diet, food, trophic behaviour, fungivore food resources, yields, 487 taxa in Dvac listed in Appendix, for sprayed and unsprayed cereal margins, Gramineae, edges, boundaries, pesticides, farming practices, classified into herbivores, fungivores, polyphagous predators, aphidophages, fungivores were very selective going mainly for sooty mould conidia, plant diseases, fungi, fungivore were reduced 40-50% in fungicide and herbicide plots, side-effects on non- targets, ecotoxicology, natural enemies, Scandinavia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1909
Author: Hale, W. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Observations on the breeding biology of Collembola. I and II
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 5
Pages: 146-152 and 161-171
Keywords: En.
behaviour, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1771
Author: Hale, W. G.
Year: 1966
Title: A population study of moorland Collembola
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 6
Pages: 65-99
Keywords: En.
population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1151
Author: Hall, I. M.
Year: 1973
Title: Pathogens of aphids
Journal: Perspectives in Aphid Biology, Ed. by A.D. Lowe, Auckland, N.Z., The Entomological Society of New Zealand (INC)
Volume: Bulletin 2
Pages: 30-39
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Entomophthora, taxonomy, structure, identification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3194
Author: Hall, R. R.; Downe, A. E. R.; McLellan, A. S.; West, A. S.
Year: 1953
Title: Evaluation of insect predator-prey relationships by precipitin test studies
Journal: Mosquito News
Volume: 13
Pages: 199-204
Keywords: En.
serology, methods, dytiscid larvae as predators of mosquito larvae, Diptera, Coleoptera, Reduviidae fed on forest tent caterpillar, Miridae and Anthocoridae and a thrip ate codling moth eggs, see also Downe & West 1954, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, forests, orchards, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3617
Author: Hall, S. J.; Gurney, W. S. C.; Dobby, H.; Basford, D. J.; Heaney, S. D.; Robertson, M. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Inferring feeding patterns from stomach contents data
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 39-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., fish, Vertebrata, Pisces, is method applicable for quantifying predation by invertebrate predators ?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4686
Author: Hall, S.J.; Raffaelli, D.
Year: 1993
Title: Food webs: theory and reality
Journal: Advances in Ecological Research
Volume: 24
Pages: 187-239
Alternate Journal: Advances in Ecological Research
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, omnivory, food chains, models, community assembly, stability, methods, lumping species in webs can affect the conclusions of analyses about structure and dynamics, connectance, linkage density, top, intermediate and basal elements, feeding loops, food chain lengths, number of omnivores, predator overlap graphs link predators that share common prey and indicate potential competition. They can be shown as interval graphs. Rigid circuit, prey overlap graph links prey that share predators, compartments. 7 new and better web descriptions 1989-92 are summarised. Omnivory may be less common when all species are included because there are more species at the community base where omnivory is less common. Claims for scale-invariant properties (e.g. proportions of prey to predators) operating across webs of different sizes are questionable because of poor taxonomic resolution at the base of webs. Some web properties are sensitive to degree of taxonomic resolution and resolution of trophic linkage data. Most available food web data are static with little information on dynamics. The authors consider that study of community assembly could be very important to understanding how communities function. Stable isotope techniques may be useful for mapping food web structure  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 537
Author: Hallander, H.
Year: 1967
Title: Range and movements of the wolf spiders Lycosa chelata and Lycosa pullata
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 18
Pages: 360-364
Keywords: Pardosa chelata, Pardosa pullata
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, distribution, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 538
Author: Hallander, H.
Year: 1967
Title: Courtship display and habitat selection in the wolf spider Pardosa chelata (O.F. Muller)
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 18
Pages: 145-150
Keywords: Lycosa chelata
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, behaviour, mating, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3720
Author: Hallander, H.
Year: 1967
Title: Range and movements of the wolf spiders Pardosa chelata (O.F. Muller) and P. pullata (Clerck)
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 18
Pages: 360-364
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, Sweden, individual marking, methods, males more active than females, behaviour, distance moved, mark-release- recapture, MRR, substrate and reproduction periods affected activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3636
Author: Hallander, H.
Year: 1970
Title: Prey, cannibalism and microhabitat selection in the wolf spiders Pardosa chelata O.F. Muller and P. pullata Clerck
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 21
Pages: 337-340
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pardosa pullata, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, references to vertical distribution, vertical stratification, prey taken from chelicerae of spiders, methods, in situ field observations, Sweden, spiders reared in lab, rearing, culturing, nearly 30% of prey was cannibalism in P.pullata, food, diet, predation, foraging, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, adults observed to catch spiderlings, cannibalism occurred in lab cages in spite of abundant alternative prey, quotes Eason that abiotics and cannibalism regulate centipede populations, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, hypotheses for the function and significance of cannibalism, in P.chelata drumming in the courtship display favours selection of a substrate which makes perception of the drumming possible eg dead leaves, mating behaviour, reproduction, habitat selection, habitat preference, P.chelata is synonymous with Pardosa lugubris


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3941
Author: Halley, J. M.; Thomas, C. F. G.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1996
Title: A model for the spatial dynamics of linyphiid spiders in farmland
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 33(3)
Pages: 471-492
Keywords: En.
Rep., preprint, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribtion, movement, simulation model, one dimensional strip of different field types, effects of insecticide use, pesticides, small amounts of grassland in large areas of intensive cereals dramatically increases spider abundance, density, Gramineae, landscape ecology, farming practices, crop rotation reduces populations, field size up to 4 km2 has little effect, fitness maximised if 50% of population disperse aerially, selection pressures and evolution of behaviour, in model the number of web sites is assumed to set an upper limit or asymptote to population size, carrying capacity, used DeKeer and Maelfait data to estimate birth and death rates of Erigone atra and Oedothorax fuscus in a range of land types, reproduction, mortality, population dynamics, metapopulations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2574
Author: Halliday, R. B.
Year: 1988
Title: The genus Holostaspella Berlese (Acarina: Macrochelidae) in Australia
Journal: J. Aus. Ent. Soc.
Volume: 27
Pages: 149-155
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2573
Author: Halliday, R. B.; Holm, E.
Year: 1987
Title: Mites of the family Macrochelidae as predators of two species of dung-breeding pest flies
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32
Issue: 4)
Pages: 333-338
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2446
Author: Halsall, N.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Video recordings of aphid predation in a wheat crop
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 277-280
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2894
Author: Halsall, N. B.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1988
Title: The efficiency of pitfall trapping for polyphagous predatory Carabidae
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 293-299
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, laboratory, time-lapse video, 7 carabid species, capture rate varied between species, but not due to size or speed of movement or diurnalism, diel cycles, behaviour, activity, movement, dispersal, distribution, capture rate also unaffected by type of trap, substrate and season, dry pitfalls, substrates were soil and silver sand, Demetrias atricapillus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Calathus melanocephalus, Calathus fuscipes, Nebria brevicollis, capture efficiency was low for all species, maximum of 0.44 for Nebria brevicollis, zero for D. atricapillus, variable rate for C. fuscipes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4865
Author: Halsall, N.B.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1988
Title: Video recordings of aphid predation in a wheat crop
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 277-280
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, field cages used to set up high density patches of Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, methods, time-lapse video recorder used to monitor 9 x 11 cm patch of silver sand in the wheat field, nocturnal illumination from infra-red lights, 49 dead S. avenae were placed on the ground in the monitored high aphid density patch and in a control area of the crop with lower aphid  density, Agonum dorsale was recorded to enter the monitored patches from 0 to 5 times per hour over a 3 day period, there were significantly more entries into the high aphid density area than the control area, activity of this ground beetle was mainly at night, nocturnal, diel cycles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, aggregative numerical response
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4866
Author: Halsall, N.B.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1988
Title: Video recording of aphid predation by Carabidae in a wheat crop
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference -Pests and Diseases - 1988, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Volume: 3
Pages: 1047-1052
Alternate Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference -Pests and Diseases - 1988, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, field cages used to set up high density patches of Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, methods, time-lapse video recorder used to monitor 9 x 11 cm patch of silver sand in the wheat field, nocturnal illumination from infra-red lights, 49 dead S. avenae were placed on the ground in the monitored high aphid density patch and in a control area of the crop with lower aphid  density, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, data for Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus were pooled because their video images could not be separated, there were significantly more entries of these beetles into the highly infested patch than the control patch with lower aphid density, a high proportion of time in the patch was spent in feeding on the dead aphids, scavenging, carrion feeding, aggregative numerical response
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1142
Author: Hamalainen, M.
Year: 1977
Title: Control of aphids on sweet peppers, chrysanthemums and roses in small glasshouses using the ladybeetles Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Annales Agriculturae Fenniae
Volume: 16
Pages: 117-131
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, protected crops, natural enemies, biological control, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinella 7-punctata, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3537
Author: Hamalainen, M.; Markkula, M.
Year: 1972
Title: Effect of food type on fecundity in Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 38
Pages: 195-199
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acyrthosiphon pisum was the best food, pests, Hemiptera, pea aphid, trophic behaviour, diet, predation, food, females fed on Macrosiphum rosae laid twice as many eggs and began oviposition earlier than on Myzus persicae, rose aphid, reproduction, frozen A.pisum were a lower quality food than living A.pisum and gave only 50% of the egg production probably due to rapid drying out of the food, effect of food quality on fecundity, scavenging, carrion feeding, food of the larvae had no effect on the onset of oviposition or the number of eggs, food of the adult had no effect on hatchability of eggs, Finland, lab, 20-28C, 40-70% RH, 18L:6D, fecundity on living A.pisum was 1325, 1217, 1882 in 3 generations, many individuals exceeded 2000 eggs and the record was 2957, in the literature a maximum of 3765 is recorded


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 440
Author: Hamalainen, M.; Markkula, M.
Year: 1977
Title: Cool storage of Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col., Coccinellidae) eggs for use in the biological control in greenhouses
Journal: Ann. Agric. Fenn.
Volume: 16
Pages: 132-136
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 437
Author: Hamalainen, M.; Markkula, M.; Raij, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Fecundity and larval voracity of four ladybeetle species
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 41
Pages: 124-127
Keywords: Rep., beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, larvae, predation, feeding, cereals, predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, trophic behaviour, diet, food, Finland, lab, Myzus persicae, 20C and 30C, effect of temperature, Coccinella 7-punctata and Adalia bipunctata fecundity was not affected by temperature, Coccinella quinquepunctata and Propylea 14-punctata were more fecund at 30C than 20C, C7punctata was the most and P.14punctata the least voracious species, larval consumption rates of aphids similar at both temperatures and most were consumed by the last instar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 441
Author: Hamalainen, M.; Martii, M.
Year: 1972
Title: Possibility of producing Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellida e) without a diapause
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 38
Pages: 193-194
Keywords: Rep., Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, methods, rearing, culture, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1199
Author: Hamid, S.
Year: 1984
Title: Natural balance of graminicolous aphids in Pakistan. II. Aphid populations on maize
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 4
Issue: 8)
Pages: 801-803
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus obtusirostris, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sipha maydis, Episyrphus balteatus, Episyrphus confrater (Metasyrphus confrater), Chrysopa carnea (Chrysoperla carnea), Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies main predators, Coccinella 7-punctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Oenopia sauzeti, Scymnus sp., Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Orius, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Forficula, Dermaptera, earwig, Lysiphlebus arvicola, Aphelinus, parasitoids, claims predation important mortality factor, not good evidence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1148
Author: Hamilton, G. C.; Kirkland, R. L.; Peries, I. D. R.
Year: 1982
Title: Population ecology of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on grain sorghum in Central Missouri
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Issue: 3)
Pages: 618-628
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, greenbug, USA, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae important, Coleoptera, ladybirds, methods, stepwise regression


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4512
Author: Hamilton, R.M. ; Dogan, E.B. ; Schaalje, G.B.  ; Booth, G.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Olfactory response of the ladybeetle Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to prey related odors, including a scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(5)
Pages: 812-822
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ladybirds, trophic behaviour, foraging, kairomones
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 260
Author: Hammond, P. M.
Year: 1971
Title: Notes on the British Staphylinidae. 2. On the British species of Platystethus Mannerheim, with one species new to Britain
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 107
Pages: 93-111
Keywords: En.
Structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 259
Author: Hammond, P. M.
Year: 1973
Title: Notes on British Staphylinidae. 3. The British species of Sepedophilus Gistel (Conosomus auctt.)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 108
Pages: 130-165
Keywords: En.
Key, taxonomy, systematics, structure, biology, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2441
Author: Hammond, P. M.
Year: 1985
Title: Dimorphisms of wings
Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society
Volume: 24
Pages: 15-33
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5444
Author: Hanan, J.; Prusinkiewicz, P.; Zalucki, M.; Skirvin, D.
Year: 2002
Title: Simulation of insect movement with respect to plant architecture and morphogenesis
Journal: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Volume: 35
Pages: 255-269
Alternate Journal: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., methods, virtual plants, Lindenmayer systems, 3D structure models of developing plants, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2767
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 1986
Title: Experiences de limitation de populations d'Aphis fabae par des Carabidae a differentes densites
Journal: Annales de la Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique
Volume: 116
Issue: 1)
Pages: 15-24
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, sugar beet, arable, Belgium, methods, 20 cages with metal walls and mesh top, large cage encloses 8 beet plants small one 3 plants, pitfalls to remove predators from cages, 5 Aphis fabae adults per plant introduced left 3 days then various carabids added, aphids counted twice per week, 2 control cages with no predators, number of carabids caught initially often greater than numbers introduced, Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus cupreus, Clivina fossor, 10, 20, 30 Asaphidion flavipes per cage caused progressive reduction of aphids almost to extinction, Agonum dorsale had its greatest effect at the lower densities, intraspecific competition may have reduced impact, A. flavipes an effective predator of Aphis fabae because it can climb plants, behaviour, vertical distribution, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 845
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Predation impact of carabids at different population densities on Aphis fabae development in sugar beet
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 30
Pages: 251-262
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, arable, Belgium, 1 sq m and 0.25 sq m cages, areas cleaned then known densities of aphids and beetles introduced, six densities and controls, aphids controlled by 15 Asaphidion flavipes per sq m, can be found at this density in field, quadrats, Agonum dorsale less effective at high beetle density, interference, reduced intra-specific aphid competition and faster increase rates resulting from low-level predation, Pterostichus melanarius effective at low beetle density, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2447
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 1990
Title: Relationships between crop types, carabid phenology and aphid predation in agroecosystems
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 55-64
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2944
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 1992
Title: Spring densities of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in cultivated fields
Journal: Bull. Annls Soc. belge Ent.
Volume: 128
Pages: 319-324
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium 1986, winter wheat and winter barley stubble, cereals, Gramineae, 4 April 20 x 0.25 m2 quadrats, search of plants, soil and plant roots down to 15 cm, 14 species including Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Asaphidion flavipes, Clivina fossor, Notiophilus biguttatus, Pterostichus cupreus, Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus strenuus, 16 m-2 carabids in middle of winter wheat and 25 m-2 at edge, B.lampros 7.8 m-2 in middle and 12 m-2 edge, A.flavipes 7.4 m-2 middle and 8.4 m-2 edge, in stubble got 33 m-2 with A.flavipes at 12.4 m-2 and B.lampros at 9.6 m-2, significant differences in density between the 3 areas, total Carabidae were aggregated in stubble but not in winter wheat, variance mean ratio, A.flavipes was aggregated in stubble and the middle of winter wheat, B.lampros was aggregated at edge of winter wheat, the 14 species overwinter as adults, grassy edges may have been overwintering sites, abundance, methods, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2989
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Relationships between aphid phenology and predator and parasitoid abundances in maize fields
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial Heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 113-123
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, ground beetles, methods, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Belgium, 2 fields, 4 varieties in Latin Square, weekly recording on 10 plants per plot in situ visual inspection, aphids, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, aphid mummies, Neuroptera, lacewings, aphid specific predators, leaf occupation index is number of leaves occupied by at least 1 aphid divided by total number of leaves, varieties classified according to degree of host plant resistance to aphids, window traps at edge of field, double panes to collect at 2 heights above ground, vertical stratification, distribution, movement, migration, aerial dispersal, yellow water traps on poles at edge, aphid population growth in relation to variety, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, parasitoids Aphidius rhopalosiphi and Praon volucre and hyperparasitoid Aloxysta victris, peak mummies at peak aphid population, % parasitism in relation to variety, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Thea 22-punctata, Chrysopa carnea, Chrysopidae, C.7-punctata adults and C.carnea egg densities related to aphid density, more C.7-punctata and A.bipunctata in upper part of window traps, more caught next to orchard than in other parts of field, trees, Demetrias atricapillus caught in window traps but has never been caught in pitfalls in the area, Bradycellus verbasci common in window traps, few in pitfalls 1977 to 1986


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5497
Author: Hance, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Impact of cultivation and crop husbandry practices
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 231-249
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, fields in Eastern Europe have more large species and more phytophagous and mixed feeders than in Western Europe, larger species prefer less disturbed habitat, conservation biological control, pitfalls, methods, larvae little studied, species composition and dominance structure is affected by crop type, community, assemblages, species richness, biodiversity, crops with early ground cover have more carabid species, diel activity cycle and overwintering, diurnal, nocturnal, winter wheat, maize, alfalfa, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, crop rotation, crop density, intercropping, farming practices, cabbage and clover, brassicas, undersowing, weeds, conservation headlands, uncropped headlands, distribution, vegetation cover, habitat diversity, weed strips, management practices, beetle banks, cultivation methods, deep tillage reduces abundance and diversity, timing of cultivation, reproductive periods, ferlisers, organic manure, pesticides, pesticide sales US$31 billion in 1997 growing 1.4% per annum, agricultural statistics, insecticides, carabid population declines 1971-80, herbicides, indicator species, need for multifactorial experiments
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3962
Author: Hance, T.; Goffart, F.
Year: 1986
Title: Protection of adjacent habitats in agricultural landscapes: a condition of insect protection
Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd European Congress of Entomology
Pages: 526
Keywords: En.
Rep., pitfalls in fields, margins and surrounding habitats, 38 species of Carabidae, non-cultivated habitat species included Leistus fulvibarbis, Badister bipustulatus, Dromius melanocephalus, forest species were mainly Pterostichus strenuus and Notiophilus biguttatus, pasture species Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, arable species Agonum dorsale and Asaphidion flavipes, habitats adjacent to fields can be reservoirs, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species composition, trees, woodland, grassland, Gramineae, distribution, habitat selection, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3193
Author: Hance, T.; Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Etude du regime alimentaire des Carabidae par voie serologique
Journal: New Trends in Soil Biology, Ed. by P. Lebrun, H. Andre, A. De Medts, Gregoire-Wibo, C. and Wauthy, G., Imprimerie Dieu-Brichart, Ottignies-Louvain
Pages: 620-622
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., serology, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, gut dissection, immunodiffusion, immunofluorescence, ELISA, Pterostichus melanarius from aphid-infested field, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, immunodiffusion less sensitive than gut dissection, during advanced stages of digestion gut dissection was positive, immunodiffusion negative, immunofluorescence did not work because there was natural fluorescence of aphids and predator guts, no ELISA results, digestion rates, comparison of methods, rate of voiding of solids cf rate of protein denaturation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4792
Author: Hance, T.; Renier, L.
Year: 1987
Title: An ELISA technique for the study of the food of carabids
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 22(1-4)
Pages: 363-368
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., serology, methods, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Belgium, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, general aphid antiserum, percentage positive ranging from 58 to 100 for Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis, Asaphidion flavipes, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus niger
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3192
Author: Hance, T.; Rossignol, P.
Year: 1983
Title: Essai de quantification de la predation des Carabidae par le test ELISA
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 48
Pages: 475-485
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., serology, methods, lab studies, antiserum against Megoura viciae, Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cross-reactions but a species in the gut of a predator could be identified by immunoelectrophoresis, addition of serum albumin increases sensitivity for some antisera but not for others, based on tests with aphids fed to Bembidion quadrimaculatum they suggest that optical density for undiluted guts is constant both for number of aphids eaten and time since feeding, but the rate of decline of optical density with increase in dilution starts low and increases with increase in number of aphids eaten and with increase in time since eating, over certain ranges and in some circumstances this may allow amount of food eaten to be separated from time since feeding just by looking at the gut of a collected animal, it did not work with Trechus quadristriatus, digestion rate increases during digestion and when the quantity ingested is greater, detection periods, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3014
Author: Hance, T.; Tries, E.
Year: 1984
Title: Appreciation du role de Omaseidius vulgare (Coleoptera: Carabidae) dans la limitation des populations de pucerons
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 49
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 849-855
Keywords: Fr. (En. transl)
Rep., O.vulgare very common in sugar beet, arable, Belgium, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, aim to estimate number of Aphis fabae eaten, consumption rates, methods, beetles collected and kept alive on mince, ELISA with peroxidase, serology, beetles starved for 2 days then given 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, A.fabae eaten in 45 minutes, some beetles killed immediately others after 12, 24, 48 hours, homogenised in 1 ml and this used neat or diluted 4, 16, 64, times, good correlation of log of aphid concentration against log optical density, cann use this to determine quantity of antigen in a solution, quantification of predation, poor correlation between optical density and number of aphids eaten at 0 hours due to great variability in initial digestion rate, better relationship at 12 hours, significant at 24 hours, best at 48 hours, some steps in the preparation of antigen before injection may have modified the antigen structure so that it was similar to that which is found during digestion, ie antibody would be produced to antigen sites normally hidden in tertiary protein structure, these sites become unmasked during digestion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3816
Author: Hancock, M.; Frampton, G. K.; Cilgi, T.; Jones, S. E.; Johnson, D. B.
Year: 1995
Title: Ecological aspects of SCARAB and TALISMAN studies
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 289-306
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, two 6-year experiments started in 1990, side- effects of pesticides on non-targets, ecotoxicology, current farm practice compared with reduced agrochemical inputs, several species of Coleoptera, Collembola and Linyphiidae were reduced after insecticides, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soil microbial biomass, soil fungi, economic and environmental effects, pitfalls, Acari, mites, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamate insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Lycosidae, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion obtusum, Oedothorax, chlorpyrifos


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2893
Author: Hand, S. C.
Year: 1986
Title: The capture efficiency of the Dietrick vacuum insect net for aphids on grasses and cereals
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 108
Pages: 233-241
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, methods, suction sampler, laboratory experiments, table with holes in it to take pots of plants grown from seeds and infested with aphids, then Dvaced, 20-25C, after sampling plants examined for remaining aphids, in field Dvac sample taken then plants removed to be examined in lab and soil surface searched, in lab Hobbit and perennial ryegrass at various densities and different aphid instars, in field Hobbit seedlings and mature Widgeon winter wheat, in lab on seedling hobbit differences in instar capture efficiency of Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum were from best to worst, alatae, IV, apterae, III, I-II, ie larger ones are more efficiently captured than smaller, significant differences in CE between species, S.avenae 69%, M.dirhodum 51%, R. padi 44%, CE 10-20% less on wheat than ryegrass, on mature wheat in field all instars of M. dirhodum were captured better than S.avenae, the reverse for seedling wheat, CE declined with increased seedling density, Dvac useful for assessing alate density even when very low, and population size structure because differences in CE for different instars were stable, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3612
Author: Hanggi, A.; Stockli, E.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Habitats of Central European spiders
Journal: Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetia
Volume: 4
Pages: 460 pp
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, biogeography, more than 1000 species in Central Europe, biodiversity, distribution in 85 habitat types, data on species associations, data are 1382 species lists from 223 sources, 938 spider species, 44574 records each with the following fields, species, reference, habitat, region (8), collecting method (7), stratum (7), elevation of location ie height above sea level (3), abundance (3 levels), coastal, inland waters, raised bogs, fens, moist meadows, other meadows, forest edge, various types of forest, shrubs, urban, heathland, vineyards, fields, gardens, ruderal, alpine, caves, buildings, grassland, Gramineae, arable, trees, woodland, synathropic, Alps, mountains, Denmark, England, UK, Ireland, France, Benelux, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Baltic States, former USSR, Scandinavia, pitfalls, photoeclectors, sweep nets, beating tray, quadrats, hand collecting, litter and soil samples


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2658
Author: Hanisch, C. H. von
Year: 1981
Title: Effects of sodium silicate on the population growth of aphids on wheat plants which had received different amounts of nitrogen
Journal: Z. ang Ent
Volume: 91
Pages: 138-149
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1550
Author: Hanison, F. P.
Year: 1960
Title: Corn earworm oviposition and the effects of DDT on the egg predator complex in corn silk
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 37
Pages: 660-666
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, behaviour, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3268
Author: Hanna, R.; Wilson, L. T.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey preference by Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the role of prey aggregation
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 1
Issue: 1)
Pages: 51-58
Keywords: En.
Rep., experiments with individuals in lab and with populations in greenhouse, M.occidentalis usually preferred Tetranychus pacificus to Eotetranychus willametti, this preference could change according to relative abundance, an excess of the more abundant species was always consumed, T.pacificus was more aggregated on grape leaves and was therefore more preferred, changes in the relative aggregation of prey were reflected in changes in prey preference, methods, measures of prey preference, models of prey switching, Taylor's Power Law for aggregation, prey switching recorded in this study, when a prey colony is found M.occidentalis displays area restricted search so larger aggregations will be more attacked, prey aggregation was density-dependent and the predator switched by always concentrating on the more aggregated prey which was also the most numerous, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Tetranychidae, trophic behaviour, predation, distribution, searching behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5034
Author: Hanna, R.; Wilson, L.T.; Zalom, F.G.; Flaherty, D.L.
Year: 1997
Title: Effects of predation and competition on the population dynamics of Tetranychus pacificus on grapevines
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 34
Pages: 878-888
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, spider mites, USA, Eotetranychus willametti, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Metaseiulus occidentalis, apparent competition, in field experiments addition of M. occidentalis gave significant pest reduction but this was increased if the alternative prey E. willametti was also added, impact on pest populations, augmentative biological control, inundative releases, grapes, vineyards, M. occidentalis did not significantly reduce E. willametti, T. pacificus abundance was 2.8 times greater where the predator was not released
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2442
Author: Hanski, I.
Year: 1982
Title: Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite species hypothesis
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 38
Pages: 210-221
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3961
Author: Hanski, I.
Year: 1989
Title: Metapopulation dynamics: does it help to have more of the same ?
Journal: TREE, Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 4
Pages: 113-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., Levins coined the term metapopulation for systems of local populations, metapopulation extinction occurs if patches too small, high local population extinction rate, or too few, therefore isolated and colonization rate too low, MacArthur & Wilson dealt with numbers of many species but metapopulation dynamics is about many populations of 1 species, also MacArthur had a "continent" source of migrants whilst metapopulations involve dispersal between local populations, demographic stochasticity, ie chance events of birth and death uncorrelated between individuals, only a problem with small populations, but environmental stochasticity, ie chance events of birth and death operating on all individuals, increases extinction probability and decreases only slowly with increase in population size, a metapopulation of many independent populations may have a longer persistence than one large one, however increasing the degree of correlation in the extinction of populations decreases the advantage of metapopulation subdivision, environmental stochasticity may increase the correlation of local extinctions, dispersal tends to enhance metapopulation persistence, so high dispersal and low correlation of extinction of populations increase metapopulation persistence, whilst low dispersal and high correlation of extinction, population dynamics, reproduction, natality, mortality, migration, movement, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1991
Author: Hanski, I.
Year: 1990
Title: Density dependence, regulation and variability in animal populations
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 141-150
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, vertebrates generally have less variable populations than arthropods, lists difficulties in detecting density dependence and limitations of using standard deviation of log of population size over generations as a measure of population variability, the degree to which variability is density dependent has not been much investigated, degree of density dependence of variability is measured by slope of the temporal variance mean regression, density dependence was found in 73% and 92% of moth and aphid time series in Rothamsted Insect Survey, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, pests, more regulated populations tend to be less variable, pest, outbreak and cyclic species are less likely to clearly demonstrate density dependence than ordinary or lower density species, % of Life Table time series studies in which density dependence was detected increases with duration of the study indcating that many are too short to reach conclusion, metapopulation termed by Levins 1969, moth and aphid species in UK with more variable populations tended to have more spatially synchronous dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3226
Author: Hardman, J. A.; Ellis, P. R.
Year: 1982
Title: An investigation of the host range of the carrot fly
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 100
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., Psila rosae, Diptera, field vegetables, pests, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, host plant selection, weeds, 27 species of Umbelliferae, flies emerging from root and soil samples, cow parsley did not support carrot fly, Chaerophyllum temulentum or Rough Chervil and Torilis japonica or Upright Hedge Parsley were the best


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3227
Author: Hardman, J. A.; Ellis, P. R.; Saw, P. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Further investigations of the host range of the carrot fly, Psila rosae (F.)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 117
Pages: 495-506
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, field vegetables, 132 Umbelliferae species of weeds tested in field using caging and yellow traps, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, host plant selection, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 501
Author: Hardman, J. M.; Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1974
Title: The interaction of spatial heterogeneity, predator competition and the functional response to prey density in a laboratory system of wolf spiders (Araneae : Lycosidae ) and fruit flies (Diptera : Drosophilidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 43
Pages: 155-171
Keywords: En.
Pardosa vancouveri
Rep, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2828
Author: Hardy, A. C.; Milne, P. S.
Year: 1938
Title: Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 7
Pages: 199-229
Keywords: En.
Rep., aerial dispersal, migration, movement, various sites in UK, 150' to 2000' sampled, 82 samples, total flying time of kites 125 h, only 839 insects caught, collections on the coast and from a ship in the North Sea indicated vast numbers of insects swept out to sea, aphids were 30% of total catch, pests, Hemiptera, other dominants were Acalypterae, Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Chalcidae, Hymenoptera, height distributions showed Staphylinidae up to 750' and mainly up to 250', Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, no Collembola caught here but others caught one at over 3000', Oscinella frit, Aphidius, catch increased with temperature and decreased with increasing humidity, estimated number of insects per million cubic feet ranged from 87 at 10-150' to 9 at 1-2000', Sitobion avenae, Myzus persicae, Atheta, Oxytelus rugosus, Philonthus varius, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus pusillus, maximum height for Tachyporus was 350'


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1548
Author: Hardy, A. R.
Year: 1984
Title: Pesticide use on cereals: the scope for reducing pesticide inputs
Journal: National Agricultural Conference "Cereals - a strategy for the late 80's"
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, agricultural statistics, acreages, pesticide use


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3925
Author: Hare, J. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of plant variation on herbivore - natural enemy interactions
Journal: In "Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution and Genetics", Ed. by R.S. Fritz and E.L. Simms, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Pages: 278-298
Keywords: En.
Rep., NB no references attached, increased mobility may increase chance of encounter with natural enemies (but no data here), review, host plant chemicals used as cues, kairomones, semiochemicals, phytophages, interactions between plant resistance and biological control, plant produced synomones attract parasitoids, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, cotton glands contain chemicals that are Heliothis antifeedants and other chemicals that attract Heliothis parasitoids, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Helicoverpa, arable, sequestration of plant allelochemicals by herbivores affecting their palatability to predators, prey preference, prey selection, trophic behaviour, herbivore quality for natural enemy development and reproduction affected by host plant quality, population dynamics, pubescence and glandular hairs can be detrimental to both herbivores and natural enemies but not always, plant structure, population models, host plant resistance can directly reduce pests but also indirectly increase them if the pest becomes less acceptable to natural enemies, it depends on crop system and level and type of resistance, resistance in rice seems to be compatible with polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, generalist predators, mild antixenosis could cause increased movement of prey rendering them more liable to capture by predators, tritrophic interactions, effects of resistance into the 4th trophic level, eg an egg parasitoid had reduced fecundity on eggs of Podisus maculiventris fed on a Noctuidae reared on resistant soybean, resistance usually weakens herbivores and makes them more susceptible to pathogens such as NPV, Bt and entomogenous fungi, microbial insecticides, synergism, Bacillus thuringiensis, insect viruses, disease, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 444
Author: Hariri, G.
Year: 1965
Title: Records of nematode parasites of Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellida e)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 101
Pages: 132
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 435
Author: Hariri, G.
Year: 1966
Title: Changes in the metabolic reserves of three species of aphidophagous Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) during metamorphosis
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 9
Pages: 349-358
Keywords: En.
Beetles, ladybirds, aphids, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 436
Author: Hariri, G.
Year: 1966
Title: Studies on the physiology of hibernating Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) : changes in the metabolic reserves and gonads
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 41 A
Pages: 133-144
Keywords: En.
Beetles, ladybirds, overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5249
Author: Harizanova, V.; Ekbom, B.
Year: 1997
Title: An evaluation of the parasitoid, Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) for biological control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 32(1)
Pages: 17-24
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, horticulture, protected crops, protected edibles, glasshouse crops, greenhouse, Sweden, Cucurbitaceae, developmental time and fecundity measured in labaoratory, life history parameters, 20C, sex ratios, Aphidoletes individuals kill about 24 aphids during their lifetime, predation rates, Each female parasitoid killed about 58 aphids during its lifetime, Aphidoletes did not differentiate between parasitised and unparasitised aphids, intraguild predation, IGP, predation of parasitoids, community, in small cage experiments the predator reduced parasitoid reproduction by about 25%, since both natural enemies are competing for the same food it is possible that two species are not better than one for biological control in this situation, the parasitoid has a shorter generation time than the predator, natural enemy interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4937
Author: Harmon, J.P.; Ives, A.R.; Losey, J.E.; Olson, A.C.; Rauwald, K.S.
Year: 2000
Title: Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predation on pea aphids promoted by proximity to dandelions
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 125
Pages: 543-548
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, USA, weeds, habitat diversification, vegetational diversification, omnivory, the ladybird aggregated in dandelion areas (probably feeding on pollen) which had lower aphid densities (probably due to ladybird predation), indirect interactions in the community, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Taraxacum officinale, pea aphids fed on alfalfa in the alfalfa feed where dandelions were present, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, distribution, abundance, apparent predation, indirect antagonism, references that C. maculata eats pollen, nectar, eggs of Lepidoptera, Homoptera and immature insects, field observations and laboratory cage experiments
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1200
Author: Harper, A. M.
Year: 1959
Title: Gall aphids on poplar in Alberta. II. Periods of emergence from galls, reproductive capacities, and predators in galls
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 91
Pages: 680-685
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, attacked by Anthocoridae, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Chameamyiidae and possibly ants, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis pemphigae, Formicidae, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1668
Author: Harper, G.; Whittaker, J. B.
Year: 1976
Title: The role of natural enemies in the colour polymorphism of Philaenus spumarius (L.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 45
Pages: 91-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, grassland, Gramineae, UK, eaten by Feronia, Pterostichus, Araneus cucurbitinus, Mitopus morio, Tachinus rufipes, Cantharis, Phalangium triangularis, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Araneidae, Argiopidae, harvestmen, Phalangida, Opiliones, soldier beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, methods, radioactive tracers, P32


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4197
Author: Harper, J. D.
Year: 1986
Title: Interactions between baculoviruses and other entomopathogens, chemical insecticides and parasitoids
Journal: In "The Biology of Baculoviruses", Ed. by R.R. Granados and B.A. Federici, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
Volume: 2
Pages: 133-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., up to four different baculoviruses can occur in the same cell, latency, multiple infection studies, statistical definitions of "additivity", "synergism" and "antagonism", lab studies of baculovirus-pathogen interactions, field trials, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, Microsporidia, baculovirus - parasitoid interactions, no direct viral infection of parasitoids occurs but they can be killed by viral toxins, 100% of NPV-killed Trichoplusia ni larvae contained dead parasitoids in some field collections in California, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, disease, microbial insecticides, Protozoa, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, the entire spectrum of behaviour from avoidance of ovipositing into virus-infected hosts to lack of preference between infected and uninfected hosts is recorded, most transmission of viruses by parasitoids was mediated by substrate contamination, by contaminating host food as the parasitoids walked , defaecated or voided meconia, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1546
Author: Harrewijn, P.; Minks, A. K.
Year: 1987
Title: Suggestions for improvement of integrated control of aphids in arable crops
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 363-370
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, IPM, host plant resistance, diagnostic scheme for virus vector resistance, pirimicarb spares natural enemies but does not prevent aphid probing therefore non-persistent viruses are spread, covering plants with oppanol a poly-alcohol as antifeedant, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, behaviour, host plant selection, semiochemicals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1798
Author: Harris, J. R.; Usher, M. B.
Year: 1978
Title: Laboratory studies of predation by the grassland mite Pergamasus longicornis Berlese and their possible implications for the dynamics of populations of Collembola
Journal: Proceedings of the Symposium on Grassland Fauna, Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, A
Volume: 6
Pages: 143-153
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, Acari, Pergamasidae, Gamasidae, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, P.longicornis only recently separated from its sibling Pergamasus crassipes, taxonomy, classification, structure, systematics, can eat 14 Isotoma per day, consumption rates, Isotomidae, Arthropleona, effect on Collembola in lab depended on Collembola species and its method of defence, jumping, secretion, nothing known of feeding preference in the field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2046
Author: Harris, K. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Midge problems in African cereals
Journal: Advancing agricultural production in Africa. Proceedings of CAB's First Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania, 1984, Ed. by D.L. Hawksworth, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK, CAB 1984
Pages: 73-77
Keywords: En.
Diptera, pests, damage, Gramineae, Nematocera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5599
Author: Harris, R.J.; Oliver, E.H.
Year: 1993
Title: Prey diets and population densities of the wasps Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica in scrubland-pasture
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Volume: 17(1)
Pages: 5-12
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, wasps introduced into New Zealand 1940 and 1988, invasions, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, forests, deciduous woodland, trees, conifers, pines, grassland, Gramineae, consumption of honeydew, entrance trap used to catch returning foragers which were anaesthetised with carbon dioxide so that their prey loads could be examined, nests were mapped to estimate nest density, abundance, number of wasps entering or leaving a nest per min used to calculate number of workers per nest, 12% of 7225 foragers were carrying prey, main prey were Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and spiders, Araneae,  the two species collected different prey even in the same habitat, trophic niche differentiation, biomass of prey collected was much less in scrub than in beech forest, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 890
Author: Harrison, J. W. H.
Year: 1913
Title: Friends and foes of the Coniferae
Journal: The Entomologist
Volume: 46
Pages: 50-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders eating aphids in forests, Araneae, polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, Bolyphantes expunctatus spends its life eating aphids, Linyphiidae, predation, Chermes laricis and C.abietis on conifers, snares of Amaurobius fenestralis full of aphid wings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5833
Author: Harrison, S.; Bruna, E.
Year: 1999
Title: Habitat fragmentation and large-scale conservation: what do we know for sure ?
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 22
Pages: 225-232
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep., it is doubtful that corridors can compensate for loss of habitat, landscape, theory of island biogeography, metapopulation theory, metacommunity theory for interacting species, source-sink models, percolation theory, spatial dynamics, habitat geometry, some models predict that rare long-distance dispersal is of most importance for persistence, distribution, movement, migration, methods, microcosm and mesocosm studies, mowing to create patches of mown grassland, patch pattern affects many processes including predation and parasitism, natural enemies, biological control, forest fragmentation studies, trees, woodland, parasitism rates on caterpillar pests can decrease with increasing forest fragmentation, Lepidoptera, fragmentation increases edge effects, biodiversity, fragmented habitats are usually biologically impoverished (especially with regard to habitat specialists), conserving small remants is unlikely to preserve species diversity, empirical studies suggest that dispersal is not so important as suggested by theories and that habitat degradation after fragmentation is mainly for edge-related reasons, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3216
Author: Hart, B. J.; Manley, W. J.; Limb, T. M.; Davies, W. P.
Year: 1994
Title: Habitat creation in large fields for natural pest regulation
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 319-322
Keywords: En.
Rep., habitat strips on raised banks created in various ways eg grass mixtures, wildflower mixtures, in 1st year spiders were more abundant in sown plant strips than sterile strips, similar results for Staphylinidae, results are for soil samples in winter, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, methods, behaviour, habitat selection, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1813
Author: Hartenstein, R.
Year: 1962
Title: life history studies of Pergamasus crassipes and Amblygamasus septentrionalis (Acarina: Parasitidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 55
Pages: 299-303
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, cereals, Gramineae, Ireland, 31 species from aerial part of barley, sampling by combine harvester, methods, commonest was Tyrophagus longior a phytophage, then various Tarsonemidae and Pyemotidae which can include polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the mite predator Cheyletus eruditis has become adapted mainly or exclusively to granary habitats, Griffiths found this species in straw sacks in the open field, stored food, little data on species in the field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 583
Author: Hartmann, C.
Year: 1904
Title: Variability in the number of teeth on the claws of spiders showing their unreliability for systematic description
Journal: Biol. Bull.
Volume: 6
Pages: 191
Keywords: En.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5942
Author: Harvey, C.T.; Eubanks, M.D.
Year: 2004
Title: Effect of habitat complexity on biological control by the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in collards
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 29
Pages: 348-358
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, Solenopsis invicta, comparison of monocropped Brassica oleracea with intercropped (white clover), Leguminosae, Brassicas, habitat manipulation, within-field habitat diversification, more predation of diamondback moth larvae in intercropped even though ants were less abundant, Lepidoptera, Plutellidae, Plutella xylostella, caterpillars,  ants reduced leaf beetle pests by 45%, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, crop damage was reduced most in intercropped, farming practices, community, methods, predation experiments in greenhouse trials, field experiments in 120 m2 plots, ant populations manipulated with insecticidal baits, pitfalls to measure ant abundance, yellow sticky traps to monitor leaf beetles, in situ direct visual observation counts of caterpillars on plants, Microtheca ochroloma, Phyllotreta cruciferae, flea beetles, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, collards in intercropped were architecturally simpler than in monocropped and this may have made ant foraging behaviour more efficient, tritrophic interactions, trophic cascades, impact on pest population, yields in intercropped were not overall as high as in monocropped,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2443
Author: Harvey, D. R.; Bell, M.
Year: 1990
Title: The agricultural perspective
Journal: Ed by Bunce et al
Pages: 256-276
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1141
Author: Harvey, G.
Year: 1978
Title: Predicting the predations of aphids
Journal: New Scientist
Volume: 77
Pages: 804-806
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, work of Game Conservancy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5873
Author: Harwood, J.D.; Phillips, S.W.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Secondary predation: quantification of food chain errors in an aphid - spider - carabid system using monoclonal antibodies
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 2049-2057
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, cereal aphids, Gramineae,  Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, intraguild predation, IGP, hyperpredation, secondary consumption, first full quantitative study of potential errors from secondary predation, serological methods, antibody techniques, ELISA, MAbs, food webs, trophic webs, antigen decay rates were 60% faster in the carabid than in the spider, detection periods, digestion rates, replicated laboratory experiments to quantify food chain errors for Poecilus cupreus that has eaten Tenuiphantes tenuis that has eaten Sitobion avenae, Pterostichus cupreus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, in this system secondary predation was detectable only in the rare case of a carabid being killed immediately after eating two spiders that had just eaten aphids, in other systems (e.g. in low-temperature sysytems, or where heteropteran bugs are frequently feeding on lacewing larvae preying on cotton aphids) the incidence of errors could be greater, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5871
Author: Harwood, J.D.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Living where the food is: web location by linyphiid spiders in relation to prey availability in winter wheat
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 88-99
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, distribution, methods, mini-sticky traps, ground search within mini-quadrats, more potential prey available in web-sites than outside web-sites, seasonal variation in prey availability, linyphiid spiders were also caught on mini-sticky traps, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Milleriana inerrans, Oedothorax spp., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Meioneta rurestris, Porrhomma errans, Micrargus subaequalis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, Erigoninae, Linyphiinae, Collembola, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Aphididae, Isotoma anglicana, Isotomurus palustris, Arthropleona, Cecidomyiidae, Lonchopteridae, Phoridae, Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae, Drosophilidae, Dolichopodidae, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, between year variation in weather and arthropod density, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5884
Author: Harwood, J.D.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2003
Title: Web-location by linyphiid spiders: prey-specific aggregation and foraging strategies
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 72
Pages: 745-756
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, spiders located their webs where more prey were available, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, aggregation, foraging behaviour, Collembola density greater near web-sites than in non-web-site areas but significantly greater near ground web sites of Erigoninae than Linyphiinae, significantly more aphids and thrips at aerial websites of Linyphiinae, vertical stratification, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, web-owning Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis) were heavier than non-web-owning T. tenuis, optimal foraging, microhabitat selection, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, methods, mini-sticky traps, ground search within mini-quadrats, relationship between biomass and recent trophic history determined in laboratory for T. tenuis (six feeding regimes varying in quantity of Drosophila melanogaster offered over 37 days), Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Aphididae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax spp., Bathyphantes gracilis, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5868
Author: Harwood, J.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Antisera to detect predation on Collembola and Diptera
Journal: Antenna
Volume: 23(4)
Pages: 236-238
Alternate Journal: Antenna
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, methods, mini-sticky traps, ground search within mini-quadrats, density of potential prey of polyphagous predators within microhabitats, natural enemies, abundance, Collembola and Diptera were 70% of non-pest potential alternative prey caught on sticky traps, food, diet, trophic behaviour, post-mortem examination of predator gut contents, serological methods, antibody techniques, polyclonal antiserum to detect Phoridae in spiders, Araneae, absorbtion of cross-reactions from Collembola and aphids, Hemoptera, monoclonal antibodies against Collembola under development, MAbs,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5874
Author: Harwood, J.D.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2001
Title: Monoclonal antibodies to quantify the effects of alternative prey on aphid predation by spiders
Journal: Antenna
Volume: 25
Pages: 257-259
Alternate Journal: Antenna
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, serological methods, antibody techniques, ELISA, aphid-specific MAbs,  Linyphiidae, detection period more than 7 days, digestion rate, UK, Wellesbourne, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, 26% of 2531 spiders contained aphid protein, incidence of aphid proteins in spiders was disproportionally high when pest density was low early in the season, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Collembola were the most abundant alternative prey and were dominated by Isotoma anglicana, Isotomurus palustris, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus and Entomobrya multifasciata, mini-sticky traps and ground search within mini-quadrats, concentration of aphid antigens in spiders was reduced when Collembola availability was high, prey preference, prey selection, prey switching, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3219
Author: Harwood, R. W. J.; Hickman, J. M.; Macleod, A.; Sherratt, T. N.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Managing field margins for hoverflies
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 147-152
Keywords: En.
Rep., Syrphidae, Diptera, predators, natural enemies, methods, additional floral resources increase densities of adult hoverflies but evidence that this enhances aphid control in the crop is equivocal, Hemiptera, pests, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5721
Author: Harwood, R.W.J.; Wratten, S.D.; Nowakowski, M.
Year: 1992
Title: The effect of managed field margins on hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) distribution and within-field abundance
Journal: 1992 BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 1033-1037
Alternate Journal: 1992 BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, comparison of unmanaged margins and margins strips (3m or 5m wide) drilled with a native wildflower mixture, weeds, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, methods, fluorescent yellow water traps in transect from margin out into the crop (1 - 100 m), significantly more aphidophagous species in the crop opposite wildflower strips than opposite control areas, Metasyrphus corollae, Melanostoma scalare, Platycheirus spp., Eristalis spp., not significant for Episyrphus balteatus, tendency for a negative gradient of abundance with increasing distance into crop opposite wildflower strips but not opposite controls,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3344
Author: Harwood, R. W. J.; Wratten, S. D.; Nowakowski, M.; Marshall, E. P. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Wildflower strips and winter/summer populations of beneficial invertebrates on farmland
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 211-219
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, field margins drilled with wildflower mixtures increased hoverfly abundance in adjacent fields, more Linyphiidae overwintered in wildflower margins, farming practices, handsorting in lab, methods, density, no effect on Carabidae and Staphylinidae, ditribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Diptera, Syrphidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2177
Author: Hashimoto, R.
Year: 1963
Title: Six hymenopterous parasites of the spiders
Journal: Acta Arachnologica.
Volume: 18
Issue: 2)
Pages: 27-30
Keywords: Jap., En. Summ.
Rep., Phobetes on egg of Chorizopes nipponicus, Zatypota on adult and larva of Theridion tepidariorum, glasshouse spider, Araneae, preators, Theridiidae, Achaearanea tepidariorum, Tromatobia nipponicus on egg of Argiope amoena, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Japan, Polysphincta varicarinata on adult and larva of Meta reticuloides, Homonotus iwatai on adult of Cheiracanthium gratiosum, Clubionidae, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3824
Author: Hasken, K. H.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Some effects of low input agriculture on cereal aphids and aphid specific predators in winter wheat
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 137-147
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Germany, comparison of farming systems with high and low insecticide inputs, pesticides, abundance, density monitored by in situ visual observation and Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, Syrphidae larvae, Diptera, hoverflies caused early reduction of aphids in both systems, IFS, IPM, Integrated Farming Systems, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, NB this is alsi in Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmemt 52, 45-50, 1995, by the same authors


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2283
Author: Haskins, M. F.; Shaddy, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: The ecological effects of burning, mowing and plowing on ground-inhabitin g spiders (Araneae) in an old- field ecosystem
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-13
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, predators, pitfalls, spider diversity correlated with plant diversity in May, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Missouri, fields divided into 4 plots 30 x 40m, treatments applied annually or every fifth year, replication and controls, burning in spring, mow and plough in autumn, pitfalls, 63 species, significant differences between treatments, less adults caught in the annual plough plots, various diversity guild analyses given, methods, NB does not specify what crops used, the spider and flora communities in annual plough fields were different from those mowed and burned annually, ploughing reduced diversity, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3058
Author: Hassall, M.; Dangerfield, J. M.; Manning, T. P.; Robinson, F. G.
Year: 1988
Title: A modified high-gradient extractor for multiple samples of soil micro-arthropods
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 21-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., compact apparatus can accommodate 80 circular sample units of 0.038 m2 or 100 rectangular ones of 0.06 m2, apparatus is decribed, methods, humidity measurement using cobalt thiocyanate papers, gives temperature and humidity profiles and gradients, density of arthropods by this apparatus was same as for Macfadyen funnel extactors, electrically refrigerated cooling trays, gradient from 0C to 70C, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Myriapoda, behaviour, activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1980
Author: Hassall, M.; Hawthorne, A.; Maudsley, M.; White, P.; Cardwell, C.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of headland management on invertebrate communities in cereal fields
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 155-178
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, Gramineae, 1988, East Anglia, UK, effect of conservation headlands and uncropped wildlife strips on spiders, ground beetles and Heteroptera in cereal headlands, Araneae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls for carabids and spiders, Dvac for Heteroptera, abundance, species richness and diversity greater in unsprayed headlands, pesticides, herbicides, spider guild structures and biovolumes calculated, references, Agonum dorsale and Bembidion lampros equal in all treatments, Calathus melanocephalus and Loricera pilicornis preferred sparse vegetation whilst Pterostichus melanarius and Harpalus rufipes preferred dense, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat preference, microclimate, L. pilicornis is a shade lover that likes high humidity, no difference between headland treatments for Linyphiidae, Nabis ferus and Calocoris norwegicus moved further into crop adjacent to unsprayed cf sprayed headlands, more carabids in crop next to unsprayed, A. dorsale 5 times more abundant in unsprayed headlands, chick food, Grey Partridge, birds, Aves, Vertebrata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2572
Author: Hassan; et al.
Year: 1988
Title: Results of 4th joint pesticide testing programme
Journal: J. Appl. Ent.
Volume: 105
Pages: 321-329
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1553
Author: Hassan, A. E. M.; Charnley, A. K.
Year: 1983
Title: Combined effects of diflubenzuron and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th Congress of Plant Protection, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 790
Keywords: En.
Rep., dimilin, pesticides, insecticides, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, fungal pathogens, biological control, tomato, synergism between dimilin which weakens cuticle and the fungus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1237
Author: Hassan, S.
Year: 1985
Title: IOBC pesticide testing on beneficials (incorrect title)
Journal: EPPO Bulletin
Volume: 15
Issue: 2)
Pages: 214-255
Keywords: En.
In Lib., pests, natura enemies, biological control, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1296
Author: Hassan, S. A.
Year: 1969
Title: Observations on the effect of insecticides on the coleopterous predators of Erioischia brassicae (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 12
Pages: 157-168
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, cabbage root fly, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1543
Author: Hassan, S. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Side effects of pesticides to entomophagous arthropods
Journal: Biological Plant and Health Protection, Ed. by J.M. Franz, Progress in Zoology, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
Volume: 32
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: En.
IOBC, description of tests, methods, natural enemies, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1301
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Albert, R.; Bigler, F.; Blaisinger, P.; Bogenschutz, H. Boller E. Brun J. Chiverton P. Edwards P.; et al.
Year: 1987
Title: Results of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms"
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 103
Issue: 1)
Pages: 92-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., field vegetables, brassicas, glasshouse, protected crops, top fruit, trees, orchards, cereals, Gramineae, root crops, forage crops, arable, sugar beet, potato, rape, corn, maize, vines, forestry, includes Trichogramma, Phygadeuon, Bembidion, Pterostichus, Aleochara, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, testing methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1302
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Bigler, F.; Bogenschutz, E.; Boller, E.; Brun, J. Chiverton P. Edwards P. Mansour F. Naton E. Oomen P. A. Overmeer W. P. J. Polgar L. Rieckmann W. Samsoe-Petersen L. Staubli A. Sterk G. Tavares K. Tuset J. J. Viggiani G.; Vivas, A. G.
Year: 1988
Title: Results of the fourth joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group " Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms"
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 105
Pages: 321-329
Keywords: En.
Rep., includes Trichogramma, Phygadeuon, Chiracanthium, Bembidion, Pterostichus, Aleochara, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Clubionidae, testing methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1542
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Bigler, F.; Bogenschutz, H.; Brown, J. U.; Firth, S. I. Huang P. Ledieu M. S. Naton E. Oomen P. A. Overmeer W. P. J. Rieckmann W. Samsoe-Petersen L. Viggiani G.; Van Zon, A. Q.
Year: 1983
Title: Results of the second joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Pesticides and beneficial arthropods"
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 95
Pages: 151-158
Keywords: En.
Rep., effects of 20 pesticides on 9 natural enemies, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, dimilin toxic to Chrysopa carnea but not Syrphus, diflubenzuron, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, metasystox toxic to both, pirimicarb to Syrphus nut not Chrysopa, organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, afugan toxic to both, pyrazophos, Syrphus affected by captafol and mancozeb, some herbicides toxic, C.carnea Syrphus and Anthocoris affected by nearly all 10 insecticides tested including permethrin, not affected by Bayleton or carbendazim, 3/4 herbicides affected Syrphus including Avenge, triadimefon, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3802
Author: Hassan, S. A.; et al.
Year: 1994
Title: Results of the sixth joint pesticide testing programme of the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms"
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 39
Issue: 1)
Pages: 107-119
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, 5 insecticides, 8 fungicides, 6 herbicides on 24 species of natural enemies, side-effects of pesticides on non-targets, sub-lethal effects, ecotoxicology, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, predatory mites, Acari, Hymenoptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Forficula auricularia, earwigs, Dermaptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chiracanthium mildei, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, insect pathogenic nematodes, appended some information on SETAC-Europe selection of test species, Intex Project and testing Pardosa from Udo Heimbach, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1715
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Hagen, K. S.
Year: 1978
Title: A new artificial diet for rearing Chrysopa carnea larvae (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 86
Pages: 315-320
Keywords: methods, culturing, mass production, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1892
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Langenbruch, G. A.; Neuffer, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Der Einfluss des Wirtes in der Massenzucht auf die Qualitat des Eiparasiten Trichogramma evanescens bei der Bekampfung des Maiszunslers, Ostrinia nubilalis
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 23
Issue: 4)
Pages: 321-329
Keywords: Ger.
influence of the host in mass rearing on the effectiveness of egg parasite to control European corn borer, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, culturing, rearing, methods, field experiments, egg cards with 1000 parasitized borer eggs per card at 14 m apart, 4 treatments at 1 week intervals of 45,000 parasitoids per ha gave reasonable control, up to 82% egg parasitism, larvae reduced at harvest by up to 95%, Darmstadt, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1682
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Stein, E.; Dannemann, K.; Reichel, W.
Year: 1986
Title: Mass production and use of Trichogramma: 8. Optimization of use for the control of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 101
Issue: 5)
Pages: 508-515
Keywords: Ger.En.summ.
Germany, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, rearing, culturing, methods, Trichogramma evanescens, release rates for maize, beginning of adult flight of O.nubilalis as indicated by light traps is the best time for parasitoid release, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4095
Author: Hassell, M. P.
Year: 1986
Title: Parasitoids and population regulation
Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London
Pages: 201-224
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, biological control, 3-species models involving host, generalist parasitoid and specialist parasitoid, polyphagous parasitoids, the specialist can invade and coexist more easily if it acts before the generalist in the host's life cycle, generalists can exclude specialists, or 3-species systems can persist, the 3-species system has a wider range of dynamic properties than 2-species systems (host-generalist, host- specialist), but according to Askew & Shaw 1986 isolated 2-species systems are probably very rare in nature, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2268
Author: Hassell, M. P.; Anderson, R. M.
Year: 1989
Title: The dynamics of predator-prey and host-pathogen interactions
Journal: In "Ecological Concepts" Ed. by J.M. Cherrett, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 147-196
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2271
Author: Hassell, M. P.; Latto, J.; May, R. M.
Year: 1989
Title: Seeing the wood for the trees: detecting density dependence from existing life-table studies
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 58
Pages: 883-892
Keywords: En.
Rep.,63 life table studies, 58 insect species, % of studies in which density dependence detected increases with the number of generations available for analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1994
Author: Hassell, M. P.; Pacala, S. W.
Year: 1990
Title: Heterogeneity and the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 203-220
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, for host parasitoid interactions with discrete generations, where the parasitoids are specialists on one host, populations of hosts and parasitoids will be regulated if the coefficient of variation squared CV2 of the distrbution of searching parasitoids is greater than 1, CV2 has both density dependent and density independent components, population regulation can be enhanced by both density dependent and density independent heterogeneity, 65 field studies analysed, 18 had heterogeneity sufficient to stabilise the populations and it was due mainly to host density independent heterogeneity in 14 of these, whether one considers competition, plant-herbivore interactions, host- pathogen or predator-prey, the common conclusion is that heterogeneity promotes persistence, there are many types of heterogeneity but a common one is patchy hosts with different % parasitism from patch to patch


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2341
Author: Hatley, C. L.; MacMahon, J. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Spider community organisation; seasonal variation and the role of vegetation architecture
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 632-639
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, USA, sagebrush, definition of guild, methods, tied bushes and clipped bushes, more species in tied bushes, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5187
Author: Haughton, A.J.; Bell, J.R.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.
Year: 1999
Title: The effects of different rates of the herbicide glyphosate on spiders in arable field margins
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 249-254
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, distribution, side effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, converted garden-vac, Ryobi, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, comparison of sprayed and unsprayed margin grassland, Gramineae, 11 families, 67 species, 23,393 spiders of  which 90% were web makers Linyphiidae and Theridiidae, the most abundant species were Gonatium rubens and Lepthyphantes tenuis, abundance, density, family composition, community, glyphosate reduced web makers and total spiders but not wandering spiders, the field was in winter barley and the field edge was mainly couch grass and false oat grass, cereals
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5293
Author: Haughton, A/J.; Bell, J.R.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.
Year: 2001
Title: The effect of the herbicide glyphosate on non-target spiders: Part II. Indirect effects on Lepthyphantes tenuis in field margins
Journal: Pest Management Science
Volume: 57
Pages: 1037-1042
Alternate Journal: Pest Management Science
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Linyphiidae, UK, grassy field margins, Gramineae, glyphosate sprayed at 3 rates, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Ryobi, quadrats for vegetation structure, non-target effects, spider abundance was significantly reduced especially by the high rate but no differences were detectable after a year, a previous paper showed that the direct effect on L. tenuis is small, reduction in vegetation height and reduced suitability of the habitat for web attachment may be the mechanism of L. tenuis  reduction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5700
Author: Haughton, A.J.; Bell, J.R.; Gates, S.; Johnson, P.J.; Macdonald, D.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Methods of increasing invertebrate abundance within field margins
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 163-170
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha, management, mowing reduced invertebrate abundance but a mow in spring and autumn once every two years was least damaging, leaving cut hay in place increased numbers of Heteroptera and spiders, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5292
Author: Haughton, A.J.; Bell, J.R.; Wilcox, A.; Boatman, N.D.
Year: 2001
Title: The effect of the herbicide glyphosate on non-target spiders: Part 1. Direct effects on Lepthyphantes tenuis under laboratory conditions
Journal: Pest Management Science
Volume: 57
Pages: 1033-1036
Alternate Journal: Pest Management Science
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Linyphiidae, UK, field rate sprayed onto adult female Lepthyphantes tenuis held in plastic cups in the laboratory, less than 10% mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5811
Author: Haughton, A.J.; Champion, G.T.; Hawes, C.; Heard, M.S.; Brooks, D.R.; Bohan, D.A.; Clark, S.J.; Dewar, A.M.; Firbank, L.G.; Osborne, J.L.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Roy, D.B.; Scott, R.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Birchall, C.; Skellern, M.P.; Walker, J.H.; Baker, P.; Browne, E.L.; Dewar, A.J.G.; Garner, B.H.; Haylock, L.A.; Horne, S.L.; Mason, N.S.; Sands, R.J.N.; Walker, M.J.
Year: 2003
Title: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. II. Within-field epigeal and aerial arthropods
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 358
Pages: 1863-1877
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (68 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, flowering crops and within-field weeds are an important resource (nectar and pollen) for bees and butterflies, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Lepidoptera, line transect in situ direct observation counts for bees and butterflies, Vortis sampler, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, most bees were bumble bees (Bombus, Psithyrus), Pieris were most abundant butterflies, tended to be fewer bees, butterflies and Heteroptera in treated, spider abundance did not differ much between treated and untreated, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Tenuiphantes tenuis (Lepthyphantes tenuis), no difference for ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, diversity, more Collembola in treated (where living and dead weed biomass was greater benefitting detritivore and herbivore Collembola), more Entomobryidae at edge than middle of maize, distribution, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5703
Author: Haughton, A.J.; Wilcox, A.; Chaney, K.; Boatman, N.D.
Year: 1999
Title: The effects of different rates of glyphosate on  non-target invertebrates in field margins
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 185-190
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., herbicides, pesticides, farming practices, UK, landscape, abundance of spiders, ground beetles, Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha was reduced by glyphosate compared to unsprayed controls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, margin mainly grasses, Gramineae, spiders and Heteroptera were affected more severely than the other groups, methods, g-vac, Ryobi, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4177
Author: Hausammann, A.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects of weed strip-management on pests and beneficial arthropods in winter wheat fields
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 103
Issue: 1)
Pages: 70-81
Keywords: En.
Rep., habitat management, habitat diversification, methods, Switzerland, pests and natural enemies monitored by direct in situ visual observation and sweeping at various distances from weed strips in a field of winter wheat, sweep net, cereals, Gramineae, 1994 and 1994, the main pests were aphids and leaf beetles, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Oulema melanopa, Coleoptera, Chysomelidae, Oulema appeared to be reduced by weed strips but aphids were too few to assess in all treatments, spiders, Nabidae and Dolichopodidae were more numerous in the crop near strips than in field middles, distribution, parasitoids were evenly distributed, polyphagous predators, biological control, there were fewer syrphid larva per aphid near to strips, Araneae, Diptera, Heteroptera, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Empididae, references to predators eating Oulema eggs, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4188
Author: Hausammann, A.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects of sown weed strips on pests and beneficial arthropods in winter wheat fields
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 106-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, methods, Switzerland, cereals, Gramineae, 1993, 1994, aphids below economic threshold, cereal leaf beetle more numerous in middle of field than near strip, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Oulema melanopa, pests, distribution, polyphagous predators and parasitoids were more numerous near the strip, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, pests were not more abundant near the strip, sweeping and direct in situ visual observations, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Araneae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Nabidae, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, spiders, Heteroptera, rove beetles, soldier beetles, references to predators of Oulema eggs, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5223
Author: Havelka, J.; Zemek, R.
Year: 1999
Title: Life table parameters and oviposition dynamics of various populations of the predacious gall-midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 91
Pages: 481-484
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Czech Republic, life history parameters, reproduction, 23C, aphids, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphon pisum, larvae collected initially from 10 field sources involving various aphid and plant species in Poland, Czech Republic, Russia, Slovakia, then reared on A.pisum in laboratory, fecundity, increase rates, generation times, there are significant differences between populations in terms of demographic characteristics 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1146
Author: Havukkala, I.
Year: 1985
Title: Biological control research in Finland: an annotated bibliography
Journal: Annales Entomologici Fennici
Volume: 51
Pages: 65-89
Keywords: En.
Rep., Scandinavia, natural enemies, 174 references up to 1984, indexes of hosts, pests, parasitoids, predators, pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5813
Author: Hawes, C.; Haughton, A.J.; Osborne, J.L.; Roy, D.B.; Clark, S.J.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Bohan, D.A.; Brooks, D.R.; Champion, G.T.; Dewar, A.M.; Heard, M.S.; Woiwod, I.P.; Daniels, R.E.; Young, M.W.; Parish, A.M.; Scott, R.J.; Firbank, L.G.; Squire, G.R.
Year: 2003
Title: Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 358
Pages: 1899-1013
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (59 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, by the end of the growing season weed biomass was reduced in GM beet and oilseed but increased in GM maize relative to conventional, GM allowed later herbicide applications which benefitted detritivores such as Collembola because more biomass was delivered to the ground surface than when weeds were killed earlier, predator and parasitoid communities are sensitive to changes in the weed community, pitfalls, Vortis sampler, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, in situ direct observation counts of bees and butterflies on line transects, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Lepidoptera, overall ground beetles did not differ between treated and untreated, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 442
Author: Hawkes, O. A. M.
Year: 1920
Title: Observations on the life history, biology and genetics of the ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (Mulsant)
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Pages: 475-490
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, Coccinellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3955
Author: Hawkins, A.; Sheehan, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid Community Ecology
Journal: Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 516 pp
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, species richness, species composition, Lepidoptera egg parasitoids, parasitoid guilds of Tortricidae and weevils, pests, trees, forest, woodland, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, parasitoids of introduced herbivores, host ranges, life histories of Tachinidae, Diptera, mutualistic viruses, insect parasitic viruses, effects of intraspecific plant variation, vulnerability to hyperparasitism, tritrophic interactions, induced plant responses, evolution of herbivore resistance, tropical communities, parasitoid webs, trophic webs, population dynamics of host- parasitoid interactions, parasitoid communities and biological control, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4108
Author: Hawkins, B.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1987
Title: The determinants of species richness for the parasitoids of British phytophagous insects
Journal: Nature
Volume: 326
Pages: 788-790
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, community, multiple regression model shows that feeding niche, geographical extent of study, plant architecture and taxonomic isolation of hosts all affect parasitoid species richness, accounting for 22% of variance in species richness, based on 285 species of herbivores in 42 families, includes hyperparasitoids, species richness increased from grasses to herbs to shrubs to trees, partly due to polyphagous parasitoids finding more host opportunities on large plants, although many parasitoids are fairly host plant specific, polyphagous herbivores did not have a greater species richness of parasitoids attacking them than did monophagous phytophages, exophytic herbivores are not attacked by many parasitoid species, nor are extremely concealed and protected endophytic species, such as root feeders, intermediately concealed hosts such as leaf miners attract most parasitoid species, parasitoid species richness varies between insect orders with a mean of 2.6 parasitoid species per host for Hemiptera, 4.6 Coleoptera, 5.2 Diptera, 7 Hymenoptera and 9.4 Lepidoptera, where a herbivore feeds is the most important factor affecting parasitoid species richness, and this is, in turn, affected by its natural enemies, host feeding niche accounted for 20.5% of the variance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4126
Author: Hawkins, B. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Global patterns of parasitoid assemblage size
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 59
Pages: 57-72
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, community, data on parasitoids from 1288 herbivore species from 59 countries examined in relation to species richness, ie number of parasitoid species per host, for endophytic and soil-inhabiting hosts there are characteristic mean parasitoid species richness throughout the world, but for exposed hosts it is variable, affected by geography and climate, parasitoid communities can be described as interactive (structured by interspecific competition) or non- interactive (not structured by competition), in general idiobionts are usually generalist ectoparasitoids attacking concealed or protected hosts, while koinobionts are specialist endoparasitoids attacking exophytic hosts, the proportion of parasitoids that are specialists (and that attack exposed hosts) is reduced in the tropics, this is thought to be because hosts are so widely dispersed that individual hosts are too scarce to support specialist parasitoids, the similar average size of parasitoid communities on endophytic and soil-inhabiting hosts throughout the world suggests that they are structured by competition (interactive communities), whereas the variability for exophytic hosts suggests that they are non-interactive communities, ie there are vacant niches, and the number filled varies regionally or stochastically, this further suggests that, in general, interactive competition-structured parasitoid communities involve mainly generalist parasitoids (because they are extoparasitoids attacking conceealed hosts)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4003
Author: Hawkins, B. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Refuges, host population dynamics and the genesis of parasitoid diversity
Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity", Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 235-256
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, hypothesis is that hosts that have the least effective refuge support most parasitoid species, analysis is for structural refuges but other categories are discussed, plant structure, four approaches were a) from literature on primary parasitoids and facultative hyperparasitoids attacking host larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, 12079 parasitoid records (87% Hymenoptera) on 2188 host species in 86 countries, hosts divided into 8 categories based on the part of the plant they feed on or in, b) used a parasitoid community species richness model, c) parasitoid impact analysis using data on 1377 parasitoid introductions where outcome on host was known, classical biological control, pests, d) % parasitism analysis data from same sources as a) and used 819 host species from 73 countries, leafminers support most parasitoid species, the exophytics and the better protected endophytics (eg root borers) support fewer, where and how a host feeds is found to be the single most important determinant of parasitoid species richness, model suggests that hosts in a moderate refuge support more parasitoid species than those in very weak or very strong refuges, when host have very weak refuges parasitoids drive them to very low densities which reduces the number of parasitoid species that can persist on them, % parasitism is positively correlated with number of species of parasitoid per host species, so parasitoid community richness and host population dynamics may be influenced by common processes, eg probably by strength of the refuge occupied by the host


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4414
Author: Hawkins, B. A.; Cornell, H. V.; Hochberg, M. E.
Year: 1997
Title: Predators, parasitoids and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 78
Issue: 7)
Pages: 2145-2152
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, life tables for 78 holometabolous (have pupae) herbivores, this study focusses on immature phytophages, overall parasitoids kill more than predators or pathogens, review, endophytic herbivores are less attacked by predators and pathogens than exophytic herbivores, endophytic leaf-miners suffer the greatest parasitoid mortality, population dynamics, but endophytic gallers, borers and root-feeders have the least parasitoid mortality, overall enemy-induced mortality is similar in natural and cultivated habitats and similar for exotic and native insect hosts, parasitism may be greater in temperate zones cf predation and pathogens greater in tropical and sub-tropical, herbivores in the study were 65% Lepidoptera, 23% Coleoptera, 6% Diptera, 6% Hymenoptera, 32% forest, 23% agricultural fields, 15% grass, 16% plantation, 10% orchard and 4% parkland, trees, Gramineae, top fruit, interactions between natural enemies such as predators and moribund parasitised hosts has not been taken account of here and will be a problem in all such studies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4463
Author: Hawkins, B. A.; Martinez, N. D.; Gilbert, F.
Year: 1997
Title: Source food webs as estimators of community web structure
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 18
Issue: 5)
Pages: 575-586
Keywords: En.
Rep., source webs are based on species without prey at the bottom of the web, followed by their consumers and their consumers' consumers etc up to the top of the web, this paper examines relationships between source webs and the community webs from which they are drawn, 4 community webs examined are for a lake, a stream, an estuary and grass-feeding Hymenoptera, all web parameters (e.g. % basal, intermediate and top species) were sensitive to the number of source species in the deconstructed community webs, it is concluded that source webs are inappropriate for estimating general properties of community webs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4205
Author: Hawkins, B. A.; Mills, N. J.
Year: 1996
Title: Variability in parasitoid community structure
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 65
Pages: 501-516
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, 2 datasets used, 381 hosts in 56 genera and 389 populations of 66 host species, the number of parasitoid guilds that a host supports was very variable among host species and among populations within host species, parasitoid communities are under-saturated with species, ie about 70% of the potential parasitoid guilds that hosts could support are actually present, species richness, biodiversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5403
Author: Hawkins, B.A.; Mills, N.J.; Jervis, M.A.; Price, P.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Is the biological control of insects a natural phenomenon ?
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 86
Pages: 493-506
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, classical biological control, biological control in agriculture as opposed to natural control of prey species in non-agricultural systems is in simplified habitats (in terms of structure and biodiversity) and often involves exotic species, food webs, trophic webs, community, methods, insect life tables, control of prey species in agriculture is usually by parasitoids against exotic pests often on exotic plants, but control of native herbivores on native plants in natural systems is normally attributable to a suite of generalist predators, effects of parasitoids in agriculture often due to a single strong link whereas natural control in non-agricultural systems is due to multiple links in complex food webs, examination of 68 life tables involving 80 key factors, Table of herbivore species and the key factors regulating their populations, predation, parasitism, disease, pathogens, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, there was a complete absence of parasitoids acting as key factors in natural habitats, habitat complexity, perennial versus annual crops, habitat stability, orchards, trees, top fruit 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4009
Author: Hawkins, C. P.; MacMahon, J. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 423-451
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, "functional group" sometimes used synonymously with guild, an extreme viewpoint is that guild members are the only individuals likely to compete, much research on whether and how interspecific competition shapes guild structure, "ecosystems may contain many functionally redundant species all capable of performing the same ecosystem function", if so, guild structure would be more predictable and stable than species composition, guilds might remain fairly stable in relation to resource availability but individual species vary due to factors not related to resource availability, such as weather, natural enemies and environmental conditions, farming practices, Table of guilds based on use of resources defined a priori by investigator, no consensus about what spatial scale used to define sympatry as a criterion for guild membership, or whether guilds should be defined in terms of single or multiple resource dimensions, multivariate statistics, unfolding theory and graph theory have been used to define ecological groupings in niche space, but interpretation of results is problemmatical, guild structure can be stable in some respects, eg species richness per guild for arthropods on trees in UK and South Africa, but vary in other respects, eg numbers and biomass, evidence for stability of guild structure between different geographical areas is weak, but this is partly due to inadequate quantification of resource availability, trophic composition of grassland insect fauna did not change over time even though species composition did, Gramineae, also evidence from stream systems that guilds are robust, but interpretation of results is controversial, guild concept might be an acceptable way to simplify ecosystem models, examples given, the guild approach is used in relation to habitat management studies in USA, "guilds are most useful when they include a variety of interacting taxa that co-occur in space and time", food capture method may not be a useful guild criterion, some guild definitions relate to classification, others to community interactions, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3217
Author: Hawthorne, A.; Hassall, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of management treatments on carabid communities of cereal field headlands
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 313-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sprayed headlands cf conservation headlands (sown, no pesticides) cf uncropped wildlife strips (cultivated but not sown), wildlife strips contained most carabids individuals and species, this was correlated with dicot weed cover and invertebrate abundance (including aphids and Collembola), Aphididae, Hemiptera, pests, reducing vegetation experiment, reduced carabid density, pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5722
Author: Hawthorne, A.J.; Hassall, M.; Sotherton, N.W.
Year: 1998
Title: Effects of cereal headland treatments on the abundance and movements of three species of carabid beetles
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 9
Pages: 417-422
Alternate Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, farming practices, UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, methods, pitfalls, directional barrier pitfall traps, 6m wide unsprayed conservation headlands, habitat diversification, landscape, pesticides, Pterostichus melanarius preferred the open field, Bembidion lampros preferred the conservation headland, Agonum dorsale and B. lampros migrated from edge into crop in spring, barrier traps suggested that significantly more beetles were moving out of the strips than moving into them, agricultural statistics, cereals occupy 17% of UK land area, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3986
Author: Hayes, J. L.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Prey and nocturnal activity of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in cotton fields in the Delta region of Mississipi
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 1512-1518
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, diel cycles, nocturnalism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 668
Author: Haynes, D. L.; Sisojevic, P.
Year: 1966
Title: Predatory behaviour of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer (Araneae : Thomisidae )
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 98
Pages: 113-133
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, predators, spiders close to moulting refuse food, Philodrominae actively run and catch prey, foraging, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1617
Author: Hays, S. B.; Hays, K. L.
Year: 1959
Title: Food habits of Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 52
Pages: 455-457
Keywords: En.
imported fire ant, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dissection of mounds in the field and observations of foraging, methods, behaviour, omnivorous, food mainly insects dead and alive, predation, scavenging, diet, tend aphids and scales, protection, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, mounds contained alfalfa weevils, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Leguminosae, ants seen eating aphids, beetles, spiders, fly larvae, centipedes, millipedes, Araneae, Diptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, in food trials took all sorts of insects but rejected plant material, earlier reports claim this ant damages crops and wildlife


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4873
Author: Hazzard, R.V.; Ferro, D.N.; Van Driesche, R.G.; Tuttle, A.F.
Year: 1991
Title: Mortality of eggs of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from predation by Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20(3)
Pages: 841-848
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, ladybirds, natural enemies, biological control, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, population dynamics in commercial potato fields, plants and egg masses were monitored at regular intervals to estimate recruitment rates and mortality due to predation, oophagy, direct in situ visual observation, predator abundance estimated by searching plants (including at night) and by pheromone traps for Podisus, carabids were monitored with pitfall traps and burlap traps (on foliage and ground), egg predation was also tested in the lab, no ground beetles were seen in the foliage at night, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, diel cycles, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, C. maculata, spiders, Podisus and Chrysopa species were on foliage at night, Araneae, predatory Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Lebia grandis, Pterostichus lucublandus, Pterostichus melanarius and Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis ate eggs in the lab, L. grandis has adhesive setae on its tarsi enabling it to adhere to plant stems, structure, morphology, adaptations for climbing, C. maculata was the most abundant foliage predator, also seen in the foliage by day were Podisus, spiders and harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, egg mortality due to predation varied from 38% to 58% and it is liklely that this was mainly due to C. maculata since this was the most abundant predator on foliage
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3191
Author: Healy, J. A.; Cross, T. F.
Year: 1975
Title: Immunoelectroosmophoresis for serological identification of predators of the shhep tick Ixodes ricinus
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 26
Pages: 97-101
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Acari, gives original reference to ring test by Ascoli, IEO based on electrophoresis in weak alkaline buffer, antigens go to anode and antibodies to cathode, if samples positioned properly the reactants meet and get precipitation, also called cross-over electrophoresis COE and counter-current electrophoresis CCE, gives clear separation of positives and negatives with small quantities of reactants, single operator can test 88 predators against 4 antisera with controls per day, sensitive, fast and suitable for general diet analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1564
Author: Heathcote, G. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Weeds, herbicides and plant virus diseases
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th British Weed Control Conference
Pages: 934-941
Keywords: En.
role of weeds in biological control, pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 354
Author: Heathcote, G. D.
Year: 1978
Title: Coccinellid beetles on sugar beet in eastern England, 1961-75
Journal: Plant Pathology.
Volume: 27
Pages: 103-109
Keywords: En.
Adalia bipunctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coccinella 7- punctata, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae
Rep, ladybirds, Coleoptera, flight times, annual fluctuations, overwinter ing, aphids, cereals, cereal aphids, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3190
Author: Hebert, C. N.; Edwards, S.; Bushnell, S.; Jones, P. C.; Perry, C. T.
Year: 1985
Title: Establishment of a statistical base for use of ELISA in diagnostic serology for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Journal: Journal of Bioological Standardization
Volume: 13
Pages: 243-253
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, edge effect on end columns of plate but not on top and bottom rows, differences between columns nearly always greater than between rows


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 853
Author: Hedrick, A. V.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Genetically-based variation between two spider populations in foraging behaviour
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 80
Pages: 533-539
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, funnel-web spider Agelenopsis aperta, desert riparian habitat cf desert grassland, Gramineae, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding, predation, evolution, grassland spiders had shorter latency and higher frequency of attack on 15 prey types, differences remained in lab tests when spiders reared and offspring tested, 6 years observations in field, crickets and ants as food, Formicidae, Orthoptera, electrophoresis showed high gene flow between populations, metapopulations, explanations for different selection pressures discussed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2444
Author: Heesen, H. J. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Egg mortality in Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (F.) (Vol. Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 50
Pages: 233-235
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3453
Author: Heessen, H. J. L.
Year: 1980
Title: Egg production in Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fab.)(Col., Carabidae) and Philonthus decorus (Grav.)(Col., Staphylinidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 30-53
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, P.oblongopunctatus probably a spring breeder, P.decorus spring and summer breeder, reproduction, seasons, only 3/450 P.oblongopunctatus with flight muscles cf 30-80% in P.decorus, although no flight recorded in the latter, structure, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, Dutch oak woods, trees, forests, fecundity in boxes on woodland floor, P.decorus will eat own eggs if other food not sufficient, cannibalism, P.oblongopunctatus needs fluctuating temperatures for egg production, oviposition March to July, mean 152 eggs per female, fecundity, P.decorus oviposits May to September, mean 45 eggs per female, doubling amount of food for P.oblongopunctatus gave increase of eggs of 1.3-2.4 times, high densities caused reduced fecundity, actual number of eggs deposited can be calculated from mean number of eggs in ovaries for P.oblongopunctatus but not for P.decorus, methods, Table of fecundity for Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus versicolor, Pterostichus madidus, Calathus melanocephalus, Agonum range from 15-152 as reported by various authors, Lipkow recorded fecundity of 65 for P.decorus others 17-19, Eghtedar 1970 recorded 58-64 eggs for Philonthus fuscipennis (= Philonthus cognatus), Philonthus eggs are 4 times larger than Pterostichus, larger eggs thought to be associated with shorter larval development period and less mortality, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3549
Author: Heessen, H. J. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Egg mortality in Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (F.) (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 50
Pages: 233-235
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, 8% mortality under optimum conditions in Petri dishes, 83% mortality of eggs incubated in fresh litter, pre-sterlizing the litter at 70C reduced mortality to 18%, oviposition into undisturbed soil resulted in 70% mortality but only 7% if predators had been eliminated, P.oblongopunctatus is a spring breeder and adult overwinterer, forest, trees, woodland, the Netherlands, egg hatch in 12 days at 15C, the egg predators responsible are not yet identified, but might include Nematoda, cannibalism by hatched larvae was only slight


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3538
Author: Heessen, H. J. L.; Brunsting, A. M. H.
Year: 1981
Title: Mortality of larvae of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fabricius)(Col., Carabidae) and Philonthus decorus (Gravenhorst)(Col., Staphylinidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 31
Pages: 729-745
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in P.decorus significantly more larvae survived if they were able to find their first meal shortly after hatching, similar trend in P.oblongopunctatus, larval survival related to their density and food availability, population dynamics, mortality, larval ecology, rove beetles, it is expected that many larvae die of starvation, larvae of both species are cannibals, this is reduced but does not disappear when alternative food is available, cannibalism occurs even at very low density eg 15-20 P.oblongopunctatus larvae per m2, cannibalism likely to be an important factor in regulation of density of both species, it is almost impossible to measure densities of egg and pupa in the field, methods, Netherlands, oak forest, deciduous woodland trees, both reproduce in spring and summer and hibernate as adults, overwintering, P.decorus larvae are surface-active, behaviour, activity, vertical distribution, soil, larvae are sensitive to drying out, dessiccation, no diseases or parasitoids were noticed, natural enemies of natural enemies, plastic fenced 1 m2 plots, methods, field barriers, larvae released in plots at various densities, experimental manipulation in the field, in P.oblongopunctatus mortality of larvae remains high in all instars, in P.decorus mortality of unfed larvae was 75% and 57% for those able to find a first meal soon after hatch, foraging, trophic behaviour, over 7 days all isolated P.oblongopunctatus larvae survived without food but if kept together only one survived, large range of lab and field experiments designed to measure relative effects of predation, cannibalism and starvation on larval survival, predation on predators, little evidence for predation by P.decorus and P.oblongopunctatus larvae on each other interspecifically probably because of vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5011
Author: Hegde, R.; Lingappa, S.
Year: 1998
Title: Performance of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens against pigeonpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Journal: Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume: 11(3)
Pages: 658-661
Alternate Journal: Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, food, diet, trophic behaviour, augmentative biological control, this predator will eat eggs and neonate larvae, 2nd instar lacewing larvae released in pigeonpea plots at a range of rates, inundative releases, direct in situ visual counts of pests on the plants, methods, pest eggs were reduced by 30% and larvae by 24%, damage was reduced by 5% but the return on investment was negative [no mention of control plots]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 539
Author: Hegdekar, B. M.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1969
Title: A contact sex pheromone and some response parameters in lycosid spiders
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 47
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2223
Author: Heidger, C.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1984
Title: The prey of Dictyna arundinacea (Araneae: Dictynidae)
Journal: Zool. Beitr.
Volume: 29
Issue: 2)
Pages: 185-192
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Germany, Juncus sedge meadow, web size limited by position of flower on stem, prey 28% Brachycera, 23% Nematocera, 21% Homoptera, 13% parasitic wasps, Diptera, flies, Hymenoptera, aphids, leafhoppers, 70% prey less than 2mm, spider is 4mm, 10-20 webs per square metre, catch more difficult (active escapers) insects than do Linyphiidae or Argiopidae because of bristles/hooks on cribellate non-sticky silk, eggsacs attached to vegetation in summer would be removed by harvest in a cereal field.SPP


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2387
Author: Heidger, C.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1989
Title: Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip management. 3. Artificial introduction of a spider species which preys on wheat pest insects
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 34
Pages: 511-522
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Dictynidae, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, 2 ha winter wheat with 1 ha control of alternating 12 m strips of wheat and 1 m of lupins rape clover, Dictyna arundinacea lives on ears of wheat and grasses, methods, behaviour, 2262 released summer 1986 in one wheat strip (mean 14.6 and max 26 per sq m) and 1372 in 1987, 50 and 140 released in control, no wild D.arundinacea present, prey remains collected from webs, food, diet, 1 x 1 x 1.6 m exclusion cages cleared of natural enemies by hand then various combinations of D.arundinacea, Syphidae and Coccinellidae added, Diptera, Coleoptera, hoverflies, ladybirds, D.arundinacea made short ballooning trips within field in star shaped pattern over 1-2 h then returned to centre to build web, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, more than 90% made webs on ears rather than leaves, vertical stratification, 4-5 wks after release 28% spiders still at marked sites of first webs, all males moved away, spiderlings hatching from cocoons moved out to adjacent ears, so female in centre of cloud of spiderlings, pests were 70-90% of food in webs, especially Oscinella frit, frit fly, Chloropidae, Delia coarctata, wheat bulb fly, Haplodiplosis midges, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, aphids, Hemiptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, also Chironomidae, Sciaridae and parasitic Hymenoptera, parasitoids, in cages D. arundiacea did not adversely affect density of natural enemies and caught O.frit selectively, D.arundinacea overwintered in wild strips and moved back into wheat next year but in very low numbers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2891
Author: Heikinheimo, O.; Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1962
Title: Comparison of suction and netting methods in population investigations concerning the fauna of grass leys and cereal fields, particularly in those concerning the leaf hopper Calligypona pellucida (F.)
Journal: Publications of the Finnish State Agricultural Research Board
Volume: 191
Pages: 1-31
Keywords: En.
Rep., suction sampler 60-70% efficient for leafhoppers, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Finland, useful list of advantages and disadvantages of both methods, nozzle diameter 29 mm sampled within 0.1 m2 quadrats, tested efficiency by adding known numbers of leafhoppers, 75% nymphs, 88% adults


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3228
Author: Heimann-Detlefsen, D.; Theiss, S.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Auswirkungen unterschiedlich intensiver Bewirtschaftlungsintensitaten auf die Collembolenfauna des Ackerbodens
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst.
Volume: 295
Pages: 230-272
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., effect of cultivation intensity on Collembola of agricultural soil, inputs of pesticides and fertlizer in cereals and sugar beet, 40 species of Collembola, dominants were Isotoma notabilis, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia fimetaria, mean density 230 per 0.01 m2, more phyophagous Collembola in less intensive treatments, because more weeds, more species of Collembola where more nutrients because plants grew larger and were moister underneath, number of Collembola species was reduced in intensive herbicide treatments, Gramineae, arable, brassicas, species composition, microclimate, humidity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2570
Author: Heimbach, U.
Title: large selection of papers
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 833
Author: Heimbach, U.
Year: 1988
Title: Nebenwirkungen einiger Fungizide auf Insekten
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deut. Pflanzenschutzd.
Volume: 40
Issue: 12)
Pages: 180-183
Keywords: Ger., Eng. summ.
Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus cupreus
Rep., side effects of some fungicides on insects, lab and field, pyrazophos killed carabids other fungicides had no effect, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Afugan, in winter wheat field more aphids in plots treated with pyrazophos than in those treated with other fungicides, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, triademenol, anilazin, prochloraz, chlorthalonil, propiconazole, insecticidal, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3130
Author: Heimbach, U.
Year: 1988
Title: Untersuchungen zu Nebenwirkungen von Getreidefungiziden auf einige Insekten
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land-Forstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlem
Volume: 245
Pages: 390
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, side effects of cereal fungicides on some insects, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Diptera, Araneae, Collembola, Tachyporus, Staphylinidae, pyrazophos, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, organophosphorus pesticides, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3131
Author: Heimbach, U.
Year: 1989
Title: Massenzucht von Poecilus cupreus (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: 19th Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Okologie, Osnabruck 1989, Tagungsberichte
Volume: XIX
Issue: I
Pages: 228-229
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, mass rearing, culturing, Pterostichus cupreus, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 834
Author: Heimbach, U.
Year: 1990
Title: Side effect of the fungicide pyrazophos on the aphid Sitobion avenae
Journal: In "'Euraphid' network: trapping and prognosis" Ed. by R. Cavalloro, CEC
Pages: 285-292
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Germany, field trials in winter wheat, 15 times more aphids in pyrazophos plots than controls one month after spraying, more alatae settled in pyrazophos plots, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, flight, aerial migration, host plant selection, predation assessed by cards baited with Drosophila pupae, predation, polyphagous predators, density of dead arthropods on ground after spraying, mortality, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Araneae, spiders, Diptera, Brachycera, pyrazophos reduced predation on baited cards, lab experiments showed extra alatae not due to increase in % alatiform, pyrazophos changes colour and wax layer of plants, structure, attraction, settling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3127
Author: Heimbach, U.
Year: 1990
Title: Standard laboratory method to test effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: GSF-Bericht 1/92: Proc. Intern. Symp. Ecotox. Munich Nov 1990
Pages: 105-110
Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2861
Author: Heimbach, U.; Abel, C.
Year: 1991
Title: Nebenwirkungen von Bodeninsektiziden in verschiedenen Applikationsformen auf einige Nutzarthropoden
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Osnabruck 1989) Subine Riewenherm and Helmut Lieth (Hrsg)
Volume: XIX
Issue: III
Pages: 163-170
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., effects of soil insecticides in various formulations on beneficial arthropods, lab tests on adults and larvae of Pterostichus cupreus, lindane and chlorpyrifos spray killed 85-100% of both stages, granules had little effect on adults but killed up to 80% of larvae, in the field got high mortality of P. cupreus in sprayed plots but little with granules, Staphylinidae and Diptera were reduced by both methods, side-effects of pesticides on polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, rove beetles, organochlorine pesticide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3163
Author: Heimbach, U.; Abel, C.; Siebers, J.; Wehling, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Influence of different soils on the effects of pesticides on carabids and spiders
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 49-59
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, lab and semi-field tests, endosulfan, lindane, parathion, methamidophos, pyrazophos, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, Lycosidae, organophosphorus, high % clay silt organic reduced effect on non-targets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3231
Author: Heimbach, U.; Baloch, A. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of three pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at different post-treatment temperatures
Journal: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Volume: 13
Issue: 2)
Pages: 317-324
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pterostichus cupreus, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 5, 10, 17.5, 25C, lambda- cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, pyrazophos, pyrethroids, organophosphorus insecticides, lab, recovery from knock- down slower at lower temperatures, but final mortality unaffected by temperature except for pyrazophos, males more sensitive than females with all pesticides and temperatures, sex-related susceptibility


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3129
Author: Heimbach, U.; Buchs, W.; Abel, C.
Year: 1992
Title: A semi-field method close to field conditions to test effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bull.
Volume: XV 1992
Pages: 159-165
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3118
Author: Heimbach, U.; co, authors
Year: 1993
Title: A set of Abstracts
Journal: 1st SETAC World Congress "Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry - a Global Perspective", Lissabon
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, methods, lab, semi-field and field tests for side effects of pesticides on Carabidae, Araneae, Lumbricidae, Annelida, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, Bembidion tetracolum, Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, Nebria brevicollis, Pardosa, lambda- cyhalothrin, endosulfan, pyrethroid insectides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5384
Author: Heimbach, U.; Eggers, C.
Year: 2002
Title: Moglichkeiten zur Reduzierung der Blattlauszahlen und des Virus befalls im Raps im Herbst
Journal: Mitteilungen der Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Volume: 388
Pages: 67-75
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Keywords: Rep., possibility of reducing aphid abundance and virus incidence in oilseed rape in autumn, Germany, pests, Hemiptera, methods, farming practices, brassicas, Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, TuYV turnip yellows virus, straw mulch, within-crop habitat diversification, pesticides, insecticides, seed treatments, fewer aphids in mulched plots probably because the treatment affected their settling behaviour, host plant searching behaviour
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5383
Author: Heimbach, U.; Eggers, C.; Thieme, T.
Year: 2001
Title: Optische Beeinflussung von Blattlausen durch Strohmulch ?
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 13
Pages: 289-292
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., does straw mulch influence the orientation of aphids ?, pests, Hemiptera, Germany, host plant searching behaviour, methods, farming practices, potato and oilseed rape with and without mulch, brassicas, fewer alates on sticky traps above mulched plots and less virus in the crop, PVY, TuMV , within-crop habitat diversification
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5379
Author: Heimbach, U.; Eggers, C.; Thieme, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Weniger Blattlause durch Mulchen ?
Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen
Volume: 54
Pages: 119-125
Alternate Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen
Keywords: Rep., fewer aphids caused by mulching ? pests, Hemiptera, Germany, broad bean, potato, rape, brassicas, Leguminosae, straw mulch or direct drilling into a catch crop, farming practices, methods, alate aphids caught on sticky nets above the crop and in yellow water traps were less in mulched plots, virus damage to plants also less, PVY, TuYV, within-crop habitat diversification
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5377
Author: Heimbach, U.; Eggers, C.; Thieme, T.
Year: 2002 (in press)
Title: Aphids in oilseed rape in autumn, possibilities to reduce virus transmission
Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Alternate Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., Germany, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, turnip yellows virus, TuYV, straw mulches, pesticides, insecticides, methods, seed treatment, lower aphid numbers were caught in mulched plots probably due to reduced settling by alatae, host searching behaviour, virus infection related to aphid bundance but yield not affected, plant damage, sticky traps 2-10cm above crop canopy, virus incidence by ELISA, references to mulches affecting aphids via the plant in addition to olfactory and optical effects, within-crop habitat diversification
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5378
Author: Heimbach, U.; Eggers, C.; Thieme, T.
Year: In Press (2002)
Title: Effect of mulch on settlement and population of aphids in some arable crops
Journal: Aphid Meeting in Rennes 2001 ???
Alternate Journal: Aphid Meeting in Rennes 2001 ???
Keywords: Rep., methods, farming practices, Germany, mulch was mustard Sinapis alba catch crop or cereal straw, potato, broad bean, rape, brassicas, Leguminosae, pests, Hemiptera, sticky traps above the crop recorded fewer alate aphids in mulched crops, less turnip virus TuMV in rape and PVY in potato in mulched plots, within-crop habitat diversification, references that more predators are found in mulched plots, natural enemies, biological control, sticky traps were 0.5 m2 nets covered with sticky, virus levels determined by ELISA, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis fabae, Megoura viciae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis nasturtii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, olfactory and optical effects on flying aphids, host plant searching behaviour, contrast between plant and soil, polyphagous predators, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Araneae, abundance,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 835
Author: Heimbach, U.; Giri, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Untersuchungen zur Nebenwirkung einiger Pflanzenschutzmittel auf Staphyliniden und Carabiden im Freiland und Labor
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 6
Pages: 521-524
Keywords: Ger., Eng. summ.
Lathrobium fulvipenne, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Bembidion guttula
Rep., investigations on effect of some pesticides on staphylinids and carabids in field and lab, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, 5 herbicides and parathion in lab, 2 herbicides and parathion in field, insecticide, winter barley, cereals, Gramineae, only parathion had negative effects in lab and less clear in field, mortality, spiders, Araneae, larvae, Acari, mites, Collembola, springtails


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3230
Author: Heimbach, U.; Leonard, P.; Khoshab, A.; Miyakawa, R.; Abel, C.
Year: 1994
Title: Assessment of pesticide safety to the carabid beetle, Poecilus cupreus, using two different semi-field encolosures
Journal: In Donker, M.H., Eijsackers, H. & Heimback, F. (Eds) "Ecotoxicology of soil organisms" CRC Press Florida
Pages: 273-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, chlorpyrifos has contact, ingestion and vapour action, sugar beet, most toxicity on the day of the application, little mortality when beetles introduced 3 weeks after application, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, residues, Pterostichus cupreus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3794
Author: Heimbach, U.; Wehling, A.; Metge, K.; Siebers, J.; Kula, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Untersuchungen zur Bioverfugbarkeit von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in verschiedenen Boden fur Laufkafer, Spinnen und Regenwurmer
Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen
Volume: 47
Issue: 2)
Pages: 64-69
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., TP, bioavailability of pesticides in different soils to Carabidae, Araneae and earthworms, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, Lumbricidae, Annelida, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, side- effects of insecticides on non-targets, ecotoxicology, adults and larvae of Pterostichus cupreus, Poecilus cupreus, Pardosa spp., Lycosidae, Eisenia fetida, lindane, parathion, azinphos-ethyl, endosulfan, dimethoate, clay and inorganics in soil, fenvalerate, lambda cyhalothrin, mortality, survival, survivorship


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4446
Author: Heimpel, G. E.; Hough-Goldstein, J. A.
Year: 1992
Title: A survey of arthropod predators of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Delaware potato fields
Journal: Journal of Agricultural Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 137-142
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, natural enemies, biological control, Colorado Potato Beetle, Coleoptera, visual search, beating and pitfall samples, predators were Coleomegilla maculata, Chrysoperla carnea, Podisus maculiventris, Perillus bioculatus, Pterostichus chalcites, Lebia grandis, Phalangium opilio, Pardosa was a potential predator, in the lab C. maculata and P. chalcites ate larvae and eggs but Coccinella 7-punctata rejected larvae and ate very few eggs, Pterostichus melanarius also found in the fields, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Pentatomidae, Heteroptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Opiliones, harvestmen, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, prey preference, prey selection, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4597
Author: Heinz, K.M.; Brazzle, J.R.; Parrella, M.P.; Pickett, C.H.
Year: 1999
Title: Field evaulations of augmentative releases of Delphastus catalinae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for suppression of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting cotton.
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16(3)
Pages: 241-251
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., TP, ladybirds, pests, USA, silverleaf whitefly, Hemiptera, augmentative biological control, intraguild predation by generalist predators may have reduced the impact of the released predator on the pest, e.g. Orius and Geocoris eating Delphastus eggs, Nabis, Chrysoperla, Hippodamia, spiders and ants feeding on larvae and adults, no adverse interactions between Delphastus and whitefly parasitoids, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Geocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4973
Author: Heinz, K.M.; Parrella, M.P.
Year: 1994
Title: Biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting Euphorbia pulcherrima: evaluations of releases of Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23(5)
Pages: 1346-1353
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, whitefly, Hemiptera, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic  behaviour, ladybirds, USA, greenhouse poinsettia, protected crops, ornamentals, exclusion cages and controls to test for cage effects, methods, inundative biological control, cage effects were absent, natural enemies significantly reduced whitefly populations, damage to plants outside cages was not reduced in areas where natural enemies were released compared with areas where they were not, silverleaf whitefly
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5382
Author: Heinze, M.; Eggers, C.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 2001
Title: Untersuchungen zum Einfluss verschiedener Mulchsaatsysteme auf Staphylinidae in Ackerbohnen-Bestanden
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 13
Pages: 257-260
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, influence of different types of mulch on Staphylinidae in broad beans, Leguminosae, Germany, methods, farming practices, within-crop habitat diversification, direct drilling of mustard as catch crop, straw mulch increased the abundance of Tachyporus species, ground photoeclectors, pitfalls
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5317
Author: Heitmans, W.R.B.; Overmeer, W.P.J.; Van der Geest, L.P.S.
Year: 1986
Title: The role of Orius vicinus Ribaut (Heteroptera; Anthocoridae) as a predator of phytophagous and predacious mites in a Dutch orchard
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 102
Pages: 391-402
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Holland, the Netherlands, trees, top fruit, horticulture, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, guts contents of field collected predators examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates, stained for phosphoglucoisomerase, laboratory studies on predator development time on various diets including pollen, spider mites, rust mites, aphids, predatory mites and their eggs, Acari, Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae, Eriophyidae, Hemiptera, the main foods in the field were Aculus schlechtendali and Typhlodromus pyri
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3893
Author: Heitzmann, A.
Year: 1994
Title: Die Vegetationsdynamik in angesaten Ackerkrautstreifen in Abhangigkeit verschiedener Saatmischungen
Journal: Z. Pflkrankh. PflSchutz, Sonderh.
Volume: 14
Pages: 75-83
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., dynamics of vegetation in sown agricultural weed strips for different seed mixtures, agricultural practices, habitat management, habitat diversification, succession, plant communities, arable flora, Switzerland, trial over 3 years, Sinapis alba, cover crops and undersowing weed strips, Trifolium pratense, clover, Leguminosae, Medicago lupulina, after 3 years strips were a mixture of sown plants (seed mixtures) and natural invading weeds colonising the strips, methods, arable, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2471
Author: Heitzmann, A.; Lys, J. A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1990
Title: Ecological compensation through strip-management: botanical and zoological aspects
Journal: Schweiz Landw. Forsch
Volume: 29
Issue: 4)
Pages: 331-332
Keywords: En.
Rep., Switzerland, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, 5 strips seeded with 40 plant species, in year 1 in monoculture 10 m x 1.5 m, then plants chosen and mixtures used in year 2, Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis bloomed earlier and were visited by more Syrphidae than Silene alba or Veronica persica, Centaurea cyanus was good attractor of hoverflies, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Ichneumonidae, poppy Papaver rhoeas was only attractive for a few weeks to 20 species, the best weed was Borago officinalis which attracted 45 species in high abundance, 5 times more Carabidae caught in strips than in wheat between, behaviour, distribution, host plant preferences, methods for boosting predator abundance, habitat manipulation, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphid predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3107
Author: Heitzmann, A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Angesate Ackerkrautstreifen in der Agrarlandschaft: Eine Moglichkeit zur Vermehrung des Nutzlingspotentials und zur Kontrolle von Schadlingspopulationen, somit der Forderung der Biodiversitat in der Kulturlandschaft, beigleichzeitig intensiver landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung
Journal: Schweiz. Landw. Fo. (Recherche agronom en Suisse)
Volume: 32
Issue: 3)
Pages: 365-383
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, weed strips in agriculture, beneficials natural enemies and biological control, biodiversity, flora, species composition of weeds, plant succession, value of weedy strips for increasing animal biodiversity, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, predators, Tachinidae, Empididae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Metasyrphus corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Melanostoma, Sphaerophoria, various aphid species including Aphis fabae, Hemiptera, pests, arable, Demetrias on Borago officinalis, Meligethes, Phyllotreta, Carabidae, ground beetles, flea beetles, Chrysomelidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1156
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Effect of epigeal predators on infestation by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and on yield of oats in monocrops and mixed intercrops
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 54(3)
Pages: 225-236
Keywords: En.
Rep.preprint, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Finland, Scandinavia, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, farming practices, natural enemies, biological control, oats, beans, pitfalls, barriered pitfalls, methods, ingress and egress barriers, aphids increased by predator exclusion, usually no interaction between crop and predator effect, usually more aphids in mixed stands than monocrops, lists predator species, Coccinella 7-punctata numerous in some years, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, more Carabidae in mixed crops, ground beetles, oat yield reduced by intercropping, yield highest where most predators, reference to Helenius 1988 OILB Bulletin where greater yield saving due to predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1206
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Integrated control of Rhopalosiphum padi, and the role of epigeal predators in Finland
Journal: IOBC WG Integrated Control in Cereals, Gottingen
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., Scandinavia, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, outbreaks 5-10 year intervals, enhanced damage due to BYDV, virus, disease, monitoring, winter egg counts on bird cherry trees, Prunus padus, suction trap catches, incidence counts on seedlings, methods, Agonum dorsale rare in Finland, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spring oats, barriered pitfalls, ingress egress plots, dimethoate, pesticides, insecticides, few carabids in pitfalls or ground search, Coccinella 7-punctata very abundant early in season, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, ingress plots reduced peak aphids by 53%, exclusion plots increased aphids by 27%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5957
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1991
Title: Insect numbers and pest damage in intercrops vs. monocrops: concepts and evidence from a system of faba bean, oats and Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera, Aphididae)
Journal: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Volume: 1(3)
Pages: 57-80
Alternate Journal: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, farming practices, within-field habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, Finland, peak aphid density greater in intercropped than oats monoculture, abundance, alatae aggregated on fewer tillers in intercropped, dilution effect in monocrop (opposite of resource concentration hypothesis), distribution, randomised complete block field experiments, methods, predator exclusion techniques, in some experiments the activity abundance of polyphagous predators was manipulated using barriers and trenches, biological control, direct in situ visual counts on tillers of aphids and natural enemies, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, parasitoids, mummies, Hymenoptera, fungal pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, coccinellid and syrphid numbers counted on ground and plant within quadrats, pitfalls, spiders, Araneae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, Carabidae,  R. padi population growth rate greater on intercropped oats than monocropped, predator foraging time on oats shoots appears to have been reduced in the intercropped (as they also searched bean), Bembidion spp., Clivina fossor, Harpalus spp., Pterostichus spp., Trechus spp., more carabids caught in intercropped, where generalist predators were reduced by barriers aphid populations prospered and yield was reduced below that recorded in open field plots, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2987
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Rate and local scale spatial pattern of adult emergence of the generalist predator Bembidion guttula in an agricultural field
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 101-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., Finland, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, metal fences 0.5m x 0.5m x0.2m high covered with insect proof netting, 1 pitfall in each corner, emptied weekly for 4 weeks, tenerals separated from adults, Bembidion guttula in spring cereals 1990 and 1991, Gramineae, 820 B.guttula caught, peak eclosion in July, 40-50 new adults m-2 week- 1, estimated annual production of 600,000 ha-1 in 1990 and 800,000 ha-1 in 1991, there was aggregation of production in one part of the grid, which persisted over years, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5956
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Regional crop rotations for ecological pest management (EPM) at landscape level
Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 255-260
Alternate Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., adjustment of spatial and temporal scale of crop rotation to drive pests into local extinction, pest metapopulations, aims to reduce pesticide inputs, aggregate fields of same crop type and rotate these aggregates to new sites each season, this increases pest population isolation, this tactic only applicable to pests with low dispersal capacity and to crops (such as high-value horticultural crops) that occupy only a small proportion of the regional farmed area, generalist predators would not be suppressed by regional rotation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4659
Author: Helenius, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Enhancement of predation through within-field diversification
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Pages: 121-160
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, habitat management, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Finland, rove beetles, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, predator attributes, predator taxa, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, Nabidae, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, spiders, Araneae, biodiversity and predation, vegetational diversity and predation rates, management, pesticides, pest outbreaks, economic thresholds, case study of aphid predation in cereals in Finland, enhancement of Bembidion. "The strategy of enhancing background mortality of pests through assemblages of generalists should be integrated into crop management regimes". Table of predators and their pest prey in wheat, rice, corn, soya and cotton. Gramineae. Gives short reviews of role in agriculture, including pest control, of each predator group. Examples of very wide prey ranges of Heteroptera. Food, diet, trophic behaviour. Spider species richness data, biodiversity. Re-analysis of data from Andow (1991) showed that vegetational diversification reduced monophagous pests more than polyphagous pests, and diversification reduced pests more in perennial than annual crops. Diversification that affects predator foraging or prey movement can affect the efficiency of biocontrol. Distribution, dispersal, migration, movement. Table of reviews of vegetational diversity and pest control 1970 - 1991. Pesticides reduce populations of generalist predators, including by reducing alternative prey. References to species lists of polyphagous predators in cereals in Finland and notes that they are similar throughout northern Europe. Recruitment rates of Bembidion spp. were 2 x greater in barley undersown with ryegrass than in monocrop barley. In undersown got 897,000 tenerals per ha. Undersowing, farming practices.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5645
Author: Helenius, J.; Holopainen, J.; Muhojoki, M.; Pokki, P.; Tolonen, T.; Venalainen, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of undersowing and green manuring on abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in cereals
Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Volume: 196
Pages: 156-159
Alternate Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, density, Gramineae, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, farming practices, Finland, treatments were spring barley, spring barley undersown with red clover (and two rates of fertilser application), spring barley undersown with ryegrass, Leguminosae, grassland, undersown crops flourished after cereal harvested and were ploughed into soil in late autumn, emergence traps, methods, soil samples were taken from inside the emergence traps at the time that pitfall traps were installed inside the emergence traps, detritivores and predatory beetle larvae were removed from cores with a dry funnel extractor, Acari, Collembola, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, mites springtails and beetle larvae in soil cores were not greatly affected by undersowing, 12175 carabids caught belonging to 33 species (not listed), significantly more were caught in ryegrass treatments, dominants were Trechus discus, Clivina fossor and Bembidion guttula, followed by Trechus quadristriatus and Trechus secalis, Bembidion recruitment rate was 44,000 per ha per season in spring barley but 1,075,000 in undersown green manured plots, this result probably due to improved larval survival in the better microclimate provided by ryegrass,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4707
Author: Helenius, J.; Holopainen, J.; Muhojoki, M.; Tolonen, T.; Venalainen, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of undersowing and green manuring on abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in cereals
Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Volume: 196
Pages: 156-159
Alternate Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, Gramineae, Finland, Bembidion recruitment rates, barley, clover, ryegrass, Leguminosae, Acari, Collembola, alternative food, population dynamics, reproduction, methods, emergence traps, larval food, diet, trophic behaviour, manure, mulch, organic
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5958
Author: Helenius, J.; Holopainen, J.K.; Huusela-Veistola, E.; Kurppa, S.; Pokki, P.; Varis, A.L.
Year: 2001
Title: Ground beetle (Coleptera, Carabidae) diversity in Finnish arable land
Journal: Agricultural and Food Science in Finland
Volume: 10
Pages: 261-276
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Food Science in Finland
Keywords: Rep., Finland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 97,799 beetles of  111 species caught in pitfalls, species richness, biodiversity, arable fields more species rich than adjacent forests, trees, woodland, landscape, globally more than 40,000 species, methods, community, 6 studies, 17 years, cereals, spring barley, Gramineae, ryegrass, clover, Leguminosae, oats, peas, winter rye, sugar beet, spring rape, faba beans, cabbage, brassicas, Sahannon-Wiener diversity index, alpha-diversity, 30 dominant species listed, species composition, ten commonest in order of abundance in pitfalls Pterostichus melanarius, Clivina fossor, Bembidion guttula, Patrobus atrorufus, Pterostichus cupreus, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Trechus secalis, Amara spp., Pterostichus niger, Trechus discus, first 5 species accounted for 42% of catch, % similarities amongst assemblages, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3343
Author: Helenius, J.; Tolonen, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Enhancement of generalist aphid predators in cereals: effect of green manuring on recruitment of ground beetles (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 201-210
Keywords: En.
Rep., undersown red clover and ryegrass, Finland, spring cereals 1989-91, emergence of tenerals was 50% greater per 0.5 t/ha green manure, ryegrass produced most green manure, emergence traps containing pitfalls, species composition, farming practices, IPM, integrated pest management, relevant to aphid biocontrol of Rhopalosiphum padi, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Gramineae, Scandinavia, methods, Leguminosae, density, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5737
Author: Hellqvist, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Mulching with grass-clippings in cauliflower: effects on yield and brassica root flies (Delia spp.)
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 42(1)
Pages: 39-46
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., Delia floralis, Delia radicum, cabbage root flies, turnip root fly, pests, Diptera, brassicas, field vegetables, horticulture, Sweden, mulching vegetables can suppress weeds, improve soil structure, improve water economy, stabilise temperature and sometimes contribute to fertilising the crop, it does not compete with the crop, Brassica oleracea, chopped grass Phleum pratense and Trifolium pratense, Gramineae, Leguminosae, weeding by hand, irrigation, 5cm thick mulch layer on soil surface, mulching significantly improved yield and redused damage by D. radicum compared with untreated control but yield was significantly less than for insecticide-treated plots, pesticides, mulching resulted in increased egg predation, oophagy, biological control, D. floralis was not reduced, mulching decreased parasitism by Aleochara bilineata, parasitoids, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, habitat diversification, farming practices, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1559
Author: Helmecke, K. B.; Hickisch, E. G.; Mahn, E. G.; Prasse, J.; Sternkopf, G.
Year: 1977
Title: Beitrage zur Wirkung des Herbizideinsatzes auf Struktur und Stoffhaushalt von Agro-Okosystemen
Journal: Hercynia N.F., Leipzig
Volume: 14
Pages: 375-398
Keywords: Ger.
Germany, pesticides, herbicides, growth of fungi is increased after herbicides, effects of herbicides on agroecosystems


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 587
Author: Helsdingen, P. J.; van
Year: 1963
Title: The Micryphantidae and Linyphiidae (Araneida) of the Netherlands, with some notes on the genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866
Journal: Zool. Verh. Leiden
Volume: 62
Pages: 38 pp
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 10
Author: Hemenway, R.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1967
Title: Ground beetles of the genus Lebia Latreille in Arkansas (Coleoptera : Carabidae) : ecology and geographical distribution
Journal: Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Sciences
Volume: 21
Pages: 15-20
Keywords: Predation, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2569
Author: Hemptinne, J. L.; Dixon, A. F. G.; Coffin, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Attack strategy of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae): factors shaping their numerical response
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 90
Pages: 238-245
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3576
Author: Hemptinne, J. L.; Dixon, A. F. G.; Doucet, J. L.; Petersen, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Optimal foraging by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Mechanisms
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 90
Pages: 451-455
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, optimal foraging theory predicts these predators should lay a few eggs early in the development of an aphid colony, pests, Hemiptera, reproduction, oviposition, references to cannibalism of eggs and larvae in Adalia bipunctata and that they may avoid ovipositing in the presence of conspecific larvae, some syrphid species avoid ovipositing in aphid colonies that contain alatae, syrphid Epistrophe nitidicollis in Aphis fabae on bean in Belgium oviposits in young aphid colonies that are not already attacked by larvae, arable, field vegetables, behaviour, distribution, Coccinella 7-punctata in Acyrthosiphon pisum on bean preferred to oviposit on young leaves with young aphids and were not inhibited by conspecific eggs or larvae but were strongly inhibited by conspecific adults, the coccidophagous coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri also refrains from ovipositing when conspecific larvae are present, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3822
Author: Hemptinne, J. L.; Doucet, J. L.; Gaspar, C.
Year: 1994
Title: How do ladybirds and syrphids respond to aphids in the field
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Pages: 101-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphidophages, pests, Hemiptera, organic beans, arable, Leguminosae, Aphis fabae, in situ visual observations, eggs and larvae of Adalia bipunctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Epistrophe nitidicollis, position of eggs on the plants, oviposition behaviour, distribution of eggs in relation to aphid density, many syrphid eggs laid on plants without aphids, hoverflies reluctant to oviposit on plants near coccinellid or syrphid larvae, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 839
Author: Hemptinne, J. L.; Naisse, J.; Os, S.
Year: 1988
Title: Glimpse of the life history of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.)(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 53
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1175-1182
Keywords: En.
Rep., Belgium, trees, predator, ladybird, beating tray, aphid abundance index, sweep netting, fecundity, development, in relation to temperature in lab, population dynamics, woodland, forest, Hemiptera, pests, in spring adults came from forest, fed on bluebell pollen, dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, diet, feeding behaviour, moved into hedges then into wheat by end of May, cereals, Gramineae, density, adults max 3 per sq m and 5 for larvae, in wheat ate mainly Metopolophium dirhodum, Adalia bipunctata ate Sitobion avenae, at harvest went to maize and hogweed, fecundity 160 eggs at optimum temperature of 25C, eggs did not hatch at 34C, no mating or oviposition at 13C, larval mortality in relation to temperature, egg to adult took 198 day degrees above 11C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5165
Author: Henaut, Y.; Pablo, J.; Ibarra-Nunez, G.; Williams, T.
Year: 2001
Title: Retention, capture and consumption of experimental prey by orb-web weaving spiders in coffee plantations of Southern Mexico
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 1-8
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, four spider species tested, methods, living prey individuals were blown into webs in the field using an aspirator, then the ability of the web to retain the prey and the response of the spider were  recorded, prey types were typical of the coffee plantation and belonged to Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Homoptera, differences between spider species are described, foraging behaviour, prey preference, prey selection, prey acceptability
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1554
Author: Henderson, I. F.
Year: 1978
Title: Assessing the effects of invertebrates on grassland productivity
Journal: Scientific Publications of the Royal Dublin Society
Volume: (A)6
Pages: 327-333
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, damage, yield, pesticides, insecticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1560
Author: Henderson, I. F.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1976
Title: The effect of a short-persistence systemic insecticide on the yield of perrenial ryegrass
Journal: Journal of the British Grassland Society
Volume: 31
Pages: 15-17
Keywords: En.
pesticides, UK, Gramineae, damage, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1555
Author: Henderson, I. F.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1977
Title: Grass growth in different parts of England in relation to invertebrate numbers and pesticide treatment
Journal: Journal of the British Grassland Society
Volume: 32
Pages: 89-98
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, pests, damage, yield, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2022
Author: Henderson, I. F.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1977
Title: Stem-boring Diptera in grassland in relation to management practice
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 87
Issue: 3)
Pages: 524-527
Keywords: En.
pests, Gramineae, UK, damage, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1556
Author: Henderson, I. F.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1980
Title: The effect of insecticide treatment on the establishment and growth of Italian Ryegrass under different sowing conditions
Journal: Grass and Forage Science
Volume: 35
Pages: 235-241
Keywords: En.
UK, pesticides, Gramineae, pests, damage, yield


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2892
Author: Henderson, I. F.; Whitaker, T. M.
Year: 1976
Title: The efficiency of an insect suction sampler in grassland
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 2
Issue: 1)
Pages: 57-60
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, methods, area enclosed sucked out, grass cut, foliage examined and extracted, cut area sucked out again to estimate efficiency, efficiency varied most with taxonomic group, apparatus as described by Arnold et al. 1973, Diptera extracted 79-98%, Acari only 12-40%, mites, efficiency varied slightly with vegetation height, not affected by time of day or population density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3722
Author: Hendrichs, J.; Katsoyannos, B. I.; Wornoayporn, V.; Hendrichs, M. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Odour-mediated foraging by yellowjacket wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): predation on leks of pheromone- calling Mediterranean fruit fly males (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 99
Pages: 88-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, citrus orchard, trees, top fruit, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Greece, wasps responded to odour of pheromones, other senses only used at close range, foraging, trophic behaviour, predation the main mortality factor in insects with conspicuous courtship displays


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3161
Author: Heneghan, P. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Assessing the effects of an insecticide on the activity of predatory ground beetles
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 113-119
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, UK, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, methods, alphacypermethrin on Harpalus rufipes, release of marked beetles and recapture in gutter traps surrounding the release point, sprayed cf unsprayed, insecticide caused initial increase then decrease in activity cf control, relevance to pitfall trapping, movement, pyrethroids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2324
Author: Hengeveld, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Methodology of explaining differences in dietary composition of carabid beetles by competition
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 45
Pages: 37-49
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus versicolor, Pterostichus lepidus, Calathus erratus
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, gut dissection, pitfalls, diet, food, aphids, ants, spiders, Araneae, Diptera, Lepidoptera larvae, plants, liquid, heathland, criticism of % positive, methods, diet not affected by beetle abundance, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2445
Author: Hengeveld, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Dynamics of Dutch beetle species during the twentieth century
Journal: Biogeography
Volume: 12
Pages: 389-411
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6
Author: Hengveld, R.
Year: 1980
Title: Polyphagy, oligophagy and food specialisation in ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 564-584
Keywords: En.
Rep, Pitfalls, woodland, heathland, grassland, gut dissection, aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 13
Author: Hengveld, R.
Year: 1980
Title: Food specialisation in ground beetles; an ecological or a phylogenetic process ? (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 585-594
Keywords: En.
Rep, review, gut dissection, extra-oral digestion, Collembola, molluscs specialists, generalists


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 15
Author: Hengveld, R.
Year: 1980
Title: Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the food of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae): A review
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 555-563
Keywords: En.
Clivina fossor, Calathus fuscipes, Loricera pilicornis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 687
Author: Hengveld, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Methodology of explaining differences in dietary composition of carabid beetles by competition
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 45
Pages: 37-49
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus versicolor, Pterostichus lepidus, Calathus erratus
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, predators, methods, gut dissection, food, prey, diet, heathland, pitfalls, Netherlands, 1964 to 1969, aphids, ants, Araneae, Diptera, Lepidoptera larvae, criticism of using percentages in diet comparisons, Mahalanobis's method, diet not affected by beetle abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1547
Author: Hensley, S. D.; Long, W. H.; Roddy, L. R.; McCormick, W. J.; Concienne, E. J.
Year: 1961
Title: Effects of insecticides on the predaceous arthropod fauna of Louisiana sugarcane fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 54
Pages: 146-149
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, USA, natural enemies, predators, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5674
Author: Heong, K.L.; Aquino, G.B.; Barrion, A.T.
Year: 1991
Title: Arthropod community structures of rice ecosystems in the Philippines
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 81
Pages: 407-416
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, arthropods collected by suction sampling within a square mylar frame enclosing nine hills, a hill is a group of several plants rooted in one hole, methods, vacuum insect net, pests were mainly leafhoppers and planthoppers, Cicadellidae and Delphacidae, Hemiptera, Nephotettix virescens, Nephotettix nigropictus, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Sminthurus Collembola were abundant, dominant predators were Heteroptera, Microvelia douglasi atrolineata, Veliidae, Mesovelia vittigera, Mesoveliidae, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Miridae, and spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnathidae, Tetragnatha spp., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Braconidae, species richness, biodiversity, species composition, species lists, Diptera, Linyphiidae, variation in abundance between sites, distribution, spiders aggregated to high hopper density, numerical response, dispersal, migration, movement, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4394
Author: Heong, K. L.; Aquino, G. B.; Barrion, A. T.
Year: 1992
Title: Population dynamics of plant- and leafhoppers and their natural enemies in rice ecosystems in the Philippines
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 11
Pages: 371-379
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, 5 rice growing areas compared, vacuum sampling inside temporary enclosures of Mylar sheet, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dvac, methods, 9 species of Cicadellidae, 3 Delphacidae, Hemiptera, pests, Nephotettix virescens plus Sogatella furcifera constituted 66-76% of all Homoptera caught, Hemiptera, 14 species of parasitoids, 6 species of predatory Heteroptera, 13 species of spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, Heteroptera accounted for 59-89% of all predators, spiders were 11-41% of all predators, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Lycosidae, and the Linyphiidae Callitrichia formosana were the most abundant, P. pseudoannulata attacks hopper nymphs and adults (especially the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens) but also the Miridae predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis which is also a hopper predator, food, diet, trophic behaviour, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3284
Author: Heong, K. L.; Bleih, S.; Rubia, E. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey preference of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand)
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 33
Issue: 2)
Pages: 179-186
Keywords: En.
Rep., Cyrtorhinus lividipennis is a Miridae predator of Nilaparvata lugens eggs in rice, other stages of N.lugens are eaten by the wolf spider, this paper compares predation on N.lugens and C.lividipennis by the spider, freshly emerged adult female spiders used, insectary arena with rice plants, methods, Manly's measure of preference, functional responses to both prey were Holling II, preference for N.lugens was inversely related to the relative density of N.lugens, reverse switching, possible explanations (i) optimising dietary essential ammino acid composition cf Greenstone (ii) availability of N.lugens in the arena may remain high even as its relative density falls because the spider hunts at the bottom of the rice plant where N.lugens is found, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, vertical distribution, predation on predators, cereals, Gramineae, trophic behaviour, prey species selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 258
Author: Herman, L. H.
Year: 1970
Title: Phylogeny and re-classification of the genera of the rove beetle subfamily Oxytelinae (Staphylinidae) of the world
Journal: Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Volume: 142
Keywords: En.
Rep, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1558
Author: Herne, D. H. C.
Year: 1963
Title: Carabids collected in a DDT-sprayed peach orchard in Ontario (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 95
Pages: 357-362
Keywords: En.
Canada, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, top fruit, fewer Pterostichus melanarius in sprayed, 25 species in pitfalls, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2808
Author: Hertveldt, L.; Keymeulen, M.; van; Pelerents, C.
Year: 1984
Title: Large-scale rearing of the entomophagous rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Journal: Mitteilungen Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Volume: 218
Pages: 70-75
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, one adult can eat ten fly eggs or 1st instar larvae per day, will parasitise Delia radicum and Delia antiqua, Diptera, field vegetables, arable, pests, biological control, parasitoids, consumption rates, cabbage root fly, onion fly, CRF damage in first weeks after transplanting is too early for naturally occurring A. bilineata to prevent so must release reared ones, methods, culturing, mass production, plastic box with clay granules and CRF pupae to stimulate oviposition, housefly maggots as food for adults, gauze below cage, eggs washed out twice per week, 400 eggs per female, fecundity, onion fly reared on artificial diet, pupae with A. bilineata eggs in vermiculite, 22C 70%RH, emerged beetles fall through gauze into another box, 35-40% yield, 65000 A. bilineata reared per year


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2021
Author: Hespenheide, H. A.; Rubke, M. A.
Year: 1977
Title: Prey, predatory behaviour and the daily cycle of Holopagon wilcoxi (Diptera: Asilidae)
Journal: Pan Pacific Entomologist
Volume: 53
Pages: 277-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, 32% of prey are aphids, Hemiptera, diet, road in a forest, trees, woodland, diurnal cycle of feeding, diel cycle, prey caught on wing Cicadellidae 24%, Psyllidae 16%, Diptera 18%, Hemiptera 17%, species not given, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2568
Author: Heydemann, B.
Title: Organisation of ecosystems in agriculture and their long- term alterations
Journal: ?
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: Transl from Ger. by Game Conservancy
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 255
Author: Heydemann, B.
Year: 1956
Title: Untersuchungen uber die Winteraktivitat von Staphyliniden auf Feldern
Journal: Entomologische Blatter
Volume: 52
Pages: 138-150
Keywords: Ger.
Oxytelus rugosus, Xantholinus linearis, Xantholinus angustatus, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Atheta, Philonthus, Lathrobium
Rep, pitfalls, formalin, fields, winter, activity, Staphylinidae, seasonal, temperature, cold-tolerance, soils, sandy, heavy, mild, damp, cereals, hedge, edge, middle, movement, dispersal, migration, larvae, soil surface, large larvae, small larvae, pigmentation, reductions, cultivation, snow, frosts, Gramineae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, O. rugosus had the longest seasonal activity period of the field living staphylinids, X. linearis is more cold tolerant than X. angustatus, both like sandy soils, more X. linearis caught in winter than summer, T. nitidulus likes sandy soils, T. hypnorum heavy soils, T. chrysomelinus less winter active, Atheta commonest in winter cereals in May- June, seasonal abundance, in winter active Atheta were concentrated near the hedge but not in it, distribution, in December often movement between field edge and middle, large beetle larvae of Philonthus, Xantholinus and Lathrobium move on soil surface in winter, behaviour, smaller larvae move in summer, dark black larvae are an adaptation to winter activity, large larvae more reduced by cultivations than smaller ones, effect of farming operations, Philonthus larvae do not like sandy soils, activity of Staphylinidae may stop briefly in winter for snow or long frosts, but is quickly resumed, can move for a short time at -4C, winteractive staphylinid larvae have no enemies and prefer to be near the hedge


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 669
Author: Heydemann, B.
Year: 1961
Title: Untersuchungen uber die aktivitats - und Besiedlungsdichte bei epigaische n Spinnen
Journal: Verh. d. Dtsch. Zool. Ges.
Pages: 538-556
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, activity, immigration, density, food, Linyphiidae have a high proportion of Collembola as prey, springtails, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3044
Author: Heydemann, B.
Year: 1962
Title: Untersuchungen uber die Aktivitats- und Besiedlungsdichte bei epigaische Spinnen
Journal: Zool. Anz. Suppl.
Volume: 25
Pages: 538-556
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., investigations of the activity and population density of epigaeic spiders, 33 cm x 33cm quadrats, pitfalls, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3826
Author: Hickman, J. M.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Use of Phacelia tanacetifolia (Hydrophyllaceae) as a pollen resource to enhance hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) populations in sweetcorn fields
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 156-167
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, weeds, habitat manipulation, cereals, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, hoverfly abundance, oviposition rates and aphid densities measured in fields with Phacelia around edge compared with control fields, more hoverflies and fewer aphids in Phacelia fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5723
Author: Hickman, J.M.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of Phacelia tanacetifolia strips to enhance biological control of aphids by hoverfly larvae in cereal fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 89(4)
Pages: 832-840
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, Phacelia is a good source of pollen for syrphids, more than 95% of gravid syrphids caught in wheat had pollen in the gut, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, winter wheat, methods, yellow water traps in transects from edge to centre, in one year significantly more syrphid eggs were found in fields with Phacelia edges than in control fields and aphids were later (when large hoverfly larvae were present) reduced to lower levels in fields with Phacelia edges, Phacelia is a North American annual, dominants were Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae, reference that E. balteatus prefers to oviposit on lower leaves and M. corollae on higher, vertical stratification, oviposition behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5136
Author: Hickman, J.M.; Wratten, S.D.; Jepson, P.C.; Frampton, C.M.
Year: 2001
Title: Effect of hunger on yellow water trap catches of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 25-40
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, methods, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, hoverflies were caught in the traps and the amount of pollen in their guts was assessed, traps at crop height caught more hoverflies than those on the ground but hoverflies in the crop traps had less pollen in the gut than those lower down, vertical distribution, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Episyrphus balteatus, Metasyrphus corollae, UK, the high traps were attracting hungry flies, the ratio of those caught to those seen were lower near real flowers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2836
Author: Hieber, C. S.
Year: 1984
Title: Egg predators of the cocoons of the spider Mecynogea lemniscata (Araneae, Araneidae) - rearing and population data
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 67
Issue: 1)
Pages: 176-178
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, shrub layer of deciduous forest in USA, trees, string of 1-10 silk cocoons is hung from horizontal support line, structure, June to August, egg predators Mantispa viridis Neuroptera, Tetrastichus sp., Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, lacewings, in 1981 7.2% parasitism by wasp, in 1982 6.7% by wasp and 2% by lacewing, attack of more than one cocoon in the multiple cocoon strings was rare, all eggs in cocoon devoured, up to 23 Tetrastichus can emerge from one cocoon, phenology, behaviour, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1989
Author: Hieber, C. S.
Year: 1992
Title: The role of spider cocoons in controlling desiccation
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 89
Pages: 442-448
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, weather, microcimate, mortality, population dynamics, lab and field studies of the Argiopidae spiders Mecynogea lemniscata and Argiope aurantia, Araneidae, woodland and field edge, trees, forest, USA, eggs of M. lemniscata stay in cocoon for 9-10 months, removal of eggs had no effect on water loss hatching or moulting success, but did reduce survival of spiderlings at all humidities in lab and field, these spiderlings normally stay a long time overwintering in the cocoon, behaviour, there were no effects at all for A. aurantia, RH's used were 0% 33% 66% 95% at 24-26C, using KOH pellets and saturated salt solutions every 2 weeks, references, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2835
Author: Hieber, C. S.
Year: 1992
Title: Spider cocoons and their suspension systems as barriers to generalist and specialist predators
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 91
Pages: 530-535
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, suspension systems of Mecynogea lemniscata and Argiope aurantia cocoons are barrier to ants but not to birds, Araneidae, Formicidae, Aves, Vertebrata, USA, Tetrastichus sp., Eulophidae, and Neuroptera Mantispidae Mantispa viridis attack cocoons, also Ichneumonidae, Phoridae and Chloropidae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, ants chew holes and remove flocculent silk, put cocoons on ground and in vegetation, also partially removed cocoon covering and relocated the eggs at various distances from the surface of cocoon, suspension lines reduced ant attack, % parasitism, dense cocoon covers reduce access by burrowing larvae eg Mantispa and Diptera, the flocculent silk layer is to distance the eggs from the outer case so that ovipositors of Ichneumonidae etc cannot reach, behaviour, evolution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 536
Author: Higashi, G. A.; Rovner, J. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Post-emergent behaviour of juvenile lycosid spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 3
Pages: 113-119
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, spiderlings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3542
Author: Hight, S. C.; Eikenbary, R. D.; Starks, K. J.
Year: 1972
Title: The greenbug and Lysiphlebus testaceipes
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 205-209
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids increase the number of aphids leaving the plant, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, aphids, Hymenoptera, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, vertical distribution, drop off, fall off, flush off, dislodgement, greenbugs parasitized before the 3rd instar did not mature, but the parasitoids completed development, aphids parasitized in 3rd or later instars matured and reproduced, first and second instars were knocked off the plant by parasitoid ovipositor thrusts, 4th and 5th instars often fell or walked off the plant when approached by the parasitoid, reproductive life of parasitized greenbug was 0-5 days cf 25-30 days for unparasitized, life cycle of parasitoid was 10-14 days, USA, lab study using sorgum plants, parasitized alatae left the plant quicker than apterae, when a parasitoid oviposited and caused an aphid to wriggle there was a chain reaction and then many aphids fell from the plant, 40% of aphids were forced off the plant and 60% crawled back, in field many fallen aphids would die due to high soil temperature, population dynamics, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5470
Author: Hilbeck, A.
Year: 2001
Title: Implications of transgenic, insecticidal plants for insect and plant biodiversity
Journal: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
Volume: 4(1)
Pages: 43-61
Alternate Journal: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
Keywords: Rep., 72% of area of transgenic plants grown is in USA, insects are exposed to Bt toxin in plants for much longer than in sprays, Bacillus thuringiensis, because transgenic plants express the Bt toxin throughout the plant non-target herbivores such as leaf miners, Diptera larvae, thrips, hemipterans and spider mites can be exposed, danger that transgenes could spread from crop plants to wild or weedy relatives and the affect insect biodiversity, risk, exposure, community, pollen feeders could be at risk, specialist natural enemies will be locally reduced because of decline of their target pests, but generalists can switch to other non-target prey, polyphagous predators, effects of Bt-corn on Chrysoperla carnea, lacewing, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, larvae preferred Spodoptera littoralis fed on non-transgenic maize but showed no difference in preference for Rhopalosiphum padi reared on non-transgenic versus transgenic maize, C. carnea larvae eating prey containing Bt maize toxins suffered higher mortality than controls, life history processes, population dynamics, prey preference, prey choice
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4391
Author: Hilbeck, A.; Kennedy, G. G.
Year: 1996
Title: Predators feeding on the Colorado Potato Beetle in insecticide-free plots and insecticide-treated commercial potato fields in Eastern North Carolina
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 6
Pages: 273-282
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Collops, Podisus, Heteroptera, spiders, Araneae, pests, Chrysomelidae, pesticides, USA, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, visual inspection of plants, lab studies involved 8 species of Araneidae, 5 Linyphiidae, 1 Lycosidae, 1 Oxyopidae, 6 Salticidae, 4 Tetragnathidae, 1 Theridiidae, 2 Thomisidae, 1 harvestman and 1 mite species, most of which ate Leptinotarsa decemlineata eggs and larvae, Phalangida, Opiliones, Acari, 13 genera seen to prey on eggs or larvae or both, food, diet, trophic behaviour, including Lebia analis, Collops quadrimaculatus and Calleida decora (Carabidae), ground beetles, Coccinella 7-punctata did not kill eggs or larvae, ladybirds, in the field carabids were seen to attack larvae, small nymphs of Pentatomidae bugs ate eggs and small larvae but Lebia grandis, Polistes and large pentatomid bugs ate large larvae and even adults, Vespidae, wasps, Hymenoptera, lynx spiders and harvestmen ate small larvae in the field, in the lab other spiders preferred small larvae to eggs, Hippodamia convergens adults were frequently observed feeding on eggs in the field, pentatomids included Perillus bioculatus and Podisus maculiventris, predator density was affected by landscape use, e.g. Coleomegilla maculata populations in potato were high if maize fields were nearby, distribution, dispersal, migration, farming mosaics, land use patterns, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2396
Author: Hill, M. O.; Gauch, H. G.
Year: 1980
Title: Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique
Journal: Vegetatio
Volume: 42
Pages: 47-58
Keywords: En.
Rep., statistics, methods, multivariate analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1866
Author: Hill, R. E.; Cappino, D. P.; Mayo, Z. B.
Year: 1978
Title: Insect parasites of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis in Nebraska from 1948- 1976
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 249-253
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, USA, cereals, Gramineae, 5 exotic parasitoids introduced 1948-50, 3 became established, Lydella thompsoni Tachinidae, Diptera, Eriborus terebrans Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, Sympiesis viridula Eulophidae, L.thompsoni not seen since 1965, E.terebrans widespread but low numbers 1975-6, high levels of infection with Nosema pyrausta in some years, Microsporidia, pathogen, insect disease, microbe, Nosema can also affect the parasitoids and may have caused disappearance of L.thompsoni, pathogens attacking parasitoids, classical biological control, Protozoa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5193
Author: Hillebrand, H.; Azovsky, A.I.
Year: 2001
Title: Body size determines the strength of the latitudinal diversity gradient
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 24
Pages: 251-256
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep., latitude, distribution, biogeography, biodiversity, species richness decreases from tropics to poles, data ranging from protozoa to trees were analysed, strength of latitudinal gradient was positively correlated to size of organism, heavy emphasis on own studies of diatoms where the diversity gradient was found to be very weak, hypothesis that results are due to high speciation rate in tropics and limited dispersal
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3053
Author: Hills, O. A.
Year: 1933
Title: A new method for collecting samples of insect populations
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 906-910
Keywords: En.
Rep., sugar beet, arable, USA, beet leafhopper Eutettix tenellus, cylindrical cage on the end of a 4.5 foot pitch fork handle to suddenly set the cage over plants, electric vacuum collector, motorised pooter first used by McGinnis in 1923, run from batteries, methods, suction sampler, Dvac, pests, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, activity, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3841
Author: Hillyard, P.
Year: 1994
Title: The Book of the Spider
Journal: Pimlico, London
Pages: 196 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, book, a spider was first arrival on Krakatoa post explosion, spider grabs the silk with its legs at take off of ballooning, "dangle" take off adds a loop to the line which rises on the air like a balloon, behaviour, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, distribution, gossamer, Martin Lister 1670 observed ballooners high above steeple of York Minster, Darwin recorded ballooners landing on rigging 60 miles from coast of south America, other collections on ships 1000 miles from land and others from aircraft 14000 feet high, height of ballooners, distance travelled, gossamer derived from "goose-summer" an English goose festival associated with fine autumn weather, Japanese "yukimukae" means "ushering in snow", about 500 out of 35000 species can give man a significant bite, now 640 British species, copious quotes from Aristotle, Pliny, Ray, Lister etc, biographical notes of Blackwall, Clerck, Koch, Pickard- Cambridge, Darwin, Simon, Latreille, Bristowe, HRI on page 173


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 342
Author: Hincks, W. D.
Year: 1950
Title: The British species of the genera Pyrrhalta Joannis and Galerucella Crotch (Col., Chrysomelidae)
Journal: J. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 3
Pages: 150-156
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, key, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1727
Author: Hincks, W. D.
Year: 1956
Title: Dermaptera and Orthoptera
Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 1
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1-24
Keywords: En.
Rep., earwigs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, crickets, grasshoppers, bush crickets, cockroaches, classification, taxonomy, structure, keys, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5240
Author: Hindayana, D.; Meyhofer, R.; Scholz, D.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 2001
Title: Intraguild predation among the hoverfly Epidyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera: Syrphidae) and other aphidophagous predators
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 236-246
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, IGP, interactions between natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cecidomyiidae, large individuals were intraguild predators of smaller individuals, eggs and small larvae of hoverflies were eaten by all predators, hoverfly pupae were eaten only by C. carnea larvae, Aphidoletes was eaten by hoverfly larvae, experiments in presence and absence of Acyrthosiphon pisum, small and large laboratory arenas, petri dishes and bean plants
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 240
Author: Hinton, H. E.
Year: 1944
Title: Some general remarks on sub-social beetles, with notes on the biology of the staphylinid, Platystethus arenarius (Fourcroy)
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 19
Pages: 115-128
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, Coleoptera, often found in cow dung, describes oviposition, care of eggs and young in brood chamber, Oxytelus sculpturatus, habits of larvae, pupation, duration of life cycle


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1551
Author: Hintz, S. D.; Schulz, J. T.
Year: 1969
Title: The effect of selected herbicides on cereal aphids under greenhouse conditions
Journal: Proceedings of the North Central Branch Entomological Society of America
Volume: 24
Pages: 114-117
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, USA, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, induced resistance, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, barley, Dicamba, Barban, MCPA, fecundity over 14 days on treated plants, all except one herbicide reduced fecundity, no effect of MCPA on S.avenae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1545
Author: Hinz, B.; Daebeler, F.
Year: 1973
Title: The effect of benomyl on the development of grain aphids
Journal: Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 9
Pages: 337-339
Keywords: pesticides, fungicides, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1713
Author: Hirose, Y.
Year: 1989
Title: Exploration for natural enemies of Thrips palmi in Southeast Asia
Journal: Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Pages: 58 pp
Keywords: Jap. En.summ.
Rep., pests, Thysanoptera, biological control, exploration in Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, 1987-8, food plants of T.palmi, 8 natural enemies in Thailand, egg parasitoids Megaphragma sp., larval parasitoid Ceranisus sp. was most effective natural enemy, predators Bilia sp. very effective, Orius sp., Campylomma sp., Franklinothrips vespiformis, Amblyseius sp., Phytoseius sp., Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Ceranisus can reach 50% parasitism and be associated with decline of T.palmi, it can be disrupted by pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3967
Author: Hirose, Y.
Year: 1994
Title: Determinants of species richness and composition in egg parasitoid assemblages of Lepidoptera
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 19-29
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, number of species of primary egg parasitoids increases with host size, hyperparasitoids are found only on large host eggs, biomass, there is some habitat specificity by parasitoids and can get more species rich communities where habitats form a mosaic, eg in agriculture with interdigitated small fields and areas of natural habitat, landscape ecology, pests, trees, forests, woodland, Trichogramma, Hymenoptera, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1212
Author: Hislop, E. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Methods of droplet production in relation to pesticide deposition and biological efficacy in cereal and the crops
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Brighton, UK
Volume: 2
Pages: 469-477
Keywords: En.
Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2024
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1031
Title: A list of the prey of dung flies (Diptera, Cordyluridae)
Journal: Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Eng.
Volume: 7
Pages: 35-39
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scatophagidae, UK, diet, predation, feeding preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 671
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1930
Title: Spiders and their insect prey
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 5
Pages: 107-110
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2023
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1931
Title: The British species of Asilidae (Diptera) and their prey
Journal: Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Engl.
Volume: 6
Issue: 1930)
Pages: 1-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults are entirely predatory, feeding behaviour, some poison their prey and have extra-oral digestion, 2 species recorded in cereals, Gramineae, several species recorded feeding on Homoptera and aphids, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2025
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1931
Title: The prey of dung flies (Diptera, Cordyluridae)
Journal: Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.
Volume: 6
Pages: 47-49
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scatophagidae, UK, diet, predation, feeding preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2576
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1931
Title: The prey of Coenosia tigrina F
Journal: Proc. Ent Soc Lond
Volume: 6
Pages: 13-15
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1741
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1932
Title: The prey of sawflies (Hym., Tenthredinidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
Volume: 7
Issue: 1)
Pages: 14-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, food, diet, Tenthredella, Tenthredo, Macrophya, Tenthredopsis, Rhogaster, Taxonus can all be predators as adults, prey includes Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1849
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1932
Title: Further records of sawflies and their prey (Hym., Tenthredinidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
Volume: 7
Issue: 2)
Pages: 35-36
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, biological control, predation by Tenthredella, ate Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Plecoptera and aphids on cow parsley, Hemiptera, pests, diet, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2026
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1933
Title: Prey of Scatophaga stercoraria L. (Dipt.: Cordyluridae)
Journal: J. Ent. Soc. S. Engl.
Volume: 1
Pages: 106-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera Scatophagidae, UK, diet, predation, feeding preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2027
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1933
Title: Prey of Scatophaga (Dipt., Cordyluridae)
Journal: J. Ent. Soc. S. Engl.
Volume: 1
Pages: 74-77
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera Scatophagidae, UK, diet, predation, feeding preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2575
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1933
Title: Prey of Coenosia tigrina F. (Dipt., Anthomyiidae)
Journal: J. Ent Soc S. Eng
Volume: 1
Pages: 69-77
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2028
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1934
Title: Notes on predacious Anthomyiidae and Cordyluridae (Dipt.)
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 70
Pages: 185-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera Scatophagidae, UK, diet, predation, feeding preferences, structure of mouthparts of Scatophaga stercoraria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2029
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1934
Title: Predacious Diptera and their prey
Journal: J. Soc. Brit. Ent.
Volume: 1
Pages: 35-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, predation, diet, feeding preferences, none feeding on Hemiptera, habitats not given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 672
Author: Hobby, B. M.
Year: 1940
Title: Spiders and their prey
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 76
Pages: 258-259
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4608
Author: Hobson, K.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 120
Pages: 314-326
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., movement, migration, dispersal, methods, the proportions and composition of stable isotopes (e.g. deuterium) in the bodies of migrating animals may also reflect their area of origin. So far, this approach has been used to infer migration of vertebrates, but there is no reason why it should not also be applied to invertebrate natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4634
Author: Hobson, K.A.; Wassenaar, L.I.; Taylor, O.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Stable isotopes (dD and d13C) are geographic indicators of natal origins of monarch butterflies in eastern North America
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 120(3)
Pages: 397-404
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., methods, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, distribution, Lepidoptera, USA, the authors described the first application of the stable isotope technique to infer migration of an invertebrate. They showed that the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of wing keratin (metabolically inert after eclosion) of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) was  highly correlated with that in their milkweed host plants, which, in turn, was related to stable geographical patterns of deuterium in rainfall. Using these techniques it is possible to determine, approximately, the natal latitude in eastern USA of monarchs collected after a period of migration (e.g. when overwintering in Mexico).  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5037
Author: Hoch, G.; Gschwanter, T.; Schopf, A.
Year: 1999
Title: The gypsy moth and its natural enemies at different population densities in the oak forests of Eastern Austria
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: 22(3)
Pages: 121-128
Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, Lymantria dispar, pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, woodland, four year study, rearing out of eggs larvae and pupae to assess parasitoids and pathogens, disease, natural enemies, biological control, methods, Diptera, Tachinidae, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV, there was a high impact of small mammals on exposed pupae, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Apodemus flavicollis, Calosoma predation accounted for 1-7% of total pupal predation, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4243
Author: Hochberg, M. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Intra-host interactions between a braconid endoparasitoid Apanteles glomeratus, and a baculovirus for larvae of Pieris brassicae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 60
Pages: 51-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, pathogens, survival of parasitoid in GV- infected hosts depended on the relative timing of attack by these natural enemies, granulosis virus, disease, interspecific competition in the host was usually very symmetrical, the virus reduced mean weight of parasitoid brood by 29%, the parasitoid reduced reproductive output of the virus by 28%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4244
Author: Hochberg, M. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Extra-host interactions between a braconid endoparasitoid Apanteles glomeratus, and a baculovirus for larvae of Pieris brassicae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 60
Pages: 65-77
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, pathogens, transmission of the virus by parasitoid adult females was most likely to occur from larvae dead for not more than 24-48 h, dissemination of pathogens, parasitoids accelerate the rate of spread of the GV, dispersal, field experiment on dissemination, percentage parasitism and number of virus-infected cadavers were negatively correlated, the parasitoid seems to be repelled by virus-killed hosts, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4247
Author: Hochberg, M. E.
Year: 1996
Title: An integrative paradigm for the dynamics of monophagous parasitoid-host interactions
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 77
Issue: 3)
Pages: 556-560
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, "the community surrounding tightly coupled host-parasitod interactions cannot be neglected in determining the dynamics of these systems"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4248
Author: Hochberg, M. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Consequences for host population levels of increasing natural enemy species richness in classical biological control
Journal: The American Naturalist
Volume: 147
Issue: 2)
Pages: 307-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., biodiversity, parasitoids, direct interference competition and hyperparasitism between natural enemies can allow the host to attain a higher equilibrium population density, modelling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4245
Author: Hochberg, M. E.; Hassell, M. P.; May, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: The dynamics of host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions
Journal: The American Naturalist
Volume: 135
Issue: 1)
Pages: 74-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., modelling, both natural enemies can coexist with constant, cyclical or chaotic populations, one natural enemy may exclude its competitor, multiple introductions are likely to be a sound strategy for a wide variety of systems, classical biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3997
Author: Hochberg, M. E.; Hawkins, B. A.
Year: 1994
Title: The implications of populations dynamics theory to parasitoid diversity and biological control
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 451-471
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, probabilistic host refuges, where risk of attack depends on density of searching parasitoids, exophytic hosts more likely to be defended from parasitoids by behaviour and chemicals, whereas endophytic hosts use structural refuges, for literature survey of 819 herbivore species the maximum % parasitism tended to increase with parasitoid species richness, low species richness probably indicates good structural refuges, some support for this from a model, population dynamics, biological control, tritrophic interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4161
Author: Hochberg, M. E.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Competition between kingdoms
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 5
Issue: 11)
Pages: 367-371
Keywords: En.
Rep., inter-kingdom competition may be one of the commonest forms of interaction in nature, Diptera and Hymenoptera parasitoids and bacteria, Protozoa, fungi and viruses, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, insect diseases, the parasitoid Apanteles glomerata in Pieris brassicae reduces virus production by 28%, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, parasitoids can be mechanical vectors of pathogens or they can be a "flying hyperdemic needle", but there are few studies to demonstrate that infection is spread via a contaminated ovipositor, amensalism (ie highly assymmetrical interactions) does not appear to be common in pathogen-parasitoid interactions, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4246
Author: Hochberg, M. E.; Waage, J. K.
Year: 1991
Title: A model for the biological control of Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by means of pathogens
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 514-531
Keywords: En.
Rep., beetles, diseases, natural enemies, limitation by a baculovirus, need to consider spatial aspects of disease spread, dissemination of pathogens, Metarhizium anisopliae var majus is a bio-pesticide that kills larvae and breeding adults, this entomogenous fungus significantly reduces larvae but in the model the effect of the fungus on adults leads to eventual elimination of the baculovirus from the system, competition between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4192
Author: Hockland, S. H.; Dawson, G. W.; Griffiths, D. C. Marples B.; Pickett, J. A.; Woodcock, C. M.
Year: 1986
Title: The use of aphid alarm pheromone (E)-beta-farnesene to increase effectiveness of the entomophilic fungus Verticillium lecanii in controlling aphids on chrysanthemums under glass
Journal: In "Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology", Ed. by R.A. Samson, J,M. Vlak and R. Peters, The Foundation of the 4th International Colloquium of Invertebrate Pathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Pages: 252
Keywords: En.
Rep., a glasshouse crop of chrysanthemums was infested with an insecticide-resistant strain of Aphis gossypii, a suspension of V.lecanii was sprayed with hydraulic and electrostatic sprayers then half of the plots were sprayed immediately with synthetic aphid alarm pheromone, aphids, especially alatae moved more in plots where pheromone was applied and this increased the level of infection with V.lecanii, natural enemies, pathogens, microbial insecticides, entomogenous fungi, pests, Hemiptera, greenhouses, protected crops, ornamentals, UK, methods, semiochemicals, behaviour, movement, distribution, dispersal, migration, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2580
Author: Hodek, I.
Title: a collection of papers
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3572
Author: Hodek, I.
Year: 1957
Title: The influence of Aphis sambuci L. as food for Coccinella 7- punctata L. II
Journal: Acta Societatis Entomologicae Bohemiae
Volume: 54
Pages: 10-17
Keywords: Czech, En. summ.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, physiology, this aphid is unsuitable for all development stages of C.7- punctata, larval mortality was caused by aphid toxins rather than failure to eat enough, poisoning, addition to diet of 10 aphids per day of Dorsalis fabae allowed 90% of larvae to pupate, mixed diets, polyphagy, hypothesis that cyanic acid is generated from the aphids after they have fed on Elder Sambucus niger, reproduction, oviposition is hindered by feeding on A.sambuci, but Adalia bipunctata can be reared successfully on A.sambuci


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 893
Author: Hodek, I.
Year: 1966
Title: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects
Journal: Junk, The Hague
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, aphids, predators, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 443
Author: Hodek, I.
Year: 1967
Title: Bionomics and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology.
Volume: 12
Pages: 79-104
Keywords: En.
Review, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 352
Author: Hodek, I.
Year: 1973
Title: Biology of Coccinellidae
Journal: Dr. Junk, The Hague.
Keywords: En.
Rep(GCRILIB), Coleoptera, book, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3593
Author: Hodek, I.
Year: 1993
Title: Habitat and food specificity in aphidophagous predators
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 91-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, trophic behaviour, diet, habitat location, distribution of Coccinellidae in crops, Coleoptera, ladybirds, microclimate preferences, kairomones for Syrphidae and Chrysopidae eg honeydew, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, how Coccinella 7-punctata finds aphids, larvae of C.7-punctata mark habitat with pheromone to avoid wasteful re-searching, prey suitability, defence and escape, effects of prey types on survival, population dynamics, effects of toxins in the prey, poisons, different degrees of prey specificity in Coccinellidae, capture efficiency, foraging, fecundity, reproduction, C.7-punctata lay 66% fewer eggs on diet of Rhopalosiphum padi cf Sitobion avenae, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, development rates and size achieved on different foods, food quality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 439
Author: Hodek, I.; Cerkasov, J.
Year: 1960
Title: Prevention and artificial induction of imaginal diapause in Coccinella 7-punctata
Journal: Nature.
Volume: 187
Pages: 345
Keywords: En.
Rep., Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3138
Author: Hodek, I.; co, authors
Title: Set of papers on coccinellids and other predators
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, reproduction, diapause, dispersal, distribution, movement, searching for food, foraging, prey specificity, trophic behaviour, predation, sampling, rearing, culturing, handling, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, Heteroptera, spiders, Araneae, Carabidae, ground beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 351
Author: Hodek, I.; Iperti, G.; Rolley, F.
Year: 1977
Title: Activation of hibernating Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera) and Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera) and photoperiodic response after diapause
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 21
Pages: 275-286
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1145
Author: Hodek, I.; Norak, K.; Skuhravy, V.; Holman, J.
Year: 1965
Title: The predation of Coccinella septempunctata on Aphis fabae on sugar beet
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 62
Pages: 241-253
Keywords: aphids, pests, arable, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4079
Author: Hodge, M. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Agonistic interactions between female bowl and doily spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae): owner biased outcomes
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 15
Pages: 241-247
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, territoriality, aggression, aggressive behaviour, interference competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4782
Author: Hodge, S.; Vink, C.
Year: 2000
Title: An evaluation of Lycosa hilaris as a bioindicator or organophosphate insecticide contamination
Journal: New Zealand Plant Protection
Volume: 53
Pages: 226-229
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Plant Protection
Keywords: Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, New Zealand, pesticides, beans, Leguminosae, pitfalls, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, Linyphiidae, Opiliones, harvestmen, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, centipedes, abundance
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4815
Author: Hodge, S.; Wratten, S.D.; Smith, J.; Thomas, M.; Frampton, C.
Year: 1999
Title: The role of leaf wounding and an epigeal predator on caterpillar damage to tomato plants
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 134
Pages: 137-141
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., Megadromus antarcticus, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Spodoptera litura, food, diet, trophic behaviour, New Zealand, presence of the non-climbing carabid M. antarcticus increased pest mortality and decreased leaf damage on tomato. Tri-trophic interactions not apparent, glasshouse, protected crops, protected edible crops, beetles must have eaten caterpillars that left the plant or fell off, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, vertical dispersal, movement, the carabid is a potential biocontrol agent in glasshouse crops but needs evaluation in more realistic commercial conditions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3120
Author: Hodgson, D. J.; Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Novel crops in cereal fields: habitat refuges for arthropod natural enemies
Journal: Proc. 46th N.Z. Plant Protection Conf.
Pages: 329-333
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Phacelia, buckwheat, quinoa, coriander, pitfall, sweeping, quinoa provided early ground cover for ground- dwelling predators and parasitoids, plant-dwellers were attracted to coriander and buckwheat, methods, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, New Zealand, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5337
Author: Hodkinson, I.D.; Coulson, S.J.; Harrison, J.; Webb, N.R.
Year: 2001
Title: What a wonderful web they weave: spiders, nutrient capture and early ecosystem development in the high Arctic - some counter-intuitive ideas on community assembly
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 95(2)
Pages: 349-352
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders are earliest colonisers of moraine habitats near glaciers in Spitzbergen, Svalbard, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, ballooning, aeronauts, colonists, their density is related to allochthonous inputs of prey such as Chironomidae, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, the bodies of trapped insects supply nitrogen and phosphorus to this nutrient-poor ecosystem, high densities of spiders may increase capture and retention rates of these nutrients, malaise traps, methods, Linyphiidae (juveniles and adults of up to four species) were abundant from the earliest stages of glacial retreat, number of spiders in pitfalls was significantly positively correlated with chironomid abundance at 5 sites at a range of distances (up to 1.5 km) out from the glacier, the functional significance of spiders in the Arctic is poorly researched, reference that spider density on Svalbard ranges from 20 - 100 m-2
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 438
Author: Hoebeke, E. R.; Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1980
Title: New distribution records of Coccinella septempunctata L. in the eastern United States (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Coleopterists' Bulletin.
Volume: 34
Pages: 209-212
Keywords: En.
Beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2908
Author: Hoelzel, A. R.
Year: 1992
Title: Molecular genetic analysis of populations: a practical approach
Journal: IRL Press
Pages: 334 pp
Keywords: En.
methods, DNA, migration markers, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3968
Author: Hoffmeister, T. S.; Vidal, S.
Year: 1994
Title: The diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 47-76
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, 195 species of parasitoids, total species richness of parasitoid complexes showed no relationship with any variables measured, but species richness within guilds was influenced by the host's feeding site, the parasitoid feeding niche (monophagous, oligophagous or polyphagous), and taxonomic status, the guilds concerned are idiobiont and koinobiont larval parasitoids and puparium parasitoids, trees, woodland, forest, orchard, top fruit, pests, biological control, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2279
Author: Hogg, D. B.; Nordheim, E. V.
Year: 1983
Title: Age-specific survivorship analysis of Heliothis spp. populations on cotton
Journal: Res. Popul. Ecol.
Volume: 25
Pages: 280-297
Keywords: En.
Lepidoptera, pest, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2295
Author: Hogstad, O.
Year: 1984
Title: Variation in numbers, territoriality and flock size of a Goldcrest, Regulus regulus, population in winter
Journal: Ibis
Volume: 126
Pages: 296-306
Keywords: En.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, predation by birds on spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5749
Author: Hoitink, H.A.J.; Krause, M.S.; Han, D.Y.
Year: 2001
Title: Spectrum and mechanisms of plant disease control with composts
Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 263-273
Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: Rep., composts can be as effective as fungicides for control of Phytophthora root rots, pathogens, composts have  replaced methyl bromide in USA ornamentals industry, horticulture, pesticides, some composts are also effective against Rhizoctonia and Fusarium, powdery mildew may be reduced,  the high temperature phase of composting kills seeds and plant pathogens but also kills beneficial microorganisms, biocontrol microorganisms reinvade the cooling compost (during curing), general and specific suppression of disease by biocontrol microorganisms, controlled inoculation of composts with biocontrol microorganisms is a promising approach but requires more research, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium balustinum, Pseudomonas spp., Streptomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2448
Author: Hokkanen, H.; Holopainen, J. K.
Year: 1986
Title: Carabid species and activity densities in biologically and conventionally managed cabbage fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 102
Pages: 353-363
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2784
Author: Hokkanen, H. M. T.
Year: 1989
Title: Biological and agrotechnical control of the rape blossom beetle Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae)
Journal: Acta Entomologica Fennica
Volume: 53
Pages: 25-29
Keywords: En.
Rep., Finland 1980's, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Phradis morionellus Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera, Diospilus capito Braconidae, parasitism increased from 10% to 30-60% by habitat management i.e. reduced insecticides, pesticides, trap crops, methods, cultural control, integrated control, farming practices, pathogens Nosema meligethii, Microsporidia, Protozoa, Beaveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces, fungal pathogens, microbes, insect diseases, plough and harrow kills 75% of parasitoids but the beetles overwinter in the woods and escape, fallowing or direct drilling will help the parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5724
Author: Holland, J.; Birkett, T.; Begbie, M.; Southway, S.; Thomas, C.F.G.
Year: 2003
Title: The spatial dynamics of predatory arthropods and the importance of crop and adjacent margin habitats
Journal: In "Landscape Management for Functional Biodiversity" Ed. by W.A.H. Rossing, H.M. Poehling and G. Burgio, IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 65-70
Alternate Journal: In "Landscape Management for Functional Biodiversity" Ed. by W.A.H. Rossing, H.M. Poehling and G. Burgio, IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, habitat diversification, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, grid of pitfalls in June and July, some fields surrounded by 24 m wide set-aside strips with kale, millet, Phacelia, quinoa, triticale, sunflowers and clover, Gramineae, Leguminosae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, SADIE, predator distribution was aggregated, predators were more abundant in pea fields than in cereals (confirmed by mark-recapture), density, dominant carabids were Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus, aggregations near edges in June but throughout field in July, mark-recapture studies showed that spatial pattern of P. melanarius remained fairly static through summer, predator abundance was strongly positively related to weed cover, significantly more (8%) predators caught in crops next to set-aside strips than in fields without strips, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5985
Author: Holland, J.; Fahrig, L.
Year: 2000
Title: Effect of woody borders on insect density and diversity in crop fields
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 78
Pages: 115-122
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., alfalfa, Leguminosae, woodland, forest, trees, landscape, overall insect abundance in fields was not affected by proportion of woody borders in the landscape but there was a significant positive effect on family richness, biodiversity, methods, Canada, sweeping, sweep net, landscape maps from aerial photographs, 105,032 insects identified over two years, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, weevils, Curculionidae, Hypera postica, emphasis on herbivores, no family details given, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3724
Author: Holland, J. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Progress towards integrated arable farming research in western Europe
Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Volume: 6
Pages: 17-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, IPM, integrated farming systems, Phacelia, Nagele, Lautenbach, IFS, LIFE, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, tables comparing schemes in different countries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3846
Author: Holland, J. M.
Year: 1994
Title: A Maff-Link Project - Integrated Farming Systems
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 237-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, IPM, IFS, 5 course rotation, 6 year experiment, 6 sites, five fields per site, split fields half under conventional farm practice and half under IFS, treatments and research programme described


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4389
Author: Holland, J. M.
Year: 1997
Title: Impact of integrated farming husbandry practices on cereal pests and yield
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology "Optimising Cereal Inputs: Its Scientific Basis"
Volume: 50
Pages: 305-311
Keywords: En.
Rep., winter wheat, Gramineae, Hampshire, UK, integrated farming systems compared with conventional farm practice, IFS given less nitrogen and pesticide and crops were sown later, in situ aphid counts, orange wheat blossom midge pupae numbers from soil cores, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Sitodiplosis mosselana, Hemiptera, cereal aphids reached higher numbers on later-drilled crops but midge numbers were sometimes less, yields were 0.7 t ha-1 in later- drilled crops, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5147
Author: Holland, J.M.
Year: 1998
Title: The effectiveness of exclusion barriers for polyphagous predatory arthropods in wheat
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 88
Pages: 305-310
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., methods, UK, vertical polythene exclusion barriers to enclose plots that are trapped out using pitfall traps, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, fenced pitfalls, showed that the techniques were effective for reducing Carabidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae by 62-77%, Staphylinidae were reduced by 32% but Philonthus were an exception (82%), spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 1994-1996, Tables listing about  25 species and percentage reductions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5490
Author: Holland, J.M.
Year: 2002
Title: Carabid beetles: their ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 1-40
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, 32561 species in 1859 genera, biodiversity, species richness, sampling techniques, methods, pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, photoeclectors, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dvac, voltinism, most are univoltine, life cycle, breeding period and environmental preferences summarised in a table for 15 species, population dynamics, population regulation, larval mortality, hibernation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel activity cycles, diurnal, nocturnal, pathogens parasitism and predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, entomopathogenic fungi nematodes, viruses and bacteria, Vertebrata  predators of carabids, development and reproduction, food quality, food availability, cannibalism, competition, intraguild predation, IGP, pests, biological control, table of carabids in the diet of 35 bird species, Aves, Mammalia, bats, hedgehogs, shrews, mice, moles, Amphibia, Reptilia, frogs, salamanders, lizards, long-term changes in carabid abundance and diversity, declines in Sussex fields monitored since 1970
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5807
Author: Holland, J.M.; Begbie, M.; Birkett, T.; Reynolds, C.J.M.; Thomas, C.F.G.
Year: 2001
Title: The influence of hedgerows on coleopteran distributions: results from a multi-field sampling study.
Journal: In "Hedgerows of the world: their ecological functions in different landscapes" eds C. Barr & S. Petit, IALE, UK
Pages: 177-186
Alternate Journal: In "Hedgerows of the world: their ecological functions in different landscapes" eds C. Barr & S. Petit, IALE, UK
Keywords: Rep., distribution of Coleoptera across 66 ha of arable land (6 fields and boundaries), UK, methods, pitfalls, GIS, SADIE, winter wheat, winter barley, peas, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, ground beetles were significantly aggregated, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, patches of greatest carabid diversity were near field boundaries, species richness, biodiversity, Bembidion lampros mostly associated with edges, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Philonthus cognatus, (=Philonthus fuscipennis), Pterostichus madidus was static and mainly confined to field boundaries,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5808
Author: Holland, J.M.; Begbie, M.; Birkett, T.; Reynolds, C.J.M.; Thomas, C.F.G.
Year: 2002
Title: The distribution of carabid beetles across the arable landscape: results from a 70 ha sampling study
Journal: In "How to protect or what we know about Carabid Beetles" eds J. Szyszko, P.J. den Boer & T. Bauer, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw, Poland
Pages: 117-131
Alternate Journal: In "How to protect or what we know about Carabid Beetles" eds J. Szyszko, P.J. den Boer & T. Bauer, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw, Poland
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls, movement studied using mark-recapture, migration, dispersal, methods, UK, SADIE, study area of 70 ha with six fields hedgerows and grassy banks, Gramineae, grassland, cereals, winter wheat, winter barley, beetle elytra marked with a drill, 7% of Pterostichus madidus crossed three hedgerows, barriers to dispersal, P. madidus was more dispersive than Pterostichus melanarius, including through hedges but aggregation patch patterns of P. madidus were fairly static, peas, Leguminosae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3457
Author: Holland, J. M.; Frampton, G. K.; Cilgi, T.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Arable acronyms analysed - a review of integrated arable farming systems research in Western Europe
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 125
Pages: 399-438
Keywords: En.
Rep., IPM, Integrated Pest Management, farming practices, methods, Integrated Farming Systems, agricultural statistics, key references to Boxworth, SCARAB, TALISMAN, RISC, LIFE, LINKIFS, Leaf, Lautenbach, INTEX, Negele, Third Way, French IFS, UK, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, France, in Boxworth project carabids spiders and springtails took years to recover after pesticide pressure reduced, Coleoptera, Collembola, Araneae, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, arable, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate eliminated some carabids and springtails in SCARAB, organophosphorus insecticides, RISC concerns mainly economic aspects, weed control in LIFE is mechanical plus low dose herbicide, reduced dosage, LIFE gave 16% higher profit cf conventional farming and polyphagous predators abundance increased, profitability, gross margins, rotations, LINK-IFS began 1992 with split-field design, methods, LEAF = linking environment and farming, LEAF began 1991 funded by European Crop Protection Industry, Lautenbach project reported more profitability in IFS and increased Collembola, ganasid mites, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, Acari, predatory mites, Gamasidae, rove beetles, INTEX began 1989 by University of Gottingen to compare conventional, integrated, reduced and extensive, Nagele in Netherlands started 1977 and compared conventional, integrated and organic, Third Way Project Switzerland at Swiss Technical College of Agriculture looking at integrated farming, French comparing conventional and integrated, the results varied between crops and sites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5498
Author: Holland, J.M.; Frampton, G.K.; Van den Brink, P.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Carabids as indicators within temperate arable farming systems: implications from SCARAB and LINK integrated farming systems projects
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 251-277
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, bioindicators of the effects of farming practices, carabids are not representative of all functional groups, a quarter of all temperate carabid species reside predominantly in arable or managed grassland areas, Gramineae, pesticides, pitfalls, methods, LINK 1992-97, 6 farms across UK, split fields comparing conventional farming and reduced inputs or integrated methods (plant resistance, cultural control, field margin manipulation etc), five course rotation of cereals and break crops plus set-aside, 19 carabid, 12 staphylinid and 8 linyphiid taxa were identified, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, various analyses including multivariate, Principal Response Curves analysis (PRC) for community response, of 241,666 invertebrates from LINK 50% were carabids, 18% staphylinids and 32% spiders, five species accounted for 73% of carabids caught, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Nebria brevicollis, Amara spp., some species were caught in larger numbers under conventional farming, others under integrated, overall more species favoured integrated, PRC in general showed no differences between integrated and conventional, overall largest differences in abundance and diversity of carabids were between sites and years, followed by crops and the least effect was due to farming system, SCARAB on 3 farms (8 split fields total), pitfalls caught mainly Trechus quadristriatus and Bembidion spp., multivariate analyses showed ling-term decline of Collembola (suction samples) in conventional compared with reduced-pesticide areas, Dvac, vacuum insect net, arthropods including carabids declined in conventional compared to reduced - pesticide areas and especially strongly after application of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, changes in species composition of carabids lasted only a year but those of Collembola lasted much longer, discussion of limitations versus convenience of pitfall trapping in extensive long-term studies, carabids are not appropriate as early warning indicators of pesticide effects, carabids plus Collembola could be monitored to indicate overall effects of agroecosystem management on invertebrate communities
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3465
Author: Holland, J. M.; Hewitt, M. V.; Drysdale, A. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Predator populations and the influence of crop type and preliminary inpact of integrated farming systems
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 217-224
Keywords: En.
Rep., pitfalls, in first year no differences between IFS and conventional in catch of polyphagous predators, farming practices, 3 sites UK, Midlothian Scotland, Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, 19 taxa Carabidae, 13 taxa Staphylinidae, 8 taxa Linyphiidae common, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, winter wheat, spring barley, winter barley, winter oilseed rape, peas, total predators in 1992 greatest in WOSR, 3 times greater in WW2 than WW1 and 14 times greater in SB than WB, potatoes, spring wheat, set- aside, linseed, potatoes was a poor crop for predators, arable, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, natural enemies, rotations, crops, years, fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5098
Author: Holland, J.M.; Luff, M.L.
Year: 2000
Title: The effects of agricultural practices on Carabidae in temperate agroecosystems
Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews
Volume: 5
Pages: 109-129
Alternate Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spermophagous species, species assemblages, community, often a few species comprise >80% of the total, species composition, dominants, abundance, many arable crops have about 30 species dominated by about 10 species, carabids as environmental indicators, agricultural carabids are thought to derive from forest and steppe habitats, in Europe most are univoltine, life history characteristics (Table for 11 species), overwintering, migration between field and field edges, distribution, dispersal, movement, soil moisture can be very important in deciding which species are present, carabid fauna can differ with crop type probably because of the associated farming practices, Table of which species favour spring versus winter crops for 47 species, intercropping and undersowing, soil cultivation, disturbance eliminates the large beetles from the assemblage, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides are not usually directly toxic but can affect carabids by reducing their food supply, factors to take into account when considering risk from pesticides, re-invasion across a 16ha sprayed field can occur within a month, landscape level effects of spraying from computer simulations, models, Game Conservancy long-term monitoring in Sussex, fertilisers, organic manures and composts may favour carabids by influencing microclimate and food availability, farming systems, pitfalls, methods, Table of relative benefits of integrated, organic or biodynamic farming systems for 24 species, integrated was not as good as organic or biodynamic, differences were attributable mainly to differences in crop rotation, effects of non-crop habitats, over 400 species are associated with arable farmland, beetle banks, predation on aphids is greater near to a beetle bank, landscape metapopulations of several ha straddling field boundaries, but individuals may establish small foraging areas and stay there unless food becomes scarce, boundaries such as hedges roads and ditches can significantly inhibit carabid dispersal, there is some evidence for a long-term decline of carabid abundance and diversity in farmland, species with poor dispersal capacity have declined most
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4742
Author: Holland, J.M.; Perry, J.N.; Winder, L.
Year: 1999
Title: The within-field spatial and temporal distribution of arthropods in winter wheat
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 89
Pages: 499-513
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., UK, Dorset, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration. Organic winter wheat fields 1996-7. Four grids of pitfalls at spacings of 30 m, 7.5 m and 1.5 m. Comparison of a 4 ha and 16 ha field. SADIE, methods, immature Linyphiidae not counted, spiders, Araneae. Amara spp., Bembidion lampros, Carabidae and Lycosidae were mainly within 60 m of field edge, Nebria brevicollis and Pterostichus madidus occupied patches 1-2 ha in area. Linyphiidae were homogeneously distributed. Collembola were clustered to some extent. Lycosidae and seed-eating Carabidae were positively correlated with weed cover. 25 - 36 units needed for SADIE. Grid size should be chosen according the species under investigation. Reference to Brust (1990) that carabids may forage at limited distances from burrows, foraging behaviour. Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5644
Author: Holland, J.M.; Reynolds, C.J.M.
Year: 2003
Title: The impact of soil cultivation on arthropod (Coleoptera and Araneae) emergence on arable land
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 47
Pages: 181-191
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Sussex, UK, farming practices, spiders, ground beetles, Carabidae, weevils, Curculionidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, methods, emergence traps (two pitfalls in 1m2 wood fenced enclosure covered with mesh, winter wheat stubble left as set-aside, Italian rye-grass undersown with spring barley, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, treatments were spring-plough, winter-plough and not ploughed, with or without horticultural fleece frost protection, 20 carabid species caught, dominants were Nebria brevicollis, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus madidus, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, dominant staphylinids were Anotylus spp., small staphylinid species not included because they could pass through the mesh, species composition, spiders were mainly Linyphiidae and some Lycosidae, more weevils caught in winter ploughed than unploughed, 6 carabid species and the spiders were reduced by ploughing but more Notiophilus biguttatus were caught in ploughed, fewer Bembidion lampros were caught in fleece-covered plots, species list, phenology of emergence varied between treatments, abundance, density, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5134
Author: Holland, J.M.; Smith, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Capture efficiency of fenced pitfall traps for predatory arthropods within a cereal crop
Journal: In "New Studies in Ecotoxicology", eds P.T. Haskell and P.K. McEwen, The Welsh Pest Management Forum, Cardiff, UK
Pages: 34-36
Alternate Journal: In "New Studies in Ecotoxicology", eds P.T. Haskell and P.K. McEwen, The Welsh Pest Management Forum, Cardiff, UK
Keywords: Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, each pitfall was in a 0.5 x 0.5 m fenced area covered with muslin, 24 fenced pitfalls in a spring barley field, beetles were collected from surrounding habitat and marked with Tippex with a unique code, they were released into the fenced pitfall areas and their capture rates recorded over a two week period, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, most beetles were captured in the first day and others up to day nine, capture rates were reduced under hot dry conditions, capture efficiency was >80% for large species such as Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes and Nebria brevicollis, and lower for small species such as Bembidion obtusum, beetle density or crop density did not affect capture efficiency
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5135
Author: Holland, J.M.; Smith, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Sampling epigeal arthropods: an evaluation of fenced pitfall traps using mark-release-recapture and comparisons to unfenced pitfall traps in arable crops
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 91
Pages: 347-357
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., most beetles were recaptured within 1 week of release, recapture rates were >70% and higher rates for larger species, species composition in fenced pitfalls was different from that in unfenced pitfalls (but not greatly for most taxa) in winter wheat and spring barley, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, cereals, Gramineae, abundance, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, spiders, Linyphiidae, Araneae, fenced pitfalls are more suitable than unfenced pitfalls in studies where beetle activity may vary during the study, movement, migration, dispersal, distribution, density
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4294
Author: Holland, J. M.; Thomas, S. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal pests and in preventing quantity and quality reductions
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1996, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 629-634
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, Diptera, cereals, Gramineae, LINK IFS Project, total of 4 plots of 5 ha in two Hampshire winter wheat fields in 1995, one plot per field managed conventionally and the other as an Integrated Farming System, there were 5 predator reduction areas and 5 control areas per plot, polythene exclusion barriers around 8 x 8 m predator reduction areas, methods, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, density of pupae of orange wheat blossom midge from soil cores, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Cecidomyiidae, 88% fewer ground beetles caught in pitfalls in enclosed areas, 43% fewer rove beetles and 74% fewer spiders, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Sitobion avenae exceeded the economic threshold in all plots, but with varied timing, aphid numbers were 8-31% greater in predator reduced plots, number of midge per ear was greatest in conventional plots, number of midge pupae did not differ in March, but in July there were significantly more in predator reduced plots especially in conventional, few consistent differences in grain yield and quality, the long hot dry period probably discouraged predators, temperature, humidity, rainfall, weather, later- sown plots had higher infestations which increased slowly and were reduced by predators, sowing date, farming practices, aphid phenology, aphid populations did not reach the threshold until the end of the period when spraying is recommended, crop damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4368
Author: Holland, J. M.; Thomas, S. R.
Year: 1997
Title: Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal aphids and in preventing wheat yield and quality reductions
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 131
Pages: 375-397
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, damage, exclusion barriers, in 1995 exclusion of predators led to 31% aphid increase (130 aphid days) but the number of tillers infested was not reduced, later-drilled crops were more susceptible to aphids, sowing date, aphids rarely affected yield but did affect quality, reducing polyphagous predators had no effect on grain yield or quality, 1995 and 1996, integrated farming system cf conventional farm practice, pitfalls and fenced pitfalls for predator monitoring, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus spp., Pterostichus melanarius, Tachyporus spp., Oedothorax spp., Erigone spp., data suggests that polyphagous predator species composition as well as density may be an important component of the aphid-predator relationship


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4781
Author: Holland, J.M.; Thomas, S.R.
Year: 1997
Title: Assessing the role of beneficial invertebrates in conventional and integrated farming systems during an outbreak of Sitobion avenae
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 15(1-4)
Pages: 73-82
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, methods, exclusion barriers, predator exclusion, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, gut dissection, food, diet, trophic behaviour, aphid populations were not significantly increased in plots where predators were reduced, 1.5 fewer aphids per tiller in integrated compared with conventional, no difference in grain yield, damage, predators did not prevent a late-season aphid outbreak, impact. Pitfalls, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles. Significantly more aphids consumed by males than females of Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus. Sex-related differences in prey consumption. Plant material, Collembola and other arthropods were also eaten. Fewer females consumed aphids in enclosed areas than in control areas. 4% of females and 17-30% of males had empty crops and there were no differences between enclosed and control. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5119
Author: Holland, J.M.; Thomas, S.R.
Year: 2000
Title: Do polyphagous predators help control orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat ?
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 124
Pages: 325-329
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Diptera, comparison of integrated and conventional farming systems, agricultural practices, split fields in two years, barrier pitfalls, soil cores, emergence traps, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, predators reduced by pitfalls within plastic barriered predator exclusion plots, fenced pitfalls to estimate density, abundance, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, natural enemies, biological control, in 1995 there were more S. mosellana in enclosed than control but not significantly so, there were significantly more in conventional than integrated plots, there were no differences in 1996, adult midges may have moved between plots and obscured treatment differences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3218
Author: Holland, J. M.; Thomas, S. R.; Courts, S.
Year: 1994
Title: Phacelia tanacetifolia flower strips as a component of integrated farming
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 215-220
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Syrphidae fed on Phacelia pollen and moved up to 100 m into the field, fecundity not affected, more Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Proctotrupoidea and Platypalpus species in IFS plots but less Chalcidoidea, aphid abundance unaffected by syrphid distribution, Diptera, Hymenoptera, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4296
Author: Holland, J. M.; Thomas, S. R.; Hewett, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Some effects of polyphagous predators on an outbreak of cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) and orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellans Gehin)
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment
Volume: 59
Pages: 181-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, cereals, Gramineae, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Hemiptera, methods, reference that spiders eat adult midge, LINK Integrated Farming Systems (IFS), 3 fields of winter wheat in 1994, polythene exclusion barriers in IFS and Conventional Farm Practice (CFP), 50m from boundary, 13 pitfalls per 8 x 8m exclusion area, gut dissection of Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus, Dvac, Dietrick vacuum insect net, suction sampling, in situ aphid counting, direct visual observation, ground beetles were reduced by 85-95% in pitfalls in enclosed areas, rove beetles by 32-43%, Linyphiidae by 64-69%, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, no difference between enclosed and control for % P. melanarius containing aphid remains, food, diet, trophic behaviour, more P. madidus had eaten aphids in controls, peak aphid numbers were higher in enclosed in CFP but reverse for IFS, there was a trend towards fewer aphids in IFS, economic threshold was exceeded on 5 July, number of mummies was similar in enclosed and controls, parasitoids, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, % ears infested with midge was greater in enclosed in IFS but reverse in CFP, few differences in grain yield and quality, but there was a trend towards lower quality in enclosed plots, crop damage, farming practice, aphids increased from 2 to 7 per tiller over a week of warm weather, temperature, this increase rate could be too fast for control by polyphagous predators which may have hidden in hot dry weather, 2/164 Pterostichus had eaten adult midges


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4909
Author: Holland, J.M.; Thomas, S.R.; Hewitt, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Some effects of polyphagous predators on an outbreak of cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) and orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin)
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 59
Pages: 181-190
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, biological control, conventional farm practice compared with integrated farming, farming practices, predator exclusion barriers, methods, exclosure, barriers reduced predator catch by 85%, abundance, no significant difference in aphid density between reduced-predator plots and controls in 1994, it was a late aphid infestation that did not reduce grain dry weight, damage, yield, number of midge larvae per ear did not differ between enclosed and control but were 17% lower in IFS, there was a trend towards poorer grain quality in enclosed areas. Winter wheat, pitfalls, gut dissection, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, tiller counts for aphids, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, no significant difference in the numbers of Pterostichus melanarius that contained aphid remains between enclosed and control plots, more males than females had empty guts, significantly more Pterostichus madidus had eaten aphids in control areas, percentage containing aphid remains ranged from 0 to 54%. During a hot dry windless period aphids probably developed too rapidly and did not fall off plants sufficiently for predators to exert an effect, aphid dislodgement, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5695
Author: Holland, J.M.; Winder, L.; Perry, J.N.
Year: 1999
Title: Arthropod prey of farmland birds: their spatial distribution within a sprayed field with and without buffer zones
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 53-60
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, UK, Gramineae, methods, pitfalls, reinvasion after dimethoate, pesticides, insecticides, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, SADIE, abundance of arthropods known to be consumed by farland birds was greatest within 60 m of edge and reinvasion greater adjacent to buffer zones, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Vertebrata, Aves, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, management practices, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4759
Author: Holland, J.M.; Winder, L.; Perry, J.N.
Year: 2000
Title: The impact of dimethoate on the spatial distribution of beneficial arthropods in winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 136
Pages: 93-105
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, organo-phosphorus pesticides, non-target effects of insecticides, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, ballooning, aerial dispersal. Grids of pitfall traps and suction sampling, Dvac, vacuum insect net, methods, SADIE. Pterostichus madidus recovered most at field edges by 34 days post-spray, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles. The limited recovery by Linyphiidae was evenly across fields suggesting aerial immigration, spiders, Araneae. Aphidius did not recover after spraying. A 6m buffer zone at the edge of one field seemed to aid re-invasion rates. Amara spp., Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus, Tachyporus spp. and Collembola underwent only a moderate decline after spraying, rove beetles, Staphylinidae. Prior to spraying, the Linyphiidae (not identified) were significantly clustered into patches and gaps in the large field but not the small field.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3335
Author: Holldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O.
Year: 1990
Title: The Ants
Journal: Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Keywords: En.
some ants specialize as predators of spiders eggs or centipedes, some ants show the phenomenon of "Ortstreue" where individual workers return repeatedly to the same foraging area as long as they are rewarded with food, there is visual and olfactory learning that can persist for months, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, predator-prey encounters, diet, predation, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4168
Author: Holler, C.
Year: 1991
Title: Movement away from the feeding site in parasitized aphids: host suicide or an attempt by the parasitoid to escape hyperparasitism ?
Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 45-49
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour of moribund pests, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, quotes Volkl 1990 that Lysiphlebus cardui developing in Aphis fabae remain at the original feeding site until death of the host, aphids collected from German cereals and observed in lab at 16C, Gramineae, Germany, Toxares deltiger and Ephedrus plagiator caused the highest leaving rates cf Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Aphidius picipes, Praon gallicum and Aphelinus varipes, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae, leaving rates and parasitoid development times were significantly positively correlated, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion fragariae, the hyperparasitoids Phaenoglyphis villosa and Alloxysta victrix did not seem to affect leaving rates, the data support the hypothesis that causing the host to leave the feeding site is advantageous to parasitoids with relatively long development times, this was true for interspecific parasitoid comparisons, and also intraspecific for the same parasitoid species attacking different host species, this suggests that the reason is not host suicide but the need to shelter from hyperparasitoids and bad weather, parasitoids that are chemically protected from hyperparasitoids or are protected by ants have very low host leaving rates, Formicidae, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2399
Author: Holler, C.; Borgemeister, C.; Haardt, H.; Powell, W.
Year: 1993
Title: The relationship between primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of cereal aphids: an analysis of field data
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 12-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1985-9, 14 species parasitoids, 18 hyperparasitoids, 5 commonest hyperparasitoids attacked 5 commonest parasitoids which attacked mainly Sitobion avenae, parasitism never exceeded 33% but hyperparasitism often reached 100% at end of season, low rates of parasitism not attributable to high rates of hyperparasitism, there is some evidence that parasitoids vacate areas with high numbers of hyperparasitoids, Germany, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, movement, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3682
Author: Holliday, N. J.; Hagley, E. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Distribution and density of carabid beetles in a pest managememt orchard
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 111
Pages: 757-770
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trees, top fruit, Canada, soil cores, pitfalls, in late summer larvae are subterranean as are adults of Bradycellus rupestris and Amara spp., vertical distribution, vertical stratification, burrowing into soil, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, total carabid density highest at 289.1 m-2 in late summer and lowest in winter, abundance, phenology, carabid density greatest in rhizosphere of cover crop, roots, few beetles below 30 cm, in August density greatest close to trees rather than between them, horizontal distribution, more larvae to south than to north of trees, 1975-77, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, microclimate, mean density of adults in September 1976 was 19-129 m-2 and of larvae 4-50 m-2, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, gives total carabid densities at various depths 1975-77, radioactive labelled Pterostichus melanarius burrowed into soil during the day, diel cycles, methods, overwintering and frozen soil, abundance, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 9
Author: Holliday, N. J.; Hagley, E. A. C.
Year: 1978
Title: Occurrence and activity of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a pest management apple orchard
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 110
Pages: 113-119
Keywords: Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara
Flight, dispersal, walking, immatures


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2376
Author: Holliday, N. J.; Hagley, E. A. C.
Year: 1984
Title: The effect of sod type on the occurrence of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a pest management orchard
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 165-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, methods, grassland, natural fescue and rye sod types, before and after sampling using pitfalls and two types of soil sampling, carabids least in tilled sod in soil samples but no difference for pitfalls, diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3683
Author: Holliday, N. J.; Hagley, E. A. C.
Year: 1984
Title: The effect of sod type on the occurrence of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a pest management apple orchard
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 165-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, Canada, pitfalls, grass, Gramineae, soil samples, density greater in natural sod than in tilled plots, farm practices, intermediate in fescue and ryegrass sods, no tillage done in natural sod plots which had various weeds and grasses including knotgrass, clover, dandelion, chickweed, Leguminosae, Compositae, Polygonum, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus affinis, no significant effect of sod type on pitfall catch, 18-30 species in pitfalls depending on plot and year, authors suggest that activity decreases as density increases and this gives fairly constant pitfall catch, methods, dispersal, movement, behaviour, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4163
Author: Holling, C. S.
Year: 1955
Title: The selection by certain small mammals of dead, parasitized and healthy prepupae of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 33
Pages: 404-419
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, Symphyta, pests, trees, woodland, forests, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Vertebrata, Mammalia, natural enemies of natural enemies, deer mouse Peromyscus, and shrews Sorex and Blarina, pine forest in Canada, conifers, compared healthy N.sertifer prepupae and those attacked by fungus or parasitoids, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, insect diseases, pupae were X-rayed first to establish which category they were in, methods, experiments with caged animals and analysis of cocoons collected from the forest floor, all the mammals opened more healthy cocoons than fungal infected ones, in field and lab Sorex opened more healthy than parasitised cocoons, the reverse was true for Blarina, Peromyscus opened equal numbers of parasitised and healthy, selection occurred during digging, removing, opening and eating phases of the behaviour and was a mixture of innate and learnt behaviour, predation of moribund pests, trophic behaviour, food, diet, prey preference, prey selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4454
Author: Hollingsworth, R. G.; Steinkraus, D. C.; McNew, R. W.
Year: 1995
Title: Sampling to predict fungal epizootics in cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1414-1421
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, Aphis gossypii populations began to decline in USA cotton when the % infected by fungus was c. 15%, declines were more rapid in fields with higher initial aphid densities, during the early stages of epizootics the % infected was greater on leaves 6 nodes below terminals than 1-2 leaves below terminals, vertical distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 675
Author: Holm, A.
Year: 1937
Title: Notes on the spider fauna of East Greenland
Journal: Ark. Zool.
Volume: 296
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: Araneae, predators, arctic, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 673
Author: Holm, A.
Year: 1956
Title: Notes on arctic spiders of the genera Erigone Aud. and Hilaria Sim
Journal: Ark. Zool.
Volume: 9
Pages: 453-469
Keywords: Araneae, predators, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3721
Author: Holm, A.; Kronestedt, T.
Year: 1970
Title: A taxonomic study of the wolf spiders of the Pardosa pullata-group (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Acta ent. bohemoslov.
Volume: 67
Pages: 408-428
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, identification, classification, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3640
Author: Holmberg, R. G.; Turnbull, A. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Selective predation in a euryphagous invertebrate predator, Pardosa vancouveri (Arachnida: Araneae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 114
Pages: 243-257
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lycosidae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, most-preferred prey gave greatest fecundity, reproduction, lab, foods were Drosophila, Tenebrio larvae and nymphs of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, subadult and adult female spiders used, feeding preference was not affected by spider age or previous feeding experience, pre- conditioning, lab, carapace widths, methods, trials in small plastic cages, on each of the foods they measured 12 fitness criteria relating to development, survival, growth and fecundity, mortality, survivorship, adding a few leaves to the cage to give prey refuges altered the relative catch of Drosophila and Tenebrio in favour of Tenebrio, Drosophila gave the best performance on all 12 criteria, there were no instances where a mixed diet produced benefits superior to Drosophila alone, (but experiment started with subadult and did not include hatchability of eggs), a mixed diet of O.fasciatus and mealworm was often superior to either alone, monophagy cf polyphagy, food quality, overall Drosophila were the most preferred prey, P.vancouveri tends to select the prey that maximises development, survival, growth and fecundity, polyphagous predators probably sample the available prey and collect information about their relative quality, in these experiments less beneficial prey continued to be taken in small numbers throughout the experiment


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1198
Author: Holmes, P. R.
Year: 1983
Title: A field study of the ecology of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and its predators
Journal: PhD thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology
Keywords: En.
Rep.summ.Lit.Bk., cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, mean colony duration 3-4 days, nymphs produced during daylight hours, diel cycles, in situ observations, methods, III apterae move most, vertical distribution, dispersal, nearly all move at some time during their development, main predators Tachyporus and Syrphidae larvae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, mainly at night and nearly all ears had one predator visit, foraging, behaviour, nocturnal, heavy rain or strong wind had no direct effect on aphids on ears, weather, equal number of colonies destroyed by Tachyporus and syrphids, predation, mean of 6 removed per colony, survivors reproduced, most predation at aphid peak, on 2 July 24% of ears had predator present, colony destruction during a windy period was high in short- strawed Virtue but low in long-strawed Brigand and Avalon, plant resistance, predators may have been dislodged on long-strawed, Cantharis rufa adults ate aphids, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, aphids leapt off ear when Coccinellidae approached, but not for Tachyporus or syrphid larvae, ladybirds, only large instar Tachyporus larvae on ears, sticky trap catches on ground, 3.4% of ear populations of S.avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum fell, some surprising predator species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1147
Author: Holmes, P. R.
Year: 1984
Title: A field study of the predators of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in winter wheat
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 74
Pages: 623-631
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, polyphagous predators, lots of in situ round the clock observations, Anthocoridae nymphs ate aphids on the ears and many stayed on ear in absence of aphid, behaviour, distribution, Heteroptera, predation, larvae of Tachyporus and Syrphidae were 95% of all predators, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Diptera, hoverflies, most at 07:00, least at 13:00, diel activity cycle, crepuscular, nocturnal, 58/70 colonies destroyed by predators, 48/58 cases were overnight predation, equal destruction by Tachyporus and syrphids, especially during flowering and watery ripe, crop growth stage, only 24/100 ears had no visit by a predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3094
Author: Holmes, P. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Mobility of apterous grain aphids, Sitobion avenae, within wheat fields
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 46
Issue: 3)
Pages: 275-281
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 14
Author: Holopainen, J. K.
Year: 1983
Title: Carabid beetles (Col. Carabidae) associated with cruciferous crops in organic and conventional farms in central Finland
Journal: Savonia
Volume: 6
Pages: 19-27


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2440
Author: Holopainen, J. K.
Year: 1990
Title: Influence of ethylene glycol on the numbers of carabids and other soil arthropods caught in pitfall traps
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 339-341
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2869
Author: Holopainen, J. K.; Helenius, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Gut contents of ground beetles (Col., Carabidae), and activity of these and other epigeal predators during an outbreak of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae)
Journal: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil and Plant Acience
Volume: 42
Issue: 1)
Pages: 57-61
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Finland, pitfalls, spring barley, 1175 beetles of 29 species, dominants were Bembidion guttula, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Amara plebeja, gut dissection, water and detergent in pitfalls, number of Staphylinidae caught similar to carabids but fewer spiders, many Coccinellidae present, rove beetles, Araneae, ladybirds, peak of 42.3 R. padi per tiller in June, 23-70% B. guttula contained aphids, diet, consumption, behaviour, fewer C. fossor contained aphids, C. fossor may have eaten aphids at the stem bases because it ate them during aphid establishment and not at the aphid peak, vertical stratification, 60% A. plebeja contained aphids, 85% Harpalus rufipes contained aphids but this species was not numerous, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus vernalis contained some aphid remains but Trechus had mainly empty guts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2765
Author: Holopainen, J. K.; Varis, A. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Effects of a mechanical barrier and formalin preservative on pitfall catches of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in arable fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 102
Pages: 440-445
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Finland, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cabbage, sugar beet, timothy, brassicas, grass, Gramineae, half of plots surrounded by polythene barrier, pitfalls, formalin cf empty traps, plots 10 x 10 m or 5 x 10 m, barrier reduced catch of 19/30 species, unaffected species were less than 6 mm, May to September, comparison of differences between enclosed and unenclosed plots in relation to size of carabids in Edwards et al. study, Amara bifrons significantly more in formalin traps, no differences for other species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4190
Author: Holst, N.; Ruggle, P.
Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids. I. The metabolic pool model, winter wheat and cereal aphids
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Gramineae, population dynamics of Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, on winter wheat, metabolic pool model, age-specific energy budgets for population sub- models, Gutierrez-Baumgartner functional response for trophic links ie plant-light, herbivore-plant, predator- prey, parasitoid-host, pathogen-host, this functional response takes account of demand rates and densities, biomass and number of individuals are handeled in population age classes, physiological time scales, day degrees, alatae production based on supply-demand ratios, compared simulated aphid populations with field data, model reproduced pattern of change well but overestimated aphid density (NB no aphid mortality in model), a more advanced crop model will be used later, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1704
Author: Holt, J.; Cook, A. G.; Perfect, T. J.; Norton, G. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Simulation analysis of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) population dynamics on rice in the Philippines
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 87-102
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, components of model, immigration, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, effect of crop and population density on fecundity and survival and morph determination, reproduction, mortality, mortality due to predators and parasitoids and effect of this on alternative prey ie other hoppers, natural enemies, biological control, predation may have been underestimated especially at low prey density, methods, quantification of predation, more polyphagous predators in tropics cf temperate regions, main predators were Linyphiidae and Lycosidae and Hemiptera, Araneae, spiders, Microvelia atrolineata, Veliidae, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Miridae, 28% of hopper population fall off per day and could get back but Microvelia inhabits water surface and is attracted to ripples, behaviour, foraging, vertical distribution, stratification, 0-17% parasitism by Dryinidae and Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera, various egg parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3812
Author: Holt, R. D.; Debinski, D. M.; Diffendorfer, J. E.; Gaines, M. S. Martinko E. A. Robinson G. R.; Ward, G. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Perspectives from an experimental study of habitat fragmentation in an agroecosystem
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 147-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spatial scales, metapopulation dynamics, USA, population dynamics and community dynamics, in a experimental set of patches surrounded by mown turf, plants, small mammals, Vertebrata, Mammalia, arthropods, sweeping and pitfalls, diversity, butterflies, Lepidoptera, direct visual observation survey, abundance and species richness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1618
Author: Holt, S. J.
Year: 1955
Title: The foraging activity of the wood ant
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 1-34
Keywords: En.
Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, behaviour, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2648
Author: Holthaus, W. A.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1973
Title: A new time-sort pitfall trap
Journal: Ann Ent Soc Amer
Volume: 66
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1362-1363
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3003
Author: Holtkamp, R. H.; Thompson, J. I.
Year: 1985
Title: A lightweight, self-contained insect suction sampler
Journal: J. Aust. Ent. Soc.
Volume: 24
Pages: 301-302
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Australia, lucerne, Leguminosae, 2 stroke engine, centrifugal fan, weight only 5.5 kg, air speed 14 m sec-1, samples 13.9 m3 air per minute, underestimates numbers of larval Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, Dvac


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4259
Author: Holzapfel, E. P.; Perkins, B. D.
Year: 1969
Title: Trapping of air-borne insects on ships in the Pacific. Part 7
Journal: Pacific Insects
Volume: 11
Pages: 455-476
Keywords: En.
Rep., nylon nets suspended from ropes, suction trap and black light trap, used during 9 cruises in Pacific in 1965, 659 insects collected of which 275 were Homoptera, 49 Hymenoptera, 44 Thysanoptera, also caught Argiopidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, long- range aerial migration, ballooning, aeronuatic spiders, long-distance dispersal, methodsHemiptera, thrips, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4224
Author: Hominick, W. M.; Reid, A. P.; Bohan, D. A.; Briscoe, B. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Entomopathogenic nematodes: biodiversity, geographical distribution and the Convention on Biological Diversity
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 6
Pages: 317-331
Keywords: En.
insect pathogenic nematodes, IPN's, Nematoda, natural enemies, biological control, methods, molecular taxonomy, species richness, classification, identification, they are apparently not species rich but they are morphologically conservative and so molecular techniques are now being applied, this may greatly increase the number of described species, many of the species are widely distributed globally


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1691
Author: Hommes, M.
Year: 1983
Title: Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik und integrierten Bekampfung von Kohlschadlingen
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundesant. Land- Forstwirtsch.
Volume: 213
Pages: 1-210
Keywords: Ger.
Germany, population dynamics, pests, brassicas, IPM, plant resistance to Lepidoptera on cabbage, field vegetables, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4847
Author: Hondo, M.; Morimoto, N.
Year: 1997
Title: Effect of predation by the specialist predator, Parena perforata Bates (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on population changes of the Mulberry Tiger Moth, Thanatarctia imparilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 32(2)
Pages: 311-316
Alternate Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, caterpillars, trees, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, the pest is gregarious in colonies of up to 2000 caterillars, Japan, P. perforata lives in nests of the pest and larvae and adults of the carabid eat the pest, it is a specialist predator (but is sometimes also found in nests of Thanatarctia inaequalis), egg masses and larval colonies of predator and prey were quantified on mulberry along roads and around ponds, percentage parasitism determined by larval rearing, parasitoids, when carabid density was high the prey population decreased the following year, carabids were observed in 0-90% of nests varying with year, pest life tables constructed, pest mortality was greater during a declining phase (e.g. 1990-91) than an increasing phase (e.g. 1993-94), population dynamics, predation by generalists such as ants ant spiders and by parasitoids were also major mortality factors of larvae in the autumn, predation by ants and spiders is restricted to smaller nests and is not an important mortality at high pest density, P. perforata adults cut through the silk of nests with their mandibles and attack the caterpillars, foraging behaviour, individual adults were observed to move between colonies in the field, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, adults can eat 100 young caterpillars per day in the lab, predation rates, consunption rates, P. perforata acted strongly during the pest declining phase and probably contributes significantly to regulating populations, impact on pests
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 358
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Trophic regulation of post diapause ovariole maturation in Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 23
Pages: 213-216
Keywords: Rep., Beetles, ladybirds, food, eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 357
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1980
Title: Population density of aphids at the time of settling and ovariole maturation in Coccinella septempunctata (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 25
Pages: 427-430
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, cereals, arable, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 355
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1981
Title: Aphidophagous Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) on three weeds : factors determining the composition of populations
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 78
Pages: 303-310
Keywords: Ladybirds, aphids, predation, lacewings, beetles,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 356
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1982
Title: Factors which determine the composition of field communities
Journal: Z. Angew. entomol.
Volume: 94
Pages: 157-168
Keywords: Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3922
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1983
Title: Factors affecting the distribution of larvae of aphid predators (Col., Coccinellidae and Dip., Syrphidae) in cereal stands
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 95
Pages: 336-345
Keywords: Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Gramineae, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2582
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1985
Title: Activity and predation of Coccinella septempunctata adults in the field (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Z. ang Ent
Volume: 100
Pages: 399-409
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2581
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1986
Title: Production of faeces in natural populations of aphidophagous coccinellids (Col.) and estimation of predation rates
Journal: Zeit ang Ent
Volume: 102
Pages: 467-476
Keywords: Rep., captured Coccinellidae put in Petri dish for 24 h at 24C and dry weight of faeces recorded, when aphid density less than 0.005 per cm2 of plant surface faeces production PF was not related to aphid density, but above this threshold PF increased with aphid density, sex-related differences, Coccinella 7-punctata and Coccinella quinquepunctata, Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, seasonal variation, C7punctata almost never satiated in the field, hunger, PF not affected by reproduction or pre- post-diapause phase, PF variation due to differences in digestibility of food small compared with variation due to differences in consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3057
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1988
Title: The effect of crop density and microclimate on pitfall trap catches of Carabidae, Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) and Lycosidae (Araneae) in cereal fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 233-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., winter wheat, spring barley, Czechoslovakia, May to August 1987, live trapping, examined daily, leaf area index is leaf area per unit of ground area, temperature and sunshine hours from local airport, activity index is visual abundance number per minute in bare areas multiplied by running speed in lab, 14 species of ground beetles, 9 common ground beetles, and spider Pardosa palustris, species list, 3 times more carabids caught in bare areas, 18 times mor Pardosa, initially more staphylinids in dense areas, later more in bare areas, Trechus quadristriatus was an exception that preffered dense crop, Philonthus fuscipennis and Tachinus rufipes preferred dense areas, Tachyporus hypnorum, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum and Harpalus affinis preferred bare, activity of epigeic fauna and pitfall catches may vary greatly within 1.5m according to plant cover, Loricera pilicornis liked the bare ground "delighting in the thermoregulative basking", catches increased with increasing temperature and sunshine, NB the study year was exceptionally cold and rainy, Gramineae, polyphagous predtors, natural enemies, methods, species composition, behaviour, distribution, activity, abundance, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5405
Author: Honek, A.
Year: 1991
Title: Factors determining the peak abundance of Metopolophium dirhodum (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cereals
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 81
Pages: 57-64
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Czechoslovakia, 47 sites, winter wheat, plant size, leaf area, main factor determining aphid abundance was the length of time during which the population developed, population growth on stunted plants started 200 day degrees later than on well developed plants, 55-75% of aphids occupied the flag leaves, spatial distribution, population growth rates were related to leaf nitrogen content not to water content, references that this species can cause considerable yield loss, damage [effects of natural enemies not mentioned], model of population growth
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5406
Author: Honek, A.; Jarosik, V.; Lapchin, L.; Rabasse, J.M.
Year: 1998
Title: The effect of parasitism by Aphelinus abdominalis and drought on the walking movement of aphids
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 87
Pages: 191-200
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, aubergine, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, aphids put on experimentally drought-stressed and control plants in the lab, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, aluminium cup below the plant was used to collect dispersing aphids, methods, movement of aphids from cut leaves also observed at 3h intervals, aphid movement was positively correlated with population density, movement by M. euphorbiae was mainly at night, nocturnal activity, diel cycle, M. dirhodum also tended to be nocturnal, glasshouse, greenhouse, protected crops, protected vegetables, large aphids (including parasitised individuals) more likely to move than smaller ones, effect of parasitism on movement varied depending on aphid species and parasitoid age, only severe drought stress caused young larvae to move off leaves
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1742
Author: Honek, A.; Kraus, P.
Year: 1981
Title: Factors affecting light trap catches of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 78
Issue: 2)
Pages: 76-86
Keywords: methods, regression analysis, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial dispersal, flight, distribution, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1544
Author: Honeyborne, C. H. B.
Year: 1969
Title: An investigation of the responses of aphids to plants treated with growth regulators
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Reading
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1552
Author: Honeyborne, C. H. B.
Year: 1969
Title: Performance of Aphis fabae and Brevicoryne brassicae on plants treated with growth regulators
Journal: J. Sci. Fd. Agric.
Volume: 20
Pages: 388-390
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, brassicas,, field vegetables, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5333
Author: Hoogendoorn, M.; Heimpel, G.E.
Year: 2001
Title: PCR-based gut content analysis of insect predators: using ribosomal ITS-1 fragments from prey to estimate predation frequency
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 2059-2067
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, molecular methods, DNA techniques, Lepidoptera, corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, generalist ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleomegilla maculata, PCR used to determine whether O. nubilalis DNA was present in ladybird guts after they had been fed on O. nubilalis egg masses in the laboratory, all individuals ate more than five eggs, oophagy, detection periods, a short primer of 150 base pairs was detected for up to 12 hours after feeding,  detectability did not seem to be affected by meal size, predator weight, sex or stage, longer primers are detectable for shorter periods of time, use of a set of primers of different length could be used to obtain a frequency distribution of time since feeding for the population
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5646
Author: Hoogendoorn, M.; Heimpel, G.E.
Year: 2002
Title: Indirect interactions between an introduced and a native ladybird beetle species mediated by a shared parasitoid
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 25
Pages: 224-230
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, native Coleomegilla maculata, introduced Harmonia axyridis, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Dinocampus coccinellae, Perilitus coccinellae,  natural enemies of natural enemies, parasitism of predators, apparent competition, ladybirds collected from corn fields and dissected for parasitoid eggs and larvae, methods, maize, cereals, Gramineae, proportion of population containing the parasitoid was similar for both ladybird species, some adult beetles were kept alive in the laboratory to rear out parasitoids, after 26 days (beyond the parasitoid emergence period) they were dissected to look for brown parasitoid larvae that had died within the beetle, artificial diet, model for parasitoid-mediated interactions suggested that H. axyridis would be a parasitoid egg sink (female wasps oviposit but survival rates not high) deflecting mortality from C. maculata, there was a discrepancy between parasitism rates observed by dissection and rearing because of mortality of larvae within beetles, biological control, population dynamics, host defences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5730
Author: Hooks, C.R.R.; Johnson, M.W.
Year: 2003
Title: Impact of agricultural diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 22
Pages: 223-238
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., Cruciferae, cabbage, broccoli, brassicas, review, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, oilseed rape, kohlrabi, turnip, field vegetables, horticulture, farming practices, habitat diversification, companion plants, undersowing, intercropping, mechanisms of herbivore response to crop diversification, oviposition behaviour, reduced colonisation, immigration and emigration, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, yield and quality of the crop can be reduced in vegetationally diverse systems because of competition (especially for moisture) between crop plants and companion plants, use of dead mulches, selecting best companion plant and timing of planting, spatial distribution of companion plants, nectar-producing plants within the crop increased pest caterpillars on broccoli compared with broccoli monocultures, Lepidoptera, use of natural enemy reservoirs at edges if fields as a source of beneficials to enter the field has not been extensively evaluated in brassicas, trap crops, effects of companion plants operating via natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4370
Author: Hopkin, S. P.
Year: 1997
Title: Biology of the Springtails
Journal: Oxford University Press
Keywords: En.
Book, Collembola, Insecta, typical densities are 10,000 to 100,000 per m2, Collembola network on the Internet, epigeic fungus feeders, hemiedaphic fungus feeders, euedaphic fungus feeders have furca reduced or absent, trophic behaviour, food, diet, mycetophages, fungivores, some Collembola eat Nematoda, nematodes, some Friesea prey on eggs of other Collembola, intraguild predation, oophagy, Collembola graze fungi from decaying leaves, faecal pellets and soil particles, they may eat pathogenic fungi, grazing usually stimulates fungal growth, selective grazing can alter the relative abundance and distribution of fungal species, grazing on mycorrhizae can affect the performance of the host plant, Collembola are eaten by birds, lizards, frogs, harvest spiders, spiders, pseudoscorpions, ants, mites, beetles, Vertebrata, Aves, Opiliones, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Acari, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pseudoscorpiones, larvae and adults of Notiophilus biguttatus search out aggregations of Collembola using chemical cues,aggregation pheromones are produced by Sinella coeca, Orchesella cincta, Heteromurus nitidus and Hypogastrura viatica, aggregation is for sex, food exploitation and to reduce desiccation, semiochemicals, kairomones, olfaction, distribution and dispersal, some species have a simultaneous moult pheromone, alarm pheromones are recorded, pheromones are present in faecal pellets and in the digestive tract, Isotoma viridis can be cultured more easily with Folsomia candida than alone but the mechanism is not understood, most parthenogenetic Collembola (such as F. candida)are euedaphic, Isotoma notabilis can have parthenogenetic populations and non-parthenogenetic populations, F. candida can have 38 instars and its fecundity is c.1000, chapters include evolution, systematics, biogeography, ecomorphology, anatomy, taxonomic methods, species concept, abiotic and biotic interactions, reproduction development and life history, ecology and conservation, sampling techniques, methods, population dynamics, Collembola as pests and as ecological indicators, ecotoxicology, check lists


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5189
Author: Hopkin, S.P.
Year: 1998
Title: Collembola: the most abundant insects on earth
Journal: Antenna
Volume: 22
Pages: 117-121
Alternate Journal: Antenna
Keywords: Rep., springtails, evolution and systematics, morphology, distribution and abundance, economic and ecological importance, British Collembola, UK, 6500 species in world, Colle=glue, embolon=piston refers to the ventral tube, swarming, one million per 100 m2 in Mexico forest
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5032
Author: Hopper, K.R.; Aidara, S.; Agret, S.; Cabal, J.; Coutinot, D.; Dabire, R.; Lesieux, C.; Kirk, G.; Reichert, S.; Tronchetti, F.; Vidal, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Natural enemy impact on the abundance of Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) in wheat in southern France
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24(2)
Pages: 402-408
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, methods, predator exclusion, treatments were closed cage, open cage and no cage, D. noxia put in treatments, plants destructively sampled to count aphids, in situ visual counts of natural enemies on plants during daytime, peak aphid densities were 10-18 times (significantly) greater in closed cages than in open cages or uncaged areas, impact on pest populations, 8 other aphid species present, natural enemies were ladybirds, hoverflies, spiders and parasitoids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Araneae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia variegata, Episyrphus balteatus, Metasyrphus corollae, Sphaerophoria scripta, Aphelinus, Aphidius, made calculation based on predator search capacity and parasitism rates and concluded that natural enemies were responsible for the aphid  reduction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3298
Author: Hopper, K. R.; King, E. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Feeding and movement on cotton of Heliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) parasitized by Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1654-1660
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, cotton in greenhouse, parasitized larvae moved less and fed less often than unparasitized, gives references that parasitism reduces feeding by host in some species and increases it in others, parasitized larvae of Heliothis stayed on the plants for longer periods than unparasitized in this experiment, parasitized larvae did less damage to plant because they ate less, distribution, dispersal, pests, caterpillers, arable, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3171
Author: Hopper, R.; Doberski, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Set-aside fallow or grassland: reservoirs of beneficial invertebrates ?
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50, Set-aside
Pages: 165-168
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Boxworth, UK, 24 x 12 m plots separated by permanent grass, Gramineae, compared ryegreass, ryegrass and clover, cut and shallow cultivated natural regeneration, winter wheat, cereals, farm practices, pitfalls, more carabids caught in natural regeneration and wheat than in grassland, Leguminosae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus, more rove beetles caught in wheat than grass or set-aside, most spiders in grass, Staphylinidae, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5461
Author: Hori, H.; Kumaraswami, N.S.; Hayakawa, T.; Mitsui, T.
Year: 2000
Title: Bacillus thuringiensis specific to scarabaeid beetles: a review
Journal: Entomologia Sinica
Volume: 7(4)
Pages: 359-387
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Sinica
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, root pests, microbial pesticides, pathogens, biological control, Bt japonesis is specific to scarabs, history, taxonomy, Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, molecular biology, toxin protein, mode of action, field efficacy, applied to turf grass, Gramineae, sweet potato fields, effective control of the pest, japonensis  is being developed as a biopesticide
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1202
Author: Horn, D. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Effect of weedy backgrounds on coloization of collards by green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and its major predators
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 285-289
Keywords: En.
Rep., brassicas, pests, Hemiptera, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, irrigated, in situ observations, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, weedy plots mown, weedless collards twice as high, more aphids on weed free plots, chrysopids more active in weedy, chrysopids and coccinellids sometimes moved to aphid rich weed free plots later in year, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3427
Author: Horn, D. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Selective mortality of parasitoids and predators of Myzus persicae on collards treated with malathion, carbaryl or Bacillus thuringiensis
Journal: Entomolgia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 34
Pages: 208-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., Brassica oleracea, outdoors, USA, pesticides, insecticides, pathogens, microbial insecticides, diseases, aphids pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, caterpillars, Phyllotreta, flea beetles, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, fewer syrphid larvae and more aphids on Bt plots, side-effects of pesticides on non-targets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 677
Author: Horn, E.
Year: 1969
Title: 24-hour cycles of locomotor and food activity of Tetragnatha montana Simon (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) and Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae, Pisauridae)
Journal: Ekol. Polska A.
Volume: 17
Pages: 533-49
Keywords: Rep., spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology, foraging, Tetragnatha darts out of web to catch food eg midges, Nematocera, Diptera, up to 20 prey collected and brought back to web before feeding, maximum activity 8pm to 12pm, minimum activity 6am to 4pm


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4867
Author: Horne, P.A.
Year: 1992
Title: Comparative life histories of two species of Notonomus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Victoria
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 40
Pages: 163-171
Alternate Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, hand searching and pitfalls, Australia, grazed and ungrazed grassland, Gramineae, woodland, forest, trees, distribution, dissections to determine the timing of egg development, phenology, reproduction, mark-recapture, density, methods, branding with hot pin on elytra, lab rearing on dog food, time-lapse photography to determine activity cycles in the lab, feeding trials in lab, mean density 1.9 m-2, Notonomus gravis is nocturnal, diel cycles, N. gravis and Notonomus phillippi were scavengers but also killed and ate caterpillars, Pieris pupae, Lycosidae, Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae, Gryllidae, Isopoda, Scarabaeidae larvae, gives list of Carabidae and other Coleoptera species caught at the study sites, both species have developed maternal care behaviour, N. gravis is restricted to grassland and N. phillippi to woodland, N. gravis is a potential biological control agent of caterpillar pests in grassland, these carabid species are native to Victoria but the species of grasses where they live are not, abundance, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Lepidoptera, spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, woodlice
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3832
Author: Horner, N. V.
Year: 1972
Title: Metaphidippus galathea as a possible biological control agent
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 45
Pages: 324-327
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, preys on caterpillars, midges and aphids, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Diptera, Hemiptera, lab feeding tests, spider and prey in glass tube for 48 hours, methods, also tests in small container and in plastic cage, late instars of some caterpillars were rejected whilst early instars were eaten, prey size selection, prey preference, prey selection, adults of some moths and Chrysopidae were eaten but larvae not, Neuroptera, lacewings, ladybird adults not eaten, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Schizaphis graminum and Acyrthosiphon pisum eaten, consumption rates on tobacco budworm larvae, spiders reduced greenbug on barley in cages and prolonged life of the plant, cereals, Gramineae, survival, mortality, survivorship, hunger, they could live for 43 days without food or water at 21- 29C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1759
Author: Horsfield, D.
Year: 1977
Title: Relationships between feeding of Philaenus spumarius (L.) and the amino acid concentration in the xylem sap
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 2
Issue: 4)
Pages: 259-266
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Hemiptera, behaviour, host plant selection, grassland, Gramineae, Cercopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2798
Author: Horstmann, K.
Year: 1970
Title: Okologischer Untersuchungen uber die Ichneumoniden (Hymenoptera) der Nordseekuste Schleswig-Holsteins
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 4
Pages: 29-73
Keywords: Ger. En. summ.
Rep., spiders, parasitoids, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, coast of Germany, pests, 25,686 Ichneumonidae of 251 species caught in pitfalls or reared from 43 host species, 45% of individuals parasitised spider eggsacs, egg cocoons, 36% pupae of flies, Diptera, and 12% larvae of moths, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, females disperse more than males, sex related dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, more than 20 species live in salt marshes and attack Linyphiidae cocoons Scathophagidae pupae and Microlepidoptera, more than 70 species immigrated into polders mostly living on weeds, all common parasitoids of agricultural pests immigrated quickly into new polders, table of % parasitism including Gelis pumilus, Gelis micrurus, Aclastus minutus and Aclastus gracilis in spider eggsacs, also parasitoids of Meligethes, Micromus, Plutella, Pieris brassicae, Pegomya betae, Ceuthorrhynchus and many more, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, overwintering, voltinism, distribution in relation to habitat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5010
Author: Horton, D.R.; Unruh, T.R.; Higbee, B.S.
Year: 1997
Title: Predatory bugs for biological control of pear psylla
Journal: Good Fruit Grower
Volume: 48(13)
Pages: 29-32
Alternate Journal: Good Fruit Grower
Keywords: Rep., pests, trees, top fruit, orchards, Psyllidae, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Anthocoris nemoralis was introduced from Europe to USA for use against pear psylla and has become established in some areas, exotic introductions, beating tray, methods, predation rates of psylla eggs and nymphs in the lab by A. nemoralis, Anthocoris tomentosus and Deraeocoris brevis, releases of nymphal predators at 120-300 per tree reduced psylla numbers, but the predators disappeared from the release trees after moulting to adult allowing the pest to resurge, impact on pest populations, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration,  developed antibodies against psylla eggs and other stages, ELISA, serology, possibility of using pheromones to keep predators in areas where they are required, semiochemicals, infochemicals, olfactory attraction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4609
Author: Hossain, Z.; Gurr, G.M.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Capture efficiency of insect natural enemies from tall and short vegetation using vacuum sampling
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 135
Pages: 463-467
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., methods, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, differences in sampling efficiency of suction samplers can be related to differences in vegetation height, lucerne, Leguminosae, Australia, marked insects added to a harvested area of lucerne, sampled after one minute. This process was repeated in tall unharvested lucerne which was then cut down to harvested height and immediately re-sampled. This method improved the recapture rates from tall lucerne from about 0.7 to 0.9. Ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coccinella transversalis, predatory Heteroptera, Oechalia schellembergii, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5643
Author: Hossain, Z.; Gurr, G.M.; Wratten, S.D.; Raman, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Habitat manipulation in lucerne Medicago sativa: arthropod population dynamics in harvested and 'refuge' crop strips
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 39
Pages: 445-454
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., 250-300 arthropod species in lucerne, Leguminosae, Australia, 4 plots of 400 x 30 m2, two plots were cut two weeks later than the other two plots and this was repeated at 3-6 week intervals so short and long lucerne alternated between plot pairs, methods, directional Malaise traps, directional pitfall traps, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa punctigera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, pests, Helicoverpa sentinel egg cards stapled to lucerne and collected after 24h exposure to predation, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Malaise traps caught Helicoverpa and their parasitoids and hoverflies and ladybirds moveing from harvested to unharvested plots, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coccinella tranversalis, Dicranolaius bellulus (Melyridae, pollen beetles), Netelia producta (hymenopteran parasitoid of Helicoverpa), pitfalls caught polyphagous predators moving from harvested to unharvested, spiders, Araneae, ground beetles, Carabidae, Halotydeus destructor, D. bellulus was seen eating Helicoverpa eggs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, rate of egg predation on sentinel cards declined significantly with increasing distance from the unharvested plots, natural enemies may have made short-term commuting visits (possibly nocturnal) from unharvested into the edge areas of harvested plots, data here suggest that optimal width of alternating harvested and unharvested strips should be about 30 m, farming practices, conservation biocontrol, habitat diversification, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3287
Author: Houck, M. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Prey preference in Stethorus punctum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 967-970
Keywords: En.
Rep., S.punctum is an obligate predator of Tetranychidae mites, lab studies with Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae as prey, methods, Strauss linear index of prey selection, if S.punctum was pre-conditioned to T.urticae it showed a weak preference for this species, it showed no preference when pre-conditioned to P.ulmi, USA, lab Petri dish tests on apple leaves, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Acari, trees, orchards, search image


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4868
Author: Hough-Goldstein, J.A.; Heimpel, G.E.; Bechmann, H.E.; Mason, C.E.
Year: 1993
Title: Arthropod natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 12(5)
Pages: 324-334
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., review, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, it is a pest in USA and Europe, it attacks potato, tomato and aubergine, Solanum, and is resistant to many insecticides, pesticides, its fecundity is 500-1000 eggs per female in the field, natural enemies include parasitic mites, Acari, the harvestman Phalangium opilio eats its eggs and small larvae, Opiliones, Phalangida, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, polyphagous predators, biological control, similarly for the spiders Xysticus kochi, Peucetia viridans, Misumena, Araneae, there have been releases of Chrysoperla carnea and Chryosperla rufilabris which are successful if predator:prey ratios are high enough, augmentative releases, inundative, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, the predatory Heteroptera Perillus bioculatus and Podisus maculiventris and other bugs have potential, Pentatomidae, Asopinae, some can be manipulated with aggregation pheromones, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Miridae, there are Tachinidae parasitoids, Diptera, beetle predators are Coccinellidae, Cicindelidae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, adult Lebia grandis consume all immature stages and larvae develop as ectoparasites on larvae and prepupae of the pest, Pterostichus chalcites, Pterostichus lucublandus and Pterostichus melanarius will eat eggs and larvae, Hymenoptera parasitoids, cold-adapted natural enemies are needed, because of the very high fecundity of the pest it is likely that existing natural enemies will need to be augmented early in the season, and insecticides reduced, pesticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2378
Author: House, G. J.; All, J. N.
Year: 1981
Title: Carabid beetles in soybean agroecosystems
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 194-196
Keywords: En.
Harpalus pensylvanicus
Rep., methods, pitfalls, predators Carabidae, ground beetles, more beetles in conservation than conventional fields, fescue, grass, hardwood, pine, forest, mark- recapture showed movement from borders into soybeans, migration, dispersal, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4012
Author: Howell, J. O.; Pienkowski, R. L.
Year: 1971
Title: Spider populations in alfalfa, with notes on spider prey and effect of harvest
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 64
Pages: 163-168
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, arable, Leguminosae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, phenology, seasonal occurrence, Dvac and sweep net, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, 112 species, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae and Salticidae reduced by cutting, but not Lycosidae, farming practices, diel cycles, nocturnalism, lab feeding tests with aphids, weevils, Lygus, Conocephalus, Philaenus, Adelphocoris, Empoasca fabae, Nabis, Chrysopa, Hippodamia, prey taken depended on size, speed and hardness of prey cuticle, Hemiptera, Curculionidae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Miridae, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 454
Author: Howes, C. A.
Year: 1970
Title: A preliminary list of south Yorkshire harvestspiders and pseudoscorpions
Journal: Sorby Record, Sheffield.
Volume: 3
Pages: 50-55
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 464
Author: Howes, C. A.
Year: 1973
Title: A review of Yorkshire harvestspiders
Journal: Naturalist.
Pages: 21-25
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1970
Author: Hoy, A.
Year: 1982
Title: Recent advances in knowledge of the Phytoseiidae
Journal: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Special Publication
Volume: 3284
Keywords: En.
Lib., predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1960
Author: Hoy, A.; Cunningham, G. L.; Knutson, L.
Year: 1983
Title: Biological Control of Pests by Mites
Journal: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Special Publication
Volume: 3304
Keywords: En.
Acari, natural enemies, book, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4731
Author: Hoy, M.; Jeyaprakash, A.; Morakote, R.; Lo, P.K.; Nguyen, R.
Year: 2000
Title: Genomic analyses of two populations of Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) duggest that a cryptic species may exist
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-10
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., TP., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, USA, DNA techniques, RAPD PCR, methods, colonies of the parasitoid from Taiwan and Australia are genetically distinct, a colony from Thailand was the same as for Australia, pests, citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, Lepidoptera, koinobiont endoparasitoid
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5175
Author: Hoy, M.A.; Groot, J.J.R.; Van de Baan, H.E.
Year: 1985
Title: Influence of aerial dispersal on persistence and spread of pesticide-resistant Metaseiulus occidentalis in California almond orchards
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 37
Pages: 17-31
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, distribution, movement, migration, USA, dispersal direction random within the orchards, trees, nuts, spider mites and predators dispersed randomly with respect to height but migration was usually in the evening when humidity and wind speed increased but temperature decreased, pests, Tetranychidae, carbaryl-resistant predators dispersed at least 800 m in two years, no appreciable dilution by immigrating mites of carbaryl-resitant populations in the orchards over four years suggests that natural spread is very slow
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2577
Author: Hoy, M. A.; Herzog, D. C.
Year: 1985
Title: Biological control in agricultural IPM systems
Journal: Academic Press
Keywords: TP - list of contents


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4955
Author: Hu, G.Y.; Frank, J.H.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on dung-inhabiting arthropods in Florida
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25(6)
Pages: 1290-1296
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Solenopsis invicta, pastures, grassland, Gramineae, ants preyed on nearly all stages of horn fly in cowpats, Diptera, Haematobia irritans, when fire ants were reduced with a bait the numbers of flies increased, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, S. invicta caused 63-94% horn fly mortality in two years, but it also reduced numbers of Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Hydrophilidae which are also horn fly predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants sampled with traps baited with beef, other predators attracted to pifalls with bovine manure as bait, olfactory attraction, distributiuon, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, pitfalls, artificial cowpats were seeded with horn fly eggs so that predation in the different treatments could be monitored, sentinel prey
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2578
Author: Hubbell, S. P.; Condit, R.; Foster, R. B.
Year: 1990
Title: Presence and absence of density dependence in a neotropical tree community
Journal: Phil Tans Ro Soc Lond B
Volume: 330
Pages: 269-281
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2224
Author: Hudson, I. R.
Year: 1985
Title: Notes on species of Ichneumonidae reared as ectoparasites of spiders
Journal: Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society
Volume: 18
Issue: 1)
Pages: 32-34
Keywords: En.
Clubiona terrestris, Araneus cucurbitinus, Lepthyphantes tenuis
Rep., Araneae, parasites, survival, feeding of parasitised spiders in captivity, sizes dates of collection pupation and adult emergence of seven species of polysphinctine ichneumonids in genera Schizopyga, Polysphincta, Zatypota and Acrodactyla, hosts, southern England, Clubiona, Araneus, Theridion, Achaearanea, Lepthyphantes, Tetragnatha, Clubionidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathi dae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3254
Author: Hudson, W. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Ontogeny of prey selection in Sirthenea carinata: generalist juveniles become specialist adults
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32
Issue: 4)
Pages: 399-406
Keywords: En.
Rep., S. carinata is Reduviidae, USA, small nymphs had equal liking for mole crickets, Gryllus and Anutogryllus, but larger nymphs and adults preferred mole crickets choosing them on 84% of occasions, lab tests, S. carinata mature faster on a mixed diet than on Gryllus alone, the switch from generalist predator to mole cricket specialist was abrupt and occurred in all individuals tested, it was also very marked ie extremely hungry adult predators would ignore Gryllus or Anurogryllus, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Orthoptera, trophic behaviour, prey selection in relation to predator age, development rate, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4851
Author: Hudson, W.G.; Frank, J.H.; Castner, J.L.
Year: 1988
Title: Biological control of Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Florida
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 34(4)
Pages: 192-198
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., these pests were accidentally introduced to USA from South America in 1900 and are now pests of turf and pasture, grassland, Gramineae, natural enemies include pathogens, predators and parasitoids, fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Entomophthora sp., Nematoda, Sphecidae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Tachinidae, bombardier beetle. Coleoptera, a complex of native  predators also contributes to mortality of immature Scapteriscus in the field, adults of the bombardier beetle Stenaptinus jessoensis are generalist predators but the larvae are specialist predators of mole cricket eggs, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, endemic predators include Vertebrata, Amphibia, Mammalia, Aves, Dermaptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, Reduviidae, earwigs, ground beetles, tiger beetles, spiders, predatory Heteroptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 922
Author: Huey-Ling, Kuo
Year: 1986
Title: Resistance of oats to cereal aphids: Effects on parasitism by Aphelinus asychis (Walker)
Journal: Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parsitoids and Predators of Insects, Ed. by D.J. Boethel and R.D. Eikenbary, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK
Pages: 125-137
Keywords: En.
Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi
Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, pests, laboratory, caged aphids on oats at flag leaf emergence, susceptible and antibiotic resistant varieties, resistance, antibiosis, behaviour, alates preferred to settle on S, apterae fed more rapidly on S, phloem sap samples by microcautery, methods, varietal differences in sugars and amino acids, biochemistry, higher alate production on R, at 1 parasitoid: 12 aphids got no aphid control and % parasitism on each variety similar over 2 weeks, at 2 parasitoids: 12 aphids % parasitism was higher on R, 50% of parasitized pre-mummified aphids left the plant but no varietal differences, resistance and parasitoids complement each other in aphid control behaviour, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1972
Author: Huffaker, C. B.; van de Vrie, M.; McMurtry, J. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. II. Tetranychid populations and their possible control by predators: an evaluation
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 10
Issue: 11)
Pages: 391-458
Keywords: En.
Acari, Tetranychidae, pests, spider mites, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2048
Author: Hughes, R. D.
Year: 1955
Title: The influence of the prevailing weather on the numbers of Meromyza variegata Meigen (Diptera: Chloropidae) caught with a sweep net
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 324-335
Keywords: En.
methods, climate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1143
Author: Hughes, R. D.; Woolcock, L. T.; Roberts, J. A.; Hughes, M. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii F. Maculata on lucerne crops in Australia by the introduced parasitic hymenopteran Trioxys complanatus
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 515-537
Volume: 24
Pages: 515-537
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, natural enemies, classical biological control, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, successful programme on irrigated lucerne


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3214
Author: Hughes, R. N.
Year: 1993
Title: Diet Selection
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 0632035595, 208 pp
Keywords: En.
book, chapters on learning, aquatic organisms, competition, predation risk, prey behaviour, but mainly for vetrebrates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1971
Author: Hughes, T. E.
Year: 1959
Title: Mites or the Acari
Journal: University of London, Athloue Press
Keywords: En.
Book, identification, structure, classification, systematics, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2319
Author: Huhta, V.
Year: 1971
Title: Succession in the spider communities of the forest floor after clear-cutt ing and prescribed burning
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fennici
Volume: 8
Pages: 483-542
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, methods, Finland 1962-1970, sieving, handsortin g, pitfalls, funnel extraction, after clear-cutting got gradual increase in open- habitat species but after burning got complete destruction of resident population and very quick succession of open-habitat species reverting to forest species 7 to 13 years later, amount of solar radiation considered important, comparison of techniques, vertical and horizontal distribution, seasonal phenology, annual changes, effects of weather, succession affected by felling burning thinning and solar radiation moisture spatial structure, nutrition, predation, competition, dispersal capacity, funnels extracted 3 times as many spiders as handsort, Lycosidae 9 times as mobile as Linyphiidae, behaviour, movement, distribution, dispersal, very poor correlation between pitfall and quadrat results, degree of aggregation, juvenile mortality due to rain, springtails, Collembola increase after felling then gradually decrease over years but spiders do the opposite


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4045
Author: Huhta, V.; Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1974
Title: Spider communities of leys and winter cereal fields in Finland
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fen.
Volume: 11
Pages: 97-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4
Author: Huizen, T. H. P.; van
Year: 1979
Title: Individual and environmental factors determining flight in carabid beetles
Journal: On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles, Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands, H.Veenman and Zonen, B. V. Wageningen
Volume: 18
Pages: 199-211
Keywords: Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5
Author: Huizen, T. H. P. van
Year: 1980
Title: Species of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in which the occurrence of dispersal by flight of individuals has been shown
Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Volume: 40
Pages: 166-168
Keywords: Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1201
Author: Hukushima, S.; Kondo, K.
Year: 1962
Title: Further evaluation in the feeding potential of the predacious insects and spiders in association with aphids harmful to apple and pear growing and the effect of pesticides on predators
Journal: Jap. T. appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 6
Pages: 274-280
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, lab, Coccinellidae, Araneae, Theridion, Misumena, ladybirds ate 18-38 per day, spiders 13-16, Theridion 1, consumption rates, malathion was harmful, insecticides, Coleoptera, Japan


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1557
Author: Hukusima, S.
Year: 1970
Title: Responses of populations of phytophagous and predaceous arthropods on apple trees to some pesticides
Journal: Res. Bull. Fac. Agr. Gifu Univ.
Volume: 29
Pages: 33-52
Keywords: insecticides, orchards, top fruit, predators, pests, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1549
Author: Hull, R.
Year: 1974
Title: Integrated control of pests and diseases of sugar beet
Journal: Biology in Pest and Disease Control, Ed. by D. Price Jones and M.E. Solomon, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 269-276
Keywords: En.
UK, IPM, arable, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2221
Author: Humphrey, J. A. C.
Year: 1987
Title: Fluid mechanic constraints on spider ballooning
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 73
Pages: 469-477
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, aerial dispersal, behaviour, environmental conditions for ballooning, literature survey, up to 14,000 feet and travel up to 200 miles, filament diameter, weight related ballooning, conjoint ballooning, modelling optimal ballooning parameters (see also his dissertation).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5738
Author: Humphreys, I.C.; Mowat, D.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of organic treatments on beetle predators of the cabbage root fly and on alternative prey species
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17(8)
Pages: 115-123
Alternate Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, UK, northern Ireland, treatments were cattle manure rotavated, cattle slurry rotavated, barley straw not rotavated, control with herbicide, same plots treated in successive years, pesticides, farm practices, habitat diversification, Brussels sprouts, brassicas, cereals, Gramineae, methods, soil cores, pitfalls, some plants protected from egg predation by plastic barriers, oophagy, significantly more Collembola in manure plots, abundance, Poduridae, Onychiuridae, Isotomidae, 15,043 carabids of 40 species caught, more carabids in manure plots than controls but less in straw plots (probably because of obstruction of movement), Trechus obtusus, Bembidion lampros, Nebria brevicollis, more fly eggs in barrier plots, fewer fly pupae in straw plots, three species of parasitoid emerged from pupae, significantly more slugs in straw plots, Mollusca, Limacidae, laboratory tests showed that B. lampros would not eat the podurid Hypogastrura denticulata, egg predation expected to be greater in years with more eggs, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5744
Author: Humphreys, I.C.; Mowat, D.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of some organic treatments on predators (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and on alternative prey species
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 38
Pages: 513-518
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, UK, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, brassicas, northern Ireland, control, cattle manure, cattle slurry, barley straw, cereals, Gramineae, habitat diversification, mulch, Brussels sprouts, methods, pitfalls, soil cores, Tullgren funnels, some plots protected from egg predation by plastic barriers, oophagy, flotation in water, cauliflowers, 15,043 carabids of 40 species trapped, more carabids in manure plots than controls, fewer in straw plots (probably because of obstruction of movement), straw appeared to increase carabids over a longer period than manure, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Bembidion lampros was dominant, Trechus obtusus, Nebria brevicollis, more Collembola in manure plots, Poduridae, Hypogastrurua denticulata, Onychiuridae, Onychiurus, Tullbergia, Isotomidae Isotomurus palustris, plants without barriers had significantly fewer eggs (but this not affected by treatment), same plots treated in successive years, B. lampros did not eat H. denticulata, treatment differences appeared to be partly due to increased reproduction, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 504
Author: Humphreys, W. F.
Year: 1976
Title: The population dynamics of an Australian wolf spider Geolycosa godeffroyi (L.Koch 1865) (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 45
Pages: 59-80
Keywords: En.
Rep, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3936
Author: Humphreys, W. F.
Year: 1977
Title: Variables influencing laboratory energy budgets of Geolycosa godeffroyi (Araneae)
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 28
Pages: 225-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, energetics, methods, Australia, burrowing wolf spider, assimilation efficiency not related to temperature, constant or variable, or to spider biomass, but it varied with feeding rate, within the range of feeding rates of field spiders it varied less than 1%, metabolic rate, physiology, prey consumption rates, cyclical temperatures increased respiration rate cf fixed temperatures, more prey were killed under cyclical temperatures than would be expected from a series of constant temperatures, feeding ceased for a time before moulting, predation in relation to physiological state of predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3641
Author: Humphreys, W. F.
Year: 1980
Title: Comment on M.H. Greenstone's paper "Spider feeding behaviour optimises dietary essential amino acid composition"
Journal: Nature
Volume: 284
Pages: 578
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, physiology, population dynamics, USA, Greenstone claimed that Pardosa ramulosa optimised the intake of essential amino acids, he claimed that haemolymph extracts of the prey were representative of the amino acids that would be ingested by the spider, ie the spider was feeding mainly on prey haemolymph, Humphreys challenges this because the spider uses a range of enzymes to digest more parts of the prey than the haemolymph, so the hypothesis needs further testing, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3301
Author: Hunter, K. W.; Stoner, A.
Year: 1975
Title: Copidosoma tuncatellum: effect of parasitization on food consumption of larval Trichoplusia ni
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 381-382
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitized larvae consumed 35% more food and had 30% higher maximum weight than unparasitized, parasitized larvae were more efficient at conversion of food into body weight, USA, lab, artificial diet, references for similar result with Pieris rapae, P.rapae and T.ni both had 2 additional days of larval feeding when parasitized, cabbage looper, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, plant damage, trophic behaviour, arable, development rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1150
Author: Hunter, W. D.
Year: 1909
Title: The green bug and its natural enemies
Journal: Kans. Univ. Bul.
Volume: 9
Pages: 1-163
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, biological control, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3495
Author: Hurd, L. E.; Eisenberg, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Arthropod community responses to manipulation of a bitrophic predator guild
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 76
Pages: 2107-2114
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, large spiders reduce density of small spiders, predation on predators, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, field enclosures to manipulate densities of Lycosa rapida and Mantidae Tenodera sinensis, Lycosidae, in overgrown USA field, grassland, Gramineae, mantids depressed arthropod numbers by 10-15% and biomass by 50% in 10 days, lycosids had no measurable effect, mantids and lycosids depressed numbers of small spiders, spiders < 8mm constituted 61% of carnivore biomass in controls, these were readily eaten by lycosids and mantids in lab so the mechanism of reduction may have been predation, "generalist predators are typically bitrophic; they simultaneously occupy 2 trophic levels by feeding on both herbivores and other predators"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1149
Author: Hurej, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Natural control of Aphis fabae Scop. population by Syrphidae (Diptera) on sugar beet crop
Journal: Pol. Pismo Entomol.
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, hoverflies, predators, arable, biological control, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 8
Author: Hurka, K.; Duchac, V.
Year: 1980
Title: Larval descriptions and the breeding type of the central european species of Amara (Curtonotus) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Acta entomologicae bohemoslovaca
Volume: 77
Pages: 258-270


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5349
Author: Hurlbert, S.H. 
Year: 1984
Title: Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 54(2)
Pages: 187-211
Alternate Journal: Ecological Monographs
Keywords: Rep., experimental design, analyses, statistics, methods, pseudoreplication occurs where treatments are not replicated (although samples are) or replicates are not statistically independent, interspersion of treatments is an obligatory feature of good design, spatial distribution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5684
Author: Hurst, C.; Doberski, J.
Year: 2003
Title: Wild flower seed predation by Pterostichus madidus (Carabidae: Coleoptera)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 142
Pages: 251-254
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, UK, omnivory, spermophagy, granivory, weeds, methods, cafeteria laboratory feeding trials, grasses and wildflowers are sown at field edges to improve farmland biodiversity but their establishment may suffer from seed predation, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, Greater Knapweed Centaurea scabiosa, Lady's Bedstraw Galium verum, Ox-eye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare, Cowslip Primula veris, at edge of a winter wheat field seeds were attached to wooden boards and placed on the soil seed side down, cereals, Gramineae, this compared with Drosophila boards, artificial prey, all inside coarse-mesh cage to prevent mammal predation, in the laboratory L. vulgare and G. verum were preferred, Drosophila pupae were preferred to seeds but some seeds were eaten even when pupae were available, seeds and pupae were equally eaten in field, slugs and other invertebrate seed predators may have contributed to results in the field, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, over 80% seeds and 85% pupae consumed or lost in field, Diptera, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 343
Author: Hussey, N. W.; Lane, J.
Year: 1956
Title: Necrophagous Coleoptera trapped in different habitats in Midlothian
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 92
Pages: 201-206
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, pitfalls, baits, methods, community, Scotland, carrion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4493
Author: Hutcheon, J. A.; Iles, D. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Influence of crop management systems and rotation on earthworm populations
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 47
Pages: 471-474
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, UK, methods, Annelida, Lumbricidae, integrated farming systems IFS, LIFE Project at Long Ashton, first 5 years, earthworm biomass was greater in IFS than conventional, with non-inversion tillage crop residues were chopped and incorporated soon after harvest and weeds and volunteers that grew were incorporated when the crop was sown with one pass of a combined non-inversion cultivator and drill (Dutzi)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5401
Author: Hutchinson, G.E.
Year: 1957
Title: Concluding remarks
Journal: Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology
Volume: 22
Pages: 415-427
Alternate Journal: Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology
Keywords: REp., this is the origin of the currently-accepted version of the niche concept, Volterra-Gause principle, the fundamental niche as a n-dimensional hypervolume, there will normally be an optimal part of the niche falling to suboptimal conditions near the boundary, concept refers to one instant in time, so a nocturnal and diurnal species will occupy different niches (even if in other respects the niche parameters such as food, temperature range etc coincide), under constant conditions two species using and limited by a common resource cannot coexist in a limited space, but diversification of the system allowing some parts to favour one species and other parts the other species will then permit species coexistence, the 2 species will then be occupying different niches, observational studies in the lab and field studies of communities tend to confirm the validity of these concepts, examples given including Galapagos birds, practical difficulty of confirming that competition is occurring, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5755
Author: Huxel, G.R.; McCann, K.; Polis, G.A.
Year: 2002
Title: Effects of partitioning allochthonous and autochthonous resources on food web stability
Journal: Ecological Research
Volume: 17
Pages: 419-432
Alternate Journal: Ecological Research
Keywords: Rep., allochthonous resources are energetic resources that enter into a habitat from a more productive habitat, definition, such resources can influence community structure and stability, examples of allochthonous resources include leaf litter, carrion and prey species, carnivorous mammals use aquatic foods, headwaters provide allochthonous resources that are utilised downstream, rivers carry resources into estuaries, terrestrial run-off enter aquatic systems, distribution, dispersal, movement, landscape, Vertebrata, Mammalia, previous theoretical paper suggested that low to moderate levels of allochthonous food stabilise food web dynamics but large amounts destabilise, trophic webs, food chain length, compartmentation, omnivory, methods, model ecosystem, specialists and generalists, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1816
Author: Hyatt, K. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Mites of the subfamily Parasitinae (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) in the British Isles
Journal: Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History (Zoology)
Volume: 38
Issue: 5)
Pages: 808-821
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, pests, trees, top fruit, Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Panonychus ulmi, fruit tree red spider mite, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus canadensis, Bryobia arborea, Aculus cornutus, predators were a wide range of Phytoseiidae listed, Anystis, Balaustium, spiders not named, Araneae, 3 species of Aeolothrips ate eggs of Thrips tabaci, Thysanoptera, Haplothrips faurei, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Miridae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, Cestoda oncospheres in Chrysopa carnea adults which had probably eaten bird droppings, parasitoids of predators, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Lebia viridis, Lebia canonica, Coccinellidae named, ladybirds, Cecidomyiidae larvae not named, Diptera, Syrphidae named, hoverflies, effects of insecticides, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3723
Author: Hywel-Jones, N. L.; Sivichai, S.
Year: 1995
Title: Cordyceps cylindrica and its association with Nomuraea atypicola in Thailand
Journal: Mycological Research
Volume: 99
Issue: 7)
Pages: 809-812
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, both species attack spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, mortality, survivorship


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4598
Author: Ibarra-Nunez, G.
Year: 1984
Title: La etogenesis de la depredacion en las aranas del genero Tegenaria (Agelenidae): 1. La discrimination de las presas en las ninfas sin experiencia
Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Volume: 61
Pages: 113-134
Alternate Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Keywords: Rep., Tegenaria spiderlings did not attack living conspecifics, but bit Drosophila with long bites and aphids with brief bites. Discrimination between prey seems to be a spontaneous capability among spiderlings. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, Araneae, spiders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lack of cannibalism, intraspecific interactions
Notes: Sp., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4599
Author: Ibarra-Nunez, G.
Year: 1985
Title: Egg feeding by Tegenaria spiderlings (Araneae, Agelenidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Pages: 219-223
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, egg feeding observed within the eggsac. In some other spider families inviable eggs may be fed upon in the eggsac. Tegenaria sp. collected from tropical forest in Mexico. Tegenaria saeva collected from France. A window was cut in the eggsac outer layer so that behaviour could be observed and recorded with time-lapse photography. No aggressive behaviour between spiderlings was observed within the eggsac. Trees, methods, cannibalism, intraspecific interactions.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4600
Author: Ibarra-Nunez, G.
Year: 1990
Title: Los artropodos asociados a cafetos en un cafetal mixto del Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. 1. variedad y abundancia
Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Volume: 79
Pages: 207-231
Alternate Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Keywords: Rep., coffee plantation, 609 arthropod species collected, including spiders and ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, spiders were the dominant predators, Dvac, pooter, aspirator, vacuum insect net, suction sampling
Notes: Sp., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5634
Author: Ibarra-Nunez, G.; Garcia, J.A.; Lopez, J.A.; Lachaud, J.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Prey analysis in the diet of some ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and web-building spiders (Araneae) in coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico
Journal: Sociobiology
Volume: 37(3B)
Pages: 723-755
Alternate Journal: Sociobiology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, 2 ant species and 7 spider species, 4334 prey items, prey were Hymenoptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera, coefficients of diet breadth and diet overlap indicated some similarity between 2 ant species and 6 spider species, diets did not overlap completely and each species had a unique feeding niche, 38% of prey were pests, biological control, 12% of prey were beneficials, coffee is second most important perennial crop in Mexico, agricultural statistics, study area with shade trees, methods, searched all webs in a plot of 10-12 coffee plants, prey were gently recovered with forceps from individual foraging ants, prey selectivity, prey preference, Ivlev's index of electivity, diet evenness, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4601
Author: Ibarra-Nunez, G.; Garcia-Ballinas, J.A.
Year: 1998
Title: Diversidad de tres familias de aranas tejedoras (Araneae: Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae) en cafetales del Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico
Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Volume: 102
Pages: 11-20
Alternate Journal: Folia Entomologica Mexicana
Keywords: Rep., coffee plantations, species diversity of spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 90% were not adult, 87 species, species richness, biodiversity, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, species list.
Notes: Sp., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 401
Author: Ibraham, M. M.
Year: 1955
Title: Studies on Coccinella undecimpunctata aegyptica Reiche. 2. Biology and life-history (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Bull. Soc. Entomol. Egypte.
Volume: 39
Pages: 395-423
Keywords: Perilitus coccinellae, Braconidae, Hymenoptera
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasitism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5733
Author: Idris, A.B.; Grafius, E.
Year: 1995
Title: Wildflowers as nectar sources for Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) 
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24(6)
Pages: 1726-1735
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, habitat diversification, landscape, Plutella xylostella, longevity, fecundity, population dynamics, nectar, parasitoids also fed on honeydew from aphids feeding on the wildflowers, weeds, Aphis fabae, Hemiptera, potential to manipulate wildflower nectar sources to improve conservation biological control of cabbage pests, brassicas, field vegetables, horticulture,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1985
Author: Ilnicki, R. D.; Enache, A. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 249-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Trifolium subterraneum L., a self seeding annual legume, Leguminosae, 1986-1990, maize, soybean, squash, cabbage, beans, tomatoes grown with subclover living mulch, rye dead mulch or no mulch with conventional, minimum and no tillage, cereals, Gramineae, Cucurbitaceae, brassicas, subclover and no tillage gave excellent weed control without need for herbicide and yields of crops were not adversely affected, pesticides, farming practice, subclover originates inMediterranean, it grows in autumn and spring, plant senesces and dies in mid June, get dense mulch of dead clover for next 2 months, seeds germinate to give another living mulch by early September, it is used for pasture forage in Australia and South-east USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2981
Author: Inchley, C. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Immunobiology
Journal: Institute of Biology, Studies in Biology, Edward Arnold
Volume: No. 128
Pages: 82 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep. of Ch. 3, methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5493
Author: Ingerson-Mahar, J.
Year: 2002
Title: Relating diet and morphology in adult carabid beetles
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 111-136
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, mainly adults covered here, body form, procerization, cychrization, wedge pushing, burrowing, large eyes in diurnal species, locomotion, migration, movement, dispersal, flight, aerial dispersal, running and pushing legs, mouthparts, mandibles as indicator of feeding preferences, fluid feeders and fragment feeders, internal anotomy of digestive system, chemoreceptors on antennae and palps similar in Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Poecilus cupreus and Abax parallelepipedus, antennal setae of Loricera pilicornis trap Collembola, springtails, prey capture, feeding habits, gut dissection, mandible wear, microscopic identification of food remains, methods, variable rate of passage of food through gut, scavenging, carrion feeding, prey size, morphology implies that most carabids are mixed feeders
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1269
Author: Inglesfield, C.
Year: 1984
Title: Field evaluation of the effects of a new pyrethroid insecticide, WL 85871, on the beneficial arthropod fauna of oilseed rape and wheat
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Pests and Diseases 1984
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, arable, split field, half sprayed with WL other with organophosphorus pesticide, pitfalls, Dvac, water traps, winter wheat, Rapier, demeton-S-methyl, in OSR Carabidae and Linyphiidae most abundant in pitfalls, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, triazophos in OSR reduced carabids, WL reduced carabids and linyphiids, in winter wheat neither chemical affected carabids, linyphiids reduced by WL and demeton, Braconidae and Empidae reduced by both, parasitoids, Diptera, Hymenoptera, aphids, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1969
Author: Inove, K.; Tanaka, M.
Year: 1983
Title: Biological characteristics of Agistemus terminalis (Quayle) (Acarina: Stigmaeidae) as a predator of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor)
Journal: Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 27
Issue: 4)
Pages: 280-288
Keywords: Jap. En. summ.
Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Tetranychidae, top fruit, trees, eats the eggs at high temperatures, feeding behaviour, weather, microclimate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3536
Author: Ioriatti, C.; Pasqualini, E.; Toniolli, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of the fungicides mancozeb and dithianon on mortality and reproduction of the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 15
Issue: 2)
Pages: 109-116
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, Acari, polyphagous predators, Phytoseiidae, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, lab studies at field rates, with mancozeb got no mortality but 34% decrease in fecundity and 7.1% decrease in egg hatch, not so with dithianon, sub- lethal effects on non-targets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 399
Author: Iperti, G.
Year: 1964
Title: Les parasites des Coccinelles aphidophages dans les Basses-Alpes et les Alpes-Maritimes
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 9
Pages: 153-180
Keywords: Fr.
Rep(PNR), beeles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 372
Author: Iperti, G.
Year: 1965
Title: Contribution a l'etude de la specificite chez les pinciples coccinelles aphidophages des Alpes Maritimes et les Basses-Alpes
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 10
Pages: 159-178
Keywords: Fr.
Rep, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 421
Author: Iperti, G.
Year: 1966
Title: The choice of oviposition sites in aphidophagous Coccinelllidae
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, ed. I.Hodek, Junk, The Hague.
Pages: 121-122
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, eggs, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5343
Author: Iperti, G.
Year: 1999
Title: Biodiversity of predaceous Coccinellidae in relation to bioindication and economic importance
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 323-342
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, bioindicators, review, about 90% of 4200 species are predatory, others are phyophages or fungivorous, herbivores, mycophages, mycetophages, fungus feeders, predatory species eat aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, spider mites, Hemiptera, Auchenoryncha, Acari, Tetranychidae, also honeydew, nectar and pollen, omnivory, some species move annually from meadows to forests or from valleys to mountains, aggregations, spatial distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, grassland, Gramineae, woodland, trees, taxonomy, systematics, keys to identification, sampling methods, direct in situ visual counts, beating, habitat selection, voltinism and reproduction, oviposition, adults are polyphagous, essential foods for completing life cycle, alternative foods, food preferences, photoperiod cue for migration, dormancy, diapause, aestivation, hibernation, predators, parasitoids and pathogens of ladybirds, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Nematoda, Protozoa, Acari, entomogenous fungi, diseases, mycosis, effects of pollution, conservation, ecology in rural landscapes, bioindicators, landscape manipulation to enhance biocontrol
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3665
Author: Iperti, G.; Prudent, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Effect of the substrate properties on the choice of oviposition sites by Adalia bipunctata
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 143-149
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., lab, France, 25C, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, distribution, reproduction, preferred to oviposit on a red surface rather than green yellow or blue, preferred curved to flat and bare plastic to filter paper, it was attracted to oviposit by odour of cypress and fennel, semiochemicals, olfactory stimuli, trees, wood, Umbelliferae, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3664
Author: Iperti, G.; Qulici, S.
Year: 1986
Title: Some factors influencing the selection of oviposition site by Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 137-142
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., lab, France, 25C, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, distribution, reproduction, shows negative geotaxis when selecting oviposition site, 55% eggs deposited by day and 89% in shaded half of chamber, diurnal, diel activity pattern, eggs laid equally onto smooth or hairy leaves, substrate texture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 419
Author: Iperti, G.; Waerebeke, D. van
Year: 1968
Title: Description, biologie et importance d'une nouvelle espece d'Allantonemati dae (Nematode) parasite des coccinelles aphidophages : Parasitylenchus coccinellinae n. sp
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 13
Pages: 107-119
Keywords: Fr.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, parasites, nematodes, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4279
Author: Ireson, J. E.; Webb, W. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Effectiveness of Neomolgus capillatus (Kramer)(Acarina: Bdellidae) as a predator of Sminthurus viridis (L.)(Collembola: Sminthuridae) in northwestern Tasmania
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 3
Issue: 3)
Pages: 237-240
Keywords: En.
Rep., Australia, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, S. viridis was reduced by 95% by the addition of the spiny snout mite N. capillatus from northwest France to the existing predator complex, dairy pastures, grassland, Gramineae, classical biological ciontrol, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, existing predator complex is Bdellodes lapidaria, Pergamasus longicornis, Pergamasus quisquiliarum and Anystis baccarum, significant control of S. viridis was achieved in the autmn, populations of N. capillatus in excess of 25 per m2 early in the season were associated with low non-damaging populations of S. viridis later in the season, early presence of N. capillatus in autumn (survivors from the summer) enable the predator to increase and have a maximum impact on newly-hatched S. viridis in the autumn, control of S. viridis was not so good in the spring due to predator inactivity, the whirlygig mite Anystis wallacei is being investigated as a spring predator, evidence for effectiveness is from correlations between numbers of predators and prey at one site over 2 years, and by comparison with S. viridis densities over 4 years before the introduction of N. capillatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2729
Author: Irwin, M. E.; Isard, S. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Vertical zonation of weakly flying insects in the planetary boundary layer and its effect on long-distance movement
Journal: Preprint
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1449
Author: Ishaaya, I.; Casida, J. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Pyrethroid esterase(s) may contribute to natural pyrethroid tolerance of larvae of the common green lacewing
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 681-684
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, predators, natural enemies, mechanisms of pesticide resistance, Chrysopa carnea larvae are natyrally tolerant to pyrethroids because they have pyrethroid esterases to inactivate them


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1293
Author: Ishikura, H.
Year: 1984
Title: Projected trend in the use of insecticides in rice insect pest control
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 57-66
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, global rice loss to insects 121 nillion tonnes, which is 28% of potential production, reaches 32% in Asia, table for geographical regions, agricultural statistics, rice losses greater than for maize or wheat, rice pest increase due to farming practices, 1 million ha rice attacked by pests in Indonesia in 1978, gives statistics for insecticide use on rice, formulations, application methods, claims little biological control available, gives economic thresholds for main pests by country, frequency of application, esttimates of future insecticide usage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4366
Author: Ishitani, M.; Tsukamoto, T.; Ikeda, K.; Yamakawa, K.; Yano, K.
Year: 1997
Title: Faunal and biological studies of ground beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae and Brachinidae)(1) species compositions on the banks of the same river system
Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology
Volume: 65
Issue: 4)
Pages: 704-720
Keywords: En.
Rep.,polyphagous predators, natural enemies, riparian, biodiversity, Japan, pitfalls, 41 species, faunas vary at 1.3 km apart


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2225
Author: Itamies, J.; Ruotsalainen, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Phenology of wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) at Hameenkyro, SW Finland in 1980
Journal: Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
Volume: 60
Issue: 4)
Pages: 145-152
Keywords: En.
Alopecosa pulverulenta, Alopecosa aculeata, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa lugubris, Pardosa riparia, Trochosa terricola.
Rep., pitfalls, oats, cereals, meadows, grassland, forest, 20 species, males, females, juveniles, peak activity, Trochosa are nocturnal, some juveniles active on snow in mild winter, mini literature review.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2226
Author: Itamies, J.; Ruotsalainen, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) in three habitats at Hameenkyro, SW Finland
Journal: Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
Volume: 61
Issue: 2)
Pages: 45-54
Keywords: En.
Alopecosa pulverulenta, Trochosa terricola, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa pullata.
Rep., pitfalls, oats, cereals, meadows, grassland, forest, cluster analysis, mini review on factors affecting distribution.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1050
Author: Ito, K.; Iwao, S.
Year: 1977
Title: Oviposition behaviour of a syrphid Episyrphus balteatus (Dipt.) in relation to aphid density on the plant
Journal: Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 21
Pages: 130-134
Keywords: Rep., Japan, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1065
Author: Ito, Y.; Hattori, I.
Year: 1982
Title: A kleptoparasitic moth, Nola innocua, attacking aphid galls
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 475-478
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4147
Author: Ito, Y.; Miyashita, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Biology of Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera; Arctiidae) in Japan. V. Preliminary life tables and mortality data in urban areas
Journal: Researches in Population Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 177-209
Keywords: En.
Rep., fall webworm is a pest of deciduous trees of roadsides and gardens but not forests in Japan, woodland, caterpillars, early instars are colonial web-makers, larvae of 6th and 7th instars are free-living surface feeders, exclusion cages with meshes of various sizes to exclude, variously, birds and wasps, methods, Aves, Vertebrata, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids emerged mainly from pupae, Tachnidae and Hymenoptera, eggs eaten by Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, trophic behaviour, food, diet, oophagy, whole egg masses eaten by birds and lepidopterous larvae, spiders and anthocorids killed first instar larvae, Araneae, observed preying on larvae were Tetragnatha, Misumena, Philodromus, Euophrys, Theridion, Clubionidae, methods, in situ direct visual observation, Tetragnathidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, most spiders stayed for several days in the colonial caterpillar web, consumption rates given, spiders considered to consume a significant proportion of the early larval population, 2- 4 spiders could be found in a single colony, distribution, other predators of larvae were Mantidae, Carabidae and in other studies Reduviidae, Pentatomidae and Chrysopidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Polistes wasps are important predators of older larvae and they accelerate the break up of larval colonies, 6th and 7th instars fall off the tree when touched by a Polistes wasp and some are then eaten on the ground by tree sparrows, dislodgement, fall off, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, movement, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Aves, Vertebrata, there was also much direct predation by various bird species, spiders probably cause more mortality in forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4924
Author: Ives, A.R.; Kareiva, P.; Perry, R.
Year: 1993
Title: Response of a predator to variation in prey density at three hierarchical scales: lady beetles feeding on aphids
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 74(7)
Pages: 1929-1938
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia variegata, predators, natural enemies, individual beetles remained on single fireweed stems (Epilobium angustifolium) longer in the presence of large aphid colonies but this was a very weak response, the mean number of beetles (of both species) on a stem was 10-20 times greater on stems with large aphid colonies compared with aphid-free stems, the number and size of aphids colonies in 25 m2 field plots explained 50-90% of the variation in mean length of time that beetles remained there. Conclusion is that although the response of individual beetles to aphids was weak, the cumulative effect of many beetles can result in strong population level aggregation of beetles to aphids. Aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis oenotherae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3428
Author: Iwao, S.; Wellington, W. G.
Year: 1970
Title: The influence of behavioural differences among tent- caterpillar larvae on predation by a pentatomid bug
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 48
Pages: 896-898
Keywords: En.
Rep., active larvae of western tent caterpillar Malacosoma californicum pluviale were stalked more than sluggish caterpillars by predator Podisus maculiventris, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, in IV instar active larvae cound not defend themselves and more active than sluggish were eaten, but V's could defend themselves and so more sluggish V's were eaten, Canada, in this study active and sluggish individuals were part of natural variation in the population of healthy individuals, but the effects might also be produced by parasitoids and pathogens, so might get altered rates of predation on moribund prey, behaviour, complex interactions between prey size, prey defence and prey activity in relation to the predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3332
Author: Jackson, C. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Elemental markers for entomophagous insects
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: Supplement 14
Pages: 65-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, prey insects labelled by treating host plants with rare element solution or including them in artificial diets, methods, 3 parasitoids and Geocoris punctipes labelled with rubidium in this way, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, strontium, cesium and dysprosium can also be used, use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and a graphite furnace allows detection of parts per billion in individual insects, very sensitive system, materials not radioactive


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1448
Author: Jackson, G. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Present trends in pesticide development regarding safety to beneficial organisms
Journal: BCPC - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 1
Pages: 387-394
Keywords: En.
companies cannot develop specific (chemical, virus, pheromones) materials by themselves because costs of development, registration and manufacture almost as great as for broad-spectrum but less profits, economics, but if costs are shared it is feasible, pink bollworm mating disruption pheromone costs shared by English and Egyptian governments and ICI, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, behaviour, UK, Egypt, broad- spectrums can be used selectively, pesticide application methods, microencapsulation of compounds with contact and oral toxicity results in kill only if eaten eg by Colorado beetle, parasitoids and predators likely to be spared, formulations, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Leptinotarsa, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2342
Author: Jackson, R. R.
Year: 1974
Title: Rearing methods for spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 2
Pages: 53-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, sandwich boxes, cotton wick, Drosophila, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2134
Author: Jackson, R. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Comparative studies of Dictyna and Mallos (Araneae, Dictynidae) III. Prey and predatory behaviour
Journal: Psyche.
Volume: 83
Pages: 267-280
Keywords: Spiders, food, diet, foraging, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2146
Author: Jackson, R. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Prey of the jumping spider Phidippus johnsoni (Araneae: Salticidae)
Journal: J. Arachnol.
Volume: 5
Pages: 145-156
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, various unspecified habitats, very few observed with prey, observations AM only, males feeding less often than females or immatures, diet, food, feeding, foraging, consumption, prey includes aphids, ants, harvestmen, spiders, cannibalism, Hemiptera, Homoptera, sex, Opiliones, Phalangida, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4155
Author: Jackson, R. R.; Pollard, S. D.
Year: 1996
Title: Predatory behaviour of jumping spiders
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 41
Pages: 287-308
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Salticidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, more than 4000 species, biodiversity, species richness, Salticidae are the largest spider family, diurnal, cursorial, the salticid eye, they seem to be capable of colour vision, predatory versatility of Portia species, spins non-sticky webs, invades webs of other spider species and pretends to be a prey (aggressive mimicry) then attacks the resident spider, attacks a very wide range of web-spider species, has flexible behaviour and uses trial and error to find the best vibration stimulus for a given spider victim, salticids are capable of simple learning, Portia can mimic detritus when stalking cursorial salticids, and can mimic courtship behaviour to attract victims, a minority of salticids specialise in eating ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, Phidippus audax is an important predator in agroecosystems, with diet biased towards caterpillars and flies, it uses a different predatory behaviour for each, Lepidoptera, Diptera, pests, Myrmarachne feeds on the eggs of other spiders, oophagy, other salticids feed on insect eggs and nectar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2763
Author: Jackson, R. R.; Tarsitano, M. S.
Year: 1993
Title: Responses of jumping spiders to motionless prey
Journal: Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 9
Issue: 4)
Pages: 105-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Salticidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, feeding behaviour, prey capture, 7 salticids from a wide taxonomic and geographical range, dead food offered under standardised conditions in lab including spiders flies and ants, Diptera, Formicidae, scavenging, methods, prey were first put in alcohol then sprayed with plastic adhesive to eliminate olfactory cues, spiders starved for 10-14 days before tests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5488
Author: Jackson, T.A.; Alves, S.B.; Pereira, R.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Success in biological control of soil-dwelling insects by pathogens and nematodes
Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Pages: 271-296
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., pests, soil, white grubs, Scarabaeidae, root weevils, Curculionidae, wireworms, Elateridae, root worms, Chrysomelidae, cicadas, Cicadidae, burrower bugs, Cydnidae, crane flies, Tipulidae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, grassland, pasture, Gramineae, potato, sweet potato, armyworms, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, mole crickets, Gryllotalpidae, Orthoptera, aphids, mealybugs, Pseudococcidae, ants, termites, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Isoptera, Atta, Solenopsis, cockchafer, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies, bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, habitat manipulation, irrigation, Nematoda, Steinernema glaseri, entomopathogenic nematodes, Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, Bacillus popilliae has been mass produced and added to patches of grassland in USA to augment natural biological control, Steinernema scapterisci is being used against mole crickets in Florida and the protozoan Thelohania solenopsae against fire ants in USA, inundative biological control, pathogens show high strain specificity in relation to significant  impact on pests even though their host range as a species may be extremely wide, table of commercial microbial control products against soil pests, bacterium Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub Costelytra zealandica in New Zealand pastures, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against termites, sugarcane weevil and banana weevil, Beauveria brongniartii against Andean potato weevil, nematodes against vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in potted plants, horticulture, protected crops, greenhouses, glasshouses
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3523
Author: Jagers op Akkerhuis, G. A. J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Walking behaviour and population density of adult linyphiid spiders in relation to minimising the plot size in short- term pesticide studies with pyrethroid insecticides
Journal: Environmental Pollution
Volume: 80
Issue: 2)
Pages: 163-171
Keywords: en.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Netherlands, Holland, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, methods, wet and dry plots treated and untreaated with deltamethrin, pitfall grid, population density by pitfalls in fenced and netted enclosures, density estimated at 23-59 m-2 adult Linyphiidae, soil moisturehad a positive effect on trapping success but no impact on the effect of deltamethrin, shifts in spider distribution were closely correlated with crop microclimate, humidity, RH, trapping had little effect on population density, small plots with 7 m of border are OK for assessing short-term effects of pesticides on linyphiids in winter wheat, quick and massive response to change in physical conditions eg more spiders caught in damp areas when temperature increased, suggests local changes in mobility and not redistribution [so this is another problem for pitfall studies], distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2385
Author: Jagers op Akkerhuis, G. A. J. M.; Hamers, T. H. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Substrate-dependent bioavailability of deltamethrin for the epigeal spider Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) (Aranaea, Erigonidae)
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 36
Issue: 1)
Pages: 59-69
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3178
Author: Jaggers op Akkerhuis, G. A. J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Physical conditions affecting pyrethroid toxicity in arthropods
Journal: Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, pesticides, insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, models, activity, behaviour, correlations between pitfall trap catch and physical conditions, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, sugar beet, arable, humidity, microclimate, move more on day 2 if prevented on day 1, diel activity rhythms, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax fuscus, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Bathyphantes concolor, density, deltamethrin, density by caged gutter traps, short-term pesticide effects in the field, relationship between walking activity and pick up of pesticide, exposure, uptake greater from moss-covered soils, deltamethrin treatment induced water excretion and increased metabolic rate, desiccation, physiology, immobilization or paralysis greatest at low temperatures and low humidity, moisture, microclimate, water loss often causes death of poisoned spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4544
Author: Jakob, B., Von Mandach, T.  ; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1998
Title: Phytophage an Heracleum mantegazzianum und Heraclium sphondylium in der Schweiz
Journal: Z PflKrankh. PflSchutz, Sonderh.
Volume: 16
Pages: 223-230
Alternate Journal: Z PflKrankh. PflSchutz, Sonderh.
Keywords: Rep., TP, phytophagous insects on Heraclium in Switzerland, weeds, herbivores, 62 species, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera 
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4426
Author: Jakob, E. M.; Marshall, S. D.; Uetz, G. W.
Year: 1996
Title: Estimating fitness: a comparison of body condition indices
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 77
Pages: 61-67
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Pardosa collected from USA soybean, Lycosidae, immediately weighed and measured, Pardosa also kept in lab for 8 weeks on well-fed and semi-starve regime (one quarter of rate for well-fed), carapace width measured, comparison of 3 condition indices, (i)ratio index, i.e. mass/width, (ii)calculated slope of ln mass against ln width for field-collected spiders, the slop- adjusted ratio index for an individual is then mass/length-raised to the power of the slope, (iii) residuals method, i.e. regress ln mass on ln width, the residual distances of individual points from this line serve as estimators of condition, similar methods used with the Argiopidae spider Metepeira, Araneidae, Pardosa from no-till plots were fatter than those from till plots based on the ratio index but not for the residual index (this is because the ratio index does not adequately control for spider size), for lab Pardosa the ratio index and the residual index discriminated between groups but the slope-adjusted ratio index did not, for both spiders only the residual index adequately controlled for variation across body sizes, but it cannot compare between populations, the ratio index is needed for this


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5371
Author: Jaksic, F.M.; Medel, R.G.
Year: 1990
Title: Objective recognition of guilds: testing for statistically significant species clusters
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 82
Pages: 87-92
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., existing methods are nearest-neighbour variance in overlap, multivariate statistics, clustering techniques, psychometric analysis, this paper presents a fifth approach using bootstrapping to identify statistically significant guilds, community, references to hypotheses concerning the generation of guild structure, e.g. by diffuse competition or because there are gaps in the spectrum of resources available, guilds should not be artificially restricted taxonomically, assemblage of predatory Vertebrata in USA, food niche overlaps (predator diet similarities) calculated with Pianka's index, diet similarity matrix then subjected to a clustering technique, bootstrap procedure used to determine statistically significant clusters, this procedure identified 2 guilds (one with two snakes and the other with 5 species of mammal, bird and snake)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4081
Author: Janetos, A. C.
Year: 1982
Title: Foraging tactics of two guilds of web-spinning spiders
Journal: Behavioral Ecology and Socbiology
Volume: 10
Pages: 19-27
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, USA, orbweavers (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Uloboridae) move frequently, sheetweb (Linyphiidae) spiders do not. Model predicts orbweavers have simple leaving rules, and their web sites should be variable in value and the cost of moving by orbweavers should be less than for sheet weavers. Field and experimental data confirm this. Active foragers (e.g. orbweavers) move often from site to site, but sit-and-wait predators (e.g. sheet weavers) leave patches infrequently. Distribution, dispersal, migration, movement. Marked spiders observed in a range of natural habitats. Foraging behaviour, residence times, giving-up times, web-site tenacity, cost of moving, competition for web-sites. In lab spiders that were fed stayed in a web-site longer than unfed spiders. Number of prey in webs in the field. Food, diet, trophic behaviour.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4078
Author: Janetos, A. C.
Year: 1984
Title: Comparative ecology of two linyphiid spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 11
Pages: 315-322
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5396
Author: Janetos, A.C.
Year: 1986
Title: Web-site selection: are we asking the right questions ?
Journal: In "Spiders, Webs, Behaviour and Evolution" Ed. by W.A. Shear, Stanford University Press, California
Pages: 9-22
Alternate Journal: In "Spiders, Webs, Behaviour and Evolution" Ed. by W.A. Shear, Stanford University Press, California
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, foraging behaviour, review, web site suitability, not known if habitat choice in spiders (including ballooners) is active or passive, physical support for webs, species richness tends to increase with vegetational complexity, some Linyphiidae require more complex support structures for webs than do Araneidae, web support criteria may change as the spider grows, physical conditions (especially microclimate) may determine whether a spider remains or leaves a microhabitat, site choice also affected by prey supply and protection from predators, evidence from some species suggests that little choice is exerted over where to construct a web initially and that appropriate web-sites are eventually colonised due to desertion rates from poor sites being greater than from high quality sites, web leaving rates vary within guilds but more so between guilds, Araneidae relocate webs more frequently than Linyphiidae, giving-up rules, marginal value theorem of Charnov cannot be applied to web spiders because they do not deplete prey in their patch (just passively filter and prey supply is independent of spider), web spiders make decisions in discrete time units (days) often retaining web during day and moving at night (possibly anti-predator behaviour), dispersal, movement, migration, significant between web-sites variation in prey availability is common, leaving is response to random stimuli (e.g. web damage by weather or predators) and non-random stimuli (e.g. food supply), simple model is proposed which incorporates a) variation in energetic yield between good and bad sites b) spider decision efficiency c) energetic cost of moving (e.g. web lost or recycled), research is needed into species-specific site-leaving rules (e.g. prey number rate or prey biomass rate ?), yes we are asking the right questions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4728
Author: Janowski-Bell, M.E.; Horner, N.V.
Year: 1999
Title: Movement of the male brown tarantula, Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Theraphosidae), using radio telemetry
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 503-512
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, methods, distribution, dispersal, natural enemies, spiders equipped with radio transmitters monitored using antenna and radio receiver, males moved up to 1300 m, USA, Texas scrub country, microhabitats and refugia, immature tarantulas are not known to balloon, each transmitter had a different frequency which allowed individual spiders to be identified, 0.6 - 0.8 g transmitter, 7.6 cm aerial, spider weighed 2.5 - 7.5 g, 23 spiders used, half of which retained their transmitter for 3 or more days, they moved in all directions, signal could be received at several hundred metres and spiders were detectable in burrows and under rocks
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3032
Author: Jansma, J. E.; van Keulen, H.; Zadoks, J. C.
Year: 1993
Title: Crop protection in the year 2000, a comparison of current policies towards agrochemical usage in four West European countries
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 12
Pages: 483-489
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sweden, Netherlands, France and Spain, information from interviews, farming practices, agricultural statistics, 10 year maximum limit on a registration, pesticide use and sales 1988-90, efficacy of pesticide use, yields, Dutch plan to reduce pesticide use, reduction of pesticides by 60% seems possible without loss of profits if Integrated Farming Systems are used, IFS, Sweden has achieved 50% reduction, France aims at supervised control, Spain tries to reduce residues in exports, actual production is about 30% of potential production of wheat, Denmark has applied levies on pesticide use, scepticism about reduction in pesticide use eg because of inadequate research capacity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4560
Author: Janssen, A.; Pallini, A.; Venzon, M.; Sabelis, M.W.
Year: 1998
Title: Behaviour and indirect interactions in food webs of plant-inhabiting arthropods
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 22
Pages: 497-521
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, glasshouse, greenhouse, protected crops, tri-trophic interactions. Addition of extra species of natural enemies may lead to increases or decreases of pests. When superior competitor parasitoids are added to an existing parasitoid biocontrol system equilibrium densities of the pest can increase and this is analogous to intra-guild predation IGP. Western Flower Thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis) WFT in California cotton is considered a useful predator of Tetranychus urticae eggs and is rarely controlled. Apparent competition occurs where pest A affects the density of pest B via a shared predator, e.g. Panonychus ulmi on plum trees were reduced where rust mites (Aculus fockeui) were also present as food for Typhlodromus pyri. Thrips control in sweet pepper by Neoseiulus cucumeris is improved by the presence of pepper pollen. Natural enemies can interact indirectly by induction of anti-predator behaviour in their shared prey. Predators can use odours to avoid prey patches with conspecifics (NB natural enemies that avoid entering each others food patches will have complementary effects on pest populations). Orius laevigatus can show IGP on N. cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Phytoseiulus persimilis. O. laevigatus is attracted to plants with spider mites and to plants with thrips. P. persimilis and N. cucumeris are also attracted to thrip-infested plants. Spider mites avoid plants with thrips and with P. persimilis (odour-mediated). Thrips are not attacked by P. persimilis and can feed on P. persimilis eggs. Thrips hide in spider mite webbing and this helps them to avoid predation. Many of the above interactions can be modified by learning and conditioning. Predation by Orius tristicolor on thrips larvae is reduced in the presence of spider mites (probably because they hide in webbing). IGP of Orius on P. persimilis can increase spider mite density. It seems unlikely that simple food webs exist. Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, semiochemicals, food, diet, foraging, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, food chains, food webs, cucumber.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5227
Author: Janssen, A.; Pallini, A.; Venzon, M.; Sabelis, M.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Absence of odour-mediated avoidance of heterospecific competitors by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 92
Pages: 73-82
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, pests, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, Holland, Netherlands, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius laevigatus, Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius californicus, greenhouse edibles, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, glasshouse, protected crops, horticulture, olfactometer and greenhouse release experiments showed no evidence that P. persimilis avoids plants harbouring any of the other predators, foraging behaviour, kairomones, infochemicals, semiochemicals, olfactory cues, food, diet, trophic behaviour, P. persimilis (but not N. californicus or O. laevigatus) appears to elicit alarm pheromones from T. urticae, movement, distribution, migration, dispersal  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6001
Author: Janssen, A.; Willemse, E.; Van der Hammen, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Poor host plant quality causes omnivore to consume predator eggs
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 72
Pages: 478-483
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, omnivory, omnivorous western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis eats eggs of two-spotted spider mite and of predatory mites, Tetranychus urticae, Thysanoptera, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis (specialist), Iphiseius degenerans (generalist), thrips larvae on sweet pepper (low quality plant food) survived better if provided with predator eggs or pollen but this did not occur on cucumber (high quality plant food), glasshouse, greenhouse, protected crops, protected vegetables, horticulture, thrips preferred pollen to eggs, spider mite webbing used by thrip larvae as refuge from predation, more eggs of the thrip predator (I. degenerans) than of the spider mite predator (P. persimilis) eaten by thrips perhaps as a defensive tactic, anti-predator behaviour, prey defences, the presence of killed predator eggs deters adult predators reducing risk of thrip predation fourfold, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 318
Author: Janssen, W.
Year: 1963
Title: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Okologie von Cantharis L. und Rhagonycha Eschch. (Cantharidae, Col.)
Journal: Z. Wiss. Zool.
Volume: 169
Pages: 115-202
Keywords: Ger.
Beetles, Coleoptera, morphology, biology, ecology, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 840
Author: Janssens, J.; De Clercq, R.
Year: 1988
Title: Observations on the carabids Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Platynus dorsalis (Pontoppidan)(Col., Carabidae) as predators of cereal aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 53
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1131-1136
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Agonum dorsale, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Belgium, these species are 51-88% carabids in pitfalls during infestation, water traps, gut dissection, two indices of predation; higher % positive for P. melanarius but A. dorsale better at low aphid density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 700
Author: Janssens, J.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Seasonal activity of the dominant and subdominant Staphylinidae of arable land in Belgium
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 50
Issue: 2b
Pages: 511-518
Keywords: En.
Tachyporus hypnorum, Aloconota gregaria, Oxypoda exoleta, Atheta fungi, Oxytelus sculpturatus, Anotylus
Rep., beetles, predators, Coleoptera, winter wheat, sugar beet, cereals, arable, clay and loam soils, phenology, overwintering, pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2227
Author: Janssens, J.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Seasonal activity of the dominant and subdominant Araneae of arable land in Belgium
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 981-985
Keywords: En.
Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis.
Rep., spiders, winter wheat, cereals, sugar beet, clay, loam, pitfalls, activity peaks, phenology, males, females.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2228
Author: Janssens, J.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Distribution and occurrence of Araneae in arable land in Belgium
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 973-980
Keywords: En.
Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Porrhomma microphthalmum.
Rep., spiders, clay, loam, pitfalls, indices of dominance and diversity, winter wheat, cereals, sugar beet, males, females, differences between crops greater than soils, Linyphiidae dominant, Lycosidae subdominant.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2314
Author: Janssens, J.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1990
Title: Observations on Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae as predators of cereal aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 471-475
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Erigone atra
Rep., ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium, serology, ELISA, gut dissection, predation index based on number of positive predators per aphid, used Crook & Sunderland antiserum, two species of carabid and linyphiid had high index, no staphylinids had high index, only 13% of cases of Tachyporus fed aphids in the lab were detectable by gut dissection, methods, consumption, foraging, no aphid predation detected by ELISA for Tachyporus or Philonthus cognatus or Oedothorax, was their antiserum degraded ?, data on titre or positive controls not given, detection periods not used, Coleoptera, pitfalls species composition, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, dominants Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, T. hypnorum, Aloconota gregaria, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Agonum dorsale, high predation indices for A. dorsale, P.melanarius, E. atra, Oedothorax females, aphids always below economic threshold of 10 per tiller, polyphagous predators ate aphids up to 4 weeks before Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae were active, predation at low aphid density, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, 1985-9, sandy and clay soils, ground search, Collembola remains found in 50% of 685 Loricera pilicornis, food, diet, most carabids had more plant material during flowering, thought to be due to wheat anthers dropping on ground, Rhopalosiphum padi, Tachyporus hypnorum dissected from field ate mainly fungal spores and very few aphids, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone dentipalpis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1629
Author: Jaques, R. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Field tests on control of the imported cabbageworm (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and the cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by mixtures of microbial and chemical insecticides
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 120
Issue: 6)
Pages: 575-580
Keywords: En.
IPM, pesticides, pests, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, biological control, Trichoplusia ni, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Pieris rapae, small white butterfly, viruses, AcNPV, PrGV, permethrin, pyrethroids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1628
Author: Jarrett, P.; Burges, H. D.
Year: 1986
Title: Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis active against Mamestra brassicae and some other species: alternatives to the present commercial isolate HD1
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 4
Pages: 39-45
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, UK, microbial pesticides, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases, 60 isolates tested because HD1 not very effective against cabbage moth, 14 isolates had improved potency, some had improved potency against Spodoptera littoralis and other pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2793
Author: Jarvis, W. R.; Shipp, J. L.; Gardiner, R. B.
Year: 1993
Title: Transmission of Pythium aphanidermatum to greenhouse cucumber by the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 122
Pages: 23-29
Keywords: En.
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1873
Author: Jaynes, H. A.
Year: 1958
Title: Studies of ants in West Virginia apple orchards
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 585-588
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, pests, many species of ant attack codling moth larvae and cocoons, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pupae, Cydia pomonella, ants reduced by insecticides, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 128
Author: Jeannel, R.
Year: 1941
Title: Coleopteres Carabiques, 1 and 2
Journal: Faune de France, Paris.
Volume: 39
Issue: 40
Pages: 1-571, 573-1173.
Keywords: Fr.
Rep(parts), Carabidae, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1648
Author: Jeffries, C.
Year: 1989
Title: Mathematical Modeling in Ecology
Journal: Birkhauser, Boston
Pages: 193 pp
Keywords: En.
methods, models, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5370
Author: Jeffries, M.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Evidence for individualistic species assembly creating convergent predator:prey ratios among pond invertebrate communities
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 173-184
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, aquatic, predator or prey taxa were added to ponds and community changes monitored compared with control ponds, predator-prey ratios converged in treated and control ponds over 2 years and this was because taxa from the treated pond spread between all ponds in the study area, references to community assembly, reasonably constant predator-prey ratio is often considered as a community property arising from assembly rules, in the literature there is evidence for both individualistic or holistic assembly leading to constancy of predator-prey ratio, overall in this study 50 predator and 73 prey taxa (ratio 0.68)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4137
Author: Jeffries, M. J.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1984
Title: Enemy free space and the structure of ecological communities
Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
Volume: 23
Pages: 269-286
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, definition of enemy free space is "ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies", often classical resource based competition for food or space is not the primary determinant of species niches, community, population dynamics, apparent competition can occur if two or more victim species interact via a shared enemy or enemies, species may be eliminated entirely from a community by populations of polyphagous enemies sustained by alternative prey, absolute enemy free space is extremely rare in nature, experimental manipulation of predators in communities often reveals victim species that are unable to survive in the presence of particular enemy species, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, victims may avoid natural enemies by mechanisms involving size, morphology, position or other mechanisms, distribution, and these are the same factors that separate species in classical competition theory, timescales of searching for enemy free space range from individuals changing their short-term behaviour to species changing their characteristics over evolutionary time, it is not necessary for species to be controlled by predation for competition for enemy free space to be a significant ecological and evolutionary force, there are numerous examples of niche shifts in the literature, ie where a species behaves in one way in one community or place, but differently somewhere else, some niche shifts are enemy induced, it is a general feature of communities to have a fairly constant ratio of prey to predators, this may result from competition for enemy free space culminating in limits to the number of victims able to coexist with different species of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1452
Author: Jenkins, J. E. E.; Melville, S. C.; Jemmett, J. L.
Year: 1972
Title: The effect of fungicides on leaf diseases and on yield in spring barley in south-west England
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 21
Pages: 49-58
Keywords: En.
pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK, damage, fungal diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1451
Author: Jenkyn, J. F.; Plumb, R. T.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of fungicides and insecticides applied to spring barley sown on different dates in 1976-79
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 102
Pages: 421-433
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, aphid density cf winter wheat, late- sown crops had more mildew, BYDV and aphids than early- sown, sowing date, farming practices, fungal diseases, barley yellow dwarf virus, dimethoate plots had more aphids in 1979, perhaps predators and parasitoids were killed, natural enemies, organophosphorus insecticides, yield, Diptera, stem borers, thrips, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4069
Author: Jennings, D. T.; Houseweart, M. W.
Year: 1978
Title: Spider preys on spruce budworm egg mass
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 89
Pages: 183-186
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, woodland, forest, conifers, trophic behaviour, diet, food, oophagy, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2381
Author: Jennings, D. T.; Houseweart, M. W.; Cokendolpher, J. C.
Year: 1984
Title: Phalangids (Arachnida: Opiliones) associated with strip clearcut and dense spruce-fir forests of Maine
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 1306-1311
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators harvestmen, USA, pitfalls, spruce budworm, pest, Lepidoptera, 7 species of harvestman, Leiobunum calcar dominant, diversity, percentage similarity, depth of litter, phenology in relation to timing of pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2583
Author: Jensen, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Effect of temperature on the development of the immature stages of Bembidion lampros (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35
Issue: 2)
Pages: 277-281
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2451
Author: Jensen, T. S.; Dyring, L.; Kristensen, B.; Nielsen, B. O.; Rasmussen, E. R.
Year: 1989
Title: Spring dispersal and summer habitat distribution of Agonum dorsale
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 33
Pages: 155-165
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5420
Author: Jenser, G.; Balazs, K; Erdelyi, C.; Haltrich, A.; Kadar, F.; Kozar, F.; Marko, V.; Racz, V.; Samu, F.
Year: 1999
Title: Changes in arthropod population composition in IPM apple orchards under continental climatic conditions in Hungary
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 73
Pages: 141-154
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., trees, top fruit, woodland, forest, side-effects of insecticides, pesticides, changes after substitution of selective insecticides for broad spectrum insecticides, some pest species increased so further IPM developments are needed, 1759 species of herbivore and zoophagous arthropods in community, species richness, biodiversity, 60 pest species, 7 of these attract regular insecticide use, farming practices, broad spectrum insecticides reduced many pest species but increased a few others such as Panonychus ulmi, Acari, Tetranychidae, IPM techniques used were selective insecticides plus herbaceous undergrowth, methods, sex pheromones for Lepidoptera pest monitoring and some parasitoids such as Encarsia and Aphytis, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, pitfalls, Table of parasitoid species reared from leaf miners and leaf rollers, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, Zetzellia mali, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Stethorus punctillum, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Orius major, Carabidae, ground beetles, Araneae, spiders, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, aphids, scales, Hemiptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3038
Author: Jepson, P.; Cuthbertson, P.; Downham, M.; Northey, D.; O'Malley, S. Peters A. Pullen A. Thacker R. Thackray D. Thomas C.; Smith, C.
Year: 1987
Title: A quantitative ecotoxicological investigation of the impact of synthetic pyrethroids on beneficial insects in winter cereals
Journal: Bull. SROP/WPRS
Volume: 1987
Issue: X/1
Pages: 194-205
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, insecticides, little evidence of mortality at field application rates of cypermethrin on Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, population density can be affected so probably due to combination of sub- lethal and indirect effects, environmental conditions interact with these, Nebria brevicollis with topical cypermethrin, at sublethal doses they became more active than high dose or control, independent of food availability, hyperactivity, activity, behaviour, methods, time-lapse infra-red video in CE conditions, mortality of Demetrias atricapillus given sub-lethal doses of cypermethrin was much greater at low RH than at high RH, similar to Everts result for Oedothorax apicatus, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, humidity, moisture, microclimate, climate, weather, Jepson definition of sub-lethal is a direct effect of pesticide on performance of animal short of mortality, other effects are classed as indirect


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1075
Author: Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1982
Title: The influence of predators on population development and dispersal of apterous Myzus persicae in sugar beet in the United Kingdom
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 181-182
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4340
Author: Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Ecological characteristics and the susceptibility of non- target invertebrates to long-term pesticide effects
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC Farnham Surrey, UK
Volume: 40
Pages: 191-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., to study long-term effects it is most pragmatic to group invertebrates into guilds, exposure is a function of pesticide bioavailability, invertebrate behaviour, distribution, diet, r and k selection, high reproduction and dispersal, temporary habitat, slower reproduction and less dispersive for more stable habitats, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, the capacity to re-colonise treated areas is very important


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4341
Author: Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1989
Title: The temporal and spatial dynamics of pesticide side- effects on non-target invertebrates
Journal: In "Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates" Ed. by P. Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset, UK
Pages: 95-127
Keywords: En.
Rep., factors affecting short and long-term risk, ranking of non-target invertebrates in terms of these risks, natural enemies, active ingredients, likelihood of exposure (e.g stratum occupied), vertical distribution, vertical stratification, long term effects on population growth rate, affected by mobility, reproductive rate, isolation from population reservoirs, suitability of environment for re-colonisation (e.g. food and habitat structure), migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, population dynamics, scales of investigation, micro- scale, initial uptake and toxicity, meso-scale, gives relative level and duration of short-term effects, involves indirect effects as well as direct ones, discussion of plot size, macro-scale, commercial scale application in more than one season, Table of pesticide active ingredients used in UK in relation to season, farming practices, Table of plant and ground-active nocturnal and diurnal natural enemies, diel cycles, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Table of dispersiveness within and between years, Bembidion obtusum and Pterostichus melanarius are largely wingless, Table of risk scores based on the above, carabids are at greatest risk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1654
Author: Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1993
Title: Ecological insights into risk analysis: the side effects of pesticides as a case study
Journal: Science of the Total Environment
Volume: preprint
Issue: in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., selecting species for study, review, phenology, exposure, diel activity, vertical distribution, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, parasitoids, exposure of carabid in terms of susceptibility walking speed and track width, substrate, long-term effects, generation times, dispersal capacity, Trechus quadristriatus increased by sprays, release from competition, ability to fly, dispersal, distribution, movement, structure of the landscape, direct contact, residual uptake, modelling long-term risk, models, boundary permeability


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3222
Author: Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Field margins as habitats, refuges and barriers of variable permeability to Carabidae
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 67-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, mini-review, interactions with field boundaries as barriers, model for rate at which carabids enter an area where they were previously extinct


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 844
Author: Jepson, P. C.; Sherratt, T. N.
Year: 1991
Title: Predicting the long-term impact of pesticides on predatory invertebrates
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds 1991, BCPC
Pages: 911-919
Keywords: En.
Rep., minimum plot sizes for a significant dimethoate effect for periods of 15 to 30 days, re-invasion rates, staphylinids quickest, carabids slowest, linyphiids intermediate, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, money spiders, NB this for sprayed plots surrounded by unsprayed, scale, aphids re-invade or increase faster than predators, insecticides, Hemiptera, pests, distribution, dispersal, movement, beetle predators becoming locally extinct (Boxworth), Nebria brevicollis and Bembidion lampros most affected because overwinter in field as larvae, Agonum dorsale and Demetrias atricapillus as hedgerow overwinterers get some protection, Harpalus rufipes Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus saved by having sub-terranean larvae rapid dispersal and flexible breeding, model of long-term effects of pesticides, metapopulations, field matrix, can vary timing and frequency of spraying initial population size and colonisation rate, assumes seasonal diffusion and fixed boundary permeability and density-dependent reproduction, extinction probability increases with % fields sprayed and frequency of spraying, optimum field boundary permeability


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2449
Author: Jepson, P. C.; Thacker, J. R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Analysis of the spatial component of pesticide side- effects on non-target invertebrate populations and its relevance to hazard analysis
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 4
Issue: 3)
Pages: 349-355
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4051
Author: Jervis, M.; Kidd, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Insect Natural Enemies
Journal: Chapman & Hall, London, UK
Pages: 490 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., book, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, foraging behaviour, life cycle, mating behaviour, populations and community, population dynamics, phytophagy, herbivory, host-feeding, trophic behaviour, functional responses, prey switching, encounter rates, patch searching, reproduction, sex ratio, fecundity, reproduction, longevity, growth and development, survival, survivorship, mortality, trophic relationships, genetic variability, quantifying predation and parasitism, methods, effects on pest populations, biological control, host plant specificity, pollinators, resource utilisation patterns, foraging energetics, natural enemies using plants


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2584
Author: Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Predation of Lissonota coracinus (Gmelin) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) by Dolichonabis limbatus (Dahlbom) (Hemiptera: Nabidae)
Journal: Entomologist's Gazette
Volume: 41
Pages: 231-233
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4104
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Hawkins, B. A.; Kidd, A. C.
Year: 1996
Title: The usefulness of destructive host feeding parasitoids in classical biological control: theory and observation conflict
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 41-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, among parasitoids of Homoptera destructive host feeders are superior to other parasitoids with respect to eatablishment rate and success rate, this is contrary to predictions of population dynamics theory, pests, Hemiptera, some parasitoid species may at times kill more hosts by feeding than by parasitism, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5265
Author: Jervis, M.A.; Heimpel, G.E.; Ferns, P.N.; Harvey, J.A.; Kidd, N.A.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: a comparative analysis of 'ovigeny'
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 442-458
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, UK, species having full egg complement mature at time of emergence are termed pro-ovigenic, others are termed synovigenic, review of 638 species in 28 families, 98% of species were synovigenic, they have greater longevity and are more likely to host-feed than pro-ovigenic species, they are also more likely to have yolk-rich eggs and to practice egg resorption, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Hymenoptera, the 12 pro-ovigenic species occurred in the Platygastridae, Eucoilidae, Eucharitidae, Mymaridae, Pteromalidae, Aphelinidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4055
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1966
Title: Phytophagy
Journal: In "Insect Natural Enemies" Ed. by M. Jervis and N. Kidd, Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Pages: 375-394
Keywords: En.
Rep., phytophagy, herbivory ang mycophagy by natural enemies, Coccinella 7-punctata adults and larvae have been observed to consume nectar, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, biological control, flower visits, parasitoids may use honeydew as a kairomone so if there mouthparts are touching it they are not necessarily feeding, methods for assessing phytophagy, pollen feeders, Anthrone test, plant food specificity, census walks, pattern of resource utilisation, interspecific competition, foraging energetics, natural enemies as pollinators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3403
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Host-feeding strategies in hymenopteran parasitoids
Journal: Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
Volume: 61
Pages: 395-434
Keywords: En.
Rep., pro-ovigenic species of parasitoid emerge with full egg complement but synovigenic species have less than the full egg complement and host feeding can be useful to them, host-feeding is taking heamolymph and or tissues of the host, feeding methods vary and consumption varies from a few drops of haemolymph to the entire contents of a host, 140 species in 17 families host-feed, large Table given, destructive feeding on hosts with immediate or delayed death is not usually followed by oviposition, but non- destructive feeding can be, sometimes non-host species are destructively fed on, Table shows at least 42 species of destructive feeders, effects of host-feeding need not be trivial eg 71% of asparagus beetle eggs, 55% of black scale, some species of parasitoid have diel cycles of host- feeding, gives effects on fecundity and longevity of parasitoid, parasitoid can resorb eggs, oosorption, ratio of host-feeding to oviposition in a species may vary with the host to parasitoid ratio, models of host-feeding strategies, Table includes column on hosts killed without feeding or oviposition, 11 entries in Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae and Aphelinidae, this is not discussed but probably refers to host mutilation, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, trophic behaviour, parasitoids acting as predators, wasteful killing, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3404
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1991
Title: The dynamic significance of host-feeding by insect parasitoids - what modelers ought to consider
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 62
Issue: 1)
Pages: 97-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., probably the majority of species in the Aphelinidae, widely used in biocontrol, display host-feeding, in some models host-feed raises the host equilibrium, controversial whether host feeding can affect host-parasitoid population stability, when hosts are scarce females can survive by egg resorption, oosorption, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, parasitoids acting as predators, population dynamics, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3435
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.; McEwan, P.; Campos, M.; Lozano, C.
Year: 1992
Title: Biological control strategies in olive pest management
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 52 Research Collaboration in European IPM Systems
Pages: 31-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, northern Mediterranean, 63 introductions of natural enemies have been made with 3 predators and 35 parasitoids, establishment rate 0.49, success rate in controlling pest 0.15 which is considered poor, and may result from drastic habitat management, eg a bare earth policy under trees, whereas weeds could give nectar, pollen, honeydew, alternative foods and shelter, sprays of artificial honeydew, with tryptophan to attract predators, methods, such as Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae also eat pest eggs, inundative releases of natural enemies, conservation of endemic natural enemies, classical biological control, Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, cultural practices, kairomones, searching behaviour, distribution, olive orchards, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3422
Author: Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.; Walton, M.
Year: 1992
Title: A review of methods for determining dietary range in adult parasitoids
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 37
Issue: 4)
Pages: 565-574
Keywords: En.
Rep., little information is available on the diet of adult parasitoids but it is an important factor affecting their fecundity and longevity and hence biocontrol potential, some parasitoids attack concealed hosts in cocoons, puparia or plants using a feeding tube between a puncture in the host and the exterior, haemolymph is delivered by capillary action, in many parasitoids the female adopts a distinctive posture when host-feeding, could use direct observation, host victims of destructive feeding may live for several hours, wounding, indirect mortality, indirect predation, host mutialtion results from aborted feeding or oviposition attempts and the host may never be fed on successfully, wounds may not be easy to detect eg feeding tubes tend to disappear when the host is dead, some dead hosts that have been fed on are thrown off the plant by the parasitoid, trophic behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, pests, natural enemies, biological control, biochemical tests to look for host proteins in the parasitoid have not been used so far eg electrophoresis or serolgical techniques, some parasitoids are destructive feeders on non-host species, radiotracers have been used to prove host feeding, they also eat pollen, nectar, and honeydew, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, they even drink honeydew from the host's anus !, food, diet, pollen grains have been found in the guts of dissected parasitoids and detected by electrophoresis, there are some simple feield tests that can be used to detect nectar and honeydew in parasitoid guts, Cold Anthrone Test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4753
Author: Jeschke, J.M.; Tollrian, R.
Year: 2000
Title: Density-dependent effects of prey defences
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 123
Pages: 391-396
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Chaoborus-Daphnia system. The advantage of a defence in deterring predation decreased at increasing prey density
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3429
Author: Jiu, G. D.; Waage, J. K.
Year: 1990
Title: The effect of insecticides on the distribution of foraging parasitoids, Diaeretiella rapae (Hym.: Braconidae) on plants
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35
Pages: 49-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., sublethal doses of pirimicarb, permethrin and malathion on brussels sprouts, pesticides, carbamates, organophosphorus pesticides, arable, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, wasps, Hymenoptera, wasps concentrated foraging on unsprayed surfaces, Brevicoryne brassicae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, normal behaviour of the wasps is to start at the bottom of the plant and work up, permethrin and malathion residues suppressed this behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4153
Author: Jmhasly, P.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Habitat management in winter wheat and evaluation of subsequent spider predation on insect pests
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 16
Issue: 3)
Pages: 389-403
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Switzerland, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, spider density and web cover was higher near sown weed strips in the wheat field, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, vegetational diversity, enhancement of natural enemies, methods, the strips themselves had greater Linyphiidae web cover in May and July, prey were mainly Diptera and Aphididae, including pests, there was very low prey turnover rates in webs of Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Linyphiidae, Argiopidae, narrow nozzle vacuum insect net used for density, suction sampling, webs were visited at 45 min intervals 09:00 to 18:00 and arthropod carcasses collected and assumed to be prey, direct in situ visual observation in the field, species list of 40 species given, species composition, total spider density peaked at only 29 m-2 in July, maximum linyphiid density was only 14 m-2 in June, maximum web cover for linyphiids was only 1.7% in June, total of 298 prey items collected over 20 days, aphids Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi were 56% of the linyphiid diet, Diptera were 84% of araneid diet and 25% of linyphiid diet, Collembola were only 5% of linyphiid diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey turnover rates for total spiders were 3.5 - 5.8 items m-2 9h daylight-1, predation rates, prey consumption rates, most abundant species were Erigone and Oedothorax, rarity of Lepthyphantes tenuis might explain the low web cover, apterae and alatae were caught in webs as were pests such as Cecidomyiidae, Chloropidae, Meligethes and Oulema, Diptera, Coleoptera, beneficials such as Hymenoptera and Chrysopidae were only rarely caught, parasitoids, Neuroptera, lacewings, hyperpredation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, estimated that spiders reduced the aphid population in late spring by 4% per day, which was a third of aphid population growth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5110
Author: Joern, A.; Rudd, N.T.
Year: 1982
Title: Impact of predation by the robber fly Proctacanthus milbertii (Diptera: Asilidae) on grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) populations
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 55
Pages: 42-46
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, sandhills prairie, USA, density of robber flies and grasshoppers was estimated, abundance, efficiency of predation determined and impact calculated, grasses, Gramineae, mark-release-recapture for the asilid, MRR, mark-recapture, methods, enamel paint on pronotum, capture efficiency measured from direct in situ visual observation, 186 prey records, 94% were grasshoppers (of a wide range of species) and 5% cannibalism, capture efficiency was 37%, the asilid was estimated to kill 0.3 - 2% of available grasshoppers per day 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4702
Author: Johanowicz, D.L.; Hoy, M.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Wolbachia infection dynamics in experimental laboratory populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93
Pages: 259-268
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, transmission rates of the microorganism in experimental laboratory populations, symbionts, Wolbachia investigated as a drive mechanism for inserting useful genes into field populations of predators, in invertebrates in general Wolbachia can cause non-reciprocal incompatibility between uninfected females and infected males, it is transovarially transmitted, these features should help it to spread in a population, some lab and field sudies confirm this. In the current study Wolbachia did not spread over 12 generations of M. occidentalis if initial infection was less than 10%, gene flow, methods, genetic manipulation  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4798
Author: Johansen, N.S.
Year: 1997
Title: Mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, in white cabbage in south-eastern Norway.
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 83(3)
Pages: 347-360
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., field and laboratory experiments, egg parasitism by Trichogramma semblidis, larval parasitism by Braconidae, brassicas, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, mortality of placed out eggs and larvae was monitored in the field, population dynamics, freeze-killed larvae attached to cardboard were placed near to cabbages, baits, artifical prey, sentinel prey, damage recorded as sucking, chewing or birds, predation observations in the lab with eggs and larvae in petri dishes, caterpillar dispersal experiments. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2903
Author: Johnson, C. G.; Southwood, T. R. E.; Entwistle, H. M.
Year: 1957
Title: A new method of extracting arthropods and molluscs from grassland and herbage with a suction apparatus
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 48
Pages: 211-218
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, suction sampler, UK, Gramineae, efficiency determined by counting the number of remaining animals inside a metal cylinder after sampling, vacuum cleaner with 1.2 inch nozzle operated inside a metal cylinder of 12 inch diameter placed on the grass, capture efficiency varied from 67% for Chilopoda to 100% for Symphypleona, Staphylinidae 92%, centipedes, rove beetles, Collembola, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5264
Author: Johnson, E.K.; Young, J.H.; Molnar, D.R.; Morrison, R.D.
Year: 1976
Title: Effects of three insect control schemes on populations of cotton insects and spiders, fruit damage, and yield of Westburn 70 cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 5(3)
Pages: 508-510
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, abundance, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Hippodamia, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Nabis, Collops, Notoxus monodon, Geocoridae, Geocoris, spiders, Araneae, fleahoppers, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, Heliothis zea, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Heliothis virescens, boll weevil, Curculionidae, Anthonomus grandis, strip-planting cotton with grain sorghum, farming practices, insecticides, pesticides, intercropping, methods, whole plant examination, spiders were the most abundant predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4303
Author: Johnson, K. H.; Vogt, K. A.; Clark, H. J.; Schmitz, O. J.; Vogt, D. J.
Year: 1996
Title: Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 11
Pages: 372-377
Keywords: En.
Rep., diversity stability hypothesis, rivet hypothesis, system can absorb species loss without obvious effect then suddenly collapses if more species are deleted, analogous to rivets popping out of an aeroplane, redundancy hypothesis, species can be lost without significant changes to system provided that functional group integrity remains, idiosyncratic hypothesis asserts no relationship between species composition and ecosystem function, community, species richness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2585
Author: Johnson, M. C.; et al.
Year: 1985
Title: Insect feeding deterrents in endophyte-infected tall fescue
Journal: Appl Env Microb
Volume: 49
Issue: 3)
Pages: 568-571
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 170
Author: Johnson, N. E.; Cameron, R. S.
Year: 1969
Title: Phytophagous ground beetles
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 62
Pages: 909-914
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, plants, diet, food, feeding behaviour, USA, golf courses, grassland, Gramineae, mini-review, more than 150 species will eat plant material, April to August 1968, Amara familiaris ate grass seed, Harpalus affinis was a voracious grass and seed feeder in lab and field, Pterostichus melanarius preferred larvae and pupae of Hyperodes weevil also ate adults and grass and grass seed, H. affinis ate Poa annua seeds, grass blades and pollen, could eat 10-20 P.annua seeds per night i.e. 1/8 to 1/4 of its body weight, Curculionidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4789
Author: Johnson, P.C.; Reeves, R.M.
Year: 1995
Title: Incorporation of the biological marker rubidium in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and its transfer to the predator Carabus nemoralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24(1)
Pages: 46-51
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, phenology and survival of moth unaffected by marker, in large larvae marker lasted 5 days, beetles eating larvae acquired tag and concentration of tag in the beetles was positively correlated with number of larvae eaten. Carabus nemoralis, Pterostichus pennsylvanicus, Pterostichus mutus, Pinacodera platicollis, Sphaeroderus lecontei and Calosoma frigidum all killed and ate Lymantria dispar larvae in the lab. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1832
Author: Jones, A. A.; Selman, B. J.
Year: 1984
Title: A possible biological control agent of the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum)
Journal: BCPC, Pests and Diseases
Volume: 1
Pages: 317-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, behaviour, aerial dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, 21 suction traps, 1970 to 1977, flight until October November
UK, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, cereals, Gramineae, pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, microbes, culturing methods for slugs, rearing, new species of microsporidian affects slug gut, can cause mortality, weakens it and mortality caused by other causes including bacteria, can reduce fecundity by 40%, reduces feeding, growth rate and longevity, behaviour, population dynamics, spores come out with faeces and get into slug eggshell which is eaten by emerging sluglets, transmission, disease is widespread in UK and there is a record from USA, limited host range, unlikely to control by itself but could be useful in conjunction with insecticides, plant resistance, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6000
Author: Jones, C.G.; Lawton, J.H.; Shachak, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Organisms as ecosystem engineers
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 69
Pages: 373-386
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., ecosystem engineers [the term seems to have originated in this paper] are species that influence the supply of resources available to other species in the community (and ecosystem) by making physical changes to the environment, own biomass and structure of autogenic engineers (e.g. trees, corals, kelp) changes the rate of supply of resources as do the activities of allogenic engineers (e.g. humans, gophers, woodpeckers, beavers, termites), direct supply of own body as a resource does not qualify a species as an engineer, keystone species often exert their keystone effects by ecosystem engineering, keystones may occasionally be so without engineering but many engineers are keystones without having direct strong involvement in food webs, trophic webs, engineer-community interactions are usually strongly asymmetrical (with engineers causing effects on community more than the reverse), evolutionary appearance of marine benthic bioturbators ("biological bulldozers") thought to have altered the evolution of their communities in major ways (sessile organisms had to relocate to hard substrates, nutrient turnover rates were altered which affected the diversification of phytoplankton and thereby zooplankton), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3277
Author: Jones, D.
Year: 1982
Title: Predators and parasites of temporary row crop pests: agents of irreplaceable mortality or scavengers acting prior to other mortality factors ?
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 27
Issue: 3)
Pages: 245-266
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, cabbage looper Trichplusia ni in a celery field, pitfall traps, Dvac for predator densities, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, T.ni eggs and I larvae placed in field and observed for predation, some plants were coated with sticky material at base to exclude crawling predators, some of these plants also caged to exclude flying pedators, methods, 50% eggs of 1st generation were attacked by Trichogramma, additional unknown mortality was 8%, this could include predators so if predators ate many eggs most of that mortality would have been replaceable by Trichogramma had the predators not been present, lists parasitoids of larvae, after a few weeks egg and small larva density was higher in insecticide treated plots than in untreated, separate experiment showed that this was not due to increased oviposition, in addition an area was extensively Dvaced to remove natural enemies with no insecticide used and T.ni populations built up here more than in controls, eggs missing cf eggs sucked dry suggested both chewing and sucking egg predators were important, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Orius tristicolor, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chrysopa carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, methods, predator exclusion techniques, manipulation of predator density in the field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 851
Author: Jones, L.; Clements, R.
Year: 1991
Title: A marriage in clover
Journal: Crops
Volume: 24 August 1991
Pages: 16-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., IGER Hurley research, reduced nitrogen growing of cereals, Gramineae, cultural practices, good for continuous wheat, direct drill wheat into clover, legumes, yield as good as conventional, reduced leaching, graze with sheep to get nutrient return and slug control, Mollusca, stripper combine, reduced pest and disease problems, low aphid abundance, Hemiptera, reduced contrast for aphid colonization but good refuges for polyphagous predators, weeds excluded by clover, fits the rotational set-aside scheme, low-input farming, sustainable agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2851
Author: Jones, L.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1993
Title: Development of a low input system for growing wheat (Triticum vulgare) in a permanent understorey of white clover (Trifolium repens)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 123
Pages: 109-119
Keywords: En.
Rep., not suitable for spring wheat, but autumn sown wheat establishes ok, N fertiliser added, yields poor but clover survived successive cereal crops and could be grazed and used as an understorey for later crops, nitrogen built up in the system and pesticides were not needed, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, methods, farming practices, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2659
Author: Jones, L. H. P.; Handreck, K. A.
Year: 1967
Title: Silica in soils, plants and animals
Journal: Advances in Agronomy
Volume: 19
Pages: 107-149
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1450
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1965
Title: The effects of some insecticides on populations of frit fly and its enemies
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 391-401
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Diptera, Oscinella frit, natural enemies, biological control, oats, barriers with DDT or parathion soaked straw, methods, eggs of frit, perhaps more eggs eaten where more predators, damage, % adults emerging, Sphaeroceridae, Drosophilidae, Feronia could cross the barriers, Pterostichus, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, exisiting levels of parasitoids and predators not enough to prevent damage by the panicle generation, Tachydromia minuta, Tachydromia agilis and small spiders observed feeding on adult frit in greenhouse, predation, behaviour, Empididae, Araneae, winter mortality, holes bitten in stems containing larvae suggests some were killed by ground predators, frit larvae rapidly eaten by Agonum dorsale in lab, spider webs in the field caught adults


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 163
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1968
Title: The effect of moving carabids on oviposition by frit fly (Oscinella frit)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 104
Pages: 85-87
Keywords: En.
Rep, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2020
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1969
Title: The effect of weather on frit fly and its predators
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 6
Pages: 425-441
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Diptera, pests, Oscinella frit, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, 3 generations on oat seedlings, oat grain and volunteers and grasses, phenology, voltinism, more small insects inside predator reduced plots suggesting that their immature stages in soil are predated by ground living predators, lab tests on polyphagous predators feeding on various frit life stages, feeding behaviour, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Pergamasus longicornis, Anthocoris nemorum, Empididae, Scatophaga, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Acari, predatory mites, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Diptera, scatophagids and spiders observed to feed on adult frit in the field, Araneae, weather at critical times was mainly responsible for the large fluctuations in frit, climate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 953
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1972
Title: Cereal aphids, their parasites and predators caught in cages over oat and winter wheat crops
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 72
Pages: 13-25
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, aphids caught in spider webs, Araneae, Staphylinidae larvae as predators, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae arrive May-June, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 308
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1976
Title: The carabid and staphylinid fauna of winter wheat and fallow on a clay with flints soil
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 13
Pages: 775-791
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, cereals, community, Gramineae, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, ground beetles, pitfalls, emergence traps, 1971-5, soil samples, 38 carabid species, 29 staphylinid species, phenology and annual variation, catch in relation to distance from a hedge, habitat preference, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, beetles may have moved from fallow to cropped area in spring, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis, Tachinus rufipes and Philonthus spp almost entirely in wheat, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara spp, Nebria brevicollis commoner in wheat, Trechus quadristriatus, Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Notiophilus biguttatus often more caught in fallow


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1238
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1978
Title: The effect of straw-burning on the insect fauna of a winter wheat field
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 114
Pages: 227-231
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, UK, pitfalls, emergence traps, methods, split field burnt and unburnt, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, more large Carabidae in unburnt, more small ground beetles in burnt, Coleoptera, more Diptera and Hymenoptera in burnt, no pre-burn data, no barriers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 166
Author: Jones, M. G.
Year: 1979
Title: The abundance and reproductive activity of common Carabidae in a winter wheat crop
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 4
Pages: 31-43
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 1971-1977, pitfalls, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus madidus, Agonum dorsale, Clivina fossor, Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, ovarian development stages, marking with paint, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, correlations with weather, activity, behaviour, climate, egg laying periods, reproductive periods, parasitism of H.rufipes H.affinis P.melanarius and N.brevicollis by Tachinidae, Diptera, parasitoids, and of P.melanarius by Mermithidae, Nematoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 954
Author: Jones, M. G.; Dean, G. J.
Year: 1976
Title: Observations on cereal aphids and natural enemies in 1972
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 111
Issue: April-June 1976)
Pages: 329
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3799
Author: Jones, N. E.; Kennedy, P. J.; Naylor, R. E. L.; Young, M. R.; Atkinson, D.
Year: 1991
Title: Changes in the vegetation and invertebrate communities of set-aside arable land
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 419-426
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, Scotland, set-aside adjacent to woodland, bog, river bank, trees, small changes in population composition after 2 years, initially arable weeds flora then aggressive species invaded, mobile invasive invertebrates, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, Aberdeen, February to July 1990, pitfalls in 2 fields, DECORANA, multivariate statistics, 42 species spiders 26 species ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fauna of set-aside similar to arable but different from the natural habitats, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Milleriana inerrans, Nebria brevicollis, Dicymbium nigrum, Microneta viaria, Diplocephalus latifrons, % cover for vegetation, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3975
Author: Jones, T. H.; Hassell, M. P.; May, R. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Population dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 371-394
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, endophytic hosts tend to support generalist parasitoid communities whilst the parasitoid communities of exophytic hosts tend to be more specialised, review of dynamics of (A) host + specialist + generalist parasitoid (B) 2 hosts + 1 parasitoid (C) 1 host + 2 parasitoid species (D) host + parasitoid + hyperparasitoid (E) host + parasitoid + pathogen of host, for (A) the specialist is more successful if it arrives before the generalist, but host density may be increased, 3 species system is more stable and more dynamically variable than 2 species systems, in (B) switching behaviour to the more abundant host can give a stable 3 species system even with complete niche overlap, in (C) examples given of parasitoids that are superior in competition regardless of order of arrival, coexistence of parasitoids more likely if the later-acting species has the higher searching efficiency, or, if they both attack the same stage the inferior competitor should be the better searcher, parasitoids may complement each other in pest control if their searching niches do not overlap too much, niche-shifting between interspecific competitors has been demonstrated in lab and it promoted stability, in (E) parasitoid and pathogen can result in a wide range of dynamics, models, biological control, foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2795
Author: Jones, T. H.; Hassell, M. P.; Pacala, S. W.
Year: 1993
Title: Spatial heterogeneity and the population dynamics of a host-parasitoid system
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 251-262
Keywords: En.
TP, Delia radicum, interactions between generalist and specialist natural enemies and host, predators, parasitoids, Aleochara, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1774
Author: Joose, E. N. G.
Year: 1970
Title: The formation and biological significance of aggregations in the distribution of Collembola
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 20
Issue: 3)
Pages: 299-314
Keywords: behaviour, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1775
Author: Joose, E. N. G.
Year: 1971
Title: Ecological aspects of aggregation in Collembola
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 8
Pages: 91-97
Keywords: behaviour, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1776
Author: Joose, E. N. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Ecological strategies and population regulation of Collembola in heterogeneous environments
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 21
Pages: 346-356
Keywords: population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1778
Author: Joose, E. N. G.; Groen, J. B.
Year: 1970
Title: Relationship between saturation deficit and survival and locomotory activity of surface dwelling Collembola
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 13
Pages: 229-235
Keywords: abiotics, microclimate, weather, climate, humidity, Rh, mortality, survivorship, population dynamics, movement, dispersal, distribution, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1777
Author: Joose, E. N. G.; Testerink, G. J.
Year: 1977
Title: The role of food in the population dynamics of Orchesella cincta (Linne) (Collembola) (Entomobryidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 29
Issue: 3)
Pages: 189-204
Keywords: Arthropleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1773
Author: Joose, E. N. G.; Veltkamp, E.
Year: 1970
Title: Some aspects of growth, moulting, and reproduction in five species of surface-dwelling Collembola
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 20
Pages: 315-328
Keywords: behaviour, physiology, fecundity, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1907
Author: Joosse, E. N. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Pitfall trapping as a method for studying surface dwelling Collembola
Journal: Zeitschrift Morph. Okol. Tiere
Volume: 55
Pages: 587-596
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3472
Author: Jordan, V. W. L.; Hutcheon, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Economic viability of less-intensive farming systems designed to meet current and future policy requirements: 5- year summary of the LIFE project
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 61-68
Keywords: En.
Rep., less intensive strategies reduced overall yields of wheat and oilseed rape by up to 18%, barley and oats by 11%, production costs reduced by 32%, overall profitability was maintained with reduced agrochemical inputs, LIFE = less intensive farming and the environment, integrated farming systems, IFS, UK, 5-year rotations began 1989, 23 ha, 5 fields in 4 units, conventional rotation cf integrated rotation, farming practices, methods, cereals, Gramineae, arable, brassicas, reduced pesticide and fertiliser inputs, economics, gross margins, standard farm practice cf lower input, semi-resistant varieties, plant resistance, non-inversion tillage, reduced tillage, pest forecasting and monitoring, mechanical weeding and reduced dose herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3817
Author: Jordan, V. W. L.; Hutcheon, J. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Less-intensive farming and the environment: an integrated farming systems approach for UK arable crop production
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 307-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, crop rotation, cultivation, sowing date, IFS, IPM, Integrated Farming Systems, LIFE, cultivars, variety, crop variety, weed control, disease control, farming practices, biodiversity, crop protection, pest control, pesticide and fertiliser inputs to LIFE, bioindicators, earthworms, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Linyphiidae, Nebria brevicollis, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4492
Author: Jordan, V. W. L.; Hutcheon, J. A.; Donaldson, G. V.
Year: 1997
Title: The role of integrated arable production systems in reducing synthetic inputs
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 50
Pages: 419-429
Keywords: En.
Rep., Long Ashton LIFE Project, UK, farming practices, methods, pesticide inputs have been substantially reduced, overall yields in integrated farming systems IFS were 8% less than conventional, but variable costs were reduced by 36%, operational costs by 23% and profitability increased by 5%, soil protection was given high priority to reduce leaching and so reduce the need for external synthetic inputs, in IFS cereals are established using non-inversion tillage and sown later than conventional, later than October, this incorporates 70% of crop residues in topmost soil layers and leaves 30% on the soil surface which fosters soil biota, earthworms and a diversity of epigeal fauna, Gramineae, Annelida, Lumbricidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4484
Author: Jordan, V. W. L.; Hutcheon, J. A.; Donaldson, G. V.; Farmer, D. P.
Year: 1995
Title: Research into and development of integrated farming systems for less-intensive arable crop production: progress 1989-1994
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", BCPC Symposium Proceedings No.63, BCPC Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 287-295
Keywords: En.
Rep., Less Intensive Farming and the Environment, LIFE Project of Long Ashton, methods, farming practices, 5 years completed by end of 1994, reduced input strategies reduced yields by 11-18% depending on crop, but production costs were reduced by 32% and profitability was maintained, nitrogen applications were reduced by 36% and insecticides by 78%, pesticides, methods imclude forecasting for pests and diseases, reduced doses of herbicides, mechanical weed control and improved spray technology, crop rotation, EU funded Demonstration Project, total area 23 ha, 5 course rotations, many farmers on productive arable land have high overheads and like to have high yields on all crops in all years, farmers on marginal land or those with mixed farms are more likely to embrace Integrated Farming Systems, as a result of the Demonstation Project there are now groups of farmers who are trying out IFS alongside their conventional farming


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4486
Author: Jordan, V. W. L.; Hutcheon, J. A.; Donaldson, G. V.; Farmer, D. P.
Year: 1997
Title: Research into and development of integrated farming systems for less-intensive arable crop production: experimental progress (1989-1994) and commercial implementation
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 64
Issue: 2)
Pages: 141-148
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Long Ashton LIFE project, UK, conventional cf IFS, includes non-inversion tillage, first 5 year cycle complete, 2 Demonstration Farms, crops include spring wheat, spring barley, winter oilseed rape, spring beans, spring oats, winter wheat, winter barley, winter beans, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, brassicas, farming practice


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4644
Author: Jorgensen, H.B.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 1999
Title: Tri-trophic effect on predator feeding: consumption by the carabid Harpalus affinis of Heliothis armigera caterpillars fed on proteinase inhibitor-containing diet
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93
Pages: 113-116
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, host plant resistance, genetic manipulation, transgenic plants, trophic behaviour, food, diet, toxins, nutrition, beetles eating BPTI-treated caterpillars (proteinase inhibitor) ate less than those given control  caterpillars, has relevance to GM plants, genetic manipulation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4356
Author: Jorgensen, H. B.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Role of granivory and insectivory in the life cycle of the carabid beetle Amara similata
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 7-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, A. similata is the most abundant Amara in cereals in Denmark, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Drosophila and Tenebrio from lab cultures, aphids, Diptera, mealworms, ad libitum food at 23C, seeds were high value food for reproduction cf insects, adding mixed insects to the seed diet did not significantly increase fecundity, Tripleurospermum inodorum seeds and Taraxacum seeds gave high fecundity, Poa annua seeds were poor, mixed seed diet gave higher fecundity than single seed, a pure R. padi diet gave the worst fecundity, adding insects to the mixed seed diet of larvae gave no improvement in development and survival, Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds gave good larval survival, none survived the first instar on S. avenae, Papaver rhoeas seeds were intermediate and Taraxacum seeds poor for larvae, larvae were unable to survive through all instars on an insect diet, seed species of high value for adults were not necessarily of high value for larvae, A. similata is primarily granivorous throughout the whole life cycle, population dynamics, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4364
Author: Jorgensen, H. B.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Food preference, diet dependent fecundity and larval development in Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Issue: 4)
Pages: 307-315
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, no direct relationship between food preference and food value was found, food, diet, Denmark, seeds, granivory, herbivory, phytophagy, three cereal aphid species, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Drosophila and mealworms, Tenebrio, Diptera, lab Petri dish experiments, larvae in soil-filled plastic tubes, methods, no significant differences in preferences of adult males and females, seeds of Taraxacum spp., Viola arvensis and Myosotis arvensis were preferred, those of Lithospermum arvensis, Veronica arvensis and Polygonum persicaria were not preferred, Metopolophium dirhodum and Drosophila were preferred, very few eggs laid on a mixed insect diet, fecundity, reproduction, 0.5 eggs per day on a mixed seed diet and 0.65 on mixed seed plus mixed insect diet, larval development ceased on a Rhopalosiphum padi diet, development was good on diets containing Poa annua seeds, survival was the same on mixed seed or mixed insect diet, development times on mixed insect diet were twice that for mixed seeds, development rates were slow cf Amara similata, grasses, Sitobion avenae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 171
Author: Jorum, P.
Year: 1976
Title: Life cycle and population density of Nebria brevicollis F. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a Danish beech forest
Journal: Vidensk. Medd. Dan. Naturhist. Foren. Kbh.
Volume: 139
Pages: 245-261


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4894
Author: Joseph, S.B.; Snyder, W.E.; Moore, A.J.
Year: 1999
Title: Cannibalizing Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae use endogenous cues to avoid eating relatives
Journal: Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Volume: 12
Pages: 792-797
Alternate Journal: Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, behaviour, ladybirds, larvae and adults are highly cannibalistic, beetles were reared on killed caterpillars of Trichoplusia ni, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, this is a polyphagous beetle eating aphids, eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera and eggs and larvae of other ladybird species, IGP, intraguild predation. Endogenous cues refer to the degree of relatedness of the individuals. Exogenous cues refers to the diet that larvae were reared on (high quality T. ni versus low quality Aphis nerii plus T. ni). Lab trials of cannibalism involved confining a first and third instar larva together with no other food for 30 min. Cannibalism of thirds by firsts was never observed. 52/83 trials resulted in cannibalism. Although the size of individuals was affected by previous diet there was no effect of size (within an instar) on rate of cannibalism. Relatedness was the sole factor that affected cannibalism, with unrelated individuals being cannibalized nearly twice as often as related individuals. The endogenous cue might be genetically determined differences in cuticular odour.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 929
Author: Joshi, B. G.; Sitaramaiah, S.; Satyanarayana, S. V. V.; Ramaprasad, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Note on natural enemies of Spodoptera litura (F.) and Myzus persicae (Sulz.) on flue-cured tobacco in Andhra Pradesh
Journal: Sci. Cult.
Volume: 45
Pages: 251-252
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, aphids, Hemiptera, India, biological control, parasitoids, wasps, Vespidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Hymenoptera, aphid- specific predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4824
Author: Joshi, R.C.; Cadapan, E.P.; Heinrichs, E.A.
Year: 1987
Title: Natural enemies of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) - a critical review (1913-1983)
Journal: Agricultural Reviews
Volume: 8(1)
Pages: 22-34
Alternate Journal: Agricultural Reviews
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, list of outbreaks in various countries, parasitoids, Trichogramma, biological control, table of 61 Hymenoptera parasitoids, polyphagous predators, table of 19 species of predators including spiders, ground beetles, ants, ladybirds and predatory Heteroptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Pentatomidae, some data on predation rates on eggs and larvae, oophagy, consumption rates, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pathogens, bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, granulosis virus, Nematoda, insect pathogenic nematodes
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4741
Author: Joyce, K.A.; Holland, J.M.; Doncaster, C.P.
Year: 1999
Title: Influence of hedgerow intersections and gaps on the movement of carabid beetles
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 89
Pages: 523-531
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Hampshire, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, Nebria brevicollis marked with enamel paint, use of different colours and different elytra allowed coding of capture location (hedge intersections or straight sections). In another study beetles were uniquely coded as individuals using drill scratches on the elytra. Mark-release-recapture MRR, pitfall traps, October 1995. There was greater beetle activity at intersections than at straight sections. Beetles passed through 7-9m gaps and also used the hedge as a corridor to some extent
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4405
Author: Joyce, K. A.; Jepson, P. C.; Doncaster, C. P.; Holland, J. M.
Year: 1997
Title: Arthropod distribution patterns and dispersal processes within the hedgerow
Journal: In "Species Dispersal and Land Use Processes", Ed. By A. Cooper and J. Power, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (UK), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, 9-12 September 1997
Pages: 103-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., degradeable pyrethroid sprayed into hedgerow and recolonisation monitored, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, 7 hedgerows in Hampshire, gutter traps, water traps and beating tray, methods, 200 species collected by hedgerow fogging with Pynosect, biodiversity, species richness, pesticides, insecticides, species included Pardosa amentata, Xysticus cristatus, Rhagonycha fulva, Cantharis livida, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachyporus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Lagria hirta, Forficula auricularia, Labia minor, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Empis, Platypalpus, Episyrphus, Anthocoris nemorum, Aphis fabae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Chrysopa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, earwigs, Dermaptera, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Empididae, Syrphidae, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Neuroptera, Chyrsopidae, lacewings, only Coleoptera returned to pre- spray levels by 30 days after spraying, many were polyphagous predators, Araneae were often the most numerous invertebrates in the hedgerow, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2336
Author: Juberthie, C.
Year: 1955
Title: Sur la croissance post-embryonaire des araneides
Journal: Bulletin Societe Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse
Volume: 90
Pages: 83-102
Keywords: French, Eng. summ
Rep., spiders, Araneae, spiderlings, juveniles, identification, structure , predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3725
Author: Juberthie, C.
Year: 1979
Title: L'Evolution des Coleopteres Trechinae souterrains (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 83-99
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cave beetles, Aphaenops, Geotrechus, evolution of sensory apparatus, air-flow detecting trichobothria, olfactory senses, structure, physiology, behaviour, circadian rhythm, adaptations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5407
Author: Judas, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Predator-pressure on earthworms: field experiments in a beechwood
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 33
Pages: 339-354
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., Lumbricidae, Annelida, forests, trees, woodland, Germany, exclosures to keep out large predators such as birds, shrews, rodents and ground beetles, Aves, Rodentia, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, predator exclusion techniques, 4 m2 plots surrounded by plastic fences and with wire mesh roof, pitfalls inside to remove carabids, low numbers of carabids caught included Carabus nemoralis, Pterostichus metallicus and Abax parallelepipedus, earthworm abundance was 9% greater in the fenced plots than outside, carabid densities were 1-3 per m2 nearby, but there was no plot replication and excluding predators had an impact less than the noise of small-scale spatial variation, predation by centipedes was quantified by semi-field methods (sterlised soil cores put in cylinders in the ground seeded with earthworms and 3 Strigamia acuminata (equivalent to 84 S. acumintata per m2), Chilopoda, Myriapoda, worm mortality in centipede cages was 33% more than in control cages, natural density of S. acuminata is 30 per m2, but natural density of S. acuminata plus Lithobius spp. is 185 per m2, references to rove beetle adults and larvae and carabid larvae that 'may' feed on worms, Staphylinidae, 24 species of carabids in the study area, species richness, biodiversity, references that large carabids eat worms, calculated that carabids could remove 12-36% of epigeic lumbricid standing crop per month, 10 species of centipede on the study area and most observed to predate small worms in feeding experiments 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 455
Author: Judd, W. W.
Year: 1969
Title: Harvestmen and spiders and their prey on milkweed
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 47
Pages: 159-161
Keywords: En.
Opiliones, Phalangida, Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5959
Author: Juen, A.; Steinberger, K.H.; Traugott, M.
Year: 2003
Title: Seasonal change in species composition and size distribution of epigeic predators in a small field
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 259-275
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Austria, community, species richness, biodiversity, phenology, 3000 m2 organic field in clover and grass then potato then spelt, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, pitfalls and soil samples for nearly a year, biomass, predators from pitfalls put into 3 size groups, a small number of individuals (in the largest size group) accounted for most (74-95%) of biomass, large predators were cantharid larvae large carabids and harvestmen, 13,890 individuals of 256 taxa (listed in Appendix), includes adults and larvae, 61 species of spiders 49 of carabids and 79 of staphylinids, high species richness may have been due to small fields and heterogeneous landscape, only beetle adults and larvae found in soil samples (carabids, staphylinids, cantharids), spiders, Araneae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Agelenidae, Dictynidae, Amaurobiidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Opiliones, Phalangiidae, harvestmen, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Silphidae, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, beetle density in soil samples varied from about 10 m-2 in October to about 90 m-2 in June and September, 48 species of beetle larvae indicates extensive use of the field for reproduction, putting predators into biomass groups goes some way to characterising guilds (e.g. large predators are able to kill large prey), results suggest a high predation pressure on medium to small prey, important predators are found within the Opiliones, Histeridae and Silphidae, 
Notes: En., Ger. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3625
Author: Juliano, S. A.
Year: 1985
Title: The effects of body size on mating and reproduction in Brachinus lateralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 271-280
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, B.lateralis is a parasitic carabid attacking pupae of aquatic beetles, parasitoid, behaviour, fecundity positively correlated with body size, population dynamics, biomass, reproduction, egg size not correlated with body size, intra-specific competition between males, USA, ponds, large males are more likely to mate than small ones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3531
Author: Juliano, S. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Food limitation of reproduction and survival for populations of Brachinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 67
Pages: 1036-1045
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, population dynamics, bombardier beetles, USA, in lab food level affected long-term but not short-term egg production, reproduction, fecundity in relation to food quantity, increased feeding did not result in facultative early reproduction, survival was reduced by low food availability, Brachinus lateralis, condition factor CF based on body mass in relation to elytral length responded to changes in food availability within 16 days, CF differed between field sites, various types of pond, experimental addition of food in field raised CF, Brachinus mexicanus, food is in short supply at many sites, there may be competition for food, Brachinus are scavengers and predators feeding mainly on dead Amphibia and arthropods, trophic behaviour, foraging, diet, corpses, carrion feeding, Brachinus larvae are ectoparasitoids of waterbeetle pupae, cf Aleochara, parasitism, no evidence for adults cannibalising eggs, cannibalism, M=aL[sup b], M=mass, L=length, CF =Mi/(Li)[sup b], food supplementation was with moistened cat food, long-term egg production by well-fed B.lateralis was 10 times greater than unfed, beetles from good field sites with high CF predicted to produce more eggs and egg counts confirmed this, methods, natality, biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5266
Author: Jung, C.; Croft, B.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Aerial dispersal of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae): estimating falling speed and dispersal distance of adult females
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 94
Pages: 182-190
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory mites, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, USA, aeronauts, distribution, wind and falling speed determine dispersal distance, body weights and falling speeds of 13 phytoseiid and 1 Tetranychidae species were measured, biomass, data put into seed dispersal models and results compared with mite dispersal distances in wind tunnel, greenhouse and field, there was in general good agreement, methods, Tetranychus urticae fell faster than the phytoseiids, spider mites, active mites had slower falling speeds than anesthetized mites suggesting that behaviour may affect falling rate, starved mites had lower falling rates because they were lighter and so they dispersed further, hunger, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Phytoseiulus macropilis, Neoseiulus longispinosus, Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus, Euseius hibisci, Euseius finlandicus, Kampinodromus aberrans, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus barkeri, these were reared on T. urticae and/or birch pollen, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, some Eriophyidae reduce falling speed by producing wax filaments, windspeed of 0.5 m/sec was needed for N. fallacis to take off, P. persimilis dispersed at 0.4 m/sec
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3204
Author: Jurd, R. D.
Year: 1982
Title: Immunoelectrophoresis
Journal: In "Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: a Practical Approach" Ed. by B.D. Hames and D. Rickwood, I.R.L. Press Ltd, London
Volume: Chapter 7
Pages: 229-249
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, describes purification of antiserum to IgG, absorption, apparatus and reagents for immunoelectrophoresis, uses agar or agarose, takes 20-80 mins, antigen is electrophoresed first then central slit agar is removed and antiserum put in, leave 2 days room temperature in humid box for arcs to develop, can be stained, commercial kits available, radioimmunoelectrophoresis more sensitive than staining arcs, detected by autoradiography, cross-over electrophoresis, good description of rocket immunoelectrophoresis which can be used to quantify antigen concentration, 2D or crossed immunoelectrophoresis, electrophoresis in agarose then 2nd electrophoresis at right angles into antibody containing gel, often used to see if 2 antigens are same or different


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 152
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1970
Title: Okologische Analyse der Laufkafer (Carabidae) einiger Agrarkulturen
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 18
Pages: 137-209
Keywords: Ger.
fields, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 151
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1971
Title: Studies on the diet of three field species of Carabidae
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 19
Pages: 501-508
Keywords: Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Broscus cephalotes
Rep, feeding experiments, laboratory, earthworms, spiders, predation, scavengers, preference, Coccinellidae, Pieris, Galleria, Noctuidae larvae, aphids, thrips, Miridae, Orthoptera, Colorado beetle eggs, eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 169
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1974
Title: Laboratory cultures of Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Wiadomoosci Ekologiczne.
Volume: 20
Pages: 145-152
Keywords: Pol., En.sum.
Rep, methods, rearing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 150
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1975
Title: Research into the number, biomass and energy flow of Carabidae (Coleopter a) communities in rye and potato fields
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies.
Volume: 1
Pages: 111-121
Keywords: Rep, biomass consumtion rates and calorific values NOT given for individual species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 164
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1980
Title: Carabidae communities of potato and cereal crops in industrial environmen t of Silesia
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies.
Volume: 6
Pages: 673-684


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4780
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.
Year: 1989
Title: The food of two Carabidae species in potato crops
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Volume: 15(1-2)
Pages: 111-117
Alternate Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, trophic behaviour, gut dissection, Poland, pitfalls, Pterostichus melanarius and Harpalus rufipes had eaten Diptera, Apterygota, Aphididae, Acari, pollen, algae, plant tissues, fungal hyphae and fungus spores. Pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1344
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.; Jaworska, M.
Year: 1973
Title: The effect of pesticides used to control the colorado beetle on the Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 21
Pages: 369-375
Keywords: insecticides, Chrysomelidae, pests, potato, arable, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 168
Author: Kabacik-Wasylik, D.; Stejgillo-Laudanska, B.
Year: 1971
Title: Starvation and the average survival time of Carabidae
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 19
Pages: 519-525
Keywords: En.
Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus
Rep, laboratory, food, water, NB temperature and humidity NOT constant


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4953
Author: Kadar, F.; Lovei, G.L.
Year: 1992
Title: Light trapping of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an apple orchard in Hungary
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 27(1-4)
Pages: 343-348
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, visual attraction, behaviour, ground beetles, trees, top fruit, over five years 13763 carabids of 97 species were caught, beetles from surrounding areas as well as the orchard were caught, landscape, methods, Minnesota-type light trap with 125W mercury vapour bulb in some years and 100W normal bulb in others, species diversity calculated, Table of 11 commonest species in the trap included 3 Amara species, 7 Harpalus species and Bembidion varium, Harpalus rufipes, comparison with catches in pitfalls
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4986
Author: Kadar, F.; Szentkiralyi, F.
Year: 1998
Title: Seasonal flight pattern of Harpalus rufipes (De Geer) captured by light traps in Hungary (Coleoptera: Carabidae
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 33(3-4)
Pages: 367-377
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial movement, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, distribution, methods, five trapping sites 1981 - 1989, most flights were in summer, July and August, flight activity increased at night temperatures above 18C and catches were highest at 21-23C, references to life cycle and voltinism, traps were in lowland and mountainous areas, and in maize, apple, forest and garden, cereals, Gramineae, corn, trees, woodland, top fruit, Minnesota-type light trap with bulb 2m above ground, mercury vapour, normal white and blended bulbs (100 - 160 W) used during study, traps emptied daily, daily catch about 0 to 11 beetles
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2454
Author: Kaiser, H.
Year: 1983
Title: Small scale spatial heterogeneity
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 56
Pages: 249-256
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4377
Author: Kaiser, H.
Year: 1983
Title: Small scale spatial heterogeneity influences predation success in an unexpected way: model experiments on the functional response of predatory mites (Acarina)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 56
Pages: 249-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., plastic plates with water filled grooves as mite barriers, predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis had a lower predation rate on Tetranychus urticae on arenas with more internal structure (but the same density of prey), Phytoseiidae, Acari, Tetranychidae, spider mites, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, prey and predators tended to aggregate in corners, distribution, dispersal, movement, foraging behaviour, methods, there is a greater proportion of edge in arenas with much internal structure so the chance meeting of predator and prey is less than for a square arena with only four edges, encounter rates, predation rate was not proportional to encounter rate, at high prey density the kill per encounter declines, predation rates varied according to design of arena (differing in number of corners), even for designs having the same border length, functional response equation relies on density of prey being the only variable, but functional response experiments have a range of spatial designs which will affect the results


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 607
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1959
Title: Remarks on autumn dispersal of spiders
Journal: Ekol. Polska Ser. B
Volume: 5
Pages: 331-336
Keywords: Pol., En. summ.
Rep., Araneae, predators, money spiders, Linyphiidae, migration, aerial dispersal, ballooning, gossamer, silk, aeronauts, October, November, Poland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 651
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1965
Title: An analysis of food relations between spiders, Araneus cornutus Clerck and Araneus quadratus Clerck and their prey in meadows
Journal: Ekol. Pol. A
Volume: 13
Pages: 717-764
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, grassland, midforest, methods, sampling, quadrats, sticky traps, sweeping, direct observation, behaviour, webs, nocturnal, diurnal, diel cycle, web building, prey capture, diet, prey size, aphids, Hemiptera, alatae, agricultural practices, mowing, capture rate, breeding season, correlations between spiders and Diptera, monocotyledons, dicotyledons, vegetation height, season, weed cover, references to importance of polyphagous predators early in season


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2170
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1965
Title: Quantitative analysis of relations between spiders (Araneus cornutus Clerck and Araneus quadratus Clerck) and their prey
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II.
Volume: 13
Pages: 515-522
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, food, feeding, foraging, diet, arable, grassland, hay fields, meadows, Hemiptera, Homoptera, alate aphids sometimes formed high % of food in web, 7-14% more alate aphids caught in webs in harvested half of hay field, no mention of whether aphids eaten or can escape from webs, more detailed version is Ekol. Pol. A 13, 716-764, Araneidae, Argiopidae, orb webs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2171
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1965
Title: Analysis of food relations between the spiders Araneus cornutus Clerck and Araneus quadratus Clerck and their prey in meadows
Journal: Ekol. Pol. A.
Volume: 13
Pages: 716-764
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, food, feeding, diet, foraging, orb webs, Araneidae, Argiopidae, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2172
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1967
Title: Productivity of some populations of web spiders
Journal: Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems (Principles and Methods), Ed. by K. Petrusewicz, Warsaw-Krakow.
Pages: 807-820
Keywords: Araneae, predators, energetics, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2164
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1971
Title: Productivity investigations of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. IX. Production and consumption of field layer spiders
Journal: Ekol. Polska
Volume: 19
Pages: 197-211
Keywords: Araneae, predators, grassland, Poland, energetics, food, feeding, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2162
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1978
Title: The effect of fertilizers on numbers and biomass of spiders in a meadow
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 42
Pages: 125-129
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, NPK reduced biomass, fewer Lycosidae but same number of Linyphiidae, cultural practises, farming, density, reduction in number of polyphagous predators and in percentage of the fauna that is predatory, community, grassland, Poland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2167
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Analysis of consumption by spiders under laboratory and field conditions
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 26
Issue: 3)
Pages: 409-427
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, feeding, Araneus, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Tibellus, Thomisidae, Diptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, fed Drosophila, whitefly and grasshoppers, consumption by different species of same weight differs by several orders of magnitude, marked functional response, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3857
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1990
Title: Spatial pattern of the intensity of area searching by predators
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 199-204
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland meadows, grassland, Gramineae, differences in foraging behaviour between edges of grassland and centre, boudaries, grass-cereal borders searched more than inner grassland, but not so for grass- forest boundary, trees, woodland, Agrell similarity index, methods, high similarity between arachnofauna of cereals and grassland, leys, permanent pastures, mark- release recapture, MRR for Pardosa palustris and Pardosa pullata, showed that grasslands in an agricultural landscape are a likely source of predators for crop fields, Lycosidae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, colonisation, Pachygnatha degeeri, Erigone dentipalpis, Trochosa ruricola, Alopecosa cuneata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5128
Author: Kajak, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Effects of epigeic macroarthropods on grass litter decomposition in a mown meadow
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 64
Pages: 53-63
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., Poland, meadow, grassland, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predator exclusion methods, mobile invertebrates were excluded from one set of mesocosms and allowed entry into a second set, main predators were ground beetles and spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, fungivorous mites (Tyrophagus) and root aphids (Anoecia corni) were significantly less abundant where predators were present, Hemiptera, Acari, impact on pest populations, gives results for bacteria, fungi and Nematoda, organic carbon accumulation was greater in open mesocosms but litter weight was unaffected, nematodes
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5661
Author: Kajak, A.; Andrzejewska, L.; Wojcik, Z.
Year: 1968
Title: The role of spiders in the decrease of damages caused by Acridoidea on meadows - experimental investigations
Journal: Ekologia Polska, Seria A
Volume: 16(38)
Pages: 755-764
Alternate Journal: Ekologia Polska, Seria A
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Orthoptera, pests, biological control, grassland, Gramineae, Araneus quadratus, Argiopidae, Araneidae, 4 m2 fenced plots covered with mesh, replicated experiments with various combinations of density of grasshopper and spider carried out over 3 years, grasshopper populations in some treatments (including no-spider controls) declined almost to zero during 20 - 60 days, overall abundance of grasshoppers was twice as high in no-spider treatments compared with treatments containing spiders, spiders were more effective if they were established in the cage before prey were added, grass yield was usually greater where spiders were present,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2163
Author: Kajak, A.; Breymeyer, A.; Petal, J.
Year: 1971
Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. XI. Predatory arthropods
Journal: Ekol. Polska (A).
Volume: 19
Pages: 223-233
Keywords: Predators, grassland, energetics, Poland, spiders, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2453
Author: Kajak, A.; Breymeyer, A.; Petal, J.
Year: 1971
Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows
Journal: Ekol Polska
Volume: 19
Issue: 17)
Pages: 223-233
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1605
Author: Kajak, A.; Breymeyer, A.; Petal, J.; Olechowicz, E.
Year: 1972
Title: The influence of ants on meadow invertebrates
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 20
Pages: 163-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, grassland, Poland, Myrmica, 46 per sq m in cultivated meadow and 300 in uncultivated, farming practices, prey taken from ants on return to nest, including scavenging, methods, mainly Homoptera larvae, Lycosidae and newly emerged Diptera, Hemiptera, Araneae, wolf spiders, diet, food, 5-11,000 prey taken per sq m during season, ants eliminated more than 40% of newly appearing leafhoppers, 30% emerging Diptera and 49% of young spiders, mortality, very high coefficient of energy waste, more food used for respiration than production, energetics, predation on predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 662
Author: Kajak, A.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1961
Title: Clumping tendencies in some species of meadow spiders
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. 2
Volume: 9
Pages: 471-476
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution, aggregation, lateral distribution, grassland.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4479
Author: Kajak, A.; Lukasiewicz, J.
Year: 1994
Title: Do semi-natural patches enrich crop fields with predatory epigean arthropods ?
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 49
Pages: 149-161
Keywords: En.
Rep., lines of pitfalls at 90 degrees to each other stretching from edge of one habitat into another in Poland, run in June for 3 years, dominant spiders were Pardosa palustris, Pardosa pullata, Pachygnatha degeeri, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone atra, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predators marked with lacquer paint were released at the centre of a 10m diameter circle of pitfall traps, each half of the circle being in a different habitat, methods, mark release recapture, MRR, there was exchange between grassland and oat fields, Gramineae, cereals, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, for the 11% recapture rate of carabids 6.5% were from the same habitat where they were originally caught and the rest came from the other habitat, more than 90% of spiders caught were adult males in the mating period, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, forest, woodland, trees, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, species composition and biomass structure of catch in different habitats compared and analysed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2169
Author: Kajak, A.; Olechowicz, E.
Year: 1969
Title: The role of web spiders in elimination of Diptera in the meadow ecosystem
Journal: Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 2e Ser.
Volume: 41
Issue: Suppl. 1)
Pages: 233-236
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, grassland, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3667
Author: Kalushkov, P.; Zeleny, J.
Year: 1986
Title: Investigation of the effect of methomyl and pirimicarb on fecundity and longevity of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 489-492
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., pesticides, carbamate insecticides, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, methiocarb reduced fecundity of P.14- punctata but pirimicarb had no effect on fecundity, longevity or egg hatch, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, lab, population dynamics, reproduction, sub-lethal effects, side effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 944
Author: Kamal, M.
Year: 1939
Title: Biological studies on some hymenopterous parasites of aphidophagous Syrphidae
Journal: Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. Sci. Serv. Entomol. Sect. Bull.
Volume: 207
Pages: 110 pp
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, parasitoids, bacterial disease that turns syrphid larvae black, pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4784
Author: Kamal, N.Q.; Dyck, V.A.
Year: 1994
Title: Regulation of whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Horvath, populations by predators 
Journal: Bangladesh Journal of Zoology
Volume: 22(1)
Pages: 61-67
Alternate Journal: Bangladesh Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., Philippines, battery-operated suction sampler, vacuum insect net, methods, lab assessment of predation capacity, as a group spiders had the greatest predation capacity for hopper nymphs and adults, Pardosa pseudoannulata the most common spider appeared first after planting, a calculation based on predator and prey density in the field and lab feeding  rates suggested that predators could control the hopper, impact on pest populations,veliid bug Microvelia atrolineata, Miridae bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Tetragnatha japonica, Oxyopes javanus, Argiope catenulata, damselfly Agriocnemis pygmaea, plus some Coccinellidae and other species listed. Rice, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Araneae, Lycosidae, Heteroptera, Argiopidae, Oxyopidae, Tetragnathidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Odonata, Veliidae.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4850
Author: Kamata, N.; Igarashi, Y.
Year: 1995
Title: An example of numerical response of the carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz (Col., Carabidae), to the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 119
Pages: 139-142
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, caterpillar pests, Lepidoptera, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Japan, forests, trees, woodland, caterpillar causes defoliation damage, the beetles are good fliers and feed on caterpillars on the foliage and on the ground, aerial dispersal, vertical migration, movement, migration, distribution, carabid larvae feed on caterpillars that have fallen from the canopy, last instar carabid larvae also eat moth pupae, caterpillar density estimated from frass pellet density, methods, carabid abundance on ground estimated by gutter traps, pitfalls, adults were paint marked then released, mark-recapture, mark-release-recapture, MRR, caterpillar density recorded 1989-91, number of beetles caught was positively related to caterpillar density, females lay more than 100 eggs, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, in the lab adult carabids eat 3 last instar larvae per day, this taken together with relative densities of carabids and caterpillars suggested that the carabid makes an important contribution to suppressing pest density during an outbreak
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3574
Author: Kan, E.
Year: 1989
Title: Assessment of aphid colonies by hoverflies. III. Pea aphids and Episyrphus balteatus (DeGeer)(Diptera: Syrphidae)
Journal: Journal of Ethology
Volume: 7
Pages: 1-6
Keywords: En.
Rep., hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, reproduction, behaviour, E.balteatus migrates from maple to legumes in April in Japan and selects young pea aphid colonies of small size for oviposition, trees, woods, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pea aphid species were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Megoura crassicauda, lab and field, 73% of oviposition was of single eggs, duration of larval stages and aphid consumption rates by E.balteatus, Metasyrphus frequens and Syrphus vitripennis, E.balteatus selects young colonies of maple aphids, the other syrphid species here did so too irrespective of aphid species, oviposition in large colonies is detrimental because they are likely to disperse, including by alatae, before syrphid eggs hatch, also I's syrphid larvae have difficulty feeding on adult aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1863
Author: Kaneda, C.
Year: 1986
Title: Interaction between resistant rice cultivars and natural enemies in relation to the population growth of the brown planthopper
Journal: Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects, Ed. by D.J. Boethel and R.D. Eikenbary, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK
Pages: 117-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Nilaparvata lugens, very big difference in field between R and S in predator-free cf open field conditions, predators may have been working more effectively on R, polyphagous predators, biological control, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1688
Author: Kanervo, V.
Year: 1936
Title: The moth Plutella maculipennis Curt as a pest of crucifers in Finland
Journal: Valt. Maatal. Koetoim. Julk.
Volume: 86
Pages: 1-81
Keywords: Finn.En.summ.
Plutella xylostella, diamond back moth, pest, Lepidoptera, brassicas, Scandinavia, caterpillars, 9 species of parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, 3 Ichneumonidae, 5 Braconidae, 1 Chalcidae, Angitia fenestralis commonest, Diadromus subtilcornis sometimes abundant, 20% to 70% larval parasitism, predatory bugs Lygus pratensis and Eurydema oleraceum destroyed some eggs and larvae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, Eumenidae wasps use larvae for food in brood cells, Entomophthora radicans can attack 50% to 60% of second generation larvae, fungal pathogens, cold weather and rain reduce numbers, abiotics, climate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1687
Author: Kanervo, V.
Year: 1948
Title: On the epidemiology of the diamond back moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.)
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 14
Issue: Suppl.)
Pages: 99-105
Keywords: Plutella xylostella, pests, brassicas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Scandinavia, temperature, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids destroy over 70% of larvae and pupae, sometimes fungal pathogens kill over 70% larvae, insect diseases, sun spot maxima correlation, outbreaks, infestations, Finland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2778
Author: Kanervo, V.; Talvitie, Y. K. K.
Year: 1946
Title: Studies on the mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) parasite, the tachinid Meigenia mutabilis
Journal: Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo
Volume: 11
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1-45
Keywords: Finn. En. Summ.
the effect of the tachinid in control of mustard beetle populations was assessed and found to be important, Coleoptera, Diptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, brassicas, field vegetables, arable, Finland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3944
Author: Kang, J.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1978
Title: Winter mortality of the green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) caused by predation
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 22
Issue: 4)
Pages: 243-249
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, predation on overwintering hopper population in Japan rice in winter, field cages containing hoppers and predators, main predators were Lycosa pseudoannulata, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, activity thresholds for L.pseudoannulata was 5.2C, for Oedothorax insectipes 1.4C, for Paederus fuscipes 8.6C and for Pterostichus longinquus 4C, physiology, behaviour, L.pseudoannulata was the most efficient predator above 10C, temperatures at 2cm above soil surface were seldom below 5C, 19.5 hoppers disappeared from cages with L.pseudoannulata compared with 3.7 from controls, methods, overwintering hoppers may be halved by 5 Lycosa m-2, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1869
Author: Kanour, W. W.; Burbutis, P. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Trichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Field releases in corn and a hypothetical model for control of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 77
Issue: 1)
Pages: 103-104
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, methods, released 300 per day per 0.37 ha, this gave 40% parasitism of first brood borer eggs, calculated 2400-12000 per day per ha would be needed for 80% parasitism of eggs to control 1st and 2nd brood, effectiveness, release rates, model to relate release rates to leaf surface area as crop grows, T.nubilale was discovered in Delaware in 1971, models computes costs of effective biological control, economics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3015
Author: Kapuge, S. H.; Danthanarayana, W.; Hoogenraad, N.
Year: 1987
Title: Immunological investigation of prey-predator relationships for Pieris rapae (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 77
Pages: 247-254
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, serology, methods, pests, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, experimental cabbage plot in Australia, brassicas, field vegetables, antiserum to Pieris larvae, main predators were earwigs and rove beetles, Dermaptera, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, details of sensitivity and efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 917
Author: Karban, R.
Year: 1989
Title: Fine-scale adaptation of herbivorous thrips to individual host plants
Journal: Nature
Volume: 340
Pages: 60-61
Keywords: En.
Rep., Apterothrips secticornis on individual clones of the Compositae Erigeron glaucus, this plant has rosette clones 10-100 years old, thrips specialise on this plant and complete a generation in 2-8 weeks, they are wingless and sedentary, 3 plant clones within 500 m compared, in transfer experiments thrips increased significantly more rapidly on their plant of origin, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1993
Author: Kareiva, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Population dynamics in spatially complex environments: theory and data
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 330
Pages: 175-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., theoretical, review, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, reviews spatial models, in island models dispersers usually randomly redistributed amongst patches there being no explicit spatial dimension, in stepping stone models the patches have fixed spatial coordinates, in continuum models partial differential equations can be used, environment usually assumed to be homogenous, most theoretical literature does not treat habitats with permanent spatial heterogeneities, in metapopulation predator prey models spatial subdivision promotes stability by allowing prey a temporary refuge, providing (i) populations fluctuate asynchronously (ii) predator and prey dispersal rates are sufficient (iii) predator dispersal not so good that prey found immediately, in continuum models can get spatial patterns, eg wave patterns, of predator and prey density resulting from differences in predator and prey diffusion rates ie diffusion instability, most field experiments where the same amount of habitat was compared whole and sub-divided have found differences in populations of plants insects etc, describes his experiment with goldenrod aphid and ladybirds on patches and strips of goldenrod over 8 generations of predator and 30 prey generations, got more variability in patches than strips and more variability within field than between fields, some evidence for diffusive instability patterns, experiment with aphids and ladybirds on fireweed at Mount St Helens suggested that conclusions on effect of habitat fragmentation on aphid plant interaction were completely changed by addition of ladybirds, USA, pests, Hemiptera, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3917
Author: Kareiva, P.
Year: 1990
Title: The spatial dimension in pest-enemy interactions
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 213-227
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pest enemy models including Gutierrez et al gloss over the spatial dimension, they ignore the consequences of patchiness and movement, they rely heavily on functional response data that usually comes from spatially simplistic universes compared with the field, most pests are aggregated, important to know how rapidly a natural enemy aggregates to pest patches, there is a need for observations and experiments on unrestrained searching behaviour of natural enemies in spatially complex environments, partial differential equation models of pest-enemy interactions are spatially explicit, Coccinellidae search different plant species in different ways which affects their ability to aggregate to aphid prey on them, foraging behaviour, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1797
Author: Karg, W.
Year: 1961
Title: Okologische Untersuchungen von edaphischen Gamasiden (Acarina, Parasitiformes) Teil II
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 1
Pages: 77-98
Keywords: Ger.En.summ.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, feeding habits, behaviour, Gamasidae of potato and grassland soil, arable, Gramineae, maximum abundance May to October, phenology, Germany, food is limiting in summer, carrying capacity, temperature is limiting in winter, climate, weather, microclimate, abiotics, 13 species are carnivorous, monophages, oligophages, polyphages, food, diet, preference, food includes Collembola, Tyroglyphidae, juvenile Oribatei, small insect larvae and Nematoda, Pergamasus misellus, Pergamasus crassipes, Pergamasidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1820
Author: Karg, W.
Year: 1961
Title: Okologische Untersuchungen von edaphischen Gamasiden (Acarina, Parasitiformes). Teil 1
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 1
Pages: 1535-1544
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, culturing, mass production, B.putmani declined with advent of pesticides but now some are appearing in orchards which are tolerant of pesticides and they feed on phytophagous mites, insecticide resistance, pests, trees, top fruit, eggs kept 0-2C, leaf discs on cotton wool and filter paper, methods, all stages ate Panonychus ulmi, fruit tree red spider mite, Tetranychidae, cultures kept over saturated sodium chloride Rh 74-76%, bark allowed refuge and reduced cannibalism, eggs need water for development, ate pollen but cannot survive on this alone, no evidence of parasitism, deutonymph capable of very fast movement and is an efficient predator, activity, behaviour, dispersal, at 25C instars consumed 3-16 P.ulmi eggs per day, consumption rates, immature P.ulmi also eaten, functional response, % egg hatch less at 10C than 15C, temperature, abiotics, 7-20 mites aggregate and perform a mating dance, spermatophores externally deposited, eggs laid by mated and unmated females, unmated not viable, oviposition in 1-6 batches, distribution, population dynamics, all stages ate Eriophyidae and all except larvae ate Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite, food diet, ate other predatory mites only when no alternative food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1825
Author: Karg, W.
Year: 1971
Title: Acari (Acarina) Milben, Unterordnung Anactinochaeta (Parasitiformes) Die freilebenden Gamasina (Gamasides), Raubmilben
Journal: Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena
Volume: 59
Pages: 905-910
Keywords: En.
USA, grapes, wine, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, life history, description of nymphal stages, setal fields, structure, seasonality, phenology, population density, habitat preference, distribution, orientation and activity, dispersal, behaviour, travel became more linear during starvation, hunger, movement, migration, predatory behaviour, may use a toxin during feeding and can suppress large prey, will take wide range of prey in lab, food, diet, prey size, references include following information, eats aphids in citrus but prefers thrips, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, top fruit, trees, orchards, eats leafhoppers in vineyards, Auchenorrhyncha, accepts eggs of artichoke plume moth, Lepidoptera, ate Tetranychus urticae eggs in lab, two spotted spider mite, Tetranychidae, probably preys on soil organisms in early spring


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1828
Author: Karg, W.
Year: 1983
Title: Systematische Untersuchung der Gattungen und Untergattungen der Raubmilbenfamilie Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916, mit der Beschreibung von neuen Arten
Journal: Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl.
Volume: 59
Issue: 2)
Pages: 367-610
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, classification, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1944
Author: Karl, E.; von
Year: 1965
Title: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Okologie von Tarsonemiden gartnerischer Kulturpflanzen 1. Tarsonemus pallidus Banks
Journal: Biologisches Zentralblatt
Volume: 1
Pages: 47-80
Keywords: Ger.
morphology, structure, ecology, garden plants, Germany, pests, Acari, tarsonemid mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1763
Author: Kartohardjono, A.
Year: 1982
Title: Integration of some arthropod predators and rice host plant resistance for the control of the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of the Philippines
Keywords: En.
Rep.Summ., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Lycosa pseudoannulata had high feeding efficiency and caused high planthopper mortality, Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, behaviour, efficacy, feeding efficiency of predators highest and predator - prey ratio lowest in resistant varieties, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1940
Author: Kartohardjono, A.; Heinrichs, E. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Populations of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), and its predators on rice varieties with different levels of resistance
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 359-365
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, plant resistance, resistant R, moderately resistant MR ans susceptible S varieties in glasshouse, most hopper mortality on R then MR then S, when Lycosa pseudoannulata added mortality increased on all varieties but was greatest on R, IPM, synergism, in field experiments with same number of spiders per variety hoppers were below economic threshold on R and MR and above it on S, polyphagous predators, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, 79 natural enemies of BPH in Asia, also tested spider Callitrichia formosana and a Miridae and veliid bug, Heteroptera, in all tests predators and resistance reduced hoppers more than either alone, increased predation on R may be due to more prey movement, activity, behaviour, antixenosis, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5160
Author: Kaspi, R.
Year: 2000
Title: Attraction of female Chiracanthium mildei (Araneae: Clubionidae) to olfactory cues from male Mediterranean fruit flies Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 45
Pages: 463-468
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, kairomones, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, Israel, C. mildei is an important predator of pests in citrus and apple orchards, trees, top fruit, field observations suggested that these spiders were attracted to pheromone lures and male fruit flies, this is a nocturnal spider, lab tests in an olfactometer showed significant attraction to male medflies, reference that yellowjacket wasps can also detect and attack medflies by their pheromones, Hymenoptera, Vespula germanica
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2091
Author: Kaston, B. J.
Year: 1965
Title: Some little known aspects of spider behaviour
Journal: American Midland Naturalist.
Volume: 73
Pages: 337-356
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 252
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1966
Title: The subfamilies of larvae of Staphylinidae , with keys to larvae of the British genera of Steninae and Proteininae
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 118
Pages: 261-283
Keywords: En.
Rep, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 267
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1967
Title: Studies in British Staphylinidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of Glasgow.
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 253
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1968
Title: The larval characters of some subfamilies of British Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) with keys to the known genera
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 120
Pages: 115-138
Keywords: En.
Rep, structure, systematics, larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 261
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1968
Title: Field studies on the life histories of some British Staphylinidae
Journal: Transactions of the Society of British Entomology.
Volume: 18
Pages: 49-80
Keywords: En.
Rep, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 250
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1970
Title: Field studies on the life histories of two Othius species (Staphylinidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological of London, A.
Volume: 45
Issue: 4-6)
Pages: 55-68
Keywords: En.
Othius punctulatus, Othius myrmecophilus
Rep, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 251
Author: Kasule, F. K.
Year: 1970
Title: The larvae of Paederinae and Staphylininae (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) with keys to the known British genera
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 122
Pages: 49-80
Keywords: En.
Rep, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2587
Author: Kaufman, B. Z.; Bobrovskikh, T. K.
Year: 1991
Title: Photo- and thermopreference in some predatory beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae)
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 70
Issue: 7)
Pages: 1-5
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 531
Author: Kawahara, S.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1975
Title: Survival and eggsac formation rates of adult females of Lycosa pseudoannu lata (Boes. and Str.) (Araneae, Lycosidae) in the paddy field
Journal: Appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 10
Pages: 232-234
Keywords: En.
Rep, spiders, predators, behaviour, fecundity, mortality, population dynamics, cereals, rice


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 515
Author: Kawahara, S.; Kiritani, K.; Kakiya, N.
Year: 1974
Title: Population biology of Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boes. et Str.)
Journal: Bull. Kochi Inst. agr. forest Sci.
Volume: 6
Pages: 7-22
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1460
Author: Kawahara, S.; Kiritani, K.; Sasaba, T.
Year: 1971
Title: The selective activity of rice-pest insecticides against the green-rice leafhopper and spiders
Journal: Botyu-Kagaku
Volume: 36
Pages: 121-128
Keywords: Jap.En.summ.
Japan, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, Nephotettix, pest, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3546
Author: Kawai, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Sibling cannibalism in the first instar larvae of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Kontyu (Tokyo)
Volume: 46
Pages: 14-19
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, more than 25% of eggs were eaten by early-hatching larvae of the same egg batch, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, larvae ate both fertile and infertile eggs, 1st instars often failed to catch aphids that were encountered, foraging, capture efficiency, predation, life span of 1st instars that ate one egg was twice that of unfed larvae, longevity, egg batches were often laid on leaves with no aphids present, distribution, Japan, cherry trees, woods, forest, lab, all larvae that ate 3 eggs moulted successfully to 2nd instar, in lab 1sts ate more eggs than Myzus persicae in same dish in spite of equal number of contacts with eggs cf aphids, but adult aphids used, prey preference, pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1916
Author: Kay, C. A. R.; Veazey, J. N.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1977
Title: Effects of date of soil disturbance on numbers of adult field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Florida
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 109
Pages: 721-726
Keywords: En.
USA, farming practices, altered weed communities affect herbivores


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4222
Author: Kaya, H. K.; Koppenhofer, A. M.
Year: 1996
Title: Effects of mictobial and other antagonistic organisms and competition on entomopathogenic nematodes
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 6
Pages: 357-371
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, entomophilic nematodes, insect pathogenic nematodes, IPN's, pathogens, insect diseases, entomogenous fungi, microbial insecticides, interactions between natural enemies, antibiosis by plant allelochemicals, intraspecific competition and interspecific competition, Nematoda, competition may enhance biocontrol efficacy by reducing period of infection and by synergistic effects on mortality, two species of nematode can invade the same individual host and compete for resources, antibiotics produced by the bacterial symbiont of one nematode species can inhibit the bacterial symbionts of the other nematode species, bacteria, symbiosis, but nematodes have the potential to coexist in the same host, especially as some Steinernematidae can feed on the bacterial symbionts of other steinernematids, quotes reference that Coccinella 7- punctata introduced into USA is probably displacing the native Coccinella novemnotata, similar phenomenon could happen with nematodes and release of exotic IPN's should be regulated, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, introductions, competitive displacement, when nematodes infect an NPV-infected or Bt-infected insect fewer progeny result, fecundity, sub-lethal, Bacillus thuringiensis, insect viruses, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, nematodes tend to avoid hosts infected with Beaveria bassiana which can produce mycotoxins potentially capable of anti-nematode activity, avoidance of competition, Microsporidia can infect IPN's and can sometimes cause mortality, Protozoa, nematophagous fungi, entomogenous endoparasitic fungi can also kill IPN's, protozoans, Turbellaria, nematodes, Tardigrada, Oligochaeta, Acari and insects, including Collembola, can be predators of nematodes, Folsomia candida readily consumes IPN's, examples of holistic studies, flatworms, Platyhelminthes, earthworms, Annelida, mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 649
Author: Kayashima, I.
Year: 1960
Title: Studies on spiders as natural enemies of crop pests (1). Daily activities of spiders in the cabbage fields, establishments of spiders liberated in the fields and evolution of the effectiveness of spiders against crop pests
Journal: Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ.
Volume: 18
Pages: 1-24
Keywords: Jap., En. summ.
Misumena tricuspidata, Brevicoryne brassicae
Rep., Araneae, predators, pests, methods, releases, biological control, Japan, community, species composition, brassicas, arable, population dynamics, aphids, predation, diet, consumption, food, feeding, direct observations, Hemiptera, field observations, beneficial insects, cultures, mass rearing, effectiveness, pest reduction, establishment of released spiders, two regions, Thomisidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2160
Author: Kayashima, I.
Year: 1961
Title: Study of the lynx spider Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch for biological control of the Cryptomerian leaf-fly Contarinia inouyei Mani (VI)
Journal: Publ. ent. Lab. Coll. Agric. Univ. Osaca
Volume: 6
Pages: 167-169
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pest, Diptera, Nematocera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2165
Author: Kayashima, I.
Year: 1972
Title: Study on grass spider as a predator to Hyphantria cunea Drury (Experiment on effectiveness as a predator of Agelena opulenta L. Koch)
Journal: Acta Arachn., Tokyo
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 60-72
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, Agelenidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1653
Author: Kazemi, M. H.; van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1992
Title: Partial antibiosis to Rhopalosiphum padi in wheat and some phytochemical correlations
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, UK, cereals, Gramineae, plant resistance, mechanisms, UK and Iranian spring and winter wheat, fecundity, no correlation between resistance and phenolics or hydroxamic acids but was a correlation with levels of alanine, histidine and threonine, semiochemicals, amino acids, behaviour, host plant selection, preference, clip cages, intrinsic rate of increase, Ommid a modern hexaploid cultivar is more resistant than any other investigated so far


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1038
Author: Kazenas, V. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Digger wasps of the genus Diodontus Curtis (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) from the southeastern Kazakh SSR
Journal: Entomol. OBOZR
Volume: 54
Pages: 421-428
Keywords: Russ.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, they are active aphid predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5822
Author: Kean, J.; Wratten, S.; Tylianakis, J.; Barlow, N.
Year: 2003
Title: The population consequences of natural enemy enhancement, and implications for conservation biological control
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 6
Pages: 604-612
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., indiscriminate provision of resources (such as pollen and nectar from flowers at field margins) could be counter-productive for pest control by diverting predators from killing pests or by encouraging top predators or directly benefitting flying pests, methods, population and metapopulation models, results suggest that use of extra resources to reduce natural enemy emigration rates might cause substantial reduction of pest density, natural enemy reproductive rate can also be important, population dynamics, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5327
Author: Keen, D.P.; Keen, J.E.; He, Y.; Jones, C.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of the gregarious hymenopteran parasitoid Muscidifurax raptorellus in house fly pupae
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 140-151
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Hymenoptera, natural enemies, livestock pests, Diptera, serology, antibody techniques, methods, stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca domestica, the parasitoid was detected in host pupae from 7 - 21 days post-sting, ELISA, Pteromalidae, USA
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3005
Author: Kegel, B.
Year: 1990
Title: Diurnal activity of carabid beetles living on arable land
Journal: In "The Role of Ground Beetles in Ecological and Environmental Studies", Ed. by N.E. Stork, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 65-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, 9 time sorting pitfalls in centre of winter rye field in Germany, 2-hour intervals, 1985, soil temperatures at 2 cm deep, RH and light intensity close to the traps, 5977 individuals of 52 species, dominants were Harpalus affinis and Agonum dorsale, lists 32 species, larval overwintering LO species peaked in August, adult overwintering AO species peaked in June to July, mean dry weight of LO is 18.9 mg and of AO 10.0 mg, biomass, phenology, LO tended to be nocturnal, AO had peak in early night and another in early afternoon, this is correlated with beetle colour, diurnal species are metallic or black, nocturnal species are brown or yellow, behaviour, diel cycles, structure, Clivina fossor and Loricera pilicornis had the greatest spread of activity, H. affinis diurnal activity was correlated with temperature but not its nocturnal activity, abiotics, climate, weather, microclimate, positive effects of temperature on diurnal activity of Amara plebeja and Pterostichus lepidus but negative effects for Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros and some others, Harpalus rufipes was more active during warmer nights, more males than females caught, activity, calculated niche breadth and niche overlap, L. pilicornis larvae were diurnal and activity overlap with adults was low, more diurnalism by arable crabids than by woodland ones and this is associated with overwintering behaviour, trees, forest, no difference in diel activity patterns between the sexes, highly reflective cuticle and small body size of diurnal carabids are thought to be adaptations for heat loss


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5267
Author: Kehrli, P.; Wyss, E.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of augmentative releases of the coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata, and of insecticide treatments in autumn on the spring population of aphids of the genus Dysaphis in apple orchards
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 99
Pages: 245-252
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, top fruit, trees, Switzerland, inundative biological control, eggs and larvae of ladybirds put out in autumn, methods, comparison with pyrethrum, pyrethroid insecticide, pesticides, ladybirds reduced deposition of overwintering eggs by aphids which reduced the number of spring fundatrices, release of larvae was more effective than release of eggs, ladybird reared on Myzus persicae in lab, culturing, counting on trees, yellow water traps
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1912
Author: Keifer, H. H.; Baker, E. W.; Kon, T.; Delfinado, M.; Styer, W. E.
Year: 1982
Title: An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities caused by Eriophyid mites in North America
Journal: USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington
Volume: Agricultural Handbook No. 573
Keywords: Rep., Acari, pests, Eriophyiidae, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3948
Author: Keller, M. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Reassessing evidence for competitive exclusion of introduced natural enemies
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 192-195
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, criticism of Ehler & Hall 1982, multi-species introduction efforts more likely to be published than single species because of greater effort expended, failed single species introductions less likely to be reported, extra species unlikely to be released if the first was successful, conclusion is that empirical evidence for the frequency and importance of competitive exclusion in classical bioogical control is still lacking


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1347
Author: Keller, S.; Schweizer, C.
Year: 1984
Title: Investigations on the influence of herbicides on aphid pathogenic Entomophthoraceae
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga II, Abstracts
Pages: 33
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, DNOC, dinoterb, dinoseb, completely inhibited sporulation of Conidiobolus and 2 others reduced sporulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2086
Author: Keller, S.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1985
Title: Entomophthora brevinucleata sp. nov. [Zygomycetes, Entomophthoraceae] a pathogen of gall midges [Dip.: Cecidomyiidae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30
Issue: 1)
Pages: 55-63
Keywords: En.
Diptera, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, fungal pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, biological control, occurs on Sitodiplosis mosellana on grasses in Switzerland and on Mycodiplosis sp. on winter wheat in UK, this paper describes the fungus, structure, identification, description, taxonomy, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4589
Author: Kellner, R.L.L.; Dettner, K.
Year: 1996
Title: Differential efficacy of toxin pederin in deterring potential arthropod predators of Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) offspring
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 107(3)
Pages: 293-300
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, rove beetles, natural enemies, Germany, Paederus fuscipes, Paederus riparius, wolf spiders are deterred by prey with paederin, Lycosidae, Araneae, larvae containing paederin are released unharmed but those without paederin are attacked and eaten, IGP, intraguild predation, prey defences, chemical defences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5801
Author: Kells, A.R.; Holland, J.M.; Goulson, D.
Year: 2001
Title: The value of uncropped field margins for foraging bumblebees
Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Volume: 5
Pages: 283-291
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Keywords: Rep., Hymenoptera, Apidae, significantly more bees visited naturally regenerated field margins than cropped field margins managed as conservation headlands, abundance, habitat diversification, landscape, farming practices, UK, bumblebees (Bombus terrestris, Bombus lapidarius) preferred different flower species to honeybees (Apis mellifera), preference index, methods, observations on a transect, good comprehensive reference list, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4819
Author: Kelly, B.; Regniere, J.
Year: 1985
Title: Predation on pupae of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on the forest floor
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 117(1)
Pages: 33-38
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., Choristoneura fumiferana, pests, trees, woodland, survival of pupae is a key factor in the population dynamics of this species, a proportion of the population pupate on the forest floor, Canada, conifers, various types of predator exclusion cages were used to expose live pupae to all predators, just invertebrates or just large or small Vertebrata, methods, pitfalls, snap traps for rodents, Mammalia, more than 90% of predation in June was due to invertebrates and this fell progressively to 20% by late July but vertebrates were then killing maby pupae. Overall daily predation rate was 73% and few moth adults would have emerged from the forst floor. Mice, voles, shrews. Predation was observed by Pterostichus adstrictus, Pterostichus coracinus, Calosoma frigidum,  Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, and by the ants Camponotus herculeanus and Formica rufa group, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, direct in situ visual observation. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1389
Author: Kelly, J. R.
Year: 1982
Title: Rationalising the need for a fungicide programme on winter wheat using a risk assessment scheme
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monograph 25
Pages: 77-89
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, methods, cereals, Gramineae, UK, takes into account previous crop, variety, sowing date, local disease risk, cultivations, land grade, susceptibility of soil to drought, nitrogen usage, fertilizer, crop density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2455
Author: Kelly, M. T.; Curry, J. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Studies on the arthropod fauna of a winter wheat crop and its response to the pesticide methiocarb
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 28
Pages: 413-421
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2875
Author: Kempson, D.; Lloyd, M.; Ghelardi, R.
Year: 1963
Title: A new extractor for woodland litter
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, heat and light extractor, details of design, humidity and temperature profiles in the apparatus, efficiency by adding known numbers of animals to autoclaved habitat, and by examination of samples after extraction looking for corpses, Acari, mites, Collembola, Isopoda, Trichoniscus pusillus, Nematoda, Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Araneae, spiders, Diptera, picric acid as preservative, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2019
Author: Kempton, R. A.; Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E.; Jones, M. G.; Maskell, F. E.
Year: 1974
Title: Fluctuations in wheat bulb fly egg populations in eastern England
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 77
Pages: 102-107
Keywords: En.
UK, Diptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Delia coarcata, arable, abundance, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2593
Author: Kendall, D.; Smith, B.
Year: 1991
Title: Soil cultivations and their effect on virus control
Journal: Agronomist (BASF)
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3811
Author: Kendall, D. A.; Chinn, N. E.; Glen, D. M.; Wiltshire, C. W.; Winstone, L.; Tidboald, C.
Year: 1995
Title: Effects of soil management on cereal pests and their natural enemies
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 83-102
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Gramineae, direct drilling, non-inversion tillage, farming practices, spread of virus by aphids, BYDV, diseases, pests, Hemiptera, insecticides, pesticides, slugs, Mollusca, chopped straw, stubble, damage, polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, more abundant on direct drill than plough, seasonal effects, Pterostichus melanarius, single-pass Dutzi cultivator, mechanical damage, biological control, pitfalls, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4338
Author: Kendall, D. A.; Chinn, N. E.; Smith, B. D.; Tidboald, C.; Winstone, L.; Western, N. M.
Year: 1991
Title: Effects of straw disposal and tillage on spread of barley yellow dwarf virus in winter barley
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 119
Pages: 359-364
Keywords: En.
Rep., baling, incorporation, ploughing, non-inversion tillage, direct drilling, farming practices, UK, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, plant diseases, more virus after ploughing than after non-inversion tillage or direct drilling, more virus for baling than for straw incorportion, the catch of Linyphiidae and large Carabidae and Staphylinidae adults and larvae declined for a short period after cultivation, where there was a greater catch of polyphagous predators there was less virus, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, natural enemies, biological control, plots separated by polythene barriers open at one end to allow colonisation, linyphiids formed 60% of the catch cf 31% carabids and 9% staphylinids, separate data given for Linyphiinae and Erigoninae, Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Quedius, Philonthus, Xantholinus, Staphylinus, Ocypus, the efficiency of insecticides in reducing BYDV on the discards was not better than the decrease in BYDV following direct drilling, pesticides, some of the differences may have been due to different aphid colonisation rates in relation to crop/soil contrasts in the different treatments


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2452
Author: Kendall, D. A.; Chinn, N. E.; Wiltshire, C. W.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of crop agronomy and agrochemical use on the influence of barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn sown cereals
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 143-151
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1345
Author: Kendall, D. A.; Smith, B. D.; Burchill, L. G.; Chinn, N. E.; Lyons, C. H.
Year: 1984
Title: Comparison of insecticide application dates for the control of barley yellow dwarf virus in winter barley and winter wheat
Journal: Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars, Annals of Applied Biology 104, supplement)
Volume: 5
Pages: 14-15
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, disease, very few aphids on winter wheat, but on winter barley secondary spread after January caused most of the yield loss, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, vectors, damage, role for polyphagous predators in winter, cypermethrin, pyrethroid insecticides, aphid densities


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1346
Author: Kendall, D. A.; Smith, B. D.; Burchill, L. G.; Chinn, N. E.; Lyons, C. H.
Year: 1985
Title: Comparison of insecticide application dates for the control of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in winter barley and winter wheat
Journal: Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars, Annals of Applied Biology, 106, supplement
Volume: 6
Pages: 10-11
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, diseases, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, vectors, autumn best time to apply single cypermethrin spray, pyrethroid insecticides, damage, timing of sprays


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3594
Author: Kenmore, P. E.; Carino, F. O.; Perez, C. A.; Dyck, V. A.; Gutierrez, A. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Population regulation of the Rice Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) within rice fields in the Philippines
Journal: J. Pl. Prot. Tropics
Volume: 1
Issue: 1)
Pages: 19-37
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, population dynamics, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, in insecticide-free rice, pesticides, oviposition of BPH decreased with increased female density, nymphal mortality increased, % winged morphs increased, spiders showed numerical response to hopper density, insecticides reduced spiders and caused more than 800 fold increase in BPH density, only a small proportion of increase was due to enhanced oviposition, physical exclusion of predators using cages caused 13 fold increase in BPH density, more predators in susceptible variety reduced BPH survival, plant resistance, suction sampling, egg parasitism by Anagrus flaveolus, parasitoids, attack by Dryinidae Strepsiptera and entomogenous fungi less than 5%, pathogens, disease, Lycosidae and Linyphiidae commonly seen feeding on adults and nymphs of BPH and whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera, diet, food, trophic behaviour, main genera were Lycosa, Pardosa, Callitrichia, Tetragnatha, Araneus, Argiope, Oxyopes, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae, Argiopidae, Oxyopidae, spider density was positively correlated with peak prey abundance, cannibalism by spiders observed, Microvelia and Mesovelia attacked planthoppers on water surface, Veliidae, frequently found ballooning spiders above crop, gravid females and eggsacs in crop, and spiders moving on the paddy water surface, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, reproduction, even at high immigration rates BPH can be kept below damage level without insecticides or varietal resistance, insecticides can cause an outbreak by blocking the numerical response of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4939
Author: Kennedy, G.G.; Storer, N.P.
Year: 2000
Title: Life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 467-493
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., shifting mosaic of habitats, instability, agricultural practices, pests are good at moving between patches and exploiting unstable cropping systems, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat changes within seasons, crop hosts, uncultivated hosts, pest mobility, dispersal capacity, agroecosystem changes across years, changes in host availability and suitability, life systems of teo-spotted spider mite, European corn borer, corn earworm (cotton bollworm), Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae, Acari, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Helicoverpa zea, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, fungi, Neozygites floridana, microsporidia, Nosema pyrausta, predators and parasitoids, natural enemies, pest mortality on Bt-maize, cereals, Gramineae, Bacillus thuringiensis, GM crops, genetically manipulated plants, transgenic crops, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3170
Author: Kennedy, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Ground beetle communities on set-aside and adjacent habitats
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50, Set-aside
Pages: 159-164
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Scotland, 2 set-aside areas, stubble then weeds cut, monthly samples, pitfalls, multivariate statistics, more species and individuals caught in set-aside than in semi-natural land or cropped areas, Amara plebeja mainly in set-aside, Bembidion tetracolum mainly in cultivated, other common species were Nebria brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus and Bembidion lampros, arable, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, UK, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4339
Author: Kennedy, P. J.
Year: 1988
Title: The use of polythene barriers to study long-term effects of pesticides on ground beetles (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in small-scale field experiments
Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC Farnham Surrey, UK
Volume: 40
Pages: 191-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., winter wheat, Long Ashton UK, polyphagous predators, natural cereals, Gramineae, field divided into 5 plots of 0.7ha, both sides bounded by 100m of polythene barrier left open at both ends (i.e. into field boundary and mid-field), methods, barriers stop inter-plot movement but not natural immigration from the boundary, migration, dispersal, movement, some plots treated with methiocarb, Draza, carbamate molluscicide, pitfalls, adult and larval carabids were significantly reduced for 4-5 months after an autumn treatment, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Trechus quadristriatus, in some cases differences persisted for 7 months, similar results in each of 3 years, some evidence that barriers not needed for plots greater than 0.5 ha


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3482
Author: Kennedy, P. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The distribution and movement of ground beetles in relation to set-aside arable land
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 439-444
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scotland, spring barley plots and two year old natural regeneration set-aside plots adjacent to river grassland and woodland, cereals, Gramineae, Carabus nemoralis studied in April and May, a nocturnal spring breeder, diel activity cycle, seasonality, dry pitfalls, beetles marked with a cauterizer, methods, mark-release- recapture, portable harmonic radar used to track 10 males, in pitfalls 25% of 52 beetles were recaptured once and 2 were twice, the recapture mean was after 13 nights at 34 m from release point, minimum distance travelled per night was 5 m, all females recaught in same habitat but 92% of males in different habitat, beetles not caught in pitfalls if night soil surface temperature less than 4C, population density estimate only 0.03 m-2, by radar mean distance moved per night was 55 m with maximum of 200 m, beetles in arable habitats were 7 and 19 times more active than those in set-aside and semi-natural habitats, beetles tended to stay in grassland and river bank and to leave bare ground and spring barley, set-aside was intermediate, this study illustrates dangers of pitfalls if other measurements not available to allow interpretation of catch data, farming practices, land use, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, habitat preference, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 344
Author: Kennedy, T. F.
Year: 1982
Title: Some observations on the biology of Bembidion obtusum Ser. and Tachyporus hypnorum F. (Insecta : Coleoptera)
Journal: MSc thesis, University of Ireland (UCD).
Keywords: En.
LitBk., beetles, methods, sexing live animals, larvae, stadia, instars, Dvacs from crop height, climbing, activity, climbing activity traps, marking, paint, overwintering, cereals, cocksfoot, Dactylis, clumps, tussocks, headland, migration, edge, middle, movement, eggs, size, late eggs smaller, aphids, laboratory, consumption rates, petri dish, diet, field, predation, prey, feeding, gut dissection, crop contents, mites, Acari, Collembola, fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 879
Author: Kennedy, T. F.
Year: 1990
Title: A study of the spider fauna of Irish cereal fields with particular reference to the role of Linyphiidae as aphid predators
Journal: PhD thesis, National University of Ireland
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, methods, pitfalls, D-vac, quadrats, efficiencies, species composition, spring wheat, winter wheat, winter barley, grass, more in grass, horizontal distribution, web coverage, behaviour, species and sexes in webs, vertical distribution of webs, stratification, web size, food in webs, linyphiid density, key to Sitobion avenae instars, aphid fall-off rates, yield loss, ELISA, serology, quantification of predation, definition of positive, detection periods, digestion rates, temperature, effect of trapping fluid, percentage positive in pooter and pitfall samples for species sex year, laboratory feeding trials, feeding rate for species and sex of spider and size and density of S.avenae, in webs and outside, prey mutilation, acclimatization, starvation, effect of cultivation using pitfalls, direct drilling, ploughing, harrowing, pesticides, insecticides, aphicides, dimethoate, fenvalerate, autumn, spring, summer, predation rates using Kuperstein method, assumptions and limitations, abandoned webs remain intact for several days in field, males account for significant predation, smaller instars preferred by all species sexes, calculations of effect on aphid populations, linyphiids make significant effect at low aphid density, biological control, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis and Erigone atra the important species (data given for many others)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3474
Author: Kennedy, T. F.
Year: 1994
Title: The ecology of Bembidion obtusum (Ser.)(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in winter wheat fields in Ireland
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
Volume: 94B
Issue: 1)
Pages: 33-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, references to feeding on pests etc, pitfalls November to April, cereals, Gramineae, methods, pitfalls covered and uncovered to record diel cycles, behaviour, density by mark release recapture and by quadrat soil samples, marking by paint, width of proximal protarsal segment gives sex of live beetles, larger in males, structure, gut dissection, 13 genera of carabids caught, B.obtusum was 32-70% of beetle catch depending on year, slightly nocturnal, mean density 22 m-2, horizontal aggregation, no beetles below 5 cm, horizontal distribution, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, abundance increased with number of years a field had been under cultivation, oviposition in March to April, spring breeders, longevity of 1 year, spring breeders, breeding season, reproduction, 23% beetle crops contained aphids, Hemiptera, 11% Collembola, 13% mites, Acari, 17% unidentified and 45% empty, high density adults in cereals overwinter, so could contribute to control of aphid build up in autumn-sown cereals and the control of BYDV, plant virus, plant disease, Sitobion avenae moves about in cereals in mild autumns in Ireland, dispersal, migration, movement cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2192
Author: Kennedy, T. F.; Evans, G. O.; Feeney, A. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Studies on the biology of Tachyporus hypnorum F. (Col. Staphylinidae) associated with cereal fields in Ireland
Journal: Irish Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume: 25
Pages: 81-95
Keywords: En.
Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus pusillus, Aleocharinae
Rep., predators, Coleoptera, methods, pitfalls, D.vac, climbing trap, vertical distribution, horizontal distribution, aggregation, cereals, wheat, barley, grassland, boundary, Hobbit, aerial pitfalls, species composition, phenology, density, population dynamics, life stages, adult, larva, pupa, egg, development rates, fecundity, fertility, activity cycles, diel activity, overwintering, wasteground, sex ratio, late season reduction in egg viability, duration of callows, gut dissection, food, aphids, fungi, aphid density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2586
Author: Kennett, J. A. B.; Dalingwater, J. E.
Title: A progress report on using aspects of reproduction as criteria for distnguishing two closely related British Tegenaria species
Journal: ?
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 338
Author: Kenward, H. K.
Year: 1976
Title: Reconstructing ancient ecological conditions from insect remains; some problems and an experimental approach
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 1
Pages: 7-17
Keywords: En.
Rep, York, rooves, gutters, fossils, beetles, Coleoptera, palaeontology, UK, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 300 species Coleoptera and Heteroptera, roof captures include Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Clivina fossor, Xantholinus longiventris, Oxytelus rugosus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus, unlikely that these live in gutters so probably represent aerial fallout, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, species from bird droppings in York include N. biguttatus, L. pilicornis, C. fossor, T. quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus madidus, Agonum dorsale, O. rugosus, Xantholinus angustatus, Xantholinus linearis, T. hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, predation on predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4981
Author: Kerns, D.L.; Gaylor, M.J.
Year: 1993
Title: Biotic control of cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cotton influenced by two insecticides
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 86(6)
Pages: 1824-1834
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, pesticides, pyrethroids, cypermethrin, organophosphates, sulprofos, pests, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, polyphagous predators, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoris, spiders, Araneae, cotton, in situ visual counts of aphids, beating, methods, 2 litre natural enemy exclusion cages, a variety of mesh sizes were used to selectively exclude large predators, or small predators or predators plus parasitoids, Orius, Anthocoridae, Nabis, Nabidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Hemerobiidae, Neuroptera, lacewings
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 529
Author: Kessler, A.
Year: 1970
Title: Egg production in Pardosa. 1. Influence of mating on the egg-ripening period in Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Volume: 41
Pages: 98-101
Keywords: Spiders, predators, structure, behaviour, egg sacs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2348
Author: Kessler, A.
Year: 1971
Title: Relation between egg production and food consumption in species of the genus Pardosa (Lycosidae, Araneae) under conditions of food abundance and food shortage
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 8
Pages: 93-109
Keywords: En.
Pardosa amentata, Pardosa lugubris, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa monticola
Rep., spiders, wolf spiders, Netherlands, lab studies, physiology, behaviour, feeding rate in relation to egg production, interspecific differences in egg ripening period, fecundity, egg size, efficiency of food to egg conversion, fecundity in relation to size of spider, response to reduced food, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, reproduction, methods, dry weight of carapace used as a measure of size, biomass, Drosophila, Diptera, there was a temporary decline in feeding rate in middle of egg ripening period, consumption rates, under food shortage slightly more food is extracted from each prey, partial consumption


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2346
Author: Kessler, A.
Year: 1973
Title: A comparative study of the production of eggs in eight Pardosa species in the field (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Tidschrift voor Entomologie
Volume: 116
Pages: 23-41
Keywords: En.
Pardosa amentata, Pardosa lugubris, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa prativaga, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa purbeckensis, Pardosa monticola, Pardosa palustris
Rep., wolf spiders, Holland, sand dunes, eggsacs, parasites, fecundity in relation to size of spider, site and year and food supply, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2349
Author: Kessler, A.; Fokkinga, A.
Year: 1973
Title: Hymenopterous parasites in egg sacs of spiders of the genus Pardosa (Araneida, Lycosidae)
Journal: Tidschrift voor Entomologie
Volume: 116
Issue: 3)
Pages: 43-61
Keywords: En.
Gelis, Acolus krygeri, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa amentata
Rep., Araneae, wolf spiders, wasps, Netherlands, Ichneumonidae, Proctotru pidae, behaviour, percentage parasitism, first and second egg sacs, parasite fecundity, eggsac defense, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2296
Author: Kessler, A.; Vermeulen, J. W. C.; Wapenaar, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Partitioning of the space in tussocks of the sedge Carex distans during winter by a spider community
Journal: J. Zool. Lond.
Volume: 204
Pages: 259-269
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predator, behaviour, overwintering, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 528
Author: Kessler, A. M.
Year: 1973
Title: A comparative study of the production of eggs in eight Pardosa species in the field (Araneida, Lycosidae)
Journal: Tidjdschr. Entomol.
Volume: 116
Pages: 23-41
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, fecundity, egg sacs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 521
Author: Keunzler, E. J.
Year: 1958
Title: Niche relations of three species of lycosid spiders
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 39
Pages: 494-500
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 339
Author: Kevan, D. K.
Year: 1945
Title: The aedeagi of the British species of the genus Catops (Col., Cholevidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 81
Pages: 69-72
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 340
Author: Kevan, D. K.
Year: 1945
Title: The aedeagi of the British species of the genera Ptomaphagus Ill., Nemadus Th., Nargus Th. and Bathyscia Sch. (Col., Cholevidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 81
Pages: 121-125
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 341
Author: Kevan, D. K.
Year: 1960
Title: The British species of the genus Sitona Germar (Col., Curculionidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 95
Pages: 251-261
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, key, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 337
Author: Kevan, D. K.
Year: 1962
Title: The British species of the genus Haltica Geoffroy (Col., Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 98
Pages: 189-196
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1710
Author: Khan, Z. R.; Saxena, R. C.
Year: 1985
Title: A selected bibliography of the whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 6
Issue: 2)
Pages: 115-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, pests, rice, cereals, Hemiptera, 506 references, 1899-1984, distribution, resistant varieties, plant resistance, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4434
Author: Kharboutli, M. S.; Mack, T. P.
Year: 1993
Title: Comparison of three methods for sampling arthropod pests and their natural enemies in peanut fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 86
Pages: 1802-1810
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, beat sheets, pitfalls, sweep nets, 3 spider species, Labidura, Orius, Nabis, Geocoris, 14 carabids, Cicindela, Solenopsis invicta, pests and natural enemies were represented to different degrees in the three methods, "a prudent strategy for assessing the effect of a pest management practice on pests and beneficials would be to use at least two of these techniques, polyphagous predators, Araneae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, red imported fire ant


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4132
Author: Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1990
Title: A synoptic model to explain long-term population changes in the large pine aphid
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 317-327
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, conifer forests, woodland, biological control, population dynamics, Cinara pinea attacks Scots pine, Wales, UK, main factors affecting population numbers are plant quality and natural enemies, a synoptic analytical model drawing on information from a previous simulation model, pine aphids are attacked by a large variety of natural enemies, many of which are polyphagous predators, eg Phytocoris pini, Miridae, Heteroptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3405
Author: Kidd, N. A. C.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1989
Title: The effects of host-feeding behaviour on the dynamics of parasitoid-host interactions, and the implications for biological control
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 31
Issue: 2)
Pages: 235-274
Keywords: En.
Rep., some Tachinidae parasitoids also do host feeding, Diptera, some references to parasitoids killing significant numbers of hosts by host-feeding, they estimate that one third of the worlds parasitoid fauna (about 100,000 species) are host-feeders, even if the parasitoid does not feed the host may die without parasitization because of probing by the ovipositor and or injection of venom, toxins, host mutilation, gives examples where host-feeding makes a greater impact on the pest than than parasitism, many successful biocontrol agents are destructive host feeders, host feeding in Encarsia formosa was only discovered in 1966 after 40 years research, Table giving ratio of host feeding to parasitism for 19 parasitoids, most if not all hosts in the Table are pests, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, maximum recorded % killed by feeding alone 17-78% depending on species, modelling, Aphytis maculicornis on olive scale and E.formosa on whitefly are both host feeders that can cause local extinction of the host, natural enemies, Hemiptera, parasitoids acting as predators, trophic behaviour, wasteful killing,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3433
Author: Kidd, N. A. C.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Host-feeding and oviposition strategies of parasitoids in relation to host stage
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 33
Issue: 1)
Pages: 13-28
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids tend to host-feed on early host stages and oviposit into later ones, simulation model of host- feeding strategies, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3434
Author: Kidd, N. A. C.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Host-feeding and oviposition by parasitoids in relation to host stage: consequences for parsitoid-host population dynamics
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 33
Issue: 1)
Pages: 87-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., parsaitoids tend to feed on early host stages and oviposit in later ones, age-structured simulation model to explore the consequences of this for population dynamics, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4054
Author: Kidd, N. A. C.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Population dynamics
Journal: In "Insect Natural Enemies" Ed. by M. Jervis and N. Kidd, Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Pages: 293-374
Keywords: En.
Rep., quantifying predation and parasitism, classical biological control, exclusion methods, cages and barriers, inclusion cages, insecticidal check method, physical removal of natural enemies, ant exclusion, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, biological control, pests, parasitoids, predation and parasitism of placed-out prey, pupae card baits, tethered larvae, prey enrichment, prey labelling, radiotracers, rare element tracers, direct in situ visual observation in field, video recording, gut dissection, serology, precipitin test, equations for quantifying predation, separating meal size and time since feeding, predation indices, limitations and errors, electrophoresis, density-dependent population regulation, the problem of % parasitism, correlations between pest and natural enemy numbers, life table analysis and problems of getting long runs of data and other problems, detecting density dependence, deterministic and stochastic models, conventional life table analysis assumes that mortality factors operate independently of each other and cannot handle interaction effects between mortality factors, Hughes physiological time-scale life table is only for stable age distribution populations, time-varying life table approach uses age-structured models, in which birth and survival rates of each age-class change in a realistic way, and has more in common with simulation modelling than life table analysis, convergence experiments to detect density-dependence, factorial experiments to test whether mortality factors are additive or interact in a complex way, experimental component analysis, analytical models, functional response, numerical response, mutual interference, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, searching efficiency, "analytical models provide insights into general possibilities of population dynamics, simulation models attempt to mimic the detailed dynamics of particular systems", inductive and deductive models, validation and sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, models of intermediate complexity, strategic and tactical models, spatial heterogeneity, hosts and prey in refuges from natural enemy attack, CV2>1 rule and its restrictions, metapopulation dynamics models, selection criteria in classical biological control, destructive host-feeding, some parasitoids kill more hosts by host-feeding than by parasitism, counterbalanced competition, control improved by parasitoid communities of greater species richness, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4991
Author: Kidd, P.W.; Rummel, D.R.
Year: 1997
Title: Effect of insect predators and a pyrethroid insecticide on cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, population density
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 22(4)
Pages: 381-393
Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, USA, cotton, predator exclusion cages, methods, cyhalothrin, Karate, randomised block design, in situ visual counting of aphids and natural enemies on the plants, aphid populations were significantly higher and cotton yields significantly lower where predators were excluded, putting predators into sealed cages, or allowing predator access at the bottom of cages produced effects similar to that for uncaged plants, where sprayed and unsprayed caged no-predator plants were compared the aphids did best on the sprayed plants, presumably because an interaction between insecticide and cotton leaf physiology favoured aphid reproduction, hormoligosis and trophobiosis, predators were mainly Hippodamia spp., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysoperla spp., Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Orius, Geocoris, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1040
Author: Kieckhefer, R. W.; Miller, E. L.
Year: 1967
Title: Trends of populations of aphid predators in South Dakota cereal crops 1963-5
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 60
Pages: 516-518
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3172
Author: Kielty, J. P.; Allen-Williams, L. J.; Underwood, N.
Year: 1992
Title: The effects of set-aside field margins on the distribution and biocontrol potential of polyphagous predatory arthropods in arable crops
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50, Set-aside
Pages: 169-174
Keywords: En.
Rep, TP, field margins permanent fallow set-aside became dominated by couch grass, Gramineae, UK, farming practices, pitfalls, Carabidae, Lycosidae, ground beetles, wolf spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, weed density and microclimate measured, 44 carabid species and 5 lycosid, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Pardosa amentata, Trochosa ruricola, did not get more predators in set-aside, carabids were more active at lower light intensity under weeds or dense crop, behaviour, activity, usually got more predators in crop than at edges, microclimate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4787
Author: Kielty, J.P.; Allen-Williams, L.J.; Underwood, N.
Year: 1999
Title: Prey preferences of six species of Carabidae (Coleoptera) and one Lycosidae (Araneae) commonly found in UK arable crop fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 123
Pages: 193-200
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, spiders, laboratory experiments on feeding  preferences, prey preference, prey selection, aphids, Hemiptera, alternative prey, Collembola, Metopolophium dirhodum was preferred compared to Brevicoryne brassicae, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Male and female Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus cupreus preferred aphids to Entomobryidae, and Pterostichus madidus and Harpalus rufipes showed no preference. Voracity usually increased with increase in temperature. P. melanarius and P. cupreus appeared to offer the best potential for controlling aphids on arable crops. Trochosa ruricola was caught in pitfalls in middles as well as edges of fields, distribution, abundance, impact, sex related differences in consumption rates, Hemiptera, foraging behaviour, Carabus violaceus. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4284
Author: Kielty, J. P.; Allen-Williams, L. J.; Underwood, N.; Eastwood, E. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Behavioural responses of 3 species of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) to olfactory cues associated with prey and habitat
Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour
Volume: 9
Issue: 2)
Pages: 237-250
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, semiochemicals, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis in olfactometer, responses to aphid alarm pheromone, aphids, Collembola and wheat, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, P. melanarius responded to all except Collembola, H. rufipes responded to pheromone and wheat, N. brevicollis responded to Collembola, references to many other insect natural enemies responding to the alarm pheromone of their prey, authors suggest that low-dose insecticides could be used together with E-beta-farnesene to flush aphids out of protected feeding sites and to simultaneously attract various natural enemies that respond to EBF, dislodgement, vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5731
Author: Kienegger, M.; Kromp, B.
Year: 2001
Title: The effect of strips of flowers on selected groups of beneficial insects in adjacent broccoli plots
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 13(1-6)
Pages: 583-586
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., organic field vegetables, horticulture, habitat diversification, landscape, Austria, four plots had 1.8m wide strips of flowers running through and were compared with four control, plots, commercial wildflower mixture, methods, pitfalls, in situ direct visual observation of foliage, ground beetle abundance was greatest within the flower strips and low within broccoli (both treated and controls), Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Poecilus cupreus (Pterostichus cupreus), polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, 10 species of adult hoverflies were mainly on flowers in strips and 9% were recorded on broccoli in strip-plots versus 6% on broccoli in control plots, Diptera, Syrphidae, Sphaerophoria spp., significantly fewer aphids on broccoli in strip plots, pests, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, biological control, although carabids and syrphids were attracted to the flower strips they did not spread out into the crop, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, the authors consider that perennial strips that supply overwintering sites for natural enemies are needed, authors consider that their inter-plot distance (30 m) may have been too small in relation to the foraging distance of syrphids, farming practices, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4089
Author: Kikkawa, J.; Anderson, D. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Community Ecology: Pattern and Process
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Keywords: En.
book, complexity, diversity and stability, guilds and their utility, methods, resource partitioning, trophic relations of decomposers, organisation of herbivore communities, communities of parasites, predator-prey interactions, natural enemies, biological control, analysis of competition by field experiments, population dynamics, ecological succession, evolutionary processes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3669
Author: Kiman, Z. B.; Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1985
Title: Development and reproduction of the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) reared on diets of selected plant material and arthropod prey
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 78
Pages: 464-467
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, USA, population dynamics, methods, rearing, culturing, food, trophic behaviour, 13 diets including pollen, green beans, Heliothis virescens eggs, Sericothrips variabilis, Tetranychus urticae, 91% nymphs developed to adult on Acer pollen but none passed 2nd instar on green beans, development was faster with arthropods in the diet, food quality, adult longevity greatest on pollen or H. virescens eggs than on thrips, fecundity highest on H. virescens eggs, O. insidiosus observed to puncture individual pollen grains and suck out contents, the thrip Frankliniella tritici which is basically a phytophage will also eat eggs of alfalfa weevil, fecundity of O. insidiosus was 103-106 on diets containing Heliothis eggs, Leguminosae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, maple, trees, forest, arable, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4082
Author: Kindlmann, P.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1993
Title: Optimal foraging in ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) and its consequences for their use in biological control
Journal: European Jounal of Entomology
Volume: 90
Issue: 4)
Pages: 443-450
Keywords: En.
predators, natural enemies, foraging, behaviour, trophic behaviour, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5471
Author: Kindlmann, P.; Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 2001
Title: When and why top-down regulation fails in arthropod predator-prey systems
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 333-340
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., top-down regulation in predator-prey models results from functional and/or numerical responses,  juveniles which usually cannot fly should be considered as separate entities from adults which often can fly, food unlikely to be limiting for adults, dispersal, movement, migration, also juveniles do not reproduce but adults do, juveniles may be confined to a patch in a way that adults are not, patch dynamics approach is appropriate for arthropod predator prey systems, adult oviposition strategy will have a large effect on fitness because offspring survival is normally very low, eggs should be deposited in prey patches which will yield food for offspring in the future (rather than at the time of oviposition), in classical biological control parasitoids have a higher success rate (97/1317 species) than predators (14/419 Coleoptera), generation time ratios, examples mainly relate to aphids as prey and ladybirds or hoverflies as predators, pests, Hemiptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4157
Author: King, E. G.; Bell, J. V.
Year: 1978
Title: Interactions between a braconid, Microplitis croceipes, and a fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, in laboratory-reared bollworm larvae
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 31
Pages: 337-340
Keywords: En.
Rep., Braconidae, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, entomogenous fungi, insect diseases, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, interactions between natural enemies, at 26C the parasitoids required 1 day longer than the fungus to kill the host and complete development, hosts attacked by parasitoid or fungus did not complete the 5th moult, parasitised larvae were predisposed to fungal infection, fungus halted development of the parasitoid if the fungus attacked up to 1 day after the parasitoid, Heliothis zea, lab USA, inter-kingdom competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1801
Author: King, K. L.; Hutchinson, K. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Effects of superphosphate and stocking intensity on grassland microarthropods
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 581-591
Keywords: En.
Rep., fertiliser, grazing, Vertebrates, Mammalia, farming practices, Acari, mites, Collembola, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1783
Author: King, K. L.; Hutchinson, K. J.; Greenstone, P.
Year: 1977
Title: The effects of sheep numbers on associations of Collembola in sown pastures
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 731-739
Keywords: En.
Rep., stock, vertebrates, Mammalia, grazing, farming practices, grassland, Gramineae, species composition, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4158
Author: King, K. M.; Atkinson, N. J.
Year: 1928
Title: The biological control factors of the immature stages of Euxoa ochrogaster Gn. [Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae] in Saskatchewan
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 21
Pages: 167-188
Keywords: En.
Rep., caterpillars, pests, Canada, in situ direct visual field observations of predation by larvae of Calosoma calidum and adults of Bembidion fusicrum on cutworm larvae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, natural enemies, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Lasius niger ate eggs and larvae, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, oophagy, 15 species of parasitoid, species composition, Diptera, no hyperparasitism observed but multiparasitism was, including a larva attacked by 2 species of parasitoid but which died of disease, fungal diseases, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, insect diseases, bacterial diseases were more likely to cause epizootics of E.ochrogaster if E.tessellata was also present, apparent competition, diseases often reduced the cutworm population after parasitoids had completed development and this tended to increase the general rate of parasitism the following year, interactions between natural enemies, interspecific competition, inter-kingdom competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5268
Author: Kinnunen, H.; Tiainen, J.; Tukia, H.
Year: 2001
Title: Farmland carabid beetle communities at multiple levels of spatial scale
Journal: Ecography
Volume: 24
Pages: 189-197
Alternate Journal: Ecography
Keywords: Rep.,  polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Finland, community, within fields, between fields, between farms at up to 8 km distant, distribution, ley, set-aside, cereals, spring barley, potato, sugar beet, grassland, Gramineae, brassicas, communities varied between farms, ordination, diversity, evenness, species richness, pitfalls, 7830 individuals of 71 species, Pterostichus melanarius was the most abundant species, also common were Trechus secalis, Patrobus atrorufus, Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion bruxellense, Bembidion quadrimaculatum. Loricera pilicornis, Asaphidion flavipes, Amara eurynota, Dyschirius globosus, Bembidion properans, Clivina fossor, Calathus erratus, Bembidion tetracolum, Amara fulva, species list, biodiversity, landscape
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2168
Author: Kirchner, W.
Year: 1964
Title: Bisher Bekanntes uber die forstliche Bedeutung der Spinnen in Walde. Versuch einer Literaturanalyse
Journal: Waldhygiene
Volume: 5
Pages: 161-198
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., review of spiders as biological control agents in forests, Araneae, predators, woodland, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4424
Author: Kirchner, W.
Year: 1964
Title: Bisher Bekanntes uber die forstliche Bedeutung der Spinnen
Journal: Waldhygiene
Volume: 5
Pages: 161-198
Keywords: Ger.
Extract translated by Martin Nyffeler, "The webs of some linyphiids contain sticky material in very small quantities (Nielsen 1932, Hopfman 1935, Wiehle 1956); it seems to be of fairly little significance for the capture efficiency of the web", polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Linyphiidae, web structure, adhesive, glue, Nielsen, E. 1932 The Biology of Spiders, Kopenhahen, Hopfman, W. 1935, Bau und Leistung des Spinnapparates einiger Netzspinnen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften 70


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 650
Author: Kirchner, W.
Year: 1965
Title: Wie uberwintert die Schilfradspinne Araneus cornutus ?
Journal: Natur und Museum.
Volume: 95
Pages: 163-170
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution, overwintering, winter, season, Argiopidae, Araneidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1277
Author: Kiritani, K.
Year: 1976
Title: The effect of insecticides on natural enemies with particular emphasis on selective use and low rates of insecticides
Journal: Rev. Plant Prot. Res., Tokyo
Volume: 9
Pages: 90-100
Keywords: pesticides, application methods, Japan


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3028
Author: Kiritani, K.; Dempster, J. P.
Year: 1973
Title: Different approaches to the quantitative evaluation of natural enemies
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 10
Issue: 1)
Pages: 323-330
Keywords: En.
Rep.?, review of methods of studying predator prey relationships, serology, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1463
Author: Kiritani, K.; Inove, T.; Nakasuji, F.; Kawahara, S.; Sasaba, T.
Year: 1972
Title: An approach to the integrated control of rice pests: Control with selective, low dosage insecticides by reduced number of applications
Journal: Jap. J. appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 16
Pages: 79-86
Keywords: Japan, IPM, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, insecticide application methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 480
Author: Kiritani, K.; Kakiya, N.
Year: 1975
Title: An analysis of the predator-prey system in the paddy field
Journal: Res. Popul. Ecol.
Volume: 17
Pages: 29-38
Keywords: En.
Rep, Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, prey, pest, cereals, rice, leafhoppers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1278
Author: Kiritani, K.; Kawahara, S.
Year: 1973
Title: Food-chain toxicity of granular formulations of insecticides to a predator Lycosa pseudoannulata of Nephotettix cincticeps
Journal: Bochu Kagaku
Volume: 38
Pages: 69-75
Keywords: Japan, pesticides, pests, Hemiptera, leafhoppers, rice, cereals, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, application methods, Cicadellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1459
Author: Kiritani, K.; Kawahara, S.; Sasaba, T.; Nakasuji, F.
Year: 1971
Title: An attempt of rice pest control by integration of pesticides and natural enemies
Journal: Gensei
Volume: 22
Pages: 19-23
Keywords: Jap.En.summ.
cereals, Gramineae, Japan, insecticides, IPM, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 589
Author: Kiritani, K.; Kawahara, S.; Sasaba, T.; Nakasuji, F.
Year: 1972
Title: Quantitative evaluation of predation by spiders on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, by a sight-count method
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology.
Volume: 13
Pages: 187-200
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, prey, pest, biological control, methods, foraging, observation, feeding, diet, diurnal, nocturnal, cereals, feeding rates, consumption rates, behaviour, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2896
Author: Kirk, I. W.; Bottrell, D. G.
Year: 1969
Title: A mechanical sampler for estimating boll weevil populations
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 62
Pages: 1250-1251
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, tractor driven suction sampler, very low boll weevil populations sampled in cotton, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, 63-92% efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 155
Author: Kirk, J.
Title: Use of the Warp Drive in outwitting Klingons
Journal: Intergalactica.
Volume: 911
Pages: 1123-1134
Keywords: Standard Sol
Subhomo klingonensis, Homo americanis, Vulco vulco
Scotty, Krypton crystals, frontier, Enterprise


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 154
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1971
Title: A field insectary for ground beetles
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 64
Pages: 302-303
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, methods, culture, rearing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 160
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1971
Title: Ground beetles in cropland in South Dakota
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 64
Pages: 238-241
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, pitfalls, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 161
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1971
Title: Biological studies of a ground beetle, Pterostichus lucublandus
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 64
Pages: 540-544
Keywords: En.
Carabidae, rep, pitfalls, cultivated fields, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 129
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Identification of ground beetle larvae found in cropland in South Dakota
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 65
Pages: 1349-1356
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, structure, systematics, head capsule


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 157
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Seed-caching by larvae of two ground beetles, Harpalus pennsylvanicus and H.erraticus
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 65
Pages: 1426-1428
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 162
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1973
Title: Biology of a ground beetle, Harpalus pennsylvanicus
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 66
Pages: 513-518
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, larvae, diet, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 156
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1974
Title: Biology of a ground beetle, Harpalus erraticus
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 67
Pages: 24-28
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 159
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1975
Title: Biology of Pterostichus chalcites, a ground beetle of cropland
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 68
Pages: 855-858
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 165
Author: Kirk, V. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Carabids : minimal role in pest management of corn rootworms
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 11
Pages: 5-8
Keywords: En.
Lepidoptera, pest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4919
Author: Kirkland, D.L.; Evans, K.A.; Lola-Luz, T.
Year: 1998
Title: Manipulating the behaviour of beneficial insects in cereal crops to enhance control of aphids
Journal: Proceedings of the 1998 Brighton Conference - Pests and Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Volume: 2
Pages: 663-668
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 1998 Brighton Conference - Pests and Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, foraging behaviour, winter wheat, aphid alarm pheromone E-beta-farnesene was dispensed from wicks at crop canopy height or at ground height and compared with control (wicks dispensing methanol only) plots (3 replicates of each).  Pitfalls, aphid counts on plants. In 1996 significantly more carabids were caught in pitfalls in plots with canopy pheromone. In 1997 there were significantly fewer aphids in pheromone compared with control areas. Aphids in pheromone areas were significantly more parasitised. Pterostichus melanarius was a common species. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids, Hymenoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1686
Author: Kirsch, K.; Schmutterer, H.
Year: 1988
Title: Low efficiency of a Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) formulation in controlling the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in the Philippines
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 105
Issue: 3)
Pages: 249-255
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, brassicas, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5524
Author: Kishimoto, H.; Takagi, K.
Year: 2001
Title: Evaluation of predation on Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) from feeding traces on eggs
Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 36(1)
Pages: 91-95
Alternate Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Keywords: Rep., methods, pests, spider mites, pear, trees, soft fruit orchards, Japan, SEM, scanning electron microscope, Oligota kashmirica, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Stethorus japonicus, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii, Thysanoptera, Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, Feltiella spp., predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Amblyseius californicus, Agistemus terminalis, Stigmaeidae, each predator allowed to attack eggs in the laboratory then eggs examined by SEM, from feeding traces (form of egg damage) it was possible to determine which predators attacked eggs, oophagy, figure showing SEM micrographs, eggs on leaves collected from the orchard were fed on primarily by Oligota, followed by Stethorus, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5417
Author: Kiss, B.; Samu, F.
Year: 2000
Title: Evaluation of population densities of the common wolf spider Pardosa agrestis (Araneae: Lycosidae) in Hungarian alfalfa fields using mark-recapture
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 191-195
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Leguminosae, methods, mark-release-recapture, MRR, comparison of mark-recapture with pitfall trapping and suction sampling, vacuum insect net, more than 5000 spiders marked with individual codes, dots of enamel paint on dorsum of cephalothorax and abdomen, trap where spider was caught coded by position of dots and date by colour, recaptured animals were given an extra dot, recapture rate 5-19%, densities from MRR were 3-9 adults per m2, juvenile abundance much greater, suction sampling gave no useful results (because these spiders are highly mobile), pitfall catch did not correlate with MRR over short time periods but the correlation was better over longer (15-day) periods (but based on two data points), distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, this species can disperse 4-8 m per day
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5980
Author: Kiss, B.; Samu, F.
Year: 2002
Title: Comparison of autumn and winter development of two wolf spider species (Pardosa, Lycosidae, Araneae) having different life history patterns
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 30
Pages: 409-415
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa hortensis, collected from alfalfa, Leguminosae, development, population dynamics, kept under different conditions of temperature and photoperiod, no overwintering immatures moulted to adult under outdoor conditions (but they did at enhanced temperature indoors), moulting more frequent at long photoperiod, early instars use periods of favourable weather to catch up with the development of later instars which increases population synchrony during winter-spring, life cycles, phenology, voltinism, Hungary, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3349
Author: Kiss, J.; Kadar, F.; Kozma, E.; Toth, I.
Year: 1993
Title: Importance of various habitats in agricultural landscape related to integrated pest management: a preliminary study
Journal: Landscape and Urban Planning
Volume: 27
Pages: 191-198
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hungary, 1992 winter wheat and field margin, pitfalls, sweeping, in situ observations and weed examinations, fewer predators caught in centre, 50 species of Carabidae, Oulema are the main pests of winter wheat in Hungary, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, soldier beetles, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Chrysomelidae, damage, cereals, Gramineae, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3729
Author: Kiss, J.; Kadar, F.; Toth, I.; Kozma, E.; Toth, F.
Year: 1994
Title: Occurrence of predatory arthropods in winter wheat and in the field edge
Journal: Ecologie
Volume: 25
Issue: 2)
Pages: 127-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hungary, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, cereals, Gramineae, pitfalls, sweeping, in situ visual observation, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, species composition, abundance, distribution, reservoirs for immigration, forest, hedgerows, winter wheat good for mass reproduction of Pterostichus cupreus, multivariate statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5184
Author: Kissane, K.C. 
Year: 2001
Title: Slug eating by the pisaurid spider Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz, 1843
Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 91
Pages: 4-5
Alternate Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, this is the first record from North America of a spider eating slugs, five juvenile spiders seen eating grey slugs less than 5 cm long, similar to Deroceras reticulatum, pests, both species are nocturnal, Mollusca, Limacidae, malacophagy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 254
Author: Kistner, D. H.
Year: 1969
Title: A new species of Oligota from Japan, predaceous upon citrus red spider mite
Journal: Mushi
Volume: 42
Pages: 141-146
Keywords: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, predation, pest, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3246
Author: Kitamura, K.
Year: 1982
Title: Comparative studies on the biology of dryinid wasps in Japan. I. Preliminary report on the predacious and parasitic efficiency of Haplogonatopus atratus Esaki et Hashimoto (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shimane University
Volume: 16
Pages: 172-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., Japan, mortality of planthoppers by dryinid wasps is caused by both predation and parasitism, lab observations with reference to paddy field, 30 nymphs were exposed for 24 h to one female H.atratus, Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera were wounded by H.atratus and the majority died within 3 days, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, rice, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, wounding, trophic behaviour, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4094
Author: Kitching, R. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Prey-predator interactions
Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 214-239
Keywords: En.
predation, especially by polyphagous predators, modifies potential competitive interactions between prey species and so affects community structure, natural enemies, examples from water-filled tree hole communities, sea otters, ants, Lycaenidae and acacia, oceanic islands, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2657
Author: Kleber, U.
Year: 1983
Title: Erhohung der Pflanzenresistenz durch Blattapplikation kieselsaurehaltiger Praparate
Journal: Mitt Dtsch Ges allg ang Ent
Volume: 4
Pages: 150-152
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3042
Author: Kleinhenz, A.; Buchs, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Einfluss verschiedener landwirtschaftlicher Produktionsintensitaten auf die Spinnenfauna in der kultur Zuckerrube
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie
Volume: 22
Pages: 81-88
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., influence of various levels of agricultural intensity on spiders in sugar beet, Germany, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, farming practices, fertilisers, methods, Braunschweig, emergence traps, pitfalls, Linyphiidae, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone atra dominants in both methods, more males in pitfalls, activity, more immatures in emergence traps, spider abundance decreased with increase in cultivation intensity, Meioneta rurestris nearly absent at high intensity, emergence traps were ground photoeclectors, 51 species of 10 families, 65% were linyphiids, species composition, species list, phenology of O.apicatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3797
Author: Kleinhenz, A.; Buchs, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Okologische Aspekte der Spinnenzonose von Zuckerrubenflachen unter dem Einfluss eines unterschiedlich intensiven Pflanzenschutz- und Dungemitteleinsatzes
Journal: Mitt. Deuts. Ges. allg. angw. Ent.
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, spider fauna of sugar beet in Germany, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, species composition, community, arachnofauna, emergence traps, pitfalls, dominants were Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis, Linyphiidae, most species were ground living, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, most preferred dry conditions, microclimate, humidity, moisture, they were affected by cultivation intensity, fertiliser and pesticides, abundance, species lists


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3796
Author: Kleinhenz, A.; Buchs, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Auswirkungen abgestufter Extensivierungsmassnahmen im Winterroggen und einer selbstbegrunenden Dauerbrache auf Spinnen als polyphage Pradatoren
Journal: Mitt. a. d. Bundesanst.
Volume: 301
Pages: 48
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, winter rye, cereals, Gramineae, pitfalls, photoeclectors, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis, Porrhomma microphthalmum, Pachygnatha degeeri, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3560
Author: Klingauf, F.
Year: 1967
Title: Abwehr- und Meidereaktionen von Blattlausen (Aphididae) bei Bedrohung durch Raubern und Parasiten
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 60
Pages: 269-317
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., "defence and avoidance responses of aphids threatened by predators and parasitoids", natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, escape reactions need greater threat than do defence reactions, larvae of Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae and Syrphidae cause strong reactions but can suppress them quickly by rapid siezing of the aphid, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, behaviour, readiness to react varies with aphid species and increases with aphid age up to adult then decreases in older adults, predatory larvae of Cecidomyiidae Aphidoletes aphidimyza caused little reaction and this was quickly overcome with toxin, poison, parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae causes defence and escape reactions, defence reactions of a few aphids cause excitation of the whole colony thus reducing percentage parasitism, fall off, drop off, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, migration, movement, Adalia bipunctata, Chrysopa vulgaris, Syrphus sp., Acyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus persicae, Neomyzus circumflexus, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3559
Author: Klingauf, F.
Year: 1976
Title: Die Bedeutung der "Stimmung" in Leben phytophager Insekten am Beispiel den Wirstswahl-Verhaltens von Blattlausen
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 82
Pages: 200-219
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., "the importance of motivation during an insects lifespan using host selection behaviour in aphids as an example", aphids less likely to return to a plant where they had received an alarm pheromone stimulus, pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, fall off, drop off, climb back, mobility and age, escape reactions, starvation, short visits to different plants, influence of weather, Coccinellidae larvae force Acyrthosiphon pisum and Megoura viciae to drop off plant, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, semiochemicals, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2589
Author: Klinger, K.
Year: 1987
Title: Auswirkungen eingesater Randstreifen an einem Winterweizen-Feld auf die Raubarthropodenfauna und die Getreideblattlausbefall
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 104
Pages: 47-58
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders Araneae, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, methods, effects of margin strips along a winter wheat field on predatory arthropods and the infestation by cereal aphids, margin strips of Sinapis alba and Phacelia tanacetifolia, mustard, brassicas, farming practices, land management, more carabids in and near to strips, syrphids attracted to flowering strips, cereal aphids tended to be reduced near strips but not significant, Lautenbach project on integrated farming systems, Germany, common species Agonum dorsale, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus aeneus, Amara ovata, spiders identified to family, not much difference between treatments for spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2588
Author: Klinger, K.; von
Year: 1987
Title: Laufkafer auf Weizenschlagen des Lautenbacher Hofs, Landkreis Heilbronn
Journal: Veroff. Naturschutz Lands. Bad-Wurtt.
Volume: 62
Pages: 483-492
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1674
Author: Kloet, G. S.; Hincks, W. D.
Year: 1964
Title: A Check List of British Insects, Part 1: Small Orders and Hemiptera (2nd Ed.)
Journal: Royal Entomological Society of London
Keywords: En.
Rep., taxonomy, classification, systematics, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2773
Author: Kloet, G. S.; Hincks, W. D.
Year: 1977
Title: A Check List of British Insects, Part 3: Coleoptera and Strepsiptera (2nd Ed.)
Journal: Royal Entomological Society of London
Keywords: En.
Rep., classification, UK, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3117
Author: Kluepfel, D. A.
Year: 1993
Title: The behaviour and tracking of bacteria in the rhizosphere
Journal: Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
Volume: 31
Pages: 441-472
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, review, population dynamics, movement in soil, distribution, dispersal, entry into plants, insect-mediated movement, many bacteria species happily reside in insect gut, many acquired with the food, bacteria get into plant via insect-induced wounds, long-distance dispersal of agricultural insects new references, persistence, community effects, molecular biiology, methods, immunodetection, PCR amplification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3597
Author: Knisley, C. B.; Juliano, S. A.
Year: 1988
Title: Survival, development, and size of larval tiger beetles: effects of food and water
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 69
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1983-1992
Keywords: En.
Rep.(summ. only), Cicindelidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, supplemental food to larvae increased survivorship, there was significant mortality of first instars from natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, food supplementation affected development time and size of adults for 7 species in an array of habitats, larger adults and faster maturation, food limitation and resource competition likely to be dominant factors controlling these beetles, development rate, mortality, survival, population dynamics, food quantity, biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1974
Author: Knop, N. F.; Hoy, M. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Biology of a tydeid mite, Homeopronematus anconai (n. comb.) (Acari: Tydeidae) important in San Joaquin Valley vineyards
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 51
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1-30
Keywords: En.
grapes, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2210
Author: Knost, S. J.; Rovner, J. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Scavenging by spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 93
Pages: 239-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., wolf spiders, laboratory, feeding on motionless decapitated crickets and mealworms observed, even 1 day old prey.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2858
Author: Knusting, E.; Bartels, G.; Buchs, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Untersuchungen zu Artenspektrum, fruchtartspezifischer Abundanz und Abundanzdynamik von Regenwurmen bei unterschriedlich hohen landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsintensitaten
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Freising- Weienstephan 1990)
Volume: 20
Pages: 21-27
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Germany, Braunschweig, 4 intensities of fertiliser and pesticide in a sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley rotation, species of worm affected by high inputs of agrochemicals are given, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Lumbricidae, side-effects of pesticides, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4922
Author: Kobayashi, M.; Kudagamage, C.; Nugaliyadde, L.
Year: 1995
Title: Distribution of larvae of Ophionea indica Thunberg (Carabidae), a predator of the Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) in paddy fields of Sri Lanka.
Journal: JARQ - Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly
Volume: 29
Pages: 89-93
Alternate Journal: JARQ - Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, midge galls were dissected (8523 galls from 52 sites) to look for O. indica larvae, up to 3 larvae per 100 galls were found with highest numbers in the wet zone during the monsoon, extra hole in the gall suggests that the beetle larva detects the midge pupa within the gall and bores a hole to to enter the gall and attack the pupa. Wounded or dead gall midge pupae were found in galls where the predator was present. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3595
Author: Kobayashi, S.
Year: 1975
Title: The effect of Drosophila release on the spider population in a paddy field
Journal: Appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 10
Issue: 4)
Pages: 268-274
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, Drosophila released into paddy observed to be eaten by spiders and made up 39% of their diet, food, trophic behaviour, foraging, predation, cereals, Gramineae, spider density increased after Drosophila release and leafhopper and planthopper numbers were reduced for a few months, methods, pests, Hemiptera, abundance, Japan, direct in situ counts and sweep netting, diet of spiders observed at night with a torch, spider diet was hoppers, Drosophila, other Diptera and up to 10% spiders, predators of predators, hyperpredation, rapid spider increase suggests numerical aggregative response, distribution, horizontal dispersal, movement, migration, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, Staphylinidae and Carabidae killed newly emerged flies, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1343
Author: Koch, F.
Year: 1979
Title: The activity of two species of lathridiids of an agro- ecosystem in the Hercynian region
Journal: Hercynia N.F.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1)
Pages: 110-117
Keywords: Ger.En.summ.
Coleoptera, Germany, Lathridius lardarius, Enicmus transversus, phenology in 5 crops and effect of herbicides on activity, pesticides, behaviour, sub- lethal effect, formalin pitfalls, winter wheat, spring barley, oats, maize, cereals, Gramineae, simazine, MCPA, L.lardarius climbs up weeds in evening, flies in June-July, is saprophagous and mycetophagous, probably does not overwinter in fields, reproduces in June, sex ratios, Lathridiidae, vertical distribution, dispersal, diel cycles, nocturnalism, diet, MCPA reduced it in one out of two years, fungi can increase after MCPA and Lathridius may have eaten contaminated fungi, E.transversus most numerous in damp years, prefers sandy soil, detritus feeder, overwinters in field, active at more than 10C, more overwinter in winter crops because ground not disturbed in spring, breed in July, reduced by herbicide in one year, weather, beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 179
Author: Kock, T.
Year: 1975
Title: Abwehr von Schaden des Erdbeerlaufkafers Harpalus pubescens Mull. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) im Erdbeeranbau durch eine Ablenkfutterung
Journal: Z. ang. Ent.
Volume: 77
Pages: 402-409
Keywords: Ger.
Harpalus rufipes
Strawberry, seeds, animal food, soya, damage, methods, lure, bait


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2590
Author: Koehler, H.
Year: 1984
Title: On the diet and food turnover of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and Pterostichus metallicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a beech forest ecosystem
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 27
Issue: 3)
Pages: 171-183
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1983
Author: Koehler, H. H.
Year: 1992
Title: The use of soil mesofauna for the judgement of chemical impact on ecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 193-205
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, Germany, 4 year successional study after aldicarb application on a rubble dump cf control, carbamate insecticide, large differences, detailed results for predatory mites of the Gamasina which are sensitive ecotoxicological indicators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Acari, soil mites, Collembola, Enchytraeidae, Annelida, Pergamasus spp., Aliphis siculus is a specialist nematode feeder which died out after aldicarb which is a nematicide, Nematoda, predation, feeding preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4978
Author: Koehler, H.H.
Year: 1997
Title: Mesostigmata (Gamasina, Uropodina), efficient predators in agroecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 62
Pages: 105-117
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, review, 40,000 mite species are described so far, Uropodina prey on nematodes, insect larvae, slugs and worms, Gamasina including Phytoseiidae attack spider mites, Collembola, insect eggs and larvae, nematodes, root mites (Rhizoglyphus: Astigmata), effects of farming practices, life cycles, distribution and abundance, Arctoseius, Alliphis, Pergamasus, Rhodacarellus, Hypoaspis, effects of pesticides, Macrochelidae can control house fly populations in poultry houses, sampling methods, rearing methods 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5341
Author: Koehler, H.H.
Year: 1999
Title: Predatory mites (Gamasina, Mesostigmata)
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 395-410
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gamasida, review, biodiversity, Phytoseiidae, references to textbooks and taxonomic keys for Acari, identification, systematics, 40,000 mite species are currently known, Uropodina and Gamasina within the Mesostigmata are important as bioindicators, as pests, biocontrol agents and in relation  to decomposition and human health, Uropodina density about 10,000 m-2 in organic substrates, manure, compost, sludge, forest litter, they are predators of slugs, Nematoda and insect larvae and are also scavengers, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, necrophagy, carrion feeders, some are mycetophagous, fungus feeders, some disperse by phoresy, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, at least 180 species in central Europe, most Gamasina are mobile predators, they are species rich, abundance of 10,000 m-2 in meadows and dunes, Gramineae, they eat Collembola, eggs and larvae of insects, nematodes, and root mites such as Rhizoglyphus, pests, Macrochelidae, Ascidae, Parasitidae, Veigaiidae, Hypoaspis aculeifer can reduce nematode populations by 70%, community, ploughing reduces Gamasina abundance, effects of farming practices, pesticides, insecticides, change in dominance-rank structure after aldicarb application, herbicides, Pergamasus, fertilisers, manure, mulch, sludge, organic substrates, on the foliage Phytoseiidae attack spider mites, Tetranychidae, vegetation, sampling methods, heat and light extractors, rearing soil Gamasina, culturing methods, humid containers with plaster of Paris and charcoal base, feed mites on nematodes, cheese mites and Enchytraeidae worms, Diptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1573
Author: Kokhreidze, G. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Earwigs - predators of aphids
Journal: Zashchita Rast
Volume: 8
Pages: 50
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USSR


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5372
Author: Kokkoris, G.D.; Jansen, V.A.A.; Loreau, M.; Troumbis, A.Y.
Year: 2002
Title: Variability in interaction strength and implications for biodiversity
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 362-371
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., theoretical community, model, a low mean species interaction strength allowed many species to co-exist, species richness can be high in spite of competition between species, the number of co-existing species statistically depends on the mean and variance of the interaction strength (an increase in mean or variance decreases species richness), high species richness can result if intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition, statistical properties of interactions have been little studied but could be of significance in explaining species diversity patterns observed in communities
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1030
Author: Kokubu, H.; Duelli, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Aerial population movement and vertical distribution of aphidophagous insects in cornfields (Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae)
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Pages: 279-284
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, species specific flight characteristics in relation to flight height and attraction to feeding sites, behaviour, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5398
Author: Kollat-Palenga, I.; Basedow, T.
Year: 2000
Title: Aphid feeding of predatory Staphylinidae on different strata (soil surface and wheat seedlings) in laboratory experiments
Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Volume: 107(6)
Pages: 643-648
Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Germany, Metopolophium dirhodum, vertical distribution, tests in petri dishes and on plants (but only in 6cm x 8cm containers), 21 species tested, community, 11 species ate 3.5 to 30 aphids per day in petri dishes, but only 5 species climbed plants and ate 10-22 aphids per day there, vertical dispersal, vertical movement, vertical migration, predation rates, consumption rates, larvae of Tachyporus hypnorum also climbed plants and ate 2-10 aphids per day there, consumption rate by T. hypnorum adults declined towards the end of their life cycle, room temperature (c. 20C), non-climbers with high consumption rates on ground were Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus varius, Philonthus rotundicollis, Xantholinus longiventris, Lathrobium fulvipenne, non-climbers with mediun consumption rates on the ground were Xantholinus linearis, Stenus juno, Lathrobium ripicola, Stilicus similis (= Rugilus), Gyrohypnus angustatus, Conosoma testaceum, non-climbers with low aphid consumption on the ground were Stilicus orbiculatus, Anotylus rugifrons, Anotylus rugosus, Anotylus inustus, Tachinus rufipes, species that ate aphids on ground and plant were Paederus litoralis, T. hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, 16/21 species confined to ground
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5756
Author: Kollmann, J.; Bassin, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of management on seed predation in wildflower strips in northern Switzerland
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 83
Pages: 285-296
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, weeds, biodiversity, 101 plant species in wildflower strips, annuals were more abundant in harrowed plots, granivory, spermophagy, rodents and slugs were the main seed-eaters, Vertebrata, Mammalis, Mollusca, Limacidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, negligible seed consumption by insects and passerine birds, Aves, seed losses per week were 10-51%, methods, live-trapping, Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus, harrowing reduces seed losses, references to decline in farmland flora, invertebrates and birds, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 420
Author: Komai, T.
Year: 1956
Title: Genetics of lady-beetles
Journal: Adv. Genet.
Volume: 8
Pages: 155-185
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3152
Author: Koomen, P.; Peeters, T. M. J.
Year: 1993
Title: New prey records for spider hunting wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from the Netherlands
Journal: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
Volume: 33
Issue: 2)
Pages: 571-574
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predators of predators, diet, trophic behaviour, Anoplius feed on Lycosidae, others attack only Argiopidae, others are non-selective


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1348
Author: Korschgen, L. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Soil-food-chain-pesticide wildlife relationships in aldrin treated fields
Journal: Journal of Wildlife Management
Volume: 34
Pages: 186-199
Keywords: insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, predatory carabids contained more ppm than phytophagous carabids, residues, contamination, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4930
Author: Koshihara, T. 
Year: 1986
Title: Diamondback Moth and its control in Japan
Journal: Diamondback Moth Management - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, March 1985. Published by Shanhua, Taiwan, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center
Pages: 43-53
Alternate Journal: Diamondback Moth Management - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, March 1985. Published by Shanhua, Taiwan, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Plutella xylostella, developmental biology, survival, longevity, fecundity, population dynamics, seasonal abundance, brassicas, Cruciferae, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pheromone traps, semiochemicals, methods, Pieris rapae, Mamestra brassicae, aphid pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, microbial insecticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5111
Author: Kouki, J.; Lyytikinen-Saarenmaa, P.; Henttonen, H.; Niemel, P.
Year: 1998
Title: Cocoon predation on diprionid sawflies: the effect of forest fertility
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 116
Pages: 482-488
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., trees, woodland, Finland, predation by small mammals, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, pests, biological control, natural enemies, Diprion pini with cocoons in autumn suffered 96% predation, Neodiprion sertifer with cocoons in summer suffered 37% predation, soil fertility did not affect the result, lab-reared cocoons put out in forest litter, voles, mice, shrews, Rodentia, Insectivora
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5000
Author: Koval, A.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Contribution to the knowledge of carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae) preying on Colorado Potato Beetle in potato fields of the Transcarpathian Region
Journal: Entomological Review 
Volume: 79(5)
Pages: 523-532
Alternate Journal: Entomological Review 
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Chrysomelidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, Russia, 150 carabid species in fields, 141 species of 48 genera in potato fields, biodiversity, species richness, serological study showed that 67 species had consumed Leptinotarsa decemlineata in the field, species with high voracity and high density are Carabus hampei, Pterostichus melanarius, Poecilus cupreus and Pseudoophonus rufipes, abundance, even the phytophagous species never feed on potato plants, Amara similata and Zabrus spinis were observed to feed on Colorado larvae, beetles were collected by hand and in pitfalls, they were examined serologically for proteins of L. decemlineata [no details given], gives density of 12 species from soil sampling in 0.25 m2 quadrats, maximum density per species was 1.3 m-2 for Harpalus rufipes, Table of 141 species showing which species gave a positive and which a negative reaction in the serological test
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 327
Author: Kowalski, R.
Year: 1974
Title: The biology and behaviour of soil dwelling beetles which prey on winter moth
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of Oxford.
Keywords: En.
Operophtera brumata
Coleoptera, predation, Staphylinidae, Lepidoptera, woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 243
Author: Kowalski, R.
Year: 1976
Title: Philonthus decorus (Gr.)(Coleoptera : Staphylinidae): Its biology in relation to its action as a predator of winter moth pupae (Operophtera brumata) (Lepidoptera : Geometridae)
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 16
Pages: 233-242
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2895
Author: Kowalski, R.
Year: 1976
Title: Obtaining valid population indices from pitfall trapping data
Journal: Bulletin de l'Academie polonaise des Sciences
Volume: 23
Pages: 799-803
Keywords: En.
Rep., Philonthus decorus against Operophtera brumata, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, woodland, trees, forest, biological control, predation, UK, mean abundance of P.decorus in 5 areas, glass jars with wooden covers, no preservative or fluid mentioned, 8 pitfall traps per site, used mean catch per week as population index, use of mean value from 8 traps reduced the variation in population indices due to the effect of microsite, statistics methods, linear partitioning suggested that the magnitude of the bell shape of the curve of whole season catch against time was the main factor and this was attributable to changes in density rather than activity, NB similarity with Baars method for carabids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1039
Author: Kowalski, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Biology of Tachyporus spp. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in relation to their role as predators of cereal aphids
Journal: Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles. Vth Meeting of European Carabidologists at Stara Brda Pilska, Poland
Pages: 97-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, predation, UK, pitfalls, phenology, Univac vacuum insect net, methods, % of spring adult population found in crop layer, vertical distribution, positive correlation with weediness, more larvae on ground where weedy, but not consistent, mortality (and emigration) between larval stage and autumn adults was density dependent (more losses where larval numbers highest), population dynamics, aphids in suction samples, inconsistent relationship between aphid density and weediness between fields and years, no obvious numerical response by adults or larvae to aphid density, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2018
Author: Kowalski, R.; Benson, J. F.
Year: 1978
Title: A population dynamics approach to the wheat bulb fly Delia coarctata problem
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 15
Pages: 89-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Gramineae, arable, UK, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 689
Author: Krafft, B.
Year: 1975
Title: Les interactions limitant le cannibalisme chez les Araignees solitaires et sociales
Journal: Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France.
Volume: 100
Pages: 203-221
Keywords: Fr.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, food, behaviour, cannibalism, social, solitary


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2219
Author: Krause, A.
Year: 1987
Title: Effects of different types of agricultural management and side effects of pesticides used in agriculture on spider density, diversity of spider species, biomass of spiders and spider prey spectra and prey catching rates
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 283-291
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, cereals, maize, density, distribution, Germany, effect of pesticides, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, organic fields, web density, biological control, methods, collection within isolators, webs counted, more spiders on ground than plants, prey of ground web spiders 39% aphid, 35% Collembola, 12% flies, Homoptera, Diptera, direct observation, 49% of prey was consumed, weed and plant density in wheat, rye, maize, oats, organic field covered with diverse vegetation all year, Pardosa agrestis not killed by being dipped in Pirimor, Lycosidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3620
Author: Krause, U.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1996
Title: Population dynamics of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Northern Germany in relation to different habitat structure
Journal: Acta Jutlandica, in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, winter cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, methods, malaise traps, yellow traps, bait plants infested with aphids, sweeping, sweep net, Episyrphus balteatus, Metasyrphus corollae, Sphaerophoria spp., Syrphus ribesii and Syrphus vitripennis oviposited on bait plants and were caught in sweep nets in late autumn and were active again in early spring, behaviour, reproduction, phenology, females preferred to oviposit in more diversified sites close to hedges and syrphid density was higher there, abundance, there is probably syrphid overwintering in northern Germany, percentage species composition varies a lot between years and more than between sites suggesting an effect of weather, climate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5798
Author: Krebs, J.R.; Wilson, J.D.; Bradbury, R.B.; Siriwardena, G.M.
Year: 1999
Title: The second silent spring ?
Journal: Nature
Volume: 400
Pages: 611-612
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., authors estimate that in last 20 years 10 million breeding individuals of 10 species of farmland birds have disappeared from the British countryside, UK, Vertebrata, Aves, monitoring, landscape, corn bunting and tree sparrow, BTO, now 116 species of farmland birds (20% of the European avifauna) are of conservation concern, pesticides, agricultural intensification, farming practices, habitat generalist species have increased but farmland specialists declined, abundance, government schemes Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) and Country Stewardship Scheme encompass 12.5% of agricultural land, agricultural statistics, set-aside occupies 10% of arable farmland, habitat diversification, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 153
Author: Kreckwitz, K.
Year: 1980
Title: Experiments in the breeding biology and the seasonal behaviour of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale Pont. in temperature and moisture gradients
Journal: Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere.
Volume: 107
Pages: 183-234
Keywords: Rep, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1205
Author: Kring, T. J.; Gilstrap, F. E.
Year: 1984
Title: Efficacy of the natural enemies of grain sorghum aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 57
Issue: 3)
Pages: 460-467
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, USA, Schizaphis graminum, predator exclusion methods, economic threshold exceeded inside cages, mainly due to predators, few parasitoids, fed on Rhopalosiphum maidis if greenbug absent, inundative release of Lysiphlebus testaceipes not cost effective, inoculative releases of this and Hippodamia convergens not effective or economical, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Texas, classical biological control, introduction of Coccinella 7-punctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Propylea 14-punctata and Aphelinus asychis, endemics, less than 3.3% greenbugs parasitized by Aphelinus nigritus and L.testaceipes, Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia sinuata, Scymnus, Chrysopa, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Orius, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, in 1982 the predator complex kept greenbug below economic threshold


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4400
Author: Kring, T. J.; Young, S. Y.; Yearian, W. C.
Year: 1988
Title: The striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus Hentz (Araneae: Oxyopidae), as a vector of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 23
Issue: 4)
Pages: 394-398
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab experiments, USA, 95% of active virus was excreted within 24h of ingestion, 1.2% of virus in the infected larva was ingested, O. salticus and probably other spiders in soybeans may be important disseminators of AgNPV, velvetbean caterpillar, this virus is also transmitted by Nabis roseipennis, O. salticus is one of the most abundant spiders in Arkansas soybean, Nabidae, Heteroptera, pathogen dissemination, insect disease, movement, migration, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4166
Author: Kristin, A.
Year: 1991
Title: Feeding of some polyphagous songbirds on Syrphidae, Coccinellidae and aphids in beech-oak forests
Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands
Pages: 183-186
Keywords: En.
Rep., Aves, Vertebrata, Diptera, Coleoptera, hoverflies, ladybirds, predators, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, natural enemies of natural enemies, diet of nestlings of 13 bird species over 3 years in Slovakia deciduous woodland, trees, neck ringing method, aphids were in diet of 12 bird species, Syrphidae in 11 and Coccinellidae in 3, gives species of birds, Syrphidae and Coccinellidae, including Episyrphus balteatus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, Adalia bipunctata, other predators in diet include Anthocoridae, Pentatomidae, Miridae, Chrysopidae, Cecidomyiidae and Araneae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, spiders, polyphagous predators, an individual nestling can eat 4.5g of aphids per day, pest consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4984
Author: Krober, T.; Carl, K.
Year: 1991
Title: Cereal aphids and their natural enemies in Europe - a literature review
Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Volume: 12(4)
Pages: 357-371
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, specialist predators, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, fungal pathogens, diseases, entomogenous fungi, side effects of pesticides, non-target effects, classical biological control, hyperparasitoids, aphid biology, Diuraphis noxia, Russian wheat aphid, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, large table of parasitoid species with references
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2456
Author: Kromp, B.
Year: 1989
Title: Carabid beetle communities in biologically and conventionally farmed agroecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environmemt
Volume: 27
Pages: 241-251
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3211
Author: Kromp, B.; Nitzlader, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Dispersal of ground beetles in a rye field in Vienna, Eastern Austria
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 269-277
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1991, directional pitfalls, methods, mark-release- recapture, 61,370 individuals of 86 species, 8035 marked with ink on elytra, organic winter rye, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, distribution, movement, migration, natural enemies, species composition, 12 species comprised 95% of individuals caught, sping breeders dominant, autumn breeders were Harpalus rufipes, Amara plebeja, Asaphidion flavipes was caught near field border, Pterostichus cupreus mainly in middle and Bembidion lampros had an even distribution, B. lampros migrated from edges to middle in early April, B.lampros and A.flavipes migrated from middle to edge in autumn, 396 out of 8035 marked beetles in 24 species were recaptured ie 4.9%, recapture rates 3.9% for Agonum dorsale and 3.3% for Pterostichus cupreus, Brachinus explodens covered long distances in spring but only short distances in centre of field in summer, mean daily displacements were 1.9 - 5.5 m day-1, one specimen of A.dorsale moved 46 m in a day, teneral Trechus quadristriatus and Demetrias atricapillus were found in the aerial traps of photoeclectors, aerial migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1982
Author: Kromp, B.; Steinberger, K. H.
Year: 1992
Title: Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetles and spiders in Eastern Austria (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Arachnida: Aranei, Opiliones)
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 71-93
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, Araneae, harvestmen, Phalangida, methods, pitfalls, species composition, diversity, biological wheat field and grassy margin, cereals, field species of carabids abundant in both habitats, numerous carabid species at low abundance at edge probably transitional species, habitat preference, behaviour, different species of spider in 2 habitats, grassy margin had rare species of conservation importance, apparently low exchange of spiders between 2 habitats, harvestmen mainly at edge, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale and Brachinus explodens appeared to migrate seasonally but Pterostichus cupreus stayed in field, 2513 carabids of 71 species, 4460 spiders of 80 species, field dominants were Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Meioneta rurestris, Pardosa agrestis, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3210
Author: Kromp, Pflugl C.; Hradetzky, R.; Idinger, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Estimating beneficial arthropod densities using emergence traps, pitfall traps and the flooding method in organic fields (Vienna, Austria)
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 87-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, total arthropods excluding Collembola and Acari, 16,000 m-2 in lucerne mainly aphids and Aphidiidae wasps, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, Leguminosae, 6000-8000 in rye, 4000-5000 in wheat, 2400 in root crops, cereals, Gramineae, arable, April to July 1993, small Carabidae eg Bembidion lampros and Trechus quadristriatus predominated in emergence traps and flooding samples, whereas Pterostichus cupreus dominated in pitfalls, species composition, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, references to decreasing arthropod densities with increasing cultivation intensity, pesticides, fertilizer, this paper focusses on carabids, emergence traps or photoeclectors were 0.25 m2 metallic frame with 1 internal pitfall, 1 flooding sample of 0.25 m2 took 15-35 min, emergence traps re-positioned monthly, dominant arthropods in emergence traps were thrips, Cecidomyidae, beetle larvae, Sciaridae, Phoridae, Chalcidoidea, Staphylinidae, carabids were only 1%, soya sunflower, Diptera, Thysanoptera, rove beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 530
Author: Kronk, A. E.; Reichert, S. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Parameters affecting the habitat choice of a desert wolf spider, Lycosa santrita Chamberlin and Ivie
Journal: J. Arachnol.
Volume: 7
Pages: 155-166
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4487
Author: Krooss, S.; Schaefer, M.
Year: 1998
Title: The effect of different farming systems on epigeic arthropods: a five year study on the rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)of winter wheat
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 69
Issue: 2)
Pages: 121-133
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, Reinshof experimental farm, Gottingen, Germany, 4 farming systems compared for 5 years, dominants Tachyporus hypnorum, Oxytelus inustus, Lesteva longelytrata and Philonthus fuscipennis were the same in all farming systems, Philonthus cognatus, species richness was greatest on reduced tillage and reduced pesticide plots, this was due to increased weediness giving favourable microclimate, abundance of potential prey was greater on unploughed plots, full crop rotation but only winter wheat studied, pitfalls, emergence traps, soil samples heat extracted, methods, 53,864 staphylinids caught belonging to 93 species plus unidentified Aleocharinae, there was a tendency to catch more T. hypnorum and Tachinus rufipes in IFS, P. fuscipennis, Philonthus varius, T. rufipes, T. hypnorum and Xantholinus linearis preferred reduced-tillage plots, 65 species in unploughed cf 54 species in ploughed, reduced tillage enhances fungal biomass, earthworms, millipedes and perhaps mites and Collembola, mechanical weed control by sparing some weeds is thought to give a more favourable microclimate on the soil surface, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5373
Author: Kruger, O.; McGavin, G.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Predator-prey ratio and guild constancy in a tropical insect community
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 253
Pages: 265-273
Alternate Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Keywords: Rep., community, 41099 insects of 492 taxa in 9 guilds on 31 Acacia trees of 6 species in Tanzania, Africa, causes of predator-prey ratio constancy are still debated, 5 hypotheses, many studies suggest that guild structure on trees is stable, predator-prey constancy can be viewed as a special case of guild constancy, guilds were predators, parasitoids, scavengers, ants, tourists, chewers, suckers, nectar feeders, epiphyte grazers, about 37% of taxa in the community were predators, predator and prey abundance and biomass increased equally (= constancy of ratio), primary and secondary consumer species proportions were constant across 6 Acacia species, but detritivores differed, this result was also true for 9 localities 30 km apart, the majority of the 9 guilds did not vary in species share between tree species or locality, the predator guild did vary, the faunal composition varied considerably between trees so guild constancy was not caused by the same species occurring on different trees, likely cause of constancy was a combination of a) energy ratio hypothesis and b) common determinants of diversity hypothesis (Gaston et al. 1992)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2998
Author: Krywienczyk, J.; Angus, T. A.
Year: 1969
Title: Some behavioural and serological observations on the response of larvae Bombyx mori and Malacosoma disstria to Bacillus thuringiensis
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1)
Pages: 105-107
Keywords: En.
methods, serology, immunoelectrophoresis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5087
Author: Kuhlmann, U.; Carl, K.P.; Mills, N.J.
Year: 1998
Title: Quantifying the impact of insect predators and parasitoids on populations of the apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), in Europe
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 88
Pages: 165-175
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, biological control, natural enemies, life tables, egg predators accounted for 25-43% of total generational mortality which was more than any other mortality factor, facultative hyperparasitoids, obligate hyperparasitoids, field work on larvae done in Germany with a view to selecting parasitoids to use in Canada, classical biological control, apple orchards, top fruit, trees, mortality of egg batches was studied in an orchard in Switzerland using placed out egg batches, methods, earwigs and lacewings were observed to feed on egg batches, direct in situ visual observation of predation, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4831
Author: Kuhne, K.S.; Schrameyer, K.
Year: 1994
Title: On the occurrence of predatory flies of the family Hypotidae (Dipt., Empidoidea) in greenhouses and on the predatory efficiency of two species of the genus Platypalpus Marquart
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Pages: 209-216
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Diptera, Empididae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, protected crops, Germany, these flies can occur naturally in greenhouses when pesticide inputs are reduced, five Platypalpus species and Tachydromia arrogans and Stilpon nubila completed their life cycles under glass, S. nubila was a predator of thrips larvae, Thysanoptera, Platypalpus minutus and Platypalpus annulatus ate 2.4 prey per day per fly and did not kill aphids or hymenopterous parasitoids, they ate Oscinella species, Chloropidae, predation rates, feeding rates, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, fly activity was greatest by late afternoon, diel cycles, Platypalpus and Tachydromia were seen to eat leafminer adults, fruit flies, Sciaridae and shore flies, Ephydridae, Phytomyza, Liriomyza, Drosophilidae, Scaptomyza, Bradysia
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4547
Author: Kuhn-Nentwig, L. ; Bucheler, A. ; Studer, A.  ; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1998
Title: Taurine and histamine: low molecular compounds in prey hemolymph increase the killing power of spider venom
Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 85
Pages: 136-138
Alternate Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Keywords: Rep., TP, Ctenidae, Cupiennius salei, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, taurine and histamine in spider venom act as adjuvants, where these compounds occur in high concentration in prey haemolymph they render the prey more vulnerable to spider venom
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4947
Author: Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Schaller, J.; Kampfer, U.; Imboden, H.; Malli, H.; Nentwig, W. 
Year: 2000
Title: A lysine rich C-terminal tail is directly involved in the toxicity of CSTX-1, a neurotoxic peptide from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei
Journal: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
Volume: 44
Pages: 101-111
Alternate Journal: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, toxins, poisons, venoms, bioassay with Drosophila, proteases occur in the venom gland and are released with the venom
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 134
Author: Kulman, H. M.
Year: 1974
Title: Comparative ecology of North American Carabidae with special reference to biological control
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 7
Pages: 61-70
Keywords: Ent.Dept., review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4841
Author: Kumar, P.; Rajagopal, D.
Year: 1990
Title: Carabid beetle, Omphra pilosa Klug (Coleoptera: Carabidae) a potential predator on termites
Journal: Journal of Biological Control
Volume: 4(2)
Pages: 105-108
Alternate Journal: Journal of Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, India, Isoptera, Termitidae, larvae and adults of  O. pilosa appeared to feed exclusively on termites in the field, adults are nocturnal, diel cycles, larvae are diurnal and store termites in burrows, foraging behaviour, gut dissection of field-collected adults showed that most contained termite remains, predation rates and consumption rates in lab, adults fed on all castes of termites in the field but preferred workers, a termite was consumed in 45 sec,  functional response, adults and larvae were found in maize, mulberry, eucalyptus and mango, orchards, fruit, trees, forest, woodland, cereals, Gramineae, many references to other carabids eating termites
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4129
Author: Kuo-Sell, H. L.; Wilhelms, A.; Holthusen, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Wirt-parasitoid-beziehungen zwischen Getreideblattlausen und Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 53
Pages: 1045-1053
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., cereal aphids, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Gramineae, E.plagiator was the dominant species attacking Rhopalosiphum padi on bird cherry, Prunus padus, in Germany, trees, woodland, forest, it did not attack Metopolophium dirhodum on Rosa species, the following % of parasitised aphids left their feeding sites before mummification 89% R.padi, 64% M. dirhodum and 35% Sitobion avenae, 95% of S.avenae mummies were on bottom of cage, 70% of R.padi mummies on top of cage, but M.dirhodum mummies ocurred at all levels, changes in behaviour of moribund aphids, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, migration, movement, differences between aphid species in defence reactions during parasitoid attack were recorded, gives species list of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids attacking R.padi on P.padus, and M.dirhodum on Rosa, species composition, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3061
Author: Kuperstein, M. L.
Year: 1979
Title: Estimating carabid effectiveness in reducing the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) in the USSR
Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 80-84
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, predator population density by 0.25 m2 soil samples, mark-release-recapture and complete population count in 1 m2 circular metal quadrats, used Ouchterlony test and Dempster equation, maximum detection period was 3 days, soil samples best for small carabids and quadrats best for Pterostichus, MRR best for Carabus, 5 carbids per m2, or 38% of total carabids present, consumed 3 Sun bug per m2, dilution series of predator homogenates to quantify precipitin test, photronreflectometer, digestion rate, Hemiptera, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 158
Author: Kurka, A.
Year: 1976
Title: The life cycle of Agonum ruficorne (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Acta entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 73
Pages: 318-323


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2897
Author: Kuschka, V.; Lehmann, G.; Meyer, U.
Year: 1987
Title: Zur Arbeit mit Bodenfallen
Journal: Beitr. Ent.
Volume: 37
Pages: 3-27
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., live pitfall traps, methods, gives formula for calculation of abundance from activity density and radius of action using mark-release-recapture, Lincoln Index


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4607
Author: Kutsch, W.
Year: 1999
Title: Telemetry in insects: the "intact animal approach"
Journal: Theory in biosciences
Volume: 118
Pages: 29-53
Alternate Journal: Theory in biosciences
Keywords: Rep., methods, telemetry is transmission of data over some distance, review, harmonic radar, tracking movement of carabid beetles and flight of bumble bees, Hymenoptera, Bombus, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, foraging. Entomological radars, wingbeat frequency affected by temperature.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1814
Author: Kuznetsov, N. N.
Year: 1984
Title: New species of predaceous mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Parasitiformes) in the USSR
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 63
Pages: 196-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, Pergamasidae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structural details to separate the 2 species, classification, taxonomy, structure, systematics, descriptions of eggs larvae and adults, sexes are same size, sexual differences only in adults, eggs and larvae of the 2 species indistinguishable, at 20C in lab egg hatch 24-36 h after oviposition, behaviour, life cycle takes 3-4 weeks, could be 4-5 generations per year in field, voltinism, copulation 2 weeks after moult into adult, eggs also laid by unmated females, eggs produced and laid singly, fecundity appears to be low, population dynamics, food and feeding, diet, adults eat various predatory and non-predatory mites, Collembola, Pseudoscorpiones and Psocidae, Psocoptera, juveniles fed on juvenile mites and Collembola, chelicerae are inserted into abdomen of Collembola and aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, heavily sclerotised mites or those with secretions not eaten, defence, food preference, Pergamasidae are eaten by Pseudoscorpiones, ants and Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Formicidae, predators of predators, cannibalism amongst adults rare in lab but common for the agile white translucent juveniles, 80-90% Rh vital for rearing, culturing, mass production, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4286
Author: Kyamanywa, S.; Baliddawa, C. W.; Omolo, E.
Year: 1993
Title: Influence of cowpea/maize mixture on generalist predators and their effect on the population density of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thysanoptera: THripidae)
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 14
Issue: 4)
Pages: 493-499
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, farming practices, numbers of Coccinellidae, Orius and earwigs were not significantly different in cowpea-maize mixed cropping cf cowpea monocrops, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Dermaptera, habitat diversification, spider density was greater in cowpea monocrop than in the mixed crop, abundance, Araneae, thrips density was significantly less in the mixture than in the monocrop, but this was the case inside predator exclusion cages as well as outside, methods, it is concluded that predators did not cause the difference in thrips densities


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 665
Author: La, Meere
Title: Faune de Belgique (Carabides)
Volume: 2
Pages: 748-809
Keywords: Fr.
Beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predators, systematics, taxonomy, keys


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2606
Author: Labeyrie, V. Fabres G.; Lachaise, D.
Year: 1987
Title: Insects-Plants. Proceedings of 6th Int Symp on Insect - Plant Relationships
Journal: Ser Ent
Volume: 41
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3364
Author: Lagerloef, J.; Wallin, H.
Year: 1993
Title: The abundance of arthropods along two field margins with different types of vegetation composition: an experimental study
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 43
Issue: 2)
Pages: 141-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., couch grass sods were a refuge for predators, comparison of couch grass Agropyron repens dominated edge, couch grass plus clover and other legumes, and a herb and grass species-rich edge, Gramineae, Sweden, farming practices, distribution, Leguminosae, cereals, fields were oats, spring barley and winter wheat, disturbance by ploughing part of the edge, 1987, pitfalls, water traps, vacuum insect net, soil samples, the herb and grass rich margin was the best as refuge and food source for flower- visiting, herbivorous non-pests and predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5729
Author: Lagerlof, J.; Stark, J.; Svensson, B.
Year: 1992
Title: Margins of agricultural fields as habitats for pollinating insects
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 117-124
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, Sweden, section of field margin sown with white melilot Melilota alba, or red clover Trifolium pratense, or various natural margins with weeds, herbs and grasses, Gramineae, Leguminosae, methods, direct in situ visual observation counts of insects visiting flowers, a bee-hive was placed in the area and pollen collection rates monitored with a pollen trap, 26 taxa found plus blossom beetles, Coleoptera, Meligethes, Apoidea, Apidae, Hymenoptera, Apis mellifera, honetbee, Bombus (3 species), bumble bees, Lepidoptera (11 species), Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, aphids, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, bugs, Thysanoptera, thrips, Formicidae, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Cerambycidae, Symphyta, sawflies, butterflies, melilot was especially attractive to honey-bees and flies (excluding Syrphidae), red clover was most attractive to bumble-bees, pollen collected by bees came mainly from rape (Brassica napus and Brassica rapa), melilot, red clover, hoary plantain (Plantago media), meadow sweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and burdock (Arctium tomentosum),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2829
Author: Lagerlof, J.; Wallin, H.
Year: 1993
Title: The abundance of arthropods along two field margins with different types of vegetation composition: an experimental study
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 43
Pages: 141-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sweden, couch grass margin and diverse flora field margin, couch grass margin part ploughed and sown with Leguminosae or left fallow, farming practices, highest abundance and diversity of arthropods was in diverse flora margin, couch grass was a good refuge for predators, margins did not have many pests except rape blossom beetles, Meligethes, pitfalls, Dvac, window traps and soil samples, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Cantharidae, Anthocoridae, and others, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, pollen and nectar feeders, phytophages, Nabidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, soldier beetles, Heteroptera, Diptera, ladybirds, lacewings, distribution, weeds, arable, Gramineae, habitat preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4200
Author: Laird, M.; Lacey, L. A.; Davidson, E. W.
Year: 1990
Title: Safety of Microbial Insecticides
Journal: CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 259 pp
Keywords: En.
in Wellesbourne library 632.95, natural enemies, insect pathogens, biological control, insect diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 306
Author: Laitinen, T.; Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1975
Title: Seasonal aspects of beetle fauna occurring in oats in western-Finland
Journal: Annales Agriculturae Fenniae.
Volume: 14
Pages: 203-209
Keywords: En
Tachyporus
Rep, Coleoptera, cereals, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, community, percentage species composition, phenology, sweeping, transects across fields, Gramineae, pests, 4 years, 83 species, seasonal and annual variation, commonest were Corticarina, Meligethes, Longitarsus, Chrysomelidae, present in 20% of samples were Atheta fungi and Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, also caught were Cantharidae, Lema melanopa, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus hypnorum, most insects collected feed on weeds so failure to use herbicide will allow build up of many pests especially of Cruciferae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 305
Author: Laitinen, T.; Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1981
Title: Composition and zonation of the beetle fauna of oatfields in Finland
Journal: Ann. Entomol. Fenn.
Volume: 47
Pages: 33-42
Keywords: Oats, Cereals, distribution, community, Coleoptera, stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4724
Author: Lajtha, K. (ed); Michener, R.H. (ed)
Year: 1994
Title: Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 316 pp
Alternate Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Keywords: methods, sources of variation in plants, nitrogen in forests, pollution studies, diet of fossil animals, isotopic composition in the atmosphere, nitrogen in marine systems, marine, tracers, stable isotope ratios are a natural tracer for following energy flows in ecosystems, allows quick estimates of how organic matter flows through a food web, trophic web, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5999
Author: Lalonde, R.G.; McGregor, R.R.; Gillespie, D.R.; Roitberg, B.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Plant-feeding by arthropod predators contributes to the stability of predator-prey population dynamics
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 87(3)
Pages: 603-608
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., omnivory, food, diet, trophic behaviour, herbivory, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, plant-feeding predators can be termed "zoophytophages", pests, biological control, plant food enables these species to survive in fields before the arrival of pests, plant food added to animal prey improves fitness (survival, development, fecundity, longevity) of these species, population dynamics, omnivory is common in food webs, trophic webs, discrete and continuous-time predator-prey models used to estimate the effect of omnivory on predator-prey stability, omnivory tended to be stabilising (opposite conclusion to that of Coll & Izraylevich 1997) but resulted in a higher pest equilibrium level, these findings remain to be tested under field conditions, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1725
Author: Lamb, R. J.
Year: 1975
Title: Effects of dispersion, travel and environmental heterogeneity on populations of the earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 53
Issue: 12)
Pages: 1855-1867
Keywords: En.
Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2195
Author: Lampert, E. P.; Haynes, D. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Population dynamics of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Coleopte ra: Chrysomelidae) at low population densities
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1)
Pages: 74-79
Keywords: En.
Anaphes flavipes, Tetrastichus julis, Diaparsis temporalis, Lemophagus curtus
Michigan, USA, cereals, wheat, 1976-80, egg survival, parasitism, pest, phenology, Hymenoptera, wasps, egg parasitism, larval parasitism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2770
Author: Lampert, E. P.; Haynes, D. L.; Sawyer, A. J.; Jokinen, D. P.; Wellso, S. G. Gallun R. L.; Roberts, J. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of regional releases of resistant wheats on the population dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 76
Pages: 972-980
Keywords: En.
Oulema melanopa, pests, Gramineae, pubescent wheats, egg and larval parasitism not adversely affected by large- scale plantings of resistant wheat, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, plant resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2197
Author: Lampert, E. P.; Haynes, D. L.; Sawyer, A. J.; Jokinen, D. P. Wellso S. G. Gallun R. L.; Roberts, J. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of regional releases of resistant wheats on the population dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 76
Issue: 6)
Pages: 972-980
Keywords: En.
Oulema melanopus, Anaphes flavipes (Foerster), Tetrastichus julis (Walker), Diaparsis temporarlis Horstmann, Lemophagus curtus Townes
cereals, wheat, oats, USA, Michigan, 5 year period, pubescent resistant wheats compared with susceptible, pubescence reduced oviposition, no differences between varieties in egg survival, egg parasitism or larval parasitism, resistant wheat successful in reducing the pest, Hymenoptera, wasp, resistance, "Fuzz", "Downy"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3728
Author: Lamprecht, G.; Weber, F.
Year: 1979
Title: The regressive evolution of the circadian system controlling locomotion in cavernicolous animals
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 69-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, activity, behaviour, model, circadian rhythms, diel activity patterns


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4812
Author: Landis, D.A.; Van der Werf, W.
Year: 1997
Title: Early-season predation impacts the establishment of aphids and spread of beet yellows virus in sugar beet
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42(4)
Pages: 499-516
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, Hemiptera, methods, barriers, predator exclusion, on one day in early June 81% of Aphis fabae exposed to predation disappeared compared with 10% in clip cages, intermediate levels of exclusion suggested that predators caused this effect, in 200 min 37 predators were seen on 40 plants, Cantharis lateralis was the main predator on foliage (observed eating aphids in field) and its foraging behaviour on foliage is described. Predation on aphids in the field was also observed for Coccinella 11-punctata, Anthicus antherinus and a Syrphidae larva. Predator abundance was 1.8 per plant per hour in middle and 3.8 at edge of field. Inside predator-reduced plots aphids increased more and virus spread was increased by 50%. Brassicas, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, impact on pest populations and plant disease, damage, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, daytime direct in situ visual observation, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Coleoptera, distribution, dispersal, migration , movement, Anthicidae, Diptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds. Laboratory feeding trials on live Myzus persicae showed predation by 6 carabid species, 2 coccinellids and C. lateralis. Aphid size preference by these predators was quantified. Pitfalls caught, in addition to the above, Staphylinidae, spiders and ants, rove beetles, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5269
Author: Landis, D.A.; Wratten, S.D.; Gurr, G.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 173-199
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., review, conservation biological control, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, abundance, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, habitat diversification, habitat management, perennial flowering plants, food sprays, biodiversity, alternative food sources, nectar, pollen, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, shelter and microclimate, strip harvesting alfalfa, farming practices, lacewings, Neuroptera, overwinter survival, reservoirs, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, intercropping, alternative prey or hosts, manure, straw, mulches, Carabidae, ground beetles, weeds, ground cover, plant species selection for habitat management, methods, scale and spatial arrangement, field size, beetle banks, barriers, connectivity, refugia, refuges, negative aspects of diversification, producer acceptance, spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, modelling, model, implementation, nature conservation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3469
Author: Lane, A.; Walters, K. F. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Pest control requirements of oilseed rape under reformed CAP
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 171-181
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, UK, brassicas, arable, pesticide usage trends 1988-93, pest incidence, establishment pests, cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala damage to seedlings 1989-94, Coleoptera, Chrsomelidae, Halticini, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae transmit plant viruses such as BWYV, aphids, Hemiptera, virus incidence in 1993, inflorescence and pod pests, pollen beetle Meligethes spp Nitidulidae, and cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis incidence 1985-94, economics of crop monitoring eg using plant damage symptoms, treatment thresholds, interactions with set- aside, slug problems, Mollusca


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 426
Author: Lane, C.
Year: 1961
Title: Some notes on overwintering ladybirds (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 97
Pages: 99-100
Keywords: En.
Perilitus coccinellae
Beetles, Coleoptera, parasites, Hymenoptera, Braconidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4878
Author: Lang, A.
Year: 2000
Title: The pitfalls of pitfalls: a comparison of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of epigeal invertebrate predators in arable land
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde (Journal of Pest Science)
Volume: 73
Pages: 99-106
Alternate Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde (Journal of Pest Science)
Keywords: Rep., methods, field (maize, winter wheat and potatoes in different years) and set-aside, comparison of pitfalls and ground photoeclectors, abundance of Carabidae and Lycosidae were overestimated by pitfalls, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae were underestimated, and beetle larvae showed no trend. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders. The two methods were better correlated in the field than in set-aside. Pitfalls caught more species and individuals and species composition varied between methods. Larger species were more likely to be caught by pitfalls, biomass. Numbers caught in pitfalls are not reliable indices of true abundance (absolute or relative). Pitfalls could be useful as an index of searching activity. Cereals, Gramineae, Germany, species list of 33 carabids and 8 lycosids, catch of carabids and some other predators in pitfalls was positively correlated with catch in photoeclectors, but changes in activity tended to mask real abundance at some times of year, the use of more than one sampling method (one that is affected by density and one by activity) is advocated. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5510
Author: Lang, A.
Year: 2003
Title: Intraguild interference and biocontrol effects of generalist predators in a winter wheat field
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 134
Pages: 144-153
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, methods, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, removing carabids doubled the numbers of lycosids, aphid densities highest in plots where carabids were removed, Hemiptera, predation impact of carabids was greatest early in the season, a combination of spiders and carabids impacted on aphid populations mid-season, thrips decreased when spiders were removed (spiders may have been controlling a thrips predator), Thysanoptera, 4 species of thrips involved, IGP, intraguild predation, 0.5 m2 barriered plots (metal rings sunk 5 cm into ground and projecting 20 cm above ground on May 24), predators removed by 2 live-catching pitfalls per plot and by manual searching, carabids also had to be added to some plots to achieve densities similar to the open field, treatments were i) carabids removed ii)  spiders removed iii) carabids and spiders removed iv) nothing removed, predator and prey density measured on 4 occasions by in situ visual counting, Dvac, live pitfalls and ground searching, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, common species were Agonum muelleri, Amara plebeja, Carabus granulatus, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, Pardsosa prativaga, Diplostyla concolor, Erigone atra, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax apicatus, numbers of mummies and Cicadellidae and Delphacidae were not affected by any of the predator removal treatments, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, aphids were 88% Sitobion avenae, carabid removal increased grain protein content slightly but there were no other effects of predators on plant parameters, the data strongly suggest that linyphiids but not lycosids contributed strongly to the predatory impact on aphids
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4900
Author: Lang, A.; Filser, J.; Henschel, J.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Predation by ground beetles and wolf spiders on herbivorous insects in a maize crop
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 72
Pages: 189-199
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Germany, half square metre enclosures formed by a metal ring and covered with nylon net, field enclosures, exclosures, methods, maize plants cut to fit cages which reached 100 cm above ground, predators removed from enclosures using pitfall traps, then known numbers of carabids and lycosids were added to half of the enclosures, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus cupreus, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, experiment ran for 3 weeks on 2 occasions, arthropods monitored with pitfalls and Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling. Biomass of Cicadellidae was significantly reduced by predation, leafhoppers, Hemiptera. Numbers and biomass of aphids were reduced by predators, but not significantly, Aphididae, Rhopalosiphum padi. Thrips biomass was significantly reduced, Thysanoptera. Other groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera etc) were not significantly affected.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5162
Author: Lang, A.; Gsodl, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Prey vulnerability and active predator choice as determinants of prey selection: a carabid beetle and its aphid prey
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 125
Pages: 53-61
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus cupreus, Poecilus cupreus, Diptera, Drosophila melanogaster, Orthoptera, cricket, Acheta domestica, Rhopalosiphum padi, petri dish experiments, search and handling times for live prey were longest for Acheta and shortest for R. padi, foraging behaviour, when prey were live P. cupreus preferred R. padi most and Acheta least, hunger level did not affect this prey preference, selective feeding, preference for dead prey was the reverse i.e. Acheta most and R. padi least, thus predation is determined more by prey vulnerability than predator choice, scavenging, carrion feeding
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4255
Author: Lang, A.; Krooss, S.; Stumpf, H.
Year: 1997
Title: Mass-length relationships of epigeal arthropod predators in arable land (Araneae, Chilopoda, Coleoptera)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 41
Pages: 327-333
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, centipedes, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dry mass to length relationships for 17 species of Linyphiidae, 6 Lycosidae, 1 Chilopoda, 25 Carabidae, 20 Staphylinidae, 3 beetle larvae, species from arable land in Germany, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, methods, useful for studies of population and community ecology in agroecosystems, Lamyctes fulvicornis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5152
Author: Langan, A.M.; Pilkington, G.; Wheater, C.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Feeding preferences of a predatory beetle (Pterostichus madidus) for slugs exposed to lethal and sub-lethal dosages of metaldehyde
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 245-248
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Mollusca, Limacidae, compared feeding on living slugs, freeze-killed slugs and metaldehyde-killed slugs, dead slugs were more frequently attacked than living slugs, carrion feeding, scavenging
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1685
Author: Langenbruch, G. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Zur Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis gegen Schadlepidopteren an Kohl
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land - Forstwirtsch., Kolloquium Integrieter Pflanzenschutz im Kohlanbau
Volume: 218
Pages: 108-118
Keywords: Ger.
pests, Germany, brassicas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5270
Author: Langmaack, M.; Land, S.; Buchs, W.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of different field management systems on the carabid coenosis in oil seed rape with special respect to ecology and nutritional status of predacious Poecilus cupreus L. (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 125
Pages: 313-320
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Germany, oilseed rape, brassicas, comparison of intensive and reduced management intensity, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, farming practices, more species and individuals in reduced intensity fields, biodiversity, abundance, indices of similarity, methods, Amara similata was the most abundant species, predators caught in pitfall traps and pests in yellow water traps, dominant species were Amara aenea, Calathus fuscipes, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus signaticornis, Harpalus tardus, P. cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, phenology of P. cupreus varied between treatments, but sex-ratio, biomass, elytra length, egg complement and gut fullness did not, gut dissection, reproduction potential, 8 dominant pest species of which Meligethes was the most numerous, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4846
Author: Lapa, A.M.; Tkachev, V.M.
Year: 1992
Title: Ecological aspects of an integrated  pest management system in orchards
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 27(1-4)
Pages: 401-403
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., Ukraine, USSR, trees, fruit, caterpillar pests, Lepidoptera, rearing out natural enemies from field-collected caterpillars, methods, parasitoids, biological control, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Diptera, Tachinidae, up to 20% of geometrid pupae were destroyed by Calosoma inquisitor and Calosoma denticolor (methods not given), polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation rates, pathogens, microbial insecticides were effective against pests and allowed more predators and parasitoids to survive
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4639
Author: Lapchin, L.; Ferran, A.; Iperti, G.; Rabasse, J.M.; Lyon, J.P.
Year: 1987
Title: Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) as predators of aphids in cereal crops: a comparison of sampling methods. 
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119
Pages: 815-822
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, France. Three methods compared, a) record predators seen per 2 min per 25 m2, b) one person collects predators and later a second person searches the same area to collect predators - population density then calculated by De Lury's method (Laurent & Lamarque, 1974), c) collect wheat plants to examine in lab. The best method to use depends on the target predator and the scale of the study. Densities of syrphid larvae estimated by visual methods was less than 1% of that determined from destructive plant sampling. Natural enemies, Gramineae, abundance, direct in situ visual observation, ladybirds, hoverflies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3808
Author: Larink, O.
Year: 1994
Title: Bait lamina as a tool for testing feeding activity of animals in contaminated soils
Journal: Ecotoxicology of Soil Organisms, Ed. by M.H. Donker, H. Eijsackers and F. Heimbach, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton
Pages: 339-345
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, methods for measuring feeding activity of soil fauna, trophic behaviour, pesticides, plastic strips with holes containing food bait put out in field, number of empty holes per unit time counted, Germany, effects of sewage sludge fertiliser, heavy metals, pollution, contamination, Acari, Collembola, Diptera, Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae seen at the baits, effects of lambda cyhalothrin, pyrethroid insecticides, side-effects of pesticides on non-targets, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4350
Author: Larink, O.
Year: 1997
Title: Springtails and mites: Important knots in the food web of soil
Journal: In "Fauna in Soil Ecosystems", Ed. by G. Benckiser, Marcel Dekker, New York
Pages: 225-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., mesofauna (Collembola and Acari) are more abundant in sandy than clay soil, in Central Europe adundance is low in winter and increases March to July, decreases due to harvest, farming practices, density up to 100,000 m-2, young Collembola prefer to live in deeper soil layers, Collembola are mainly near plants rather than between them and they are mainly fungivorous, mycetophagous, fungus-feeders, diet, food, trophic behaviour, vertical and horizontal distribution, Isotoma notabilis, Onychiurus, Folsomia and Isotomurus are agricultural dominants, species richness, biodiversity, Collembola abundance is high in cereals and low in root and tuber crops, Gramineae, the decrease at harvest is due to change in microclimate, numbers increase in the autumn and can be at a maximum in winter in green manured fields, phenology, populations of I. notabilis do not recover rapidly from insecticides, effects of pesticides, Collembola numbers increase after applications of dung, sewage sludge or liquid manure, effects of tillage, Collembola eat pathogenic fungi and nematodes, Nematoda, deleterious effects of Onychiurus on sugar beet seedlings can be prevented by green manuring, Folsomia candida is a nematode predator, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, extraction methods, litter bags, bait lamina test, micro meso and macrocosms, nutrient cycling and mineralisation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1706
Author: Larme, P.
Year: 1984
Title: The maize Sesamia (Sesamia nonagrioides Lef.) damage and current control measures
Journal: Defense des Vegetaux
Volume: 227
Pages: 163-179
Keywords: fr.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, France


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 39
Author: Larochelle, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Spring dispersal flights in Carabidae
Journal: Cordulia.
Volume: 4
Pages: 17
Keywords: not available?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 40
Author: Larochelle, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Catalogue of parasites and phoretic animals of Coleoptera Carabidae (including Cicindelini) of the world
Journal: Cordulia.
Volume: 4
Pages: 1-7


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 42
Author: Larochelle, A.
Year: 1978
Title: Piegage de Carabidae au moyen d'appats
Journal: Fabreries.
Volume: 4
Pages: 93-96
Keywords: Fr.
Methods, trapping, baits, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4962
Author: Larochelle, A
Year: 1985
Title: A bibliography of papers on Cicindelidae published in the Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (1928-1985)
Journal: Cicindela
Volume: 17(4)
Pages: 67-68
Alternate Journal: Cicindela
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, tiger beetles, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous prtedators, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4961
Author: Larochelle, A.
Year: 1987
Title: A bibliography of papers on Cicindelidae published in the Canadian Entomologist (1869-1979)
Journal: Cicindela
Volume: 19(2)
Pages: 21-36
Alternate Journal: Cicindela
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, tiger beetles, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous prtedators, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2844
Author: Larochelle, A.
Year: 1990
Title: The food of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, including Cicindelinae)
Journal: Fabreries, Supplement 5
Pages: 1-132
Keywords: review, diet of 1054 species, Gabor has full ref, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2790
Author: Lasalle, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with spider eggsacs
Journal: Journal of Natural History
Volume: 24
Pages: 1377-1389
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, Metapeira incrassata in Mexico is attacked by Aranobroter rayorae a gregarious predator of eggs in the eggsac, Baryscapus uetzi is an internal parasitoid of A. rayorae, hyperparasitism, most but not all tetrastichines are egg parasitoids as opposed to eggsac parasitoids, biology of Tetrastichinae from M. incrassata eggsacs, review of species of Tetrastichinae reared from spider eggsacs in general, Linyphiidae not included, descriptions of new taxa, structure, identification, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4000
Author: Lasalle, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Parasitic Hymenoptera, biological control and biodiversity
Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity" Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 197-215
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, parasitoids, these are the most species- rich group of Hymenoptera, probable that only 25% of species so far described, many parasitoids react to host populations in a density dependent manner, population dynamics, parasitoids have been established and effective twice as often as predators in classical biological control, economic savings of biological control are considerable eg US$250 million p.a. control of cassava mealybugs in Africa, pests, Hemiptera, rich diversity of endemic parasitoids can facilitate control of exotic introduced pests, eg whitefly Parabemisia myricae from Japan to USA was controlled in California by Eretmocerus tabaci which switched from its native host, with reference to introduced natural enemies "competing populations of natural enemies may affect each other's individual efficiency, but the combined effect on the host population will be greater", "although there may be one best natural enemy for any particular habitat or host stage, additional species might be required to control the pest throughout its range and life cycle", hyperparasitoids can add stability to the system and may change it from one with periodic pest outbreaks to one of continuous sub-economic pest levels, even though this equilibrium might be higher than the lowest state of the unstable system, some facultative hyperparasitoids have been used successfully in biological control programmes, eg in control of diamond back moth Plutella xylostella, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, heteronomous hyperparasitoids are thought to be more stabilising than other hyperparasitoids, heteronomous hyperaparasitoids in, for example, Aphelinidae, have females as endoparasitoids of Homoptera, but males as ectoparasitoids of Homoptera or endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera eggs, or ectoparasitoids of endoparasitoids (including conspecific females) attacking Homoptera, species of parasitoids that appear rare can be very important in regulatory effects, an effective parasitoid may maintain its host at low numbers then be at low numbers itself, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3956
Author: Lasalle, J.; Gauld, I. D.
Year: 1993
Title: Hymenoptera and Biodiversity
Journal: Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 368 pp
Keywords: En.
impact on diversity of other organisms, biological control, bees, wasps, ants, parasitoids, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Apidae, Vespidae, Formicidae, pollination, parasitoid webs, trophic webs, refuges, host population dynamics and parasitoid diversity, enhancement of parasitoid diversity in agroecosystems, spatial patterns, tropical, measuring biodiversity, methods, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3999
Author: Lasalle, J.; Gauld, I. D.
Year: 1993
Title: Hymenoptera: their density, and their impact on the diversity of other organisms
Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity" Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 1-26
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, community, 115,000 species, more species of Ichneumonidae than birds plus mammals, wasps, bees, ants, sawflies, parasitoids, biological control, Vespidae, Apidae, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, Symphyta, they are a fragile group sensitive to environmental degradation, some Trichogramma adults are only 0.18 mm long, diversity at gene, species and ecosystem levels, they show less genetic diversity but more species and ecosystem diversity than most other insect orders, they are as diverse in biology as they are in number of species, Hymenoptera account for 57% of all insect predation and parasitism on insects, when "keystone" species are lost there is a "cascade effect" on the ecosystem, predators and parasitoids can boost diversity by regulating numbers of species that would otherwise competitively exclude other species, ant species form mosaics in the tropics which allow coexistence of dominant and non-dominant species, which in turn increases the diversity of other organisms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5103
Author: Lashomb, J.H.; Metterhouse, W.; Chianese, R.
Year: 1989
Title: Use of biological control measures in the intensive management of insect pests in New Jersey
Journal: American Journal of Alternative Agriculture
Volume: 3(2,3)
Pages: 77-83
Alternate Journal: American Journal of Alternative Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., Adelges tsugae has become a pest of ornamental hemlock in USA, ladybirds are being trialed against Euonymus scale, Hemiptera, Coccidae, Stethorus punctum against Panonychus ulmi on fruit trees, pests and potential biocontrol agents are listed for fruit, forage, field crops, vegetables, turf, aubergine, eggplant
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5615
Author: Laska, M.S.; Wootton, J.T.
Year: 1998
Title: Theoretical concepts and empirical approaches to measuring interaction strength
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 79(2)
Pages: 461-476
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, review, four theoretical concepts of interaction strength, community, trophic webs, food webs, community matrix composed of Lotka-Volterra competition coefficients, average direct effect that a single individual of one species has on a single individual of another species, Jacobian matrix, direct effect of an individual of one species on the total population of another species, negative inverted Jacobian matrix describes both direct and indirect effects of one species on another, removal matrix also incorporates direct and indirect effects, strong interactors are species whose removal would alter the dominance structure of the community, in a two-level food chain model it was shown that the various measures of interaction strength do not correspond to each other qualitatively or quantitatively, authors recommend measuring the first (per capita interaction strength based on community matrix) because it does not assume equilibrium conditions and is more basic than the others, experimental approaches, PULSE experiments, path analysis, observational approaches,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1066
Author: Laska, P.
Year: 1959
Title: On bionomy of aphidophagous Syrphidae, especially on the food ecology of larvae
Journal: Boh. centr.
Volume: A-1
Pages: 321-344
Keywords: Ensumm.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, biological control, natural enemies, feeding behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1262
Author: Laska, P.
Year: 1973
Title: Toxicity of pirmicarb and other pesticides to coccinellids and syrphids
Journal: Proceedings of the 7th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, 1973
Volume: 2
Pages: 681-685
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, carbamates, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1677
Author: Lasota, J. A.; Kok, L. T.
Year: 1986
Title: Parasitism and utilization of imported cabbageworm pupae by Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Issue: 4)
Pages: 994-998
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, brassicas, field vegetables, USA, Artogeia rapae, small white butterfly, high % parasitism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 236
Author: Last, H. R.
Year: 1952
Title: Taxonomic notes on Quedius molochinus and Quedius pallipes
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 88
Pages: 148-150
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 235
Author: Last, H. R.
Year: 1963
Title: Notes on Quedius molochinus
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 99
Pages: 43-45
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1377
Author: Laster, M. L.; Baker, R. S.; Kitten, W. F.
Year: 1984
Title: Effects of dinoseb and dinoseb + MSMA on arthropod populations in cotton fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 77
Pages: 741-743
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, pesticides, herbicides for dicotyledonous weeds, some insecticidal activity against thrips, Frankliniella, Lygus lineolaris, pests, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, but not enough to control them, wasps, spiders, Coccinellidae, leafhoppers, Nabis, Geocoris unaffected, Vespidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Cicadellidae, Nabidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 928
Author: Latteur, G.
Year: 1973
Title: A study of the population dynamics of cereal aphids. Preliminary data on organisms that attack aphids in three different localities
Journal: Parasitica
Volume: 29
Pages: 134-151
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1073
Author: Latteur, G.
Year: 1976
Title: Les pucerons des cereales: biologie, nuisance, enemies
Journal: Centre de Researches Agronomiques de l'Etat, Gembloux
Volume: Memoire No. 3
Keywords: Fr.
aphids, Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1712
Author: Lattin, J. D.
Year: 1989
Title: Bionomics of the Nabidae
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 383-400
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 31 genera, 380 species, systematics, classification, taxonomy, structure, movement, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, wing polymorphism, introductions, classical biological control, parasitoids, predators of predators, cannibalism, disease, pathogens, behaviour, food, diet, plants, animal prey includes mites, leafhoppers, aphids, Chrysomelidae, eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera, Acari, Homoptera, Hemiptera, pests, Coleoptera, leaf beetles, caterpillars, functional roles in natural systems and agroecosystems, research needs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 850
Author: Latto, J.; Hassell, M. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Generalist predators and the importance of spatial density dependence
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 77
Pages: 375-377
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, model where density- dependent predation from patch to patch plays no part in promoting prey persistence, this result varies according to foraging strategy and aggregation to prey, theoretical, population dynamics, spatial dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4869
Author: Laub, C.A.; Luna, J.M.
Year: 1992
Title: Winter cover crop suppression practices and natural enemies of armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in no-till corn.
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21(1)
Pages: 41-49
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, rye as a winter cover cropkilled by herbicide or mowed, then planted no-till corn, 12 species of parasitoid emerged from field-collected larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta, cover crop management did not affect parasitism which was 32-45%, barrier pitfalls, methods, Pterostichus chalcites, Pterostichus lucublandus, Scarites subterraneus, Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, harvestmen, Phalangida, Opiliones, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, abundance of caterpillars was negatively related to predator abundance, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4640
Author: Laurent, M.; Lamarque, P.
Year: 1974
Title: Utilisation de la methode des capture successives (De Lury) pour l'evaluation des peuplements piscicoles
Journal: Annals of Hydrobiology
Volume: 5
Pages: 121-132
Alternate Journal: Annals of Hydrobiology
Keywords: Rep., utilisation of  the De Lury method by successive captures for the estimation of fish stocks, comparison with Petersen method, abundance, density, Vertebrata, Pisces, methods
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 36
Author: Lavigne, R. L.; Campion, M. K.
Year: 1978
Title: The effect of ecosystem stress on the abundance and biomass of Carabidae (Coleoptera) on the shortgrass prairie
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 88-92
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5960
Author: Lawrence, K.L.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Spider predation on forest-floor Collembola and evidence for indirect effects on decomposition
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 44
Pages: 33-39
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, deciduous woodland, trees, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, treatments were i) open unfenced, ii) fenced and disturbed, iii) fenced undisturbed, iv) fenced and spiders removed (also causing disturbance), decreased spider predation increased Collembola density and increased rate of straw disappearance from litter bags, abundance, detrital food web, trophic webs, 28 1m2 plots, Collembola extracted from litter samples using a modified Kempson - McFadyen extractor, spider densities from handsorting leaf litter, live-trapping pitfalls run for limited periods, initial density of Collembola 3172 m-2, of spiders 64 m-2, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Segestriidae, Dictynidae, Linyphiidae, less common were Lycosidae, Ctenidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Araneidae (= Argiopidae), Collembola in litter bags belonged to Entomobryidae, Tomoceridae, Isotomidae, Sminthuridae, Onychiuridae, Hypogastruridae, main effect of spiders was on entomobryids which are largely surface-dwellers, epigeic, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1779
Author: Lawrence, P. N.
Year: 1966
Title: A redescription of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola, Insecta) with notes on related species
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 3
Pages: 511-521
Keywords: taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics, keys, pests, lucerne flea, Leguminosae, Symphypleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4112
Author: Lawrence, P. O.
Year: 1981
Title: Interference competition and optimal host selection in the parasitic wasp Biosteres longicaudatus
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 74
Pages: 540-544
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, host is Anastrepha suspensa, Diptera, Tephritidae, intraspecific aggression between adult female parasitoids in the lab, especially by large against small females, agonistic behaviour, females bit each other on neck, legs, wings and ovipositors while fighting, when both A.suspensa and Musca domestica larvae were offered together small parasitoid females oviposited mainly in M.domestica to decrease competition with large females for A.suspensa, [no mention of field densities and whether this behaviour occurs in the field], population dynamics, intraspecific competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4093
Author: Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: The effect of parasitoids on phytophagous insect communities
Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London
Pages: 265-287
Keywords: En.
community, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, herbivores, the number of coexisting phytophages in a community could be affected by competition for enemy-free space via shared generalist parasitoids and predators, polyphagous predators, truly monophagous parasitoids are rare, over 20% of Ephedrus species attack between 50 and 100 species of aphids, pests, Hemiptera, niche differentiation by phytophages could be driven by the need to develop natural enemy avoidance mechanisms, such as finding habitats or seasons when enemies are scarce, developing structures or behaviour to reduce recognition, developing defensive and escape behaviour, anti-predator defences, prey defences, being different from neighbour species of phytophages reduces the risk of attack from the neighbour's enemies, parasitoids often confine searching to particular parts of plants, and a slight change in phytophage microhabitat may reduce parasitism, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, degree of parasitism is affected by gall morphology, plant structure, caterpillars of Malacosoma californicum feed early in season (even though leaves are less suitable then) to avoid heavy parasitism by Tachinidae occurring later in the season, Diptera, Lepidoptera, niche separation of close relatives could be driven by shared parasitoids, the same species of host experiences different % parasitism on different host plant species (partly due to plants "calling" parasitoids, partly due to sequestered allelochemicals), so modification of the phytophages host plant range may reduce attack, some polyphagous parasitoids are more specific to host plant niche than to host taxon, eg 17/19 parasitoids of leaf- mining weevils also attacked leaf-mining Lepidoptera and sawflies, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, good data exists that phytophages introduced as weed biocontrol agents are often killed by native endemic parasitoids, they do not prevent establishment of the new phytophage, but some predators do, classical biological control, parasitoids can prevent the colonisation of potentially suitable host plants by Lepidoptera which are not protected by ants, Formicidae, there is some field evidence that polyphagous parasitoids can exert more influence on a host species if alternative hosts are also present in the habitat, eg grape leafhopper egg parasitoid benefits from Rubus leafhopper on adjacent blackberry, sometimes polyphagous parasitoids can drive one of their hosts to extinction locally, provided they are sustained by alternative hosts, Lawton guesses that polyphagous predators will be more important than parasitoids as agents of indirect competition, apparent competition, competition for enemy-free space


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2848
Author: Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1987
Title: Are there assembly rules for successional communities ?
Journal: 26th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Ed. by A.J. Gray, M.J. Crawley and P.J. Edwards
Pages: 225-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., vegetation, facilitation, inhibition, tolerance and random colonization models, no evidence that only a single one of these operates, interspecific competition can be relevant to building animal communities but does not always operate, herbivores, mutualists eg lichens, fungi, pollinators, seed dispersing ants, herbivores, Formicidae, community wide patterns, in modelsystems species find it more difficult to invade later in the succession and species persist longer, models and some real systems suggest that there are alternative climax communities depending on random initial conditions eg order of species additions, review, theoretical


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2595
Author: Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Species richness and population dynamics of animal assemblages. Patterns in body size: abundance space
Journal: Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond
Volume: 330
Pages: 283-291
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3996
Author: Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoids as model communities in ecological theory
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 492-506
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, "we lack even one unequivocal study demonstrating regulation of host numbers by monophagous parasitoids under natural field conditions", parasitoid food webs often show omnivory ie feeding on more than one trophic level, for parasitoids this means facultative hyperparasitism, omnivory is not common in other trophic webs, food web theory predicts that omnivory is destabilising except in host-parasitoid interactions, some parasitoids depress host populations but others do not, parasitoid abundance may be determined by host numbers ie be donor-controlled, donor-controlled dynamics permit high levels of omnivory, polyphagous parasitoids can eliminate or greatly reduce the abundance of vulnerable host species, when parasitoids and pathogens compete for a host pathogens usually impair performance of parasitoids rather than the reverse ie amensalism, inter-kingdom competition has been largely ignored so far, population dynamics, biological control, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5961
Author: Lawton, J.H.
Year: 1999
Title: Are there general laws in ecology ?
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 84
Pages: 177-192
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., yes general laws (widespread repeatable patterns i.e. usually true) but few universal laws (always true), universals are thermodynamics, natural selection etc, patterns are contingent on circumstances, "community ecology is a mess, with so much contingency that useful generalisations are hard to find", more consistent patterns at the population level and macroecology scale, rainfall and temperature are the main determinants of global terrestrial biomes, only a few types of population dynamics (even though perhaps 10 million species of plants and animals), composition of guild of species feeding on bracken constrained by need to avoid ant predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, competition, assembly rules, but community rules vary according to combination of organism and environment, Schoener suggests 12 key drivers involved in organising communities, therefore very large number of combinations of these, much study can reveal local rules of interaction between species but these cannot be generalised (with exceptions in limnology perhaps because this is a relatively simple trophic web), indirect interactions now known to be important in food web dynamics, contingency partly due to the process of succession of communities, keystone species may only be keystone at a particular place and time, macroecology, e.g. theory of island biogeography and tropical-temperate diversity gradients, large macroecological patterns only emerge by ignoring details, relationship between local species richness and size of the regional species pool, biodiversity, in Type 1 system local richness is directly proportional to (but less than) regional richness, in Type II local species interactions become more important, distrubance can temporarily create Type I out of Type II, evidence so far suggests that Type 1 communities are at least twice as common as Type II (egs from communities of herbivores, predators, parasitoids, vertebrates, plants), currently no way of predicting whether any given system will be Type I or Type II, some other macroecological patterns listed, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4317
Author: Lawton, J. H.; Brown, V. K.
Year: 1993
Title: Redundancy in ecosystems
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Volume: 99
Pages: 255-270
Keywords: En.
Rep., rivet hypothesis = all species contribute to ecosystem integrity, redundant species hypothesis = diversity irrelevant just need appropriate biomass of each relevant functional group, fossil record suggests that ecosystems were less species-rich in the past, the structure of food webs tends to be unaffected by species- richness (but recent studies are challenging this), ecosystem models suggest that loss of species may affect function but it will depend on the species concerned and their interactions, species-rich tropical systems do not appear to be more stable than impoverished temperate ones, keystone species have a large effect on ecosystem function, sometimes proportionately much greater than predicted from their biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5707
Author: Leake, A.R.
Year: 2002
Title: Biodiversity in different farming systems
Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 2
Pages: 949-956
Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, conventional, organic, integrated crop management, ICM, 40% decline in farmland birds since 1970's, monitoring, Vertebrata, Aves, at Loddington Farm a 42% increase in non-game farmland birds was associated with a range of ICM measures (crop diversity, beetle banks, conservation headlands etc), seed eating birds are commoner on organic than conventional farms during winter, the sylark was especially favoured by organic farming, annual decline of invertebrates by 4.2% per annum in a Sussex study, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1074
Author: Leather, S.
Year: 1980
Title: Egg survival in the bird-cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 27
Pages: 96-97
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Prunus padus, trees, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, insects and other arthropods seem to be one of the main causes of egg mortality in R.padi, predation, overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4034
Author: Leather, S.; Walters, K.; Mills, N.; Watt, A.
Year: 1994
Title: Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology
Journal: Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 489 pp
Keywords: En.
physiological ecology, population ecology, community ecology and conservation, evolutionary ecology, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Psyllidae, Olive moth, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, slugs, Limacidae, Mollusca, cabbage seed weevil, oilseed rape, brassicas, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, sugar beet, biological control, natural enemies, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, conifer aphids, trees, woodland, biodiversity, honeydew and natural enemies, herbivory, niche relations, distribution and dispersal of butterflies, cold tolerance, global warming, population dynamics, modelling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4142
Author: Leather, S. R.
Year: 1990
Title: The role of host quality, natural enemies, competition and weather in the regulation of autumn and winter populations of the bird cherry aphid
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 35-44
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, trees, forest, woodland, Rhopalosiphum padi on Prunus padus in Scotland, UK, numbers of natural enemies of non-egg stages vary little from year to year and have little effect on aphid population density, biological control, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Syphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, spiders, Araneae, egg predation during the winter is an important aspect of population dynamics, overwintering, egg mortality due to birds is up to 15% and that due to arthropods up to 31%, egg predators might include anthocorids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, Aves, Vertebrata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1112
Author: Leather, S. R.; Lehti, J. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Field studies on the factors affecting the population dynamics of the Bird-Cherry-Oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in Finland
Journal: Annales Agriculturae Fenniae
Volume: 21
Pages: 20-31
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Scandinavia, populations on Prunus padus, trees, barley, oats, rye, wheat, predators numerous, Coccinella 7-punctata and Adalia bipunctata in spring, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, alternate hosts, spiders and syrphid larvae in autumn, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, little effect on aphids, polyphagous predator density in cereals low, might have been counted on the plant only


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2787
Author: Leather, S. R.; Walsh, P. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Sub-lethal plant defences: the paradox remains
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 93
Pages: 153-155
Keywords: En.
TP, predation was faster on faster developing pine beauty moth larvae on better quality hosts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4144
Author: Leather, S. R.; Walters, K. F. A.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1989
Title: Factors determining the pest status of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera) in Europe: a study and review
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 79
Pages: 345-360
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, in UK it is mainly a pest by transmitting BYDV, but it is a pest by direct feeding damage in other European countries, especially Scandinavia, barley yellow dwarf virus, plant diseases, vectors, cereals, Gramineae, it is more of a problem in Scandinavia probably because of the greater abundance of Prunus padus and spring cereals there, trees, forests, woodland, overwintering, effects of temperature, host age, species and cultivar on survival and fecundity of emigrants and apterae, preference of alatae and emigrants for oats at different stages of development, cultural practices and aphid abundance, farming practices, table of predators and insect diseases on P.padus in spring in UK, Finland and Germany, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Episyrphus balteatus, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Chrysopa species, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Entomophthora, entomogenous fungi, insect pathogens, table of natural enemies in cereals in UK and Finland, C.7- punctata, Syrphidae, Tachyporus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius picipes, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Ephedrus plagiator, Aphidius pascuorum, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae, some estimates of abundance and density in both habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2308
Author: Leathwick, D. M.; Penman, D. R.
Year: 1991
Title: Population dynamics of the Tasmanian Lacewing Micromus tasmaniae Walker (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) in lucerne forage crops in New Zealand
Journal: ? Preprint
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, predator, foraging, clover, population model, large numbers of lacewings in spring due to reproductive recruitment, when aphid populations collapse get emigration of adult lacewings, high mortality due to parasitism, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1096
Author: Leathwick, D. M.; Winterbourn, M. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Arthropod predation on aphids in a lucerne crop
Journal: N.Z. Entomol.
Volume: 8
Pages: 75-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, precipitin test, serology, Nabidae, Coccinellidae, Phalangium opilio, Opiliones, harvestmen, Phalangida, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, consumption rates in lab, nocturnal predation, behaviour, diel cycle, Ouchterlony Pickavance methods, sweeping, detection period, digestion rate, Nabis, Coccinella 11-punctata, Micromus, Neuroptera, brown lacewing, P.opilio abundant, Lycosa and Forficula auricularia less abundant, Araneae, Lycosidae, spiders, earwigs, Dermaptera, Acythosiphon kondoi, Acyrthosiphon pisum, arrived in New Zealand in 1975 now pests, more predators on plant at night, vertical distribution, dispersal, stratification, % positive same day and night, predation rates, Dempster and Rothschild methods, P.opilio major predator, predation 4 times higher at night, more aphids on plant by day


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5397
Author: Leclerc, J.
Year: 1991
Title: Optimal foraging strategy of the sheet-web spider Lepthyphantes flavipes under perturbation
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 72(4)
Pages: 1267-1272
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, trees, forest, France, webs in upper strata of forest litter, moves to new web sites when disturbed by heavy rain or falling leaves, model in which spiders assess prey levels in the web and monitor internal fat reserves and use these cues in decision to move, methods, stochastic dynamic programming, optimal of two strategies (static at one web site, or be more mobile) depends in the model on prey availability and internal fat reserves, static strategy optimal for good prey supply or for low prey supply but good fat reserves, mobile strategy optimal in poor sites at low fat reserves, model results in concentration of spiders in web sites with high prey availability (unless perturbation is very high), the static strategy is usually more profitable but it can be interrupted by perturbation, L. flavipes displays mainly the static strategy, it can survive months without food, cost of a new web is 8 x standard metabolism
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3858
Author: Leclerc, J.; Blandin, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Empirical guild analysis of forest litter linyphiids
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 235-238
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Linyphiidae, trees, woodland, microhabitat preferences, Lepththyphantes flavipes, Microneta viaria, 3 Centromerus species, France, deciduous, oak, hornbeam, pine, immature linyphiids were habitat generalists, litter samples extracted, principal component analysis, methods, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3859
Author: Leclerc, J.; Blandin, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Patch size, fine-scale co-occurrence and competition in forest litter linyphiids
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 239-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Linyphiidae, trees, woodland, transect sampling in spring summer and autumn, methods, variance mean ratio test, scale of aggregation, distribution, microhabitat patch size, interference competition, France, oak, hornbeam, pine, deciduous, Lepthyphantes flavipes, Hahnia helveola, Microneta viaria, Macrargus rufus, 3 Centromerus species, litter samples sorted manually, microhabitat selection more important than interspecific competition, spiders collected from 72 locations and extracted to record spider species, factors such as litter weight and distance to nearest tree were recorded and analysed by principal component analysis, L. flavipes was a microhabitat generalist, M. viaria a specialist and the rest were intermediate, densities considered to be low relative to web site availability, specialists in one habitat can be generalists in another, this may imply competition but an alternative hypothesis relates to the degree of predation involved in moving from one microhabitat to another


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3526
Author: Leclerc, J.; Blandin, P.
Year: 1991
Title: Significance of interactions in a spider population, Lepthyphantes flavipes (Blackwall)(Araneida, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 69
Issue: 8)
Pages: 2246-2249
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, France, deciduous forest litter, trees, plastic rings introduced as artificial web-sites, methods, dominant spiders did not displace subordinate spiders from web- sites, agonistic behaviour, interference competition, not fully established whether spiders use silk from deserted webs, interference competition for web sites is not important in structuring the population


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 865
Author: Ledieu, M. S.
Year: 1979
Title: Laboratory and glasshouse screening of pesticides for adverse effects on the parasite Encarsia formosa Gahan
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 10
Pages: 123-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, 10 pesticides tested, side-effects, non-targets, biological control, greenhouse, natural enemies, all could be used with E. formosa except quinomethionate and heptenophos, 50 pesticides screened in lab for residual effects, acaricides negligible, fungicides negligible to moderate, half the insecticides were harmful, 2 screening methods gave similar results, test mod


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4280
Author: Lee, D. K.; Bhatkar, A. P.; Vinson, S. B.; Olson, J. K.
Year: 1994
Title: Impact of foraging red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Psorophora columbiae eggs
Journal: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
Volume: 2
Issue: 1)
Pages: 163-173
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, P. columbiae is the floodwater mosquito, Diptera, USA, ants ate these eggs in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, egg mortality rates in the lab caused by ants were c. 60% for eggs oviposited directly onto soil, S. invicta is a predator of many ground-dwelling stages of pests such as stablefly, hornfly and ticks, Acari, field experiments were in a simulated rice field at Texas College Station, cereals, Gramineae, ants removed about 70% of eggs put out in tubes in the field, ants were most efficient as predators of floodwater mosquito eggs at soil surface temperatures around 30C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4491
Author: Lee, H. C.
Year: 1997
Title: Organic and inorganic aspects of fertiliser use strategies in cereals
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 50
Pages: 95-101
Keywords: En.
Rep., Wye College, Kent, UK, off-farm sources of organic wastes as possible crop fertilisers are domestic kitchen and garden refuse (municipal solid wastes), sewage sludge, vegetable residues from processing factories and biomass solids from antibiotic production, sewage sludge has been used in some parts of the UK for many years, societal and agro-industrial wastes (SAW) are more ubiquitous in UK than are animal organic wastes (FYM or slurry) which are mainly in the West, in Germany SAW are collected and composted in regional centres, the soil- plant N dynamics of organic matter added to cereals is not yet understood, but N hungry vegetable crops grow well in composted manure, Gramineae, farming practices, agricultural statistics, organic matter application to cereals for practical reasons needs to be incorporation just before drilling or as a surface mulch just after drilling, composts with slow rates of N release (such as municipal solid wastes) are best applied to autumn- drilled crops, industrial biomass solids release N much more rapidly, mixed composts to achieve a desired N release rate may be possible, or even small amounts of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser could be mixed in, FYM can undergo long-term N leaching over winter, but less is known about composts, there is potential for using organic fertiliser in crop production but research is at an early stage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5499
Author: Lee, J.C.; Landis, D.A.
Year: 2002
Title: Non-crop habitat management for carabid beetles
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 279-303
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, conservation biological control, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, refuges, reservoirs, sources, overwintering, landscape diversification, field margins, hedgerows, beetle banks, conservation headlands, uncropped wildlife strips, abundance, community, pests, tussock grass, Dactylus glomerata, Gramineae, weed strips, overwintering larvae, favourable microclimate, prey abundance, aphids and Collembola, Hemiptera, refuge from insecticides, pesticides, spring versus autumn breeders, adults larger in non-crop because more food for larvae, habitat diversification enhances larval and adult food availability, diet, trophic behaviour, nutrition, this increases fecundity, non-crop has not yet been demonstrated to act as a source of carabids moving into the whole of the field but only at < 20 m into the field, mark-recapture methods, effects on carabid community structure, species richness and diversity greater in non-crop, biodiversity, pests may be reduced more near to non-crops but not on a whole-field scale, spermophagous carabids and seed removal rates are greater in non-crop, non-crop areas do not cause weed spread into the field especially if well managed (e.g. sowing grasses that compete well with weeds), non-crop management, vegetation composition, size and spacing of refuges, age of refuge, economics, landscape models    
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5271
Author: Lee, J.C.; Menalled, F.D.; Landis, D.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide disturbance on carabid beetle communities
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 472-483
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, community, landscape ecology, refugia, reservoirs, pesticides, USA, corn, maize, Gramineae, within-field refuge strips were grasses, legumes and perennial flowering plants, farming practices, pitfalls, insecticides reduced carabid catch and altered community composition, recolonisation of sprayed fields was greater if refuge strips were present, refuges tended not to boost carabid abundance in unsprayed fields, habitat management, habitat diversification, 2128 individuals of 33 species in 1998, 3234 of 37 species in 1999, species list, Pterostichus melanarius was the most abundant, species richness, biodiversity, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, conservation biological control 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4803
Author: Lee, J.H.; Johnson, S.J.; Wright, V.L.
Year: 1990
Title: Quantitative survivorship analysis of the velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae in soybean fields in Louisiana
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19(4)
Pages: 978-986
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, USA, laboratory feeding trials with pupae on soil surface and 1 cm below soil,  Anticarsia gemmatalis, in a field trial pupae were placed on the soil surface or buried, exposed to predators or in various types of predator exclusion cages, some plots were treated with chlordane to reduce predators, pitfalls with alcohol and oil for predators but fire ants were monitored with dry pitfalls baited with dog food, methods. Pupal predators in lab triials were earwigs, tiger beetles, ground beetle adults and larvae and fire ants. Labidura riparia and larvae of Calosoma alternans sayi consumed pupae below ground as well as on the surface. Predation by Solenopsis invicta was the major pupal mortality factor in the field. There was a negative relationship between the abundance of fire ants and carabids in the field suggesting that fire ants interfere with other predators. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, methods, pesticides, insecticides, Coleoptera, Cicindelidae, Dermaptera, Carabidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, predator interference. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3888
Author: Lee, R. C. P.; Nyffeler, M.; Krelina, E.; Pennycook, B. W.
Year: 1986
Title: Acoustic communication in two spider species of the genus Steatoda (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 59
Pages: 337-348
Keywords: polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sound, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5043
Author: Lee, Y.; Fuxa, J.R.
Year: 2000
Title: Ingestion and defecation of recombinant and wild-type nucleopolyhedroviruses by scavenging and predatory arthropods
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(5)
Pages: 950-957
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., scavenging fly Sarcophaga bullata, predatory bug Podisus maculiventris, house cricket Acheta domesticus, Diptera, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diseases, pests, biological control, dissemination of pathogens, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, microbial insecticides, viruses of the caterpillar Autographa californica used to infect Trichoplusia ni, Lepidoptera, direct effects of recombinant viruses on the three non-target organisms appeared to be the same as for wild-type NPV, up to 5 days after eating virus-infected larvae all three non-targets defeacated a huge dose of virus, virus can potentially be transported away from a release site by predators and scavengers and thus be spread to other non-target species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4383
Author: Legaspi, B. A. C.; Sterling, W. L.; Hartstack, A. W.; Dean, D. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Testing the interactions of pest-predator-plant components of the TEXCIM model
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 157-163
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Texas Cotton Insect Model predicts potential crop loss to insects, TEXCIM explained 48-67% in the variability in field counts of small Heliothis larvae, it incorporates dynamics of crop growth and the contribution of natural enemies to effects on the population dynamics of pests such as Heliothis zea, Heliothis virescens and the cotton fleahopper Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, predators, biological control, crop damage, economics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5321
Author: Legaspi, J.C.; French, J.V.; Zuniga, A.G.; Legaspi, B.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Population dynamics of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and its natural enemies in Texas and Mexico
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 84-90
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., USA, caterpillars, pests, biological control, trees, orchards, top fruit, horticulture, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Zagrammosoma multilineatum, the leafminer is an exotic pest from Asia, it appeared in USA in 1993 and Mexico 1994 and is now a major pest, leaf samples taken to laboratory leafminers counted and parasitoids reared out, methods, predators recorded in leaf samples in Mexico, abundance, Chrysoperla sp., Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, Hippodamia convergens, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2256
Author: Legel, G. J.; van Wingerden, W. K. R. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Experiments on the influence of food and crowding on the aeronautic dispersal of Erigone arctica (White 1852) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Proceedings 8th International Arachnological Congress, Ed. by J. Gruber and H. Egerman, Vienna
Pages: 97-102
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, behaviour, aerial dispersal, distribution, increased ballooning with food shortage, methods, laboratory ballooning chamber, spiders given three levels of Collembola food, starved spiders ballooned more, no stats.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2257
Author: Legendre, R.; Morel, G.
Year: 1980
Title: Data on the role of rickettsial and viral diseases in the regulation of arachnid populations
Journal: Proceedings 8th International Arachnological Congress, Ed. by J. Gruber and H. Egerman, Vienna
Pages: 183-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, scorpions, Araneae, pathogens, rickettsia, baculovirus, two viruses and two rickettsias from Pisaura mirabilis, in 5% of population, viruses do not kill or cause sterility


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1891
Author: Legg, D. E.; Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1984
Title: European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestations: relating captures in pheromone and black- light traps in southern Minnesota cornfields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 77
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1445-1448
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, USA, maize, semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, methods, Iowa strain sex pheromone and sticky traps, battery operated black light traps, BLT catches female moths, number of egg masses not related to number of males in pheromone traps, relationship between females in BLT and pheromone trap catches


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3478
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1961
Title: Influence of food on fecundity and longevity of adults of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 93
Pages: 771-780
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, endoparasitoid of caterpillar pests in USA, Lepidoptera, a widely polyphagous host-feeder (probably non-destructive, but author does not say), arable, also eats nectar, pollen and honeydew, references that host-feeding increases fecundity and longevity of many parasitoids, aphids, Hemiptera, references to egg resorption when nutrition is poor, oosorption, I.inqusitor reared in lab on wax moth pupae, Galleria mellonella, methods, maximum fecundity and longevity obtained when they had access to carbohydrate food and could host-feed, pollen also increased fecundity, very few eggs were oviposited if host-feeding was prevented, culturing, males did not host- feed, sex, females punctured many more pupae for host- feeding than for oviposition, quotes Zoebelein (1956) that the oligosaccharide melezitone in honeydew of some aphids is detrimental to fecundity and longevity of honeydew feeders, best performance in current study was on body fluids of host plus carbohydrates plus pollen as source of vitamins, ie on a mixed diet, reproduction, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3514
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1961
Title: Influence of various foods on fecundity and longevity of adults of Scambus buolianae (Htg.)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 93
Pages: 1079-1084
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, trees, forest, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, S.buolianae cannot deposit any eggs without host-feeding, behaviour, population dynamics, fecundity, European pine shoot moth Rhyacionia buoliana is main host but at least 5 other species also used for oviposition and host-feeding, orchard and forest pests, top fruit, S.buolianae introduced into Canada in 1956, the female will eat the whole larva if it is very small, males do not host-feed, honeydew from Aphis nasturtii and Myzocallis alhambra has a deleterious effect on fecundity and longevity, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3501
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1962
Title: Effects of the body fluids of various host larvae on fecundity of females of Scambus buolianae (Htg.)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 94
Pages: 1079-1082
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, trees, forests, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, population dynamics, reproduction, S.buolianae is an imported ectoparasitoid of the European pine shhot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, references to early literature on effect of host-feeding on fecundity, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 6 species of lepidopterous larvae tested, also given honey solution and birch pollen, fecundity ranged from 3-87 depending on species of host larva, S.buolianae has access to R.buoliana for only a limited season, oligophagous host-feeding parasitoids such as this need a range of alternative hosts in their habitat to prosper


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3500
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1963
Title: Effects of pollens on fecundity and longevity of adult Scambus buolianae (Htg.)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 95
Pages: 202-207
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoid, natural enemies, biological control, forests, Canada, trees, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, population dynamics, pollen does not increase male longevity, food, diet, trophic behaviour, weeds, plants, wild carrot and tulip pollen increased longevity and fecundity of females, Umbelliferae, goldenrod, poppy and snapdragon increased fecundity, birch and ragweed increased longevity, nectar and pollen producing plants can help parasitoid establishment, references to flies, grasshoppers, Anthocoridae, thrips and beetles using pollen as food, Heteroptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Meligethes aeneus, Nitidulidae, Orthoptera, many species of Ichneumonidae and Braconidae feed on nectar, pollen can only be ingested together with liquid which is usually nectar in the field, control fecundity on wax moth and sucrose was 150, 222 on tulip pollen, all pollens were beneficial except for wild parsnip which reduced fecundity but increased longevity, comparison with the literature, eg on honeybees, shows that effect of pollen on fecundity and longevity varies depending on pollen species and consumer species, reproduction, oviposition, Apidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1920
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1967
Title: Food sources and preferences of adults of a parasite, Scambus buolianae (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and their consequences
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 99
Pages: 865-887
Keywords: En.
Rep., need nectar from weeds for egg maturation, parasitoid, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, food, behaviour, physiology, fecundity, reproduction, population dynamics if host-feeding is prevented S.buolianae did not oviposit at all, lab, wax moth Galleria mellonella as host, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, honey as alternative food, host-feeding usually destructive here, so this parasitoid is a predator, when given 5 host species it showed preference for some, lab tests showed that some plant species were more preferred than others as nectar source, eg Umbelliferae preferred, trophic behaviour, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5690
Author: Leius, K.
Year: 1967
Title: Influence of wild flowers on parasitism of tent caterpillar and codling moth
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 99
Pages: 444-446
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., weeds, orchards, top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, habitat diversification, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, biological control, Malacosoma americanum, Carcocapsa pomonella (Cydia pomonella), Canada, 15 unsprayed non-commercial apple orchards studied, flowering weeds included strawberry, buttercup, hawkweed, clover, dandelion, violet, fleabane, mustard, wild carrot, wild parsnip, grasses, daisy, goldenrod, aster, Compositae, Gramineae, parasitism of caterpillars was less in orchards with high floristic diversity of understorey
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5763
Author: Lemke, A.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 1998
Title: Effects of sown weed strips in cereal fields on the abundance of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) and cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 21(8)
Pages: 29-37
Alternate Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, winter wheat, Germany, methods, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, direct in situ visual counts of aphid density, abundance, spider abundance and diversity greater in strips than in the crop, up to 435 m-2 in strips, community, biodiversity, strips were overwintering habitat for spiders such as Erigone atra, Linyphiidae, pyrethroid insecticide reduced abundance and recolonisation was not greater near weed strips, aphid abundance was significantly lower in plots with weed strips than in control plots, biological control, and there were significantly fewer aphids at a few metres from the strips compared with at > 50 m,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5757
Author: Lemke, A.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 2002
Title: Sown weed strips in cereal fields: overwintering site and "source" habitat for Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) and Erigone atra (Blackwall) (Araneae: Erigonidae)
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 90
Pages: 67-80
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Germany, Gramineae, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, spiders, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, wildflower strips 1.5 m wide with 19 plant species within winter wheat field, methods, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, mean spider density over winter was 212 m-2 compared with < 10 m-2 in the crop, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, in spring numbers declined in the strips and increased in the field and pitfalls at 7.5 m from the strip then caught significantly more O. apicatus than traps at 75 m distant, no such pattern for E. atra, efficiency of Dvac for linyphiids was 82% in wheat and 78% in weed strips,  references to O. apicatus overwintering in grassy field margins, appears that Oedothorax walks in from the edge but E. atra balloons (in agreement with Thomas et al., 1990), cursorial dispersal, aerial dispersal, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4295
Author: Lenfant, C.; Lyoussoufi, A.; Chen, X.; Darcier, F. F.; Sauphanor, B.
Year: 1994
Title: Potential of Forficula auricularia L. as a predator of pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri (L.)
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 73
Issue: 1)
Pages: 51-60
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, earwigs, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, lab and semi-field study, maximum daily consumption potential is > 1000 psylla eggs, predation rates, consumption rates, density-dependent response, synchronisation with the pest is good, France, at low prey density a III instar nymph consumed as many psylla eggs as Ephestia kueheniella eggs offered as alternative prey, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, III and IV consumed all pre-imaginal psylla instars, colonisation of pear in spring by III nymphs coincides with oviposition by psylla 2nd generation, immigration, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, but F. auricularia is not dependent on psylla, it has a high predatory capacity and its destruction by pesticides should be avoided, European Earwig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 35
Author: Lengkerken, H. von
Year: 1924
Title: Extra-intestinale Verdauung
Journal: Biol. Zentralblatt.
Volume: 44
Pages: 273-295
Keywords: Ger.
Extra-intestinal digestion, carabids, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1690
Author: Lenteren, J. C.; van, Glass P. C. G.; Smits, P. H.
Year: 1982
Title: Evaluation of control capabilities of Trichogramma and results of laboratory and field resistance on Trichogramma in the Netherlands
Journal: Les Trichogrammes, Antibes (France) Colloque de l'INRA
Volume: 9
Pages: 257-268
Keywords: En.
Holland, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2603
Author: Lenteren, van J. C.; Pak, G. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Can we use Trichogramma spp. to control Lepidopteran pests in cabbage ?
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land. Forst Berl
Volume: 218
Pages: 108-118
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2967
Author: Lenz, C. J.; Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1988
Title: Production of a monoclonal antibody to the arylphorin of Heliothis zea
Journal: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
Volume: ?
Pages: 167-177
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, USA, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, cotton, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1378
Author: LeRoux, E. J.
Year: 1960
Title: Effects of "modified" and "commercial" spray programmes on the fauna of apple orchards in Quebec
Journal: Annls. ent. Soc. Queb.
Volume: 6
Pages: 87-121
Keywords: En.
trees, pests, Canada, pesticides, top fruit


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2600
Author: LeRoux, E. J.; Perron, P.
Year: 1960
Title: Descriptions of immature stages of Coenosia tigrina (F.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) with notes on hibernation of larvae and predation by adults
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 93
Pages: 284-296
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 627
Author: LeSar, C. D.; Unzicker, J. D.
Year: 1978
Title: Life history, habits and prey preferences of Tetragnatha laboriosa (Araneae : Tetragnathidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 879-884
Keywords: En.
Rep., Spiders, predators, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4041
Author: Lesar, C. D.; Unzicker, J. D.
Year: 1978
Title: Soybean spiders: species composition, population densities and vertical distribution
Journal: Biological Notes, Illinois Natural History Survey
Volume: 107
Pages: 1-14
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, abundance, vertical stratification, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5998
Author: Leschen, R.A.B.
Year: 2000
Title: Beetles feeding on bugs (Coleoptera, Hemiptera): repeated shifts from mycophagous ancestors
Journal: Invertebrate Taxonomy
Volume: 14
Pages: 917-929
Alternate Journal: Invertebrate Taxonomy
Keywords: Rep., review, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, evolution, phylogeny, fungus-feeders, mycetophages, fungivores, mycophagy, hemipteran prey include Adelgidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Margarodidae, Membracidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, whiteflies, aphids, scales, mealybugs, pests, mycophagous beetles browsing sooty moulds growing on honeydew may have evolved to include nearby hemipterans in their diet and current species that prey on hemipterans also consume sooty moulds and honeydew, omnivory, [says there are no species of Carabidae and Staphylinidae that feed on Hemiptera ????  maybe because the author has excluded opportunistic predators ??], Scarabaeidae, Derodontidae, Trogossitidae, Nitidulidae, Sivanidae, Laemophloeidae, Endomychidae, Mycetophagidae, Tenebrionidae, Salpingidae, Anthicidae, Anthribidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, 11 of 166 beetle families contain species that feed on hemipterans, polyphagous predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2965
Author: Lesiewicz, D. S.; Lesiewicz, J. L.; Bradley, J. R.; Van Duyn, J. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Serological determination of carabid (Coleoptera, Adephaga) predation on corn earworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in field corn
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 1183-1186
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars, cereals, maize, USA, serology, methods, corn earworm available on soil only as pre-pupae, rest of time are in ear, vertical stratification, distribution, movement, dispersal, pitfalls, precipitin test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 48
Author: Lesiewicz, D. S.; Van Duyn, J. W.; Bradley, T. R.
Year: 1983
Title: Determinations of cornfield carabid populations in northeastern North Carolina
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 12
Pages: 1636-1640
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods, pitfalls, carbaryl, spray-out


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3361
Author: Leslie, G. W.
Year: 1988
Title: The identification and importance of predators of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Congress of South African Sugar Technologists' Association
Pages: 124-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, caterpillars, sugarcane, Gramineae, cross-over electrophoresis, serology, antisera to Eldana eggs and to larvae, predators for testing collected with vacuum net, insecticide exclusion experiments in field cages showed that exposed egg batches suffered more predation than concealed ones, tracing eggs laid by radioactive females in field cages showed similar levels of predation whether arthropods were excluded or not, but survival of larvae was greater where arthropods excluded, 3442 predators tested, egg feeders were mites, cockroaches, Collembola, ants, woodlice and pseudoscorpions, feeders on larvae were mites, 7 spider families, cockroaches, beetles, ants, Heteroptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Orthoptera, predator efficiency index using % positive and predator abundance, trophic behaviour, predation, food, diet, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Araneae, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2949
Author: Leslie, G. W.; Boreham, P. F. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Identification of arthropod predators of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by cross-over electrophoresis
Journal: J. ent. Soc. Sth Afr.
Volume: 44
Issue: 2)
Pages: 381-388
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators of larvae of sugarcane borer, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, Africa, methods, serology, antigen and antiserum have opposite charges and in gel migrate towards each other giving precipitate where they meet, titre 1/20000 of homologous antigen, ants and spiders were the commonest polyphagous predators, Formicidae, Araneae, carrion feeding, scavenging by woodlice, Isopoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5130
Author: Lesna, I.; Conijn, C.G.M.; Sabelis, M.W.; Van Straalen, N.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Biological control of the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini, by the predatory mite, Hypoaspis aculeifer, on lilies: predator-prey dynamics in the soil, under greenhouse and field conditions
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 179-193
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, the Netherlands, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Acari, predatory mites, glasshouse, protected crops, ornamentals, horticultural crops, Laelapidae, augmentative biological control, inundative releases, the pest was significantly reduced by the predator in greenhouse and field experiments, higher predator release rates were needed to suppress the pest in the field (attributable to lower temperature and higher mortality and./or emigration of predators), impact on pest populations 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4283
Author: Lesna, I.; Sabelis, M. W.; Bolland, H. R.; Conijn, C. J. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Candidate natural enemies for control of Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Astigmata) in lily bulbs: exploration in the field and pre-selection in the laboratory
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 19
Issue: 11)
Pages: 655-669
Keywords: En.
Rep., mesostigmatid predators, Mesostigmata, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Laelapidae, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Ascidae, Lasioseius bispinosus, Parasitidae, Parasitus fimetorum were able to reproduce on a diet of R. robini and controlled the bulb mite in small-scale experiments with a 1:20 predator:prey ratio, diet, food, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, the laelapid H. aculeifer suppressed bulb mites to very low levels but Hypoaspis miles was ineffective, strains of H. aculeifer that were collected from associations with the pest performed better than other strains, H. aculeifer and H. miles could also be reared on Tyrophagus putrescentiae, mass-production, culturing, the aim is to control R. robini in the propagation phase of lily bulbs, glasshouses, protected crops, ornamentals, Hypoaspis spp. have been reported to feed on Tribolium eggs, Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae larvae, Collembola, thrips, Nematoda, Astigmata mites and pollen, Coleoptera, stored product pests, Diptera, Thysanoptera, nematodes, the Netherlands


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5086
Author: Lester, P.J.; Thistlewood, H.M.A.; Harmsen, R.
Year: 1998
Title: The effects of refuge size and number on acarine predator-prey dynamics in a pesticide-disturbed apple orchard
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 323-331
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., trees, top fruit, pests, biological control, natural enemies, polythene sheet refuges from pesticides places over various proportions of trees before spraying with a pyrethroid insecticide, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae,  food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Typhlodromus caudiglans, Zetzellia mali, T. caudiglans persisted after spraying only in refuges, Z. mali was less affected by the insecticide but was unable to control pests by itself, T. caudiglans was slow to re-colonise sprayed leaves but did so eventually, 60% of tree area needed to be refuge (which is impractical) to allow T. caudiglans to control P. ulmi below economic damage levels, Canada, mean densities of pest mites 5 weeks after spraying was 73 per leaf on sprayed leaves (more than 4 times the economic threshold), but only 22 per leaf on unsprayed leaves, some of this effect might have been due to the insecticide enhancing pest reproduction,  hormoligosis and trophobiosis, impact on pest populations, insecticidal check method
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2602
Author: Leszczyncki, B.; Warchol, J.; Nirz, S.
Year: 1985
Title: The influence of phenolic compounds on the preference of winter wheat cultivars by cereal aphids
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 6
Issue: 2)
Pages: 157-158
Keywords: Tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5758
Author: Lethmayer, C.; Nentwig, W.; Frank, T.
Year: 1997
Title: Effects of weed strips on the occurrence of noxious coleopteran species (Nitidulidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 104(1)
Pages: 75-92
Alternate Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Keywords: Rep., Switzerland, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, Coleoptera pests, beetles, methods, yellow water traps, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, direct in situ visual observation, photoeclectors, pests were not abundant except for blossom beetles, Meligethes, weed strips did not enhance pests, leaf beetles, weevils, strips within fields of oilseed rape, brassicas, potato, maize, winter wheat and meadow, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, flea beetles, Longitarsus, Phyllotreta, Chaetocnema, Psylliodes, species list of 23 species of Chrysomelidae, Oulema, Leptinotarsa, 47 weevil species, community, biodiversity, twice as many species in strips as in fields, Brassicaceae should be avoided for weed strips because it provides food for blossom beetles at times when oilseed rape is unsuitable (in the pod stage), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3584
Author: Letourneau, D. K.
Year: 1990
Title: Abundance patterns of leafhopper enemies in pure and mixed stands
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 505-509
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, squash in polyculture with cowpea and corn harboured more nymphs but fewer adults of Empoasca spp. leafhoppers than in monoculture, Hemiptera, pests, maize, cereals, Gramineae, arable, so total densities were similar, a specialist egg parasitoid Anagrus sp. was not enhanced in polyculture but Erigone spiders were, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, references to Empoasca being attacked by spiders, predatory wasps, ants, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Miridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Erigone were the most abundant predators on squash foliage, Cucurbitaceae, spiders in squash commonly caught thrips, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnida, food, diet, stickyboards on stakes to monitor ballooning spiders, aerial migration, movement, dispersal, distribution, both adults and nymphs of Empoasca were commonly attacked by Erigone, prey size preference, trophic behaviour, densities of c. 2 Erigoner per 10 leaves in monoculture and 6 in polyculture, farming practices, crop diversification, Erigone made its web between convergent leaf veins on squash


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5997
Author: Letourneau, D.K.
Year: 1998
Title: Conservation biology: lessons for conserving natural enemies
Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. by P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Pages: 9-38
Alternate Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. by P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Keywords: Rep., landscape, loss of habitats, fragmentation and isolation, natural enemies need resources in refuges that are not available in crop fields, pollen, nectar, intermediate degree of disturbance promotes biodiversity, island biogeography theory, community composition is a better indicator of biocontrol potential than is species richness, refuges need to not only maintain large diverse populations of natural enemies but also allow for their optimal dispersal into fields, distribution, movement, migration, metapopulation theory, movement patterns of natural enemies through habitat corridors not yet documented, such corridors for invertebrates could probably be quite small, intercropping, farming practices, within-field habitat diversification, conservation of keystone species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1470
Author: Letourneau, D. K.; Altieri, M. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Abundance patterns of a predator, Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and its prey, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): Habitat attraction in polycultures versus monocultures
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 1464-1469
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, thrips, pests, methods, farming practices, squash monoculture, or with corn and cowpea, maize, cereals, Gramineae, predators colonised polycultures more readily and prey declined more rapildly, distribution, dispersal, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, inclusion and exclusion cages showed Orius could control thrips, all the Orius and Erigone within exclusion cages were manually killed, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, thrip density tripled in cages when declining in field, no evidence of Orius aggregating to thrips, Orius also eates aphids, spider mites, Lepidoptera eggs and larvae, corn pollen, predation, diet, behaviour, Acari, Tetranychidae, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5273
Author: Letourneau, D.K.; Goldstein, B.
Year: 2001
Title: Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 557-570
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, 18 commercial farms, pest damage to foliage and  fruits did not differ significantly between organic and conventional, farming practices, canonical discriminant analysis, methods, organic crops had greater species richness of herbivores, predators and parasitoids but herbivore abundance did not differ, biodiversity, natural enemies, biological control, guild composition varied between farming systems, this study suggests that there is not increased crop loss when insecticides are withdrawn, pesticides, landscape ecology, Solanaceae, vacuum insect net, suction sampling of the vegetation only and not the ground, pests were thrips, flea beetles, caterpillars, leafminers, and bugs, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Helicoverpa zea, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, the commonest predators were stilt bug Jalysus wickhami, Orius tristicolor, Anthocoridae, Engytatus modestus, Miridae, Misumenops sp., Araneae, spiders, and these were all more abundant on organic farms, Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, Erigone sp. was common, Linyphiidae, the main factors affecting abundance of particular species were fallow management, surrounding habitat and transplant date of crop
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5819
Author: Levie, A.; Dogot, P.; Hance, T.
Year: 2000
Title: Release of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) for cereal aphid control: field cage experiments
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 527-531
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Belgium, parasitoids, Braconidae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, wheat, in one year parasitoids were added to cages that contained aphids and other natural enemies, in another years cages were cleared with an insecticide and then aphids and parasitoids were added, methods, mainly Metopolophium dirhodum, parasitoids significantly reduced aphid population growth in the second year, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4309
Author: Levins, R.
Year: 1969
Title: Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 15
Pages: 237-240
Keywords: En.
Rep., extinctions of local populations must be balanced by immigration, if factors affecting extinction are varying independently from place to place, local increases and decreases will cancel each other out and overall variance from time to time will be small


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 622
Author: Levy, G.
Year: 1970
Title: The life cycle of Thomisius onustus (Thomisidae : Araneae) and outlines for the classification of the life histories of spiders
Journal: J. Zool. London.
Volume: 160
Pages: 523-536
Keywords: Predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4124
Author: Lewis, F. B.
Year: 1960
Title: Factors affecting assessment of parasitization by Apanteles fumiteranae (Vier.) and Colypta fumiteranae (Vier.) on spruce budworm larvae
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 92
Pages: 881-891
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, conifer trees, forests, woodland, methods, Apanteles is better at attacking mobile larvae and Colypta is better at attacking immobile larvae in hibernacula, foraging behaviour, multiparasitism occurs, interspecific competition, population dynamics, healthy larvae are strongly photopositive but moribund larvae are photonegative, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour of moribund prey, parasitized larvae emerge from hibernacula up to 10 days later than healthy larvae, phenology, pattern of movement of moribund larvae on trees is different to healthy larvae, moribund larvae move later and in smaller numbers to terminal shoots after hibernation, horizontal distribution, horizontal dispersal, larval Apanteles inhibited development of Colypta eggs in the host, current methods give biased data on % parasitism, interference competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 803
Author: Lewis, J. G. E.
Year: 1981
Title: The Biology of Centipedes
Journal: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: En.
Partrep., Chilopoda, popylphagous predators, mostly structure and physiology, feeding and digestion, geophilids in field ate ants millipedes worms woodlice Collembola springtails enchytraeids plant material, scolopendrids attack vertebrates slugs spiders mites centipedes flies staphylinids carabids ants termites flies lepidoptera larvae worms and insect larvae, lithobiids in field ate lepidoptera larvae worms woodlice collembola symphyla spiders mites opiliones slugs and nematodes, Lithobius variegatus ate collembola aphids diptera spiders mites centipedes and molluscs, also take in litter and fungal spores with the food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation, Formicidae, Isopoda, Acari, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, harvestmen physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5507
Author: Lewis, L.C.; Bruck, D.J.; Gunnarson, R.D.
Year: 2002
Title: On-farm evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for control of Ostrinia nubilalis in Iowa, USA 
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 47
Pages: 167-176
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pathogens, biological control, entomopathogenic fungi, cereals, corn, maize, Gramineae, yield loss $50-120 per ha in Midwest, agricultural statistics, microbial insecticides, fungus in corn grit granules applied into the plant whorl with a hand held applicator significantly reduced damage, B. bassiana can grow endophytically in the plant, granule applications increased frequency of endophytism (% plants with endophye) but not significantly, endophytism occurs naturally at variable levels (0-65%), effects of endophytic fungus on the pest are not quantified
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1868
Author: Lewis, L. C.; Lublinkhof, J.; Berry, E. C.; Gunnarson, R. D.
Year: 1982
Title: Response of Ostrinia nubilalis [Lep., Pyralidae] infected with Nosema pyrausta [Microsporidia: Nosematidae] to insecticides
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 27
Issue: 2)
Pages: 211-218
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, biological control, microbes, Protozoa, Bacillus thuringiensis, microbial pesticide, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbamate insecticide, USA, split plots, eggs, trans-ovariole infection with Nosema, behaviour, spread, transmission, Bt Nosema and insecticides acted independently in reducing stalk damage, IPM, European corn borer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5520
Author: Lewis, O.T.; Memmott, J.; LaSalle, J.; Lyal, C.H.C.; Whitefoord, C.; Godfray, H.C.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Structure of a diverse tropical forest insect-parasitoid community
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 855-873
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., quantitative food web, trophic web, natural enemies, 93 species of leaf-mining insects and 84 species of hymenopterous parasitoids in Belize, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, 196 host-parasitoid links, most parasitoids were generalists (some attacking 21 hosts) and most leaf-miners were specialists, methods, robustness analysis (recalculating web statistics omitting rarer associations and species) suggested that most species but not all links were detected, summary web and seasonal webs, most web statistics were stable across seasons in this 1-year study, there was a low level of compartmentalisation, quantitative parasitoid overlap graphs, woodland, trees, deciduous, semi-evergreen, host density, stratified random sampling, rearing out parasitoids from hosts, can be error from differential rearing success, rates of facultative hyperparasitism could not be determined, morphospecies, connectance, apparent competition mediated by shared parasitism
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1735
Author: Lewis, T.
Year: 1973
Title: Thrips: their biology, ecology and economic importance
Journal: Academic Press, London
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lib., Thysanoptera, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4530
Author: Lewis, W.J. ; Van Lenteren, J.C. ; Phatak, S.C.  ; Tumlinson, J.H.
Year: 1997
Title: A total system approach to sustainable pest management
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
Volume: 94(23)
Pages: 12243-12248
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
Keywords: Rep., crop losses due to pest/weed/diseases increased from 35% in 1965 to 42% in 1990. Agricultural statistics. Application of external corrective actions into a system are effective only for short-term relief. Need to ask "why is a pest a pest". Need to understand how natural enemies function as part of the ecosystem and promote their effectiveness by habitat management. Conservation biocontrol should be a higher priority than other types of biocontrol, then any key gaps can be filled by importation. IPM efforts have not given enough emphasis to the use of landscape ecology (i.e. they usually have pesticide management objectives). The authors suggest a better approach is a combination of i) therapeutics with minimal disruption, ii) crop attributes and multitrophic interactions (eg damaged plants attracting natural enemies by semiochemicals) and iii)  ecosystem management (including cover crops, reduced tillage, margin refugia, pest decoy plants).
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3727
Author: Leyk, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Intraspecific differences in the activity rhythms of the carabid beetle Pterostichus nigrita Paykull (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 63-68
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, subarctic and central European stocks, photoperiod, diel activity patterns


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5480
Author: Li, L.Y.
Year: 1994
Title: Worldwide use of Trichogramma for biological control on different crops: a survey
Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 37-53
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, 32 million ha treated annually, against Lepidoptera eggs, caterpillars, former USSR treated 27.6 million ha in 1990, China 2.1 million ha, Mexico 2 million ha, main crops treated are corn, rice, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, soybean, vegetables, fruit, forest, trees, orchard, woodland, apple, plum, citrus, avocado, vineyards, pines, spruce, conifers, agricultural statistics, main targets are corn borers Ostrinia nubilalis and Ostrinia furnacalis, also sugarcane borers Chilo spp, Diatraea spp., cotton bollworm, Heliothis, species in genus Trichogramma attack > 400 species of insect, >70 species of Trichogramma have been used around the world, 20 species are mass-reared, some species are polyphagous, inundative release, augmentation, inoculative release, parasitised eggs attached to cards can be put in the crop, manual release, pupae can also be disseminated by tractor sprayer and from aeroplanes and helicopters, Trichogramma used on a large scale in China for > 20 years and on sugarcane yields increased by 3-8 tonnes per ha, farmers benefitted at US$200 per ha, cost: benefit 1:25, chemical inputs reduced by 112 kg per ha, natural enemies increased 2 - 5 fold, T. maidis has been used against corn borers in Switzerland for 15 years, in former USSR cost benefit for Mamestra brassicae control on vegetables was 1:8, and for corn borer 1:3
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5805
Author: Liang, W.; Huang, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Influence of citrus orchard ground cover plants on arthropod communities in China: a review
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Envionment
Volume: 50
Pages: 29-37
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Envionment
Keywords: Rep., trees, forest, woodland, top fruit, horticulture, farming practices, agricultural statistics, habitat diversification, weed understoreys may compete with trees for water and nutrients, but some types of weed are suitable for underplanting, whiteweed (Ageratum conyzoides) planted under 135000 ha of citrus in China, Asteraceae, Compositae, its pollen is a good alternative food for Amblyseius spp. which are predators of spider mite pests on trees, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae, Panonychus citri, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, it has shallow roots and does not compete with trees, community, parasitoids, spiders, Araneae, presence of ground cover by this weed reduces summer air temperature by 10C and increases humidity by more than 5% in the orchard, it improves the microclimate for predatory mites, 14 species of Amblyseius on trees, 12 species on weeds and 11 species common to both, vertical distribution, species richness, biodiversity, natural enemies migrate from ground cover to trees, vertical migration, dispersal, movement, Ageratum quickly becomes dominant and suppresses the growth of pernicious weeds,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2596
Author: Liao, H. T.; et al.
Year: 1984
Title: Natural enemies and other factors affecting seasonal abundance of the blackmargined aphid on pecan
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 9
Issue: 4)
Pages: 404-420
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5648
Author: Liebherr, J.K.
Year: 1988
Title: Gene flow in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of differing habitat preference and  flight-wing development
Journal: Evolution
Volume: 42(1)
Pages: 129-137
Alternate Journal: Evolution
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, morphology, methods, USA, gene flow can vary 100-fold between five species, gene flow is not clearly related to flight capacity but rather to other factors such as habitat altitude, habitat fragmentation and even historical habitat conditions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5694
Author: Liebman, M.; Mohler, C.L.; Staver, C.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds
Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Alternate Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Keywords: weed life history, mechanical management, managing soil, enhancing crop competitiveness (crop density, arrangement, planting date, cultivar), crop diversification (intercropping, rotations, living mulches), biocontrol of weeds (invertebrate herbivores, pathogens), livestock grazing, weed evolution and community structure,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3557
Author: Lilley, R.; Hardie, J.; Powell, W.; Wadhams, L. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The aphid sex pheromone: a novel host location cue for the parasitoid Praon volucre
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 1157-1162
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, UK, sex pheromone of Sitobion fragariae is released by females to attract males, female P.volucre are attracted to this but males not, females can be attracted to water traps containing a synthetic version of the pheromone, methods, could use such a pheromone analogue to attract Praon into areas close to crops seeded with non-pest aphids, these parasitoids would be a reservoir to move into the crop and control aphids, especially early in season, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1051
Author: Lilly, C. E.
Year: 1958
Title: Observations on predation by the plant bug Liocoris borealis Kelton (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 90
Pages: 420-421
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lib., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, aphids, pests, ate pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in Lab, adults lived on these for 1 week, an abundant predator in alfalfa fields, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1292
Author: Lim, G. S.; Heong, K. L.
Year: 1984
Title: The role of insecticides in rice integrated pest management
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 19-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, IPM, pesticides, 563 million dollars spent on rice insecticides in 1980, 32% yield lost to insects on Asian farms, damage, BPH losses 100 million dollars in Indonesia, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, Hemiptera, pests, review of selectivity, chemical, time, space, seed-treatment, formulation, pesticide application methods, 52 authors, many ways of using braod-spectrum compounds selectively, biological control by itself not always successful, Trichogramma plus insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis plus low dose insecticides widely used in China, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, microbial insecticides, plant resistance, partial plant resistance plus insecticides, some rice varieties tolerant to BPH stress, insecticides only needed at very high BPH density, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4635
Author: Lim, U.T.; Lee, J.H.
Year: 1999
Title: Enzyne-linked immunosorbent assay used to analyze predation of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) by Pirata subpiraticus (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(6)
Pages: 1177-1182
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, spiders, Hemiptera, antibody methods, ELISA, serology, rice, Gramineae, Korea, 87 spider species feed on N. lugens in Korea, the dominant is P. subpiraticus, indirect ELISA, cross-reacted with other hopper species, spiders that had consumed more than 1.4 N. lugens were positive, maximum detection period at 27C was 6 hours, spiders from fields with N. lugens were more often positive than those from fields without, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4595
Author: Lima, S.L.; Dill, L.M.
Year: 1990
Title: Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 68
Pages: 619-640
Alternate Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep, TP, components of predation risk, behaviour of feeding prey, habitat selection, feeding site, Vertebrata, Aves, escaping from predators, enemy-free space, prey defences, prey behaviour, evolution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 626
Author: Lindley, A.
Year: 1974
Title: The local distributon and abundance of orbweb spiders
Journal: D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford.
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, Argiopidae, Araneidae, hunger, prey density, behaviour, dispersal, movement, aeronauts, ballooning, silk, gossamer, immatures, Linyphiidae, density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2604
Author: Lindquist, R. K.; et al.
Year: 1984
Title: Leafminers on greenhouse chrysanthemum: control of Chromatomyia syngenesiae and Liriomyza trifolii
Journal: J. Agric Entom
Volume: 1
Issue: 3)
Pages: 256-263
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1057
Author: Lindquist, R. K.; Sorensen, E. L.
Year: 1970
Title: Interrelationships among aphids, tarnished plant bugs and alfalfas
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 63
Pages: 192-195
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Lygus lineolaris attracted equally to R and S alfalfa cultivars when aphid absent, Heteoptera, plant resistance, behaviour, preference, more attracted to both when aphids present, increased more rapidly on S, ate 2 aphids per day, predation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 334
Author: Lindroth, C. H.
Year: 1935
Title: The Boreo-British Coleoptera
Journal: Zoogeografica.
Volume: 2
Pages: 578-634
Keywords: Beetles, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 34
Author: Lindroth, C. H.
Year: 1945
Title: Die Fennoskandischen Carabidae. Eine tiergeographische Studie
Journal: Medd. Goteborgs mus. zool. Avd.
Volume: 109
Issue: 110, 122.
Pages: 1-707, 1-277, 1-911.
Keywords: Ger.
Systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2406
Author: Lindroth, C. H.
Year: 1976
Title: Genus Bembidion Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in New Zealand: a revision
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 3
Pages: 161-198
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1379
Author: Lingren, P. D.; Ridgway, R. L.
Year: 1967
Title: Toxicity of five insecticides to several insect predators
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 60
Pages: 1639-1641
Keywords: En.
pesticides, natural enenies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3979
Author: Lingren, P. D.; Ridgway, R. L.; Jones, S. L.
Year: 1968
Title: Consumption by several common arthropod predators of eggs and larvae of two Heliothis species that attack cotton
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 61
Pages: 613-618
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, USA, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4587
Author: Lingren, P.D.; Wolfenbarger, D.A.
Year: 1976
Title: Competition between Trichogramma pretiosum and Orius insidiosus for caged tobacco budworms on cotton treated with chlordimeform sprays
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 5
Pages: 1049-1052
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Orius affected parasitoid control of budworm, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, parasitoids, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Lepidoptera, eggs and caterpillars, Hymenoptera, pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies of natural enemies, predator ate parasitised eggs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2017
Author: Linley, J. R.
Year: 1985
Title: Growth and survival of Culicoides melleus larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on four prey organisms
Journal: J. Med. Entomol.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2)
Pages: 178-189
Keywords: En.
feed on nematodes, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5229
Author: Linnamaki, M.; Hulshof, J.; Vanninen, I.
Year: 1988
Title: Biology and prospects for enhancing biocontrol of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis in cut roses
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases 1998
Volume: 1
Pages: 187-192
Alternate Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases 1998
Keywords: Rep., ornamentals, Finland, horticulture, pests, Thysanoptera, peat, rockwool bags, agricultural practices, plant growth substrates, foliage-dwelling predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soil-dwelling Hypoaspis species attack thrips pupae, food competition between the two predator species resulted in decrease of Hypoaspis miles density, abundance, interactions between natural enemies, 5 roses per cage, 6 cages per treatment (untreated, H. miles, H. miles + N. cucumeris), only the combined use of 2 predators reduced the number of thrips larvae per leaf significantly compared with untreated, combined predators gave best control of thrips but led to reduction of H. miles, this thought to be because fewer thrip larvae came to ground to pupate, vertical distribution, vertical migration, vertical dispersal 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 424
Author: Lipa, J.; Sem'yanov, V. P.
Year: 1967
Title: Parasites of ladybirds (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in Leningrad Province
Journal: Entomol. Rev.
Volume: 46
Pages: 43-45
Keywords: Perilitus coccinellae
Beetles, Russia, Hymenoptera, Braconidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 425
Author: Lipa, J. L.; Pruszynski, S.; Bartkowski, J.
Year: 1975
Title: The parasites and survival of the ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) during winter
Journal: Acta parasit. pol.
Volume: 23
Pages: 453-461
Keywords: Rep(PNR), Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2814
Author: Lipkow, E.
Year: 1966
Title: Biologisch-okologische Untersuchungen uber Tachyporus- Arten und Tachinus rufipes (Col., Staphyl.)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 6
Pages: 140-177
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. (some transl by Basedow)
Rep., Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eggs, larvae, pupae described, structure, body dimensions of larval instars I-III, sexes of adult Tachyporus separated by structure of tip of abdomen, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus pusillus, egg laying behaviour with soil attached to eggs, oviposition, development rates in relation to temperature, T. hypnorum will develop at all temperatures 11-27C, other species less eurythermal, all are adapted to cold but not to heat, T. rufipes needs 100% RH for normal development but Tachyporus tolerate lower RH, humidity, T. rufipes active mainly at dusk, Tachyporus in daylight, crepuscular, diurnal, diel activity cycles, univoltine with obligatory imaginal diapause triggered by short day, voltinism, required animal food for development, diet, competition experiments, parasitoids, Tachyporus mainly in fields but T. rufipes also in humid woods, distribution, trees, beetles could reach surface after ploughing, not attracted to dung, reduced by insecticides, pesticides, Kiel Germany, rearing in Petri dishes, culturing, do not eat dead animals that are attacked by fungi and bacteria, feeding preferences, on yeast only diet T. chrysomelinus and T. obtusus died after c. 25 days but T. hypnorum and T. rufipes did better with some gonad development and oviposition, T. rufipes larvae died quickly on a yeast diet, all Tachyporus species died in 17 days if given only pollen and petals, T.rufipes survived longer, Tachyporus larvae reached III instar at best on plant diet, seen to eat Diptera larvae, Collembola and larvae of Carabidae and Staphylinidae in field, ate eggs of Lema melanopa in laboratory, could crush spider eggs, would eat own eggs only if earth removed, Araneae, fecundity, overwintering position of each species in raised bank, pitfall catch in cereals and grasses, Gramineae, flight from fields to winter quarters, aerial dispersal, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2805
Author: Lipkow, E.
Year: 1968
Title: Zum Eiablage-Verhalten der Staphyliniden
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 8
Pages: 208-213
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., egg laying behaviour of Staphylinidae, oviposition, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 21 species, Philonthus, Velleius and Aleochara deposit eggs in small crevices or shallow excavations, Bledius, Oxytelus and Oxyporus deposit eggs in specially constructed chambers, Tachyporus, Tachinus and Astilbus attach soil particles to the shell of the egg, mainly in Lab Petri dishes but some Tachyporus hypnorum behaviour observed in the field in North Germany, Philonthus fuscipennis eggs unprotected, this compensated for by high fecundity of 65 eggs per female, Philonthus cognatus likes damp conditions for egg development, Oxytelus rugosus lays 6-8 eggs in a chamber in soil, female lays 150-230 eggs over 90 days, univoltine Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus solutus and Tachyporus pusillus cover eggs with soil and place in moist area under lumps of soil etc, fecundity only about 35 eggs per female probably because better protected, Tachinus rufipes also covers its eggs with soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2813
Author: Lipkow, E.
Year: 1968
Title: Hymenopteren und Nematoden als Parasiten von Tachyporus- Arten (Col., Staphylinidae), unter besondere Berucksichtigung von Centistes lucidator (Nees)(Hym., Braconidae)
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 8
Pages: 409-414
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Kiel Germany, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Nematoda, parasitised by braconids C. lucidator and Blacus ruficornis and by the nematode Parasitylenchoides sp., also Proctotrupidae Codrus gracilis emerged from a Tachyporus hypnorum larva, 1963-67 2-15% parasitism, Centistes is polyvoltine and develops from egg to adult in 50 days at 15C, voltinism, development rates in relation to temperature, oviposits into adult beetles and can overwinter as larva inside Tachyporus, morphology of last instar C. lucidator larva, structure, % parasitism for Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus solutus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2959
Author: Liptow, M. M.; Freund, J.
Year: 1950
Title: The formation of complement fixing and neutralising antibodies after the injection of inactivated rabies virus with adjuvants
Journal: Journal of Immunology
Volume: 64
Pages: 297
Keywords: En.
Serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4700
Author: Liss, W.J.; Gut, L.J.; Westigard, P.H.; Warren, C.E.
Year: 1986
Title: Perspectives on arthropod community structure, organization, and agricultural crops
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 31
Pages: 455-478
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP., community organisation, trophic webs, food webs, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, orchards, trees, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, community development, species pools, island biogeography
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5944
Author: Liss, W.J.; Gut, L.J.; Westigard, P.H.; Warren, C.E.
Year: 1986
Title: Perspectives on arthropod community structure, organization, and development in agricultural crops
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 31
Pages: 455-478
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, pesticides, insecticides, biodiversity, guilds or functional groups, food webs, trophic webs, competition, mutualism, commensalism, species pool, colonisation, keystone predators, island biogegraphy, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1800
Author: Lister, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Predation on an Antarctic micro-arthropod community
Journal: Acarology
Volume: 6
Pages: 886-892
Keywords: En.
Rep., Collembola, Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1807
Author: Lister, A.; Block, W.; Usher, M. B.
Year: 1988
Title: Arthropod predation in an Antarctic terrestrial community
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 57
Pages: E, it ate Collembola, Cryptopygus, Parisotoma, the predatory mite Rhagidia and Oribatei mites, banding patterns did not allow Friesia to be detected, scanning densitometry, used a predation rate calculation which assumed a random Poisson distribution of number of prey remains per predator, also used a term for non- searching predators, detection times measured for Cryptopygus and these used for other prey too, digestion rates, detection periods, 3-94% Gamasellus contained Cryptopygus, not related to prey abundance, attack rates on Parasitoma greater by Rhagidia than Gamasellus, comparative digestion rates not measured, Gamasellus ate maximum of 0.4 Cryptopygus per day, consunption rates, estimated only 6-25 Cryptopygus eaten per Gamasellus per summer which gives a predation impact of 3-100% at different sites, Gamasellus could cause local extinctions of Cryptopygus, multiple band systems could be used to separate meal size and time since feeding in individual predators, methods, effects of predators on prey population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 860
Author: Lister, A.; Usher, M. B.; Block, W.
Year: 1987
Title: Description and quantification of field attack rates by predatory mites: an example using an electrophoresis method with a species of Antarctic mite
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 72
Pages: 185-191
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Acari, PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, predatory mite Gamasellus racovitzai, quanatified by transmission densitometry, digestion curve for ingested prey esterases, exponential decay model of digestion incorporating meal size, Antarctic peninsula, estimated attack rates 0.1- 0.3 prey per pred per day could cause severe local reduction of prey density, mortality, population dynamics, dugestion curve of Gamasellus feeding on springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus, Collembola, Parisotoma octooculata, oribatid mites and Rhagidia, coincidence of specific bands prevented detection of predation on Friesia, limitation of methodology, post- mortem methods, equation for calculating attack rates using proportion positive, detection period and poisson distribution, of prey per meal, and proportion of population not searching for prey, used 3 esterases and exponential decay models of these linked meal size M and time T, different esterase digestion rates from the same prey enabled M and T to be calculated, calculated attack rates from quantified densitometer readings based on dietary equilibrium i.e. loss of esterase by digestion balanced by increase due to prey consumption, similar attack rates found for both proportional and quantitative analyses, predation rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4712
Author: Liu, J.; Poinar, G.O.; Berry, R.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Control of insect pests with entomopathogenic nematodes: the impact of molecular biology and phylogenetic reconstruction
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 287-306
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP., natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, methods, doubling of newly desribed species in last 5 years, DNA techniques, genetic diversity, PCR, RAPD, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, Xenorhabdus, multitrophic interactions between  nematode, host and symbiont, bacteria, microbes, Photorhabdus, host preference, genetic improvement, genetic manipulation, molecular markers 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5272
Author: Llusia, J.; Penuelas, J.
Year: 2001
Title: Emission of volatile organic compounds by apple trees under spider mite attack and attraction of predatory mites
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 25
Pages: 65-77
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, semiochemicals, olfactory cues, kairomones, allomones, infochemicals, Spain, orchards, trees, top fruit, Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi, tritrophic interactions, more volatiles emitted when leaves were attacked by spider mites, damage, more Amblyseius californicus and Amblyseius andersoni on trees attacked by phytophagous mites, in olfactometer predators chose branches infested with spider mites, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4833
Author: Lo, K.C.
Year: 1996
Title: Potential uses of mites as biological control agents of insect and mite pests
Journal: Plant Protection Bulletin - Taichung
Volume: 38
Pages: 99-110
Alternate Journal: Plant Protection Bulletin - Taichung
Keywords: Rep., families containing parasitic and predatory mites include Erythraeidae, Podapolipidae, Trombidiidae, Hemisarcoptidae, Cheyletidae, Arrenuridae, Hydryphantidae, Limnesiidae, Macrochelidae, Phytoseiidae, Bdellidae and Pyemotidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Acari, predatory mites 
Notes: Chin., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 51
Author: Loan, C. C.; Holliday, N. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Euphorinae parasitic on ground beetles with descriptions of three new species of Microctonus Wesmael (Hymenoptera : Braconidae and Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Nat. Can.
Volume: 106
Pages: 363-397


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3342
Author: Lobner, U.; Hartwig, O.
Year: 1994
Title: Soldier beetles (Col., Cantharidae) and Nabid bugs (Het., Nabidae) - occurrence and importance as aphidophagous predators in winter wheat fields in the surroundings of Halle/Saale (Sachsen-Anhalt)
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 179-187
Keywords: En.
Rep., Germany, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, sweeping 1986-9, species composition and abundance, 5 cantharid species plus Nabis ferus and Nabis pseudoferus, small cages with wheat plants and aphids and predators in lab, feeding rates of 2- 4 aphids day-1 for cantharids and 10-15 for nabids, ELISA showed 64% Cantharis fusca and 76% Cantharis lateralis had eaten aphids in field, serology, predation, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding rates, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4776
Author: Lobner, U.; Hartwig, O.
Year: 1994
Title: Soldier beetles (Col. Cantharidae) and nabid bugs (Het., Nabidae) - occurrence and importance as          aphidophagous predators in winter wheat fields in the surroundings of Halle/Daale (Sachsen-Anhalt)
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 17(4)
Pages: 179-187
Alternate Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, methods, sweeping, feeding trials, ELISA, serology. Cantharis fusca, Cantharis lateralis, Cantharis abdominalis, Cantharis fulvicollis, Rhagonycha fulva, Nabis ferus, Nabis pseudoferus. Cantharidae ate 2-8 aphids per day in lab, nabids 10-15. ELISA showed that 64% of C. fusca had eaten aphids and 76% of C. lateralis. Light traps caught numerous cantharids in twilight and at night. Describes nabid lifecycle. The cantharids consumed wheat leaves as well as aphids. Diet, food, trophic behaviour. Detection period about two days.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5345
Author: Lobry de Bruyn, L.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Ants as bioindicators of soil function in rural environments
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 425-441
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, ants can maintain and restore soil quality, refers to Holldobler & Wilson (1990) for information on ant biology and ecology, Table of ant biodiversity in various countries and continents varies from 23 species to 2233 species, species richness, ant biomass in the tropics is 0.1 - 0.8 g fresh weight m-2, this is a low biomass compared with other soil fauna but the population density of ants is 7 - 53% of the macrofauna, Table of species richness in various habitats including wheat, pasture, coffee, woodland, heathland, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, forests, trees, ant density four times higher in no-till farming than in conventional, abundance, effects of farming practices, community, assemblages, Table of nest density and amount of soil moved to soil surface in various habitats, sampling methods, pitfalls, baits, nest mapping, hand sampling, litter or soil extraction, lists deficiencies of pitfall trapping, foraging distances vary from less than 0.5 m to 50 m, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, classification into functional groups, ant activity can affect water movement in soil, ants deposit undecomposed organic material at the soil surface and affect nutrient cycling processes, there is usually some nutrient enrichment at ant nest sites, seeds and plant material may be discarded at the nest entrance, ants move soil (bioturbation) during nest construction and ant communities affect soil texture profiles, it was estimated that Lasius neoniger could turn over the upper 30 cm of soil in a corn field once every 2800 years and once every 1000 years for the grass borders, soil turnover rates, ant nests in farmland reappear in less than two months after cultivation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1380
Author: Lockeretz, W.; Shearer, G.; Sweeney, S.; Kuepper, G.; Wanner, D.; Kohl, D. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Maize yields and soil nutrient levels with and without pesticides and standard commercial fertilizers
Journal: Agronomy Journal
Volume: 72
Pages: 65-72
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4042
Author: Locket, G. H.
Year: 1978
Title: The Leckford Survey spiders progress report
Journal: January 1978 Mimeo
Pages: 23 pp (13-22)
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, community, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls containing mercury phenylacetate and detergent, methods, in wheat field, cereals, Gramineae, 1973-4, more males caught than females, sex ratios, numbers very low cf Sussex, mean of 5.1 spiders per 28 trap days, abundance, Erigone atra and Pachygnatha degeeri were dominants, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, a different wheat field in 1976, aeronauts present but not P.degeeri, ascribed to drought, weather


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 585
Author: Locket, G. H.; Millidge, A. F.
Year: 1951
Title: British Spiders
Journal: Ray Society, London
Volume: 1 and 2
Keywords: En.
Rep, key,Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 586
Author: Locket, G. H.; Millidge, A. F.; Merrett, P.
Year: 1974
Title: British Spiders
Journal: Ray Society, London
Volume: 3
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, key, additions, corrections, distribution, check list, species list


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3788
Author: Lockley, T. C.; Young, O. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Phidippus audax (Araneae, Salticidae) predation upon a cicada (Tibicen sp.)(Homoptera, Cicadidae)
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 14
Pages: 393
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, USA, trophic behaviour, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in lab experiments will eat prey larger than itself but same size prey preferred, prey size selection, prey preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4443
Author: Lockley, T. C.; Young, O. P.
Year: 1987
Title: Prey of the striped lynx spider Oxyopes salticus (Araneae, Oxyopidae) on cotton in the Delta area of Mississippi
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 14
Pages: 395-397
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, diet, food, trophic behaviour, often the most abundant beneficial predator in cotton, in situ visual observations of predation, methods, 14 insect species were eaten, 71% were Hemiptera with the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris being 35%, 5 species of beneficial prey were killed, they were 10% of prey items, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, 21% of prey were 6 mm the same size as the predator, no araneophagy was observed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3786
Author: Lockley, T. C.; Young, O. P.
Year: 1993
Title: Survivability of overwintering Argiope aurantia (Araneidae) egg cases, with an annotated list of associated arthropods
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 21
Pages: 50-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, USA, mortality, survival, population dynamics, Mississippi, only 3/120 egg cases survived winter, mortality of eggs, number of spiderlings per eggsac, reproduction, fecundity, parasitoids emerged from 56% of eggsacs, natural enemies of natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Tromatopia rufopectus, Chloropidae, Pseudogarax signatus, in 2 years 100% of cocoons were damaged by birds, Aves, Vertebrata, field and laboratory observations, 19 species of insects and 11 species of spiders were collected from lab-reared egg cases ie bird damage allowed them entry, shelters


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3787
Author: Lockley, T. C.; Young, O. P.; Hayes, J. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Nocturnal predation by Misumena vatia (Araneae, Thomisidae)
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Pages: 249
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, diel cycles, USA, diet, food includes hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, predators of predators, hyperpredation, clover field, Leguminosae, arable, spiders on weeds, night observations with a red filtered headlamp, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4997
Author: Loganathan, J.; David, P.M.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Predator complex of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) in an intensively managed teak plantation at Veeravanallur, Tamil Nadu
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 24(3)
Pages: 259-263
Alternate Journal: Entomon
Keywords: Rep., India, pests, caterpillars, trees, forest, woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, the pest can reduce teak yield by 44%, agricultural statistics, Reduviidae, Pentatomidae, Aves, birds, Vertebrata, funnel pitfall traps, lab observations of predation in Petri dishes, consumption rates, in situ visual observation of predation, methods, adults and larvae of 5 carabid species killed and ate larvae and pupae of the pest on the ground, Calosoma maderae, Chlaenius rayotus, Craspedophorus angulatus, Omphra pilosa, Oxylobus dekkanus, a few species of reduviid and pentatomid bugs killed and ate pest larvae in the field, sometimes on the foliage, vertical distribution, spiders captured larvae, reference to 38 spider species predatory on other teak caterpillar pests, Araneus, Clubiona, Lycosa, Oxyopes, Thomisius, birds seen to be predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 234
Author: Lohse, G. A.
Year: 1964
Title: Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Staphylinidae I (Micropeplinae bis Tachyporinae) . (Key to Central European Tachyporus, translated by Bond, K.G.M. and Good, J.A.)
Journal: Goecke and Evers, Krefeld.
Volume: 4
Pages: 237-241
Keywords: Ger.
Rep, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2916
Author: Lohse, G. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Bodenfallenfange im Naturpark Wilseder Berg mit einer kritischen Beurteilung ihrer Aussagekraft
Journal: Jber. naturwiss. Ver. Wuppertal
Volume: 34
Pages: 43-47
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., methods, pitfall trap catches in nature reserve and a critical evaluation of their meaningfulness, 1978 pine forest and mixed deciduous woodland, trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, hand collecting showed Philonthus and Tachyporus to be much more numerous than Quedius and Mycetoporus, would expect Philonthus to be caught as easily as Quedius because it is large and active too, but pitfalls caught 244 individuals of 8 species of Quedius and only 3 individuals of 1 species of Philonthus, Philonthus decorus, Philonthus fuscipennis, Philonthus varius were very common in the area but completely or nearly missing from pitfalls, 121 individuals of 9 species of Mycetoporus caught cf 27 individuals of 4 species of Tachyporus, author suggests that Tachyporus and Philonthus can avoid pitfalls, Amara brunnea was one of the most abundant species by hand searching but none caught in pitfalls out of 2000 carabids caught, but 199 of similar sized Amara lunicollis caught, authors suggest that A. brunnea moves mainly in the litter but A. lunicollis searches for bare groud, author considers that pitfalls do not measure just activity density, trappability is also involved, autecological knowledge of behaviour of individual species needed as a precondition for evaluation of pitfall trap catches, author also suggests some circumstances where pitfall trapping is valid, abundance, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1070
Author: Lomholdt, O.
Year: 1984
Title: Pemphredon montanus Dahlbom 1845 - a new Danish sphecid wasp (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidae)
Journal: Entomologiske Meddelelser
Volume: 52
Pages: 51-52
Keywords: Dan.En.
Ate aphid Cinara pinea (Mordvilko) in coniferous forests, taxonomy, structure, pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3374
Author: Long, S.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid conter measures against the behavioural and physiological defences of their hosts
Journal: Unpublished BSc essay, University of Leeds
Pages: 7pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, physiology, arable, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, predators, hyperparasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3408
Author: Long, S.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid notes for Rothamsted interview
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3339
Author: Longley, M.
Year: 1994
Title: The effect of deltamethrin on the response of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hym.: Aphidiidae) to honeydew in a filter paper bioassay
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 48-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, pyrethroid insecticide prevents the wasp locating the honeydew patch, kairomones, searching behaviour, sublethal effects, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, distribution, dispersal, movement, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3821
Author: Longley, M.
Year: 1994
Title: The effect of deltamethrin on the response of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hym.: Aphididae) to honeydew in a filter paper bioassay
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 48-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, UK, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, Hymenoptera, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, Sitobion avenae, cereal aphids, cereals, Gramineae, deltamethrin prevents the wasp locating the honeydew patch, wasp flies away, distribution, dispersal, volatile kairomones, semiochemicals, host location, methods for honeydew collection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3726
Author: Longley, M.; Izquierdo, J.; Jepson, P. C.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Spatial and temporal changes in cereal aphid and hymenopteran parasitoid populations after an insecticide application
Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Supplement
Volume: 16
Pages: 402-403
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, UK., winter wheat, reduced dose, no pattern of immigration, suction sampling, sticky traps, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3556
Author: Longley, M.; Izquierdo, J. I.
Year: 1994
Title: Spatial and temporal changes in aphid/parasitoid distributions following an insecticide application to winter wheat
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 951-952
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, cereals, deltamethrin, pyrethroid pesticides, 4ha plots, full rate and reduced rate, Dvac, sticky traps, in situ visual counts, parasitoids reinvaded the centres of sprayed plots within days after treatment, in reduced rate plot aphids recovered to control levels rapidly but in full rate plots recovery was slow and infestations patchy, horizontal distribution, migration, movement, dispersal, behaviour, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5834
Author: Longley, M.; Jepson, P.C.
Year: 1996
Title: Effects of honeydew and insecticide residues on the distribution of foraging aphid parasitoids under glasshouse and field conditions
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 81
Pages: 189-198
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, foraging behaviour, Sitobion avenae, methods, pesticides, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, in field experiment fructose sprays to simulate honeydew, sticky traps for Aphidius spp., in glasshouse Aphidius aggregated on aphid-infested plants, aphids fell off plants in proportion to the amount of parasitoid foraging on those plants, dislodgement, aphid defense behaviour, fall-off, vertical dispersal, mainly Aphidius rhopalosiphi in field trials, in the field parasitoids aggregated in plots sprayed with fructose more than in those sprayed only with water or deltamethrin, pyrethroids, reference that aphid alarm pheromones can act as kairomones for parasitoids, references to parasitoids causing aphid dislodgement, references to honeydew as kairomones for parasitoids, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 973
Author: Lopez, E. G.; Teetes, G. L.
Year: 1976
Title: Selected predators of aphids in grain sorghum and their relation to cotton
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 69
Pages: 198-204
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, spiders, Araneae, biological control, Hippodamia, Chrysopa, Scymnus, Orius, Nabis, Geocoris, Syrphus, Collops, Notoxus, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Heteroptera, Nabidae, correlations between numbers of greenbugs and predators, Schizaphis graminum, movement of predators into cotton, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5078
Author: Lopez, R.; Potter, D.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Ant predation on eggs and larvae of the Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(1)
Pages: 116-125
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Agrotis ipsilon, pests, caterpillars, grass, Gramineae, USA, Popillia japonica in lawns and golf courses, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, Lasius neoniger preyed on A. ipsilon eggs and neonates put out  in the field,  two larger species of ant killed the later instars of larvae, methods, in situ direct visual observation of predation 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 43
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Trophic role of carabid beetles in a forest
Journal: Proceedings of VIII Intermational Colloquium of Soil Zoology, 'New Trends in Soil Biology', eds. Ph. Lebrun, H.M. Andre, A. De Medts, C. Gregoire-Wibo and G. Wauthy.
Pages: 281-286
Keywords: En.
Loricera pilicornis, Abax ater
Rep, size, polyphagous, prey, predation, Collembola, specialists, gut dissection, starvation, satiation, food depletion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 28
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1983
Title: Le regime alimentaire de huit carabides (Coleoptera) communs en milieu forestier
Journal: Acta Oecologica Oecologia Generalis.
Volume: 4
Pages: 331-343
Keywords: Fr.
Nebria brevicollis, Asaphidion flavipes, Notiophilus biguttatus
Rep, predation, prey, aphid


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 45
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1983
Title: Le regime alimentaire de Abax ater Vill. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Acta Oecologia.
Volume: 4
Pages: 253-263
Keywords: Fr.
Rep, prey, predation, pitfalls, gut dissection, biomass, aphids, worms slugs, insects, larvae, diet, sex differences, digestion rates, gruel


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2943
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Population density and biomass of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in a forest community
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 27
Pages: 269-278
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, beech woods, methods, plastic enclosures varying in size from 30 m2 to 285 m2, carabids caught inside enclosures in pitfalls, indiviual marking with microcauterizer, mark-release-recapture, Lincoln Index with Chapman's correction, migration suppressed, natality and mortality minimal because run for only 6-10 days,the 2nd method of determining density was catch effort, Seber 1982, ie trapping out beetles within enclosures, used regression of daily capture y on previous total capture x, intercept on x axis is estimate of population size, marked individuals distributed themselves randomly in the population, dispersal, movement, no difference in mortality of marked and unmarked individuals over 5 months in lab, mark-release- racapture and catch-effort methods gave the same density estimate for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus in 1978, total carabid density was only 0.1-2.0 m-2 in 1978-1981, total annual activity pitfall catch of Baars was not well correlated with density, eg P. oblongopunctatus density reduced 5.4 times between 1978 and 1981, but annual activity pitfall catch only reduced 2.8 times, gives carabid biomasses, disadvantages of the enclosure method, cannot set up enough enclosures to allow for spatial variation in population density, some carabids may remain inactive underground, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4240
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Composition et structure de trois peuplements forestier de Carabides
Journal: Acad. r. Belg. Bull. Cl. Sci.
Volume: 70
Pages: 125-160
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, forest, woodland, pitfalls, 1978-81, beech, pine, grassland becoming afforested in Belgium, Gramineae, deciduous, conifer, diversity of carabids was greater in grassland, year to year changes in community structure due to weather, stability increased in the order grass-pine-beech, suggests carabid community organisation moving from succession to climax, 50 species of adults plus some larvae, includes Notiophilus biguttatus, Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus madidus, Amara familiaris, Pterostichus melanarius, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara aenea, Amara plebeja, Asaphidion flavipes, Bembidion lampros


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4870
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Experimental study of the feeding of Abax ater Villers, Carabus problematicus Herbst and Cychrus attenuatus Fabricius (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Annales Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique
Volume: 114(2)
Pages: 227-240
Alternate Journal: Annales Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory observations,  Abax does not eat millipedes and woodlice, it can predate and scavenge and will tackle prey of its own size, prey size preference, Carabus prefers insects, especially caterpillars and will also scavenge, carrion feeding, necrophagy, Lepidoptera, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda, Cychrus prefers Mollusca but can eat other soft bodied prey and can scavenge, preference index of Ivlev, methods, food preference, prey selection, forest, trees, woodland, Belgium, A. ater killed and ate earthworms, slugs, spiders, woodlice, millipedes, centipedes, earwigs, ants, flies, caterpillars, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Limacidae, Araneae, Chilopoda, Dermaptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Diptera, Lepidoptera, C. problematicus killed and ate earthworms, slugs, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, etc, C. attenuatus killed and ate slugs, snails and larvae of Scarabaeidae
Notes: Fr., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 415
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Niche differentiation and community organisation in forest carabid beetles
Journal: Pre-print Carabidologists' Meeting at International Congress of Entomolog y at Hamburg, 1984
Pages: 31 pp
Keywords: En.
Asaphidion flavipes, Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Badister bipustulatus
Rep, Coleoptera, Carabidae, activity, daily activity, diel activity, annual activity, seasonal activity, phenology, distribution, diet, niche, niche breadth, niche overlap, competition, climax forest, weather, successional forest, pine, methods, pitfalls, barrier pitfalls, gut dissection, pre-oral digestion, laboratory, feeding trials, food preference tests, spring breeders, autumn breeders, breeding, predation, foraging, food, earthworms, Collembola, springtails, aphids, Nematocera, Diptera, mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2598
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1986
Title: Niche differentiation and community organization in forest carabid beetles
Journal: Ed by P.J. Den Boer et al ECM
Pages: 465-487
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2942
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Vertical distribution of activity of carabid beetles in a beech forest floor
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 30
Pages: 173-178
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, trees, methods, special modified pitfall to collect animals from various depths in the litter, behaviour, vertical stratification, Abax ater mainly active on soil surface, change in sex ratio in relation to depth, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus activity similar at all depths 0-10 cm, few larvae caught but more activity at the surface, gradual decrease with depth, abundance, activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2460
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1990
Title: The significance of intra- and interspecific competition in carabid beetles
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 31-38
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3675
Author: Loreau, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Competition in a carabid community: a field experiment
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 58
Pages: 25-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, beechwood, trees, Belgium, population dynamics, 4 year study, fenced plots with different densities of Abax ater and Pterostichus madidus, adults sampled with funnel traps, methods, pitfalls, mark-release-recapture, MRR, abundance, density, in 3 out of 4 enclosures A.ater converged to same density suggesting competitive regulation, recruitment rate, male biomass, male trappability were all reduced at the higher densities, introduced populations of P.madidus did not prosper but persisted, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus did not increase in the absence of A.ater, regional differences in the ecology of A.ater and P.madidus, weak intraspecific competition in A.ater but not in the other species, and no interspecific competition, lab experiment on rate of decrease of biomass of A.ater at various times after feeding, decline from c. 400 mg just after feeding to c. 250 mg after 1 week, A.ater in field were mostly at a weight indicating about 3 days since feeding, hunger, starvation, yearly maximum mean density of A.ater was fairly constant at c. 0.3 m-2 but P.oblongopunctatus declined from c. 1 m-2 in 1978 to 0.005 m-2 in 1987 based on MRR in enclosures


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2941
Author: Loreau, M.; Nolf, C. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Occupation of space by the carabid beetle Abax ater
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 14
Issue: 2)
Pages: 247-258
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, beech wood, forest, trees, methods, mark-release-recapture, 1005 Abax marked 841 recaptured, mean population density 2062 per ha or 0.2 m-2, the area of influence of the pitfall trapping grid was estimated by defining concentric rectangles and noting at which size of rectangle the density estimate stabilised, trappability greater for males than females and influenced by temperature, no effect of small scale variation in temperature as measured by sucrose inversion tubes next to each pitfall, capture-recapture data suggested random walk, mean home range was 675 m2 for males and 554 m2 for females, large numbers caught when heavy rain occurred after several dry days, a mean of 135 other individuals present in the home range of any individual, an individual is liable to encounter a mean of 543 other individuals in its trivial movements, author suggests Abax is a K-strategist living in a buffered, predictable, homogeneous climax environment, abundance, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1899
Author: Loring, S. J.
Year: 1985
Title: Gamma radiation effects on Collembola
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 805-809
Keywords: En.
Rep., pitfalls to collect Collembola at 10-100 m intervals from radiation source on Long Island New York, USA, 32 species, community diversities similar at all intervals except 10 m, Collembola appeared to be resistant to gamma radiation, only very high exposure affected population density and diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1271
Author: Los, L. M.; Allen, W. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Abundance and diversity of adult Carabidae in insecticide-treated and untreated alfalfa fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 1068-1072
Keywords: En.
Rep., Leguminosae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pesticides, insecticides, USA, 49 species of carabid, Harpalus pensylvanicus was reduced, it feeds on alfalfa weevil Hypera postica and on diapausing cocoons of the weevils parasite, pests, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Curculionidae, predation, pitfalls with ethylene glycol, Dvac for parasitoid cocoons, insecticides later in season reduce carabids and conserve parasitoids, predation on parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4116
Author: Los, L. M.; Allen, W. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Incidence of Zoophthora phytonomi [Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales] in Hypera postica [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] larvae in Virginia
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 1318-1321
Keywords: En.
Rep., alfalfa weevils, pests, pathogens, natural enemies, Leguminosae, arable, biological control, entomogenous fungi, disease, USA, 1979-81 in alfalfa, infection rates were highest at end of the spring crop when weevil populations were declining, the fungus suppressed the pest below the economic threshold only after heavy rain in one year, weather, humidity, microclimate, there was a negative correlation between fungus infection rates and % parasitism by the parasitoid Bathyplectes anurus, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, interspecific competition, inter-kingdom competition, fungus probably killed hosts before parasitoid larvae could develop, in years when epizootics occur complete decimation of the host population may be nearly as upsetting to the alfalfa ecosystem as an insecticide application


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4372
Author: Losey, J. E.; Denno, R. F.
Year: 1998
Title: The escape response of pea aphids to foliar-foraging predators: factors affecting dropping behaviour
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 23
Pages: 53-61
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphon pisum, trophic behaviour, lab and field cage experiments in alfalfa, Leguminosae, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, USA, less than 7% dropped in the absence of predators, dislodgement, defensive behaviour, 14% dropped in presence of Nabis americoferus or Geocoris punctipes or Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, nearly 60% dropped in the presence of adults of Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, adult aphids were more likely to drop than immatures, aphid density had no effect, nor did diel period or habitat complexity, likelihood of dropping is influenced by the risk of predation on the plant, the quality of the plant to be abandoned and the risk of mortality in the new habitat, references to dropping by aphids and other invertebrates, see also Losey & Denno in Ecology on synergism between predator species in the suppression of aphids, predators are thought to be more important than parasitoids in the control of aphids in alfalfa, ground predators such as carabid and staphylinid beetles are abundant and diverse, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Philonthus sp., Harpalus pennsylvanicus, adult C. 7-punctata consumed aphids at a higher rate than the heteropteran predators, C. 7- punctata adults were active at night as well as by day, diel cycles, diurnal, dislodgement at night could make aphids vulnerable to nocturnal carabids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4788
Author: Losey, J.E.; Denno, R.F.
Year: 1998
Title: Interspecific variation in the escape responses of aphids: effect on risk of predation from foliar-foraging and ground-foraging predators
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 115(1-2)
Pages: 245-252
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, alfalfa, Leguminosae, USA, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Coccinella 7-punctata. Both aphid species drop from alfalfa in presence of C. 7-punctata, but A. pisum more likely to drop than A. kondoi. Ground predators made a significant contribution to control of A. pisum but not A. kondoi. A. pisum that have left the plant disperse further, survive longer and relocate the plant faster than A. kondoi. All experiments in lab mesocosms. Vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, vertical stratification, positive interactions between predators, synergism, foraging behaviour, falling off plant, dislodgement, population dynamics, mortality, food, diet, trophic  behaviour, impact on pest populations, community interactions. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1681
Author: Lossbroek, T. G.; Theunissen, J.
Year: 1985
Title: The entomogenous nematode Neoaplectana bibionis as a biological control agent of Agrotis segetum in lettuce
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 39
Pages: 261-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cutworms, salad crops, insect pathogenic nematodes, natural enemies, biological control, field trials on sandy and loamy soil, Holland, Netherlands, plots of lettuce separated by plastic, soil irrigated, cutworms put out and nematodes applied with conventional tractor and spray boom, soil temperature 16C, sprinkle irrigation, nematodes successful in reducing plant damage, no difference between nematodes and endosulphan treatments, pesticides, insecticides, control slightly better on sandy than loamy soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5604
Author: Lott, D.; Duff, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Checklist of the Staphylinidae of the British Isles
Journal: Internet: http://www.coleopterist.org.uk/staphylinidae-ref.htm.
Alternate Journal: Internet: http://www.coleopterist.org.uk/staphylinidae-ref.htm.
Keywords: UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, rove beetles, identification, taxonomy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4396
Author: Louda, S. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Inflorescence spiders: a cost/benefit analysis for the host plant Haplopappus venutus Blake (Asteraceae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 55
Pages: 185-191
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Oxyopidae, green lynx spiders reduced seed feeders and benefitted the plant, USA, methods, plant damage, spiders on plants are beneficial to the plant by reducing herbivores but also detrimental by reducing pollinators, phytophages, if the net effect to the plant is beneficial the plant may be expected to evolve morphological adaptations, e.g. structural changes, to make it more suitable for the spiders, the effect of predation by Peucetia viridans on seed production by the plant was measured, site tenacity by female spiders is very high from bud initiation through to seed release, spiders selected larger plants, spiders were more frequent on H. venetus than on H. squarrosus that has a vertical inflorescence, habitat selection behaviour, spiders probably reduced pollinators and lower levels of seed set were associated with the presence of adult spiders, but this was more than offset by a greater number of flower heads that escaped herbivore damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1099
Author: Loughridge, A. H.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1983
Title: Aphid predation by Harpalus rufipes (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the laboratory and field
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 20
Pages: 451-462
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ate 18- 20 adult apterous Myzus persicae per day in lab, consumption rates, no instar preference but preferred apterae, behaviour, male fed longer than female, sex, more beetles climbed aphid-infested plants than clean ones, vertical distribution, stratification, more female than male on plants at lower aphid densities, positive relationship between aphid density and % feeding on aphids, threshold for feeding in field 6 aphids per plant, more beetles found in field at higher temperature, threshold 6C, % positive less in dry pitfalls than sweeps or formalin pitfalls suggesting fast digestion rate, methods, gut dissection, 5% of aphid population can be on ground (Griffiths), effective aphid density can be same as on plant


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 624
Author: Loughton, B. G.; Derry, C.; West, A. S.
Year: 1963
Title: Spiders and the spruce budworm
Journal: Mem. Ent. Soc. Can.
Volume: 31
Pages: 249-268
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, serology, precipitin test, Ouchterlony, agar, immunodiffusion, Lepidoptera, larvae, predation, prey, food, diet, pest, forest, conifer, (NB title needs checking)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2968
Author: Loughton, B. G.; West, A. S.
Year: 1962
Title: Serological assessment of spider predation on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Journal: Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont.(1961)
Volume: 92
Pages: 176-180
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars, pests, trees, forests, methods, serology, spiders and mites were important predators, Acari, predatory mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1046
Author: Lourenco, A.; Pinto, J.
Year: 1981
Title: New contribution to the study of the population levels of aphids on cereals in Alentejo 1980 (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidoidea)
Journal: Boletim da Sociedade Potuguesa de Entomologia
Volume: 22
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: Port.,En summ.
pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Portugal, forecasting for wheat, oats and barley, natural enemies abundant, biological control, predators, parasitoids, Aphidiidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 386
Author: Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Coccinellid community in an apple orchard bordering a deciduous forest
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.
Volume: 16
Pages: 143-150
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, Exochomus quadripustulatus
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, beating, sweeping, diversity, dominance, insecticides, spraying


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 27
Author: Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1984
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in two types of maize fields in Hungary
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 57-64
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes
Rep, pitfalls, monoculture, autumn breeders, edge, middle, rotation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2951
Author: Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1986
Title: The use of biochemical methods in the study of carabid feeding: The potential of isoenzyme analysis and ELISA
Journal: 5th Meeting of the European Carabidologists "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles", Poland 1982, Warsaw Agricultural University Press
Pages: 21-27
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, suggests using electrophoresis then ELISA in sequence to study carabid feeding, serology, corn borer pupae as prey, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, detected by electrophoresis from Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Brachinus explodens in the lab, ELISA used to quantify predation by P. cupreus larvae after different periods of starvation, larvae that had starved longer consumed more but great variation in consumption rate, suggests that electrophoresis detects true predation, rather than scavenging, because enzymes must be active for it to work, carrion feeding must be active for it to work


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4906
Author: Lovei, G.L.
Year: 2001
Title: Extinctions, Modern Examples of
Journal: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
Volume: 1
Pages: 13pp
Alternate Journal: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
Keywords: Rep., glossary, mass extinctions, North America, 71% of mammal species lost during Ice Ages, Australia, marsupials, Africa, many species were lost after first contact with humans especially on islands, Madagascar, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, moa, extinctions since 1600 corelated with human expansion, Hawaii, extinction cascades occur where other species are dependent on those species going extinct (e.g. moa raptor), estimates of global species richness range from 3 to 80 million species, introductions as a threat to species diversity, kokako, 100 species of birds and mammals became extinct this century, the sixth mass extinction driven by H. sapiens (!) is underway, 25% - 50% of global net terrestrial productivity goes to H. sapiens.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3168
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Brown, V. K.
Title: Early-season predation pressure in grasslands of different age
Journal: preprint
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5794
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Bycroft, B.
Year: 1992
Title: The effect of mulch on the incidence of insect pests, natural enemies and plant damage in organically grown cauliflowers
Journal: Proceedings of the 45th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 1992
Pages: 62-63
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 45th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 1992
Keywords: Rep., brassicas, field vegetables, horticulture, New Zealand, hand cultivation against weeds, wheat straw mulch, cereals, Gramineae, methods, metal barriers to separate 7 x 7.5 m plots, examination of picked plants in laboratory for aphids and natural enemies and plant damage, pests, Hemiptera, handsorting mulch samples to estimate abundance of arthropods, pests were Pieris rapae caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae, Lepidoptera, spiders, lacewings, hoverfly larvae, ladybirds, earwigs, rove beetles, predatory Heteroptera, Araneae, Neuroptera, Micromus tasmaniae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, biological control, community, habitat diversification, farming practices, butterflies heavily parasitised by Apanteles glomeratus, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, significantly less leaf damage in mulched plots but yield did not differ, significantly fewer aphid colonies in mulched plots, no significant difference between treatments in natural enemy abundance,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5156
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Cartellieri, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in forest fragments of the Manawatu, New Zealand: collapsed assemblages ?
Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Volume: 4
Pages: 239-244 
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, pitfalls, carabid assembalages were very species-poor with typically about 3-9 species, biodiversity, predation risk, low dispersal power and habitat fragmentation may contribute to this effect
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2722
Author: Lovei, G. L.; et al.
Year: 1992
Title: Floral resources for natural enemies: the effect of Phacelia tanacetifolia (Hydrophyllaceae) on within-field distribution of hiverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Journal: Proc NZ Pl Prot Conf
Pages: 60-61
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5761
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Hickman, J.M.; McDougall, D.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1993
Title: Field penetration of beneficial insects from habitat islands: hoverfly dispersal from flowering crop strips
Journal: Proceedings of the 46th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference
Pages: 325-328
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 46th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference
Keywords: Rep., New Zealand, predators, natural enemies, habitat diversification, landscape, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Diptera, Syrphidae, strips of coriander and phacelia in a wheat crop, cereals, Gramineae, Melanostoma fasciatum, pollen of these species in hoverfly guts showed that individuals dispersed at least 15 m from the strips, guts rarely contained both species of pollen suggesting that flies visited the field after feeding in a strip, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, yellow water traps, gut dissection, 245 hoverflies dissected and only one contained both species of pollen, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5760
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Hodgson, D.J.; MacLeod, A.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1993
Title: Attractiveness of some novel crops for flower-visiting hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) comparisons from two continents
Journal: In "Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture", Ed. by S. Corey, D. Dall & W. Milne, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Pages: 368-370
Alternate Journal: In "Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture", Ed. by S. Corey, D. Dall & W. Milne, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, habitat diversification, landscape, buckwheat, phacelia, coriander, quinoa, New Zealand, direct in situ visual observation of adult hoverfly floraging, in UK observations were made on buckwheat, coriander, sunflower, borage and marigold, 12878 obervations (mainly Melanostoma fasciatum) in New Zealand and 601 (six species, including Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae) in UK, quinoa and borage were not attractive, coriander and phacelia were preferred, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5762
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Macleod, A.; Hickman, J.M.
Year: 1998
Title: Dispersal and effects of barriers on the movement of the New Zealand hover fly Melanostoma fasciatum (Dipt., Syrphidae) on cultivated land
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 115-120
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Diptera, predators, hoverflies, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, strips of phacelia and coriander, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, ingested pollen as markers, gut dissection, did not usually disperse more than 20 m from the pollen source, males but not females flew downwind, foraging behaviour, flies usually avoided flying over bare areas (ploughed field, dirt track, asphalt road) so strips and crop should not be separated by bare ground, yellow water traps, reference that Scaeva pyrastri will fly more than 1 km daily between feeding and resting sites, long-term tracking not possible with pollen marker because the pollen is digested or defaecated, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5362
Author: Lovei, G.L.; McCambridge, M.
Year: 2002
Title: Adult mortality and minimum lifespan of the ground beetle Harpalus affinis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 29
Pages: 1-4
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, hand-collecting, pitfalls, longevity, most field-collected beetles survived in the lab for over a year and one survived for 655 days, there seemed to be no effect of gender on survival probability
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5759
Author: Lovei, G.L.; McDougall, D.; Bramley, G.; Hodgson, D.J.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1992
Title: Floral resources for natural enemies: the effect of Phacelia tanacetifolia (Hydrophyllaceae) on within-field distribution of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the 45th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference
Pages: 60-61
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 45th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference
Keywords: Rep., central strips of Phacelia within wheat fields, cereals, Gramineae, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, yellow water traps in the strip and at various distances from the strip within the crop, Melanostoma fasciatum, predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, 3-8 times more syrphids caught in strip-managed field than in control field, effect detectable up to 10 m from the strip, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2952
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Monostori, E.; Ando, I.
Year: 1985
Title: Digestion rate in relation to starvation in a predaceous ground beetle larva, Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 37
Pages: 123-127
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, serology, methods, Pterostichus cupreus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, detection period, digestion rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2605
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Radwan, Z. A.
Year: 1988
Title: Seasonal dynamics and microhabitat distribution of coccinellid developmental stages in an apple orchard
Journal: Ed by Niemczyk & Dixon, Aphidophaga
Pages: 275-277
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2459
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Sarospataki, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Carabid beetles in agricultural fields in Eastern Europe
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 87-93
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 885
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Sarospataki, M.; Radwan, Z. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Structure of ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) assemblages in apple: changes through developmental stages
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1301-1308
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, pests, biological control, community, Hungary, higher density and number of species in pesticide free cf treated orchards, 12 species in treated, 19 species in untreated, commonest were Coccinella 7-punctata, Adonia variegata, Adalia bipunctata, Exochomus quadripustulatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3425
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Sopp, P. I.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1987
Title: The effect of mixed feeding on the digestion of the carabid Bembidion lampros
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 22
Issue: 1-4)
Pages: 403-407
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, serology, methods, detection periods, digestion rate greater for larger meal size, alternative food did not affect rate, Sitobion avenae, mince, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trophic behaviour, physiology, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3424
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Sopp, P. I.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1990
Title: Digestion rate in relation to alternative feeding in three species of polyphagous predators
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 293-300
Keywords: En.
Rep., Bembidion lampros, Nebria brevicollis, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus fuscipennis, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, serology, methods, Sitobion avenae, mince, cereal aphids, pests, predation, Hemiptera, trophic behaviour, physiology, staphylinids digested food quickest, short detection period, no unequivocal evidence that detection period alters if alternative food given during the detection period, ELISA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4313
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Stringer, I. A. N.; Devine, C. D.; Cartellieri, M.
Year: 1997
Title: Harmonic radar - a method using inexpensive tags to study invertebrate movement on land
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Volume: 21
Issue: 2)
Pages: 187-193
Keywords: En.
Rep., miniature lightweight transmitters now available for tracking invertebrates, an alternative is a passive reflector, eg harmonic radar, portable transmitter/receiver weighs 8kg, tagged beetles located in the field at 15-30 min intervals, gives details of effects of aerial size and shape and detection range of several types of diode, tagged snails could be efficiently re-located after months, background noise from metal refuse etc, water and humidity reduced signal strength, maximum detectable distance was 0-13 m depending on equipment, references to recent lightweight tagging systems, methods, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Mollusca, New Zealand North Island


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4154
Author: Lovei, G. L.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1996
Title: Ecology and behaviour of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 41
Pages: 231-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, more than 40,000 species, species richness greatest in tropics, occur in all major habitats except deserts, a third of species are arboreal, trees, forests, woodland, trapping methods, evolution and adaptations, ontogeny and longevity, population dynamics, live up to 6.5 years, habitats, habitat finding behaviour, microhabitats, density and dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, abundance, density varies from less than 1 per m2 to more than 1000 per m2 at overwintering sites, diel activity cycles, nocturnalism more common than diurnalism, seasonal rhythms, feeding, trophic behaviour, food, diet, searching behaviour, foraging, extra-oral digestion, extra-intestinal digestion, food choice, food selection, food preference, of 1054 species worldwide 74% are carnivores, 20% omnivores and 8% herbivores, phytophages, larvae have more catholic diets than adults, techniques for studying diet, feeding rates, prey consumption rates, current limitations to diet studies, reproduction, fecundity varies from 5 to several hundred eggs, fecundity related to food supply, food shortage is common, hunger, larval mortality is a key factor, survival, survivorship, anti-predator defences, defence behaviour, population survival and metapopulation dynamics, landscape scale dynamics, dispersal power, assemblages and communities, dispersal capacity, community, usually about 10 - 40 species are active in a habitat in the same season, mean body size and habitat disturbance, competition and coexistence, in general evidence for interspecific competition between adults is inconclusive, but competition more likely between larvae, economic importance of carabids, carabids in biological control, carabids as environmental indicators, biodiversity, species richness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4602
Author: Lovei, G.L.; Szentkiralyi, F.
Year: 1984
Title: Carabids climbing maize plants
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 97
Pages: 107-110
Alternate Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Hungary, methods, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, stalk trap, stem trap, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, some carabids can climb corn plants but rarely do so.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 623
Author: Lovell, J. H.
Year: 1915
Title: Insects captured by the Thomisidae
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 47
Pages: 115-116
Keywords: En.
Not in GCRI library, Araneae, spiders, predators, prey, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1387
Author: Lowe, H. J. B.; Benevicius, L. A. D.
Year: 1981
Title: Increase in numbers of cereal aphids by insecticide application as an aid to plant breeding
Journal: J. agric. Sci. Camb.
Volume: 96
Pages: 703-705
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pesticides, methods, UK, contact insecticides have a greater effect on active predators which make frequent contact with chemical than on sedentary aphids, movement, distribution, dispersal, natural enemies, biological control, carbaryl allowed aphids to increase in absence of natural enemies, carbamate insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 621
Author: Lowrie, D. C.
Year: 1963
Title: Effects of grazing and intensive collecting on a population of the green lynx spider
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 44
Pages: 777-781
Keywords: En.
Oxyopes
Araneae, predators, methods, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 616
Author: Lowrie, D. C.
Year: 1971
Title: Effects of time of day and weather on spider catches with a sweep net
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 52
Pages: 348-351
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Araneae, predators, Oxyopidae, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2724
Author: Lowrie, D. C.
Year: 1987
Title: Effects of diet on the development of Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Araneae, Loxoscelidae)
Journal: J. Arachnol
Volume: 15
Pages: 303-308
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4642
Author: Loxdale, H.D.; Lushai, G.
Year: 1998
Title: Molecular markers in entomology
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 88(6)
Pages: 577-600
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., review, methods, allozymes, isozymes, protein markers, electrophoresis cheaper than DNA methods, DNA markers, RFLPs, DNA extraction methods, DNA fingerprinting, RFLP and OCR on mtDNA, PCR on nDNA, microsatellites, RAPDs, AFLPs, DALP, FISH probes, RT-PCR, PCR-ELISA, statistical analyses, applications including detection of parasitoids, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2950
Author: Loxdale, H. D.; Rhodes, J. A.; Fox, J. S.
Year: 1985
Title: Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations. 4. Detection of hidden genetic variation within populations of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)(Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Theoretical and Applied Genetics
Volume: 70
Issue: 4)
Pages: 407-412
Keywords: En.
UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, methods, enzymes, electrophoresis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 29
Author: Loxton, R. H.
Year: 1982
Title: Macropterous individuals of Trechus obtusus Erichson (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 118
Pages: 132
Keywords: En.
Trechus quadristriatus
Anglesey, Luff, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3807
Author: Lubben, B.
Year: 1989
Title: Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on the abundance of Collembola on two agricultural soils
Journal: 3rd International Seminar on Apterygota, Ed. by R. Dallai, University of Siena, Italy
Pages: 419-428
Keywords: En.
Rep., sewage used as fertiliser in agriculture, Germany, agricultural practices, agricultural statistics, 29% German sewage used on fields, 1987-88, oats and wheat, cereals, Gramineae, loamy sand near Braunschweig, soil cores, MacFadyen extractor, Isotoma notabilis, Sminthurinus aureus, Folsomia fimetaria, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia candida, Bourletiella hortensis, Orchesella cincta, abundance, density, pollution, contamination, sludge increased Collembola abundance, species composition varied according to heavy metal levels, results for Acari and Diptera to be published later the heavy metals were zinc, copper, lead, chromium, nickel and cadmium, on sludge plots I. notabilis had lower densities where heavy metals were present than where there was no contamination references to heavy metals reducing growth rate and reproduction of Collembola, I. palustris did not appear to be affected by heavy metal, reference that some Collembola, such as Orchesella cincta, can detoxify lead by sequestering it in the intestine then moulting, abundance of F. candida seemed to be positively affected by heavy metal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3827
Author: Lubke-Al Hussein, M.; Triltsch, H.
Year: 1994
Title: Some aspects about polyphagous arthropods as antagonists of aphids in cereal fields
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 168-178
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, 1986-90, regressions of cumulative numbers of predators and peak aphids, winter wheat, winter barley, pitfalls, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, exclusion barriers used in 2 years, more aphids inside barriers, abundance, lab observations on consumption rates of carabids on cereal aphids and larvae of wheat blossom midge, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Contarinia tritici, Pterostichus cupreus ate 108 R.padi per day, Poecilus cupreus, Calathus fuscipes, Calathus melanocephalus, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes, Synuchus nivalis, Amara apricaria, Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus hypnorum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5465
Author: Lubulwa, G.; McMeniman, S.
Year: 1998
Title: ACIAR-supported biological control projects in the South Pacific (1983-1996): an economic assessment
Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Volume: 19(3)
Pages: 91-98
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Keywords: Rep., review, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, fruit-piercing moths, Lepidoptera, pests, parasitoids, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, Encyrtidae, trees, orchards, banana skipper (Hesperiidae), Braconidae, breadfruit mealybug and Rodolia limbata, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Leucaena psyllid, banana aphids and Aphidius colamani, banana weevil borer 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5231
Author: Lucas, E.
Year: 1998
Title: How do ladybirds [Coleomegilla maculata Lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)] feed on green lacewing eggs [Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)] ? 
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 130
Pages: 547-548
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, IGP, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, ladybirds, lacewings, Canada, cites references that ants and predatory mites are known to prey on stalked lacewing eggs, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, the ant cuts the egg from its stalk, foraging behaviour, laboratory, 1st instar ladybirds climb the stalk, 4th instars bend the stalk down to reach the egg, adults stand upright on hind legs to eat the egg, oophagy, interactions between natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5107
Author: Lucas, E.
Year: 2001
Title: Macrolophus caliginosus (Wagner) as an intraguild prey for the zoophytophagous Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 147-152
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foos, diet, trophic behaviour, frozen nymphs of M. caliginosus were a high quality food for D. tamaninii promoting development and survival, this was was better than tomato leaves or tomato fruit and as good as aphids, whiteflies and eggs of Pyralidae, Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Lepidoptera, these two mirids are commercialised and potential agents for biological control in greenhouses, they are the commonest predators in tomato greenhouses in Spain, glasshouses, protected crops, reference that intraguild predation occurs between these species and is symmetrical, they are also competitors, competition, IGP, intra-guild predation, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Ephestia kuehniella, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, interactions between natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5228
Author: Lucas, E.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Oviposition site selection by the predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(4)
Pages: 622-627
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Canada, aphids, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, eggs and larvae are vulnerable to intraguild predation and starvation, IGP, intra-guild predation, interactions between natural enemies, laboratory, potato, oviposition increased with density of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and plant pubescence, trichomes, plant structure, tritrophic interactions, midge adult females did not discriminate between plants colonised by Coleomegilla maculata and those free of this ladybird, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, reproduction, Aphidoletes egg survival on ladybird-infested plants was higher in sites with high trichome density, mortality, life history parameters, predation risk, anti-predator behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5962
Author: Lucas, E.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 2001
Title: A fox in sheep's clothing: furtive predators benefit from the communal defense of their prey
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(11)
Pages: 3246-3250
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., prey providing protection to predators, potato aphids on potato, pests, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, intraguild predation, IGP, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, laboratory study, methods, observations of predator foraging behaviour within aphid colonies of different sizes, incidence of Aphidoletes being killed by Chrysoperla, lacewing larvae caused aphid dislodgement but Aphidoletes did not, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, anti-predator prey defence behaviour, lacewings killed both aphids and Aphidoletes but proportionally less of the latter in large aphid colonies, Aphidoletes spent most time immobile and hidden (including covering themselves with aphid exuviae and paralysed aphids) within the aphid colony, Aphidoletes inject a paralysing toxin into the prey, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5232
Author: Lucas, E.; Coderre, D.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 1997
Title: Instar-specific defense of Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Col.: Coccinellidae): influence of attack success of the intraguild predator Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neur.: Chrysopidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42(1/2)
Pages: 3-12
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, IGP, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, ladybirds, lacewings, Canada, laboratory, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, 3rd instar lacewings captured 1st and 2nd instar ladybirds more easily than larger ladybird larvae, ladybird larvae drop from the plant, retreat, wriggle or bite to try and defend themselves, anti-predator behaviour, defences, dislodgement, vertical dispersal, lacewings were sometimes able to prevent the defensive effect of dropping by holding the ladybird larva in the air or by dropping with it to the ground, foraging behaviour, interactions between natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5234
Author: Lucas, E.; Coderre, D.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 2000
Title: Selection of molting and pupation sites by Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): avoidance of intraguild predation
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(3)
Pages: 454-459
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, molting and pupating arthropods are very vulnerable to attack by natural enemies, most ladybird larvae molted on potato leaves, moulting, but 90% left the plant to pupate, Canada, moulting on aphid-infested leaves incurred the greatest danger of IGP by lacewing larvae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, interactions between natural enemies, predation risk
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3348
Author: Lucas, J. R.; Grafen, A.
Year: 1985
Title: Partial prey consumption by ambush predators
Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology
Volume: 113
Pages: 455-473
Keywords: En.
Rep., optimal foraging, gut limitation model, digestion rate limitation model in which handling time is affected by rate of extra-oral digestion, enzyme production may increase with feeding rate in some fluid feeders, Marginal Value Theorem to predict how long a predator stays in a patch, MVT is inappropriate for ambush predators so a new model is presented here, trophic behaviour, predation, foraging, physiololgy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1259
Author: Lucero, R. M.; Raros, R. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Toxicity of carbofuran and gamma BHC to the spiderlings of the wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes. et Str. (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: Philipp. Ent.
Volume: 3
Pages: 69-75
Keywords: pesticides, insecticides, spiders, polyphagous predators, chlorinated hydrocarbons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3502
Author: Luckey, T. D.
Year: 1968
Title: Insecticide hormoligosis
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 61
Pages: 7-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides at 110 to 1/1000 LD100 dose can be stimulatory to growth rate of house crickets if they are under suboptimal conditions, Greek "hormo" = excite and "ologo" = small quantities, crickets stressed by suboptimal temperature and diet, then 14 pesticides tested including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphorus insecticides, the hypothesis of hormoligosis predicts that "one form of stress given in subharmful doses will help the organism overcome a more severe stress", and is a very general hypothesis not confined to insecticides, sublethal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 619
Author: Luczak, J.
Year: 1966
Title: The distribution of wandering spiders in different layers of the environment as a result of interspecies competition
Journal: Ekologia Polska, series A.
Volume: 14
Pages: 233-244
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4043
Author: Luczak, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Ecological groups of spiders on potato and rye fields
Journal: Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II Ser. Biol.
Volume: 22
Pages: 377-383
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Poland, community, vertical distribution, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4044
Author: Luczak, J.
Year: 1975
Title: Studies on the crop-field ecosystem. Part 1. 10. Spider communities of the crop fields
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Volume: 1
Issue: 3)
Pages: 93-110
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, community, more at edge than middle of rye, cereals, Gramineae, Poland, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 608
Author: Luczak, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Spiders in agrocoenoses
Journal: Polish Ecological Studies
Volume: 5
Pages: 151-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, Araneae, predators, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 625
Author: Luczak, J.; Dabrowska-Prot, E.
Year: 1966
Title: Experimental studies on the reduction of the abundance of mosquitoes by spiders. I. Intensity of spider predation on mosquitoes
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II (Ser. Sci. Biol)
Volume: 14
Issue: 5)
Pages: 315-320
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 618
Author: Luczak, J.; Dabrowska-Prot, E.
Year: 1970
Title: Preliminary observations on the food of the spider Theridion pictum (Walck.) and its predators
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 1
Pages: 109-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., webs, alder woodland, web density, herb layer, Araneae, Theridiidae , prey, Diptera, Nematocera, mosquitoes, Coleoptera, ants, Formicidae, Homoptera, percentage composition of prey types in webs, various species of Theridion ate each other.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 617
Author: Luczak, J.; Dabrowska-Prot, E.
Year: 1971
Title: The effect of competition between two spider species on the predation intensity and spider reduction under conditions of varying predator density
Journal: Fifth International Arachnological Conference, Brno.
Pages: 193-200
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 336
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1965
Title: A list of Coleoptera occurring in grass tussocks
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 101
Pages: 240-245
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, 3 years, 3 grass species, Silwood Park, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, phenology, community, Cryptophagidae, Lathridiidae, Corylophidae, Chrysomelidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae, UK, Gramineae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, overwintering, 26 carabid species and 65 staphylinids, mainly looked in Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata, but also some Deschampsia caespitosa and Juncus effusus, includes Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus madidus, Demetrias atricapillus, Stenus spp., Lathrobium brunnipes, Xantholinus linearis, Xantholinus longiventris, Xantholinus glabratus, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus pusillus and 2 others, Tachinus rufipes, Atheta fungi, Tachyporus were fairly numerous and were caught in nearly every month including winter


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 237
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1966
Title: The separation of Stenus impressus Germar and S.aceris Stephens (Col., Staphylinidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 102
Pages: 49-52
Keywords: En.
Rep(PNR), structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 333
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1966
Title: The abundance and diversity of the beetle fauna of grass tussocks
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 35
Pages: 189-208
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, community, Carabidae, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 335
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1966
Title: Cold hardiness of some beetles living in grass tussocks
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 9
Pages: 191-199
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, winter


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 30
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1969
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) I Carabini and Cychrini
Journal: The Entomologist.
Volume: 102
Pages: 245-263
Keywords: En.
Rep, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 32
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1972
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) II Nebriini
Journal: The Entomologist.
Volume: 105
Pages: 161-179
Keywords: En.
Rep, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 52
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1973
Title: The annual activity pattern and life cycle of Pterostichus madidus (F.) (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Ent. Scand.
Volume: 4
Pages: 259-273


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 25
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1974
Title: Adult and larval feeding habits of Pterostichus madidus (F.) (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Natural History.
Volume: 8
Pages: 403-409
Keywords: En.
Rep, prey, grassland, strawberry, garden, aphids, slugs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 44
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1974
Title: Aspects of damage by Strawberry Ground Beetle (Pterostichus madidus (F.))
Journal: Plant Pathology.
Volume: 23
Pages: 101-104
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 26
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Notes on the biology of the developmental stages of Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Col; Carabidae) and their parasites Phaenoserphus spp (Hym; Proctotrupidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 111
Pages: 249-255
Keywords: En.
Rep, insectary, oviposition period, larvae, development periods, pitfalls, winter, activity, nocturnal, temperature


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 227
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Centistes nasutus (Wesm.)(Hym; Braconidae) parasitising Amara apricaria Payk. (Col; Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Keywords: En.
Cereals?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2898
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Some features influencing the efficiency of pitfall traps
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 19
Pages: 345-357
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, comparison of glass tubes and gutter traps, glass more efficient per unit size, capture efficiency, tested in lab, traps caught 75% of beetles that touched the edge, but only small traps caught small beetles efficiently, the largest species was not caught well by any trap, escape rates from dry traps was 0% per day for glass, 4% plastic, 10% metal, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 33
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1976
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) IV Notiophilini and Elaphrini
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 27
Pages: 51-67
Keywords: En.
Systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 37
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1976
Title: The biology of Microctonus caudatus (Thomson), a braconid parasite of the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes (Degeer)
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 1
Pages: 111-116
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1978
Title: Diel activity patterns of some field Carabidae
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 53-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., Harpalus rufipes can occur at depths of 25 cm down in the soil during daytime, soil sampling, distribution, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 31
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1978
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) V. Omophronini, Loricerini, Scaritini and Broscini
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 29
Pages: 265-287
Keywords: En.
Rep, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 46
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1980
Title: The biology of the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes in a strawberry field in Northumberland
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 94
Pages: 153-164
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 53
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1980
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) VI. Licinini, Panagaeini , Chlaeniini and Oodini
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 31
Pages: 177-194
Keywords: En.
Loricera pilicornis, Badister bipustulatus
Rep, systematics, food, diet, unknown


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 50
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Diagnostic characters of the eggs of some Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement.
Volume: 15
Pages: 317-327
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3505
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Population dynamics of Carabidae
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 164-170
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, walled garden 1966-72, arable field 1973-81, relationship between pitfall catch and density, effect of temperature on pitfall catch, UK, methods, regular annual pattern of catch, peak log catch in different years for Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus aeneus, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, fairly stable populations, peak eggs per female by dissection, not true fecundity, mortality rate less than 10% per month, notes on parasitism, parasitoids, little evidence of density dependent mortality, estimated fecundity of H.affinis was 11, P.madidus 27, most females produced only 1 egg batch per season, quotes Hurka 1975 that field-caught P.melanarius laid 158 eggs cf lab-reared ones 17-77, references that Pterostichus versicolor and N.brevicollis lay eggs over a longer period, N.brevicollis fecundity 31- 40, very low fecundity of Harpalus species related to larger size of harpaline eggs cf other carabids, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3452
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1983
Title: The potential of predators for pest control
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 10
Pages: 159-181
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, large complex of predators control mainly minor pests on cotton, arable, predators also important against rice leafhoppers, Hemiptera, and in soybean, cereals, Gramineae, also mentions forest and glasshouse, trees, protected crops, stresses the importance of numerical response, especially the immigration and aggregation component, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, spatial distribution, stresses the importance of conserving natural polyphagous predator complex, good references including predation models


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 620
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1985
Title: The larvae of the British Carabidae (Coleoptera) VII. Trechini and Pogonini
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 36
Pages: 301-314
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, systematics, structure, taxonomy, key


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2597
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Aggregation of some Carabidae in pitfall traps
Journal: Ed by P.J. Den Boer et al ECM
Pages: 385-397
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 842
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Biology of polyphagous ground beetles in agriculture
Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset
Volume: 2
Pages: 237-278
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, pitfall efficiency, typical species, phenology, life history stages, fecundity, little known of larval food, diet, larval cannibalism may be important in density regulation, adult feeding, diel activity, feeding mechanisms, feeding behaviour, scavenging not well investigated, natural enemies role in population dynamics little known, parasitoids, defence, spatial distribution, movement between field centres and edges, overwintering, dispersal, mark-recapture, rates of movement, flight, distances flown almost unknown, population regulation, stability achieved by migration into areas of local extinction, mortality related to reproduction, mortality of life stages, density- dependent larval cannibalism, population regulation through food shortage, inter-specific competition between adults, not much known about population regulation, phytophages, carabid pests including Clivina, feeding on aphids, Bembidion lampros important, feeding on Diptera eggs and pupae, attraction into crops using lights, feeding on caterpillars, planthoppers, weevils, chrysomelids, scarabids, Colorado beetle, Lepidoptera, cultural practices, effects of weeds, herbicides, undersowing, reduced tillage, crop rotations, fertilizer, manuring, organic farming, insecticides, sublethal effects, non- target, side effects, danger of pitfalls, pirimicarb OK, pesticides, effects on eggs and larvae, long-term effects, little data from Southern temperate and tropics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2458
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Spatial and temporal stability of carabid communities in a grass/arable mosaic
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 191-200
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4855
Author: Luff, M.L.
Year: 1993
Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) larvae of Fennoscandia and Denmark
Journal: Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, E.J. Brill, Leiden
Volume: 27
Pages: 187 pp
Alternate Journal: Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, E.J. Brill, Leiden
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, keys to larvae, structure, morphology, taxonomy, systematics, identification, includes some notes on biology, voltinism, life cycle, food, collection, rearing, preservation and examination, phenology
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3533
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1994
Title: Starvation capacities of some carabid larvae
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" ed. by K. Desender et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands
Pages: 171-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, in lab, newly hatched larvae on moist filter paper, mean survival times 3-28 days, population dynamics, mortality, Pterostichus madidus survived up to 37 days at 5C, survival decreased above 10C, temperatures used 5,10 and 15C, methods, data transformed to probits and 50% mortality time calculated LT50, Carabus violaceous, Nebria brevicollis, P.madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Amara aulica, Harpalus rufipes, all autumn breeders with winter larvae, overwintering, mortality initially low but increases markedly as the larvae age, surface-active larvae such as P.madidus may have adaptations to enable them to survive longer, population dynamics, food supply, vertical stratification, soil,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4499
Author: Luff, M. L.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of carabids as environmental indicators in grasslands and cereals
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fennici
Volume: 33
Pages: 185-195
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, review, there is no classification of the carabid fauna in cereals in terms of their occurrence in relation to physical factors in the crop or environmental or geographical aspects, discussion of restricted use of pitfalls, funnel-covered pitfalls caught more individuals and species, diversity indices, effects of grassland management on carabid assemblages, multivariate analyses of carabids in cereals, 149 cereal trials from 8 institutes collated, 5 species were found in more than 135/149 sites, none were found at all sites, the year of collection was the most important factor affecting carabid species composition, the Boxworth Insurance fields (very high pesticide load) differed from the rest and were impoverished, carabid assemblages of grassland seem to be more variable than those of cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5491
Author: Luff, M.L.
Year: 2002
Title: Carabid assemblage organization and species composition
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 41-79
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, data from 119 published studies, methods, most data are from pitfalls, trapping protocol for surveys, species richness, biodiversity, estimation of true species richness from species accumulation models, about 32 species in UK fields, data from temperate Europe, North America and Japan also show a mean of just under 30 species, (7-52 species in different studies), species diversity from the log-series alpha, diversity indices, alpha was highly correlated with species richness, UK fauna has 350 species, 400 in Scandinavia, 1700 North America, 380 Holland, the majority of carabid species do not find agricultural land suitable, dominance and evenness, effects of management, timing and method of cultivation, pesticides, reduction in agrochemical inputs increases diversity and species richness, bio-dynamic, organic, species composition, the 5 dominants usually account for about 85% of the catch and the 10 most abundant species for about 95%, commonest genera in temperate Europe North America and Japan are Bembidion, Harpalus, Pterostichus, Agonum, Poecilus, Trechus, Amara, the following species from Europe also occur in North America, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Harpalus aeneus, (Harpalus affinis), Harpalus rufipes, body size distributions, 3 - 20 mm length, northern temperate regions tend to have more smaller species than hotter southern regions, multivariate analyses of environmental effects on assemblage composition, locality effects can override effect of cropping system, year effects can be less than those attributable to crop type, but in some studies year effects were large, and in others crop type was the dominant factor, soil type  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 41
Author: Luff, M. L.; Davies, L.
Year: 1972
Title: Ecological observations on some Carabidae (Coleoptera) from St. Kilda, with notes on other beetles new to the island
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 108
Pages: 46-51
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5605
Author: Luff, M.L.; Duff, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Checklist of the Carabidae of the British Isles
Journal: Internet: http://www.coleopterist.org.uk/carabidae-ref.htm.
Alternate Journal: Internet: http://www.coleopterist.org.uk/carabidae-ref.htm.
Keywords: UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, identification, taxonomy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2207
Author: Luff, M. L.; Rushton, S. P.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of pasture improvement on the ground beetle and spider fauna of upland grasslands
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 67-74
Keywords: En.
Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Erigone dentipalpis, Linyphiidae
Rep., spiders, Araneae, beetles, Carabidae, grassland, pitfalls, direct sowing, herbicides, rotavation, root crops, sheep, rotation, species composition, diversity, 33 carabid species, 53 spider species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 856
Author: Luff, M. L.; Rushton, S. P.
Year: 1989
Title: The ground beetle and spider fauna of managed and unimproved upland pasture
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 25
Pages: 195-205
Keywords: En.
Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Amara plebeja, Calathus melanocephalus, Pardosa palustris, Pachygnatha degeeri, Oedothorax fuscus, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis
Rep., Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, Redesdale EHF, Northumberland, pitfalls, alpha diversity, Euclidean distance similarity index, Principal Coordinates Analysis, minimum spanning tree, methods, 19-25 species (122-607 individuals) of carabid on unimproved cf 6-16 (24-385) on improved, spraying with chlorpyrifos, pesticides, insecticides, 23-40 (221-824) spiders unimproved cf 11-22 (105-428) improved, vegetation structure very important for spiders, abundance, distribution, mortality, Diptera, leatherjackets, pests, side-effects, non-targets, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5409
Author: Lukasiewicz, J.
Year: 1996
Title: Predation by the beetle Carabus granulatus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) on soil macrofauna in grassland on drained peats
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 40
Pages: 364-376
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, methods, serology, Poland, Gramineae, references to carabids predating earthworms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Carabus select prey by size rather than species, prey size preference, foraging behaviour, external digestion renders gut dissection unsuitable for this species, extra-oral digestion, references that soil animals (e.g. worms) emerge onto the surface in search of food where they are vulnerable to predation, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, pitfalls, antisera against Lumbricidae, Tipulidae and Elateridae, Diptera, Coleoptera, crane flies, wireworms, click beetles, double immunodiffusion on agar gel (Ouchterlony method), detection periods, digestion rates, sensitivity and cross reactions, C. granulatus guts contained the 3 prey types with Annelida dominating across sites and periods showing that it is an important food source for Carabus, unpublished data that carabids reduce some epigean worm populations by over 50%, other predators found to reduce worm numbers were Pterostichus nigrita, Pterostichus vulgaris (Pterostichus melanarius ?), Pterostichus caerulescens, Harpalus rufipes, Amara similata, Amara communis, Clivina fossor, Pterostichus anthracinus, Anisodactylus binotatus, Agonum sexpunctatum, Elaphrus cupreus, Calathus melanocephalus, Synuchus nivalis, Ocypus aenocephalus, Philonthis fuscipennis (= Philonthus cognatus), Philonthus varius, Cantharidae, Lycosidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, soldier beetles, Araneae, spiders, the main worm predators in autumn are larvae of Cantharidae, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 47
Author: Lund, R. D.; Turpin, F. T.
Year: 1977
Title: Serological investigation of black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon : Lep. : Noctuidae) larval consumption by ground beetles (Col. ; Carabidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 70
Pages: 322-324
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus
Rep, prey, predation, pitfalls, liquid nitrogen, methods, maize, cereals, Pterostichus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5782
Author: Lund, R.D.; Turpin, F.T.
Year: 1977
Title: Carabid damage to weed seeds found in Indiana cornfields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 695-698
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, granivory, spermophagy, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Evarthrus sodalis, Pterostichus lucublandus, Pterostichus chalcites and Harpalus pensylvanicus used in laboratory trials, beetle species showed preference for seeds of particular weed species, selection, foraging behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4929
Author: Luong, M.C.
Year: 1987
Title: Predators of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal (BPH) in ricefields of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Volume: 12
Pages: 31-32
Alternate Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., list of 21 species seen in ricefields, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera, Miridae, Veliidae, Agrocnemidae. Abundant species were Lycosa pseudoannulata (Lycosidae), 3 species of Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae), and Paederus fuscipes (Staphylinidae). There were also Salticidae, Sparrasidae, Oxyopidae and Linyphiidae. The carabid Ophionea indica was an important predator of BPH, as were Lycosa, Tetragnatha and Paederus (they all killed and ate BPH and bean aphid in the lab), predation rates, phenology, abundance, density in the field, Delphacidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2948
Author: Luqmani, Y. A.; Pollard, J. W.
Year: 1985
Title: Gene probes
Journal: Biologist. Journal of the Institute of Biology
Volume: 35
Pages: 269-276
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, if a piece of single-stranded DNA is allowed to come in contact with another single strand they will bond at regions of complementary bases, ie hybridization, 250 restriction endonuclease enzymes now isolated, they cleave DNA at specific sites, in these ways short stretches of DNA can be defined in terms of base sequence and cloned to effectively produce a reagent, this can then be used to map new DNA, eg DNA cut up by enzyme, electrophoresis to make single strands, these attached to nitrocellulose, treated with DNA, probe labelled with radioactive isotope, autoradiography to count the number of restriction fragments that show homology to the probe, probe systems now available for detecting DNA exceed by over 1000 fold the sensitivity of traditional serological assays, probes can also be labelled with enzyme or chemiluminescent, gene probes recognise the most fundamental property of a cell, its genetic blueprint, examples of applications in medicine, agriculture etc given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1967
Author: Luxton, M.
Year: 1967
Title: The ecology of saltmarsh Acarina
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 257-275
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, coastal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2599
Author: Lykouressis, D. P.; Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1983
Title: Movement away from feeding site of the aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) when parasitised by Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Journal: Entomol. Hellen.
Volume: 1
Issue: 2)
Pages: 59-63
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5474
Author: Lynch, L.D.; Hokkanen, H.M.T.; Babendreier, D.; Bigler, F.; Burgio, G.; Gao, Z.H.; Kuske, S.; Loomans, A.; Menzler-Hokkanen, I.; Thomas, M.B.; Tommasini, G.; Waage, J.K.; Van Lenteren, J.C.; Zeng, Q.Q.
Year: 2001
Title: Insect biological control and non-target effects: a European perspective
Journal: In "Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control" Ed. by E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott and P.C. Quimby, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 99-125
Alternate Journal: In "Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control" Ed. by E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott and P.C. Quimby, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., ERBIC project, review, side-effects of biological control, literature search and correspondence with 30 biocontrol experts, classical biological control, augmentative biological control, there are 5279 classical introductions of insects against insects in BIOCATand 1.5% produced non-target effects, the worst of these were parasitoids and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, natural enemies, pests, most records of augmentation are for insect pathogenic nematodes, Nematoda, a native moth on Fiji became locally extinct due to parasitoid release against a pest moth, Lepidoptera, Apanteles diatraeae seems to have become rare since the introduction of Cotesia flavipes against the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Gramineae, the impact of Encarsia formosa on endemic fauna in regions where it can survive outside the glasshouse is under study, similarly Trichogramma brassicae, Orius insidiosus, Harmonia axyridis non-target effects are under study, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, impact of Metarihizium, Beauveria and Steinernema on Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Collembola and Araneae in Finland rape fields, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, entomopathogenic fungi 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4099
Author: Lyons, L. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Some population features of reproductive capacity in Neodiprion swainei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 102
Pages: 68-84
Keywords: En.
Rep., sawflies, Symphyta, fecundity is reduced by poor food quality and quantity, by prolonged diapause and by parasitism by Tachinidae, Diptera, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, caterpillars, pine forest in USA, trees, woodland, N.swainei is parasitised by Spathimeigenia spinigera, female sawfly containing encapsulated parasite larvae emerged later and contained 20% fewer eggs than normal sawflies, altered phenology, alarm reactions of sawfly larvae to N.swainei reduced their feeding rate and subsequent fecundity, when parasitoids emerge from 17% of N.swainei cocoons the loss of reproductive potential is c. 70%, indirect effects of natural enemies, alarm behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3483
Author: Lys, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: The positive influence of strip-management on ground beetles in a cereal field: increase, migration and overwintering
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 451-455
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, farming practices, methods, Switzerland, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, habitat management, 5 weed strips in winter wheat, pitfalls, mark-release-recapture, overwintering soil samples, Berlese soil extractor and hand sort, pitfall catch increased in the strip managed area over 3 years and was 5-20 times greater than in the control area, 54 species in strip area cf 44 in control, more marked Pterostichus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius moved from control to strip area than vice versa, Poecilus cupreus, density of overwintering carabids was 3 times greater in strips than in cereals between them, only Clivina fossor and Trechus quadristriatus overwintered in the cereals but 14 species in strips, significant negative correlation between pitfall catch and width of cereal area between strips, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predator enhancement, augmentation, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3894
Author: Lys, J. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Observation of epigeic predators and predation on artificial prey in a cereal field
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 75
Pages: 265-272
Keywords: En.
Rep., Switzerland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, spring to summer 1993, winter wheat, Drosophila pupae boards and pitfalls examined every one or 2 hours, artificial prey baits, Diptera, density from fenced pitfalls in covered quadrats, night predation on Drosophila boards recorded with infrared video and time- lapse, Carabidae observed most frequently, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Pterostichus cupreus was most active diurnal predator, diel cycles, diurnalism, Philonthus cognatus was most observed rove beetle, Staphylinidae, Tachyporus hypnorum approached pupae but did not bite them, Lycosidae rarely attacked the pupae, Linyphiidae frequently attacked the baits at night but were not able to eat them, spiders, Araneae, nocturnalism, food, trophic behaviour, Agonum muelleri was main nocturnal predator, other predators observed to eat the pupae were Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus larvae and slugs, Mollusca, predation rates were highest 10:00 - 18:00 h and higher than at 18:00 - 02:00 h, lowest was 02:00 - 10:00 h, positive correlation between predation rate and temperature and between pitfall catch and predation rate, more so for carabids than staphylinids, large differences between % composition of carabids and staphylinids for pitfalls and quadrats, few carabid and staphylinid larvae caught in pitfalls cf quadrats, high predation rates 6- 97% of pupae removed in spite of spiders and T.hypnorum not being adequately assessed, in lab P.cupreus consumed 20 or more pupae in a few hours even at low temperature, it can travel 20 m per day, activity, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, it is very aggressive and drove smaller predators away and fought with conspecifics, agonistic behaviour, intraspecific interactions, interspecific interactions, competition, Amara aenea, Agonum muelleri and Agonum dorsale behaved similarly, night predation may increase later in season at higher temperatures and when autumn breeders appear, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2470
Author: Lys, J. A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Surface activity of carabid beetles inhabiting cereal fields - seasonal phenology and the influence of farming operations on 5 abundant species
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 35
Issue: 3)
Pages: 129-138
Keywords: En.
Rep., Switzerland, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, farming practices, May-September 1989, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, mark recapture, 380 pitfalls in 5500 sq m in 7.5 ha field, half field harvested in July rest in August, marked on elytra with Edding pens, methods, lasted 4-6 wks cf bee labels which lost 20% in 1 day, Pterostichus cupreus common in spring and travelled c. 15 m per day, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Pterostichus anthracinus had low activity and travelled 8 m per day in spring, Pterostichus melanarius travelled 7m per day before harvest and 12 after, Harpalus rufipes had a low surface activity but this increased after harrowing when it travelled 14 m per day, mobility, Pterostichus niger appeared in September had a high activity and travelled 15 m per day after harrowing, P.melanarius and P.anthracinus moved paralell to wheat rows especially before harvest and harrow but P.cupreus did not, behaviour, direction travelled


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2464
Author: Lys, J. A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1992
Title: Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip- management. 4. Surface activity, movements and activity density of abundant carabid beetles in a cereal field
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 373-382
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Switzerland, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, winter barley May to September 1990 and winter rye May to July 1991, 1.5 m wide strips in cereals cf control cereals, second and third year of strip succession, dry pitfalls, marking with India ink on elytra and release 10 cm from trap where caught, methods, Pterostichus cupreus activity density 10 times higher in strip managed cereal than control, similar for Pterostichus anthracinus, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus granulatus, gives distances moved, Harpalus rufipes had low catch but moved large distances, distribution, dispersal, migration, behaviour, teneral P.melanarius were very inactive until fully tanned, activity related to age and growth stage, after harvest most P.cupreus movement ended in cereal rather than strip, Pterostichus niger and H.rufipes were more closely connected to strips after harvest than P.cupreus or P.melanarius, in 1991 significantly more P.melanarius and P.cupreus moved from control to strip than the reverse, 92% of strip managed area was cereals, higher catch in strip area assumed to be due to prolongation of reproductive period, gut dissection of P.cupreus in 1991 showed females better nourished with more eggs for a longer period than in control, fecundity, food consumption, gut fullness in relation to habitat, male P.cupreus copulated for a longer period and tenerals were found in greater numbers over a longer period in the strip area


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3383
Author: Lys, J. A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Improvement of the overwintering sites for Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae by strip-management in a cereal field
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 38
Pages: 238-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., Switzerland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereal field divided up by experimentally introduced weed strips, denser and more diverse fauna of polyphagous predators overwintered in the strips cf cereals, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, but more beetle larvae in field than strips, distribution, behaviour, strips sown 1989, overwinter soil samples in 1990-91, handsearch of soil samples then Berlese extraction then another handsearch, methods, adults of 14 species of carabid in the strips but only Trechus quadristriatus and Clivina fossor in the field, gives table of densities, total carabid adults 243 m-2 in strips and 55 in field, larvae 87 in strips 49 in field, staphylinid adults 803 in strips 85 in field, Linyphiidae 149 in strips 11 in field, mean density of polyphagous predators more than 1300 m-2, biomass or density of vegetation layer is very important for overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3627
Author: Lys, J. A.; Zangger, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Effects of strip-management on reproduction and activity- density of ground beetles in a cereal field
Journal: Acta Jutlandica, in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Switzerland, winter rye, Gramineae, methods, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, rye with weed strips, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus anthracinus, greater pitfall catch and greater proportion of females in weed strip and cereal strip (ie 12 m from weed strip) than in cereal control area (ie 50 m from weed strip), sex ratio, P.cupreus females had longer elytra and greater biomass in strips than control, P.cupreus and P.anthracinus had fuller guts in strips and P.cupreus had more eggs in the ovaries in strips, population dynamics, fecundity, trophic behaviour, food consumption, strip management probably increases reproductive output, reproduction, recruitment, references to hedge removal in Europe and number of arthropod taxa associated with weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3486
Author: Lys, J. A.; Zimmermann, M.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Increase in activity density and species number of carabid beetles in cereals as a result of strip management
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 73
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Switzerland, farm practices, predator enhancement, 5 weed strips in winter wheat, pitfalls, catches greater in strip- managed than control area, more individuals and species, negative correlation between catch and distance from strip, Table of 69 species showing year and location, weed strips offered refuges during unfavourable climatic conditions such as drought, habitat manipulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1091
Author: Mack, T. P.; Smilowitz, Z.
Year: 1979
Title: Diel activity of green peach aphid predators as indexed by sticky traps
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 8
Pages: 799-801
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, methods, behaviour, diel cycle, potatoes, arable, Coccinellidae adults 13.00 - 17.00, Chrysopidae nocturnal, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators, see also Env Ent 9, 440-445


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3285
Author: Mack, T. P.; Smilowitz, Z.
Year: 1981
Title: The vertical distribution of green peach aphids and its effect on a model quantifying the relationship between green peach aphids and a predator
Journal: American Potato Journal
Volume: 58
Issue: 7)
Pages: 345-353
Keywords: En.
Rep., Myzus persicae attacked by Coleomegilla maculata on potato, aphid distribution measured in the field in relation to different rates of application of aldicarb, aphids were mainly on lower parts of the plant at low aldicarb levels, but higher on plant at increased aldicarb dosages, there was then a seasonal change and most aphids were found lower down later on, predator usually searches top and bottom of plants more than middle, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, arable, Hemiptera, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, searching behaviour, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3909
Author: Mackauer, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitoids
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 41-62
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, foraging behaviour, host selection, some species can decide to oviposit a fertilized female egg or an unfertilized male egg, sex ratio, sex determination, heterospecific superparasitism (= multiple parasitism) can lead to competitive displacement of one species by another because of larval competition within the host, population dynamics, cleptoparasitism is a special case of multiple parasitism where the wasp deliberately searches for and oviposits in hosts parasitized by another species, reproduction, Hymenoptera, avoidance of self-superparasitism and conspecific superparasitism can be by detection of pheromone-like external oviposition markers, which might even be individual-specific, or by changes in host quality due to the developing parasitoid embryo, semiochemicals, controversial possibility that females can learn not to superparasitize, Aphidius smithi can show heterospecific discrimination, Braconidae, most first instar parasitoid larvae have large mandibles that can be used to attack other larvae in the same host, competing larvae or eggs might also be destroyed by toxins, starvation or asphyxiation, but no definite evidence, structure, interference competition, agonistic behaviour, stinging by Ephedrus without oviposition caused the death of any Aphidius eggs present in pea aphids, probably a toxin released, Acyrthosiphon pisum, arable, interspecific competition, natural enemies of natural enemies, the relative timing of attack by each species is often vital in determining the outcome of competition, but the "oldest larva advantage" does not always apply, younger larvae of some species can successfully attack older larvae of other species, the outcome of competition between 3 sympatric species of pea aphid parasitoids, where interactions are very complex, cannot be predicted by deterministic models, many aphid species are attacked by several Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae parasitoids with overlapping host ranges, competition would be reduced if the outcome of competition varies under different conditions, superparasitism is wasteful in biological control projects because of loss of reproductive potential, searching time or both


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3895
Author: Mackauer, M.; Ehler, L. E.; Roland, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Critical Issues in Biological Control
Journal: Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 330 pp
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., models, parasitoids, natural enemies, individual variation, larval competition, plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency, multitrophic models, selection and introduction of natural enemies for classical biological control, parasitoid guilds, parasitoid aggregation, spatial aspects of pest-enemy interactions, genetic variation in natural enemies, environmental impact of natural enemies, economic impact of biological control of insects and weeds, population dynamics, arable, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging, behaviour, book, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 466
Author: Mackie, D.
Year: 1967
Title: Spiders and harvestmen of the south Lancashire dune area
Journal: Naturalist, Hull.
Volume: 902
Pages: 99-103
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2141
Author: Mackie, D. W.
Year: 1971
Title: Notes on some linyphiid spiders from Tentsmuir, Fifeshire
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 2
Pages: 33-37
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, Scotland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1789
Author: Maclagen, D. S.
Year: 1932
Title: An ecological study of the lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis L.)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 23
Pages: 101-145
Keywords: En.
Rep., Collembola, pests, Leguminosae, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, predators in lab, Coccinella 7-punctata, Philonthus politus, Philonthus laminatus, Stenus spp., Lathrobium brunnipes, Paederus litoralis, Xantholinus linearis, Bembidion littorale, Anthocoris nemorum, Lygus pratensis, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Carabidae, ground beetles, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Forficula auricularia ate 6 per day, consumption rates, Dermaptera, earwigs, Erigione spp. ate 100 in 42 days, Table of consumption rates, Philodromus immatures, Xysticus immatures, Meta segmentata, Pachygnatha degeeri, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Sciaridae larvae and Isotoma readily ate Sminthurus eggs, behaviour, Diptera, Arthropleona, Isotomidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3086
Author: Maclellan, C. R.
Year: 1973
Title: Natural enemies of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, in the Australian Capital Territory
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 105
Pages: 681-700
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, moth larvae eaten by spiders, Miridae and Chrysopidae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, trees, orchards, biological control, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Araneae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Australia, pome, citrus and vine pest, survival of less than 1% eggs in pesticide free apple orchard, in situ predator density counts, lab observations of feeding on various larval instars, precipitin test, 87% mortality of neonates, gives parasitoids, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Achaearanea veruculata a good predator, some small predators could not handle neonates, the % spiders with missing legs increased 2% to 15% as prey levels declined and was attributed to cannibalism, highest % positives were for medium sized spiders, feeding rates in lab, some spiders only ate larvae when very hungry, spiders formed 78% of the active arthropod predators on the leaves, many spiders occupied strategic locations to intercept neonates moving from egg masses to feeding locations on the branch terminals, shortly after a larva was discovered by a single ant there was an increase in activity of ants and large numbers ascended the tree, disturbed larvae have the defensive reaction of dropping on silken threads, gives typical locations of spider species on the tree, short detection periods, Formicidae, trophic behaviour, predation, prey size selection, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, leaf rollers, prey preference, Hymenoptera, social insects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5767
Author: MacLeod, A.
Year: 1999
Title: Attraction and retention of Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera: Syrphidae) at an arable field margin with rich and poor floral resources
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 73
Pages: 237-244
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: UK, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, margin strips of flowering plants, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, E. balteatus was significantly more abundant (and dispersed away from less rapidly) in the florally-rich strip than in the impoverished one, methods, yellow water traps, observation of paint-marked individuals, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2975
Author: MacLeod, A.; Sotherton, N. W.; Harwood, R. W. J.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1995
Title: An improved suction sampling device to collect aphids and their predators in agro-ecosystems
Journal: Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel, Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 125-131
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Dvac, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Ryobi vac, petrol driven suction sampler, details of machine, nozzle size 0.01 m2, grassland in winter, grass, efficiency compared with soil and vegetation core examined in the lab, collection from stands of different species of grass, also compared Ryobi vac with Thornhill sampler in winter wheat in May, collected weights up to 3.9g, usually no significant differences in % Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae collected between different grass species, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, overall sampling efficiency about 50%, highest for Araneae and lowest for Staphylinidae, Ryobi vac collected significantly more cereal aphids and adults and larvae of Tachyporus per unit area in winter wheat than did Thornhill machine


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3037
Author: Macleod, A.; Wratten, S. D.; Harwood, R. W. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The efficiency of a new lightweight suction sampler for sampling aphids and their predators in arable land
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 124
Pages: 11-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, methods, Ryobi RSV3100E sweeper-vac, 5.2 kg, 2 stroke petrol engine, nozzle sampling area 0.01 m2, sampled polyphagous predators for various durations from grassy hedge bottom in winter, Gramineae, efficiency by soil core after sample then hand searched in lab, vac efficiency at collecting polyphagous predators from single species grass stands in winter and soil core efficiency method, May 1992 winter wheat comparison between Ryobi and Thornhill sampler, Ryobi air speed 16 msec-1, airflow 9.6 m3min-1, cf Thornhill 5.7 msec-1 and 34.2 m3min-1, Ryobi was quieter, Ryobi collected stones up to 3.9g, 30s duration gave 75% efficiency for Araneae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, extraction efficiency did not vary with grass dry weight, Ryobi caught significantly more aphids and Tachyporus larvae per unit area, spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2742
Author: Macnamara, C.
Year: 1924
Title: The food of Collembola
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 56
Pages: 99-105
Keywords: En.
diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4218
Author: Macrae, I. V.; Croft, B. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Influence of temperature on interspecific predation and cannibalism by Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 770-775
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, T. pyri was a more active predator at low temperatures, early-season predation on M. occidentalis immatures by T. pyri could contribute to displacement of M. occidentalis from apple orchards in western Oregon, laboratory experiments with eggs, larvae and adults, trees, woodland, top fruit, interactions between natural enemies, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, distribution, competitive exclusion, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4257
Author: Macrae, I. V.; Croft, B. A.
Year: 1997
Title: Intra- and interspecific predation by adult female Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when provisioned with varying densities and ratios of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and phytoseiid larvae
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Pages: 235-245
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, intraguild predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, M. occidentalis and T. pyri used separately or together as biocontrol agents of pest mites on apple, trees, orchards, top fruit, lab experiments in USA, T. pyri is a more generalist predator and showed higher rates of cannibalism and predation on phytoseiid immatures, this may enable T. pyri to persist in orchards when M. occidentalis is declining


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2477
Author: Mader, H. J.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on the biocenosis in rural landscapes
Journal: Ecological Bulletins
Volume: 39
Pages: 169-179
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4320
Author: Mader, H. J.; Schell, C.; Kornacker, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Linear barriers to arthropod movements in the landscape
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 54
Pages: 209-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., Germany, density of paved roads is 3.6 km/km2, pitfalls in fields, alongside a road, a grass track and a railway line, ground beetles marked with paint and released 1 m from pitfall where caught, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, also released night-active Pterostichus melanarius in evening and diurnal Amara in daytime at edge of road and observed direction taken, also tested wolf spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, grass track, Gramineae, 97 carabids caught over 5 weeks, Loricera pilicornis, P. melanarius, Carabus granulatus, Carabus monilis, ratio of parallel to transverse movements was 1.4 cf 1.8 in field, gravel track, mainly P. melanarius over 10 weeks, 6.6 cf 1.5 in field, paved track, P. melanarius, L. pilicornis, Agonum sexpunctatum, 4.4, railway, P. melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Nebria brevicollis, Carabus violaceous, Abax parallelepipedus, % crossing the line ranged from 3.2 to 17.4, controlled release experiments, Amara and P. melanarius significantly preferred the verge to the ashphalt road, Pardosa amentata significantly preferred to rush back to the edge of the paved road, mean time 42 sec


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2476
Author: Mader, J. H.
Year: 1988
Title: Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 29
Pages: 81-96
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1578
Author: Madge, D. S.; Buxton, J. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Relative humidity reactions of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera, Forficulidae)
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3)
Pages: 103-112
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, microclimate, weather


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1576
Author: Madge, D. S.; Buxton, J. H.
Year: 1976
Title: The evaluation of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a predator of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli). II. Choice of prey
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 19
Pages: 221-226
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, horticulture, UK, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5274
Author: Maeda, T.; Takabayashi, J.; Yano, S.; Takafuji, A.
Year: 2001
Title: Variation in the olfactory response of 13 populations of the pedatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi to Tetranychus urticae-infested plant volatiles (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)
Journal: Experimental  and Applied Acarology
Volume: 25
Pages: 55-64
Alternate Journal: Experimental  and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Japan, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, semiochemicals, kairomones, infochemicals, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, infested bean leaves in olfactometer, methods, predator collected from 13 sites all over Japan, test predators had fed on T. urticae or Tetranychus pueraricola or Tetranychus kanzawai, there was significant variation between predator populations in the probability of responding to mite-infested leaves, the non-discriminating predators had all been collected from tea plants, tritrophic interactions, intraspecific variation 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3745
Author: Maelfait, J. P.; Baert, L.
Year: 1975
Title: Contribution to the knowledge of the Arachno- and Entomofauna of different wood habitats. Part I.: Sampled habitats, theoretical study of the pitfall method, survey of the captured taxa
Journal: Biologische Jaarboek Dodonaea
Volume: 43
Pages: 179-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, forest, woodland, species composition, community, methods, Belgium, interpretation of pitfall results, Macrargus rufus, Linyphiidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2312
Author: Maelfait, J. P.; De Keer, R.
Year: 1990
Title: The border zone of an intensively grazed pasture as a corridor for spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 54
Pages: 223-238
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, Ghent Belgium, border = grassy margin partly grazed 0.5 m high with litter, 1982-3, pitfalls, methods, measures taken to reduce activity aspect of pitfall catch, 77 species, more species in border but more individuals in field, Linyphiida e money spiders strong dominants, Pardosa and Pachygnatha preferred border, linyphiids preferred field, Pardosa 1 generation per year but 2 for Erigone, phenology, voltinism, Pardosa palustris an exception because common in the field, overwintering, Oedothorax believed to migrate to border in winter, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2478
Author: Maelfait, J. P.; Desender, K.; De Keer, R.; Pollet, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Investigations on the arthropod fauna of grasslands
Journal: Ed by J.R. Park
Pages: 170-177
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 16
Author: Maelfait, J. P.; Desender, K.; Steenhoudt, R.; Vanhercke, L.
Year: 1980
Title: Coexistence of carabid beetles
Journal: Biol. Jaarb.
Volume: 48
Pages: 119-125
Keywords: Interspecific competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1090
Author: Maelzer, D. A.
Year: 1977
Title: The biology and main causes of changes in numbers of the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.) on cultivated roses in South Australia
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 25
Pages: 269-284
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, flowers, predators, natural enemies, biological control, 2 Coccinellidae and 2 Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, often exterminated aphids and often kept them below economic threshold, methods, exclusion cages, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 410
Author: Maeta, Y.
Year: 1969
Title: Biological studies on the natural enemies of some coccinellid beetles. 1. Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank)
Journal: Kontyu.
Volume: 37
Pages: 147-166
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata
Rep, pupae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasites, eggs, oviposition, eggs laid in coccinellid pupae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1307
Author: Magan, N.; Lacey, J.
Year: 1986
Title: The phylloplane microflora of ripening wheat and effect of late fungicide applications
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 109
Pages: 117-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, pesticides, fungi, flags and ears of spring wheat and winter wheat, yeasts, yeast-like-fungi, Cladosporium, Verticillium lecanii, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium, Epicoccum nigrum, fungicides affected most but not Alternaria, fungicide at watery ripe increased yield by 0.2 tonnes per ha


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2401
Author: Mahdi, T.; Whittaker, J. B.
Year: 1993
Title: Do birch trees (Betula pendula) grow better if foraged by wood ants ?
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 101-116
Keywords: En.
Rep., Formicidae, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forests, Formica rufa, UK, 2/7 aphid species had ant mutualism and were increased, the others were decreased, in general ants decreased aphids early in season and increased them later, other insects were decreased by ants, leaf area removed was 6 times higher on ant-free trees, but effect on tree growth was slight, Hemiptera, pests, damage, yield, behaviour, defence, protection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5176
Author: Mair, J.; Port, G.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Predation by the carabid beetles Pterostichus madidus and Nebria brevicollis is affected by size and condition of the prey slug Deroceras reticulatum
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 99-106
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, dead slugs were eaten in preference to injured or healthy slugs in the lab, carrion feeding, scavenging, necrophagy, only small slugs were killed, mucus production by large living slugs could be an effective anti-predator defence, positives in serological tests may therefore reflect mainly scavenging rather than predation, methods, interpretation of results of ELISA and other post-mortem methods, no-choice and choice trials, female P. madidus kill or scavenge more slugs than males, sex-related differences in food consumption, beetles are likely to scavenge slugs that contain molluscicide, pesticides, methiocarb can have sublethal effects on carabids, several carabids could feed from one dead slug which would produce misleading ELISA results, critical appraisal of conclusions of Symondson and Bohan et al. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5963
Author: Mair, J.; Port, G.R.
Year: 2002
Title: The influence of mucus production by the slug, Deroceras reticulatum, on predation by Pterostichus madidus and Nebria brevicollis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 12
Pages: 325-335
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, anti-predator prey defence, laboratory trials, methods, Deroceras can produce thick white defence mucus for up to 3 min per day, post-mortem dietary analyses do not distinguish between predation and scavenging, carrion-feeding, some slugs were stressed and their defensive mucus removed, susceptibility of stressed and unstressed slugs to predation was compared, nocturnal behaviour recorded with a camera sensitive to infra-red LED illumination linked to time-lapse video-recorder, beetle preference for dead blowfly larvae or dead blowfly larvae coated with mucus was compared, Diptera, Calliphora spp., P. madidus females preferred stressed to unstressed slugs, beetles spent mean of 65 min feeding on a killed slug, in video trials N. brevicollis also preferred stressed slugs, beetles preferred control to mucus-covered Calliphora, mucus deters predation by these carabids, slugs with reduced mucus production due to sub-lethal poisoning by molluscicides may be more susceptible, pesticides, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5252
Author: Mair, J.; Shirley, M.D.F.; Rushton, S.P.; Port, G.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles on slugs
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 875-876
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, SADIE, methods, ELISA, serology, Pterostichus melanarius, the authors suggest that reduction in numbers of large slugs in the cereals study of Bohan et al. (2000) was not entirely due to predation by P. melanarius, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, calculation suggests that 2.4 slugs per m2 would have to be killed each night, which requires a P. melanarius density of 55 m-2, this is more than the recorded range of field densities of 0.25 - 11 m-2, abundance, it is suggested that the observed distribution of slugs resulted from their demography (slow movement of neonates out from egg clusters etc) and that coincidence between slug and beetle distributions was fortuitous or due to correlation with environmental parameters such as soil moisture, Bohan et al. (2001) for a reply
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 788
Author: Majerus, M.; Kearns, P.
Year: 1989
Title: Ladybirds
Journal: Naturalists' Handbooks; Richmond Publishing Co Ltd, Slough, England
Volume: 10
Pages: 103 pp
Keywords: En.
Coccinellidae, beetles, polyphagous predators, 3500 species in world, 42 in GB, first instar larvae can feed on adult aphids just sucking juices, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, predation, feeding, foraging, behaviour, diet, 4 vegetarian feeders, mycetophages, mildew, many spiders are not deterred by reflex bleeding, eggs are not parasitized, eggs eaten by lacewings and ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, larvae, hybrid matings progeny sterile, Cryptolaemus montrouzeri British now, originally Australian, keys to adults and last instar larvae, systematics, structure, taxonomy, artificial diet, rearing, breeding, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3396
Author: Makowski, M.; Szyszko, J.
Year: 1986
Title: On the possibility to use individual biomass to investigate accessibility of food for Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles" ed. by P.J. den Boer, L. Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw
Pages: 123-130
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods of estimating accessibility of food needed, biomass of individuals of Carabus violaceous increase in biomass after feeding by > 10%, beetles starved over 24 h decrease in biomass, hungry beetles consumed more food, so amount of food eaten by beetles brought in from field indicates hunger level in field or availability of food in field, >70% of individuals brought in from the field consumed >10% of their biomass as food indicating hunger in the field, great care would be needed in sampling because hungry beetles might be active, also need to take account of the physiological state and sex of beetles and to standardize conditions in the lab, including food quality, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2392
Author: Malais, M.; Ravensberg, W. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Knowing and recognising - the biology of glasshouse pests and their natural enemies
Journal: Koppert Biological Systems, The Netherlands
Keywords: En.
NLH, biology of pests and natural enemies, life cycle, line drawings and colour photos, identification, spider mites, whiteflies, thrips, leafminers, aphids, mealybugs, butterflies and moths, vine weevil, sciarids, capsids, nettle bugs, tarsonemid mites, broad mites, Bryobia mites, Western Flower Thrips, Thrips tabaci, Thrips fuscipennis, Amblyseius cucumeris, Amblyseius barkeri, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Orius, Verticillium lecanii, tables of effects of temperature on development rate, polyphagous predators, biological control, protected crops, book, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Thysanoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Agromyzidae, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Heteroptera, Phytoseiidae, fungal pathogens, Anthocoridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3842
Author: Malcolm, S. B.
Year: 1989
Title: Disruption of web structure and predatory behaviour of a spider by plant-derived chemical defenses of an aposematic aphid
Journal: Journal of Chemical Ecology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1699-1716
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, physiology, trophic behaviour, Hemiptera, 2 cardenolides sequestered by oleander aphid Aphis nerii from tropical milkweed, Zygiella x-notata fed on this aphid built disrupted webs and attacked fewer non-toxic control aphids, secondary plant metabolites, consumption rates, web size reduced in proportion to amount of toxic aphid eaten, tritrophic interactions, giving the spiders a cardenolide digitoxin had the same effect, spiders eating toxic aphids were exposed for longer periods on their webs increasing exposure to natural enemies and abiotics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3309
Author: Malcolm, S. B.
Year: 1992
Title: Prey defence and predator foraging
Journal: In "Natural enemies: the population biology of predators, parasites and diseases" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 458-475
Keywords: En.
Rep., fight run and hide, life history, energetic costs greatest for fight, time costs greatest for hide, many prey have more than one type of defence mechanism, most prey are attacked by a wide range of predator species and so the diversity and dynamics of different predator foraging tactics is the key to understanding the operation and diversity of prey defences, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, prey selection, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4267
Author: Malet, J. C.; Noyer, C.; Maisonneuve, J. C.; Canard, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix)(Neur., Chrysopidae) a potential predator of the Mediterranean Chrysoperla Steinmann complex: first experiment to control Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) on melon in France
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Issue: 4-5)
Pages: 429-436
Keywords: En.
Rep., Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, gives recognition features to aid identification of 7 European Chrysoperla species, taxonomy, classification, key, C. leucasina II larvae were added to the melon crop at 1:20 A. gossypii and aphids were kept below the economic threshold, but this threshold was exceeded in a chemical control plot, parasitoids became numerous in the chemical control plot but too late to be of value in biocontrol


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4549
Author: Malli, H. ; Imboden, H.  ; Kuhn-Nentwig, L.
Year: 1998
Title: Quantifying the venom dose of the spider Cupiennius salei using monoclonal antibodies
Journal: Toxicon
Volume: 36(12)
Pages: 1959-1969
Alternate Journal: Toxicon
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ELISA, serology, methods, crickets as prey, quantity of venom used positively correlated with size of prey, no venom used on small prey, to reduce energetic costs of venom production. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4950
Author: Malli, H.; Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Imboden, H.; Myung-Jin, M.; Wyler, T.
Year: 2000
Title: Immunocytochemical localization and secretion process of the toxin CSTX-1 in the venom gland of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae: Ctenidae)
Journal: Cell Tissue Research
Volume: 299
Pages: 417-426
Alternate Journal: Cell Tissue Research
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, toxins, poisons, venoms
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4548
Author: Malli, H. ; Kuhn-Nentwig, L. ; Imboden, H.  ; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of size, motility and paralysation time of prey on the quantity of venom injected by the hunting spider Cupiennius salei
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Biology
Volume: 202
Pages: 2083-2089
Alternate Journal: The Journal of Experimental Biology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, more venom injected when attacking larger crickets in response to more struggling movements
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5001
Author: Malschi, D.; Mustea, D.
Year: 1995
Title: Protection and use of entomophagous arthropod fauna in cereals
Journal: Romanian Agricultural Research
Volume: 4
Pages: 93-99
Alternate Journal: Romanian Agricultural Research
Keywords: Rep., wheat, maize, barley, beans, clover, alfalfa, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Romania, Transylvania, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Malachiidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Tachinidae, parasitoids, Scatophagidae, Empididae, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, comparison of farming practices and landsdcape management, protective forest belts, pitfalls, sticky traps and sweep net catches, methods, Table of consumption rate of predators on pests in the lab, Chrysoperla carnea ate Lema melanopa eggs and larvae, Chrysomelidae, Oulema melanopus, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, food, diet, trophic behaviour, eggs of Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera, Haplothrips tritici, wheat thrips, Thysanoptera, Coccinella 7-punctata ate Lema, Haplothrips, Ostrinia, R. padi, Eurygaster and also pupae of Opomyza florum and Phorbia securis, Malachius bipustulatus ate Lema, Haplothrips, S. avenae, Cantharis fusca ate Lema, Opomyza pupae, Haplothrips, S. avenae, Staphylinus caesareus ate Lema, Phorbia, S. avenae, Ostrinia, R. padi, Poecilus cupreus ate Lema, Phorbia, Opomyza, S.avenae, Ostrinia, and eggs and larvae of Eurygaster maura, Nabis ate Lema Opomyza, Phorbia, S. avenae, R. padi, Ostrinia, and Haplothrips, Episyrphus balteatus ate S. avenae, consumption rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2617
Author: Mamedov, A. A.
Year: 1988
Title: A quantitative estimation of the effectivity of the entomophages of the cotton-boll worm Heliothis armigera Hb. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Ent Review
Pages: 31-42
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4226
Author: Manga, N.
Year: 1972
Title: Population metabolism of Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 10
Pages: 223-242
Keywords: Rep., grassland, Durham, UK, soil extraction for larvae, mark-release-recapture for adults, methods, pitfalls, branding to mark, lab respirometry, growth chambers in field with Collembola as food, densities of larvae I 3-4 m-2, II 1-2 m-2, III 1-2 m-2, peak larval density in November 6 m-2, adults 0.7 m-2, data on growth rate related to temperature, population dynamics, density, abundance, Gramineae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1381
Author: Manglitz, G. R.; Hill, R. E.
Year: 1964
Title: Seasonal population fluctuations and natural control of the sweetclover aphid
Journal: Univ. Nebraska Agr. Exptl. Sta. Res. Bull.
Volume: 217
Pages: 21 pp
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, USA, Leguminosae, methoxychlor on clover killed parasitoids and predators of Therioaphis riehmi and aphid numbers increased, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4220
Author: Manley, B. F. J.
Year: 1974
Title: A model for certain types of selection experiments
Journal: Biometrics
Volume: 30
Pages: 281-294
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, prey preference, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 248
Author: Manley, G. V.
Year: 1977
Title: Paederus fuscipes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) a predator of rice fields in west Malaysia
Journal: Entomophaga.
Volume: 22
Pages: 47-60
Keywords: En.
Leafhopper, feeding, pest, density-dependent, activity, day, night, laboratory, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, aphids, feeding pattern, highrate feeding cycle alternating with low rate 2-3 days, consumption rates,larvae, feeding location


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3738
Author: Manly, B. F. J.; Miller, P.; Cook, L. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Analysis of a selective predation experiment
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 106
Pages: 719-736
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, methods, prey preference, index of selection, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 810
Author: Mann, B. P.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1991
Title: A computer-based advisory system for cereal aphids - field-testing the model
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 118
Issue: 3)
Pages: 503-512
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pest, methods, Gramineae, winter wheat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3686
Author: Mann, J. A.; Tatchell, G. M.; Dupuch, M. J.; Harrington, R.; Clark, S. J.; McCartney, H. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Movement of apterous Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) in response to leaf perturbations caused by wind and rain
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 126
Pages: 417-427
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, vertical migration, vertical stratification, weather, rain tower and wind tunnel, methods, oat and barley seedlings, mean distance moved increased with increased duration of wind, cereal aphids, UK, steady wind or strong gusts caused more movement than gentle gusts, increased rain duration caused more aphids to leave plant and heavy rain had a greater effect than drizzle or light rain, rain had greater effect than wind, leaf wetness did not cause dispersal, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2237
Author: Mansour, F.
Year: 1987
Title: Effect of pesticides on spiders occurring on apple and citrus in Israel
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 15
Issue: 1)
Pages: 43-50
Keywords: En.
Rep., populations greatly suppressed by biphenate, fluvalinate, fenpropat hrin and chlorpyrifos, grapefruit, insecticides, Araneae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5099
Author: Mansour, F.
Year: 1987
Title: Spiders in sprayed and unsprayed cotton fields in Israel, their interactions with cotton pests and their importance as predators of the Egyptian Cotton Leaf Worm, Spodoptera littoralis
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 15(1)
Pages: 31-41
Alternate Journal: Phytoparasitica
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, visual sampling per m of row, methods, abundance, pitfalls, shaking plants over a white cloth, feeding tests in lab, spiders were manually removed from one plot in the field and another plot had spiders counted but not removed, S, littoralis eggs were put out on the study plants, all study plants were then caged in cloth bags, spiders from at least 11 families involved, Chiracanthium mildei was dominant, Clubionidae, where spiders were eliminated S. littoralis caused severe damage to cotton leaves but this did not happen where spiders were present, field cages
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2856
Author: Mansour, F.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1993
Title: Evaluation of lycosid, micryphantid and linyphiid spiders as predators of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom: Aphididae) and their functional response to prey density - laboratory experiments
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Issue: 1)
Pages: 79-87
Keywords: En.
Rep., Braunschweig, Germany, 16 cm diameter 26 cm high glass jar containing 5 wheat seedlings, R.padi and 1 spider added, run for 10-13 days at 20C 90%RH 16:8 LD with controls, smaller containers used for functional response experiments, adult and immature Pardosa agrestis and adult Erigone atra and Lepthyphantes tenuis all reduced aphid populations eg by 52% for P. agrestis cf controls, functional response curves for all these species were Type II ie prey consumption increase decreased at higher prey levels, however the curve was linear not curving to an asymptote for number of aphids killed, NB adult alats only used in functional response experiments, cereal aphids were observed to be eaten by E. atra, L. tenuis and P. agrestis in the field, in the cages P. agrestis adults were only on the ground but the immatures climbed the plant ad did E. atra sometimes, aphids were caught in L. tenuis webs mainly while they were moving down to the ground, E. atra reduced aphids by 58% cf L.tenuis by 34% perhaps due to E. atra hunting on the plant as well as using webs on the ground, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, diet, food, feeding rates, behaviour, distribution, vertical stratification. Considerable numbers of aphids were killed without being consumed. Wasteful killing, superfluous killing, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3126
Author: Mansour, F.; Heimbach, U.; Wehling, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of pesticide residues on ground-dwelling lycosid and micryphantid spiders in laboratory tests
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 20
Issue: 3)
Pages: 195-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, fenvalerate, endosulfan, pyrazophos, Pardosa, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3451
Author: Mansour, F.; Richman, D. B.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1983
Title: Spider management in agroecosystems: habitat manipulation
Journal: Environmental Management
Volume: 7
Issue: 1)
Pages: 43-49
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, review, mainly Israel and USA, some quantitative studies of impact on pests eg 4-60% nymph and 8-24% adult Nephotettix cincticeps killed by spiders in Japanese rice, Hemiptera, leafhoppers, Gramineae, cereals, composition of arachnofauna in crop fields, arable, species composition, community, effects of plough, harrow, mow, harvest, and pesticides, mortality, farming practices, apple orchard in Israel, trees, forest, top fruit, Spodoptera littoralis did well and caused much damage on branches where spiders experimentally removed cf very little damage in controls, main spider involved was Cheiracanthium mildei, Clubionidae, organophosphorus insecticides in the field reduced these species to 25% of controls, effect of spiders on Spodoptera larvae was both by disturbance and predation, Lepidoptera, "so far there has been no concerted effort to manage spider populations in agroecosystems", "to make progress in this area we need basic data on the biology of spiders found in agricultural situations"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3742
Author: Mansour, F.; Rosen, D.; Shulov, A.
Year: 1980
Title: Functional response of the spider Chiracanthium mildei [Arachnida: Clubionidae] to prey density
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 25
Issue: 3)
Pages: 313-316
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Israel, lab, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Spodoptera littoralis, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3743
Author: Mansour, F.; Rosen, D.; Shulov, A.
Year: 1980
Title: Biology of the spider Chiracanthium mildei [Arachnida: Clubionidae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 25
Issue: 3)
Pages: 237-248
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Israel, lab, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, reared on Spodoptera, culturing, rearing, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, development rates, life cycle, reproductive potential, behaviour, mortality, survivorship, fecundity, population dynamics, longevity, number of moults, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3744
Author: Mansour, F.; Rosen, D.; Shulov, A.
Year: 1980
Title: A survey of spider populations (Araneae) in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in Israel and their ability to feed on larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)
Journal: Acta Oecologica [Oecol. Applic.]
Volume: 1
Issue: 2)
Pages: 189-197
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trophic behaviour, pesticides, abundance, density, lab predation, Chiracanthium mildei was dominant species and best predator, Clubionidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3313
Author: Mansour, F.; Rosen, D.; Shulov, A.
Year: 1981
Title: Disturbing effect of a spider on larval aggregations of Spodoptera littoralis
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 29
Pages: 234-237
Keywords: En.
Rep., Chiracanthium mildei is a major predator of this pest in untreated orchards, spiders prey on larvae but also cause I's to leave leaves on silk threads, gives references to same disturbing effect by spiders and wasps on caterpillars and pentatomids in various countries, young larvae that leave a tree usually die, in lab experiments 64% of larvae were eaten and 34% dislodged by spiders with only 2% remaining cf spider-free controls where 98.6% remained on apple foliage, Araneae, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, top fruit, trees, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vertical dispersal, trophic behaviour, predation, Israel


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4238
Author: Mansour, F.; Rosen, D.; Shulov, A.; Plaut, H. N.
Year: 1980
Title: Evaluation of spiders as biological control agents of Spodoptera littoralis larvae on apple in Israel
Journal: Acta Oecologica/ Oecologia Applicata
Volume: 1
Issue: 3)
Pages: 225-232
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, trophic behaviour, methods, egg masses attached to leaves of untreated apple, spiders seen eating exposed young larvae, diet food, 6 apple trees infested with laboratory-reared egg masses and spiders removed from 3 trees, Spodoptera populations and damage were significantly greater on spider-free trees, does not say which species ate Spodoptera but taxa in the orchard included Thomisidae, Xysticus, Philodromus, Steatoda and the clubionid Chiracanthium mildei


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5100
Author: Mansour, F.; Whitcomb, W.H.
Year: 1986
Title: The spiders of a citrus grove in Israel and their role as biocontrol agents of Ceroplastes floridensis [Homoptera: Coccidae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 31(3)
Pages: 269-276
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, scale pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Israel, trees, orchards, top fruit, Chiracanthium mildei, Clubionidae, Theridion, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, pitfalls, spiders were observed to prey on the scales in lab and field, branch shaking, pitfall traps, Berlese funnels, methods, spiders were manually removed from three branches and three control branches were left undisturbed, scales were added to all study branches, each branch was then caged in a cloth bag, field cages, scales increased 7 fold where spiders had been eliminated but hardly at all where they were present, damage to infested leaves was severe, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5101
Author: Mansour, F.; Wysoki, M.; Whitcomb, W.H.
Year: 1985
Title: Spiders inhabiting avocado orchards and their role as natural enemies of Boarmia selenaria Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae in Israel
Journal: Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Applicata
Volume: 6(4)
Pages: 315-321
Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, caterpillar pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, trees, top fruit, at least 16 families including Theridiidae, Clubionidae, Lycosidae, community, biodiversity, branch shaking, pitfall traps, Berlese funnels, methods, spiders were manually removed from three branches and three control branches were left undisturbed, small larvae were added to all study branches, each branch was then caged in a cloth bag, field cages, where spiders were present the pest was virtually eliminated, but where spiders were removed the pest increased and caused severe damage, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3737
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1989
Title: Les essais d'utilisation des araignees en lutte biologique
Journal: Bull. Soc. sci. Bretagne
Volume: 60
Issue: 1-4)
Pages: 149-172
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, France, review, predation rates, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, diet, food, trophic behaviour, orchards, trees, top fruit, pesticides, abundance, density, diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3734
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Nycthemeral activity rhythm of adult Clubiona corticalis (Walckenaer, 1802) (Araneae, Clubionidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 279-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, apple orchards, trees, top fruit, France, diel activity patterns, behaviour, methods, video recording system in semi- natural conditions, nocturnal, sex related differences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3735
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Essai preliminaire d'utilisation d'Araneides contre l'Anthonome du pommier (Anthonomus pmorum L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) dans un verger non traite
Journal: Bull. Soc. Europeenne Arachnol.
Volume: 1
Pages: 249-254
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, apple orchards, trees, top fruit, France, untreated with pesticides, species composition, Argiopidae, Theridiidae and Amaurobiidae were Anthonomus predators, trophic behaviour, spiders released into orchard, number of buds attacked by Anthonomus larvae was less where spiders had been released, mass releases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3736
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Donnees sur le peuplement d'araneides des troncs de pins
Journal: Bull. Soc. Europeenne Arachnol.
Volume: 1
Pages: 255-260
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, pine trees, France, conifers, woodland, forest, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, examination of bark, 1375 individuals, 45 species, species composition, density is 83 m-2, abundance, includes Clubiona corticalis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3733
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1991
Title: Interspecific and intraspecific interactions between spider species from apple orchards
Journal: Bull. Soc. neuchatel Sci. nat.
Volume: 116
Issue: 1)
Pages: 177-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, France, trees, top fruit, this predation is low, video recording system, methods, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Anyphaena accentuata is a wandering nocturnal spider that avoids other spiders reducing cannibalism, diel cycles, trophic behaviour, activity, distance recognition, dispersal, movement, migration, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3153
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Intraspecific predation in Clubiona corticalis (Araneae: Clubionidae)
Journal: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
Volume: 33
Issue: 2)
Pages: 607-614
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control of caterpillars in orchards, trees, pests, Lepidoptera, top fruit, cannibalism at mating, behaviour, rearing, culturing, cannibalism reduced if alternative prey available


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3732
Author: Marc, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Analyse de facteurs eco-etho-physiologiques impliques dans les capacites predatrices des araneides: application a la lutte contre des ravageurs en milieu
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Rennes
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep.(microfilm), TP, spiders, Araneae, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, France, apple orchards, trees, top fruit, methods, abundance of Clubiona corticalis depends on bark structure, density enhanced by putting out artificial shelters, habitat manipulation, it is nocturnal and can move 100m per night, depending on hunger level and reproductive state, diel cycles, activity, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, rearing produced data on fecundity, development rates and food consumption rates by the instars, culturing, mass production, cannibalism, interspecific and intraspecific predation are low, physiology, trophic behaviour, in experiments spiders reduced damage by Tortricidae including Cydia pomonella by 40%, and reduced damage by the beetle Anthonomous pomorum by 60%, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4417
Author: Marc, P.; Canard, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 62
Issue: 2-3)
Pages: 229-235
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, pests, orchards, trees, top fruit, apple pests are Acari, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, apple orchard in France, beating trays, trunk traps and visual observation, methods, 39 species of spiders, biodiversity, species richness, including Erigone atra, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae, family composition on foliage and trunks, spiders that build a silk retreat are underestimated by daytime beating, methodological bias, in autumn spiders move down the trunk and look for shelter under bark, overwintering, vertical distribution, vertical migration, vertical dispersal, movement, web locations on trees may vary according to spider family which means that the prey type encountered also varies, e.g. nocturnal wandering Clubionidae on trunk and foliage capture resting aphids and caterpillars, linyphiids catch Cicadellidae, Diptera and Coleoptera, Araneidae with webs between branches catch prey as large as adult moths, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, web site location and vegetation structure, Hemiptera, thus diversity of spiders promotes broad-based biocontrol, even against a particular pest such as Cydia pomonella, different spider species with different hunting strategies and different preferred locations on the tree will jointly increase predation efficiency, Codling Moth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4505
Author: Marino, P.C. ; Gross, K.L.  ; Landis, D.A.; Environment
Year: 1997
Title: Weed seed loss due to predation in Michigan maize fields
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems  
Volume: 66(3)
Pages: 189-196
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems  
Keywords: Rep., USA, seeds put out in soil in trays and mammals exluded with a cloth cage and invertebrates excluded with a fluon-coated barrier. All predators excluded using cage within barrier. Experiment overwinter and again in spring in middle and edge of several fields. Seed survival was best in double-exclosure, least in unenclosed controls and intermediate in other treatments. There was considerable variability between fields and seasons and weed predation was not consistently greater near the edge of fields. Invertebrates responsible for the seed predation were not determined but carabids were suspected. Cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Vertebrata, Mammalia, food, diet, methods, exclusion techniques.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5659
Author: Markgraf, A.; Basedow, T.
Year: 2000
Title: Carabid assemblages associated with fields of sugar beet and their margins in Germany, shown by different methods of trapping and sampling
Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Pages: 295-305
Alternate Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, natural enemies, Germany, brassicas, methods, live-trapping pitfalls with pieces of meat added to reduce cannibalism, angular pitfall traps, directional pitfall traps, window traps, light traps, soil samples, 34,534 individuals of 85 species caught, species composition, species lists, 17 species of good dispersers were caught in all types of trap, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, 12 species were not caught in window or light trap but were caught in other traps and probably dispersed mainly by walking, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus aeneus, Harpalus affinis, Agonum dorsale, Platynus dorsalis, 16 species overwintered as larvae, Harpalus rufipes, 18 species were caught in window and light traps but not in other traps suggesting that they flew across the field but did not land, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, T. quadristriatus had two seasonal peaks of activity, phenology, abundance, community, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5399
Author: Markgraf, A.; Basedow, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Flight activity of predatory Staphylinidae in agriculture in central Germany
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 126
Pages: 79-81
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, window traps (plastic pane 150 cm above ground) on the boundary of fields of sugar beet and cereals, interception traps, light trap, 84 species caught in traps and 26 of these are found in fields, community, Gramineae, Paederus litoralis and Paederus riparius did not fly, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, flight intensity high for Oxytelus and Tachyporus with spring and autumn peaks, there was no correlation between flight activity and population density in fields for 26 species, two sites in Germany 1989-1991, Aleocharinae excluded from this study, Oxytelus inustus and Lathrobium fulvipenne were caught in both window and light traps, Oxytelus rugosus and Tachyporus hypnorum were the commonest species in window traps, other species commonly caught in traps were Coprophilus striatulus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Oxytelus rugifrons, Gyrohypnus angustatus, Tachyporus nitidulus, P. cognatus, Xantholinus linearis, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachinus rufipes, Gabrius sp., Stenus similis (= Rugilus), densities per m2 on soil surface (flooding method) of winter wheat and sugar beet (pooled data) given for 26 species, abundance, highest densities were T. hypnorum (4.65), Philonthus cognatus (0.5), L. fulvipenne (0.48)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1207
Author: Markkula, M.
Year: 1953
Title: Biological-ecological investigations on the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom., Aphididae)
Journal: Ann. Zool., Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo
Volume: 15
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1-113
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, 3 parasitoids, 6 Syrphidae, 4 Coccinellidae, 2 fungal pathogens destroyed 20% aphids, predators, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1462
Author: Markkula, M.; Rimpilainen, M.; Tittanen, K.
Year: 1979
Title: Harmfulness of soil treatment with some fungicides and insecticides to the biological control agent Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Ann. Agric. Fenn.
Volume: 18
Issue: 3)
Pages: 168-170
Keywords: En.
pesticides, natural enemies, Diptera, aphids, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 411
Author: Marriner, T. F.
Year: 1939
Title: Movements of coccinellids
Journal: Entomologist's Rec.
Volume: 15
Pages: 104-106
Keywords: En.
Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, distribution, dispersal, flight, height, height of flight, aerial dispersal, behaviour, zonation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3741
Author: Marris, G. C.; Naylor, J.; Parkinson, N.; Edwards, J. P.
Year: 1994
Title: Wasp-induced infections in a parasitoid-host association
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 1145-1150
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Pimpla hypochondriaca causes high mortality of Tomato Moth Lacanobia oleracea, Pimpla harbour particles like polydnaviruses, viruses, diseases, pathogens, potential host immunity disruption, physiology, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1601
Author: Marsh, P. M.
Title: Keys to the Nearctic genera of the families Braconidae, Aphidiidae and Hybrizontidae (Hymenoptera)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 64
Issue: 4)
Pages: 841-850
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, systematics, structure, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, classification, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1602
Author: Marsh, P. M.
Year: 1963
Title: A key to the Nearctic subfamilies of the family Braconidae
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 56
Issue: 4)
Pages: 522-527
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, systematics, structure, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, classification, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2608
Author: Marshall, E. J. P.
Year: 1988
Title: The ecology and management of field margin floras in England
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 178-182
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5788
Author: Marshall, E.J.P.; Brown, V.K.; Boatman, N.D.; Lutman, P.J.W.; Squire, G.R.; Ward, L.K.
Year: 2003
Title: The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields
Journal: Weed Research
Volume: 43
Pages: 77-89
Alternate Journal: Weed Research
Keywords: Rep., UK, review, long-term changes in weed flora, species composition, decline in size of arable weed seedbanks, many arable weed species support a high diversity of insect species, biodiversity, habitat diversification, community, declines in insects and farmland birds over 30 years, Aves, Vertebrata, abundance, monitoring, global pesticide market is 48% herbicides, 27% insecticides, 19% fungicides, 6% other, agricultural statistics, Phytophagous Insect Data Base has data on 45,000 plant-insect linkages but excluding nectar- and pollen-feeders and it does not give abundance, chickweed (Stellaria media) has 70 species of phytophage associated with it but speedwell (Veronica persica) has very few, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5711
Author: Marshall, E.J.P.; Moonen, A.C.
Year: 2002
Title: Field margins in northern Europe: their functions and interactions with agriculture
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 89
Pages: 5-21
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., landscape, definition of field margin, weed flora of the arable crop is often unrelated to that in the field margin but some weeds from the margin do spread into the crop (e.g. cleavers, umbellifers), this ingress can be reduced by encouraging perennials in the margin including sown grass strips, Gramineae, permanent and temporary margin strips, aphids in cereals were significantly reduced up to 5 m into the crop adjacent to grass and flower strips, biological control, unsprayed buffer strips help to protect wildlife (such as butterfly larvae) in the original boundary from pesticide spray drift, Lepidoptera, invertebrates in margins including polyphagous predators, natural enemies, effects on pests in the crop, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5809
Author: Marshall, J.; Baudry, J.; Burel, F.; Joenje, W.; Gerowitt, B.; Paoletti, M.; Thomas, G.; Kleijn, D.; Le Coeur, D.; Moonen, C.
Year: 2002
Title: Field boundary habitats for wildlife, crop, and environmental protection
Journal: In "Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management" ed. by L. Ryszkowski, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
Pages: 219-246
Alternate Journal: In "Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management" ed. by L. Ryszkowski, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, agriculture occupies at least 56% of European land area, arable field margin definition and diagram, UK general public consider field edges and hedgerows to be an important part of the landscape, ESA, ecological impacts of diversified edges, habitat diversification, landscape, biodiversity, European collaboration, edge strips sown with Lolium perenne, grassland, Gramineae, natural regeneration, methods, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, soil samples handsorted, mark-recapture of ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, surveys of margin flora, plant diversity, multivariate statistics, effects of fertiliser and herbicide on flora, farming practices, pesticides, out of 68 carabid species from edges only 7 species were common to France, UK and Netherlands, Holland, sown grass margins were used for overwintering by invertebrates within 12 months of establishment, reference that aphids reduced up to 5 m into the crop from edges, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5606
Author: Marshall, J.; Brown, V.; Boatman, N.; Lutman, P.; Squire, G.
Year: 2001
Title: The impact of herbicides on weed abundance and biodiversity
Journal: Internet: http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/general/researchreports/pn0940.pdf
Pages: 141 pp
Alternate Journal: Internet: http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/general/researchreports/pn0940.pdf
Keywords: Rep., UK, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, abundance, Coleoptera, Araneae, Heteroptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, farming practices, agricultural statistics, non-target weeds are more of a problem in horticulture than agriculture, Reductions in invertebrates and birds over decades are due to changes in farming practices and could include herbicides, there has been a change from spring to winter cropping and herbicides are now applied against grass weeds as well as dicots (used to be confined mostly to dicots), some weed species are especially important for promoting insect biodiversity (also true for birds), community, landscape, habitat management, habitat diversification, some weed species are always damaging and are targets, some are rare and are never targets, most are intermediate and their status as target or non-target varies according to crop type and weed density (most of these will be targets in horticulture, because of the need for high crop quality), EcoFlora database:http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ecoflora/cfm/ecofl/index.cfm   (this gives wild plant data), Table 2.3 says which species are insect-pollinated (no grasses, most dicots), p14. abundance and diversity of weeds tends to be greater in organic systems, p15 more invertebrates in untreated headlands (Moreby & Southway, 1999), p16 GM herbicide tolerant crops - weeds may be almost eradicated (cf horticulture), but herbicide application can be delayed (e.g. Dewar in sugar beet) and then natural enemies build up (but delayed application unlikely to be allowed in horticulture ?), p18-33 changes in weed abundance, Game Conservancy recorded no major changes after 1970, but seed banks are declining over 75 years (Fig. 4.1), reducing food for invertebrates & birds. Relaxing management pressure can result in undesirable species dominating (fostering selected non-target weeds will not be easy), Section 5.7, second bullet, lists species that are good for invertebrates, p62  too much fertiliser reduces plant diversity (a few rank species, e.g. cleavers, out-compete the rest), little literature on effects of herbicides (more on insecticides) and most relates to margins and headlands, instead, look at how weeds provide habitat and food for invertebrates.  Invertebrates provide ecosystem services, pollination, biocontrol, nutrient cycling, and are a food source, specialist herbivores likely to be important to biodiversity, plant structure, complex dicot weeds will have more associated invertebrate species than simple grasses, plant phenology, having mix of weed species with a range of phenologies will support richer invertebrate communities (i.e. invertebrates with a range of phenologies), direct toxicity of herbicides to invertebrates, and indirect via removal of resources [latter is the most important route], Wilson et al. (1999) provide information on which invertebrates are of value to farmland birds, Vertebrata, Aves, Ewald & Aebischer (1999) show long-term declines in some invertebrates (but contribution of herbicides unknown), Norris & Kogan (2000) greatest effects of weed management are on polyphagous predators, Haughtin et al. (1999) herbicides to margins modify spider community structure (Linyphiidae reduced, Lycosidae unchanged), see Krooss & Schaefer (1998) for Staphylinidae, tourists and parasitoids often require water, nectar, pollen, honeydew as food (Jervis book), Appendix 8.1gives data on pollen and nectar feeders associated with each of 34 key weed species (best providers are thistles, hardheads, mayweeds, groundsel), brief description of guilds of herbivores on p 72, Phytophagous Inset Data Base (PIDB - Lena Ward - CEH) feeding records (excluding nectar/pollen), 45,000 linkages, high insect diversity supported by the target weeds Stellaria media, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, best non-target weeds are thistle, groundsel, data given on best weeds for supporting specialist herbivores, Red Data Book (rare) species, and crop pests, Sinapis arvense has 13 associated pest species, effects on soil fauna, herbicides falling on plant residues can reduce decomposition rates, Wardle et al. (1993; 1999a) effects of herbicides reducing an asparagus soil community, sub-lethal effects, Chiverton & Sotherton (1991) herbicide reduced carabid egg complement, plant stress from low herbicide dose can increase fecundity of foliar feeders (and predators may be reduced by the herbicide, so pest populations increase), 50% declines in common farmland birds 1988-98, herbicide effects would be by reduction of seeds and invertebrates (relative importance of each not known), Appendix 9.1 importance of different weeds to various categories of birds, Polygonum, Poa, Stellaria, Chenopodium, Cerastium feature fairly commonly in bird diet, Wilson et al. (1996) give information on invertebrates in bird diet, important components are spiders, carabids, weevils, Orthoptera, leatherjackets, aphids, ants, caterpillars, Diptera, Hemiptera, pests, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Lepidoptera, Curculionidae, evidence that herbicides reduce invertebrates abundance, partridge chick survival is related to invertebrates abundance and brood sizes are greater in field edges that are not herbicide treated, similar results for pheasant and corn bunting, and suspected for skylark, aggregated food sources (bottom of page 101), with patches of high density food, were exploited by birds and of benefit to their populations (rather than a small but widely-dispersed  increase in food density) e.g. Game Conservancy conservation headlands, habitat loss is less significant than habitat degradation in causing bird declines, weed species that are only moderately competitive with the crop but are advantageous for invertebrates and birds include charlock, chickweed, fat-hen, groundsel, knotgrass, mayweed, low density populations of these could promote biodiversity without reducing crop yield, simply relaxing weed control will favour pernicious weeds, so technical knowledge is needed on how to manage weed communities for biodiversity, pernicious weeds can be controlled chemically in conservation headlands; cost-benefit analyses for conservation headlands have been carried out (page 117), research needs are quantitative data on importance of particular weed species to invertebrates and birds, weed management systems that promote biodiversity, monitoring weed status, more data on weed competition with crops, etc
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 320
Author: Marshall, J. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Key to larvae of British Galerucinae and Halticinae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 31
Pages: 275-283
Keywords: En.
Flea beetles, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5276
Author: Marshall, S.D.; Walker, S.E.; Rypstra, A.L.
Year: 2000
Title: A test for differential colonization and competitive ability in two generalist predators
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 81(12)
Pages: 3341-3349
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, wolf spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, USA, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, replicated experimental soybean plots, Leguminosae, treatments were spiders added, prey attractants (composted vegetable waste) added, spiders and prey attractants added, control, these treatments were carried out in conservation tilled and conventionally tilled fields, farming practices, conspecific addition increased abundance of Hogna but not Pardosa, prey attractants increased both species but especially Pardosa, Hogna addition did not affect abundance of Pardosa but body condition of Pardosa was poor in high-density Hogna areas, biomass, Pardosa was twice as abundant in conventional fields compared with conservation-tilled  fields, Hogna is larger than Pardosa and readily consumes it, food, diet, trophic behaviour, intraguild predation, IGP, interactions between natural enemies, Pardosa forages less well in presence of Hogna in the laboratory, Hogna is a poor coloniser, the composted vegetable waste (lettuce, fruit, vegetables) contained Collembola, Coleoptera and Diptera and 12000 potential prey were added to each subplot with each compost addition, in addition dry fruit fly media was added to the compost to enhance detritivores, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, trophic diversification, spider density assessed by hand searching ground within quadrats, there were 21 Hogna + Pardosa per sq m in conventional-tilled control plots in September-October
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 855
Author: Marston, N.; Davis, D. G.; Gebhardt, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Ratios for predicting field populations of soybean insects and spiders from sweep-net samples
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 75
Pages: 976-981
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, arable, methods, converting sweep catches to density, aerosol cage technique, sheets on ground, cage over top, spray with permethrin, insecticides, pesticides, 15 mins later collect insects from sheet and use Dvac, separate ratios for each arthropod group and crop growth stage, 11 groups, Orius, Anthocoridae, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera, whitefly, pests, chrysomelid beetles, Chloropidae, Diptera, Thomisidae, thrips poorly sampled by sweeps, Thysanoptera, row spacing had little effect, economic threshold conversion, optimal sample size calculation equations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1875
Author: Marston, N. L.; Schmidt, G. T.; Biever, K. D.; Dickerson, W. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Reaction of five species of soybean caterpillars to attack by the predator Podisus maculiventris
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 53-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lepidoptera, pests, lab tests at 24C and 27% Rh, once contact was made behaviour of larvae affected the ability of the predator to subdue them, defence, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 468
Author: Martens, J.
Year: 1969
Title: On the black Nemastoma species of the British Isles
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 2
Pages: 24
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3934
Author: Martin, N. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list
Journal: DSIR Entomology Division Report
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., New Zealand, 1970-73, pitfalls, sweeping, emergence traps, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, soil cores extracted, flotation, methods, community, grassland, Gramineae, 5 species of Annelida and 435 species Arthropoda collected, most of which originated outside NZ, biogeography, geographical distribution, dispersal, no Mollusca and only a few Isopoda and Diplopoda, woodlice and millipedes, few species of Collembola, a South Island field, species list for spiders includes Lepthyphantes tenuis, and Opiliones includes Phalangium opilio, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Phalangida, harvestmen, graphs showing pitfall catches of Baeus sp, Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, spider eggsac parasitoids, introduced species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4621
Author: Martinez, N.D.; Hawkins, B.A.; Dawah, H.A.; Feifarek, B.P.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of sampling effort on characterization of food-web structure
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 80(3)
Pages: 1044-1055
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., various theories about how trophic links increase with species richness and some are criticised as being based on inadequate sampling effort for the larger webs. Trophic-species are functional groups that contain organisms that appear to eat and be eaten by the same species within a food web. The Dawah food web of grass-feeding insects and their parasitoids in the UK was used. 10 grasses and 77 endophytic consumers. A simulation was used to generate less sampled versions of this highly sampled web, and the mean number of samples that would have been needed to observe each link for the first time was calculated, for a taxonomic web and for a trophic web (based on trophic-species). The web was accurately characterised with less sampling effort when trophic-species were used , together with connectance as a measure of complexity. Proportions of top, intermediate and basal species was  related to sampling effort in more complex and variable ways, especially for taxonomic-species. Food web, trophic web, community, natural enemies, methods, Gramineae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4469
Author: Martinez, N. D.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1995
Title: Scale and food-web structure - from local to global
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 73
Issue: 2)
Pages: 148-154
Keywords: En.
Rep., proportion of species at different trophic levels was thought to be scale invariant (where scale refers to number of species), analyses on current food webs that contain 2-93 trophic species suggest that the % of intermediate species increases with number of species in the web, a trophic species contains all organisms that share the same predators and prey, % of species in different trophic levels are suggested to become stable for webs with 10 power 4 to 10 power 7 species, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1453
Author: Martyn, B. C.
Year: 1986
Title: The retailers' view of quality of horticultural produce and agrochemical usage
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 3
Pages: 889-895
Keywords: En.
pesticides, increasing demand for organic produce, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2190
Author: Mascanzoni, D.; Wallin, H.
Year: 1986
Title: The harmonic radar: a new method of tracing insects in the field
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 387-390
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes, Carabus granulatus
Rep.,Predators, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, methods, cereals, spring barley, spring wheat, distribution, behaviour, movement, parasitis m, Nematoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2901
Author: Mason, C. E.; Blocker, H. D.
Year: 1973
Title: A stabilised drop trap for unit-area sampling of insects in short vegetation
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Issue: 2)
Pages: 214-216
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, USA, grassland, Gramineae, samples 0.5 m2, has a base stabilising frame and trap, there is a 5 m long sampling arm with the trap on the end, this is positioned vertically at first then pushed over so that the cage lands 5 m away from the experimenter in an undisturbed area of grass, the cage has metal blades below to cut into the turf and a mesh cage above to retain the animals which can be removed with a suction sampler etc, density, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4980
Author: Mason, P.G.; Erlandson, M.A.
Year: 1994
Title: Invitation paper (C.P. Alexander Fund): The potential of biological control for management of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Canada
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 126
Pages: 1459-1491
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., classical biological control has not been successful, native parasitoids such as sarcophagid flies can sometimes make a significant impact, Diptera, Sarcophagidae, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, sarcophagids and nematodes have potential for augmentative biological control, Nematoda, Mermithidae, inundative releasees, invertebrate predators impact on eggs and young nymphs, vertebrates help to control late nymphs and adults, birds, Vertebrata, Aves, some entomogenous fungi can be used for classical and inundative biological control, microbial pesticides, diseases, pathogens, Protozoa, Microsporidia, Nosema locustae, entomopoxvirus, viruses, large table of species that are natural enemies of grasshoppers, including polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, wasps, Acari, predatory mites, hyperparasitoids, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Meloidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae, Bombyliidae, Chloropidae, Threvidae, Formicidae, Mantidae, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, Mammalia, rodents, shrews, Rickettsia, bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, Entomophaga grylli
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4395
Author: Mason, R. R.; Torgersen, T. R.
Year: 1987
Title: Dynamics of a nonoutbreak population of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in southern Oregon
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 1217-1227
Keywords: En.
Rep., Orygia pseudotsugata pest caterpillars on trees, forests, conifers, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 13 year study, population dynamics, branch tip samples, methods, lab-produced eggs and pupae put out and attached to trees, life tables and k factor analysis, Salticidae, Philodromidae and ants attacked small larvae, Araneae, spiders, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, passerine birds preyed on egg masses, larvae and pupae, oophagy, Aves, Vertebrata, predators could be most important in non-outbreak years where they keep populations below the density at which regulation by parasitoids occurs, interactions between specialist and generalist polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4390
Author: Mason, R. R.; Torgersen, T. R.; Wickman, B. E.; Paul, H. G.
Year: 1983
Title: Natural regulation of Douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) population in the Sierra Nevada
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 587-594
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, USA, Orygia pseudotsugata, examination of branches, lab-produced pupae were attached under twigs and predation recorded, methods, same for egg masses, caged larvae on branches to determine survival in absence of natural enemies, life tables and k factor analysis, the most important factor affecting change was larval disappearance which accounted for 63% of generation mortality, population dynamics, much of larval disappearance was thought to be caused by predation of small larvae by insects and spiders, which played a significant role by suppressing population build up in time to prevent serious defoliation, plant damage, polyphagous predators, Araneae, biological control, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1270
Author: Matcham, E. J.; Hawkes, C.
Year: 1985
Title: Field assessment of the effects of deltamethrin on polyphagous predators in winter wheat
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 16
Pages: 317-320
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, pyrethroids, natural enemies, biological control, UK, cereals, Gramineae, Aquila, polythene barrier plots, weed strips in plots for predators, methods, dry pitfalls, mark recapture release with Nebria brevicollis using enamel paint, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, 13 species of Carabidae, N.brevicollis and Trechus quadristriatus dominant, carabid adults 30% total catch, species composition, carabid and Staphylinidae larvae 60%, rove beetles, staphylinid adults 3%, spiders 7%, Araneae, abundance same pre-spray, overall reduction of 30% due to spray, 294 Nebria marked, 44% recaptured, 8% recaptured in a different plot, dispersal, so barriers not completely effective, limitations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2613
Author: Matsui, M.; Nakashima, T.
Year: 1992
Title: Damage to vegetables and ornamental plants by the sweetpotato whitefly and its control in Japan
Journal: Jap. Pesticide Info
Volume: 60
Pages: 15-18
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4938
Author: Matteson, P.C.
Year: 2000
Title: Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 549-574
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., IPM, insecticides are often not necessary and farmer field schools promote knowledge of the need for ecological balance in rice paddies, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, pesticides, green revolution, host plant resistance breakdown, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Heteroptera, insecticide use is considered destructive under most circumstances and there is reliance on resistance and naturally occurring biological control, crop loss, polyphagous predators, spiders and water striders, Araneae, Microvelia, Mesovelia, Miridae bugs, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, some references to food web studies and impact of natural enemies on pests, community, conservation biological control, spatio-temporal mosaics, staggered planting keeps natural enemies within easy immigration distance of new crops, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1412
Author: Matthews, G. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Research on insecticide application methods
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on Judicious and Efficient Use of Insecticides on Rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 168
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, electrostatics promising but require semiconducting formulations, coverage of upper crop excellent, less drift and less chemical used, but poor penetration, this can enhance ecological selectivity if pest lives in upper canopy and natural enemies below, vertical distribution, pesticides, rice leaffolder and green rice leafhopper are potential targets, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Nephotettix, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera, could be useful against brown planthopper if used soon after immigration, optimal spray timing, Nilaparvata lugens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5735
Author: Matthews-Gehringer, D.; Hough-Goldstein, J.
Year: 1988
Title: Physical barriers and cultural practices in cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) management on broccoli and chinese cabbage. 
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 81(1)
Pages: 354-360
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., brassicas, field vegetables, horticulture, USA, pests, caggage root fly, Delia radicum, spun polyester row covers with and without plastic mulch increased growth and final yield, straw and plastic mulches reduced the pest but did not increase yield, clover greenchop mulch increased maggot numbers but did not reduce yield, Leguminosae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5983
Author: Maudsley, M.; Seeley, B.; Lewis, O.
Year: 2002
Title: Spatial distribution patterns of predatory arthropods within an English hedgerow in early winter in relation to habitat variables
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 89
Pages: 77-89
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, hawthorn hedge, adjacent fields of winter oilseed rape, brassicas, methods, leaf litter quadrats, soil cores, beating, handsorting, ground beetles, rove beetles and spiders, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Berlese - Tullgren funnels, no rove beetles on hedge foliage, spiders and Dromius linearis from hedge foliage, spiders were mainly in litter region, beetles in litter region and down to 10 cm in soil, October - January, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, overwintering, litter overwinterers were Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Bembidion tetracolum, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Demetrias atricapillus, Metabletus obscurus, Notiophilus biguttatus, soil overwinters were Agonum dorsale, Badister bipustulatus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus rufibarbis, Pterostichus diligens, Pterostichus vernalis, no preference exhibited by Asaphidion flavipes, Agonum muelleri, Bembidion guttula, Bembidion lunulatum, Bembidion aeneum, Dromius linearis, Pterostichus strenuus, species composition, biodiversity, community, A. dorsale was highly aggregated, multivariate statistics, CCA, there was a difference in carabid species richness between the two sides of the hedge  perhaps implying little movement between the two sides, landscape boundaries, management should promote habitat diversification within hedgerows because species vary in their habitat requirements for overwintering, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5275
Author: Maudsley, M.J.; West, T.; Rowcliffe, H.; Marshall, E.J.P.
Year: 1997
Title: Spatial variability in plant and insect (Heteroptera) communities in hedgerows in Great Britain
Journal: In "Species Dispersal and Land Use Processes" Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference of the International Association of Landscape Ecologists. University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, 9-12 September 1997
Pages: 229-236
Alternate Journal: In "Species Dispersal and Land Use Processes" Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference of the International Association of Landscape Ecologists. University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, 9-12 September 1997
Keywords: Rep., UK, community, hedgerow vegetation was more variable between than within 6 sites throughout England and Wales but this was less apparent for Heteroptera, the study hedges were in arable or grassland landscapes, Gramineae, insects sampled with Dvac applied to the hedge vegetation, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, species richness, biodiversity, ordination, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2611
Author: Mauremootoo, J.
Title: 12 month report (PhD)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3345
Author: Mauremootoo, J. R.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1994
Title: Permeability of field boundaries to predatory carabid beetles
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 188-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK barley, marked carabids released at one end of 2m x 4m plots inside polythene barriers which included a hedge and caught in gutter traps at other side, hedge delayed time to 50% capture by more than 200 h, relevant to recolonization after pesticide use and models of spatial dynamics, enamel paint and burning elytra with soldering iron, hunger increased penetration rates in some species, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, population dynamics, methods, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5726
Author: Mauremootoo, J.R.; Wratten, S.D.; Worner, S.P.; Fry, G.L.A.
Year: 1995
Title: Permeability of hedgerows to predatory carabid beetles
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 52
Pages: 141-148
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, barriers, UK, barley, cereals, Gramineae, methods, gutter pitfalls inside plastic barrier enclosed area that enclose a section of 2m-wide hedge and part of the field, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus and Harpalus rufipes marked (enamel paint on elytra or branding elytral tip with soldering iron), paint loss occurred during the experiment resulting in some unmarked beetles, catching up to 21 days after release, 16%-30% fewer beetles were caught on the other side of a hedge compared with the catch for no intervening hedge, when P. melanarius was starved before release it moved faster and crossed the hedge barrier more rapidly, hunger, speed of locomotion, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2607
Author: May, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: How many species ?
Journal: Phil Trans R Soc Lond
Volume: 330
Pages: 293-304
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4310
Author: May, R. M.; Hassell, M. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Population dynamics and biological control
Journal: Biological Control of Pests, Pathogens and Weeds: Developments and Prospects, Edited by R.K. Wood and M. J. Way, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Volume: B
Pages: 129-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, classical biological control, host- parasitoid and host-pathogen models, invasion, establishment, depression of host, persistent stable interaction, augmentation of existing natural enemy by mass releases of eg parasitoids, releases must be greater than production of natural enemies in absence of release, beware of density-dependence, especially over-compensating density-dependence which can lead to the opposite result to that sought, 3-species models, 2 parasitoids, 1 generalist predator and 1 specialist predator, 1 parasitoid and 1 pathogen, complex dynamics a wider range of unforseen outcomes, implies caution in formulating biocontrol strategies based on study of only 2 species systems, addition of pesticides, evolution of pesticide resistance, "biological control should be viewed as an application of the principles of population ecology", the sequence of mortalities and reproduction in the host cycle is important, "refuge" of host in space and time promotes stability in simple host-parasitoid models, virulent pathogens are not as good as those of intermediate value for stable host-pathogen control systems, in a simple parasitoid-host system insecticides that have no effect on the parasitoids contribute to reduced host density, insecticides that kill parasitoids can result in pest resurgence, especially as the parasitoid is often more susceptible than the host, pests tend to develop pesticide resistance faster than their natural enemies, this may be because pests usually have over-compensating density- dependence and natural enemies usually have under- compensating density-dependence after a pesticide application, surviving pests at low density after pesticide application have a superabundance of food and increase rapidly cf surviving natural enemies that have little food and so increase slowly or die out


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1748
Author: May, Y. Y.
Year: 1971
Title: The biology and population ecology of Stenocranus minutus (F.) (Delphacidae, Hemiptera)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
population dynamics, UK, leafhoppers, mortality, predation by spiders, harvestmen and Nabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5277
Author: Mayntz, D.; Toft, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Nutrient composition of the prey's diet affects growth and survivorship of a generalist predator
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 127
Pages: 207-213
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Denmark, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wolf spiders, Araneae, Pardosa amentata, food, trophic behaviour, fruit flies were reared on a poor basic medium with addition of various nutrients and spiderlings were reared on these diets, spider growth rates increased for addition of 19 amino acids or fatty acids + cholesterol or dogfood, dogfood flies were heavier than flies from the basic diet, biomass, starving flies for 2 days (to empty guts) did not reduce their effect on spider growth demonstating that the effects were due to fly body mass rather than gut contents, tritrophic interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4928
Author: Mazanec, Z.
Year: 1987
Title: Natural enemies of Perthida Glyphopa Common (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae)
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 26
Pages: 303-308
Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Keywords: Rep., P. glyphopa is the jarrah leafminer a caterpillar pest of eucalypts, Australia, trees, woodland, forests, leaves examined for signs of predation of eggs and larvae, larvae collected and some reared out others dissected for parasitoids, methods, in situ visual observations of predation on foliage and soil, vertical distribution, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, predation observations in petri dishes in the lab. 10 species of parasitoid were reared out, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, hyperparasitoids. Some larvae were eaten by 9 bird species, Aves, Vertebrata. Ants removed a hogh proportion of fallen larvae, Formicidae. Earwigs and the ground beetle Simodontus australis fed on larvae on the ground, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators. Some ants and birds caught adult moths in the foliage. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3392
Author: McAllister, M. K.; Roitberg, B. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Adaptive suicidal behaviour in pea aphids
Journal: Nature
Volume: 328
Pages: 797-799
Keywords: En.
Rep., the hypothesis is that aphids that are parasitized in early instars will not be able to reproduce, and it is better for the species if they evolve behaviour to be exposed to predators and other mortality factors, because this will also kill the parasitoid and so reduce risk of parasitism to kin aphids nearby, but if later instars are parasitized the can reproduce before dying and so there is a balance to be struck and suicidal behaviour is less likely to evolve, pea aphid response to Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens or to alarm pheromone is either backing up (mild response), running (intermediate) or dropping from plant (extreme), in interior Canada ground temperatures are high and dropping off plant is likely to result in death but this is not so at coastal sites, so if parasitized II instars in the interior drop when a predator is close and parasitized IVs do not this would support the hypothesis, it was tested with Acythosiphon pisum and Aphidius ervi and Hippodamia convergens and results supported the hypothesis, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphidius ervi, natural enemies, biological control, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, movement, migration, prey defence behaviour, Coleoptera, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3388
Author: McAllister, M. K.; Roitberg, B. D.; Weldon, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Adaptive suicide in pea aphids: decisions are cost sensitive
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 40
Pages: 167-175
Keywords: En.
Rep., the hypothesis is that aphids that are parasitized in early instars will not be able to reproduce, and it is better for the species if they evolve behaviour to be exposed to predators and other mortality factors, because this will also kill the parasitoid and so reduce risk of parasitism to kin aphids nearby, but if later instars are parasitized the can reproduce before dying and so there is a balance to be struck and suicidal behaviour is less likely to evolve, pea aphid response to Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens or to alarm pheromone is either backing up (mild response), running (intermediate) or dropping from plant (extreme), in interior Canada ground temperatures are high and dropping off plant is likely to result in death but this is not so at coastal sites, so if parasitized II instars in the interior drop when a predator is close and parasitized IVs do not this would support the hypothesis, it was tested with Acythosiphon pisum and Aphidius ervi and Hippodamia convergens and results supported the hypothesis, experiments using parasitoids from various geographical locations established that the behaviours described above were aphi-driven rather than parasitoid-driven, pests, Hemiptera, arable, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2140
Author: McCaffrey, J. P.; Horsburgh, R. L.
Year: 1978
Title: Laboratory feeding studies with selected spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Virginia USA apple orchards
Journal: J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 86
Issue: 4)
Pages: 308
Keywords: Predators, prey, diet, food, foraging, consumption, trees, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5335
Author: McCann, K.; Hastings, A.; Huxel, G.R.
Year: 1998
Title: Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature
Journal: Nature
Volume: 395 
Pages: 794-798
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., food webs, trophic webs, community, early ecological models suggest that complexity destabilises food webs, stability and complexity, nonlinear models used here to examine effect of interaction strength (probability of consumption of one species by another) on food web dynamics, weak to intermediate strength links are important in promoting community persistence and stability, in real webs there are typically many weak interactions and few strong ones, generalist-dominated food webs should exhibit less variable dynamics than specialist-dominated food webs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4237
Author: McCarty, M. T.; Shepard, M.; Turnipseed, S. G.
Year: 1980
Title: Identification of predaceous arthropods in soybeans by using autoradiography
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 199-203
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, radiotracers, USA, field cage P32-labelled eggs and larvae of Heliothis spp., Pseudoplusia includens and Anticarsia gemmatilis exposed to potential predators, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, 349 individuals of 25 species (listed) became labelled, these included Nabis, Geocoris, Oxyopes, Heteroptera, spiders, Araneae, spiders did not eat the eggs, carabids found on the foliage were labelled, eg Lebia, Callida, Colliurus, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, also Coleomegilla maculata and Notoxus monodon, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, tettigonids such as Conocephalus were labelled, Orthoptera, predation on primary predators was shown when labelled nymphs of Geocoris punctipes and Nabis roseipennis were exposed to the predator complex, hyperpredation, predators of predators, intraguild predation, 20 to more than 1000 predator species in soybean depending on author, biodiversity, species richness, arable, spiders were amongst the first predators to invade newly-planted soybeans, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, geocorids are serious predators of Orius, some predators may have obtained label by secondary predation, scavenging and feeding on labelled faeces, N. roseipennis adults have been observed cannibalising younger instars and other adults, cannibalism, "in developing management strategies for soybean insect pests, the whole complex of polyphagous predators should be considered"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4266
Author: McClure, M. S.
Year: 1995
Title: Diapterobates humeralis (Oribatida: Ceratozetidae): an effective control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in Japan
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1207-1215
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, trees, forests, woodland, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, mites, Acari, D. humeralis is an arboreal oribatid in conifer forests of the Northern hemisphere, its diet includes fungi, algae, lichens and decaying plant matter, food, la observations showed that the mite ate woolly filaments of the adelgid eggsac rather than the eggs or nymphs, this activity dislodged 95% of the adelgid eggs out of the eggsacs, hatching nymphs from dislodged eggs died of desiccation and predation by ants and spiders on the forest floor, distribution, dispersal, vertical movement, dislodgement, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, although D. humeralis was not a predator it was a highly effective control agent of the adelgid, it is an excellent biocontrol candidate for North America where the hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae is a pest, the mite exploits adelgid egg masses opportunistically


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3731
Author: McConnell, E.; Richards, A. G.
Year: 1955
Title: How fast can a cockroach run ?
Journal: Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society
Volume: 50
Pages: 36-43
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, table with running speeds of ants and cockroaches, methods, kymograph, activity, behaviour, physiology, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3541
Author: McConnell, J. A.; Kring, T. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Predation and dislodgement of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) by adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 1798-1802
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, sorghum lab and field, cereals, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, predators, ladybirds, natural enemies, biological control, adult greenbugs were 1.8 times more likely to be dislodged than consumed in lab, 1.3 times for nymphs, in field 5 times and 4 times for adults and nymphs respectively, ratio of greenbugs dislodged: consumed was related to aphid density and plant age, dislodged aphids may be exposed to ground predators or high soil temperature, using only numbers of greenbugs consumed will underestimate coccinellid effect, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, drop off, fall off, flush off


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2212
Author: McCook, H. C.
Year: 1878
Title: The aeronautic flight of spiders
Journal: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Volume: (3) 29
Pages: 308-313
Keywords: En.
Tetragnatha extensa
Rep., spiders, Araneae, USA, behaviour, aerial dispersal, ballooning, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae, different take off strategies, legs united with silk to increase lift, hauling in silk to land, flying on two silk threads united in middle, October.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3935
Author: McCrone, J. D.
Year: 1965
Title: Geographical variation in the seasonal distribution of Geolycosa patellonigra (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: The American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 73
Issue: 1)
Pages: 166-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, a Florida endemic, USA, some areas of the species range have populations that breed in spring, some in autumn, some in spring and autumn, no consistent morphological differences, intraspecific variation in life history strategies, population dynamics, phenology, reproductive periods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4382
Author: McDaniel, S. G.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Predation of Heliothis virescens (F.) eggs on cotton in East Texas
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 60-66
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, eggs labelled with radioactive phosphorus and put out in field, over 70% of eggs killed in 24 hours by a complex of predators, pest damage prevented at predator prey ratios between 2:1 and 200:1, the species with the highest egg predation rate was the spider Chiracanthium inclusum which ate 14.2 eggs per day, smaller numbers eaten by Phidippus audax, Misumenops, Oxyopes salticus, references to oophagy by spiders, Araneae, other egg predators included Solenopsis invicta, Orius, Geocoris, Hippodamia convergens, Collops balteatus and Chrysopa larvae, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 786
Author: McDonald, L. L.; Manly, B. F. J.; Lockwood, J. A.; Logan, J. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Estimation and Analysis of Insect Populations
Journal: Springer-Verlag, London
Pages: 492 pp
Keywords: En.
population dynamics, theory, stage-frequency structured populations, estimation and modelling, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3432
Author: McEwan, P. K.; Clow, S.; Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1993
Title: Alteration in searching behaviour of adult female green lacewings Chrysoperla carnea (Neur.: Chrysopidae) following contact with honeydew of the black scale Saissetia oleae (Hom.: Coccidae) and solutions containing acidhydrolysed L- Tryptophan
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Issue: 3)
Pages: 347-354
Keywords: En.
Rep., they showed area-restricted search, C.carnea larvae eat eggs of olive moth Prays oleae and juvenile black scale, predation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Neuroptera, lacewings, kairomomes, methods, IPM, Mediterranean olive orchards, trees, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3436
Author: McEwan, P. K.; Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Use of a sprayed L-tryptophan solution to concentrate numbers of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea in olive tree canopy
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 70
Pages: 97-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., volatile breakdown products of L-tryptophan attract C.carnea, kairomones, searching behaviour, distribution, Neuroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, olive orchards, methods, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5197
Author: McEwen, P.K.; Jervis, M.A.; Kidd, N.A.C.
Year: 1996
Title: The influence of an artificial food supplement on larval and adult performance in the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 42(1)
Pages: 25-27
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, larvae given artificial food supplement reached the pupal stage more rapidly than those given water, yeast autolysate, sugar, eggs of Anagasta kuehniella, flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, rearing, culturing, Lepidoptera, longevity, mortality, development rates, temperature
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5211
Author: McEwen, P.K.; Kidd, N.A.C.
Year: 1995
Title: The effects of different components of an artificial food on adult green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) fecundity and longevity
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 77
Pages: 343-346
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, UK, yeast, sugar and water, laboratory, yeast is needed for egg production but sugar is also needed for maximum reproduction, rearing, culturing, longevity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5368
Author: McGrady-Steed, J.; Morin, P.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Biodiversity, density compensation, and the dynamics of populations and functional groups
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 81(2)
Pages: 361-373
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., aquatic microcosms, community, microbial food webs, densities of half the species declined as species richness increased, population stability also declined, but temporal variation of functional groups composed of multiple species decreased as species richness increased, functional groups studied were producers, herbivores, bacterivores, predators, more than one member of each functional group exhibited density compensation (inverse correlation between population density and species richness)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5085
Author: McGregor, R.R.; Gillespie, D.R.; Quiring, D.M.J.; Foisy, M.R.J.
Year: 1999
Title: Potential use of Dicyphus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) for biological control of pests of greenhouse tomatoes
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16
Pages: 104-110
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., greenhouse whitefly, Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, protected crops, glasshouse vegetables, two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, Acari, Tetranychidae, both pests were eaten by the predator which completed development on either pest in the lab but did better on whitefly, generalist predators, natural enemies, in the greenhouse Dicyphus oviposited on whitefly-infested rather than mite-infested plants, Dicyphus reproduced and populations persisted in a glasshouse infested with whitefly and mites, prey preference, prey selection, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Canada, the authors wish to use polyphagous predators as an immediate response to new pest problems to allow time for specialist natural enemies to be evaluated, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, predatory mirids can also cause plant damage
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3078
Author: McIver, J. D.
Year: 1981
Title: An examination of the utility of the precipitin test for evaluation of arthropod predator-prey relationships
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 113
Issue: 3)
Pages: 213-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, detection periods of up to 17 days at 4C with Pardosa, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, Araneae, effect of amount of food eaten, Drosophila used as antigen, Diptera, Dmax 17 days at 4C, 10 days at 11C, 9 days at 18C, 8 days at 25C, Dmax does not increase more at less than 10C, also some evidence that spiders fed a greater quantity of prey assimilate the digested food at a greater rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2846
Author: McIver, J. D.; Tempelis, C. H.
Year: 1993
Title: The arthropod predators of ant-mimetic and aposematic prey: a serological analysis
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 218-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, ELISA used to identify predators of two bugs on desert lupine, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, Thomisidae, good correlation between lab predator prey results and ELISA field results, methods, serology, diet, food, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5682
Author: McKemey, A.R.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Glen, D.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Predation and prey size choice by the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae): the dangers of extrapolating from laboratory to field
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 93
Pages: 227-234
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, UK, Deroceras reticulatum, beetles preferred small slugs in laboratory tests but no size preference was shown in outdoor mini-plots simulating wheat field conditions, methods, cereals, Gramineae, small slugs may have found enemy-free refuges in the mini-plots, ELISA demonstrated consumption of slug protein in relation to slug density in mini-plots, monoclonal antibodies, serology, biomass, beetles reduced slug populations in the mini-plots, spring wheat, beetles also consume dead slugs, scavenging, carrion feeding
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4820
Author: McKemey, A.R.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Glen, D.M.; Brain, P.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of slug size on predation by Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 81-91
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: preprint, UK, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Deroceras reticulatum, laboratory size preference trials exploited the ability of Fluon to prevent slugs moving between chambers, whereas beetles could move freely, methods, foraging behaviour, preliminary test showed Fluon had no adverse effect on slug survival, partial consumption by beetles was frequent for the largest slugs and rare for the smallest (proportion of slug consumed decreased significantly as slug weight increased) , scavenging was recorded on three occasions, carrion feeding. References to slug size preferences by other carabid species. Reference to 2 theses that P. melanarius is capable of preying on D. reticulatum eggs and hatchlings. The overall size preference is for smaller slugs. Sex-related differences in prey size selection, males consumed more of larger slugs than females in no-choice tests. Reference that majority of D. reticulatum in arable land is of a size acceptable to D. reticulatum.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1388
Author: McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Insecticidal phytotoxicity and cereal grain yield
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 97
Pages: 253-256
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, pesticides, damage, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1385
Author: McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1982
Title: The phytotoxicity of insecticidal seed coatings and granular and spray soil treatments to grain yields in field experiments to control the larvae of wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata Fall.)
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 1
Pages: 83-90
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, Diptera, pesticides, insecticide application methods, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1239
Author: McKinlay, R. G.
Year: 1984
Title: The direct effect of insecticides on cereal grain yield
Journal: Research and Development in Agriculture
Volume: 1
Issue: 2)
Pages: 119-123
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, Gramineae, damage, experiments on wheat bulb fly in Huntsman winter wheat, pests, Diptera, Leptohylemia coarctata, most insecticides were phytotoxic, seed coatings, soil treatments, foliar sprays, insecticide application methods, if insecticides used when not needed they are detrimental rather than neutral, variables not isolated, effect could have been due to reducing natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3179
Author: McKinney, R. M.; Spillane, J. T.; Holden, P.
Year: 1972
Title: Mosquito blood meals: identification by a fluorescent antibody method
Journal: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Volume: 21
Pages: 999-1003
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Diptera, antibodies prepared in rabbits against erythrocyte membranes of various mammals, serum globulin fractions labelled with fluorescent compound, mosquito bloodmeal mixed with this conjugate on microscope slide, in positive tests blood cells fluoresce


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5964
Author: McLachlan, A.R.G.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 2003
Title: Abundance and species richness of field-margin and pasture spiders (Araneae) in Canterbury, New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 57-67
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biodiversity, grazed pastures, grassland, Gramineae, distribution, methods, blower/vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, sampler was 97% efficient for collecting  spiders from pasture, spider density declined with increasing distance into field from shelterbelt, 241 m-2 in shelterbelt and 13 m-2 in field, 7171 spiders of 28 species (25 species at edge 13 in pasture), Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Agelenidae, Synotaxidae, Salticidae, Micropholcommatidae, species lists given, species composition, community, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis) was the most abundant species, also caught Microctenonyx subitaneus, Araeoncus humilis, Diplocephalus cristatus, little evidence that shelterbelts were refuges for spiders to disperse into fields, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5802
Author: McLaughlin, A.; Mineau, P.
Year: 1995
Title: The impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 55
Pages: 201-212
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., tillage, drainage, intercropping, rotation, grazing, pesticides and fertilisers, intensification of agriculture, farming practices, effects on flora and fauna, shifts in species composition, conventional tillage versus reduced tillage, Canada, agricultural statistics, conservation tillage kills birds and small mammals, intercropped corn and soybean can increase the yield of both, because of harsh winters few invertebrate predators or pollinators survive in open cultivated fields and field margin refuges are essential if these beneficials are to repopulate fields in the spring, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3311
Author: McLean, E. B.
Year: 1990
Title: Sexual dimorphism and predaceous feeding habits of the waterstrider Gerris remigis Say (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 68
Pages: 2688-2691
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, gerrids with prey collected from 2 pools, median size of terrestrial insect prey taken in the surface drift was significantly larger than that available, females are larger and take larger prey than males, prey size selection, predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, predation, aquatic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 937
Author: McLean, I. F. G.
Year: 1980
Title: Ecology of the natural enemies of cereal aphids
Journal: PhD thesis, University of East Anglia
Keywords: En.
Rep. summ., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Coccinella 7- punctata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, feeding rates in lab, predation, methods, thermistors inside Coccinella gave higher readings in sunshine, values for peak Syrphidae Chrysopidae and mummies, Diptera, hoverfies, Neuroptera, lacewings, parasitoids, aphid densities, daytime and nightime Dvac samples, not much difference for polyphagous predators, maximum of any species 1.2 per sq m, pitfalls, numbers per 7 trap days, Pterostichus madidus very numerous, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, aphids more in predator exclusion areas, hypothesis that reduced predators in grassland improves aphid overwintering causing large immigration into cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1579
Author: McLeod, J. H.; Chant, D. A.
Year: 1952
Title: Notes on the population, parasitism and food habits of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 84
Pages: 343-346
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, diet, a large part of food is of animal origin including aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4448
Author: McLeod, P. J.; Steinkraus, D. C.; Correll, J. C.; Morelock, T. E.
Year: 1998
Title: Prevalence of Erynia neoaphodis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) infections of green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on spinach in the Arkansas River Valley
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27
Issue: 3)
Pages: 796-800
Keywords: En.
Rep., Myzus persicae, pests, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, USA, in 9/10 fields aphids were infected with the fungus, in some fields aphid populations did not decline before harvest, and fungus- killed aphids were tightly attached to spinach leaves and the field was then rejected by the processor because they could not be easily washed off, this fungus was able to cause epizootics during the cold winter months, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1802
Author: McMillan, J. H.
Year: 1969
Title: The ecology of the acarine and collembolan fauna of two New Zealand pastures
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 9
Pages: 372-404
Keywords: En.
grassland, Gramineae, Acari, Collembola, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5038
Author: McMurtry, J.A.
Year: 1992
Title: Dynamics and potential impact of 'generalist' phytoseiids in agrocecosystems and possibilities for establishment of exotic species
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 14
Pages: 371-382
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., review, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, the phytoseiid fauna is dominated by generalists (most species in genera Euseius, Amblyseius, some Typhlodromus and some Amblyseius), only generalist phytoseiids are consistently present in citrus and avocado in California, pollen, nectar, honeydew, fungi, perhaps leaf sap, Tenuipalpidae, Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Tydeidae, Thysanoptera, thrips, Coccidae, scale crawlers, whiteflies, Hemiptera, Auxhenorrhyncha, as alternative foods, Typhlodromus pyri can impact on Panonychus ulmi on fruit trees, orchards, top fruit, Euseius citri is an effective predator of Panonychus citri, augmentative releases of Amblyseius aberrans controlled Eotetranychus carpini, Euseius finlandicus and T. pyri reduced P. ulmi and Aculus schlechtendali, Euseius stipulatus reduced P. citri, species that are probably specialists on spider mites are Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus californicus and Typhlodromus rickeri, exotic phytoseiid generalists can enhance biological control, classical biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5161
Author: McMurtry, J.A.; Croft, B.A.
Year: 1997
Title: Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 42
Pages: 291-321
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Type 1 = specialist predators of spider mites Tetranychidae Tetranychus e.g. Phytoseilus species, Type II = selective predators of tetranychid mites that have dense webbing e.g. Galendromus, some Neoseiulus and Typhlodromus, Type III = generalist predators e.g. in the genera Neoseiulus, Typhlodromus, Amblyseius, Type IV = pollen feeders specialists and generalists e.g. Euseius, the different roles of these groups in biological control is reviewed 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1275
Author: McMurtry, J. A.; Huffaker, C. B.; van de Vrie, M.
Year: 1970
Title: Ecology of teranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. I. Tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 40
Issue: 11)
Pages: 331-390
Keywords: Acari, Tetranychidae, spider mites, pests, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4993
Author: McMurtry, J.A.; Morse, J.G.; Johnson, H.G.
Year: 1992
Title: Studies of the impact of Euseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus mites using predator exclusion and predator release experiments
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 12
Pages: 233-248
Alternate Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, oranges and lemons, USA, top fruit, citrus, orchards, trees, insecticidal check method, malathion reduced Euseius but not Panonychus citri or Scirtothrips citri, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Thysanoptera, thrips, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Euseius releases were made into some of the pesticide-treated blocks, Euseius species are generalists that eat spider mites, thrips, scales, pollen and honeydew, P. citri populations were significantly lower on oranges where Euseius stipulatus was released [but no significance test data are given], E. stipulatus colonised more readily and spread to other trees more rapidly than did Euseius tularemsis, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3642
Author: McMurtry, J. A.; Scriven, G. T.
Year: 1964
Title: Studies on the feeding, reproduction and development of Amblyseius hibisci (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on various food substances
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 57
Pages: 649-655
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, USA, lab, mites on excised leaves, development and reproduction usually better on various pollens than on mite prey, diet, food, no preference between mites and pollen when both offered together, feeding preferences, mealybug honeydew supported only a low rate of reproduction but prolonged survival, fecundity, mortality, survivorship, but honeydew plus mites or honeydew plus pollen stimulated a higher reproductive rate than mites or pollen alone, mixed diets, monophagy cf polyphagy, successive generations of A.hibisci have been reared on pollen only for c. 1 year with no apparent decline in vigour or productivity, rearing, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5195
Author: McNabb, D.M.; Halaj, J.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Inferring trophic positions of generalist predators and their linkage to the detrital food web in agroecosystems: a stable isotope analysis
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 45
Pages: 289-297
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., USA, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, Pardosa saxitilis, Scarites, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, squah bug, Anasa tristis, Heteroptera, spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica unddecimpunctata, crickets, Gryllidae, Orthoptera, Collembola, Entomobrya, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, trophic webs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, detritivores, herbivores, compost or manure or mulches could boost abundance of detritivores and thus generalist predators that feed on them but the predators may prefer detritivores and fail to impact on herbivores including pests, spring cucumber and summer squash gardens with wheat straw and horse manure added, vegetables, hand search, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, organisms analysed with a isotope-ratio mass spectrometer, results of stable isotope analysis should be interpreted with caution, the carbon signatures of linyphiids and small lycosids may reflect substantial feeding on Collembola in the detrital food web, some of the results suggest, tentatively, substantial intraguild predation and cannibalism by the predators, IGP, intra-guild predation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2301
Author: McNally, R. C.
Year: 1983
Title: On assessing the significance of interspecific competition to guild structure
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 1646-1652
Keywords: En.
theoretical, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4891
Author: McNett, B.J.; Rypstra, A.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Habitat selection in a large orb-weaving spider: vegetational complexity determines site selection and distribution
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 423-432
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Araneidae, Argiopidae, spiders, Argiope trifasciata, natural enemies, behaviour, USA, old field, habitat complexity in the field was positively correlated with spider density whereas prey variables were not. Manipulations of vegetation etc in the field showed that spider establishment was related to habitat complexity. This species has a high investment in its web and poor dispersal ability, migration, movement, distribution, energetics. 20cm x 20cm sticky traps were hung at web height to assess prey availability, methods. Habitats included grass, goldenrod and thistle, Gramineae. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2196
Author: McPherson, R. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Damage potential of cereal leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Virginia small grains and corn
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 76
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1285-7
Keywords: En.
USA, field plots, damage to wheat, barley, oats and maize, maize yield unaffected at 50% defoliation, more oviposition on oats previously treated with disulfoton, pest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4531
Author: McPherson, R.M. ; Smith, J.C.  ; Allen, W.A.
Year: 1982
Title: Incidence of arthropod predators in different soybean cropping systems
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 685-689
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., farming practices, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sweeping, double-cropping refers here to soybean planted directly into a stubble of wheat or barley, soybeans can be wide- or narrow-spaced, Nabidae, Geocoridae and spiders were low in double-cropped fields until after pests had damaged the soybeans, cereals, Gramineae, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Araneae, phenology, abundance, Leguminosae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1086
Author: Mead-Briggs, A. M.
Year: 1984
Title: The evaluation of polyphagous beetles as predators of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
Journal: Student thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Rep., 51 pp, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, lab petri dish experiments, consumption rates for Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus hypnorum, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, predation, 10C, 25C, biomass, sex, behaviour, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus fuscipennis had best capture efficiency, visual location up to 1 cm, ate all the aphid so absence of remains in gut due to trituration, handling times


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 465
Author: Meade, R. H.
Year: 1855
Title: Monograph of the British species of Phalangidae
Journal: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Volume: 15
Pages: 393-416
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1153
Author: Meadow, R. H.; Kelly, W. C.; Shelton, A. M.
Year: 1985
Title: Evaluation of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Dip.; Cecidomyiidae) for control of Myzus persicae (Hom.: Aphididae) in greenhouse and field experiments in the United States
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30
Issue: 4)
Pages: 385-392
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, USA, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5601
Author: Meagher, R.L.; Mitchell, E.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Nontarget Hymenoptera collected in pheromone- and synthetic floral volatile-baited traps
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(3)
Pages: 367-371
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, semiochemicals, infochemicals, olfactory attractants, foraging behaviour, methods, traps designed to monitor adult Lepidoptera pests may also catch non-target species, USA, white bucket traps (incorporating white canopy, funnel and bucket, with pheromone lure and insecticide strips to kill captured insects with vapour) to collect Spodoptera frugiperda armyworm at edge of cotton field, also used Heliothis cone traps, bees and wasps were caught, Apidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Scoliidae, Table of species, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, foraging behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 467
Author: Meijer, J.
Year: 1972
Title: Some data on the phenology and the activity patterns of Nemastoma lugubre (Muller) and Mitostoma chrysomelas (Herrman) (Nemastomatidae, Opilionida , Arachnida)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 22
Pages: 105-118
Keywords: En.
Rep, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 21
Author: Meijer, J.
Year: 1974
Title: A comparative study of the immigration of carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae ) into a new polder
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 16
Pages: 185-208


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2472
Author: Meijer, J.
Year: 1974
Title: A comparative study of immigration of carabids
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 16
Pages: 185-208
Keywords: En.
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 22
Author: Meijer, J.
Year: 1976
Title: Carabids (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae and Carabidae) and spiders (Araneida) in Lauwerszee area
Journal: Ent. Ber. Amst.
Volume: 36
Pages: 128


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 610
Author: Meijer, J.
Year: 1977
Title: The immigration of spiders (Araneida) into a new polder
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 2
Pages: 81-90
Keywords: En.
Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis
Rep., Araneae, predators, distribution, dispersal, migration, ballooning, aerial dispersal, aeronauts, silk, methods, window traps, Linyphiidae, sex, season, strata, ground, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4722
Author: Melbourne, B.A. 
Year: 1999
Title: Bias in the effect of habitat structure on pitfall traps: An experimental evaluation
Journal: Australian Journal of Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 228-239
Alternate Journal: Australian Journal of Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, randomised block design, grassland, Gramineae, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, bias large for population abundance but varied predictably with habitat structure, threshold effect for species richness and species composition, community, trappability = probability of capture of an individual in the population, Australia, habitat was modified in a 80 cm radius area from each pitfall, unmodified, litter removed, all vegetation removed, the manipulations affected abundance, relative abundance, species richness and species composition, trappability increased as the habitat became more open, there was considerable variation between species in response to degree of clearing, literature suggests that bias for Carabidae is different than that for ants and varies between species of ground beetles, Coleoptera, therefore need to determine bias experimentally for each organism and habitat combination
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4001
Author: Memmott, J.; Godfray, H. C. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Parasitoid webs
Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity" Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 217-234
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, biological control, methods, types of food webs are community web, source web and sink web, trophic webs, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae oak galls in southern England have a parasitoid complex of 61 species with many facultative hyperparasitoids, compartmentalised webs thought to be more stable than non-compartmentalised webs, other webs discussed are leafminers on trees, aphids on trees, gall midges on saltbushes, gall midges on creosote bushes, weevils on dock and herbivores on mistletoe, forests, woodland, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, construction of a quantitative web for Costa Rica leafminers, in 1990 was 53 plant species, 81 leafminer species and 86 parasitoid species, leafminers were Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera shared some parasitoid species but Diptera were more distinct, which has also been found in other biogeographic zones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4432
Author: Memmott, J.; Godfray, H. C. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The use and construction of parasitoid webs
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology", Ed by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheeham, Oxford University Press
Pages: 300-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, connectance web = just presence of interactions between hosts and parasitoids recorded, semi-quantitative web = relative numbers of each parasitoid species per host species, quantitative web = densities of hosts and parasitoids and host-parasitoid interactions expressed in the same units, some webs use data from a single locality, others from a number of geographical sites, similarly for seasons and years, combining data may obscure patterns in the web, source webs centre on a plant or herbivore and include all higher trophic levels, sink webs are centred on a predator and include lower trophic levels, community webs are none-centred and include all species, web studies vary in degree of trophic resolution (e.g. facultative hyperparasitoids may not be distinguished from other parasitoids), web data could be used to compare between hosts in different feeding locations, between early and late successional habitats, and tropical cf temperate regions, they could also be useful for studies of the determinants of parasitoid host range, apparent competition between hosts, and the intricacies of community function, construction of a quantitative for parasitoids attacking tropical leafminers is described, it is difficult to make large collections of uncommon hosts for rearing which is a limitation for a connctance web but less serious for a quantitative web, care has to be taken about biased sampling, e.g. parasitised versus unparasitised hosts, differences between species in parasitoid development rate, parasitoids that attack very young or small hosts might get overlooked, differential ease of rearing, parasitoids that attack hosts in unexpected locations (e.g. leafminers that pupate on the ground), study showed that endoparasitoid koinobionts had narrower host ranges than ectoparasitic idiobionts, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4662
Author: Memmott, J.; Martinez, N.D.; Cohen, J.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Predators, parasitoids and pathogens: species richness, trophic generality and body sizes in a natural food web
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 69(1)
Pages: 1-15
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., trophic web for herbivores, parasitoids, pathogens and predators on broom at one site, 60 predator species, 370 trophic links, trophic species, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Silwood, UK, predators consumed more species than parasitoids, spiders and Heteroptera consumed more prey than did Diptera and Coleoptera, externally feeding herbivores were the most vulnerable to predators but miners were most vulnerable to parasitoids. There was a strong negative relationship between % mortality to predation and % mortality to parasitism. In 93% of cases larger predators consumed smaller prey and in 79% of cases small parasitoids attacked larger hosts. Data were from Waloff, Richards and Dempster 1956 to 1968 who used serological methods for predators and rearing out for parasitoids and pathogens. Precipitin test, methods, serology, post-mortem. Feeding records in an Appendix include Diptera, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera, Araneae, Carabidae, Dermaptera, Chrysopidae, Acari, Staphylinidae, Opiliones, birds, also parasitoids and fungi. Ladybirds, predatory bugs, ground beetles, rove beetles, lacewings, Neuroptera, earwigs, predatory mites, harvestmen, Aves, Vertebrata, Beauveria, entomogenous fungi. 84 trophic species, connectance of predator sub-web was greater than for parasitoid sub-web. This is first description of large food web that includes herbivores, predators, parasitoids and pathogens, source web
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4785
Author: Menalled, F.D.; Lee, J.C.; Landis, D.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Manipulating carabid beetle abundance alters prey removal rates in corn fields
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 43
Pages: 441-456
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, maize, cereals, Gramineae, methods, USA, ingress and egress barriers to manipulate carabid abundance, pitfalls, artificial prey (onion fly pupae, Delia antiqua) in cages that excluded just vertebrates and in other cages that excluded vertebrates and invertebrates, predator exclusion, laboratory feeding rate experiments, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 7 carabid species listed. Pupae predation rates in the field were significantly positively related to carabid abundance, and invertebrate predation was greater than vertebrate predation. Daily rates of predation of pupae in the lab were greatest for Pterostichus melanarius (5-20), followed by Pterostichus permundus (3-15), then Pterostichus lucublandus (2-15), then Pterostichus chalcites (2-6).
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5705
Author: Menalled, F.D.; Marino, P.C.; Renner, K.A.; Landis, D.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Post-dispersal weed seed predation in Michigan crop fields as a function of agricultural landscape structure
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 77
Pages: 193-202
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., USA, methods, landscape structure from analysis of aerial photographs, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, seeds of four weed species were placed out at 27 m from field centres and were unprotected or caged to exclude vertebrates but admit invertebrates or doubled-caged to exclude both, % seeds missing per day was about 5% in controls, 11% by invertebrates and 13% by invertebrates plus vertebrates, tendency for greater removal rate in complex landscapes, large amount of spatial variability in seed removal rate between fields, actual seed predators in this study not determined but could include ground beetles, crickets, gastropods, millipedes, worms birds and rodents, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Orthoptera, Mollusca, snails, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4871
Author: Mendis, V.W.; Bowen, I.D.; Liddell, J.E.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1996
Title: Monoclonal antibodies against Deroceras reticulatum and Arion ater eggs for use in predation studies
Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture, BCPC Proceedings No. 66, ed. by I. Henderson, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Volume: 66
Pages: 99-106
Alternate Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture, BCPC Proceedings No. 66, ed. by I. Henderson, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Keywords: Rep., serology, methods, Mollusca, pests, slugs, Limacidae, ELISA, specificity, no predators tested in this study
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4758
Author: Menge, B.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Testing the relative importance of positive and negative effects on community structure
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 15
Pages: 46-47
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., positive effects are commensalism and mutualism, negative effects are competition and predation. Stress models predict that positive effects will increase in importance with increasing stress. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1241
Author: Menhinick, E. F.
Year: 1962
Title: Comparison of invertebrate populations of soil and litter of mowed grassland in areas treated and untreated with pesticides
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 43
Pages: 556-561
Keywords: En.
pests, Gramineae, farming practices, trees, fewer Carabidae in treated orchards, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5946
Author: Merfield, C.N.; Wratten, S.D.; Navntoft, S.
Year: 2004
Title: Video analysis of predation by polyphagous invertebrate predators in the laboratory and field
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 29
Pages: 5-13
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., methods, time-lapse video recording, eggs of Calliphora stygia used as prey baits for polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, artificial prey, factitious prey, Diptera, Calliphoridae, oophagy, predation indices for ranking predators, predatory mite piercing of these eggs increased consumption of the eggs by the harvestman Phalangium opilio (field observation and laboratory trials), Opiliones, Acari, Balaustium spp., New Zealand, eggs placed on soil in petri dishes which were placed in field edges, monochrome low-light camera positioned above dish lit by red-filtered flashlights powered by 12 V battery, eggs were removed in the field by mites, ants, centipedes, rove beetles, woodlice, harvestmen and spiders, community, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Crustacea, Isopoda, Araneae, Anystidae, Macrochelidae, Parasitidae, Erythraeidae, Pergamasus spp., Glyptholaspis spp., mites and ants were the most effective egg predators, for most predators recorded there were clear diel cycles of predation activity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5996
Author: Merivee, E.; Ploomi, A.; Luik, A.; Rahi, M.; Sammelselg, V.
Year: 2001
Title: Antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Platynus dorsalis (Pontoppidan, 1763) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Microscopy Research and Technique
Volume: 55
Pages: 339-349
Alternate Journal: Microscopy Research and Technique
Keywords: Rep., Agonum dorsale, Anchomenus dorsalis, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, three types of sensilla considered to be olfactory, 5-7 times more of some types of sensillae on antennae of A. dorsale compared to Bembidion lampros, the former is nocturnal and the latter diurnal so extra olfactory sensillae may have evolved for detecting prey at night, diel cycles, morphology, microstructure, foraging behaviour, chemoreception, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2136
Author: Merrett, P.
Year: 1967
Title: The phenology of spiders on heathland in Dorset; Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Agelenidae, Mimetidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, Argiopidae
Journal: J. Zool. London
Volume: 156
Pages: 239-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, seasons, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2137
Author: Merrett, P.
Year: 1967
Title: The phenology of spiders on heathland in Dorset; Atypidae, Dysderidae, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 363-374
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, seasons, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2138
Author: Merrett, P.
Year: 1969
Title: Phenology of linyphiid spiders on heathland in Dorset
Journal: J. Zool. Lond.
Volume: 157
Pages: 289-307
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, biology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4018
Author: Merrett, P.
Year: 1976
Title: Changes in the ground-living spider fauna after heathland fires in Dorset
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 3
Issue: 8)
Pages: 214-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, community, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4021
Author: Merrett, P.
Year: 1983
Title: Spiders collected by pitfall trapping and vacuum sampling in four stands of Dorset heathland representing different growth phases of heather
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 6
Issue: 1)
Pages: 14-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, vacuum insect net, Dvac, suction sampling, habitat selection, community, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 609
Author: Merrett, P.; Locket, G. H.; Millidge, A. F.
Year: 1985
Title: A check list of British spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 6
Pages: 381-403
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, systematics, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2962
Author: Merrett, P.; Powell, D. F.; Maher, H.
Year: 1993
Title: A new species of Centromerus (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from arable farmland in eastern England
Journal: Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 9
Issue: 6)
Pages: 203-204
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, systematics, classification, taxonomy, January to March 1992, pitfalls, winter wheat at Boxworth, cereals, males new to science, describes here and named Centromerus minutissimus, no females found, may be partly subterranean


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3056
Author: Merrett, P.; Snazell, R.
Year: 1983
Title: A comparison of pitfall trapping and vacuum sampling for assessing spider faunas on heathland at Ashdown Forest, south-east England
Journal: Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 6
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-13
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, UK, suction sampling, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, probably invalid comparison because pitfalls and Dvacs 4 years apart


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 823
Author: Merriam, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Landscape dynamics in farmland
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 3
Issue: 1)
Pages: 16-20
Keywords: En.
Rep., heterogeneity created by felling forests for farms and by farms reverting to forest, metapopulation is composed of all interconnected population patches, eg chipmonks easily become locally extinct in small isolated woods but reinvade and interact with other semi-isolated populations, model of effects of connectivity on local extinctions in patch populations, 5% patches of Peromyscus became extinct per year, other Peromyscus species showed no genetic isolation by electrophoresis of salivary amylases, in UK 32.5% decline of grassland and downland 1935-1982, population dynamics, spatial dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1781
Author: Mertens, J.; Coessens, R.; Blancquaert, J. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Population structure of Orchesella cincta (Collembola) in the field based on instar determination
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 23
Issue: 1)
Pages: 9-20
Keywords: En.
population dynamics, size frequency, 2 generations per year, voltinism, Arthropleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4268
Author: Messina, F. J.; Jones, T. A.; Nielson, D. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Host plant affects the interaction between the Russian Wheat Aphid and a generalist predator, Chrysoperla carnea
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 68
Issue: 3)
Pages: 313-319
Keywords: En.
Rep., greenhouse and field experiments, Diuraphis noxia on 6 species of grass, C. carnea larvae reduced aphid populations to zero on some grass species in glasshouse and field but were less effective on others, neonate predator larvae could find aphids even in rolled leaves, these experiments were done with predators caged on plants, larger scale trials needed, some of the grasses were pubescent which may have hindered predator movement, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, foraging behaviour, methods, mobility, searching


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5320
Author: Messina, F.J.; Sorenson, S.M.
Year: 2001
Title: Effectiveness of lacewing larvae in reducing Russian wheat aphid populations on susceptible and resistant wheat
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 19-26
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla plorabunda, USA, Hemiptera, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Diuraphis noxia, host plant resistance, tritrophic interactions, resistance and predation were additive or occasionally synergistic but effect of predation was never less on resistant plants, experiments within cages in a greenhouse, methods, neonate larvae added to plants
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2615
Author: Messing, R. H.; Aliniazee, M. T.
Year: 1985
Title: Natural enemies of Myzocallis coryli (Hom., Aphididae) in Oregon hazelnut orchards
Journal: J Ent Soc B.C.
Volume: 82
Pages: 14-18
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1456
Author: Metcalf, R. L.
Year: 1984
Title: Trends in the use of chemical insecticides
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on Judicious and Efficient Use of Insecticides on Rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 69-91
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, agricultural statistics, USA insecticide production, pesticides, insecticide resistance, reasons for increasing costs of pesticides, 428 species resistant in 1980, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Acari, pests, mites, caterpillars, cross-resistance, multiple resistance, mechanisms of resistance, Myzus persicae, aphids, Hemiptera, Spodoptera frugiperda, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae, spider mites, persistent resistence, for up to 20 years after no use, resurgence and secondary pests, cotton in Nicaragua, central America, more than 50 sprays per field, rice in south east Asia, in cotton no new compound is effective for more than 4 years, application methods, timing, reduced doses, selectivity, good review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1243
Author: Metcalfe, J. R.
Year: 1982
Title: The role of the agrochemical merchant
Journal: Decision making in the practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monograph 25
Pages: 227-228
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, many patents ran out in 1980's, this results in more mixtures, more 'brand' names and lower prices, availability of insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3791
Author: Metge, K.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Entwicklung eines Zuchtverfahrens fur den Staphyliniden Philonthus cognatus Steph
Journal: Mitt. a. d. Biol. Bundesanst.
Volume: 301
Pages: 512
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, population dynamics, rearing, culturing, development, reproduction, fecundity, Philonthus fuscipennis, mortality increased at higher temperatures, survival, survivorship, microclimate, abiotics, Calliphora pupae as food, Diptera, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5235
Author: Meyhofer, R.
Year: 2001
Title: Intraguild predation by aphidophagous predators on parasitised aphids: the use of multiple video cameras
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 100
Pages: 77-87
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., methods, field study, continuous observations may permit predation on mummies to be quantified, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, interactions between natural enemies, predation on parasitoids, multiplexer allows output of several video cameras to be stored on one videotape, Germany, sugar beet, Brassicaceae, video surveillance of Aphis fabae and A. fabae mummified by Lysiphlebus fabarum [KDS comment - NB a polyphagous parasitoid that has been reared from more than 40 aphid species] , Hymenoptera, Braconidae, IGP, intraguild predation, infrared illumination by one LED enabled nocturnal aphid predators to be identified from 15 cm, more predators visited patches with aphids + mummies than mummy-only patches and patch residence time was also higher, foraging behaviour, diel activity patterns, ground beetles and earwigs were mainly nocturnal, lacewings crepuscular, ladybird larvae were diurnal foraging only late afternoon but Anthocoridae foraged during the entire day, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, predators from all these families were seen preying on aphid mummies, 31-44% were damaged over 10 days, adult ladybirds and hoverfly larvae were not observed to attack mummies, Diptera, Syrphidae, good source of references on IGP etc, aphid patches remained attractive to predators after aphids had left probably due to honeydew remaining, describes the advantages of video techniques 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5631
Author: Meyhofer, R.; Klug, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Intraguild predation on the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae): mortality risks and behavioral decisions made under threats of predation
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 25
Pages: 239-248
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., intra-guild predation, IGP, community, natural enemies, broad bean, Aphis fabae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Episyrphus balteatus, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, in laboratory, Germany, observations of lacewing larva foraging behaviour, interactions between predators and mummies and adult parasitoids recorded with multi-video camera system, predators killed significantly more parasitised than unparasitized aphids (but with variation between predator species), most parasitoid adults did not modify their behaviour in presence of predators and 41% were killed by predators (all three predator species contributed), Lysiphlebus adults prefer ant-protected aphid colonies in the wild and so may not normally experience attacks by other predators, Formicidae, reference that ants are poorly adapted to agricultural conditions,   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2725
Author: Michael, P. J.; Dutch, M. E.; Pekin, C. J.
Year: 1991
Title: A review of the predators of redlegged earth mite, blue oat mite and lucerne flea
Journal: Proc Nat workshop redlegged earth mite
Pages: 115-120
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2726
Author: Michael, P. J.; Dutch, M. E.; Pekin, C. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Successful spreading of Anystis salicinus (L.) (Acari: Anystidae) and Neomolgus capillatus (Kramer) (Acari: Bdellidae) and their effects on redlegged earth mite and lucerne flea
Journal: Proc Nat Worksh redlegged earth mite
Pages: 121-126
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5322
Author: Michaud, J.P.; Belliure, B.
Year: 2001
Title: Impact of syrphid predation on production of migrants in colonies of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 91-95
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hemiptera, Spain, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, syrphid Pseudodorus clavatus, laboratory experiments showed that syrphids reduced aphid density and caused delay in production of alatae and a reduction in number of apterous migrants, abundance, phenology, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, experiments on seedlings of citrumelo 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4898
Author: Mienis, H.K.
Year: 1988
Title: Additional records of predation on landsnails by the ground beetle Carabus impressus in Israel
Journal: The Conchologist's Newsletter
Volume: 106
Pages: 121-123
Alternate Journal: The Conchologist's Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, snails, slugs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, 14 species of landsnails observed to be predated by C. impressus adults, and 4 species by its larvae. Adults and larvae are confined to the ground and do not pursue the snails up the plants, foraging behaviour, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, migration, distribution. Carabid life cycle is synchronised with that of molluscs, both molluscs and carabids breed straight after aestivation, then the carabid feeds on the molluscs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1692
Author: Mietkiewski, R.; van der Geest, L. P. S.; Balazy, S.
Year: 1986
Title: Preliminary notes on the pathogenicity of some Erynia strains (Mycophyta, Entomophthoraceae) towards larvae of Pieris brassicae
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 102
Issue: 5)
Pages: 499-504
Keywords: En.
pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2142
Author: Mikulska, I.
Year: 1970
Title: Some observations on the biology of Tibellus oblongus
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 1
Pages: 113-116
Keywords: En.
Araneae, spiders, predators, Thomisidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 692
Author: Mikulska, I.; Jacunski, L.
Year: 1968
Title: Fecundity and reproduction activity of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch
Journal: Zool. Pol.
Volume: 18
Pages: 97-106
Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4559
Author: Miller, C.B.  ; Godfray, H.C.J.
Year: 1997
Title: Apparent competition between two aphid species
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 66
Pages: 57-64
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., in plot experiments at Silwood Park nettle aphid (Microlophium carnosum) adjacent to grass aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) colonies suffered an earlier population decline than control colonies because R. padi attracted Coccinella 7-punctata to the area (apparent competition between the two aphid species). Fewer M. carnosum were attacked by parasitoids in the R. padi-boosted areas than in control areas because of reduction by the coccinellid, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, UK
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4130
Author: Miller, J. C.
Year: 1980
Title: Niche relationships among parasitic insects occurring in a temporary habitat
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 61
Pages: 270-275
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, parasitism of the caterpillar pest Spodoptera praefica, 3 species attacked it in mowed alfalfa in USA, arable, Leguminosae, Lepidoptera, Hyposoter exiguae was the most rapid exploiter of hosts following habitat disruption, farming practices, environmental perturbation, parasitoid species richness increased with habitat disruption, community, niche overlap was high between the two larval parasitoids and low between these and an egg-larval parasitoid, a low degree of temporal stability rather than interspecific competition was the main factor affecting intraguild species composition, Levins niche breadth and niche overlap indices, methods, guild


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3916
Author: Miller, J. C.; Ehler, L. E.
Year: 1990
Title: The concept of parasitoid guild and its relevance to biological control
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 159-169
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., natural enemies, "guild" here is those parasitoid species that attack the same stage of the same host species, a given species can belong to more than one guild, "ecologists have very little theoretical insight or experimental knowledge of interactions between all the natural enemies of a given host species eg effects on host density", habitat disturbance can temporarily alter interspecific relationships between parasitoids, eg a species with high reproduction and poor competition can do well for a few months after a disturbance, then competitor parasitoids oust it again, egs given including in alfalfa, arable, Leguminosae, pests, population dynamics, addition of another parasitoid species to a guild does not necessarily increase percentage parasitism, the effect is usually unpredictable, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3085
Author: Miller, M. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Development of a specific anti-adult Southern Pine Beetle serum
Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 35-53
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Coleoptera, trees, forests, conifers, dilution is not adequate for removing cross reactions, when antiserum has been diluted to titre 1:8 no precipitates can be seen, a possible method was to identify some heterologous antigens that were involved in cross reactions with other beetle species and inject these into neonate rabbits, method did not work, using methods to separate antigens from the soup in the beetle and identify some specific antigens then cutting these out and injecting into rabbits produced a more specific antiserum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3180
Author: Miller, M. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies
Journal: Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 11
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1-84
Keywords: En.
Rep. Lib., preface by Miller, papers by Frank, Boreham, Fichter & Stephen, Miller, Gassner et al, Greenstone, Kuperstein, book, methods, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2973
Author: Miller, M. C.
Year: 1981
Title: Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of narrow- and broad-spectrum anti-adult southern pine beetle serum
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 74
Issue: 3)
Pages: 279-282
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, serology, methods, ELISA was much more sensitive than gel double diffusion or counter immunoelectrophoresis, Coleoptera, pests, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3084
Author: Miller, M. C.; Chappell, W. A. Gamble W.; Bridges, J. R.
Year: 1979
Title: Evaluation of immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoretic tests using a broad spectrum anti-adult Southern Pine Beetle serum
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 72
Pages: 99-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, comparison of agar gel double diffusion, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, electroimmunodiffusion, tandem-crossed electroimmunodiffusion and counter immunoelectroporesis, latter was the most sensitive and rapid, Coleoptera, trees, forests, conifers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5995
Author: Miller, T.E.; Kneitel, J.M.; Burns, J.H.
Year: 2002
Title: Effect of community structure on invasion success and rate
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(4)
Pages: 898-905
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Protozoa and rotifers (as potential prey of predators) were introduced into natural 50 ml mini-ponds formed by pitcher plants, Sarracenia purpurea, some species introductions were immediately successful (they were probably dispersal-limited) and others were successful  if resources (dead insects) were added and/or predators were removed, others were unsuccessful despite manipulations, USA, pine forest bog and mixed grassland, predatory larvae of Diptera rotifers copepods cladocerans protozoans and bacteria all inhabit the pitchers naturally, dispersal probably by splashing and dissemination on bodies of invertebrates and vertebrates, migration, movement, assembly rules, metacommunity dynamics, likelihood of invasion success depends on nature of invaders dispersal capacity existing resource conditions and community structure (especially predator spectrum), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2152
Author: Millot, J.
Year: 1931
Title: Les diverticules intestinaux du cephalothorax chez les araignees vraies
Journal: Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere
Volume: 21
Pages: 740-764
Keywords: Fr.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, physiology, gut diverticula, digestion, extra-oral


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5994
Author: Mills, L.S.; Soule, M.E.; Doak, D.F.
Year: 1993
Title: The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation
Journal: BioScience
Volume: 43
Pages: 219-224
Alternate Journal: BioScience
Keywords: Rep., orinally applied to predator species in rocky intertidal zone (Paine 1969), species whose loss would be likely to precipitate further extinctions, i.e. keystone species have an important position affecting the structure and dynamics of their community, therefore they are priority targets for protection, biodiversity, food web theory, trophic webs, "keystone" has been applied to predators, prey, plants, links and modifiers (e.g. beaver which modifies habitats), [ecosystem engineer], keystone predators may control the densities of competitors and prevent extinctions due to a superior competitor, abundance, competition, keystones may have high interaction strengths with a number of other species in the community, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 370
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Essential and alternative foods for some British Coccinellidae (Coleopter a)
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 32
Pages: 197-202
Keywords: En.
Rhyzobius litura, Clitostethus arcuatus, Chilocorus renipustulatus, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Aphidecta obliterata, Adalia bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Anatis ocellata, Myrrha octodecimguttata, Calvia 14-guttata
Rep, beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 379
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Some aspects of the rate of increase of a coccinellid
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 6
Pages: 293-299
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetle, Coleoptera, ladybird, Coccinellidae, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 380
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Voracity, cannibalism and coccinellid predation
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 101
Pages: 144-148
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, Adalia bipunctata killing Eucallipterus tiliae in lime, aphids, Hemiptera, trees, forests, woodlands, fecundity was related to aphid density, population dynamics, UK, there were reproductive and aggregative numerical responses, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, adults and larvae cannibalised the eggs, this was mainly cannibalism of non-natal batches, methods for recognising cannibalised eggs, cannibalism was density-dependent and a significant regulatory mechanism, larval densities were reduced by 8-30% in different years by egg cannibalism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 412
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Satiation and the functional response : a test of a new model
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 305-315
Keywords: En.
Adalia bipunctata, Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, aphids, behaviour, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4141
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1990
Title: Are parasitoids of significance in endemic populations of forest defoliators ? Some experimental observations from Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 265-274
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, caterpillars, pests, biological control, trees, woodland, forests, more than 90% of forest insects never attain pest status, Table of low and high host density parasitoids of forest defoliators, the low host density parasitoids may regulate herbivores at low densities, phytophages, gypsy moth larvae were experimentally put out at European sites to try and collect low host density parasitoids for use in introductions in USA, classical biological control, 4 Braconidae, 2 Ichneumonidae and 7 Tachinidae species were reared from larvae 1980-1988, methods, community, species composition varied between years, Hymenoptera, Diptera, included generalists and specialists, non-outbreak parasitoids tend to attack earlier larval instars of the host, no low host density specialist parasitoids of the Gypsy Moth occur in North America, host exposure techniques


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3969
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid guilds: a comparative analysis of the parasitoid communities of tortricids and weevils
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 30-46
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, Tortricidae, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, trees, woodland, forests, orchard, top fruit, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, biological control, 1st instar larvae of endoparasitoids often enter into direct combat within the host, antagonism, aggressive behaviour, contest competition, ectoparasitoids developing rapidly often kill slower developing endoparasitoids, interspecific competition, tortricid hosts supported 4-10 parasitoid species cf 2-8 for weevils, niches were characterised by (i) host stage attacked (ii) endo- or ectoparasitoids, and (iii) idiobiont or koinobiont, tortricids support twice as many parasitoid species as weevils, mean of 7.3 parasitoid species per host species cf 3.6 for weevils, species richness, in general Lepidoptera support more species rich parasitoid communities than Coleoptera, where the host feeds, eg plant surface, leafminers, galls, is very important in affecting parasitoid species richness, some feeding sites can act as refuges from parasitoids, enemy-free space, for tortricids and sawflies the pupation site can be a more important refuge from parasitism than the larval feeding site, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, species richness of weevil parasitoid communities is determined mainly by the degree of vulnerability of the host to ectoparasitoids of late larvae, concealment of larvae promotes parasitoid attack because ectoparasitoids like to have their larvae protected within some structure, all these conclusions arrived at by guild analysis, less fine-grained analyses are inconclusive, foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3974
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The structure and complexity of parasitoid communities in relation to biological control
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 397-417
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, classical biological control against introduced and endemic pests, 48 species of parasitiod have been introduced to try and control olive scale in California, USA, Hemiptera, but in most projects a single species is effective and many other species fail to establish, "competition might be expected to be more intense in parasitoid communities than in other trophic communities, because individual hosts represent small packages of resource sufficient only for development of one parasitoid species, in intra-guild multiparasitism the outcome of interference competition depends on the interval between parasitoid attacks in some cases, but in others one species is intrinsically superior, cleptoparasitoids can function as primary parasitoids but they are usually poor at finding the host, but good at finding competitor parasitoids against which they always win, they are usually members of the same parasitoid guild, some cleptoparasitoids operate at the adult stage, ie they look for an ovipositing rival adult then go into direct combat to get the host, agonistic behaviour, antagonistic behaviour, foraging behaviour, aggressive behaviour, a common form of inter-guild miltiparasitism is where endoparasitoids of early host larvae are competitively curtailed by ectoparasitoids of late host larvae, parasitism of an early-attacking guild may alter host size structure and disrupt synchronisation of host attack by later parasitoid guilds, indirect competition, exploitative competition, impact of parasitoid competition on host abundance (eg do more species imply greater suppression) is variable, both in theoretical models and in actual cases, for exophytic hosts that tend to have specialised parasitoids, the predictability of host abundance is a very important factor in affecting parasitoid species richness, as is the host plant (eg host plant volatiles attracting some parasitoid species), population dynamics, kairomones, semiochemicals, rest of paper deals with classical biological control,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4033
Author: Mills, N. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Biological control: some emerging trends
Journal: In "Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology" Ed. by S. Leather, K. Walters, N. Mills and A. Watt, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 213-22
Keywords: En.
natural enemy-host models have so far failed to give clear guidelines for improvement of biiological control success, for classical biological control of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera pests host larval feeding position in/on the plant affects the establishment and success of introduced parasitoids, natural enemies, there is a positive correlation between parasitoid species richness and biological control success, community, IIBC BIOCAT database has 4300 records of biological control by introduced parasitoids and predators against pests worldwide, it has 2350 records of parasitoid introductions with known outcomes, Mills examined success of parasitoids against Lepidoptera in relation to the guild of parasitoid introduced, parasitoids attacking earlier life stages of the host tended to be more successful, caterpillars, there was no significant difference between ectoparasitoids and endoparasitoids, future work, more information needed for exophytic hemimetabolous insects, within this group there is much variation in success of parasitism which is unrelated to structural refuges from parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5466
Author: Mills, N.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Factors influencing top-down control of insect pest populations in biological control systems
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 323-332
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids in classical biological control, parasitoids have been used in 75% of all natural enemy introductions against insect pests, conceptual model, aim is long-term suppression of damage, model suggests that fecundity and level of gregariousness of a parasitoid are important factors affecting its effectiveness, 1500 parasitoid introductions led to establishment, 470 involved parasitoids, 218 were successful (partial or complete pest control), successes were by gregarious parasitoids significantly more frequently than by solitary ones
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1711
Author: Mills, N. J.; Schoenberg, F.
Year: 1985
Title: Possibilities for the biological control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lymantriidae) in Canada, using natural enemies from Europe
Journal: Biocontrol News and Information
Volume: 6
Issue: 1)
Pages: 7-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forests, conifers, virus, parasitoids, predators, pathogens, insect diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1782
Author: Milne, S.
Year: 1962
Title: Phenology of a natural population of soil Collembola
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 2
Pages: 41-52
Keywords: En.
population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1064
Author: Milne, W.
Year: 1971
Title: Factors affecting aphid populations on broad beans
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, exclusion methods used


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 946
Author: Milne, W. M.; Bishop, A. L.
Year: 1987
Title: The role of predators and parasites in natural regulation of lucerne aphids in Eastern Australia
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 893-905
Keywords: En.
Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Therioaphis trifolii, Acythosiphon pisum
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, plots sprayed and untreated with carbaryl, pesticide, insecticide, Micromus, Hemerobiidae, Neuroptera, lacewing, Coccinella repanda, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Bdellidae, Acari, mites, Syphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, parasitoid Aphidius ervi very important, natural enemies important in IPM, varies with year


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4450
Author: Milner, R. J.
Year: 1997
Title: Prospects for biopesticides for aphid control
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 227-239
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, pathogens, pests, biological control, Erynia neoaphidis is the most widespread and common entomophthorean fungus attacking pea, cereal and cabbage aphids in Australia, Hemiptera, Entomophthora,legumes, brassicas, it infects Hypomyzus lactucae on sowthistle at times when Aphis fabae is absent, natural enemy reservoirs, the importance of aphid density in the development of an epizootic is often underestimated, high density aphid populations favour rapid spread of the disease, attempts at early induction of epizootics by introducing infected aphids or mycelium have usually been unsuccessful because environmental conditions and aphid density limited efficacy, classical biological control is usually not possible because most species are already distributed globally, there are problems with mass- production of Entomophthorales, but mass production is possible for Hyphomycetes such as Verticillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces spp., M. anisopliae and M. flavoviride are used against lettuce aphids, some species of fungi active against aphids also kill predators and parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, natural enemy interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4148
Author: Milner, R. J.; Lutton, G. G.; Bourne, J.
Year: 1984
Title: A laboratory study of the interaction between aphids, fungal pathogens and parasites
Journal: Proceedings of the 4th Australian Applied Entomological Research Conference, Ed. by P. Bailey and D. Swincer, Adelaide 1984.
Pages: 375-381
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, entomogenous fungi, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, lab studies of susceptibility of alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata attacked by Trioxys complanatus to Zoophthora radicans, and of sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae attacked by Aphidius sonchi to Erynia neoaphidis, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, interactions between natural enemies, the parasitoids were not attacked by the pathogens and the two natural enemies acted independently, disease outcompeted early instar parasitoids, but more mature parasitoid larvae completed development, the fungus develops most during the day of death of the host, interspecific competition, inter-kingdom competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1105
Author: Mimeur, J. M.
Year: 1934
Title: Aphididae du Maroc
Journal: Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc
Volume: 40
Pages: 71 pp
Keywords: Fr.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Marocco, Africa, food plants, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Micraspis (= Tytthaspis 16-punctata) feeding on Toxoptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5783
Author: Minarro, M.; Dapena, E.
Year: 2003
Title: Effects of groundcover management on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an apple orchard
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 23
Pages: 111-117
Alternate Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Spain, top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, farming practices, habitat diversification, effects of plastic and straw mulches, tillage and herbicide, pesticides, methods, pitfalls, dominants were Steropus gallega, Pseudophonus rufipes (= Harpalus rufipes) and Poecilus cupreus (= Pterostichus cupreus), abundance and diversity were low under plastic and straw mulches compared to tilled and herbicide-treated areas, community, Nebria brevicollis, Calathus fuscipes, 1579 individuals of 8 species caught, glyphosate, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 20
Author: Mitchell, B.
Year: 1958
Title: Studies on the Biology and Ecology of some species of Coleoptera which are possible predators of cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae)
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of Birmingham.
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 17
Author: Mitchell, B.
Year: 1963
Title: Ecology of Bembidion lampros and Trechus quadristriatus . 1 Life cycles and feeding
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 32
Pages: 289-299
Keywords: En.
Rep, gut dissection, predation, prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 18
Author: Mitchell, B.
Year: 1963
Title: Ecology of two carabid beetles. II technique of pitfall trapping
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 32
Pages: 377-392
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3705
Author: Mittler, T. E.
Year: 1967
Title: Gustation of dietary amino acids by the aphid Myzus persicae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 10
Pages: 87-96
Keywords: En.
Rep (1 page), TP, pests, Hemiptera, methods, artificial diets, rearing, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3706
Author: Mittler, T. E.; Dadd, R. H.
Year: 1962
Title: Artificial feeding and rearing of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on a completely defined synthetic diet
Journal: Nature
Volume: 195
Pages: 404
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3937
Author: Miyai, S.; Kiritani, K.; Sasaba, T.
Year: 1978
Title: An empirical model of Lycosa - hoppers interaction system in the paddy field
Journal: Protection Ecology
Volume: 1
Pages: 9-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, rice, cereals, Gramineae, Japan, biological control, Hemiptera, Nephotettix cincticeps, green rice leafhopper, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Pardosa pseudoannulata, model suggested that insecticide killed more predators than pests, that resurgence would occur and that a moderate degree of plant resistance plus Lycosa could control hoppers, side effects of pesticides on non-targets, IPM, integrated pest management


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 532
Author: Miyashita, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Quantitative feeding biology of Lycosa T-insignita Boes. et Str. (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Bull. Nat. Inst. Agr. Sci. Jap. C.
Volume: 22
Pages: 329-344
Keywords: Spiders, predators, food, foraging, behaviour, fasting, moulting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 533
Author: Miyashita, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Changes of the daily food consumption during the adult stage of Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes. et Str. (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 3
Pages: 203-204
Keywords: En.
Rep, Spiders, predators, foraging, behaviour, diel cycle, feeding cycle


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3635
Author: Miyashita, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Growth and development of Lycosa T-insignita Boes. et Str. (Araneae: Lycosidae) under different feeding conditions
Journal: Appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 3
Issue: 2)
Pages: 81-88
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Japan, lab, rearing methods, culturing, on a Drosophila- only diet spiders died before reaching maturity, but matured OK on a mixed diet including other Diptera and Hemiptera, physiology, monophagy versus polyphagy, nutrition, trophic behaviour, food, feeding, predation, population dynamics, one moult in eggsac, 6-8 post- emergence moults depending on sex and food supply, food quantity, variable number of moults to adult, development rate through instars faster on more food, increase in carapace width did not follow Dyar's Law, growth rate of carapace is higher in early instars, growth rate of carapace width is slow when the spider moults more times


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 514
Author: Miyashita, K.
Year: 1969
Title: Effects of locomotory activity, temperature and hunger on the respiratory rate of Lycosa T-insignata Boes. et Str. (Araneae : Lycosidae)
Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology.
Volume: 4
Pages: 105-113
Keywords: Spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2616
Author: Miyashita, T.
Year: 1992
Title: Feeding rate may affect dispersal in the orb-web spider Nephila clavata
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 339-342
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3579
Author: Miyashita, T.
Year: 1992
Title: Food limitation of population density in the orb-web spider, Nephila clavata
Journal: Res. Popul. Ecol.
Volume: 34
Pages: 143-153
Keywords: En.
Rep., Japan, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, in field studies food consumption was positively correlated with adult female body size and fecundity, reproduction, biomass, foraging success was positively correlated with population density, foraging success reflected prey availability in a habitat, population density in following year was correlated with fecundity in current year, consistent differences in mean body size between particular sites were observed over years, so ranking of food abundance between habitats seems to be predictable, artificial increase in population density did not reduce feeding rate of individuals, forest edge grassland and bamboo, Gramineae, trees, woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5633
Author: Miyashita, T.
Year: 1999
Title: Life-history variation in closely related generalist predators living in the same habitat: a case study with three Cyclosa spiders
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 13
Pages: 307-314
Alternate Journal: Functional Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, differences between species in the same habitat in survival rate and growth rate, mortality, population dynamics, higher growth rate may compensate for lower survivorship, these spiders constructed webs in hedges in Japan, voltinism, phenology, survival rate as used here incorporates mortality and migration and is obtained from repeated censuses, intact silk-wrapped prey items in webs were recorded, webs were visited between 11:00 and 13:00 because half of the webs were destroyed (wind, prey damage etc) by 16:00 and web reconstruction was at night, prey capture rates, eggsac production, reproduction, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5830
Author: Miyashita, T.; Takada, M.; Shimazaki, A.
Year: 2003
Title: Experimental evidence that aboveground predators are sustained by underground detritivores
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 103
Pages: 31-36
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, food webs, community, Japan, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, forest, trees, woodland, cedar, conifers, various spider species with horizintal and vertical orb webs, methods, prey collected from spider webs and spider jaws and classified as herbivore or detritivore, food, diet, trophic behaviour, manipulative field experiments, 25 insects emerge from ground m-2 day-1 in June and are mainly Sciaridae and Chironomidae, Diptera, in some plots this emergence was prevented using vinyl sheets, sticky traps, significantly fewer spiders were found where detritivores were suppressed and spider species richness tended to be reduced, biodiversity, in control plots half of spider diet was detritivore and half herbivore, distribution, vertical migration, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4829
Author: Mochizuki, A.
Year: 1990
Title: A carabid predator, Parena laesipennis (Bates) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) attacking Pidorus glaucopis (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 25(2)
Pages: 319-320
Alternate Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, ground beetles, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, carabid larvae were observed attacking caterpillars on garden trees (Eurya japonica) in Japan, this beetle could be reared on the pest in the lab, in the garden the predator was found to aggregate where pest density was highest and predation on the pest was significantly greater at high pest density, density-dependent mortality, aggregative numerical response, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4957
Author: Mohamed, A.H.; Lester, P.J.; Holtzer, T.O.
Year: 2000
Title: Abundance and effects of predators and parasitoids on the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) under organic farming conditions in Colorado
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(2)
Pages: 360-368
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Diuraphis noxia, farming practices, barley, wheat, crested wheatgrass, 41 species of natural enemies listed, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, spiders, Syrphidae, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Araneae, hoverflies, Diptera, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, exclusion cages, methods, aphid populations were 3-11 times more numerous where natural enemies were reduced, aphids extracted from cut plants in alcohol in a Berlese funnel, natural enemies sampled by pitfalls, sweeping, water traps and in situ visual inspection of plants for mummies, some exotic predators and parasitoids were released in the fields and recovery rates calculated, Leucopis, Chamaemyiidae, classical biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1700
Author: Mohyuddin, A. I.; Greathead, D. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Annotated list of the parasites of graminaceous stemborers in East Africa with a discussion of their potential in biological control
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 15
Pages: 241-274
Keywords: En.
release of exotic parasitoids, classical biological control, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, Diptera, caterpillars, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5102
Author: Mohyuddin, A.I.; Greathead, D.J.
Year: 1970
Title: An annotated list of the parasites of graminaceous stem borers in East Africa, with a discussion of their potential in biological control
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 15(3)
Pages: 241-274
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, maize, sorgum, wild grasses, distribution maps, Noctuidae, Busseola, Sesamia, Pyralidae, Chilo, Eldana, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, hyperparasitoids, Chalcididae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, Elasmidae, Scelionidae, Ceraphronidae, Bethylidae, Diptera, Tachinidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, nematodes, Nematoda, Hexamermis, entomogenous fungi, Cordyceps, pathogens, diseases, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants, Formicidae, Pheidole, Tetramorium, ants observed feeding on eggs and larvae of Busseola and Chilo, they can destroy 90% of eggs and larvae (no details)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3088
Author: Mollet, J. A.; Armbrust, E. J.
Year: 1978
Title: Age specific serological identification of adult stages of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 71
Issue: 2)
Pages: 207-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, proteins which react with the antiserum are quickly degraded in the guts of Carabidae, antiserum not suitable for predation studies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3
Author: Mols, P. J. M.
Year: 1979
Title: Motivation and walking behaviour of the carabid beetle Pterostichus coerulescens L. at different densities and distributions of the prey
Journal: On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles, H.Veenman and B.V. Zonen, Wageningen
Pages: 185-198
Keywords: En.
Rep, Hunger, gut capacity, fat body, eggs, digestion rate, temperature, turning frequency, random walk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 76
Author: Mols, P. J. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Simulation of the motivation and egg production of the carabid beetle, Pterostichus coerulescens (L.)
Journal: Report of the 4th Symposium of Carabidology, 1981.
Pages: 35-43
Keywords: En.
Rep, gut emptying, digestion rate, temperature, food quality, gut capacity, gravid, female


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3450
Author: Mols, P. J. M.
Year: 1988
Title: Simulation of hunger, feeding and egg production in the carabid beetle Pterostichus coerulescens L. (= Poecilus versicolor Sturm)
Journal: Agricultural University Wageningen Papers
Volume: 88-3
Pages: 1-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rarely flies, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, flight, grassland, cultivated areas, heath, Gramineae, arable, diurnal, univoltine, diel cycles, voltinism, spring breeder, tenerals or callows August to October, very polyphagous, driving force for feeding depends on gut content and "apparent gut capacity" which is a function of weight of ovaries, quantity of eggs in oviduct and reserves in body, rates of ingestion, egestion, assimilation, rspiration, storage of reserves, egg formation, egg resorption and egg maturation were quantified in lab or taken from literature in relation to temperature, feeding, defaecation, simulation model, simulated egg production agreed with actual egg production at field temperatures, meal size was related to gut capacity, so less in gravid females or beetles with much fat reserves, rate of gut emptying is independent of gut content but is very dependent on temperature, it is 2-3 times higher in reproducing than none reproducing females and 2-3 times higher in spring than autumn, season, season, reproduction, fecundity, at 17C took mean 19h for satiated beetles to restart feeding, quantity of eggs in oviduct results from input rate of eggs from ovaries, residence time in oviduct and output by deposition, mating frequency can influence egg production, at low population density can get egg resorption even if food level is OK, also get oosorption due to starvation, simulation results suggest egg production is strongly affected by food level, hunger level depends on more than just emptiness of gut, eg after oviposition hunger level suddenly increases, in spring food consumption is 55% of body weight then it declines to 26% then increases after the start of egg deposition to 48%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2610
Author: Mols, P. J. M.; van Dijk, T. S.; Jongema, Y.
Year: 1981
Title: Two laboratory techniques to separate eggs of carabids from a substrate
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 21
Pages: 444-445
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4348
Author: Mommertz, S.; Schauer, C.; Kosters, N.; Lang, A.; Filser, J.
Year: 1996
Title: A comparison of D-vac suction, fenced and unfenced pitfall trap sampling of epigeal arthropods in agroecosystems
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fennici
Volume: 33
Pages: 117-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Germany, 2 meadows and 2 cereal fields, barley and wheat, Gramineae, grassland, plastic funnel pitfalls, unfenced pitfalls caught more Carabidae and fewer Staphylinidae than fenced pitfalls, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Dvac caught fewer predators per unit area than did fenced pitfalls, Dvac and fenced pitfalls were dominated by staphylinids, unfenced pitfalls were usually dominated by carabids, unfenced pitfalls caught more species of carabid than did fenced pitfalls, differences between sampling methods were smaller than between sites, the larger the species the higher the proportion caught by unfenced pitfalls, lab experiments showed differences in trappability between Pterostichus cupreus and Pterostichus versicolor, Dvac is not an efficient sampling method for carabids, staphylinids and Lycosidae, predator depletion can occur if pitfalls are less than 10 m apart, in most cases fenced pitfalls should be preferred to unfenced pitfalls or Dvac, wolf spiders, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1077
Author: Mondal, N. U.
Year: 1972
Title: Host specificity of some aphid predators
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, feeding preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4256
Author: Monetti, L. N.; Croft, B. A.
Year: 1997
Title: Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman): larval responses to prey and humidity, nymphal feeding drive and nymphal predation on phytoseiid eggs
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Pages: 225-234
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, trophic behaviour, food, diet, interspecific competition, intraguild predation, lab study in USA, N. californicus ate phytoseiid eggs more readily than did N. fallacis and it appears to be a less specialised predator, they are used for biocontrol of spider mites on strawberry, apple, hops, mint, caneberry, 5-10 ornamental crops in USA and Southern Europe, pests, Tetranychidae, soft fruit, top fruit, trees, orchards, hyperpredation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4872
Author: Monsrud, C.; Toft, S.
Year: 1999
Title: The aggregative numerical response of polyphagous predators to aphids in cereal fields: attraction to what ?
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 134
Pages: 265-270
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Denmark, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, compared effects of aphid density and aphid honeydew (simulated by spraying honey) on distribution of arthropods, pitfalls, sticky traps, winter wheat, Rhopalosiphum padi hot spots created by cages which were then removed, aphid patches and honey patches attracted more potential prey than did control plots, carabids and Philonthus were significantly more abundant in honey than aphid patches, but the reverse was true for Tachyporus, beetle larvae and other Coleoptera, spiders showed no significant treatment differences, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, Collembola, Diptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1697
Author: Monteith, L. G.
Year: 1976
Title: Field studies of potential predators of the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Ontario
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario
Volume: 107
Pages: 23-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, orchards, top fruit, pests, Canada, natural enemies, biological control, Lithobius forficatus, Chilopoda, centipedes, Myriapoda, polyphagous predators, potential predators of pupae are Oniscus leavis, L.forficatus, millipedes, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Forficula auricularia, crickets, woodlice, Oniscidae, Isopoda, Crustacea, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Dermaptera, earwigs, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3564
Author: Montgomery, M. E.; Nault, L. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Comparative response of aphids to the alarm pheromone (E)- beta-farnesene
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 22
Pages: 236-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, behaviour, semiochemicals, 90% of greenbug dispersal was by dislodgement, Gramineae, cereals, fall off, drop off, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, migration, movement, 14 species in Aphidinae and Chaitophorinae, dosage to disperse 50% ranged from 0.02 ng to 100 ng depending on species, some species dispersed at low dosages by walking and at high dosages by falling, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon solani, and Aphis fabae on broad bean, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, Macrosiphum euphorbiae on potato, Myzus persicae on turnip, Rhopalosiphum maidis on maize, Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum and Sitobion avenae on oats, and others, pheromone is discharged from cornicles but it was manufactured for these experiments, siphunculi, A.fabae dispersed only by walking, S.graminum was the most sensitive species, species forming compact colonies were usually less sensitive, species attended by ants usually disperse only by walking not falling, myrmecophilous aphids, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species that fell ie R.maidis, R.padi and S.graminum inhabit grasses, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5949
Author: Montoya, J.M.; Rodriguez, M.A.; Hawkins, B.A.
Year: 2003
Title: Food web complexity and higher-level ecosystem services
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 6
Pages: 587-593
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, community, parasitoids function better (i.e. higher parasitism rates of target herbivores) in simple food webs (e.g. fewer herbivore species) than in complex ones, natural enemies, trophic cascades, pests, biological control, 19 webs based on grass-feeding Tetramesa (Dawah et al., 1995), Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae, Gramineae, UK, 13 herbivore species at 14 sites, parasitoids, specialist and generalist hyperparasitoids, analysed number of links and clustering of links, compartmentation, biological control by parasitoids is usually achieved by a single species of parasitoid in a simplified habitat, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3358
Author: Moon, R. D.
Year: 1980
Title: Biological control through interspecific competition
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Issue: 6)
Pages: 723-728
Keywords: En.
Rep., biological control by non-pest competitors, competition defined here as "a negative density-dependent interaction among organisms that share at least one essential resource which is in short supply", competitive exclusion principle is controversial, gives examples of interspecific competition, eg Aculus schlechtendali and Panonychus ulmi, pesticides reduce early season apple rust mite and encourage outbreaks of European red mite later by removing a superior competitor, for biocontrol need a competitor which is competing for an economically neutral resource, ie not competing for the crop plant on which the pest is causing damage, if the competitor reduces the neutral resource the pest will be reduced and cause less damage, Table of examples with neutral resources, methods, pests, Acari, orchards, top fruit


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2154
Author: Moor, H.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1983
Title: A note on spiders killing bark beetles
Journal: Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges.
Volume: 56
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: Araneae, predators, Coleoptera, pests, forests, trees, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3889
Author: Moor, H.; Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Eine borkenkaferfressende Spinne, Troxochrus nasutus Schenkel (Araneae, Erigonidae)
Journal: Faunistisch-okologische Mitteilungen
Volume: 5
Pages: 193-197
Keywords: Ger.
spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, beetle-eating spider, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 127
Author: Moore; Wallbank, B. E.
Year: 1968
Title: Chemical composition of the defensive secretion in carabid beetles
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, B.
Volume: 37
Pages: 57-88
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 19
Author: Moore, B. P.
Year: 1957
Title: The British Carabidae (Coleoptera) Part II. The county distribution of the species
Journal: Entomologist's Gazette.
Volume: 8
Pages: 171-180


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2462
Author: Moore, B. P.
Year: 1992
Title: The Carabidae of Lord Howe Island
Journal: In "The Biogeography of Ground Beetles of Mountains and Islands" Ed. by G.R. Noonan, G.E. Ball and N.E. Stork, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 159-173
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, 28 species mainly from Australia, 10 are endemic flightless geophiles, 14 species in common with neighbouring areas capable of flight, also some subapterous Australian species, comparisons with Norfolk Island, re-naming of Clivina rugithorax Putzeys as Clivina australasiae Boheman, classification, systematics, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2662
Author: Moore, D.
Year: 1984
Title: The distribution of opaline silica bodies in the leaf sheaths of two perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in their susceptibility to attack by dipterous stem borers
Journal: Grass and Forage Science
Volume: 39
Pages: 205-208
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2663
Author: Moore, D.
Year: 1984
Title: The role of silica in protecting Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) from attack by dipterous stem-boring larvae (Oscinella frit and other related species)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 104
Pages: 161-166
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2084
Author: Moore, D.; Hunt, D. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Nematodes associated with dipterous stem-boring larvae (Chloropidae and Opomyzidae) in ryegrass
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 104
Pages: 291-296
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, 12.5% of stem borers attacked, some cause death of host, stem borers can cause 30% yield loss of ryegrass, damage, Diptera, Nematoda, Howardula oscinellae is rare, Mermithidae usually rare, Hexamermis spp, Panagrolaimus rigidus commonest in Oscinella frit larvae, up to 10% infected, frit fly, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, P.rigidus reduced larvae when watered onto grass but did not kill 3rd instar, Goodey 1930 found 1.8-14.7% O.frit infected with H.oscinellae in oats, mermithids tend to have localised distribution but up to 33% borers can be infected, incidence affected by grass variety, farming practices, plant resistance, Panagrolaimus tipulae found in gut of larvae of Tipula paludosa but probably does not kill it unless insect is stressed, Tipulidae, leather jackets, daddy-long-legs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5618
Author: Moore, R.
Year: 2001
Title: Emergence trap developed to capture adult large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasite Bracon hylobii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 91
Pages: 109-115
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, methods, pests, UK, conifers, trees, forest, woodland, weevils attracted to smell of newly-felled trees, kairomones, semiochemicals, infochemicals, olfaction, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, new adults emerge from soil, emerging weevils climb fibreglass netting of the trap, enter a drainpipe where they receive a mild electric shock from two copper strips attached to 9V batteries, the shock causes weevils to fall out of the drainpipe through a funnel into a collecting tube, parasitoids fly up to the top of the trap attracted to light and are caught in a clear plastic container, 80% parasitoids caught by 6h after release, high trap efficiency, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2002
Author: Moorhouse, E. R.; Charnley, A. K.; Gillespie, A. T.
Year: 1992
Title: A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 431-454
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, distribution, host range, pest status, life cycle, natural enemies, biological control, mammals, birds, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, reptiles, amphibians, large Carabidae eat the larvae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, predation, feeding behaviour, small ones eg Bembidion are voracious egg predators, Forficula auricularia, earwigs, Dermaptera, ants, Formicidae, some parasitoids, Diptera, Hymenoptera, mites eat eggs, Acari, spiders might eat adults, Araneae, pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, microbial insecticides, host plant resistance, physical control, cultural control, chemical control, pesticides, aldrin, dimilin, diflubenzuron, insect growth regulator, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2612
Author: Moorhouse, E. R.; Fenlon, J. S.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.
Year: 1992
Title: Observations on the development, oviposition and fecundity of Vine Weevil adults, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Journal: Entomologist's Gazette
Volume: 43
Pages: 207-218
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1264
Author: Moosbeckhafer, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Laboruntersuchungen uber den Einfluss von Diazinon, Carbofuran und Chlorfenvinphos auf die laufaktivitat von Poecilus cupreus L. (Col.; Carabidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 95
Pages: 15-21
Keywords: Ger.
lab, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, activity, behaviour, sub-lethal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2473
Author: Moosbeckhofer, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Laboruntersuchungen uber den Einfluss einiger Pflanzenschutzmittel auf Ei- und Larvalstadien von Poecilus cupreus L. und Poecilus sericeus Fischer d.w. (Col. Carabidae)
Journal: Zeit. ang. Ent.
Volume: 95
Pages: 513-523
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2474
Author: Moosbeckhofer, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Laboruntersuchungen uber den Einfluss von Diazinon, Carbofuran und Chlorfenvinphos auf die laufactivitat von Poecilus cupreus L. (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Zeits. ang. Ent.
Volume: 95
Pages: 15-21
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3440
Author: Moran, M. D.; Hurd, L. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Short-term responses to elevated predator densities: noncompetitive intraguild interactions and behaviour
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 98
Pages: 269-273
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Mantidae and spiders are in the same polyphagous predator guild, abandoned pasture, barriered plots, mantids released into some, tanglefoot barrier on ground to see if spiders were immigrating or emigrating, Dvac and pitfalls, lab experiments using hatchling mantids with various sizes of spider, 86% mantids stayed in the plots where they were placed, 30% more spiders attempted to emigrate from mantid- added plots than from controls, but this was 50% for small spiders which emigrated very quickly, too quickly for food shortage to be the explanation, in lab experiments 78% of small spiders were consumed, carnivores were depressed in the mantid-added plots to a greater extent than herbivores, references to spiders feeding on spiders, there is a need to measure migration in predator augmentation experiments and it has to be done immediately because the effect can be very rapid, Araneae, natural enemies, biological control, grassland, Gramineae, methods, sticky traps, migration, movement, horizontal dispersal, trophic behaviour, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, predation, prey size preference, hyperpredation, food chain errors, predation on predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5630
Author: Moran, M.D.; Hurd, L.E.
Year: 1998
Title: A trophic cascade in a diverse arthropod community caused by a generalist arthropod predator
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 113
Pages: 126-132
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, old-field, pasture, Gramineae, grassland, meadow, Mantidae, Tenodera sinensis, effects of mantids on herbivores was stronger than on carnivores, community, food web, trophic web, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hemiptera, Diptera, plant biomass was increased by mantids, yield, mantids have low dispersal rate between habitats, migration, movement, manipulative field experiment with barriered plots, mantids significantly reduced Diptera and Homoptera, this cascade was concentrated down narrow linear food chains even though these were embedded in a diverse web, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5132
Author: Moran, M.D.; Rooney, T.P.; Hurd, L.E.
Year: 1996
Title: Top-down cascade from a bitrophic predator in an old-field community
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 77(7)
Pages: 2219-2227
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., mantids, Tenodera sinensis, were added (at normal field density) to plots and significantly reduced population biomass of herbivores (pooled) and increased plant biomass compared with controls, spiders (not identified) emigrated from mantid-enhanced plots significantly more than from controls, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Mantidae, Araneae, grassland, Gramineae, movement, migration, distribution, dispersal, interference amongst predators, impact on pest populations, effects on plant yield, 6 x 6m plots were surrounded by plastic barriers, methods, sticky material painted onto the inside of barriers provided an index of emigration tendency, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, no significant reduction of numbers of individual orders of herbivores, mantids were not present in this particular field until added in the field trials [see also Moran et al., 1998; Oecologia 113:126-32]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5669
Author: Moran, M.D.; Scheidler, A.R.
Year: 2002
Title: Effects of nutrients and predators on an old-field food chain: interactions of top-down and bottom-up processes
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 98
Pages: 116-124
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., USA, community, nutrient level and spider density manipulated in the field, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, trophic cascades, grassland, Gramineae, dominant predators were the Lycosidae, wolf spider guild, Hogna helluo, Rabidosa punctulata, Rabidosa rabida, plastic barrier fenced plots 10 m x 10 m, methods, live-trapping pitfall traps, NPK fertiliser added to half the plots, spider abundance reduced in some plots using pitfalls and hand collecting, sticky material on plot fences monitored emigration, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, plant biomass was increased initially by fertiliser but where spider numbers were experimentally reduced plant biomass fell later (not significantly), damage, yield, plant species diversity was significantly greater in plots with more spiders, biodiversity, dominant herbivores were Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, these Hemiptera were increased by fertilser and significantly reduced by spider predation, smaller species of Lycosidae, Salticidae, Oxyopidae and Clubionidae were significantly increased in plots where large lycosids were experimentally reduced, interactions between natural enemies, top-down forces became apparent only later in the experiment (with implications for duration of experiments), top-down regulation was stronger in nutrient enriched plots, references that top-down processes operate in many systems ranging from simple (e.g. arctic) to very diverse (e.g. tropical rainforests) suggesting that diversity has little effect on the strength of trophic interactions, strong trophic interactions can exist in diverse systems that also have an abundance of weaker interactions,
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2609
Author: Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1991
Title: A simple time-saving improvement to the motorized insect suction sampler
Journal: The Entomologist
Volume: 110
Pages: 2-4
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3221
Author: Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1994
Title: The influence of field boundary structure on heteropteran densities within adjacent cereal fields
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 117-121
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Calocoris norwegicus and predatory bugs were more numerous in headlands next to hedgerows, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4213
Author: Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects of organic and conventional farming methods on plant bug densities (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) within winter wheat fields
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 128
Pages: 415-421
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, 56 fields in 1990 and 62 in 1991, Dvac in headlands in June to July, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, 27 species including Anthocoris nemorum, Calocoris norwegicus, Leptoterna dolabrata, Lygus spp., Nabis ferus, Orius niger, Sehirus bicolor, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, more weed species, especially dicotyledonous broad-leaved weeds, in the organic fields, with a slight tendency for greater weed cover too, in both years there was higher density in 4/5 heteropteran groups in the organic fields, but not all significant and no difference in numbers of species, biodiversity, species richness, abundance, C. norwegicus tended to be more numerous in conventional fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5795
Author: Moreby, S.J.
Year: 1997
Title: The effects of herbicide use within cereal headlands on the availability of food for arable birds
Journal: Proceedings of the 1997 Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 1197-1202
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 1997 Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK, pesticides, Vertebrata, Aves, grey partridge, pheasant, yellowhammer, whitethroat, dunnock, corn bunting, skylark, comparison of headland plots with and without herbicide applications, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, cereals, Gramineae, winter wheat, spring barley, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, significantly greater ground cover and species richness of weeds in unsprayed areas, biodiversity, no significant difference between treatments in numbers of ground beetles, but all other arthropod groups assessed including chick food insects were more numerous in unsprayed, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Coleoptera, Carabidae, spiders, Araneae, Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, caterpillars, Symphyta, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, sawflies, leaf beetles, Chrysomelidae, weevils, Curculionidae, chick food insects, Poa annua seeds are important chick food, granivory, spermophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, seed-eating, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3169
Author: Moreby, S. J.; Aebischer, N. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Invertebrate abundance on cereal fields and set-aside land: implications for wild gamebird chicks
Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50, Set-aside
Pages: 181-186
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Gramineae, UK, Vertebrata, Aves, compared 1 and 2 year old set-aside fields with winter wheat, D-vac of headlands, Diptera, most Coleoptera, Symphyta, and Aphididae were most in wheat, Collembola, Heteroptera, and Auchenorrhyncha most in set-aside, chick food 3 times more on set-aside, game, sawflies, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3407
Author: Moreby, S. J.; Aebischer, N. J.; Southway, S. E.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1994
Title: A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter wheat in Southern England
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 125
Pages: 13-27
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, 1990-91, D-vac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, greater % weed cover in organic and 3 times as many weed species, higher density of Diptera, aphids, aphid- specific predators, parasitoids, Cantharidae, Cryptophagidae in conventional but more weevils, spiders, springtails, planthoppers and sawfly larvae in organic, there was no use insecticides in spring and summer in the conventional crops otherwise the differences could have been greater, farming practices, pesticides, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, soldier beetles, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Araneae, Collembola, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5686
Author: Moreby, S.J.; Southway, S.E.
Year: 1999
Title: Influence of autumn applied herbicides on summer and autumn food available to birds in winter wheat fields in southern England
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 72(3)
Pages: 285-297
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, headland, methods, percentage cover and diversity of plants within quadrats,  Dvac, vacuum insect sampler, suction sampling, untreated plots had significantly more plant cover and diversity and arthropods than did herbicide-treated plots, a single herbicide application in the autumn almost completely controlled grass and dicotyledonous weeds, abundance, biodiversity, farming practices, references to indirect negative effects on invertebrates of weed removal by herbicides and to subsequent negative effects on birds at field edges, Vertebrata, Aves, dominant grass was Poa annua, significantly more Diptera, spiders and Staphylinidae in untreated plots, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, aphids, pests, references that conservation headlands (that receive some, but limited, pesticide inputs) benefit birds, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 936
Author: Moreti, A. C. de C.; Ramiro, Z. A.; Junquetti, M. I. de G. Cacao C. C. Cacao M. A.; Buzolin Fulho, R.
Year: 1984
Title: Incidence of aphids (Homoptera - Aphididae) in wheat crops in the agricultural region of Marilia, Sao Paulo State
Journal: Biologico
Volume: 50
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: En.?
Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi
Brazil, pests, Hemiptera, survey, cereals, Gramineae, two population peaks, parasitism, Aphidius, Hymenoptera, predation, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Chrysopa lanata, Neuroptera, lacewings, Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, insecticide treated seeds reduced pests and natural enemies, IPM, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 315
Author: Moreton, B. D.
Year: 1945
Title: On the migration of flea beetles (Phyllotreta sp.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) attacking brassica crops
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 81
Pages: 59-60
Keywords: En.
Pest, distribution, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1840
Author: Morimoto, R.
Year: 1960
Title: Polistes wasps as natural enemies of agricultural and forest pests. I. (Studies on the social Hymenoptera of Japan X)
Journal: Science Bulletin, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
Volume: 18
Pages: 110-116
Keywords: Jap.En.summ.
Rep., polyphagous predators, biological control, Polistes chinensis antennalis feed their larvae on a wide range of prey, food, diet, foraging females carry 5 prey to nest per day, behaviour, movement, consumption rates, 152 prey per life of nest, emerging workers collect more than 2000 prey during life of nest, they are important natural enemies of forest and agricultural pests, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5614
Author: Morin, P.J.; Lawler, S.P.
Year: 1995
Title: Food web architecture and population dynamics: theory and empirical evidence
Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Volume: 26
Pages: 505-529
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, community, population dynamics, energetics, there is much more theory than empirical testing, omnivory decreases stability of model webs, food chains may be longer in more productive habitats, systems with long food chains are predicted to oscillate longer after a perturbation (taking longer to return to stable equilibrium) than those with shorter chains, trophic cascades are very common in nature, complexity and stability, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4074
Author: Moring, J. B.; Stewart, K. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Influence of sex and egg-case presence on predatory behaviour of the wolf spider Pardosa valens Barnes (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Southwestern Naturalist
Volume: 37
Issue: 2)
Pages: 132-137
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, predation, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2684
Author: Moriya, S.; Tsuga, K.
Year: 1958
Title: Low volume spraying for pest control in the horticulture under covers
Journal: Jap Pesticide Info
Volume: 52
Pages: 22-26
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1063
Author: Morrill, W. L.
Year: 1978
Title: Red imported fire ant predation of the alfalfa weevil and pea aphid
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 71
Pages: 867-868
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Solenopsis invicta, Hypera postica, Acyrthosiphon pisum, greenhouse trial weevil reduced by 99.6% on alfalfa, aphids not found on plants after exposure to ants for 1 week, this ant is also damaging to wildlife, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3553
Author: Morris, D. E.; Cloutier, C.
Year: 1987
Title: Biology of the predatory fly Coenosia tigrina (Fab.)(Diptera, Anthomyiidae) - reproduction, development, and larval feeding on earthworms in the laboratory
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119
Issue: 4)
Pages: 381-393
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory Diptera, Annelida, Lumbricidae, adult C.tigrina are predators of flying insects such as Diptera eg the onion maggot fly, pests, biological control, field vegetables, their larvae feed on worms, fecundity 230 at 25C with male continuously present, reproduction, population dynamics, longevity in relation to temperature, egg hatch decreased with age of mother unless males continuously present, daily predation rate highest at 25C, but predation over lifetime highest at 20C, consumption rates, male predation less than female, sex related predation rate, and female decreased with age, larval weight at eclosion decreased with mothers age, larval survival 30-60% on worm sections, 17% on live mature Eisenia foetida but 90% on live immature 1-2cm E.foetida, references to importance of C.tigrina for biocontrol of onion fly Delia antiqua, Canada, rearing on Drosophila, culturing, individual variation in fecundity was large 137-406 eggs, fecundity was less at 15C than 20C and 25C, cannibalism of male by female was frequent in lab cages even with surplus prey, fecundity was correlated with total prey killed, cannibalism of larvae on larvae occasionally observed, larvae often went deep inside worms to feed, cannibalism might be a problem if this predator was mass-reared and mass-released, prey killed by this insect is not always consumed or may be consumed only in part, wasteful killing, partial consumption, in the field females probably alternate between bursts of predation and oviposition, increased male presence increased female fertility, accessory secretions by the male may supplement female nutrition accelerate egg maturation and stimulate oviposition, diet, feeding, adult female and larvae of C.tigrina respond to earthworm mucus,trophic behaviour, kairomones, references to other Diptera that prey on worms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1752
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1969
Title: Differences between the invertebrate faunas of grazed and ungrazed chalk grassland. III. The heteropterous fauna
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 6
Pages: 475-487
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, UK, farming practices, Gramineae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1751
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1971
Title: Differences between the invertebrate faunas of grazed and ungrazed chalk grassland. IV. Abundance and diversity of Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 37-52
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, UK, farming practices, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1758
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1973
Title: The effects of seasonal grazing on the Heteroptera and Auchenorhyncha (Hemiptera) of chalk grassland
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 761-780
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, leafhoppers, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1753
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1975
Title: Preliminary observations on the effects of burning on the Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha) of limestone grassland
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 7
Pages: 312-319
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, UK, farming practices, leafhoppers, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1757
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1979
Title: Responses of grassland invertebrates to management by cutting. II. Heteroptera
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 16
Pages: 417-432
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2475
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1979
Title: Grassland nanagement and invertebrate animals - a selective review
Journal: Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society Series A
Volume: 6
Pages: 248-257
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1755
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Responses of grassland invertebrates to management by cutting. III. Adverse effects on Auchenorhyncha
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 18
Pages: 107-123
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, pests, leafhoppers,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1756
Author: Morris, M. G.
Year: 1981
Title: Responses of grassland invertebrates to management by cutting. IV. Positive responses of Auchenoryncha
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 18
Pages: 763-771
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, pests, leafhoppers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1754
Author: Morris, M. G.; Lakhani, K. H.
Year: 1979
Title: Responses of grassland invertebrates to management by cutting. I. Species diversity of Hemiptera
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 16
Pages: 77-98
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, pests, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2776
Author: Morris, O. N.
Year: 1987
Title: Evaluation of the nematode, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, for the control of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119
Issue: 1)
Pages: 95-102
Keywords: En.
pests, Halticinae, biological control, Nematoda, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3288
Author: Morris, R. F.
Year: 1963
Title: The effect of predator age and prey defense on the functional response of Podisus maculiventris Say to the density of Hyphantria cunea Drury
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 95
Pages: 1009-1020
Keywords: En.
Rep., P.maculiventris is Pentatomidae and H.cunea is fall webworm, lab glass jars, P.maculiventris ingests 84% of its own weight for each 5th instar attacked, webworm larvae are aggregated in nests and predator functional response and numerical response to nest density likely to be relevant, 5th instars put up vigorous defense and selective timid predators like P.maculiventris are more likely to kill larvae whose development is delayed by parasitism, deciduous trees, P.maculiventris nymphs usually remain inside a webworm nest until their development is complete, large larvae are capable of grasping legs and antennae of P.maculiventris in their mandibles and severing them, they can even throw a P.maculiventris out of the web, cumulative predation always levelled off as the predator got older, this effect was not related to amount of food eaten or to photoperiod, predators also fed on plant juice in the experiments, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Canada, forests, trophic behaviour, predation, prey defence, distribution, parasitoids, predation rates in relation to age of predator, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3282
Author: Morris, R. F.
Year: 1965
Title: Contemporaneous mortality factors in population dynamics
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 97
Pages: 1173-1184
Keywords: En.
Rep., mortality assessments can be greatly in error, eg some Ichneumonidae parasitoids sting and kill many more gypsy moth pupae than they parasitize so % parasitism is a poor measure of their effect, mortalities rarely act alone but can interact both sequentially and contemporaneously, model is described for handling interacting contemporaneous mortalities, eg various setting of parameters, including where animals are affected by one factor they become more susceptible to another, examples of interactions, parasitized prey may be more or less active and more or less susceptible to predation, parasitoid larvae may develop slower so more small ones will be available for size-specific predators, interactions between parasitism and insecticides and weather, operation of one mortality factor can change host density and this can affect interactions with other mortality factors eg through functional responses of predators, simulations of the model suggest that relatively small changes in the degree of mortality by a factor can have important effects on population trend, interactions among contemporaneous mortality factors could be very important in applied control, there is a need to quantify mortality factors and interactions by direct observation and experiment, methods, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, biological control, predation,, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4765
Author: Morris, T.I.; Campos, M.; Kidd, N.A.C.; Jervis, M.A.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Dynamics of the predatory arthropod community in Spanish olive groves
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 219-228
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, trees, fruit, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Spain. Olive moth, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Prays oleae. Phenology and diel cycles. Annual variation in abundance. Cumulative effects of 6 years of drought. There was synchrony between predator and prey phenologies. Modified beating tray involving a funnel, methods. 47 spider species (Araneae), the most species-rich group, but ants were the most abundant, Coleoptera and predatory Heteroptera were scarce. Hymenoptera,l Formicidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds,  Scymnus suturalis, Anthocoridae,  Anthocoris nemoralis, Miridae, Neuroptera, Chrysoperla carnea, lacewings, Dermaptera,earwigs, predatory Diptera, Syrphidae. Ants consumed Prays but they may also have deterred other natural enemies from ant-dominated areas.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4774
Author: Morris, T.I.; Campos, M.; Kidd, N.A.C.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1999
Title: What is consuming Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and when: a serological solution ? 
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 18
Pages: 17-22
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., olive moth, pests, Lepidoptera, olive orchards, trees, Spain, beating, methods, ELISA, serology, polyclonal antiserum raised from eggs and larvae of the pest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Over 10, 000 predators tested. Ants, spiders, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and others all contained some individuals that were positive, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, predatory bugs. Problems of secondary predation, scavenging and trophallaxis are discussed. Results not given at species level. Food, diet, trophic behaviour.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5517
Author: Morris, T.I.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Kidd, N.A.C.; Campos, M.
Year: 2002
Title: The effect of different ant species on the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bern.), in Spanish olive orchard
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 126
Pages: 224-230
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae, Spain, trees, woodland, forest, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, commercial and abandoned orchard compared, serological methods, ELISA, polyclonal antibody against eggs and larvae, more ant species in abandoned orchard and a wider range of species consumed the pest, ants are the most important olive moth predators followed by Heteroptera and Coleoptera, phenology, beating tray, species composition, list of 21 species, ants also protect olive scales from parasitoids and remove eggs of Chrysoperla carnea, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, some ants have a preference for dead insect remains and so results here relate to consumption and not necessarily predation, carrion feeding, scavenging, peak P. oleae consumption coincided with the period when this pest was most vulnerable (unprotected caterpillars feeding among the floral buttons), spatial distribution, lack of enemy free space, trophallaxis may have artificially inflated the % positive ELISA results, reference that an Argentine ant passed its meal onto 156 other ants within 48 h,
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2614
Author: Morris, W. F.
Year: 1992
Title: The effects of natural enemies, competition, and host plant water availability on an aphid population
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 90
Pages: 359-365
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5657
Author: Morrison, L.W.
Year: 2002
Title: Long-term impacts of an arthropod-community invasion by the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(8)
Pages: 2337-2345
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, USA, sampling carried out in 1980s then again in 1999, native ant and arthropod species diversity had returned to pre-invasion levels after 12 years, S. invicta remained the most abundant species but its abundance was less than soon after invasion, community, biodiversity, forest and grassland, trees, Gramineae, woodland, methods, pitfalls, baits (freeze-killed cricket plus sugar solution on a plastic lid), hand-collecting, 49 ant species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3993
Author: Morse, D. H.
Year: 1983
Title: Foraging patterns and time budgets of the crab spiders Xysticus emertoni Keyserling and Misumena vatia (Clerck) (Araneae, Thomisidae) on flowers
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 11
Pages: 87-94
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3220
Author: Morvan, N.; Delettre, Y. R.; Trehen, P.; Burel, F.; Baudry, J.
Year: 1994
Title: The distribution of Empididae (Diptera) in hedgerow network landscapes
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 58 "Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation"
Pages: 123-127
Keywords: En.
Rep., hedgerows are shelter for adults and development sites for larvae, methods, coloured traps, sweep nets, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3730
Author: Mossakowski, D.
Year: 1979
Title: Evolution of habitat preference illustrated by the phylogeny of Chrysocarabus species (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 103-112
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1808
Author: Mostafa, A. R. Debach P.; Fisher, T. W.
Year: 1975
Title: Anystid mite: citrus thrips predator
Journal: California Agriculture
Volume: 29
Issue: 3)
Pages: 957-971
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gamasellus racovitzai feeding on Cryptopygus and others, predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Collembola, methods, electrophoresis,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5167
Author: Mott, M.; Smitley, D.
Year: 2000
Title: Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis application on Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and LdNPV-induced mortality of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1312-1322
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, biological control, bacteria, entomogenous fungi, nucleopolyhedrosis virus, interactions between natural enemies, Bt sprayed fromn the air, USA, forest, trees, woodland, Lepidoptera, Lymantria dispar, Bt was more effective than virus in supressing the pest, the fungus made a moderate contribution to pest suppression in some years, data suggest that Bt lowers levels of fungus infection probably by lowering density of early instar larvae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2135
Author: Moulder, B. C.; Reichle, D. E.
Year: 1972
Title: Significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forest floor arthropod communities
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 42
Pages: 473-498
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, biology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 698
Author: Moulder, B. C.; Reichle, D. E.; Auerbach, S. J.
Year: 1970
Title: The significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forest floor arthropod communities
Journal: Oak Ridge nat. Lab. USA, ORNL - 4452
Keywords: Araneae, predators, energetics, population dynamics, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1845
Author: Mound, L. A.; Morison, G. D.; Pitkin, B. R.; Palmer, J. M.
Year: 1967
Title: Thysanoptera
Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London
Keywords: En.
Rep., thrips, pests, UK, keys, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1261
Author: Mowat, D. J.; Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1967
Title: The toxicity of some soil insecticides to carabid predators of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae Bouche))
Journal: ?
Volume: 59
Pages: 349-354
Keywords: En.
UK, pesticides, pests, Diptera, brassicas, field vegetables, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2780
Author: Mowat, D. J.; Martin, S. J.
Year: 1981
Title: The contribution of predatory beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and seed-bed-applied insecticide to the control of cabbage root fly Delia brassicae in transplanted cauliflowers
Journal: Hort. Res.
Volume: 21
Pages: 127-136
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Diptera, Erioischia brassicae, Delia radicum, field vegetables, brassicas, arable, pesticides, methods, Northern Ireland, pitfalls, May- July, common species were Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Atheta, Tachinus, Oxytelus, Tachyporus, especially Tachyporus obtusus, small carabids more between than under plants, reverse for staphylinids, individual plants surrounded with exclusion barriers 5 cm high with a pitfall inside, accumulated CRF eggs, 21 per plant outside barriers, accumulated beetles 27 carabids and 1.6 staphylinids outside and 0.3 carabids and 0.4 staphylinids inside, predators reduced pupae by 43% and increased yield by 21%, predators combined with insecticide, integrated control, experiment as above except that some of the plants had been treated with insecticide before transplanting, chlorfenvinphos or chlorpyrifos reduced root damage more than did predators, predators plus insecticide reduced root damage by more than either alone but not significantly so, ground beetles, rove beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3087
Author: Mowry, T. M.; Whalon, M. E.; Jones, A. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Selected bibliography of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application to entomology
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 27
Issue: 2)
Pages: 113-116
Keywords: En.
NEC?, serology, methods, review, references to virus work, Verticillium lecanii, bacteria, insect pathogens, entomogenous fungi, natural enemies, biological control, no genuine references to ELISA and insects, precipitin test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5127
Author: Mueller, T.F.; Blommers, L.H.M.; Mols, P.J.M.
Year: 1988
Title: Earwig (Forficula auricularia) predation on the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 47
Pages: 145-152
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, top fruit, orchards, trees, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Netherlands, where earwigs were excluded from trees by sticky bands of Tanglefoot around trunks aphids were significantly more abundant and infested 30-35% of shoots compared with 10% where earwigs were more abundant, predator exclusion methods, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1839
Author: Muesebeck, C. F. W.
Year: 1936
Title: The genera of parasitic wasps of the braconid subfamily Euphorinae with a review of the Nearctic species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: USDA, Miscellaneous Publications
Volume: 241
Pages: 38 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, structure, keys, classification, taxonomy, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2467
Author: Muggeridge, J.
Year: 1939
Title: A maize and strawberry pest (Clivina rugithorax Putz.)
Journal: The New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 184-186
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Clivina australasiae, caused damage to recently planted maize by eating kernel of the seed, also found in ripe strawberries, cultural control, cereals, Gramineae, soft fruit, feeding behaviour, herbivory


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 317
Author: Muggleton, J.
Year: 1968
Title: The coleopterous fauna of stones at Staines
Journal: Ent. Rec.
Volume: 80
Pages: 287-291
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale
Beetles, Coleoptera, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2915
Author: Muhlenberg, M.
Year: 1993
Title: Freilandokologie
Journal: Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Heidelberg
Keywords: Ger.
Rep 1 page only, methods, book on outdoor ecology, page 406 has short description of trap stones, these have channels in them and a cover plate, they are placed on the ground or hidden in litter and provide shelter for small invertebrates, made by Plaster of Paris or concrete in a wooden template, cheap to manufacture, not suitable for quantitative investigations, pages 338 to 341 describe photoeclectors, emergence traps and biocenometer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1382
Author: Muir, R. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Insecticide resistance in damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, in commercial hop gardens in Kent
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 92
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, pests, Hemiptera, increase in resistance against demeton-S-methyl, omethoate, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1392
Author: Muir, R. C.; Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Resistance to pesticides in damson-hop aphid and red spider mite on English hops
Journal: Proceedings of the 1979 British Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases
Pages: 161-166
Keywords: En.
UK, insecticide resistance, pests, Hemiptera, Phorodon humuli, Tetranychidae, Acari, Tetranychus urticae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2853
Author: Mukerji, M. K.; Harcourt, D. G.
Year: 1970
Title: Design of a sampling plan for studies on the population dynamics of the cabbage maggot Hylemya brassicae (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Journal: The Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 102
Pages: 1513-1518
Keywords: En.
Rep., SE was usually within 20% of the mean, number of samples required for a given level of sampling precision ie a given level of SE as % of the mean, was derived from the Coefficient of Variation or s divided by mean, methods, statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5629
Author: Muller, C.B.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 2002
Title: Intraguild predation in biological control and conservation biology
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 25
Pages: 216-223
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., review, community, intra-guild predation, IGP, food webs, trophic webs, omnivory, aphids, Hemiptera, trophic cascades, IGP most likely to produce a cascade in relatively simple agricultural and aquatic systems, biodiversity, asymmetrical IGP in relation to body size, biomass, priority effects, there appears to be more shared prey between predators than between parasitoids, predators consume parasitoids (e.g. aphid mummies), positive correlation between prey abundance and predator species richness but this effect is weak for parasitoids and pathogens, conservation management, mesopredator release, system productivity level can affect intensity of IGP, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5151
Author: Muller, C.B.; Williams, I.S.; Hardie, J.
Year: 2001
Title: The role of nutrition, crowding and interspecific interactions in the development of winged aphids
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 330-340
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, there are about 4000 aphid species worldwide, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Hemiptera, review, data are biased by coming mainly from Myzus persicae, when this is taken into account poor quality diet does not cause alate production for the majority of species, crowding does in many cases promote wing induction, parasitoids tend to inhibit wing induction especially if early instars are attacked, there is no evidence that the mere presence of adult parasitoids in an aphid colony causes wing induction, pea aphid colonies increased wing production in the presence of ladybirds but other aphid species did not, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, polyphagous predators, ant-tended colonies tend to have reduced wing induction, Hymenoptera, Formicidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 304
Author: Muller, F. P.
Year: 1938
Title: Die Verdauung bei nahe verwandten Kafern mit verschiedener Ernahrungsweis e
Journal: Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst.
Volume: 71
Pages: 291-318
Keywords: Ger.
Beetles, Coleoptera, digestion, feeding methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4119
Author: Muller, F. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Differential alarm response between different strains of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 34
Pages: 347-348
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, A.pisum yellow strain taken from Lotus uliginosus showed only 19% fall-off rate from plant in response to alarm pheromone, cf red strain from Trifolium pratense at 40% and green strain from Medicago sativa at 53%, Lotus grows in water and dropping off could result in drowning, cf Roitberg & Myers reduced fall-off for A.pisum in hot regions where dislodgement likely to result in death from desiccation and heat shock, Leguminosae, arable, semiochemicals, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1242
Author: Muller, G.
Year: 1971
Title: Laboruntersuchungen zur Wirkung von Herbiziden auf Carabiden
Journal: Arch. Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 7
Pages: 351-364
Keywords: Ger.
lab, pesticides, herbicides, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3043
Author: Muller, J. K.
Year: 1984
Title: Die Bedeutung der Fallenfang-Methode fur die Losung okologischer Fragestellungen
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 111
Pages: 281-305
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., significance of the pitfall trapping method for solving ecological problems, activity dependent on hunger, behaviour, males active searching for females, seasonal variation in activity, differences between sexes, radius of action of a pitfall, pitfalls reducing population size, funnel pitfalls, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Nebria brevicollis, Abax paralellepipedus, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, mark- release-recapture, quadrats,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4017
Author: Muma, M. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Spiders in Florida citrus groves
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 58
Pages: 83-90
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, orchards, USA, community, species composition, trees, forest, woodland, top fruit


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1951
Author: Muma, M. H.; Denmark, H. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Phytoseiidae of Florida. Arthropods of Florida Vol. 6
Journal: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Volume: Bureau of Entomology Contribution No. 148
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4917
Author: Mundy, C.A.; Allen-Williams, L.J.; Underwood, N.; Warrington, S.
Year: 2000
Title: Prey selection and foraging behaviour by Pterostichus cupreus L. (Col., Carabidae) under laboratory conditions
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 124
Pages: 349-358
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, ground beetles, cereals, Gramineae, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, prey selection, consumption rates, predation rates, alternative food, seven carabid species were offered live and dead Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Isotomidae and Entomobryidae in petri dishes, cereal aphids, Collembola. Bembidion obtusum, Bembidion guttula, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus cupreus, Nebria brevicollis all ate live and dead R. padi and M. dirhodum. Notiophilus biguttatus ate live aphids but not dead M. dirhodum. P. madidus did not kill Collembola but P. madidus killed them and also ate dead Collembola. The preference of P. cupreus for dead M. dirhodum or dead entomobryids Heteromurus nitidus was tested. M. dirhodum was preferred even though it required more handling time. This might have been prey size selection (M. dirhodum are larger), but  the beetle often made antennal contact with both prey types before feeding, so qualitative selection is a possible explanation. A four-arm olfactometer was used to test P. cupreus response to prey odours, it responded significantly to H. nitidus but not to the aphids. The aphids were undisturbed and probably not emitting alarm pheromones. Semiochemicals, kairomones. P. cupreus foraging behaviour and plant climbing was observed in an arena with barley plants and cereal aphids (6:1 R.padi: M. dirhodum), to which H. nitens was added later. The presence of aphids significantly increased the time spent on barley plants. In the absence of H. nitens, P. cupreus ate aphids mainly from the plants. Time spent feeding on aphids on plants was reduced if H. nitens were present on the ground. Vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1045
Author: Muniappan, R.; Chada, H. L.
Year: 1970
Title: Biological control of the greenbug by the spider Phidippus audax
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 63
Pages: 1712
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Schizaphis graminum, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Salticidae, 3 spiderlings per plant destroy aphids in 2 weeks compared with control where plant killed, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4842
Author: Muraleedharan, N.; Radhakrishnan, B.; Selvasundaram, R.
Year: 1991
Title: Observations on the life-history and feeding rates of Calleida nilgirensis Straneo (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a predator of the flushworm of tea
Journal: Journal of Ecobiology
Volume: 3(3)
Pages: 189-192
Alternate Journal: Journal of Ecobiology
Keywords: Rep.,  polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, caterpillar pests, Lepidoptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Cydia leucostoma, India, lab studies of size preference, predation rates, consumption rates, development times
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1058
Author: Muratov, K.
Year: 1975
Title: On species diversity of aphidophages on stone fruit crops in Tashkent region
Journal: Ecology and Biology of the Animals of Uzbekistan, Part 1, Invertebrates, Ed. by K.S. Khairutdinov and A.G. Davletshina, FAN, Tashkent
Pages: 1-211
Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, natural enemies, predators, biological control, USSR, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5328
Author: Murchie, A.K.; Burn, D.J.; Kirk, W.D.J.; Williams, I.H.
Year: 2001
Title: A novel mechanism for time-sorting insect catches, and its use to derive diel flight periodicity of brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 91
Pages: 199-203
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., pests, UK, methods, oilseed rape, 24 h rotation quartz clock motor powered by 1.5 volt battery turns a base plate a moves an aperture to line up sequentially with 12 sample tubes at 2 h intervals, this unit replaced the collecting tube in a malaise trap and so time-sorted positively phototactic insects, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, diel activity periods, the mechanism could be applied to pitfall traps or pheromone or bait traps
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2700
Author: Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1966
Title: Population stability and life history phenomena
Journal: The American Naturalist
Volume: 100
Pages: 5-11
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3658
Author: Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1969
Title: Switching in general predators: experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 39
Pages: 335-354
Keywords: En.
Rep., behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Mollusca, marine, in switching the number of attacks on a prey species is disproportionately large when the species is abundant relative to other prey, and is disproportionately small when the species is relatively rare, models, test system of predatory snails on mussels and barnacles, when prey preference was strong it was not altered by predator training, but where preference was weak it could be modified by training, search image, predator conditioning, in nature a patchy distribution of prey would provide the training opportunity, aggregation, when preference was weak switching could give potentially stabilising mortality, no switching occurred under most circumstances, population dynamics, population regulationt


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 23
Author: Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1970
Title: Aspects of the population dynamics of some marsh Carabidae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 35
Pages: 127-156
Keywords: En.
Rep, Wytham


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3901
Author: Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1990
Title: The relevance of pest-enemy models to biological control
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 1-24
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., classical biological control, 2-species perennial systems, achieving stable low pest equilibria, stabilizing mechanisms are pseudo-interference and prey refuges, and larval competition by parasitoids, natural enemies, stabilizing mechanisms tend to result in higher pest density, pest control may be enhanced by aggregation of parasitoids to hosts, complementary natural enemies ie species that attack different stages of the pest avoiding invulnerable age classes, or species that attack at different times so avoiding temporal refuges, short generation time of enemy cf pest, enemy dispersal greater than that of pest, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, reduced temporal variability of the pest might be achieved by short generation time of the enemy, more enemy species, enhancement of spatial diversity, barriers to pest dispersal, habitat diversification, biodiversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3739
Author: Murdoch, W. W.; Chesson, J.; Chesson, P. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Biological control in theory and in practice
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 125
Pages: 344-366
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, review, qualities of successful natural enemies, host specificity, synchronisation with pest, rapid increase rate, complete life cycle on one pest, high search rate, aggregate to pest, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, parasitoids, stable pest equilibrium, satisfactory pest control is compatible with local extinction of pest and polyphagy of natural enemy, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5993
Author: Murdoch, W.W.; Chesson, J.; Chesson, P.L.
Year: 1985
Title: Biological control in theory and practice
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 125(3)
Pages: 344-366
Alternate Journal: American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., successful classical biocontrol predicted to require a specialist natural enemy with high searching capacity that is synchronous with the pest and can increase in density rapidly (including by aggregation) but only needs a few (or one) pest to complete its life cycle, these criteria are satisfied much more commonly by parasitoids than by predators, this is based on assumption that the goal is stable low-density pest equilibrium whereas in fact local pest extinction is a more appropriate goal and may be achievable by polyphagous predators, generalist predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, equilibrium models concerned only a single prey species, survival and reproduction of polyphagous predators are not solely dependent on one pest, conclusions derived from models in the past have been biased against polyphagous predators, examples of successful biocontrol, winter moth control does not fit equilibrium model, Lepidoptera, Operophtera brumata, trees, forests, woodland, similarly for parasitoids against olive scale larch sawfly walnut aphid, Parlatoria oleae, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Chromaphis juglandicola, parasitism of red scale comes closest to fitting predictions of the equilibrium model but the parasitoid (Aphytis melinus) does extensive host-feeding on the scale (i.e. acting as a predator) which is not modelled, tropic behaviour, the polyphagous bug Notonecta provides good control of mosquitoes but does not have attributes considered important for the equilibrium model, Heteroptera, Diptera, Culicidae, a different paradigm for successful biocontrol is to have natural enemies "lying-in-wait" for pests and then reacting rapidly when they arrive, this is best achieved by natural enemies being polyphagous and also having mechanisms to survive well during periods of food scarcity, however no single theoretical framework is yet adequate to reliably guide implementation of biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 378
Author: Murdoch, W. W.; Marks, R. J.
Year: 1973
Title: Predation by coccinellid beetles : experiments on switching
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 54
Pages: 160-168
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata, Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, prey, feeding, foraging, behaviour, aphids, relative abundance, diet, training, density independent, no switching


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5440
Author: Murphy, B.C.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Granett, J.; Pickett, C.H.; Dowell, R.V.
Year: 1998
Title: Measuring the impact of a natural enemy refuge: the prune tree / vineyard example
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 297-309
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., prune tree refuges to enhance the biological control of grape leafhopper, habitat management, habitat diversification, trees, pests, farming practices, landscape, USA, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Erythroneura elegantula, natural enemies, egg parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Anagrus epos, alternate hosts, alternative leafhopper hosts on blackberry and prune, biodiversity, overwintering refuges, reservoirs, methods, ten paired vineyard plots with and without refuges, unhatched Erythroneura eggs were examined under a microscope for evidence of developing parasitoid, yellow sticky traps for emerging parasitoids, egg parasitism was greater in refuge-enhanced vineyards but leafhopper density did not differ, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, parasitoid density varied greatly between refuges
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4620
Author: Murphy, W.L.
Year: 1985
Title: Procedure for the removal of insect specimens from sticky-trap material
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 78
Pages: 881
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., methods, polyisobutylene is the most widely used sticky material. It is poorly dissolved by acetone. Preferred solvents are toluene, heptane, hexane, xylene and ethyl acetate, also can use petroleum, gasoline, kerosene.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1996
Author: Murray, P. J.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1992
Title: A technique for assessing damage to roots of white clover caused by root feeding insects
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 715-719
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, methods, pasture, Leguminosae, pests, yield, damage, Coleoptera, weevils, Curculionidae, roots of white clover Trifolium repens, losses caused by feeding of larvae of Sitona weevils was up to 50%, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3077
Author: Murray, R. A.; Solomon, M. G.
Year: 1978
Title: A rapid technique for analysing diets of invertebrate predators by electrophoresis
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 90
Pages: 7-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, do not need lots of prey cf for making antiserum in serological methods, excised guts of larger predators used to minimise interference from predators esterases, vertical polyacrylamide slabs, esterase bands detected by specific stains, comparison of position of these bands for starved predators, prey and predator with prey in gut, sensitive and useful method but prey must have one esterase in characteristic positiion not shared with the predator or other prey, also the prey must exhibit high esterase activity, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5831
Author: Musser, F.R.; Shelton, A.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Factors altering the temporal and within-plant distribution of coccinellids in corn and their impact on potential intra-guild predation
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32(3)
Pages: 575-583
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, cereals, maize,Gramineae, USA, interactions between Coleomegilla maculata (native) and Harmonia axyridis (introduced), C. maculata adults were earlier and lower on plant than H. axyridis adults, vertical distribution, phenology, spatio-temporal overlaps occurred when food supplies (aphids and pollen) were high which would reduce the incidence of intraguild predation, IGP, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, in situ direct visual counts, laboratory observation of excised plants, polyphagous predators, omnivory, Rhopalosiphum maidis, there was some modification of normal vertical distribution when both species occurred on the same plant, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3992
Author: Mussett, K. S.; Young, J. H.; Price, R. G.; Morrison, R. D.
Year: 1979
Title: Predatory arthropods and their relationship to fleahoppers on Heliothis-resistant cotton varieties in southwestern Oklahoma
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 4
Pages: 35-39
Keywords: En.
predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, Miridae, Heteroptera, arable, plant resistance, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2085
Author: Myers, J. H.; Harris, P.
Year: 1980
Title: Distribution of Urophora galls in flower heads of diffuse and spotted knapweed in British Columbia
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 359-367
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, North America, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4214
Author: Myers, J. H.; Higgins, C.; Kovacs, E.
Year: 1989
Title: How many insect species are necessary for the biological control of insects ?
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 541-547
Keywords: En.
Rep., classical biological control has only replaced chemical control in 16% of 600 projects, in the majority of cases successful biological control is achieved by a single agent even where several agents are introduced and establish, hosts may have evolved little resistance to parasitoids that are rare in the native habitat, these rare agents have great potential for biocontrol, biodiversity, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4732
Author: Nabli, H.; Bailey, W.C.; Necibi, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Beneficial insect attraction to light traps with different wavelengths
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16(2)
Pages: 185-188
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., TP.,  USA, blacklight, blacklight blue, cool white light and plant/aquarium light sources compared in moonlight, UV, ultraviolet, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae,  lacewings, Heteroptera, Nabidae, predatory bugs, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, alfalfa, corn, soybean, maize, Gramineae, Leguminosae, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1016
Author: Nadasy, M.; Polgar, Z.
Year: 1990
Title: A study on the choice and consumption of food by Athalia rosae L. (Hym., Tenthredinae)
Journal: Symp. Biol. Hung.
Volume: 39
Pages: 505-506
Keywords: En.
Rep., Cruciferae preferred by larvae, Hymenoptera, sawflies, feeding preference, behaviour, pests, weeds, Hungary


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1015
Author: Nadasy, M.; Saringer, G.
Year: 1986
Title: Study of the choice and consumption of feed by Sitona humeralis Steph. (Col., Curculionidae)
Journal: Novenytermeles
Volume: 35
Pages: 447-457
Keywords: Hung.,En.summ.
Rep., choice of food plants, consumption rates, Leguminosae preferred, feeding preference, pests, Coleoptera, weevils, weeds, behaviour, Hungary


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4305
Author: Naeem, S.; Thompson, L. J.; Lawler, S. P.; Lawton, J. H.; Woodfin, R. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems
Journal: Nature
Volume: 368
Pages: 734-737
Keywords: En.
Rep., fourteen 1 m2 Ecotron microcosms at Silwood Park, 9, 15 and 31 species per microcosm, the 9 and 15 species microcosms had species removed from all trophic levels cf the 31 species system, 31 species communities consumed more carbon dioxide and had greater plant productivity, species richness, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1291
Author: Nagata, T.; Mochida, O.
Year: 1984
Title: Development of insecticide resistance and tactics for prevention
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 93-106
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, resistance widespread in Japan rice pests, cereals, Gramineae, much less in other countries, worst case is Green Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera, resistant to malathion and parathion in 1962, spread rapidly, got cross resistance to other organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate resistance in 1969, now developing multiple resistance, Chilo suppressalis increasing and has high resistance to OP's, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Laodelphax striatellus, small brown planthopper, transmits 2 viruses, disease vector, alternate host wheat, resistant to malathion and BHC and carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, resistance in Japan due to immigrants from China, dispersal, buprofezin and pyrethroids may provide control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3746
Author: Nagel, P.
Year: 1979
Title: The classification of Carabidae
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 7-14
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, taxonomy, cladogram, position of Carabidae within the Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3747
Author: Nagel, P.
Year: 1979
Title: Aspects of the evolution of myrmecophilous adaptations in Paussinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 15-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, structure, cladogram, adaptations to myrmecophily, antennae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1580
Author: Nagy, L.; Szentkiralyi, F.
Year: 1982
Title: Ocurrence and significance of the common earwig (Forficula auricularia L.; Orthopteroidea, Dermaptera) in different apple orchards
Journal: Novenyvedelem
Volume: 18
Pages: 395-400
Keywords: Hun.En.summ.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trees, Hungary, very few in intensive chemical orchards, pesticides, insecticides, 4-5 treatments per year reduced the population by 50%, June to September on apple, phenology, peak July to August, eat aphids and Microlepidoptera larvae, diet, predation, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 548
Author: Nakamura, K.
Year: 1972
Title: The effects of activity and density of preys on the predation of a wolf spider Pardosa lavra (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology.
Volume: 16
Pages: 113-114
Keywords: Predators, prey, food, feeding, foraging, functional response, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 549
Author: Nakamura, K.
Year: 1972
Title: The ingestion in wolf spiders. II. The expression of degree of hunger and amount of ingestion in relation to spider's hunger
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology.
Volume: 14
Pages: 82-96
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, food, predators, feeding, predation, foraging, behaviour, feeding rate, consumption rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 551
Author: Nakamura, K.
Year: 1977
Title: A model for the functional response of a predator to varying prey densities : Based on the feeding ecology of wolf spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Series 6.
Volume: 31
Pages: 29-89
Keywords: En.
Lycosa, Pardosa
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, laboratory, feeding experiments, prey, Drosophila, Diptera, starved, cumulative feeding curve, male, female, immature, feeding curve related to body weight, temperature, consumption rate, effect of temperature on consumption rate, gut filling, hunger, refractory period, egg sac, effect of egg sac on hunger, gut diverticula, storage, partly digested food, gut throughput time longer than for insects, digestion rate, egestion rate, fasting, metabolic rate, prey density, prey storage, activity of prey elicits predation, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2983
Author: Nakamura, M.; Nakamura, K.
Year: 1977
Title: Population dynamics of the chestnut gall wasp (Cynipidae, Hym).5. Estimation of the effect of predation by spiders on the mortality of imaginal wasps based on the precipitin test
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 27
Pages: 97-116
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, serology, methods, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, as frequency of prey in environment decreases a high % is still consumed by spider, gall wasp and Drosophila fed to spiders in ratio 9:1 to 1:9, concluded no noticeable effect of the dilution of food by Drosophila on the degree of positive reaction as % positive, NB low numbers tested, the antiserum was not species specific, quantification using Dempster method and random eating Poisson distribution method, 1968-70 population levels of thev wasp declined together with slight spider decline, but % of the wasp population eaten by spiders increased dramatically to 100% in 1970, used capillary ring test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2980
Author: Nakamura, R. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Fluorescence immunoassays for fluid-phase antigens and antibodies
Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd Edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC
Pages: 423-429
Keywords: En.
Methods, serology, improvements in instrumentation and labels reduce interference from background labels


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 664
Author: Nakamuta, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Mechanism of the switchover from extensive to area- concentrated search behaviour of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii
Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology
Volume: 31
Pages: 849-856
Keywords: En.
Myzus persicae
Predators, beetles, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, foraging, aphids, food, feeding, consumption, giving- up time


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5821
Author: Nakashima, Y.; Senoo, N.
Year: 2003
Title: Avoidance of ladybird trails by an aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi: active period and effects of prior oviposition experience
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 109
Pages: 163-166
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphidius ervi, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, larvae of Coccinella 7-punctata, polyphagous predators, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, broad bean, Leguminosae, parasitoids with oviposition experience avoided areas where predators had recently been present but parasitoids that had not yet oviposited did not, perhaps adult females can afford to become more selective after some eggs have been deposited,  semiochemicals, infochemicals, kairomones, decisions under risk of predation, parasitoids react to ladybird trails that are up to about 18 hours old,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1010
Author: Nakashima, Y.; Shindo, M.; Shimizu, K.
Year: 1976
Title: Behaviour of ants against aphids and their natural enemies on citrus trees
Journal: Bull. Fac. Agric. Miyazaki Univ.
Volume: 23
Pages: 493-498
Keywords: Jap.,En. summ.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, trees, orchards, Formicidae, predators, biological control, aphids increased because ants kept natural enemies away, parasitoids not affected, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5450
Author: Nakashima, Y.; Teshiba, M.; Hirose, Y.
Year: 2002
Title: Flexible use of patch marks in an insect predator: effect of sex, hunger state, and patch quality
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 581-587
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Orius sauteri, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, predatory bug, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, lab studies in Japan, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, spatial dynamics, fed on Thrips palmi, Thysanoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, well-fed adult female bugs marked the plant and avoided marked areas for up to 1 hour after marking, mark avoidance was displayed only by the individual that made the mark, semiochemicals, infochemicals, improves searching efficiency, authors claim this to be first demonstration of patch-marking by a predator to avoid already-searched areas
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2098
Author: Nakasuji, F.; Yamanaka, H.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1973
Title: The disturbing effect of micryphantid spiders on the larval aggregation of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Kontyu, Tokyo
Volume: 41
Pages: 220-227
Keywords: Predators, Araneae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3947
Author: Nakasuji, F.; Yamanaka, K.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1973
Title: The disturbing effect of micryphantid spiders on larval aggregation of the tobacco cutworm
Journal: Kontyu
Volume: 41
Pages: 220-227
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Lepidoptera, Linyphiidae, Japan, Oedothorax insecticeps and Spodoptera litura caterpillars in taro field, tobacco cutworm, spider can eat maximum of 96 S.litura hatchlings during 1st instar, prey consumption rate, in field cages with and without spiders S.litura mortality was 60% with spiders present cf 18% for controls, but only 4% of the 60% was actual predation, 38% of loss was due to larval dispersal, distribution, movement, vertical migration, behaviour, dislodgement, predation assessed by number of head capsules remaining on taro leaf, arable, population dynamics, foraging, survival, survivorship, 12 spider species in field, species composition, Theridiidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Pisauridae, Salticidae, Tetragnathidae, 5 species observed feeding on S.litura, vacuum sampler within an isolator, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, during dry period very few spiders found in field but were in damp weedy areas near field, abundance, maximum density 93 m-2, moisture, humidity, O.insecticeps works efficiently as a predator only between caterpillar hatch and establishment of the hatchlings on the plant, disturbed caterpillars left the leaf along a silk thread, S.litura egg masses were placed in the field and each colony was observed to be attacked by a spider at night, in situ visual observation, methods, diel cycles, nocturnalism, survival rates of caterpillar colonies only 2.3% and this was independent of initial size of colony, dislodged S.litura larvae will die of starvation in well kept fields with no ground cover, farming practices, negative relationship between spider density and caterpillar survival in the field, references to effects of disturbance of pests by parasitoids and predators, including sawfly larvae disturbed by a parasitoid feed less well and fecundity of the subsequent adult is reduced, quotes Kiritani & Hokyo 1970 that Nezara viridula distribution became less contagious in a rice field where spiders present, aggregation, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1235
Author: Nanne, H. W.; Radcliffe, E. B.
Year: 1971
Title: Green peach aphid populations on potatoes enhanced by funfgicides
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 64
Pages: 1569-1570
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, arable, Myzus persicae, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5139
Author: Naranjo, S.E.; Hagler, J.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Toward the quantification of predation with predator gut immunoassays: a new approach integrating functional response behavior
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 175-189
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, there are various equations for estimating predation rate from post-mortem analysis of gut contents and several of these utilise R - the per capita predation rate, R is usually a mean predation rate determined in the lab, here R is replaced with a functional reponse model, test system is Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus preying on Pectinophora gossypiella eggs in greenhouse cotton arenas, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, Lepidoptera, functional response equation used relates predation rate to prey density and minimum and maximum leaf areas searched, it incorporates an exponential decline in area searched as prey density increases, foraging behaviour, predators from model validation studies were assayed for prey antigen using ELISA, predicted attack rates were compared to observed attack rates for the new model (which combines functional response and ELISA results; i.e. % positive x predator density x functional response / temperature-specific detection half-life) and for the models of Dempster (1960) and Nakamura & Nakamura (1977), per capita attack rates were fairly stable over a range of prey densities, detection periods were temperature-dependent and different for the two species, percentage positive (after correction for detection period) was unrelated to prey density in greenhouse trials, but the model predicted attack rates by G. punctipes accurately, the functional response alone overpredicts the amount of predation and this is reduced to nearer the correct level by the immunological component of the model, Nakamura model overpredicted and Dempster model underpredicted attack rates, sensitivity analysis showed that the model was sensitive to % positive and prey density but less so to temperature for G. punctipes (but the model with O. insidiosus was very sensitive to temperature change) 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3276
Author: Naranjo, S. E.; Stimac, J. L.
Year: 1985
Title: Development, survival, and reproduction of Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae): effects of plant feeding on soybean and associated weeds
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 523-550
Keywords: En.
Rep., supplementing a prey diet with plant food reduced development time, improved survival and weight of adults, plant food alone did not allow full development and reproduction, USA, lab Petri dish tests, rearing, culturing, diet, predation, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, arable, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3748
Author: Nault, L. R.
Year: 1973
Title: Alarm pheromones help aphids escape predators
Journal: Ohio Report
Volume: 58
Pages: 16-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, pests, behaviour, semiochemicals, USA, defences, nabids trigger alarm pheromone response, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, natural enemy interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4102
Author: Nault, L. R.; Edwards, L. J.; Styer, W. E.
Year: 1973
Title: Aphid alarm pheromones: secretion and reception
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 101-105
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, defensive behaviour, semiochemicals, pheromones from cornicle droplets from Aphis coreopidis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon solani, Myzus persicae, 50-90% of aphids produced droplets and 62-76% of droplets emitted pheromone, response distance was 1-3 cm and duration 60 min, the repellent odours are broadly interspecific, aphid response ranged from slight movement to withdrawing stylets and falling off plant, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, dislodgement, fall-off, droplets were produced by A. coreopidis in response to attack by larvae of Coccinellidae, Chameaemyiidae and Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, 49% of A.pisum and M.persicae produced droplets if attacked by Reduviidae and Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Nabidae walking amongst aphids elicited no droplets even when they made physical contact, the aphid exoskeleton had to be pierced to elicit droplets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4737
Author: Navajas, M.; Lagnel, J.; Fauvel, G.; De Moraes, G.
Year: 1999
Title: Sequence variation of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in commercially important Phytoseiidae mites. 
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 23
Pages: 851-859
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., TP, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, DNA techniques, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus fallacis, Wuseius concordis, Metaseiulus occidentalis, Typhlodromus pyri, Phytoseiulus persimilis, ITS1 is very variable in sequence which might be useful for species identification, little intraspecific variation in ITS1 found 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4529
Author: Navarrette, S.A.  ; Menge, B.A.
Year: 1996
Title: Keystone predation and interaction strength: Interactive effects of predators on their main prey
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 66(4)
Pages: 409-429
Alternate Journal: Ecological Monographs
Keywords: Rep., marine, predation on mussels by seastar and whelks in Oregon intertidal, USA, seastar was keystone predator and its predation was strong under all site and wave exposure combinations and this was unaffected by the presence of other predators (whelks). Whelks affected mussel survival in the absence but not in the presence of the keystone predator. Seastars had negative effects on whelk size and density. "after the loss of a keystone species previously 'redundant' species can partially compensate for the reduced predation and adopt a major role in the altered system", this may help to stabilise communities. The term "redundant species" conveys an inaccurate image and should be abandoned. The term "keystone" species was first coined by Paine in relation to a marine predator. Species redundancy hypothesis.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5074
Author: Neal, J.W.; Haldemann, R.H.; Henry, T.J.
Year: 1991
Title: Biological control potential of a Japanese plant bug Stethoconus japonicus (Heteroptera: Miridae), an adventive predator of the Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 84(3)
Pages: 287-293
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., azalea lace bug is Stephanitis pyrioides, USA, pest of evergreens, conifers, trees, forests, woodland, plantations, predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, predator will feed on azalea lace bug and hawthorn lace bug, it is an obligate predator of lace bugs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3291
Author: Nealis, V.; Regniere, J.
Year: 1987
Title: The influence of parasitism by Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on spring dispersal and changes in the distribution of larvae of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 119
Issue: 2)
Pages: 141-146
Keywords: En.
Rep., Choristoneura fumiferana, no difference between healthy and parasitized in behaviour in lab, in field parasitized larvae emerged late and encountered fewer crawling larvae at tips of branches and so they dispersed less by dropping on silk threads, Canada, unparasitized larvae are thought to redistribute towards the upper portion of the canopy and parasitized larvae towards the lower portion, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aerial dispersal on silk, ballooning, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3911
Author: Nee, S.; May, R. S.
Year: 1992
Title: Dynamics of metapopulations: habitat destruction and competitive coexistence
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 61
Pages: 37-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, the modeling literature shows that two species can coexist as metapopulations even if one is competitively superior in a patch, providing the inferior competitor has better dispersal, or lower patch extinction rate, or if the superior's distribution is very clumped, migration, movement, patch removal (habitat destruction) can, counter-intuitively, result in increase in the total number of patches occupied by the inferior competitor, so habitat loss can bring about changes in community composition in remaining patches even if they do not undergo changes themselves, references to related topics including intraspecific competition in metapopulations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2890
Author: Nelemans, M. N. E.
Year: 1986
Title: Marking techniques for surface-dwelling Coleoptera larvae
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 29
Pages: 143-146
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Nebria brevicollis, little tags stuck onto cerci with nail varnish, enamel paint on cerci and a thoracic tergite, iridium radioactive paint


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3512
Author: Nelemans, M. N. E.
Year: 1987
Title: On the life-history of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 37
Pages: 26-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, egg production is affected by larval conditions and size of adult, presence of male affects fecundity and egg viability, sperm remains viable for 10-12 weeks, larval development is affected by temperature and quantity and quality of food, development is prolonged at lower temperature or reduced food, each instar needs to double in weight before it can moult, size of adults from field was less than those reared under optimal conditions in lab, food is probably limiting in field, woodland, trees, forests, pitfalls, lab experiments on breeding, reproduction, phenology of adults and larvae, population dynamics, fecundity c. 50-900, egg weights did not differ between large and small beetles, biomass, proportion of non-viable eggs increases during reproductive period, no larvae reach III instar on a Collembola only diet, food, trophic behaviour, a Drosophila only diet was also inadequate, Diptera, highest fecundity was with living blowfly larvae as food, females continue to oviposit when all eggs are unfertilized, but they will not hatch


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3551
Author: Nelemans, M. N. E.
Year: 1987
Title: Possibilities for flight in the carabid Nebria brevicollis (F.). The importance of food during larval growth
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 72
Pages: 502-509
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, population dynamics, dispersers are formed only if larvae get high food levels and short day conditions, nutrition, food quantity, photoperiod, otherwise there is arrested development of flight muscles, structure, morphology, so flight is a reaction to good environmental conditions, the low number of potential dispersers suggests that conditions for larvae are usually suboptimal, window traps and pitfalls in woodlands in the Netherlands, trees, forests, methods, dissection to examine condition of flight muscles, beetles were reared in lab and insectary on maggots, Diptera, different quantities of food were provided, capacity for flight tested in tethered beetles in lab and spontaneous flight in field, only 4 specimens caught in window traps 1969-1985 !, maximum of 10.5% beetles in field had well developed flight muscles, no evidence from breeding experiments that functional flight muscles were genetically based, altering the temperature did not alter the frequency of full flight muscles, quality of food did not appear to affect frequency of flight muscle, Drosophila, Collembola, beetles with well developed flight muscles are also larger in terms of surface area of elytra, reference that flight can depend not only on muscles but also on enzymes in the nervous system, after emerging as adults at least 3 weeks are needed to develop flight muscles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3513
Author: Nelemans, M. N. E.
Year: 1988
Title: Surface activity and growth of larvae of Nebria brevicollis (F.)(Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 38
Issue: 1)
Pages: 74-95
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, adult size depends on amount of food eaten by larvae, size of beetles in field less than lab-reared beetles on excess food, suggesting that food is limiting in the field, winter-active larvae can move 20 m or more over soil surface during the third instar, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, population dynamics, semelparous, autumn breeder, larval hibernation, seasonality, phenology, heathland and woodland, trees, forest, the Netherlands, pitfalls, larvae marked with paint and tags, time-sort pitfalls, fenced enclosures, methods, larvae fed on blowfly maggots in lab, food, Diptera, larvae largely nocturnal, diel cycles, behaviour, larvae often dispersed out of woodland, each instar of larvae needs to increase at least 2.6 times in weight before moulting, physiology, otherwise it will eventually die in the same instar, adult females found in woodland and heathland, but they either do not oviposit in heath or the eggs fail to hatch, habitat distribution, there was no difference in egg size between large and small beetles, normal density of larvae was 1-10 m-2, larvae are cannibals but will also eat aphids, Drosophila adults and larvae, Collembola and detritus, Hemiptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, larvae have been seen to eat Collembola in the field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3540
Author: Nelemans, M. N. E.; Den Boer, P. J.; Spee, A.
Year: 1989
Title: Recruitment and summer diapause in the dynamics of a population of Nebria brevicollis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 56
Pages: 157-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, pitfalls, mark release recapture MRR, methods, 1968-78 11521 beetles marked, 360 m2 fenced enclosure, semelparous with only 1.3% breeding in second year, density fluctuated greatly between years, key factor analysis showed number of eggs laid and survival of pre-adult stages to be most important, reproduction, mortality, fecundity, natality, larval mortality was affected by quantity and quality of food, and by predation and parasitism, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, predation on predators, food quantity, food quality, pre-adult survival varies much more than egg production, a third of young beetles die before the end of summer diapause because they did not put on enough weight after hatching, models for predicting density from MRR, young adults are highly mobile, activity, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, hibernation as larvae, overwintering, deciduous forest, trees, woodland, Netherlands, estimated density per 1000 m2, larvae in lab and insectary experiments given different quantities of blowfly maggots or Drosophila larvae or Orchesella cincta at various temperatures, Diptera, Collembola, food, diet, trophic behaviour, period during which beetles caught in pitfalls could be extended if food is in shortage, 0.8- 11.7% of beetles survive to the next year, in lab with high food availability mean fecundity was 334, 54-513, oviposition over about 17 weeks, in lab egg mortality is 10-15% in first 6 weeks then increases to more than 50%, mortality of larvae and pupae in an insectary was c. 27%, for third instar larvae taken from field it was 48% due to fungi and parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, disease, Critchley recorded larval mortality due to Hymenoptera Phaenoserphus viator and Phaenoserphus pallipes at up to 25%, also due to injury and nematodes, Nematoda, data on number of eggs laid in field is lacking, Heessen found 70% egg mortality of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and Van Dijk unpublished a similar egg mortality for Pterostichus versicolor, larval mortality in N.brevicollis varies more widely than egg production, reasons for diapause given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3021
Author: Nemoto, H.; Sekijima, Y.; Fujikura, Y.; Kiritani, K.; Shibukawa, S.
Year: 1985
Title: Application of an immunological method for the identification of predators of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in cabbage fields: 1. Evaluation of the precipitin reaction especially the micro-Ouchterlony method
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 29
Pages: 61-66
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, pests, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, larvae used as antigen, larvae grown on radish and antiserum cross reacted with radish but this was absorbed out


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 882
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1975
Title: Why are spiders highly selective in what they catch ?
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Arachnology 1974
Pages: 177-179
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Germany, field studies of Linyphia triangularis, Linyphiidae, Zygiella-x-notata, Araneidae, Pholcus phalangoides, many Hymenoptera and Brachycera can see a web and avoid, heavy strong flying Diptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera and Orthoptera pass through it, different escape times depending on prey activity wing size and structure, predators parasitoids and pollinators under represented, phytophages and detritivores over represented, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 615
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1980
Title: The selective prey of linyphiid-like spiders and of their space webs
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 45
Pages: 236-243
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, moorland, pitfalls, yellow traps, prey availability, prey capture in webs, phytophagous insects caught more frequently than expected and predators less


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2155
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1982
Title: Epigeic spiders, their potential prey and competitors: relationship between size and frequency
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 55
Pages: 130-136
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, analysis of 67 pitfall studies, range of natural habitats, correlations, spider abundance related to prey abundance, increase in complexity of habitat to give more web sites and increase spider density and reduce pests, wide range of spider sizes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5688
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1982
Title: Why do only certain insects escape from a spider's web ?
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 53
Pages: 412-417
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, webs are selective prey catching devices, cites Eisner concerning anti-adhesive function of Lepidoptera scales in spider web, laboratory experiments with orb webs of Araneus diadematus and Zygiella x-notata, Argiopidae, Araneidae, heavy prey and fast fliers can pass through web, once entangled permanent activity is best strategy of escape, highest escape probability for prey with small wings or hairs scales or lipoid surface, less successful were leg autotomy, chewing mandibulae and enzymatic lysis of threads, scales on wings of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera absorb glue of sticky threads and enable escape, morphology, anti-predator prey defences
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2103
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1983
Title: The prey of web-building spiders compared with feeding experiments (Araneae: Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Pholcidae, Agelenidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 56
Pages: 132-139.
Keywords: En.
Zygiella x-notata, Linyphia triangularis, Tegenaria atrica, Pholcus phalangoides
Rep., predators, Argiopidae, prey, feeding, diet, foraging, thick chitin of prey gave better defense than chemicals, Nematocera Diptera and Homoptera main prey of Araneidae and Linyphiidae, prey more phytophages and detritophages than predators, parasites and pollinators.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2264
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1985
Title: Parasitic fungi as a mortality factor of spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Issue: 2)
Pages: 272-274
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, in Panama


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3613
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1985
Title: Spiders eat crickets artificially poisoned with KCN and change the composition of their digestive fluid
Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 72
Pages: 545-546
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, physiology, scavenging, adaptation to toxins, spiders Cupiennius salei Ctenidae were fed on crickets Acheta domestica Orthoptera, dead crickets were eaten was regularly as live ones, carrion feeding, cadavers, corpses, crickets poisoned with potassium cyanide were accepted, no spider died due to the poison but rate of refusing crickets increased with concentration of KCN, spiders that adapted to KCN crickets ate more of the lipid component and less fluid protein and carbohydrate, fat, partial consumption, KCN is water soluble, the shift to lipids may have been achieved by the spiders by an alteration in the composition of the spider digestive fluid


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4047
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1986
Title: Non-webbuilding spiders: prey specialists or generalists ?
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 69
Pages: 571-576
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, monophagous spiders are rare and have specialised on ants, bees, termites, and other spiders, hyperpredation, predators of predators, interspecific predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Apidae, half of spider families do not build webs, field analysis of diet is hampered because only 0.4 - 8% have food in their chelicerae at any one time, lab feeding observations carried out on 7 species including Pisaura mirabilis, Pardosa lugubris, Xysticus cristatus, Misumena vatia and Tibellus oblongus, the same prey type was not offered twice in succession to avoid conditioning, very hungry spiders were not used, methods, thickly chitinised (Coleoptera), or aggressive or chemically defended (ants, millipedes, Heteroptera) prey were usually refused, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, the degree of polyphagy varied greatly between species, with Cupiennius being the most and Misumena the least polyphagous, got same result using Levins' niche breadth statistic, the spider species usual habitat may influence the degree of prey specialization, there was no clear correlation between leg length or cheliceral structure and prey type, literature review, Lycosidae eat Collembola, Diptera, aphids, spiders and Cicadina, pests, Hemiptera, Thomisidae eat ants, bees, butterflies and flies, Lepidoptera, monophagous species will take a wider range of prey under lab conditions, prey specialisation has evolved in some species in nearly all families, no spiders specialise on beetles or aphids or Diptera or grasshoppers, Orthoptera, probably because they are not as locally dense as social insects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2710
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1987
Title: Ecophysiology of spiders
Journal: Springer Verlag
Volume: Reference list
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2718
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1987
Title: The prey of spiders
Journal: In "Ecophysiology of spiders", Ed. by W. Nentwig, Spinger-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 249-263
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, review, food, feeding, diet, predation, trophic behaviour, web-builders eat small midges, thrips, aphids and these important foods even to large spiders, size-specific predation, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, pests, prey spectrum of Linyphiidae similar to Araneidae, Argiopidae, but mainly small Nematocera, Homoptera, Thysanoptera and Collembola, Theridiidae throw silk to catch ants bees and beetles, prey capture techniques, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Coleoptera, Lycosidae eat Collembola, Diptera, aphids, Cicadina and other spiders, some specialized Salticidae eat only spiders, predation on predators, intra-guild predation, hyperpredation, some spiders eat spider or insect eggs, hatchlings often eat the undeveloped eggs in their brood, cannibalism, they will feed on dead arthropods and drink nectar or honeydew from Coccidae, scavenging, carrion feeding, Lycosidae and Clubionidae can be maintained on milk and egg yolk, rearing, culturing, methods, prey size preferences by different spider families, some large flying insects can avoid webs, wing scales help escape from webs, caddis, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Psychodidae, midges aphids and thrips usually too small and weak to escape, Pentatomidae Heteroptera have stink glands, defence strategies, other insects with chemical defences include Lepidoptera, Chrysomelidae and Iulidae millipedes, Myriapoda, Diplopoda


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2391
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1988
Title: Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip management. I. Succession of predacious arthropods and long-term change in the ratio of phytophagous and predacious arthropods in a meadow
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 76
Pages: 597-606
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders in general eat phytophages and detritivores but predators and pollinators are under represented in their diet, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food preferences, Germany, experimental area 6 x 44 m containing mown and unmown blocks of 10 x 6 m each, grassland, Gramineae, farming practices, unmown 1982-86, mown at 2 wk intervals, pitfalls, % of total predators, spiders 47%, ants 24%, parasitic Hymenoptera 14%, Carabidae and Staphylinidae larvae 13%, Araneae, Formicidae, parasitoids, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, more than 90 spider species, only ten species of Linyphiidae and Lycosidae common, main ones were Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax agrestis, Pelecopsis parallela, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa palustris, Trochosa ruricola, Trochosa spinipalpis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Xysticus cristatus, Zelotes pusillus, increasingly more species in unmown, similar results for Carabidae and Staphylinidae, catch of phytophages very variable from year to year compared with predators and Collembola, ratio of predators to phytophages increased with time and especially in the strip managed area


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2389
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1989
Title: Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip management. II. Successional strips in a winter wheat field
Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Volume: 96
Pages: 89-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Germany, methods, 1985-7, 1.2 ha strip managed and 0.7 ha control, five 1m wide strips each separated by 12 m wheat, strips contained clover, lupins and winter rape, Leguminosae, brassicas, pitfalls, yellow traps, direct counts of pests, up to 30 plant species in strips, 100% cover, most arthropod numbers unaffected by the strips, usually as many caught in wheat between strips as control, some groups were less in strips than control in summer, parasitoids, aphids, Collembola and spiders more abundant in strip wheat after harvest, yield same for wheat between strips as for control, Hemiptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3279
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1989
Title: Seasonal and taxonomic aspects of the size of arthropods in the tropics and its possible influence on size-selectivity in the prey of a tropical spider community
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 78
Issue: 1)
Pages: 35-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., Panama, prey sampled with pitfalls, water traps and sweep nets, size distribution skewed to left ie mainly small prey, differences in the size spectra of prey of the spider community were not caused by seasonal variation in availability, species-specific prey size spectra are determined by many factors eg web properties, microsite selection etc, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, predation, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3108
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Shmale Ackerkrautstreifen in Feld saen ?
Journal: Pflanzenschutz-Praxis
Volume: 3
Pages: 21-25
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, weedy strips in arable, natural enemies, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3891
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Ackerwildpflanzen und der Entomofauna
Journal: Ber. Landw. (NF)
Volume: 209
Issue: 7)
Pages: 123-135
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, interrelationships between wild plants in fields and the invertebrate fauna, arable, attraction of plants to invertebrates, phytophages, herbivores, weevils and Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, aphids and their natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, nettle, thistle, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, pollinators, lists good syrphid plants, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Tachinidae, Braconidae, Capsella, Veronica, Sinapis, Centaurea, Tanacetum, Matricaria, undersowing, farming practices, Agonum dorsale, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Aphis fabae, Atomaria linearis, edge management, field boundaries, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4178
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Sown weed strips - an excellent type of ecological compensation area in our agricultural landscape
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Land Use: The Role of Organic Farming", Proceedings of the 1st ENOF Workshop, Bonn 1995, Ed. by J. Isart and J.J. Llerena
Pages: 1-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, methods, strips are good for overwintering, they increase biodiversity of plants and animals, increase abundance of beneficials, reduce pests and reduce the need for pesticides, 600 species of predators, herbivores and nectar and pollen feeders associated with the strips, there are expected to be more than 2000 species living in the strips, community, species richness, 52 species of Carabidae, 78 species of Syrphidae and 70 species of spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Diptera, hoverflies, Araneae, pests were not enhanced by the strips


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4179
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: Ackerkrautstreifen als Systemansatz fur eine unweltfreundliche Landwirtschaft
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 9
Pages: 679-683
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., weed strips for sustainable agriculture, habitat diversification, habitat management, methods, 36 arthropod families per weed species, the arthropod community of an agroecosystem is estimated to comprise 1500 - 3000 species, loss of one plant species causes a reduction of 25 - 50 arthropod species, so sown weed strips augment biodiversity and beneficials and suppresses pests, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5768
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1998
Title: Weedy plant species and their beneficial arthropods: potential for manipulation in field crops
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 49-71
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., Switzerland, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, comparison of weed strips for 80 weed species, methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, direct in situ visual observation, soil samples and MacFadyen extraction, most flowering plants accommodate 1-300 arthropods per m2 but poppy, rape, buckwheat and tansy harbour about 500 arthropods per m2 (45-80% being phytophages), abundance of invertebrates, density, about 70 polyphagous predators m-2 were found on borage, blue knapweed and poppy, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, ladybirds, ground beetles, rove beetles, soldier beetles, Heteroptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, spiders, Araneae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Diptera, Demetrias atricapillus, Agonum dorsale, carabids overwinter under weeds at 250 m-2 under yarrow and chamomile compared with 60 m-2 in wheat, 110 cantharid larvae m-2 overwinter in weed strips compared with 10 m-2 in wheat, Empididae, parasitoids, 17 families of parasitic Hymenoptera were found on vegetation of weed strips and 13 families hibernated in strips, 100-160 parasitoids m-2 overwintered under comfrey and yarrow, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae did not hibernate in the strips, pests, pollen beetle, weevils, leaf beetles, extrafloral nectaries of blue knapweed (Centaurea cyanus) excrete a fluid that is 75% sugar which attracts ladybirds, hoverflies, wasps, ants and Ichneumonidae parasitoids, Chrysoperla carnea oviposits preferentially on large hairy leaves such as borage, coccinellids were especially attracted to stinging nettle, alfalfa, evening primrose, carrot, white mustard, comfrey and mullein, coccinellids do not hibernate in wheat fields but 180 m-2 were found under lesser burdock (arctium minus), 240 spiders m-2 hibernated under comfrey (Symphytum officinale) compared with 10 m-2 in the wheat field, having weed strips in fields takes 5% of field area causing 4.5-5% financial loss, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4558
Author: Nentwig, W.
Year: 1999
Title: The importance of human ecology at the threshold of the next millennium: how can population growth be stopped ?
Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 86
Pages: 411-421
Alternate Journal: Naturwissenschaften
Keywords: Rep., TP, demographic transition to lower mortality and fertility have not yet occurred in 140 developing countries, 44 developing countries still show increasing population growth, limits of sustainability have been reached at the current 6 billion world population because 20% suffer from hunger, goal of human ecology should be to slow population growth, world population statistics including China
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5769
Author: Nentwig, W.; Frank, T.; Lethmayer, C.
Year: 1998
Title: Sown weed strips: artificial ecological compensation areas as an important tool in conservation biological control
Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. By P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Pages: 133-153
Alternate Journal: In "Conservation Biological Control" Ed. By P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, biodiversity, strip spacing 50 m to 100m, 29 species of wild and cultivated plants in the strip, more spider species in strips than in adjacent fields, abundance, distribution, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, decline in spider density with increasing distance from strip, more species of ground beetle in strips than in field, Coleoptera, Carabidae, prolongation of carabid reproductive period in strips, marked carabids moved from the crop into strips, mark-release-recapture, methods, dispersal, movement, migration, 850 species of aphid in central Europe but only a few are pests, Hemiptera, 86 aphid species found in strips, aphid density was not increased in the crop due to the proximity of a weed strip, but was more likely to be reduced, Chrysomelidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, leaf beetles, blossom beetles, weevils, 9 species of sawflies and 12 species of leafhoppers, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Cicadellidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2719
Author: Nentwig, W.; Heimer, S.
Year: 1987
Title: Ecological aspects of spider webs
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 211-225
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4545
Author: Nentwig, W.; R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, USA
Year: 1998
Title: Weedy plant species and their beneficial arthropods: potential for manipulation in field crops
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett  
Pages: 49-71
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett  
Keywords: Rep., TP, weeds, habitat diversification, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, parasitoids
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3362
Author: Nentwig, W.; Wissel, C.
Year: 1986
Title: A comparison of prey lengths among spiders
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 68
Pages: 595-600
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, prey size selection, trophic behaviour, predation, feeding experiments with 13 spider species and crickets as prey, Orthoptera, showed that prey 50-80% of the spider's size had highest acceptance rates, regression gave size- independent palatability of prey and coefficient of size- related prey refusal, web-builders were superior to non web-builders in catching large prey, includes Pisaura mirabilis, Xysticus cristatus, Pardosa lugubris, Tegenaria atrica and Pholcus phalangoides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4916
Author: Nentwig, W. (ed)
Year: 2000
Title: Streifenformige okologische Ausgleichsflachen in der Kulturlandschaft: Ackerkrautstreifen, Buntbrache, Feldrander
Journal: Agrarokologie
Pages: 1-293
Alternate Journal: Agrarokologie
Keywords: Rep., multi-author book on weed strips in fields and edges of fields, agricultural practices, 15 chapters including botanical aspects, effects on predators and parasitoids (Thomas Frank), on pests (Christa Lethmayer), biodiversity and overwintering, biological control. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, habitat diversification, landscape diversification, aphids, caterpillars, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, ground beetles, Carabidae (species list captured in broccoli with and without weed strips), brassicas,  weevils, spiders, Araneae, Theridion, gall midges, Lema melanopa, Chrysomelidae, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Oscinella frit, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Gelis, Nabidae, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Aphidoletes, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Anthocoris, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Empididae, Table 25 in paper by Keller & Hani gives natural enemies of 33 pest species, thrips, Thysanoptera, flea beetles, sawflies, Hymenoptera, Eurygaster, paper by Wiedemeier and Duelli on density of overwintering spiders, carabids and staphylinids in various habitats and landscapes, abundance, paper by Burki and Pfiffner on overwintering of a wide range of natural enemies in fields, natural habitats and weed strips, Isopoda, Myriapoda, Diplopoda,Chilopoda, paper by Lemke, Kopp & Poehling on biodiversity of spiders and carabids in weed strips and other habitats, vegetational diversification, Erigone, Oedothorax, Bathyphantes, Lepthyphantes, Lycosidae
Notes: Ger.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3418
Author: Nettles, W. C.
Year: 1987
Title: Eucelatoria bryani (Diptera: Tachinidae): Effect on fecundity of feeding on hosts
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 437-440
Keywords: En.
Rep., host-feeding by tachinids is in species with piercing ovipositors or mouthparts, parasitoids feed non- destructively on Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis zea, host haemolymph increases the parasitoids fecundity, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control,trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 178
Author: Neudecker, C.
Year: 1977
Title: The daily locomotory activity of the carabid beetle Agonum assimile Payk. (Carab. Col.)
Journal: Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Okol. Geogr. Tiere.
Volume: 104
Pages: 1-8


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 177
Author: Neudecker, C.; Thiele, H. U.
Year: 1974
Title: Die Jahreszeitliche Synchronisation der Gonadenreifung bei Agonum assimile Payk. (Coleopt. Carab.) durch Temperatur und Photoperiode
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 17
Pages: 141-157
Keywords: Ger., En.sum.
Rep, Carabidae, season, temperature, day length, gonad development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1026
Author: Neuenschwander, P.; Hagen, K. S.; Smith, R. F.
Year: 1975
Title: Predation on aphids in California's alfalfa fields
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 43
Pages: 53-78
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, USA, natural enemies, biological control, Nabis sometimes takes plant juices and Geocoris has to, both susceptible to systemic insecticides, pesticides, feeding behaviour, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, they do not rely on aphids, they peak at times when other predators are rare and aphid numbers low, killing aphids at this time may help delay infestation, predators increase in alfalfa and move to orchards and cotton to attack pests there, distribution, dispersal, trees, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 836
Author: Neuenschwander, P.; Herren, H. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa
Journal: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
Volume: 318
Pages: 319-333
Keywords: En.
Rep., classical biological control, only 15 insect pests have been controlled in 9 African countries, mealybug accidentally introduced in 1973 spread to 25 countries, thought to originate in Paraguay, South America, parasitoids collected there included E. lopezi an endophagous solitary encyrtid, first releases in Africa in 1981, by 1983 up to 100 km from release, spread, migration, distribution, rate of dispersal, by 1984 in 70% fields of 200,000 sq km of Nigeria, deliberately spread to other African countries, now established in 16, 750,000 sq km a record for parasitoid introduction to Africa, Coccinellidae also attacked mealybug and hyperparasitoids attacked E. lopezi but these declined when parasitoid reduced pest, gives data on biology of E. lopezi including attraction to mealybug, semiochemicals, behaviour, fecundity, mortality, effectiveness studied by exclusion experiments, population dynamics of pest and simulation model, demonstrated high efficacy of parasitoid, methods, ladybirds, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2945
Author: Neve de Mevergnies, G.; Baguette, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Spatial behaviour and microhabitat preferences of Carabus auronitens and Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 11
Issue: 3)
Pages: 327-336
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, beech forest, woods, trees, 3 grids of 49 pitfalls, carabids marked on elytra with a drill, methods, 1987-1988, 326 C. auronitens caught and 50 recaptured, 626 C. problematicus caught and 32 recaptured, directional movements more frequent in C.auronitens, C. auronitens prefers grassy habitats within the forest, C. problematicus probably intermixes better, distribution, dispersal, movement, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1850
Author: New, T. R.
Year: 1975
Title: The biology of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), with reference to their usage as biocontrol agents: a review
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 127
Issue: 2)
Pages: 115-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1811
Author: Newell, I. M.
Year: 1963
Title: Feeding habits in the genus Balaustium (Acarina, Erythraeidae), with special reference to attacks on man
Journal: Journal of Parasitology
Volume: 49
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, cereals, Gramineae, Ireland, species composition similar in barley and weeds, 31 species in barley and 38 in weeds, maximum number of species July to August, density similar but varied greatly between years, aerial trap, glass slides smeared with petroleum jelly stuck on a pole, methods, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, Amblyseius cucumeris found in grass at edge, Phytoesiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1394
Author: Newsom, L. D.
Year: 1967
Title: Consequences of insecticide use on non-target organisms
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 257-286
Keywords: En.
pesticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5408
Author: Newton, B.L.; Yeargan, K.W.
Year: 2002
Title: Population characteristics of Phalangium opilio (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) in Kentucky agroecosystems
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(1)
Pages: 92-98
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., harvestmen, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, funnel pitfalls with funnel supported on a varnished hardboard apron, species composition, community, biodiversity, species richness, soybean, grassland, alfalfa, Leguminosae, Gramineae, P. opilio formed more than 90% of adult individuals caught, this species has 3 generations per year and overwinters as eggs, its density is less than 0.5 per m2 in soybean, abundance, voltinism, references to harvestmen being important predators of eggs of Helicoverpa zea, Lepidoptera, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, P. opilio is cosmopolitan occurring also in Asia, Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Japan, geographical distribution, biogeography, width of cephalothorax used to separate immatures into 3 size classes, reference that feeding usually occurs in a few hours after sunset, diel feeding cycle, absolute density determined at night by beating soybeans (illuminated by headlamps) and searching ground in a defined area temporarily enclosed with wooden boards
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 307
Author: Newton, H. C. F.
Year: 1932
Title: On Atomaria linearis Stephens (Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae) and its larval stages
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 19
Pages: 87-97
Keywords: En.
Rep, pest, pygmy mangold beetle, structure, systematics, larva


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 322
Author: Newton, H. C. F.
Year: 1934
Title: On the biology of Psylliodes hyoscyami L. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), the henbane flea-beetle, with descriptions of the larval stages
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 21
Pages: 153-161
Keywords: En.
Larvae, structue, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3662
Author: Ng, S. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Effects of sibling egg cannibalism on the first instar larvae of four species of aphidophagous Coccinellidae
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 69-75
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., Coleoptera, tropical ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coelophora inaequalis, Spilocaria bisellata, Coccinella repanda, Malaysia, 9-24% of eggs cannibalised, pre-dispersal perioids were not extended by cannibalism, tegg consumption extended survival of first instar larvae, survivorship, mortality, consumption of 1 egg increased longevity by 37-134% and 2 eggs by 62-165% depending on species, larvae of some species completed development when fed with eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3663
Author: Ng, S. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Egg mortality of four species of aphidophagous Coccinellidae in Malaysia
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 77-81
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., Coleoptera, tropical ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coelophora inaequalis, Spilocaria bisellata, Coccinella repanda, there were no infertile eggs but 2-11% were non-viable ie developed but did not hatch, cannibalism of eggs was 58- 90%, duration over which hatching is spread affects cannibalism of eggs by hatchlings, most larvae attacked eggs within 1 hour of hatching, no relationship between batch size and cannibalism, brood size, clutch size, but duration of hatching and sibling egg cannibalism were positively correlated


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3024
Author: Nichols, W. S.; Nakamura, R. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Agglutination and agglutination inhibition assays
Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Pages: 15-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, only semi-quantitative, but simple and sensitive, requires pure antigen, can be read with naked eye, repeated results only accurate to a 4 fold difference in antibody titre even with standardized reagents and conditions, direct, indirect, passive and inhibition methods described, erythrocytes and latex have been used, but also other inert particles eg bentonite, collodion and charcoal, polystyrene polymer latex should be spheres of 0.81 micrometres


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1652
Author: Nicol, D.; Copaja, S. V.; Wratten, S. D.; Niemeyer, H. M.
Year: 1992
Title: A screen of worldwide wheat cultivars for hydroxamic acid levels and aphid antixenosis
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 11-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, plant resistance, mechanisms, seedlings of 47 Triticum varieties, Dimboa concentrations, semiochemicals, repellency, behaviour, host selection, behaviour, preference, alatae of Sitobion avenae released amongst test seedlings, significant correlation between preference and Dimboa level


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4281
Author: Nicolai, V.
Year: 1995
Title: The impact of Medetera dendrobaena Kowarz (Dipt., Dolichopodidae) on bark beetles
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 119
Issue: 2)
Pages: 161-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., in lab and field females of M. dendrobaena oviposit in spruce trunks newly infested with bark beetles such as Pityogenes chalcographus (Scolytidae), polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, forests, woodland, conifers, Coleoptera, mortality of bark beetles due to the predator was density-dependent, Germany, adults in the field feed on Collembola and Thysanoptera living on tree bark, food, diet, trophic behaviour, thrips, they were given Drosophila in the lab, larvae were fed on scolytid larvae and they consumed 0.5 per day, prey consumption rates, at high scolytid density the predation rate increases and the amount of each prey consumed is reduced, functional response, M. dendrobaena larvae attack several species of bark beetle larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 268
Author: Nield, C. E.
Year: 1976
Title: Aspects of the biology of Staphylinus olens (Muller), Britains largest staphylinid beetle
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 1
Pages: 117-126
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 614
Author: Nielsen, E.
Year: 1932
Title: The Biology of Spiders
Volume: 2 volumes.
Keywords: Vol I En., Vol II Danish
Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5965
Author: Nielsen, F.H.; Hauge, M.S.; Toft, S. 
Year: 2002
Title: The influence of mixed aphid diets on larval performance of Coccinella septempunctata (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 126
Pages: 194-197
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, ladybirds, Coleoptera, overall no great benefit from mixing aphid species was found, methods, larvae kept individually and supplied with aphids ad libitum, aphids used were Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae, Aphis sambuci (toxic), Sitobion avenae, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, survival, mortality, development rate, adult body weight, biomass, best performance was on M. dirhodum, quality of mixed diets seemed to average that of the constituents (no complementing or synergism), toxic prey reduced quality of mixed diets, population dynamics, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1027
Author: Nielsen, M. W.; Henderson, J. A.
Year: 1959
Title: Biology of Collops vittatus (Say) in Arizona, and feeding habits of seven predators of the spotted alfalfa aphid
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 52
Pages: 159-162
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, lab consumption rate of Therioaphis maculata was, Hippodamia convergens 97, Collops vittatus 35, Zelus renardii 34, Geocoris punctipes 29, Sinea confusa 24, Nabis ferus 22, Orius tristicolor 5, Zelus and Sinea are Reduviidae, Collops is nearly as numerous as Hippodamia and has become an important predator of T.maculata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3112
Author: Nielsen, N.; Toft, S.
Year: 1990
Title: Alternative male mating strategies in Linyphia triangularis (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 293-297
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adult male guards subadult female for a few days until she moults then they mate, behaviour, quotes paper by Helsdingen 1965 that in linyphiids there is a phase A mating without sperm transfer and phase B with sperm transfer, if 2 males arrive they may fight and the larger wins or the smaller may mate after causing interference of mating by the larger, competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4360
Author: Nielsen, S. A.; Clausen, J.; Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Detoxification strategies of two types of spiders revealed by cypermethrin application
Journal: ATLA - Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
Volume: 25
Issue: 3)
Pages: 255-261
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, Linyphia triangularis had a high basal level of glutathione S- transferase which could be further induced by exposure to cypermethrin, glutathione peroxidase may be involved in metabolising cypermethrin in Pardosa prativaga, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Denmark


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1024
Author: Niemczyk, E.
Year: 1966
Title: Predators of aphids associated with apple orchards
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, Ed by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands
Pages: 275-276
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, pests, trees, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera found in great numbers on apple in Poland, 2 Nabidae, 1 Pentatomidae and 31 Miridae fed on aphids, Aphis pomi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Brachycaudus helichrysi, aphids have no economic importance in old orchards because they are limited by predators, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1023
Author: Niemczyk, E.
Year: 1978
Title: Campylomma verbasci Mey-Dur (Heteroptera, Miridae) as a predator of aphids and mites in apple orchards
Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
Volume: 48
Pages: 221-235
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, Acari, natural enemies, biological control, trees, control of Panonychus ulmi and Aphis pomi, nymphs ate less than 1 aphid per day, at low aphid density and with one predator per 30 leaves 68% of aphids were destroyed but this not enough to stop outbreak, predation, feeding rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 924
Author: Niemczyk, E.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1988
Title: Ecology and effectiveness of Aphidophaga
Journal: SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Netherlands
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, predators, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3616
Author: Niemela, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Interspecific competition in ground-beetle assemblages (Carabidae): what have we learned ?
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 66
Pages: 325-335
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, population dynamics, 32 papers, estimated 60,000 carabid species worldwide, descriptive studies eg non-overlapping spatial distributions, biogeography, and experimental studies, introduced Pterostichus melanarius in Canada appeared to have little impact on indigenous Pterostichus species in some habitats, in half of the papers competition was considered to be the main factor responsible for community patterns, but often the evidence is not strong, most studies are for adults only, but larvae could be important, various habitats including forest and heathland, trees,, woodland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2618
Author: Niemela, J.; et al.
Year: 1986
Title: Sampling spiders and carabid beetles with pitfall traps: the effect of increased sampling effort
Journal: Annales Ent Fenn
Volume: 52
Pages: 109-111
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3096
Author: Niemela, J.; Halme, E.; Pajunen, T.; Haila, Y.
Year: 1986
Title: Sampling spiders and carabid beetles with pitfall traps: the effect of increased sampling effort
Journal: Annales Entomologici Fennici
Volume: 52
Pages: 109-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4275
Author: Nienstedt, K.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Labelling aphids with 15N - an appropriate method to quantify the predation efficiency of polyphagous predators ?
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 10
Issue: 1-6)
Pages: 227-230
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, methods, quantifying predation, 15N has no deleterious effects on the experimental animals or on the environment, mass spectrometer, cereals in 15N atmosphere, then Sitobion avenae added, labelled S. avenae eaten by Erigone atra and Agonum dorsale and the label was still detectable in these predators after 11 days, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, A. dorsale that had eaten 2 S. avenae showed a significantly higher % 15N than those that ate 1 S. avenae, but this was not so for E. atra, prey is detectable for longer periods than in ELISA or electrophoresis, serology, post-mortem methods, detection periods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5003
Author: Nienstedt, K.M.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 1998
Title: Using the stable isotope 15N as marker for analysis of the predatory efficiency of polyphagous predators against cereal aphids
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 
Volume: 21(8)
Pages: 125-131
Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 
Keywords: Rep., methods, Sitobion avenae marked with the label through its food in the lab, Agonum dorsale were given zero to 15 labelled S. avenae on a meal and killed at various times after feeding, Anchomenus dorsalis, Platynus dorsalis, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, a single consumed aphid was detectable for 15 days after ingestion, detection periods, detectability, digestion rates, amount of label detected was linearly related to number of aphids consumed, these detection periods are longer than with other post-mortem techniques, the authors consider that this could be useful
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4739
Author: Nienstedt, K.M.; Poehling, H.M.
Year: 2000
Title: 15N-marked aphids for predation studies under field conditions
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 94(3)
Pages: 319-323
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP.,  cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Germany, methods, Sitobion avenae, stable isotopes, this paper reports marking studies rather than studies of predation by polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5178
Author: Nilsson, P.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Predator behaviour and prey density: evaluating density-dependent intraspecific interactions on predator functional responses
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 14-19
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., cannibalism reduces predator density and functional response decreasing predation pressure and allowing prey density to increase, interference between predators also decreases the functional response, model results compared with data from fish studies which tend to corroborate the model results
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5319
Author: Ninkovic, V.; Al Abassi, S.; Pettersson, J.
Year: 2001
Title: The influence of aphid-induced plant volatiles on ladybird beetle searching behavior
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 21
Pages: 191-195
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, foraging behaviour, Sweden, semiochemicals, infochemicals, kairomones, allomones, chemical communication, olfactory cues, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Coccinella 7-punctata, omnivory, cannibalism, authors state that this species is a polyphagous opportunist, tritrophic interactions, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Rhopalosiphum padi, associative learning has been proposed by Vet & Dicke (1992) as a general capacity exhibited by generalist predators, laboratory study, volatiles collected from potted barley plants, methods, olfactometer bioassay, adult ladybirds responded positively to volatiles from aphid-infested plants and previously-aphid-infested plants, but not to uninfested plants or undisturbed aphids
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5982
Author: Ninkovic, V.; Pettersson, J.
Year: 2003
Title: Searching behaviour of the sevenspotted ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata - effects of plant-plant odour interaction
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 100
Pages: 65-70
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, semiochemicals, infochemicals, habitat preferences, habitat selection, habitat choice, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density of adults greater in weedy spring barley than weed-free barley, abundance, cereals, Gramineae, habitat diversification, Cirsium arvense, Elytrigia repens, in olfactometer adults responded more strongly to odour of barley + weeds than to barley alone, these effects not due to pollen or aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Sweden, methods, weediness was 20-50% of soil cover, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3704
Author: Nisbet, A. J.; Woodford, J. A. T.; Strang, R. H. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Quantifying aphid feeding on non-radioactive food sources
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 72
Pages: 85-89
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, methods, artificial diets, Hemiptera, pests, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 667
Author: Nishiki, S.
Year: 1966
Title: On the aerial migration of spiders - a report on 'gossamer' (so - called 'Yukimukae') in Japan
Journal: Acta arachnologica.
Volume: 20
Pages: 24-34
Keywords: Araneae, dispersal, predators, distribution, silk, ballooning


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2178
Author: Nishiki, S.
Year: 1966
Title: On the aerial migration of spiders
Journal: Acta arachnologica.
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 24-34
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, aeronauts, behaviour, dispersal, distribution, silk, gossamer, ballooning, Japan, autumn, snow, Yukimukae, some spiders produce 10 strands of silk before flying, 39 species, 12 families, ballooning due to food shortage, Salticidae, Argiopidae, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5452
Author: Noble, R.; Gaze, R.; Willoughby, N.
Year: 1998
Title: A high yielding substrate for mushroom experiments: Formula 3
Journal: Mushroom Journal
Volume: 587
Pages: 27-28
Alternate Journal: Mushroom Journal
Keywords: Rep., methods, protected crops, fungi, Agaricus bisporus, Formula 3 is a consistent substrate, it contains 57% wheat straw, 39% poultry manure and 4% sporovite (commercial urea product), cereals, Gramineae, compost, organics, manure
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5740
Author: Noble, R.; Whipps, J.M.; Coventry, E.
Year: 2000
Title: An alternative to landfill: composting onion and other vegetable wastes to control pests and diseases and avoid pollution
Journal: In "Waste 2000" Ed. by C. McLardy, The Waste Cnference Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
Pages: 355-360
Alternate Journal: In "Waste 2000" Ed. by C. McLardy, The Waste Cnference Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
Keywords: Rep., UK onions and root vegetables account for more than 30,000 tonnes of waste annually coming from packhouses at landfill disposal costs of more than 500K, field vegetables, horticulture, compost, mulch, bulk tunnel composting, vegetable wastes tested included broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, brassicas, onions, the composts will be tested for ability to control Allium white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5278
Author: Noordhuis, R.; Thomas, S.R.; Goulson, D.
Year: 2001
Title: Overwintering populations of beetle larvae (Coleoptera) in cereal fields and their contribution to adult populations in the spring 
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 45
Pages: 84-95
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., UK, winter wheat, winter barley, separated by a beetle bank, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, ground beetles, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, phenology, life history, barriered pitfall traps containing water and detergent operated January to June, methods, most larvae were Nebria brevicollis and they were distributed evenly across the field, low numbers of Pterostichus melanarius larvae were caught, other larvae caught included Xantholinus glabratus, Pterostichus madidus, Calathus fuscipes, and Cantharis spp., Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, some larvae were caught in winter in the open field, substantial numbers of N. brevicollis larvae caught in the field in winter despite pyrethroid insecticide applications, pesticides, there was no evidence of spring dispersal into the field from the beetle bank by P. melanarius or N. brevicollis, colonisation, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1022
Author: Norambuena, M. H.
Year: 1981
Title: Introduction and establishment of parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) for the biological control of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)(Homoptera: Aphididae) in southern Chile
Journal: Agricultura Tecnica
Volume: 41
Pages: 95-102
Keywords: Span.,En.summ.
pests, Hemiptera, aphids, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, classical biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2305
Author: Norberg, R. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Energy content of some spiders and insects on branches of spruce (Picea abies) in winter; prey of certain passerine birds
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 31
Pages: 222-229
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, trees, forest, conifers, foraging, mortality, overwintering, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2083
Author: Nordlander, G.
Year: 1978
Title: Parasitoids of the frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.) on oats
Journal: Norwegian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 89-90
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, pests, Diptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, Chloropidae, 1976, summer generation in tillers attacked by Cynipodea, Rhoptromeris heptoma, Ganaspis mundata and Hexacola hexatoma, by Pteromalidae, Spalangia fuscipes, Cyrtogaster vulgaris, Halticoptera circulus, Callitula bicolor and Trichomalus nanus, by Proctotrupoidea, Loxotropa tritoma, Hymenoptera, total parasitism reached 40%, panicle generation hardly any parasitoids main species being H.circulus followed by R.heptoma and T.nanus, these are all internal larval parasitoids, the external pupal parasitoids are only of minor importance, parasitoids do not affect damage to tillers because larvae not killed until pupation, but do reduce damage to panicle providing panicle flies come from same field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 867
Author: Nordlund, D. A.; Jones, R. L.; Lewis, W. J.
Year: 1981
Title: Semiochemicals, their role in pest control
Journal: John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
Keywords: En.
Rep. (part), terminology, definitions arrestant, attractant, repellent, stimulant, deterrent, hormone, semiochemical, pheromone, allelochemic, allomone, kairomone, synomone, apneumone, egs from bee wasps, Hymenoptera, predacious aquatic insects, predacious mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, marking of hosts by parasitoids, behaviour, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3267
Author: Nordlund, D. A.; Morrison, R. K.
Year: 1990
Title: Handling time, prey preference and functional response for Chrysoperla rufilabris in the laboratory
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 57
Issue: 3)
Pages: 237-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., larvae showed success-motivated searching with Heliothis virescens eggs ie time to find later eggs was reduced, handling times, H.virescens larvae preferred to Aphis gossypii which in turn were preferred to H.virescens eggs, linear functional responses, USA, lab Petri dish tests, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, biological control, arable, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2102
Author: Norgaard, E.
Year: 1943
Title: Investigations on the feeding habits of Linyphia (Aran.)
Journal: Entomol. Med. Kbh.
Volume: 23
Pages: 83-100
Keywords: Linyphia triangularis, Linyphia montana
Rep., spiders, predators, Araneae, Linyphiidae, forest, woods, behaviour, diet, prey, foraging, web description, feeding, food, reaction to a second prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 547
Author: Norgaard, E.
Year: 1951
Title: On the ecology of two lycosid spiders (Pirata piraticus, Lycosa pullata) from a Danish sphagnum bog
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-21
Keywords: Pardosa pullata
Araneae, Lycosidae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 550
Author: Norgaard, E.
Year: 1952
Title: The habits of the Danish species of Pirata
Journal: Saertryk Entomol. Medd.
Volume: 26
Pages: 415-423
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2099
Author: Norgaard, E.
Year: 1956
Title: Environment and behaviour of Theridion saxatile
Journal: Oikos.
Volume: 7
Issue: II
Pages: 159-192
Keywords: Spiders, predators, Araneae, Theridiidae, Scandinavia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 167
Author: Novak, B.
Year: 1968
Title: Bindungsgrad der Imagines einiger Feldcarabiden-Arten an die Lebensbeding ungen in einem Winterweizenbestand (Col. Carabidae)
Journal: Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. Fac. Rev. Nat.
Volume: 28
Pages: 99-131
Keywords: Ger.
Cereals, winter wheat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2706
Author: Noyes, J. S.
Year: 1982
Title: Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Journal: J. Nat His
Volume: 16
Pages: 315-334
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5033
Author: Nunnenmacher, L.; Goldbach, H.E.
Year: 1996
Title: Aphids on lettuce: the effects of excluding aphid predators
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: 19(11)
Pages: 38-47
Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, methods, Germany, predator exclusion cages, 10-19 times (significant) more aphids in closed caged than uncaged plots, no difference in aphid density between open cages and uncaged plots, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, impact on pest populations, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, horticulture, salads, parasitoids, hoverflies, ladybirds, lacewings, Diptera, Syrphidae, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Chrysoperla spp., Chrysopidae, pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3880
Author: Nyffeler, G.; Benz, G.
Year: 1981
Title: Some observations on the escape of adult Lepidoptera from webs of orb-weaving spiders
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz
Volume: 54
Pages: 113-114
Keywords: Ger.
Araneae, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 555
Author: Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Field studies on the ecological role of the spiders as insect predators in agroecosystems (abandoned grassland, meadows and cereal fields)
Journal: Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.
Volume: Diss. ETH Nr. 7097
Pages: 174 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, distribution, webs, food, diet, prey, pests, feeding, foraging, predation rates, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3930
Author: Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1982
Title: The ecological importance of spiders in forest ecosystems, a literature review
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskde, Pfanzenschutz, Umweltschutz
Volume: 55
Pages: 134-137
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, woodland, forest spiders usually 50-200 m-2 in Europe and eat mainly Diptera and Collembola, abundance, density, food, diet, trophic behaviour, soil surface spiders are important insect predators but role of those in trees is still controversial, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, Pardosa lugubris


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1025
Author: Nyffeler, M.
Year: 1983
Title: A note on the ecological role of orb-weaving spiders as predators of aphids in gardens
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 56
Pages: 200
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneidae, Araneus diadematus preyed on Myzus cerasi, Myzus lythri, Rhopalosiphum padi, Brachycaudus cardui, Brevicoryne brassicae, Switzerland, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4942
Author: Nyffeler, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Ecological impact of spider predation: a critical assessment of Bristowe's and Turnbull's estimates
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 11(9)
Pages: 367-373
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predation rates on agricultural land now revised down to 1-40 kg per ha per year, Bristowe and Turnbull estimates are unrealistically high, Table of prey kill estimates presented as biomass and energy flow, energetics, Table of predation rates in various habitats, Table of spider density in a range of habitats in UK
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4943
Author: Nyffeler, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Do adult female lycosids feed during the period of maternal care ?
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 11(9)
Pages: 388-390
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Lycosidae are cannibalistic, food, diet, trophic behaviour, during a two year field study 25 cases of female lycosids feeding during the period of maternal care were observed, both for eggsac carrying and pulli carrying females, but feeding rate of maternal spiders was less than that of non-maternal spiders, methods, direct in situ visual observations, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa amentata, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 663
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1971
Title: Overlap of the niches concerning space and prey of crab spiders (Araneae : Thomisidae) and wolf spiders (Araneae : Lycosidae) in cultivated meadows
Journal: Revue Suisse Zool.
Volume: 86
Pages: 855-865
Keywords: Xysticus, Lycosa, Pardosa
Rep., predators, grassland, food, diet, vegetation zone, Diptera, Hymenoptera, ground zone, Collembola, springtails, aphids, Hemiptera, mowing, distribution, ants, Formicidae, Carabidae, worms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2100
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1978
Title: Prey selection by the web spiders Argiope bruennichi (Scop.), Araneus quadratus Cl., and Agelena labyrinthica (Cl.) on fallow land near Zurich, Switzerland
Journal: Revue suisse Zool.
Volume: 85
Pages: 747-757
Keywords: Rep., predators, spiders, Araneae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Agelenidae, abandoned grassland, spiderlings, food, consumption, diet, feeding, foraging, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, midges, Nematocera, behaviour, orb web weavers.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 556
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Jahreszeitliches und raumliches Verteilungsmuster sowie Nahrungsokologie der dominanten epigaischen Spinnen von Winterweizenfeldern (Bodenfallen-a nalysen und Freilandbeobachtungen)
Journal: Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse.
Volume: 52
Pages: 444-445
Keywords: Ger.
Lycosa agrestis, Pardosa agrestis, Lycosa tarsalis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Pachygnatha clercki, Meioneta rurestris, Trochosa ruricola
Rep, spiders, Araneae, cereals, winter wheat, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, predators, pitfalls, dominant species, distribution, edge, middle, aggregation, Morisita index, field observations of feeding, food, diet, foraging, predation, prey, pests, small soft insects as food, Collembola, aphids, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 558
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Zur okologischen Bedeutung der Spinnen der Vegetationsschicht von Getreide- und Rapsfeldern bei Zurich (Schweiz)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 87
Pages: 348-376
Keywords: Ger.
Araneus diadematus, Araneus cucurbitinus, Araneus cornutus, Theridion, Linyphia, Meligethes
Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, ecology, vegeation layer, field layer, cereals, rape, Switzerland, wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize, oil-seed rape, small fields, methods, quadrats, field observations, night observations, immigration, dispersal, movement, distribution, phenology, densities, family composition, species composition, Argiopidae, Araneidae , Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, activity, diel activity, feeding activity, feeding cycle, diurnal, nocturnal, foraging, prey, food, diet, feeding behaviour, Diptera, aphids, rain, weather, niches, food niches, overlappi ng food niches, beneficials, predators eaten, feeding rates, predation rates, web area, web size, web cover, webs, energetics, energy flow, geographical distribution, pests, functional response, numerical response, effect on aphid populations not known


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3928
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1979
Title: Overlap of niches concerning space and prey of crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in cultivated meadows
Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Volume: 86
Pages: 855-865
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, grassland, Gramineae, in unmown meadows Thomisidae live in vegetation stratum where they eat nectar-feeding Diptera and Hymenoptera, Lycosidae eat Collembola and aphids on the ground, when meadow is mowed crab spiders move to the ground and there is spatial overlap with lycosids, but prey is still different because crab spiders can eat larger prey such as Carabidae, spiders, Lumbricidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Annelida, earthworms, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, migration, movement, diet, food, trophic behaviour, farming practices, prey size selection, prey size preference, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, when Xysticus and Pardosa meet the former usually kills the latter and 10% of prey of ground-living crab spiders is Pardosa, Switzerland, Xysticus cristatus, Xysticus bifasciatus, Xysticus kochi, Misumena vatia, Lycosa tarsalis, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa hortensis, Pardosa amentata, Trochosa ruricola, direct in situ visual observation in field identifying prey in chelicerae, methods, Horn's modification of Morisita niche overlap coefficient, 997 animals observed, 6.5% had prey, prey spectrum also includes Orthoptera, thrips, Heteroptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, bees, ants, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, Apiidae, Formicidae, references to spiders as predators of spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 557
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1980
Title: The role of spiders as insect predators in cereal fields near Zurich (Switzerland)
Journal: Verh. 8 Int. Arachnologen-Kongress, Wien, 1980
Pages: 127-131
Keywords: Ger.
Amara, Theridion saxatile, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus
Rep, Araneae, predators, density, plants, ground, community, family composition, species composition, field layer, distribution, regular distribution, pitfalls, Linyphiidae, Erigonidae, Lycosidae, clumped distribution, prey, food, diet, foraging, field observations, feeding, predation rates, feeding rates, Carabidae, orb-weavers, Araneidae, Argiopidae, web size, web area, prey capture rates in webs, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3877
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1980
Title: Juvenile orb-weaving spiders and scorpion flies as kleptoparasites of adult web-building spiders
Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Volume: 87
Pages: 907-918
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, Mecoptera, kleptoparasitism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2156
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1981
Title: Field studies on the feeding ecology of spiders: Observations in the region of Zurich (Switzerland)
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz.
Volume: 54
Issue: 3).
Pages: 33-39
Keywords: Ger. (En. summ.)
Rep., Araneae, predators, 1974-1980, 90% of food was insect, field layer spiders ate mainly Diptera and aphids, Homoptera, Hemiptera, ground zone spiders also ate Collembola, springtails, Xysticus cristatus on ground took ants and spiders, Formicidae, Thomisidae, food, prey, diet, foraging, consumption


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3878
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1981
Title: The ecological role of the spiders as insect predators in meadows and cereal fields
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgem. und angew. Entomologie
Volume: 3
Pages: 33-35
Keywords: Ger.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3879
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1981
Title: Dictyna puella Simon 1870, new to Switzerland (Araneae, Dictynidae)
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 54
Pages: 269-270
Keywords: Ger.
spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1021
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1982
Title: Spiders as predators of agricultural harmful aphids
Journal: Anz. Schadlingskde. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz
Volume: 55
Pages: 120-121
Keywords: Ger., En.summ.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, aphids were 25% diet of web spiders in meadows and 40% in cereals, grasses, they were 20% diet of Lycosidae in meadows and 20-24% in cereals, predation, behaviour, food preference, lycosids ate 3 species of cereal aphid in cereals, both apterae and alatae, web spiders ate apterous cereal aphids in meadows, Orb spiders ate cereal aphids and Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae and Hyalopterus pruni in abandoned grassland, Araneidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3881
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1982
Title: A note on the predatory behaviour of the orb-weaving spider Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli)
Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Volume: 89
Pages: 23-25
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Argiopidae, Araneidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3882
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1982
Title: Funde von Krabbenspinnen der Gattung Heriaeus Simon 1875 in zwei Feuchtgebieten bei Zurich (Araneae, Thomisidae)
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 55
Pages: 383-384
Keywords: Ger.
spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3883
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1982
Title: Bemerkenswerte Spinnenfunde in Weisen und Getreidefeldern bei Zurich
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 55
Pages: 97-100
Keywords: Ger.
spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, meadows, grassland, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3448
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1987
Title: Spiders in natural pest control: a review
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 103
Pages: 321-339
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, based on 300 papers 1920-1984, world, papers tabulated according to continent, country and agroecosystem, population densities of foliage-dwelling spiders, eg Argiopidae Araneidae, in cultivated meadows and annual crops in Northern Europe are low cf undisturbed grassland, Gramineae, arable, numbers may be higher in Southern Europe, but quite high densities for ground zone spiders eg Erigone atra Linyphiidae, Asian ground zone spiders in rice also very numerous, ground zone spiders make important predatory impact in USA forests, effects of spiders in orchards not yet quantified, vertical distribution, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3885
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1987
Title: The foliage-dwelling spider community of an abandoned grassland ecosystem in eastern Switzerland assessed by sweep sampling
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 60
Pages: 383-389
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2202
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey and predatory importance of micryphantid spiders in winter wheat fields and hay meadows
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 105
Issue: 2)
Pages: 190-197
Keywords: En.
Erigone, Oedothorax
Rep., spiders, Araneae, Switzerland, pitfalls, quadrats, daytime web search for prey, estimated prey capture rate, handling time, web counts, food, aphids, Collembola, Diptera, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, cereals.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2332
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Feeding ecology and predatory importance of wolf spiders (Pardosa spp. )(Araneae, Lycosidae) in winter wheat fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 106
Issue: 2)
Pages: 123-134
Keywords: En.
Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa palustris, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Opomyza
Rep., Switzerland, cereals, species composition, food, feeding, predation , Diptera, Collembola, springtails, Homoptera, aphids, observation of spiders with prey, pests, predation rates in relation to sex and reproduction, Arthropleona, Dolichopodidae, Drosophilidae, Scatophagidae, Anthomyzidae, Muscidae, size of prey, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3750
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey analysis of the spider Achaearanea riparia (Blackw.)(Araneae, Theridiidae), a generalist predator in winter wheat fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 106
Issue: 5)
Pages: 425-431
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, trophic behaviour, diet, food, abundance, density 0.6 m-2, Switzerland, webs low in foliage, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, eat ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, Amara, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, aphids, Diptera, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Acari, mites, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators of predators, hyperpredation, it is a monophagous ant predator in natural habitats, feeding specialization, it has a different feeding niche to that of other spiders in winter wheat, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3884
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Spiders inhabiting the field layer of a dry meadow near Zurich, Switzerland
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 61
Pages: 21-28
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2331
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Benz, G.
Year: 1989
Title: Foraging ecology and predatory importance of a guild of orb-weaving spiders in a grassland habitat
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 107
Issue: 2)
Pages: 166-184
Keywords: En.
Argiope bruennichi, Araneus quadratus, Araneus diadematus, Nuctenea cornuta, Meta segmentata, Anoecia corni, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Hyalopterus pruni.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, Argiopidae, food, feeding, prey, Diptera, Homoptera, aphids, leafhoppers, prey overlap, predation pressure, density, web coverage, pests, height of webs, stratification, distributio n, grasshoppers, honey bees, daily web rebuilding, consumption rates, ate 0.5 million insects/ha/day, Switzerland, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4234
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1990
Title: Spiders associated with selected European hay meadows and the effects of habitat disturbance, with predation ecology of the crab spiders, Xysticus spp. (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 110
Pages: 149-159
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Gramineae, Switzerland, foliage spiders sampled by sweeping, 1502 caught belonging to 11 families, mainly Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, 39 species of adults, 38% were orb-weavers, 33% irregular or sheet-web weavers, 29% cursorial hunters, Xysticus cristatus and Xysticus kochi were dominants, less than 10% of Xysticus were seen feeding from 10:00 to 20:00 h, density of spiders before and after mowing was measured by quadrats, pitfalls and sweeping, effect of agricultural practices, species listed including Bathyphantes gracilis, Meioneta rurestris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax fuscus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnatha extensa, Pisaura mirabilis, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa palustris, Philodromus spp., crab spiders were found feeding on plants cf soil surface at 4:1, early instars of crab spiders ate very small soft-bodied dipterans, hymenopterans, aphids and thrips, larger crab spiders ate Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera (aphids and cicadas), Heteroptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, Collembola (Orchesella villosa), Coleoptera (including carabids up tp 12 mm long), Araneae (mainly Pardosa), Orthoptera and Formicidae, and an earthworm, Lumbricidae, Annelida, ants, spider density decreased by 50% after mowing, large bees were 3% of Xysticus prey, Apidae, feeding on beneficials, low feeding frequency seems to be typical of spiders hunting without a web, consumption rates, trophic behaviour, food, diet, prey size selection, spiders disturbed by mowing may move into surrounding crop fields, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, reduction in pitfall catch after mowing was 39% for Linyphiidae, 71% for Lycosidae, Pachygnatha increased by 33%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4235
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1990
Title: Evidence of low daily food consumption by wolf spiders in meadow land and comparison with other cursorial hunters
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 110
Pages: 73-81
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Gramineae, hay meadow in Switzerland, feeding frequency assessed 10:00 to 18:00 h in two years, trophic behaviour, food, diet, consumption rates, ate mainly Collembola, aphids and Diptera, Hemiptera, 4-5% of 710 spiders were seen feeding, foraging time 10 h per day and handling time 0.8 h per prey, low daily consumption rates, Pardosa palustris and Pardosa hortensis, "feeding frequency was assessed by colecting wolf spides by hand with a transparent plastic cup", main Collembola prey was Orchesella villosa, Table comparing feeding frequency of lycosids, oxyopids, thomisids and salticids in the literature, these frequencies were lower than for web spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3870
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Impact of predation upon honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae), by orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae and Tetragnathidae) in grassland ecosystems
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 111
Pages: 179-189
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1647
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Dominant insectivorous polyphagous predators in winter wheat: high colonization power, spatial dispersion patterns and probable importance of the soil surface spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Dtsch. ent. Z., N.F.
Volume: 39
Pages: 177-188
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Switzerland, pitfalls, dominants Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, as many lycosids at centre as edge, distribution, more linyphiids in centre, linyphiids and lycosids horizontally aggregated, mean of 8 per trap per week in May rising to 59 in August, aggregation might be due to weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2479
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.
Year: 1992
Title: Dominant insectivorous polyphagous predators in winter wheat: high colonisation power, spatial dispersion patterns, and probable importance of the soil surface spiders
Journal: Dtsch. ent. Z. N.F.
Volume: 39
Issue: 1-3)
Pages: 177-188
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3929
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Spiders as predators of arthropod eggs
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 109
Pages: 490-501
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, world rreview, conspecific predation on eggs ie cannibalism in 12 families including Theridiidae and Lycosidae, interspecific predation on eggs of other spiders for Salticidae and Theridiidae, predators of predators, hyperpredation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders eat insect eggs in North America, South America, Australia, in agroecosystems and forests, mainly Lepidoptera and weevils, by 5 families including Salticidae and Lycosidae, USA, trees woodland, arable, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, oophagy probably underestimated because of methodological problems, methods, Cheiracanthium are egg cannibals, conspecific oophagy by hatchlings, usually on infertile eggs, recorded for 25 spider species, oophagy by adult females on conspecifics in 22 species, and by adult female on heterospecifics in 6 species including Agyrodes, evidence for spiders eating insect eggs in cotton, soybean, tobacco, sugarcane, citrus and forest, cereals, Gramineae, 28 species ate insect eggs including Hyposinga pygmaea, in some species hatchlings that are oophagous cannibals prey on insect eggs later in life, not many records for Europe but probably because observational research not carried out


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3839
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling
Year: 1987
Title: Predation by Green Lynx Spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae) inhabiting cotton and woolly croton plants in East Texas
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 355-359
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, USA, arable, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, this is the largest lynx in USA, unsprayed cotton field June to September 1985 and 1978-81, also on rough ground with woolly croton the primary host of cotton fleahopper Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, weeds, 85 hours observation in cotton and 26 hours in croton, night observations with headlamp, methods, equation for prey capture rate b = (Tf x 60 x w)/(1 x Th x 100), Tf is hours per day available for prey capture, w is % of spiders with prey in a sample, Th is mean handling time in minutes, P.viridans was 11-20% of hunting spider fauna on cotton foliage, species composition, striped lynx Oxyopes salticus was 70-84%, P.viridans is univoltine, 1 generation per year, voltinism, only late instars and adults in cotton, it killed prey 0.14-1.3 times its own size, prey size selection, 25 predation events observed, 40% prey were spiders including cannibalism, intraspecific predation, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera also eaten, hyperpredation in more than 50% observed cases of predation including on Chrysoperla and Hippodamia, lacewings, Chrysopidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, cotton pests Heliothis zea and Alabama argillacea also eaten, caterpillars, Noctuidae, feeds both by night and day, nocturnal and diurnal, diel cycles, less than 10% feeding at any one time, no differences between seasons, estimated that on average a spider captured one prey per 4 days, on croton 16% prey were spiders including cannibalism, similar families of prey to cotton, half prey were predators or pollinators, 29% prey were cotton fleahoppers, on croton a spider captures a prey c. every 2 days, P.viridans is probably a top predator in cotton, density of P.viridans greater on shrubs than on cotton, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3872
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Feeding habits of the spiders Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer) and Lycosa rabida Walckenaer
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 11
Pages: 195-201
Keywords: En.
Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, diet, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3253
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Feeding ecology of the orb-weaving spider Argiope aurantia [Araneae: Araneidae] in a cotton agroecosystem
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32
Issue: 4)
Pages: 367-375
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, 20 females released into USA cotton field and observed for 2 weeks, distance moved, size of web and vertical position, diet was very varied taking prey of length 0.4-47 mm but 67% of prey was <3mm and 25% >20mm, it also ate cotton fleahopper a pest of cotton, diet was also examined in grassland and was similar in 5 common components, diet of A.aurantia and 4 other orb weaver species in the cotton field overlapped considerably taking mainly aphids, small Diptera, leafhoppers and Hymenoptera, but A.aurantia also ate grasshoppers, observations probably made only in daytime, biological control, methods, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, trophic behaviour, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3840
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Evaluation of the importance of the striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus (Araneae: Oxyopidae) as a predator in Texas cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1114-1123
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, weedy unsprayed cotton, foraging behaviour, June to September 1985, Dvac for spider and prey density and in an adjacent meadow, abundance, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, Gramineae, recorded spiders with prey in chelicerae and compared with prey in Dvac using Ivlev's electivity index, prey capture rate b = (tf x 60 x w)/(1 x th x 100), tf = time available for feeding in hours, w = % feeding at any given time, th = handling time in minutes, night observations with a headlamp, O.salticus is 68% of total spiders in Dvac and it was also dominant in meadows, species composition, density less than 0.1 m-2 in June peaking at 7.2 m-2 in September, size frequency of population in relation to season, killed prey 0.1 to 1.1 times own size, prey size selection, 64 prey eaten in 85 hours observation, 1 spider was eating 2 prey items simultaneously, main prey was fire ant Solenopsis invicta at 22% of diet, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, predators of predators, hyperpredation, other predators were 42% including Geocoris punctipes, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae and spiders, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, S.invicta, leafhoppers, dipterans aphids and spiders were 93% of potential prey and 84% of actual prey, Hemiptera, preference was for spiders including cannibalism,then Diptera and leafhoppers, aphids were least preferred, prey preference, prey selection, c. 5% spiders were feeding at any one time with no seasonal or diel trends, they ate day and night, nocturnal and diurnal, diel cycles, adults and subadults ate mean of 1 prey per day and their population killed 12 prey m-2 or 0.12 million ha-1 week-1, weekly kill of prey estimated to be 4.5% of prey present in field, females guarding eggsacs seen together with many hatchlings in August, maternal care, brood care, reference that O.salticus may also be egg predators, includes literature review of % spiders feeding at any one time for Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, in June S. invicta is 90% of predatory cotton fauna, very little is known about diet and prey capture rates by small instars of O.salticus, reference that 11-14% of predation on second instar bollworms was due to O.salticus, caterpillars, Lepidoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3867
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1988
Title: The southern black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae) as a predator of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Texas cotton fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 106
Pages: 52-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, arable, USA, interspecific predation, predators of predators, hyperpredation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3874
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey records of the web-building spiders Dictyna segregata (Dictynidae), Theridion australe (Theridiidae), Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Theridiidae) and Frontinella pyramitela (Linyphiidae) in a cotton agroecosystem
Journal: Southwestern Naturalist
Volume: 33
Pages: 215-218
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, arable, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3838
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Prey selection and predatory importance of orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Uloboridae) in Texas cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Issue: 3)
Pages: 373-380
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, June to September 1985 in unsprayed cotton, weedy field, density estimates by direct counts and by Dvac, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, abundance, also direct counts at night with a headlamp, Dvac for potential prey, web size and web cover measured, webs searched for prey remains by day and night, prey data could be biased because some prey remains are discarded after a meal, Argiopidae were 10% of spiders in Dvac, 5 dominant species including Tetragnatha laboriosa, Tetragnathidae, species composition, only 0.04 m-2 in early June but much higher density in adjacent meadow, grassland, Gramineae, these species readily balloon, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, peak of 0.72 m-2 Dvac and 0.86 m-2 direct count, 17 cm2 of web m-2, 99% of the orb weavers were small ie less than 5 mm long, vertical stratfication of webs, vertical distribution, diel cycles of web spinning, 99% insect 1% spider, aphids were 35-90% of the prey of the 5 species, Hemiptera, aphids were dominant potential prey in Dvac, other prey in webs were small Diptera, Cicadellidae and Hymenoptera, Coleoptera were a significant prey of 2 species, cotton fleahopper and adult Heliothis zea occasionally caught, differences between species in prey caught depending on web location, ant Solenopsis invicta fire ant sometimes caught, Formicidae, hyperpredation, predators of predators, apterous aphids rare in webs of large spider species but were more than 25% of prey in small species webs, apterae commoner in horizontal than vertical webs, prey in webs in field are also eaten by the spiders in the web, web position orientation and strength were important determinants of prey selection, prey preference, S.invicta occasionally bites legs of spiders, apterae are regularly detached from cotton foliage by wind, dislodgement, mesh size did not appear to affect prey selection, T.laboriosa does not eat Coleoptera but cuts them out of the web, Coleoptera are eaten by the larger species, Aphis gossypii is a dominant prey, hyperpredation was not common


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3263
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Diets, feeding specialization, and predatory role of two lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus and Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae), in a Texas cotton agroecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1457-1465
Keywords: En.
Rep., 108 h of observation in USA cotton field, these spiders appeared to be the dominant predators, O.salticus ate prey mean 2.4mm cf P.viridans ate larger mean 7mm prey, mainly Heteroptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera, other spiders and the pest cotton fleahopper Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, P.viridans was statistically more polyphagous than O.salticus, methods, niche overlap coefficients, observations in daylight only, <5% of spiders examined had prey in their chelicerae, intra-guild predation occurred with spiders killing other spiders and also Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Orius, Geocoris, predators of predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, arable, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3876
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Spiders associated with lemon horsemint (Monarda citriodora Cervantes) in east central Texas
Journal: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
Volume: B-1707
Pages: 1-6
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, plants and spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3866
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Dondale, C. D.; Redner, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Evidence for displacement of a North American spider Steatoda borealis by the European species Steatoda bipunctata (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 64
Pages: 867-874
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, competition, biogeography


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4738
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Moor, H.; Foelix, R.F.
Year: 2001
Title: Spiders feeding on earthworms
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 29
Pages: 119-124
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Lumbricidae, Annelida, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Tegenaria atrica ate a 14 cm worm. Twent other records were collected from the literature by correspondance with arachnologists. Earthworm feeders include Amaurobius, Segestria, Araneus, Xysticus Pardosa and Trochosa. Tegenaria was also seen eating worms in the field. Worm tissue has a high protein content (60-70% dry weight).
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3836
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L.
Year: 1994
Title: Comparison of the feeding niche of polyphagous insectivores (Araneae) in a Texas cotton plantation: estimates of niche breadth and overlap
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1294-1303
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, pests, insecticide-free cotton, 1985, fire ants and spiders migrate from nearby grass into cotton, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, immigration, colonisation, Gramineae, 85 hours in situ visual observation, methods, prey records for 10 species on 13 prey categories, food, diet, trophic behaviour, only 0.25% of total prey were major pests, prey groups used arthropod orders Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Diptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Collembola, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera, utilisation curves are relative use of prey groups by spider species ie proportions of each prey in diet of any given spider species, prey preference, prey selection, hyperpredation, 10 spider species formed 80% of spiders in Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, niche overlap statistic, test for complete overlap, estimates of niche breadth, each species has its own feeding niche ie all overlap values less than 1, but diet overlaps ranged from very high to very low depending on species, Ivlev's Index of food electivity E, compares negative random and positive food selection, prey preference determined by foraging mode, depends on web size and orientation, all are generalist predators but the highest diet breadth was 5 times the minimum, Salticidae and Thomisidae not included because too few, studied Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Dictynidae, Tetragnathidae and Araneidae, Argiopidae, one year only and when there were few major pests, more than 40 species in Dvac with Oxyopes salticus dominant, O.salticus had the lowest mean diet overlap amongst the foliage dwellers, O.salticus searches both plant and ground, vertical stratification, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, foraging behaviour, it is both nocturnal and diurnal and feeds on nearly all prey small enough (28 species) including eggs, it also eats other spiders, predators of predators, diel cycles, species with large webs are more likely to take beetles than small web species, Coleoptera, ants were optimal diet for black widow Latrodectus, small web spiders caught mainly aphids, O.salticus and large web spiders did not prefer aphids, cotton fleahopper Heteroptera is an optimal prey of O.salticus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3837
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Impact of the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and other natural enemies on the Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1178-1188
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, arable, cotton fleahopper Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, 108 hours in situ visual observation in unsprayed cotton June to August 1988, methods, spiders and fire ants migrated into cotton from adjacent grassland, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, colonisation, immigration, predators seen eating prey and prey items removed from webs, predation rate by Oxyopes salticus = (Tf x 60 x Ft)/(Tn x 100), Tf is hunting time in hours per day, Th is handling time in minutes, Ft is feeding frequency ie % feeding at any given time, 3981 spiders observed, Oxyopidae dominant, mid season spider density 2.84 m-2, abundance, 97 acts of predation on fleahoppers observed, 97% on adult fleahopper but biased by methodological problems, 10 spider species and 3 insect species ate fleahoppers, food, diet, trophic behaviour, web spiders such as Dictyna and Cyclosa may store prey in web for several days, 1.3% Salticidae feeding at any one time and 0.9% Oxyopidae, other spiders and ants had lower %, no predation of fleahoppers by Geocoris, Lygus, Hippodamia convergens, other Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Heteroptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, 25% of prey eaten by O.salticus were fleahoppers and it captures about 1 prey per day, prey consumption rates, density of O.salticus c. 1.48 m- 2, so it killed 1 fleahopper m-2 per 3 days, this constituted c. 15% mortality per day of the fleahopper population, abundance, 89% of predators feeding on fleahopper were spiders and 97% of predation observed was by spiders, good aspects of O.salticus for biological control include high dispersal capacity, arrive early, phenology, synchronisation with prey, all instars eat flehopper, forage on ground and over whole plant, vertical statification, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, forage by day and night, nocturnal and diurnal, diel cycles, feed on all stages of fleahopper, prey size selection, references to economic value of predators in dollars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3835
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A.
Year: 1994
Title: How spiders make a living
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1357-1367
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, overview of feeding patterns of 10 groups of common agroecosystem spiders, trophic behaviour, food, diet, pests, biological control, more than 30,000 species, order Araneae ranks 7th in global diversity, sound production, cannibalism, intraspecific predation, water spiders, spiders have low metabolic rate cf other poikilotherms of same size, physiology, feeding on eggs, scavenging, carrion feeding, pollen, artificial diets, kleptoparasitism, feeding on Mammalia, Aves, birds, Vertebrata, Crustacea, Reptilia, scorpions, spiders are amongst the numerically dominant insectivores in terrestrial ecosystems, abundance, data for this paper from prey in wwebs and chelicerae in Switzerland and Texas, methods, large orb-weavers often kill prey in excess of energy requirements, wasteful killing, up to 1000 insects per web at any one time, Argiopidae, Araneidae recycle webs daily but Linyphiidae, Dictynidae, Theridiidae and Agelenidae do not, Tetragnatha laboriosa is one of the most abundant spiders in USA crops and eats Diptera and aphids, it cuts beetles out of the web, Coleoptera, prey preference, prey selection, Araneidae tend not to trap adult moths, Lepidoptera, Linyphiidae eat mainly Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Dictynidae eat Diptera, aphids, Heteroptera, Theridiidae are either extremely polyphagous or myrmecophagous, eat ants, Formicidae, Agelenidae catch Pieris, honeybees and grasshoppers, Apis, Orthoptera, the woodland agelenid Coelotes terrestris eats mainly adult Carabidae biting through intersegmental membranes, predators of predators, hyperpredation, low feeding frequency is typical of hunting spiders and cannibalism may be crucial for their survival, Lycosidae can be sit-and-wait foragers, Pardosa can be nocturnal as well as diurnal, diel cycles, lycosids eat Diptera, Collembola, aphids, other Homoptera, Oxyopidae are nocturnal and diurnal and very polyphagous, including Heteroptera and ants, Thomisidae are nocturnal and diurnal, sit-and-wait and active hunters including on eggs, Xysticus eat Hymenoptera and Diptera on plants and ants carabids, spiders and Collembola on ground, also thrips and aphids, Thysanoptera, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Salticidae are diurnal and very polyphagous, Phidippus audax is one of the most abundant spiders in USA crops and eats pests such as fleahopper and tarnished plant bugs, salticids also eat eggs and spiders, predation on parasitoids, overall mean spider density in natural habitats is about 130 m-2, kill 50-200 kg prey ha-1 year-1 in natural habitats, in USA crops about 1 plant spider m-2, spiders thought to control pests in New Guinea coffee, tropical, spiders can be of economic value in unsprayed cotton, arable, the basics of spider predation ecology still largely unknown for most species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4211
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Insectivorous activities of spiders in United States field crops
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Pages: 113-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, review of the literature, more than 30,000 spider species in the world, biodiversity, species richness, more than 600 species in USA field crops, arable, Tetragnatha laboriosa, Oxyopes salticus and Phidippus audax are dominant in US crops, Tetragnathidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, niche breadth coefficient computed, methods, mean spider density in US crops was 1 per m2, cf Turnbull's 131 per m2 in undisturbed habitats, density data for soybean, cotton, sorghum, peanut and sugarcane, abundance, Gramineae, cereals, a mean of 5% of spiders were feeding at any time, trophic behaviour, food, diet, it is estimated that a mean agricultural spider catches 1 prey per day, which is below their maximum feeding capacity, but predation rates may increase a lot when prey are abundant, consumption rates, optimal prey length is 50-80% of the spiders own length, prey size preference, Tetragnatha are insectivores with a narrow feeding niche, but Oxyopes and Phidippus are araneophagic too and have broad feeding niches, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, hunters dominate numerically in many US crops, mean prey was 21% bugs, 19% Diptera, 17% Auchenorryncha, 14% aphids, 11% spiders, 7% Hymenoptera, 3% Coleoptera, 3% Lepidoptera and 2% Orthoptera, describes how beetles are cut out of web, prey rejection, adult moths escape from webs leaving just scales behind, prey defence, prey escape, quotes Greenstone that Lycosidae thrive on a mixed diet of Heteroptera, Homoptera and Diptera, gives pest species eaten by spiders, feeding on eggs and bees, oophagy, in cotton beneficials were 33% of the diet of Oxyopes and 66% of diet of Peucetia, but in spite of hyperpredation the net effect of spider predation in cotton is positive, multiplying mean density by mean prey kill gives a predatory impact of 1 prey per m2 per rainfree day, at high prey densities spiders may kill 0.3 - 1% of the potential prey per day, at lower prey densities it could be more than 1%, weather, rain, whiteflies, caterpillars, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5880
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2003
Title: Composition, abundance and pest control potential of spider communities in agroecosystems: a comparison of European and US studies
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 95
Pages: 579-612
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, acreage of arable land, USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, species richness, biodiversity, distribution, review excludes top fruit and forestry, dearth of data from southern Europe and northern half of North America, species composition, European fields dominated by Linyphiidae (93-99%) but Lycosidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Theridiidae also represented, most live near the ground, vertical distribution, sampling methods, Dvac, photoeclector, pitfall traps, sweeping, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, ground search within quadrats, fenced pitfalls, soil flooding, distance method, visual counts, soil cores, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax fuscus, abundance, table of mean density m-2 in various annual and perennial crops, wheat, barley, oats, maize, corn, Gramineae, cereals, potato, sugar beet, meadows, pastures, ryegrass, clover, alfalfa, Leguminosae, overall European mean density 81 m-2, prey selection, in situ visual observation of feeding and prey in webs, aphids, Hemiptera, Collembola, Diptera, serological methods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, aphid falling rates, reclimbing rate negatively related to predator abundance, vertical dispersal, sunflower, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, ELISA, predation rates in the field, impact on aphid populations, frit fly, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, blossom midges, Cecidomyiidae, Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana, predator exclusion techniques, more than 600 spider species are associated with crops in USA, more varied taxonomic composition than in Europe with more than 50% hunters, Dictynidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnatha laboriosa, lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus, coton, soybean, meam density in US crops only 12 m-2 (and mean density in annual crops only 2 m-2), sorghum, vegetables, quick trap, ground cloth, beat sheet, shake cloth, echo sampler, rice, peanut, blueberry, diet more diverse than in Europe and araneophagy more frequent, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, tobacco budworm, bollworm, cotton leafworm, radiolabelling, Noctuidae, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Pseudaletia unipuncta, cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, stinkbug, Nezara viridula, Pentatomidae, Lygus lineolaris, Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, Cheiracanthium mildei attack leafminers through leaf epidermis, foraging behaviour, Colorado potato beetle, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Pisurina mira, Hogna helluo, Dabrotica undecimpunctata, intraguild predation, IGP avoidance behavior, hyperpredation, table concluding that mean of 85% of aerial spider fauna in Europe are Linyphiidae compared with 34 in USA, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, ballooning, aeronauts, discussion of possible causes of large difference in %Linyphiidae between continents (might be related to latitude, mean temperature, abundance of Collembola, structural complexity of dominant crops, interference competition with ants, intensity of agricultural management), Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, fire ants, farming practices, fertilisers, cultivation disturbance, insecticides, pesticides, habitat stability, conservation tillage, ploughing, crop rotation, sampling methods that underestimate density, biomass of spiders per unit area much higher in Europe than USA, similar pesticide inputs in Europe and USA but mean farm size an order of magnitude greater in USA, landscape heterogeneity favouring greater regional abundance of spiders likely to be greater in Europe, ground surface microclimate likely to be inimical to spiders in summer in southern states of USA (mean 36C, max 42C), extra ground cover (mulches, straw refuges) can increase USA spider densities to European levels, mean predation rate only 1 prey per spider per day in both Europe and USA, summary table giving Europe-USA comparison, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5288
Author: Nyffeler, M.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Spiders and harvestmen as gastropod predators
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 617-628
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, review, malacophagy, Araneae, Opiliones, slugs, snails, no spiders feed exclusively on gastropods, some Trogulidae and Ischyropsalididae harvestmen are specialist predators of gastropods, trogulids enter through the shell aperture but Ischyropsalididae break the shell, foraging behaviour (there seems to have been convergent evolution with Carabidae in this respect), Coleoptera, ground beetles, harvestmen eat plant material, live and dead arthropods and gastropods, phytophages, omnivores, scavengers, carrion feeders, necrophagy, spiders feed on arthropods and earthworms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, 40 reports of arachnids consuming gastropods were found (tabulated both by spider species and mollusc species), Lycosidae, mucus did not deter Pisauridae, anti-predator defences, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Pholcidae, Theridiidae, Agelenidae, Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Atypidae, Theraphosidae, Phalangiidae eat snails and slugs, Trogulidae, Ischyropsalis hellwigi rejects insects in favour of gastropods and can kill slugs of twice its size  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3224
Author: Oakley, J. M.; Walters, K. F. A.
Year: 1994
Title: A field evaluation of different criteria for determining the need to treat winter wheat against grain aphid
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 124
Pages: 195-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, Hemiptera, pests, pirimicarb and dimethoate at 3 growth stages, pesticides, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, early aphid infestations, booting sprays increased yields by 0.26 t/ha, prophylactic treatment in 1988, 1989 would have been profitable (but not necessarilly environmentally sound), there was a wide variation in efficacy of aphicides and of persistence of control between sites, economic thresholds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2015
Author: Oakley, J. N.
Year: 1980
Title: An integrated control strategy for the wheat bulb fly
Journal: ADAS Quarterly Review
Volume: 38
Pages: 145-159
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, Leptohylemia coarctata, arable, IPM taking into account drilling date, tillering state at time of attack, mineral or organic soils, farming practices, these factors determine which insecticide to use, pesticides, in long run cheapest to keep egg populations below damage levels using insecticides, cover crops to reduce bare ground in July to August, some bare patches to attract oviposition and then spray patches, methods, wheat bulb fly does not migrate more than 0.8 km, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, maintaining larval numbers below 50 per m2 using insecticides should prevent yield loss in following season, damage, cereals, Delia coarctata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2016
Author: Oakley, J. N.
Year: 1981
Title: Wheat blossom midges
Journal: MAFF Leaflet
Volume: No. 788
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Contarinia tritici, larvae feed in floret and are different colours, wheat, rye, barley, oats, only wheat and rye damaged, C.tritici can have a second generation on couch grass Agropyron repens, phenology, structure, life history, natural enemies, cultural control, farming practices, pesticides, insecticides, S.mossellana is orange and attacks grain, C.tritici is lemon and attacks flowers, larvae entering soil or adults emerging can be attacked by beetles or spiders, predation, polyphagous predators, biological control, Coleoptera, Araneae, the wasp Leptacis tipulae an egg parasitoid can control orange but not lemon midge, Hymenoptera, it attacks at late flowering crop growth stage, and overwinters in the midge larva killing it in the spring, a proportion of larvae can diapause in the soil for many years, worst problems in continuous wheat, adults active on ears at dusk at other times are on ground, vertical stratification, distribution, behaviour, nocturnalism, crepuscular, diel cycles, fenitrothion or chlorpyrifos permeate floret and kill eggs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4212
Author: Oakley, J. N.; Walters, K. F. A.; Ellis, S. A.; Green, D. B.; Watling, M.; Young, J. E. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Development of selective aphicide treatments for integrated control of summer aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 128
Pages: 423-436
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, insecticides, recommended and reduced rates of pirimicarb and alpha cypermethrin at 5 sites 1990-92, pyrethroids, carbamates, parasitoids controlled aphids at 2 sites without pesticide applications, at 3 sites both pesticides gave some yield response at both rates, at some sites recommended rates gave better aphid control than reduced rates but this was not translated into yield differences, natural enemies, biological control, farming practices, there was a trend for higher % parasitism with reduced rate, 3 times as many Melanostoma mellinum were found in reduced rate plots, predators, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, at present there are no practicable methods of assessing the impact of polyphagous predators on aphids that are suitable for use by crop consultants, reduced rates might be most appropriate where aphid numbers are increasing slowly towards the economic threshold and some natural enemies can be seen, these experiments suggest that parasitism begins to contribute to control when 2-5% of aphids are visibly mummified


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1263
Author: Obadofin, A. A.; Finlayson, D. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Interaction of several insecticides and a carabid predator Bembidion lampros (Hrbst) and their effects on Hylemyia brassicae (Bouche)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
Volume: 57
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1121-1125
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, Diptera, cabbage root fly, brassicas, field vegetables, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Canada


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3496
Author: Obeng-Ofori, D.
Year: 1993
Title: The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their recapture in millet
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 66
Issue: 2)
Pages: 161-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Kenya, Africa, Coleoptera, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, visual and time-lapse video, capture depended on beetle size, locomotory rate, behaviour at the trap rim, trap design and placement, capture rate was not related to trap size or to frequency of encounters with trap rim, there were 3 types of avoidance behaviour at the trap rim, small and lightweight beetles were able to avoid falling in


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5966
Author: Oberholzer, F.; Frank, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Predation by the carabid beetles Pterostichus melanarius and Poecilus cupreus on slugs and slug eggs
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 13
Pages: 99-110
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichus cupreus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, trophic behaviour, diet, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras reticulatum, laboratory trials, P. melanarius preferred eggs of D. reticulatum eating mean of 10 per day, prey preference, prey selection, predation rates, feeding rates on alternative prey (live and dead crickets, live aphids, fly larvae), Orthoptera, Acheta domesticus, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera, Diptera, Protophormia sp., P. melanarius may destroy eggs and neonate slugs in the field and P. cupreus consumes eggs, oophagy, P. melanarius is more voracious than P. cupreus,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 463
Author: O'Brien, M. V.
Year: 1947
Title: Observations upon the ecology of the Phalangida of the Chicago area
Journal: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America.
Volume: 28
Pages: 61
Keywords: En.
Rep, harvestmen, Opiliones, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5525
Author: Obrist, M.K.; Duelli, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Trapping efficiency of funnel- and cup traps for epigeal arthropods
Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomolgischen Gesellschaft
Volume: 69
Pages: 361-369
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomolgischen Gesellschaft
Keywords: Rep., methods, plastic cups and plastic funnels, pitfall traps containing formaldehyde solution and detergent, funnels were more efficient for all groups except Linyphiidae and Formicidae, Araneae, spiders, Hymenoptera, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, field work in Switzerland on 5 km transect encompassing wetland, pasture, winter wheat and maize, Gramineae, cereals, grassland, marsh, 114,031 individuals of 439 species, 40 funnel traps compared with 22 cup traps, correlation and regression analyses of number caught in funnels against cups, escape is easier from funnels than cups, funnels were better at trapping Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Saltatoria, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1234
Author: Obrtel, R.
Year: 1961
Title: Effect of two insecticides on Aphidius ervi Hal. (Hym., Braconidae) an internal parasite of Acythosiphon onobrychis (Boyer)
Journal: Zool. listy
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: parasitoids, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 296
Author: Obrtel, R.
Year: 1968
Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae occurring on soil surface in lucerne fields
Journal: Acta entomologica bohemoslovaka.
Volume: 65
Pages: 5-20
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Calathus fuscipes, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Atheta, Oxytelus, Philonthus fuscipennis, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus varius, Tachyporus hypnorum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3245
Author: Obrycki, J. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Techniques for evaluation of predators of Homoptera
Journal: Florida Entomologist
Volume: 75
Issue: 4)
Pages: 472-476
Keywords: En.
Rep., mini-review, introduction of predator to new environment, inclusion and exclusion methods, removal techniques, prey enrichment studies, direct observation in the field, serology or rare element or radiotracer markers to identify predators, quotes Kring, pers. comm., that Coccinella 7-punctata will consume parasitized greenbugs at higher rates than non-parasitized, also effect of C. 7- punctata by dislodgement of greenbugs, exposing them to additional mortality, is greater than direct predation, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, cereals, Gramineae, predation on parasitoids, vertical stratification, distribution, dispersal, movemement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4375
Author: Obrycki, J. J.; Kring, T. J.
Year: 1998
Title: Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 43
Pages: 295-321
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, Coleoptera, predators, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, they eat whitefly, aphids, mealy bugs, scales and mites, Hemiptera, Acari, Homoptera, side-effects of pesticides, semi-resistant crop varieties, plant resistance, refugia, landscape design, food supplements, classical biological control, augmentation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 374
Author: Obrycki, J. J.; Tauber, M. J.
Year: 1978
Title: Thermal requirements for development of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) and its parasite Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 110
Pages: 407-412
Keywords: En.
Rep(part), beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2620
Author: O'Connell, P. F.
Year: 1992
Title: Sustainable agriculture- a valid alternative
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 21
Issue: 1)
Pages: 5-12
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1316
Author: O'Donnell, M. S.; Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Brussels sprouts undersown with clover
Journal: Proceedings of the 8th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference 1975
Pages: 101-107
Keywords: En.
brassicas, field vegetables, methods, farming practices, Leguminosae, reduction in cabbage aphid, more predators, lower survival of cabbage caterpillar and cabbage root fly, pests, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, natural enemies, Diptera, Lepidoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5668
Author: Oedekoven, M.A.; Joern, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Stage-based mortality of grassland grasshoppers (Acrididae) from wandering spider (Lycosidae) predation
Journal: Acta Oecologica
Volume: 19(6)
Pages: 507-515
Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, Araneae, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Orthoptera, biological control, Gramineae, USA, sandhills grassland, Ageneotettix deorum, Melanoplus sanguinipes, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, mortality, survival, population dynamics, young grasshopper nymphs were the most vulnerable, size-specific predation, foraging behaviour, Schizocosa spp. were dominant spiders, methods, pitfalls, grasshoppers were placed in field cages with different mesh sizes, one type of cage permitted entry and exit of spiders but not of grasshoppers (of third instar upward - as tested in laboratory trials), authors claim that no other known predators of grasshoppers can pass through these semi-permeable cages, a cage with finer mesh contained the grasshoppers and excluded spiders (no-spider control), over 10 days total mortality of third instar grasshoppers was 91% down to 30% mortality of adults, spiders caused 16% mortality of third instars and 24% of 4th + 5th, spiders reduced nymph but not adult numbers significantly, mortality rates did not differ between grasshopper species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5665
Author: Oedekoven, M.A.; Joern, A.
Year: 2000
Title: Plant quality and spider predation affects grasshoppers (Acrididae): food-quality-dependent compensatory mortality
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 81(1)
Pages: 66-77
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, Lycosidae, Ageneotettix deorum, sandhill grasslands, Gramineae, population dynamics, grasshopper mortality affected by predation and food availability, lycosid predation halved grasshopper abundance over two weeks, impact on pest population was greatest where grasshopper food quality was best (N fertliser), Schizocosa are dominants, nymphal grasshoppers more likely than adults to be predated, manipulative field cage experiment, methods, some cages had mesh large enough to admit spiders and others did not, spider predation significantly decreased the number of surviving grasshoppers by 49%, individual grasshoppers that survived spider predation lived longer than those that were protected from spider predation (because spiders reduced grasshopper density allowing survivors access to more food), longevity,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5354
Author: Oelbermann, K.; Scheu, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Stable isotope enrichment (d15N and d13C) in a generalist predator (Pardosa lugubris, Araneae: Lycosidae): effects of prey quality
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 130
Pages: 337-344
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, spiders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, with Drosophila melanogaster as food 15N content of spiderlings increased during their development, 15N but not 13C increased when spiders were fed on high quality prey such as Hetermurus nitidus and fruit flies, Collembola, Diptera, spiderlings were larger and developed faster when fed on high-quality prey, when fed on poor prey such as Rhopalosiphum padi or Folsomia candida 15N levels were equivalent to those for starving spiderlings, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Isotomidae, unlike gut contents analysis stable isotope analysis reflects the long-term feeding behaviour of the examined predators, 15N is accumulated with each trophic link so top predators have the highest concentrations, however starvation can also cause 15N enrichment of tissues, isotope ratios were determined by a coupled system of an elemental analyser and a mass spectrometer
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5664
Author: Oelbermann, K.; Scheu, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Effects of prey type and mixed diets on survival, growth and development of a generalist predator, Pardosa lugubris (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 3
Pages: 285-291
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, laboratory feeding experiments, Folsomia candida and Rhopalosiphum padi did not support growth and development of spiderlings, Collembola, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, growth and longevity was better on Heteromurus nitidus and Drsophila melanogaster, Diptera, performance was better on mixed than single species diets, addition of F. candida to mixed diet of H. nitidus and Drosophila reduced performance, nutritional quality for generalist predators differs significantly between prey species, mixed diets may be beneficial or detrimental, spider does not appear able to refuse detrimental prey, toxic prey, prey quality, prey preferences, Germany, population dynamics, mortality, spiderlings did not thrive on cannibalism, spiderlings developed aversion to aphid prey, foraging behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3464
Author: Ogilvy, S. E.; Turley, D. B.; Cook, S. K.; Fisher, N. M.; Holland, J. Prew R. D.; Spink, J.
Year: 1994
Title: Integrated farming - putting together systems for farm use
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 53-60
Keywords: En.
Rep., LINK Integrated Farming Systems Project, IFS, in first year inputs reduced and profitability maintained, gross margins, but might be higher operating costs, economics, ADAS, SAC, Rothamsted, Game Conservancy, Southampton University, 6 sites, conventional and integrated farming on split or quartered fields with 5 course rotations, semi-resistant varieties, plant resistance, establishment timing, disturbance, farming practices, mechanical weeding, thresholds, monitoring, reduced rate pesticides, conservation headlands, Phacelia borders, non-inversion tillage, cover crops, reduced tillage, methods, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4481
Author: Ogilvy, S. E.; Turley, D. B.; Cook, S. K.; Fisher, N. M.; Holland, J. Prew R. D.; Spink, J.
Year: 1995
Title: LINK Integrated Farming Systems: a considered approach to crop protection
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", BCPC Symposium Proceedings No.63, BCPC Farnham, Surrey, UK
Volume: 63
Pages: 331-338
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, methods, years 1 and 2 of a 5 year project at 6 sites in UK, systems compared on split or quartered fields, 5 course rotations including set-aside, with all phases present in each year at each site, 55 ha per site, IFS techniques are crop rotation to reduce pest and disease carry-over, resistant cultivars, mechanical weeding, monitoring and threshold spraying, crop mapping and patch treatments, selective pesticides where possible, trapping techniques, cover crops before spring crops where possible, results show that inputs can be reduced whilst profitability is maintained, plant resistance, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4964
Author: Oh, H.W.; Kim, G.M.; Shin, S.W.; Bae, K.S.; Ahn, Y.J.; Park, H.Y.
Year: 2000
Title: Ultrastructural and molecular identification of a Wolbachia endosymbiont in a spider, Nephila clavata
Journal: Insect Molecular Biology
Volume: 9(5)
Pages: 539-543
Alternate Journal: Insect Molecular Biology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Wolbachia found in egg cells of Nephila, they are intracellular transovarially inherited bacteria, this is the fiest report of their occurrence in spiders, molecular techniques and electron microscopy suggests they were transferred to the spider horizontally from insects. In insects Wolbachia can affect reproduction by parthenogenesis, and cause feminisation, male-killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility. They are also found in mites, Crustacea and Nematoda, Acari. Korea, figure showing phylogenetic tree of Wolbachia, woodlice, Isopoda, Diptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, evolution, taxonomy, systematics, symbiosis
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3575
Author: Ohara, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Observations on the prey-predator relationship between Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera, Pemphigidae) and Metasyrphus confrater (Diptera, Syrphidae) with special reference to the behaviour of the aphid soldiers
Journal: Esakia
Volume: 23
Pages: 107-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Japan, defence, pseudoscorpion- like soldiers of the bamboo aphid attack only I'st instars larvae of M.confrater, all soldiers attacking syrphids died within minutes probably because of toxins secreted by the syrphid, poisoning, aphid soldiers also attack eggs of M.confrater, aphid soldiers were able to lift Ist instar larvae of M.confrater off the plant holding on to them but then died, as may the syrphid because it was removed from its food, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration, population dynamics, aphid soldiers were also able to pierce and kill larvae of predatory Pyralidae moths, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, prey defence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3251
Author: Ohbayashi, T.; Iwabuchi, K.
Year: 1991
Title: Abnormal behaviour of the common armyworm Pseudaletia separata (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae infected with an entomogenous fungus, Entomophaga aulica, and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool.
Volume: 26
Issue: 4)
Pages: 579-585
Keywords: En.
Rep., later instars of healthy armyworm have a diel vertical migration, they feed on plants at night and hide in the soil during the day, Mamestra brassicae infected with Entomophthora sp. climb up plants even in daytime, lab experiments using larvae on corn seedlings, P.separata infected with E.aulica increased the frequency of vertical migration and increased the amount of wandering on the soil surface, they then remained on the plant until death, PsNPV infected larvae did not show increased rate of vertical migration or increased activity but did stay above ground more than healthy ones, caterpillars, pests, cereals, arable, Gramineae, Africa, pathogens, disease, natural enemies, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3016
Author: Ohiagu, C. E.
Year: 1976
Title: A latex agglutination method for use in evaluating insect prey-predator systems
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3022
Author: Ohiagu, C. E.; Boreham, P. F. L.
Year: 1978
Title: A simple field test for evaluating insect predator-prey relationships
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 23
Pages: 40-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3252
Author: Ohman, M. D.; Frost, B. W.; Cohen, E. B.
Year: 1983
Title: Reverse diel migration: an escape from invertebrate predators
Journal: Science, Washington
Volume: 220
Issue: 4604)
Pages: 1404-1406
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, marine copepod Pseudocalanus exhibits nocturnal descent coincident with nocturnal ascent of its predators, reduced spatial overlap reduced mortality, the demographic disadvantage associated with daily migration across a thermal gradient can be overcome if mortality is reduced by as little as 16%, Crustacea, aquatic, diel vertical migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3356
Author: Oien, C. T.; Ragsdale, D. W.
Year: 1993
Title: Susceptibility of nontarget hosts to Nosema furnacalis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), a potential biological control agent of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 3
Pages: 323-328
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, serology, and microscopical examination used to detect N.furnacalis in guts of predators fed N. furnacalis spores or infected larvae, Nabis, Podisus, Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinellidae, were in nearly all cases negative but the parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii was always strongly positive, germination and sporulation required for an active infection that can be horizontally transmitted, and this was not occurring in predators, pathogens, microbial insecticides, disease, pests, caterpillars, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds, ditsribution, dispersal, trophic behaviour, consumption of moribund prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1306
Author: Oka, I. N.; Pimental, D.
Year: 1974
Title: Corn susceptibility to corn leaf aphid and common corn smut after herbicide treatment
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 911-915
Keywords: En.
maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, fungal diseases, corn roots treated with 2- 4-D, then infested with Rhopalosiphum maidis in lab, 45% more aphids on treated than control, references to similar experiments with Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi, behaviour, host plant selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5803
Author: Oka, I.N.; Pimentel, D.
Year: 1976
Title: Herbicide (2,4-D) increases insect and pathogen pests on corn
Journal: Science
Volume: 193
Pages: 239-240
Alternate Journal: Science
Keywords: Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, southern corn leaf blight, Helminthosporium maidis, plant diseases, corn leaf aphid, Hemiptera, corn borer biomass and fecundity greater in herbicide treated than in untreated, population dynamics, treated plants were richer in protein, treated plants had significantly more blight lesions than untreated, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5639
Author: Oksanen, L.
Year: 2001
Title: Logic of experiments in ecology: is pseudoreplication a pseudoissue ?
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 94
Pages: 27-38
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., methods, fully-replicated microcosm experiments are useful initially but do not necessarily reflect accurately processes operating at larger spatial scales, next option is replicated semi-field scale experiment (e.g. small glasshouse chambers), or field scale experiment with replicated controls but an unreplicated treatment (to reduce costs), Bayesian statistics could be applied to unreplicated experiments (but there is an unacceptable subjective element), when neither treatment nor control are replicated (e.g. because very large areas of each are necessary to prevent perturbation of natural processes such as dispersal, or because the study system is very expensive) it is still possible to take multiple samples in both areas and use statistics to look for differences in magnitude and in the timing of changes (related to the start of the treatment application), for this latter approach it is important to have a period of sampling in both areas before the treatment is applied (then, for example, measure confidence intervals of means for the two areas before then again after the start of the experiment, then conservatively compare maximum inter-mean difference before with minimum inter-mean difference after the start of the experiment),    
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5992
Author: Oksanen, L.; Oksanen, T.
Year: 2000
Title: The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 155(6)
Pages: 703-723
Alternate Journal: American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., paper deals mainly with endotherms, trophic cascades, top-down trophic dynamics, food webs, trophic webs, defence diversity hypothesis (plant and herbivore defences are strong enough to inhibit trophic cascades but consumers may alter the behaviour and/or structure of species and guilds with which they interact), exploitation ecosystem hypothesis EEH (herbivores are controlled by natural enemies except in unproductive ecosystems), potential productivity varies greatly along biogeographical gradients, modelling interactions involved in EEH, trophic cascades so far recorded for systems of invertebrate natural enemies and herbivores have been modest but all experiments have been short-term (not encompassing many generations),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 862
Author: Okubo, A.; Maini, P. K.; Williamson, M. H.; Murray, J. D.
Year: 1989
Title: On the spatial spread of the grey squirrel in Britain
Journal: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B)
Volume: 238
Pages: 113-125
Keywords: En.
Rep., distribution, dispersal, migration, diffusion competition model for grey and red squirrel interaction, suggests competition could account for displacement of red by grey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4020
Author: Okuma, C.
Year: 1974
Title: Aeronautic spiders caught by the trap net above paddy field
Journal: Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ.
Volume: 29
Pages: 79-85
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rice, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4258
Author: Okuma, C.; Kisimoto, R.
Year: 1981
Title: Air-borne insects collected over the East China Sea
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 25
Pages: 296-298
Keywords: Jap., En. summ.
Rep., 105 spiders collected 1979-80 on a boat 400 km offshore in tow nets hung from the main mast of a weather boat 18 m above sea level, methods, all were 2-3rd instar and all were alive, 101 were Tetragnatha the rest being Theridiidae and Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, long-range aerial migration, ballooning, aeronuatic spiders, long-distance dispersal, Tetragnathidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1968
Author: Oldfield, G. N.
Year: 1970
Title: Mite transmission of plant viruses
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 343-380
Keywords: En.
Rep.(refs), Acari, vectors, plant diseases, pests, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4643
Author: Oldroyd, B.P.
Year: 1999
Title: Coevolution while you wait: Varroa jacobsoni, a new parasite of western honeybees
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 14(8)
Pages: 312-315
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., Apidae, Acari, parasitoids, natural enemies, Apis cerana, Apis mellifera, preadaptation, host shift occurred on at least two occasions, international quarantine measures are ineffective, only Australia, New Zealand and central Africa are free of the mite, molecular markers show that there is detectable genetic variation among populations, Varroidae appear to have evolved from Laelapidae which contain predators of stingless  bees, life cycle, list of mites associated with honeybees, population dynamics of Varroa, development time, some New Guinea populations of V. jacobsoni fail to oviposit on A. mellifera, in the Americas a highly destructive (Russian) and a benign (Japanese) strain of V. jacobsoni coexist
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5391
Author: Olive, C.W.
Year: 1982
Title: Behavioral response of a sit-and-wait predator to spatial variation in foraging gain
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 63(4)
Pages: 912-920
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Argiope trifasciata, Araneus trifolium, USA, in lab these spiders did not modify web design or show differences in attack rate and capture success in relation to particular prey types, in field enclosures (natural grassland) trifasciata stayed longer at a location when more food was supplied (crickets placed in webs) and moved a shorter distance than when no extra food was supplied, this caused aggregation in food-rich patches over an 11 day period, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, spiders given unique colour code of enamel paint dots on top of abdomen, several web invasions were observed in which the resident was evicted by the invader, invader was smaller than defender in only 27% of invasions, agonistic behaviour, interference competition, voluntary web relocation was correlated with moulting (as well as food shortage), spider growth rate was positively correlated with amount of food placed in webs, spiders responded to differences in prey availability but did not return to previously sampled sites, moves are most likely when prey availability is declining (i.e. comparison over limited time period), tends to agree with Charnov's 1976 marginal value theorem that patch is abandoned when return rate drops to average for that habitat, optimal foraging, reviews patch choice models
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1216
Author: Oliver-Bellasis, H. R.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1986
Title: The cereals and gamebird research project: an independent viewpoint
Journal: BCPC - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 3
Pages: 1225-1233
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, birds, Aves, vertebrates, pyrazophos, pesticides, fungicides, insecticidal effects, unsprayed headlands, no insecticides but just enough herbicides to remove wild oats, grass weeds and cleavers, Galium, gave more insects and more gamebirds, methods, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5439
Author: Olkowski, W.; Zhang, A.
Year: 1998
Title: Habitat management for biological control, examples from China
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 255-270
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, the Chinese feed 5 times as many people as the USA on a seventh of the production area, review, agroforestry, landscape, habitat diversification, trees, forest, woodland, intercropping, cover crops, botanical pesticides, insecticides, manipulation of yellow citrus ants is the oldest example of biological control (older than 1700 years), Oecophylla smaragdina, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, pests, coconut, cocoa, coffee, lychee, mango, rubber, tea, nest relocation to orchards, water moats at base of trees prevent ants escaping, bamboo strips used as ant bridges between trees, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, these ants attack even large pests, ant protection reduces fruit damage by 62% compared to where chemical control is used, ant nests are moved to pomelo trees with dense foliage for overwintering, ladybird overwintering trees, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, aphids, Hemiptera, rice, cereals, Gramineae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Trichogramma, spider mites, Tetranychidae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Amblyseius, downy plant oviposition sites, impact on pest populations, suppression of Panonychus citri, use of greenhouses to speed emergence of new generation of Polistes, Vespidae, nests are then moved out into cotton which increases pest control 57-61%, glasshouses, enhancing bird populations for grasshopper control, Aves, Vertebrata, Orthoptera, sterile Lepidoptera eggs put out in forests to boost populations of native parasitoids, Lycosidae for suppressing planthoppers in rice, Araneae, spiders, 15 m2 plastic greenhouse in crop used to produce 2.25 million ladybird larvae from 250 adults eating aphids on brassicas
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3238
Author: Olofsson, E.
Year: 1992
Title: Predation by Formica polyctena Foerster (Hym., Formicidae) on newly emerged larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy)(Hym., Diprinionidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 114
Issue: 3)
Pages: 315-319
Keywords: En.
Rep., there is normally only a low level of predation on newly emerged larvae of European Pine Sawfly, N.sertifer, by polyphagous predators, but in 1988 many were killed by red wood ants and this is thought to be due to an unusually warm period, 22-26C, in spring which boosted ant foraging activity, lodgepole pine, Sweden, conifers, trees, forests, natural enemies,, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 175
Author: Olynyk, J. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Examination of overwintering adult carabid beetles for associated mites
Journal: Can. Field Nat.
Volume: 93
Pages: 79-81
Keywords: Acari, phoresy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3552
Author: O'Neil, R. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Body weight and reproductive status of 2 nabid species (Heteroptera, Nabidae) in Indiana
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Issue: 1)
Pages: 191-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Nabis roseipennis and Nabis americoferus in Indiana in 1988 and 1989, N.roseipennis is heavier than N.americoferus, there was a minimum weight threshold for egg production in N.americoferus but not in N.roseipennis, egg to weight relationships suggsted that N.americoferus was more efficient at producing eggs, reproduction, no parasitized females were found with eggs, parasitoids, parasitic sterilization, number of eggs at dissection, fecundity, positive correlation between weight and number of eggs at dissection in both species, biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5220
Author: O'Neil, R.J.; Giles, K.L.; Obrycki, J.J.; Mahr, D.L.; Legaspi, J.C.; Katovich, K.
Year: 1998
Title: Evaluation of the quality of four commercially available natural enemies
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 11
Pages: 1-8
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., post-shipment quality, Encarsia formosa, Trichogramma pretiosum, Chrysoperla carnea, Hippodamia convergens, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, quality control, 20% of coccinellids were parasitized, survival, reproduction, oviposition, life history parameters, mortality, efficacy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3299
Author: O'Neil, R. J.; Stimac, J. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Measurement and analysis of arthropod predation on velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybeans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 17
Issue: 5)
Pages: 821-826
Keywords: En.
Rep., predation of 2nd instar A.gemmatalis by a complex of predators using cage exclusion techniques in Florida soybeans, USA, searching universe of predators affected by changes in soybean leaf area, cages contained caterpillars and a known number of predators of various species with a wide range of species combinations, the constitution of predator complexes had little effect on the rates of predation, predation remained fairly constant within and between years, this predation rate was maintained over a 4 fold increase in leaf area, how predators compensate for leaf area changes will influence how many prey a predator will find, pests, arable, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, searching efficiency, foraging, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3643
Author: O'Neil, R. J.; Wiedenmann, R. N.
Year: 1990
Title: Body weight of Podisus maculiventris (Say) under various feeding regimens
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 122
Pages: 285-294
Keywords: En.
Rep., biomass, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, lab, USA, various frequencies of feeding on mealworm Tenebrio and green bean slices, Coleoptera, Leguminosae, egg weights were not affected by food quantity or food quality but reproductive effort was, fecundity, reproduction, the mite can survive long periods without prey and adjusts its weight loss by reducing reproductive effort when prey is scarce, it reduces the frequency of oviposition and clutch size as the interfeeding interval increases, food shortage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1731
Author: O'Neill, R. V.
Year: 1968
Title: Population energetics of a millipede Narcius americanus (Beauvois)
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 49
Pages: 803-809
Keywords: En.
Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2480
Author: Opdam, P.
Year: 1990
Title: Dispersal in fragmented populations: the key to survival
Journal: Ed by R. Bunce et al
Pages: 3-17
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4410
Author: Oraze, M. J.; Grigarick, A. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Biological control of aster leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) by Pardosa ramulosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) in California rice fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 82
Issue: 3)
Pages: 745-749
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, spiders, Lycosidae, USA, cereals, pests, Gramineae, aster leafhopper is Macrosteles fascifrons, it lives on aquatic broadleafed weeds then moves on to become a pest on rice, midge larvae are occasional pests of rice, floating emergence traps on the water surface were used to confine spiders and catch adult midges, methods, spider densities set at 0,2,8 per 45cm square trap, 8 is close to the highest natural density (40 per m2) in rice, abundance, ingress-only and egress-only 100cm diameter rings used to manipulate spider density in areas of Monochoria vaginalis hosting the leafhopper, the number of adult midges was significantly reduced by P. ramulosa, but results not economically significant and rather artificial because of confinement of predator and prey, leafhoppers were reduced 84-93% where spiders were increased to 40-60 m-2 cf controls, thus spiders, although probably not able to control an outbreak, may lower pest levels and help stop an outbreak developing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 326
Author: Ormer-Cooper, J.; Tottenham, C. E.
Year: 1934
Title: Coleoptera taken in the air at Wicken Fen
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 70
Pages: 231-234
Keywords: En.
Beetles, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2621
Author: Orr, D. B.; Boethel, D. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Influence of plant antibiosis
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 70
Pages: 242-249
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4277
Author: Osawa, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Colonisation patterns of Aulacorthum magnoliae (Aphididae: Homoptera) on Sambucus sieboldiana (Caprifoliaceae): the impact of predatory disturbance on an aphid colony and the effects of aphid colonisation on plant structure
Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology
Volume: 64
Issue: 1)
Pages: 93-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., tritrophic interactions involving predators are not well documented, especially in the field, despite the demand from Applied Entomology and Botany, no study has clarified the consequences of aphid escape behaviour from predators at the population level, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Cantharidae, Soldier Beetles, Tenthredinidae, Symphyta, Hymenoptera, sawflies, were identified as predators and used in this study, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, aphidophagous ants and spiders were present but not used here, predators were enclosed with aphids inside bags on trees, Hemiptera, methods, the coccinellid Harmonia axyridis was used, disturbance by predators promoted aphid movement between shoots and enhanced aphid multiplication rate on the tree, predator- induced aphid dispersal was density-independent, migration, distribution, indirect effects of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4606
Author: Osborne, J.J.; Clark, S.J.; Morris, R.J.; Williams, I.H.; Riley, J.R.; Smith, A.D.; Reynolds, D.R.; Edwards, A.S.
Year: 1999
Title: A landscape-scale study of bumble bee foraging range and constancy, using harmonic radar
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 519-533
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Bombus terrestris, Hymenoptera, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, methods. Bees fitted with lightweight radar transponders and tracked with harmonic radar as they flew to and from the nest. Transponder aerial 16 mm long, and weight of attachment to bee was 12 mg. Bees did not always forage close to the nest.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5770
Author: Ostman, O.; Ekbom, B.; Bengtsson, J.
Year: 2001
Title: Landscape heterogeneity and farming practice influence biological control
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 365-371
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., impact of natural enemies on populations of Rhopalosiphum padi on conventional and organic farms, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, farming practices, conservation biological control, Sweden, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, aphids stuck to paper placed on ground used to provide an index of predation pressure, methods, aphid density from Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, pitfalls inside small polyphagous predator exclusion plots surrounded by a barrier, aphid establishment was lower on organic than on conventional farms (partly due to predation), this was correlated with perimeter to area ratio and proportion of perennial crops in the landscape, aphid population growth rate and number of aphid days were greater inside predator exclusion plots,  Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, predator data not given, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5153
Author: Ostman, O.; Ekbom, B.; Bengtsson, J.; Weibull, A.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Landscape complexity and farming practice influence the condition of polyphagous ground beetles
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 11(2)
Pages: 480-488
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Sweden, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, conventional and organic farms, condition index measured in relation to length of elytra and weight of beetle, biomass, methods, condition of P. melanarius was positively related to fat reserves (determined in a lab experiment) and its condition was better on farms with high perimeter-to-area ratio, similar results for the other species, condition tended to best on organic farms, farming practices, 10 farms studied, pitfall traps at field edges
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5771
Author: Ostman, O.; Ekbom, B.; Bengtsson, J.; Weibull, A.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Landscape complexity and farming practice influence the condition of polyphagous carabid beetles
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 11(2)
Pages: 480-488
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Sweden, condition of Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger in conventional and organic farms (controlled for landscape variables), methods, condition index using length of elytra and biomass, correlation between condition index and fat reserves, high index on farms with high perimeter to area ratio and on organic farms, farming practices, results relate to conservation biological control of pests such as cereal aphids, Hemiptera, methods, pitfalls, Gramineae,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4687
Author: Ostrom, P.H.; Colunga-Garcia, M.; Gage, S.H.
Year: 1997
Title: Establishing pathways of energy flow for insect predators using stable isotope ratios: field and laboratory evidence
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 109
Pages: 108-113
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., methods, diet switching, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Hippodamia variegata, Coleomegilla maculata, pollen of alfalfa wheat and maize, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, isotope values are sensitive to dietary changes in  up to 21 days, stable N and stable C, carbon, nitrogen, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, stable isotope mass spectrometer, diet of field-collected ladybirds inferred from isotope ratios implied local dispersal between different cereal fields, distribution, movement, migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 828
Author: O'Sullivan, E.; Dowley, L. J.
Year: 1991
Title: A note on the occurrence of the A2 mating type and self-fertile isolates of Phytophthora infestans in the Republic of Ireland
Journal: Irish Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume: 30
Pages: 67-69
Keywords: En.
Rep.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 831
Author: O'Sullivan, E.; Kavanagh, J. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Damping-off of sugar beet caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 39
Pages: 202-205
Keywords: En.
Rep., R. cerealis from beet caused sharp eyespot on wheat and severe damping off of sugar beet, arable, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 830
Author: O'Sullivan, E.; Kavanagh, J. A.
Year: 1991
Title: Characteristics and pathenogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. associated with damping-off of sugar beet
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 40
Pages: 128-135
Keywords: En.
Rep., R. solani and R. cerealis, arable, cereals, wheat, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2992
Author: Ouchterlony, O.
Year: 1948
Title: In vitro method for testing toxin producing capacity of diptheria bacteria
Journal: Acta pathologica et microbiologica scandinavica
Volume: 25
Pages: 186-191
Keywords: En.
methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2619
Author: Outerelo, R.
Title: large package of papers on Spanish Staphylinidae
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3555
Author: Ouyang, Y.; Grafton Cardwell, E. E.; Bugg, R. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of various pollens on development, survivorship, and reproduction of Euseius tularensis (Acari, Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 21
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1371-1376
Keywords: En.
Rep., predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, lab, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, food, diet, weeds, given cattail, ice plant and 5 types of tree pollen had similar survival of immatures of 1st generation and similar sex ratios of progeny, forest, woodland, fecundity greatest on apple pollen, fruit trees, top fruit, orchards, on various grass pollens first generation survival was 63-97% but fell to 44% in generation two, Gramineae, wheat pollen was a very poor food giving only 21% survival of first generation and fecundity of only 0.5, cereals, data relevant for mass- rearing and biocontrol of citrus pests such as thrips and mites, culturing, pests, Thysanoptera, some of the variability of response to the various pollen treatments may have been due to differences in the length of time the pollens were in cold storage, methods, Euseius pollen preference may be related to thickness of pollen grain wall, thin in apple and thick in wheat, references to value of mixed diets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 660
Author: Owen, D. F.; LeGros, A. E.
Year: 1954
Title: Spiders caught by swifts
Journal: Entomologists' Gazette.
Volume: 5
Pages: 117-120
Keywords: En.
Erigone, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax fuscus
Rep., Araneae, predators, distribution, aerial migration, ballooning, silk, gossamer, predation, vertebrates, birds, Aves, 300 to 1500 insects and spiders per meal, nearly all Linyphiidae adults and 38% male, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1044
Author: Owen, D. R.
Year: 1954
Title: The swift, Apus aphis L., as a predator of aphids
Journal: Soc. Brit. Ent. J.
Volume: 5
Pages: 82-85
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, vertebrates, birds, Aves, behaviour, food, diet, swifts prefer larger insects but take more aphids on dull days when other insects scarce, weather, Sitobion avenae the commonest, followed by Metopolophium dirhodum, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, very few Rhopalosiphum padi, cereals, Gramineae, total of 66 species, up to 1116 S.avenae taken in one meal, mortality, aerial distribution, dispersal, alatae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5316
Author: Owen, J.A.
Year: 1995
Title: A pitfall trap for repetitive sampling of hypogean arthropod faunas
Journal: Entomologists Record
Volume: 107
Pages: 225-228
Alternate Journal: Entomologists Record
Keywords: Rep., methods, UK, sampling to a depth of up to 0.5 m, vertical distribution, activity in the soil, below ground, PVC tube containing an open plastic collecting bottle, the area above the tube is protected with plastic netting to prevent soil from falling into the bottle, the trap caught beetles, Coleoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2963
Author: Oxford, G. S.
Year: 1993
Title: Components of variation in population size in the spider Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck) sensu stricto (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 9
Issue: 6)
Pages: 193-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, 23 populations, Nidderdale Yorkshire, 10-19 years, results not expressed as density, in situ visual search, 4-55 fold population fluctuations within a site over time, climatic effects on immatures, weather and mortality, multivariate statistics, multiple regression, methods, effects of temperature, snow, rain and sunshine hours, data are for mature females because their nursery retreats can be found, disturbance such as cutting back of road verge also affected population size, anthropogenic effects, farming practices, land use practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5745
Author: Ozores-Hampton, M.; Obreza, T.A.; Stoffella, P.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Weed control in vegetable crops with composted organic mulches
Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 275-286
Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: Rep., horticulture, mechanical weed control is more expensive than herbicides, pesticides, farming practices, weed suppression by mulches can be due to the physical presence of mulches on the soil surface and/or the effect of phytotoxic compounds generated by microbes during composting, 10-15cm mulch is needed for physical weed control, manure, leaves, grass clippings, paper, straw, wood chips, textiles, household garbage, food waste, municipal solid waste MSW, immature compost can cause crop injury, extracts of 8-week-old composts found to inhibit germination of a range of weed seeds, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4786
Author: P.A., Chapman.
Year: 1994
Title: Control of leatherjackets by natural enemies: the potential role of the ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 933-936
Alternate Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, Diptera, Tipulidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. In a laboratory study the beetles readily burrowed into soil and newly-killed tipulid larvae were found below the soil surface. There was circumstantial evidence that beetles detected leatherjackets chemically. Beetles were able to significantly reduce tipulid populations under simplified lab conditions. Distribution, dispersal, movement, vertical dispersal, semiochemicals, olfactory attraction.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3608
Author: Paarman, W.
Year: 1979
Title: Ideas about the evolution of the various annual reproduction rhythms in carabid beetles of the different climatic regions
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, H. Veenman and Zonen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Pages: 119-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, climate, weather, assumed old world tropcs are the evolutionary centre of carabids and there have been migrations out to other climatic zones, distribution, dispersal, movement, spring breeders, summer breeders, autumn breeders, winter breeders, season, species with unstable hibernation, species with no annual rhythm in continuously humid habitats with no inundation, moisture, humidity, flooding, overwintering, rainy season breeders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3751
Author: Paarmann, W.
Year: 1979
Title: A reduced number of larval instars, as an adaptation of the desert carabid beetle Thermophilum (Anthia) sexmaculatum F. (coleoptera, Carabidae) to its arid environment
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 113-117
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, evolution, population dynamics, life cycle


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5641
Author: Paill, W.
Year: 2000
Title: Slugs as prey for larvae and imagines of Carabus violaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Pages: 221-227
Alternate Journal: In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, ground beetles, methods, Austria, grassy field margin of a pumpkin field contained C. violaceus and Arion lusitanicus (a pest species in central Europe and dominant slug in many parts of Europe and is extending its range), grassland, Gramineae, live-capture pitfall traps, the beetle is nocturnal, diel activity patterns, abdomen of adult beetles was squeezed in the field so that they regurgitated gut fluid which was collected by micropipette, for larvae this was done in the laboratory, pre-oral digestion, extra-oral digestion, extra-intestinal digestion, isoelectric focusing, mini-polyacrylamide gels, esterase bands stained, adults active July to September, larvae caught October to November, phenology, half of the field collected adults and larvae had eaten A. lusitanicus,  40% of larvae had empty crops, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4827
Author: Pair, S.D.; Gross, H.R.
Year: 1989
Title: Seasonal incidence of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupal parasitism in corn by Diapetimorpha introita and Cryptus albitarsis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 24(3)
Pages: 339-343
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, Spodoptera frugiperda, natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, rates of parasitism, last instar larvae were placed in the field, allowed to burrow for pupation and their positions marked, methods, parasitoids were later reared out, pupae that had been killed and (partially) eaten by predators were recorded, predation was the main mortality factor ranging from 38% to 96% in different years, but it was suspected that vertebrate predators may have learnt to associate the disturbance (caused by experimenters) with a food reward and thus predation rates may be overestimates, predation was rarely observed directly, predators found feeding on pupae or located nearby were earwigs, carabids, wireworms and fire ants, birds and mammals, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Dermaptera, Labidura riparia, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Conoderus, Elateridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, Aves, Mammalia, Vertebrata
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2638
Author: Paiva, M. R.
Title: small collection of papers
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3145
Author: Paiva, M. R.; co, authors
Title: Collection of papers
Keywords: Rep., kept on shelf, TP, pine shoot beetle, Japanese beetle, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scolytidae, pheromones, semiochemicals, behaviour, biological control, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1627
Author: Pak, G. A.; Buis, H. C. E. M.; Keck, I. C. C.; Hermans, M. L. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.: host-age selection
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 40
Issue: 3)
Pages: 247-258
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Holland, Netherlands, brassicas, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cabbages, field vegetables, behaviour, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2634
Author: Pak, G. A.; DeJong, E. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.: host recognition
Journal: Neth. J. Zool.
Volume: 37
Issue: 2)
Pages: 137-166
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2636
Author: Pak, G. A.; et al.
Year: 1989
Title: Experimental inundative releases of different strains of the egg parasite Trichogramma in Brussels sprouts
Journal: Neth. J. Pl. Path.
Pages: 129-142
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1626
Author: Pak, G. A.; van Heiningen, T. G.
Year: 1985
Title: Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.: adaptability to field temperature conditions
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 38
Issue: 1)
Pages: 3-13
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cabbage, brassicas, Holland, Netherlands, behaviour, field vegetables, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2635
Author: Pak, G. A.; van Lenteren, J. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Criteria and methods for the pre-release evaluation of different Trichogramma spp. strains
Journal: Trichogramma and other egg parasites, INRA
Volume: 43
Pages: 433-442
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4725
Author: Pakarinen, E.
Year: 1994
Title: Autotomy in arionid and limacid slugs
Journal: Journal of Molluscan Studies
Volume: 60
Pages: 19-23
Alternate Journal: Journal of Molluscan Studies
Keywords: Rep., Deroceras reticulatum, Arion, Limax, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, exposure of D. reticulatum to Pterostichus niger showed that autotomy of the tail can stop a beetle long enough for the slug to escape, anti-predator device, prey defences, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles [could lead to errors in predation studies using post-mortem methods], 50% of D. reticulatum and 80% of Limax tenellus autotomised posterior part of food if touched with forceps in posterior area. Finland. Cychrus caraboides, a specialist mollusc-feeding carabid, always attacked the head of the slug and killed it. P. niger usually attacked the rear end, did not follow the fleeing slug, but ate the shed tail. The escapee slugs survived the immediate encounter and their subsequent survival (during 1 month experiment) was the same as unattacked slugs, but they did not re-grow the tail over this period. A slug who sheds a tail lives to tell the tale.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4835
Author: Pakarinen, E.
Year: 1994
Title: The importance of mucus as a defence against carabid beetles by the slugs Arion fasciatus and Deroceras reticulatum
Journal: Journal of Molluscan Studies
Volume: 60
Pages: 149-155
Alternate Journal: Journal of Molluscan Studies
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey defences, Finland, 3 min stimulated exhausted mucus production for a day, attacks by specialist beetles paralyse the slugs and so prevent mucus secretion, Cychrus caraboides specialises in Gastropoda, Carabus violaceus eats slugs, snails and earthworms, Pterostichus niger is a generalist, D. reticulatum was preferred by all three carabid species, capture success varied between slug-beetle species pairs, P. niger was deterred by mucus secretion and preferred slugs that had already been experimentally stressed to reduce their mucus store, mucus did not deter the other carabid species, prey preference, prey selection
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3655
Author: Palanichamy, S.
Year: 1985
Title: Effect of temperature on food utilisation, growth and egg production in the spider Cyrtophora cicatrosa
Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology
Volume: 10
Pages: 63-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Araneidae, Argiopdae, tropical spider, India, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, reared on Culex mosquitoes, Diptera, methods, culturing, highest mortality at 37C lowest at 27C, lifespan reduced with increasing temperature, adults more sensitive in lifespan to thermal changes than nymphs, longevity, food consumption rates of nymphs rose from 22 to 32C but fell at 37C, adult food consumption was also food related, trophic behaviour, males consumed less than females, sex related food consumption, energy extraction efficiency 73-79%, partial consumption, number of eggsacs per female was 20 at 22C and 27C, 16 at 32C and 5 at 37C, reproduction, fecundity 113-479 depending on temperature, age reduced egg production, number of eggsacs produced decreased with increasing temperature and this operated by reducing length of reproductive life, mortality was mainly at moulting and was increased at higher temperatures because of loss of moulting fluid, humidity, moisture, RH, desiccation, C. cicatrosa uses 70-80% of its food energy for metabolism, in spiders in general c. 25% of prey weight is converted to egg biomass, energetics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1707
Author: Pallant, D.
Year: 1969
Title: The food of the grey field slug (Agriolimax reticulatus) in woodland
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 391-398
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, trees, forests, diet includes aphids and Diptera, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3070
Author: Palmer, D. F.
Year: 1980
Title: Complement fixation test
Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd Edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Wqashington D.C.
Pages: 35-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, "complement" is a group of interacting serum proteins including enzymes that have various functions in the inflammation response, one of which is to help in the cytolysis of antibody-sensitized bacteria and red blood cells, test is a comparison of the amount of haemolysis occurring (i) for standard quantities of sensitized sheep erythrocytes plus complement (ii) as (i) but with addition of fixed amount of antisera and the test antigen sample, the difference between the two, in amount of haemolysis, reflects the amount of complement fixed by antibody reacting with its homologous antigen, gives very precise instructions on how to do the test, but poor general explanation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1848
Author: Palmer, J. M.
Year: 1975
Title: The grass-living genus Aptinothrips Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Journal: J. Ent. (B)
Volume: 44
Issue: 2)
Pages: 175-188
Keywords: En.
Rep., thrips, pests, grass, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 951
Author: Panfilova, A. N.
Year: 1974
Title: Predators and parasites of the pea aphid and the possibility of their use in pest control
Journal: Entomology Questions of Siberia, Ed. by A.I. Cherepanov, Nauka, Novosibirsk
Pages: 1-206
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4910
Author: Paoletti, M.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Using bioindicators based on biodiversity to assess landscape sustainability
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 1-18
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., an estimated 1.4-1.8 million species have been identified, estimates of the number of species on Earth range from 12 -100 million. Table (from Pimentel 1997) of estimated economic benefits of biodiversity includes $100 billion for biocontrol of crop pests. Bioindicator species are species that react strongly to impacts and changes. Sustainability is maintaining productivity and potential of an ecosystem used by humans over time. Unmanaged field edges and corridors in the landscape help to maintain biodiversity which is beneficial for biological control of crop pests. Some information is given on biodiversity, dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predators in farmland. Natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, centipedes, Opiliones, harvestmen, parasitoids, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2323
Author: Paoletti, M. G.; Girolami, V.
Year: 1983
Title: Findings on the injuries caused by Clivina fossor (Coleoptera, Scaritidae ) to maize in the Venice district
Journal: Atti XII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia
Volume: 2
Pages: 335-341
Keywords: It. (En.)
Ground beetle, Carabidae, density, soil type, damage to seedlings, food, foraging, predation, larvae, earthworms, snails, slugs, Mollusca, Annelida, pesticides, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4913
Author: Paoletti, M.G.; Hassall, M.
Year: 1999
Title: Woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscoidea): their potential for assessing sustainability and use as bioindicators
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 157-165
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., woodlice are widespread and easily identified, they are often dominant decomposers and can attain densities of 3000 m-2 in grassland, Gramineae, abundance, detritivores. They can regulate decomposition and nutrient recycling functions of ecosystems. They are easily sampled and extracted and are sensitive to pesticides but accumulate heavy metals. 42 species live in Britain, biodiversity, 650 in central and southern Europe. Crustacea. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5468
Author: Paoletti, M.G.; Pimentel, D.
Year: 2000
Title: Environmental risks of pesticides versus genetic engineering for agricultural pest control
Journal: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
Volume: 12
Pages: 279-303
Alternate Journal: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
Keywords: Rep., 2.5 million tons of pesticide used at cost of $30 billion, pesticides return $4 per dollar invested, after pesticide use 40% of food still lost to insect (15%), weed (12%) and plant pathogen (13%) pests before harvest plus another 20% after harvest, agricultural statistics, 26 million human pesticide poisonings (220,000 fatalities) per annum, in US environmental and public health bill for side-effects of pesticides is $9 billion per year, genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops (HRC) usually entail greater herbicide use but without yield increases, weed control costs are then doubled and the environment is polluted, 34 transgenic crops have been approved for commercial use, 70,000 pest species of which 10% are serious, maize is the largest user of insecticides in USA, cereals, Gramineae, in 1998 27.8 million ha transgenic crops planted mainly in US (74%), Argentina, Canada, Australia, mainly soybean, corn, cotton, canola, potato, virus resistant crops, Steinernema feltiae is reduced 19-30% by glyphosate, Nematoda, insect pathogenic nematodes, side effects on biological control, natural enemies, Bt-corn has potential to reduce corn borer damage by 5-15% over 28 million ha in US which would save $50 million per year yield loss, Bt transgenic rice, alfalfa and tobacco are being field tested in US, caterpillar pests of cotton cost US farmers $171 million per year and Bt-cotton could reduce insecticide costs 50-90%
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1988
Author: Paoletti, M. G.; Pimentel, D.; Stinner, B. R.; Stinner, D.
Year: 1992
Title: Agroecosystem biodiversity: matching production and conservation biology
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 40
Pages: 3-23
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, only 1/20 - 1/60 of planets species have been described, 95% of the terrestrial environment affected by human activities, terrestrial habitats provide 98% of human food on the planet, sustainable agriculture improves biodiversity and gives improved porosity of soil, recycling organic residues, integrated farming, reduced tillage, rotation, biocontrol, farming practices, agricultural statistics, Table of numbers of described organisms eg 751000 Insecta, estimates of species extinction rates in tropics, Table of numbers of species in various agricultural and natural ecosystems, biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3921
Author: Papaj, D. R.; Prokopy, R. J.
Year: 1989
Title: Learning in phytophagous insects
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 315-350
Keywords: En.
conditioning has been observed in Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2622
Author: Papierok, B.; Havukkala, I.
Year: 1986
Title: Entomophthoraceous fungi parasitizing cereal aphids in Finland
Journal: Ann Ent Fenn
Volume: 52
Pages: 36-38
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4293
Author: Parajulee, M. N.; Phillips, T. W.
Year: 1995
Title: Seasonal abundance and spatial patterns of the predator Lyctocoris campestris in stored corn
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 75
Issue: 1)
Pages: 33-42
Keywords: En.
Rep., maize store in USA, cereals, Gramineae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, L. campestris colonised the store early, predator was aggregated, stored products, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, sampling methods, probe traps, cardboard traps and sticky flight traps, these data will be useful towards devising an augmentative biocontrol programme, L. campestris can feed on any size and stage of a wide range of prey species that it can overpower


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4540
Author: Parajulee, M.N.  ; Slosser, J.E.
Year: 1999
Title: Evaluation of potential relay strip crops for predator enhancement in Texas cotton.
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 45(4)
Pages: 275-286
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., TP., farming practices, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, spiders, Araneae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, cotton,  sorghum, canola, wheat, vetch, Gramineae, Leguminosae, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3860
Author: Parashi, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Aspects of the study of spider communities in two Mediterranean ecosystems
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 299-303
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground-living spiders in southern Greece, abundance, biomass and family composition, clearings with no vegetation cover, high density in litter, very high density, diversity and biomass amongst stones under trees and shrubs, microhabitats with protection from summer drought, pooter and litter samples, mean annual density was 29 m-2 under stones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4562
Author: Parella, M.P.; McCaffrey, J.P.; Horsburgh, R.L.
Year: 1981
Title: Compatibility of Leptothrips mali with Stethorus punctum and Orius insidiosus: Predators of Panonychus ulmi
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 694-696
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory thrips, Thysanoptera, spider mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, trees, orchards, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, intraguild predation, predators of predators, anti-predator defences, prey defences, predators of predators, prey preferences. Panonychus ulmi is a pest of apple. Three predators (Leptothrips mali, Stethorus punctum and Orius insidiosus) occur together with this pest on apple in USA. Lab experiments using small apple leaf arenas. At higher mite densities more mites were killed by L. mali + S. punctum than by either predator alone. In 75% of cases where L. mali + O. insidiosus were confined together with P. ulmi, L. mali was eaten by O. insidiosus. However, L. mali defended itself with an anal secretion that caused Orius to cease attack and clean itself, therefore when not in confinement the impact of Orius on L. mali could be less
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2792
Author: Parish, W. E. G.; Bale, J. S.
Year: 1993
Title: Effects of brief exposures to low temperature on the development, longevity and fecundity of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 122
Pages: 9-21
Keywords: En.
TP, some acclimation occurred


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2736
Author: Park, J. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Environmental management in agriculture
Journal: Belhaven Press, London, CEC Meeting
Keywords: TP 10 papers on land use in Europe, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 388
Author: Parker, B. L.; Whalon, M. E.; Warshaw, M.
Year: 1977
Title: Respiration and parasitism in Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 70
Pages: 984-987
Keywords: En.
Perilitus coccinellae, Hymenoptera, Braconidae
Rep, beetle, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4689
Author: Parker, G.G.; Smith, A.P.; Hogan, K.P.
Year: 1992
Title: Access to the upper forest canopy with a large tower crane
Journal: BioScience
Volume: 42(9)
Pages: 664-670
Alternate Journal: BioScience
Keywords: Rep., trees, woodland, sampling methods, a gondola containing the investigator and equipment is lowered into the forest canopy from the job. The crane can be used for long-term measurements at a given location. The canopy raft is more suited to short-term investigations at numerous sites because it gradually settles onto trees depressing the crowns. The crane can operate at 50 m above the forest and reach up to 80 m from the tower, so it can reach a large volume of forest (arm can swing 360 degrees). A prototype cranr has been used, amongst other studies, to investigate community structure of ants in the canopy. Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1208
Author: Parker, J. R.
Year: 1918
Title: The life history and habits of Chloropisca glabra Meig., a predaceous oscinid (chloropid)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 368-380
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predators, sugar beet, arable, natural enemies, biological control, eats Pemphigus betae, adults oviposit at base of plants eg Chenopodium, distribution, behaviour, and are at least as good as Syrphidae in finding infested roots, Diptera, hoverflies, Chloropidae, larvae easily disturbed by light, ate 2-7 aphids per day in lab, consumption rates, serious pest in USA, chloropid is best enemy, also occurs in UK, destroy only adult aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1861
Author: Parker, N. J. B.
Year: 1981
Title: A method of mass rearing the aphid predator Anthocoris nemorum
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 99
Pages: 217-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, culturing, mass production methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5710
Author: Parker, W.E.
Year: 2002
Title: What impact is ICM having on pest and disease management in field vegetables ?
Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 463-470
Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., horticulture, UK, integrated crop management, farming practices, assured produce schemes include 70% of fresh produce producers, pan-European assured produce standards are now enforced under EUREP-GAP, there are also retailer-led schemes, pesticides need to be environmentally acceptable as well as effective and non-hazardous to human health, ICM involves use of pest and disease monitoring and models, zero tolerance demanded by retailers requires produce to be free of live or dead invertebrates (or parts of them) and free of defects and blemishes, in practice because of high volumes of produce passing through pack houses quality control procedures result in fairly high pest tolerance, actual infestation levels (e.g. of aphid pests) of produce leaving packhouses were 0 - 45%, invertebrates (moths, beetles, flies, bees, wasps, slugs, bugs) in ready-to-eat salad packs are unacceptable at a rate of 5 per 100,000 packs, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Mollusca, Limacidae, Heteroptera, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2060
Author: Parmenter, L.
Year: 1951
Title: Notes on the genus Empis (Dipt., Empididae) in Britain
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 87
Pages: 41-44
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, feed on nectar of many flowers and on Diptera and Lepidoptera, feeding behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2183
Author: Parmenter, L.
Year: 1953
Title: Some spiders and their prey
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 89
Pages: 135
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, food, diet, feeding, foraging, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3206
Author: Parmenter, R. R.; MacMahon, J. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Animal density estimation using a trapping web design: field validation experiments
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 70
Issue: 1)
Pages: 169-179
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, methods, tenebrionid beetles in shrub-steppe, 1984-87, radial web flower shape trapping webs containing 141 pitfalls and surrounded by a metal wall, used several webs in several years, releasing beetles inside and catching them over a period of several months, beetles marked with paint on elytra remained intact for two years of beetle lifespan, mortality was assumed negligible over 3-6 weeks of trapping, tested 4 density estimation models, negative exponential model was reliable, density estimate always included true density within its 95% CL, authors caution, density estimates apply only to the portion of a population that is active on the ground surface during the sampling period, also need prior knowledge of home range, movement patterns and trappability, assumptions include, all animals at centre of web are captured, there is no preferential direction of movement and all captures are independent events, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2293
Author: Parry, D. A.
Year: 1954
Title: On the drinking of soil capillary water by spiders
Journal: J. Exp. Biol.
Volume: 31
Pages: 218-227
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, microclimate, humidity, RH, rain


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4874
Author: Parry, W.H.; Pendlebury, A.J.
Year: 1986
Title: The occurrence of Carabidae in open-air nurseries and polyhouses
Journal: EPPO Bulletin
Volume: 16
Pages: 597-602
Alternate Journal: EPPO Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyhouses for hardwood seedlings contain Tipulidae larvae, protected cropping, Diptera, and pest Collembola attack the seedlings, pitfalls, 20 species trapped, dominants were Agonum muelleri, Nebria brevicollis, Patrobus atrorufus and Pterostichus niger, marking N. brevicollis and P. atrorufus with coloured paint showed that there was movement between the inside and the outside of the polyhouse over a long period, distribution, dispersal, migration
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1256
Author: Partis, G. A.; Bailiss, K. W.
Year: 1980
Title: The toxicity of some benzimidazole fungicides to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 96
Pages: 137-142
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, field vegetables, methods, feeding from parafilm sachets, benomyl and carbendazim both caused increased aphid mortality, thiabendazole did not


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3256
Author: Pasquet, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Proies capturees et strategies predatrices chez deux especes d'araignees orbiteles: Argiope bruennichi et Araneus marmoreus
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 36
Pages: 177-184
Keywords: Fr., En. summ.
Rep., prey and predatory strategies of two orb-weaving spiders, prey selection is affected by position of the web in the environment, A.marmoreus makes web at the top of vegetation and eats mainly small 0-4mm insects but A.bruennichi makes web lower amongst grasses and eats medium 4-10mm and large >10mm prey, web position partly accounts for differences in diet, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, vertical distribution, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5395
Author: Pasquet, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Predatory-site selection and adaptation of the trap in four species of orb-weaving spiders
Journal: Biology of Behaviour
Volume: 9
Pages: 3-19
Alternate Journal: Biology of Behaviour
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, web-site selection by Araneidae, Argiopidae, Araneus redii, Araneus ceropegius, Araneus qudratus, Argiope bruennichi, foraging behaviour, former alfalfa field, France, Leguminosae, vertical stratification, potential prey types differed between strata, positions of 391 webs analysed, prey availability determined by coloured plates (?) and also by sticky nets (artificial webs) at same heights and orientations as webs, traps renewed daily, redii cerpegius and quadratus made webs in highest strata, bruennichi was lowest, large size prey were more abundant in middle and lower strata, small prey were in middle and upper strata, web sizes (areas) were significantly greater in prey deficient areas, author concludes that there is a phylogenetic component to website placement but that individuals also have some flexibility
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5030
Author: Patt, J.M.; Hamilton, G.C.; Lashomb, J.H.
Year: 1997
Title: Impact of strip-insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the Colorado potato beetle
Journal: Advances in Horticultural Science
Volume: 11
Pages: 175-181
Alternate Journal: Advances in Horticultural Science
Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, USA, eggplant, aubergine, lab evaluations and field observations showed that dill and coriander had pollen and nectar available in relation to the foraging behaviour of Coleomegilla maculata and Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, fields were interplanted with dill or with coriander or with no interplants (control), visual counts of ladybirds by in situ inspection of all plants in plots on several occasions, sentinel CPB eggmasses were placed out on some of the aubergine plants and their fate recorded after a number of inspections, significantly more ladybirds in interplanted than control fields [pseudoreplication], Coccinella 7-punctata, Harmonia axyridis, C. maculata, Hippodamia variegata, Hippodamia parenthesis, Propylea 14-punctata, ladybirds were observed to move in both directions between eggplant and dill or eggplant and coriander, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Podisus maculiventris, C. carnea and Sphecidae wasps also present, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, significantly more CPB eggmasses were consumed in the dill interplant field, C. maculata, P. maculiventris and C. carnea were observed feeding on the eggmasses in the field, numbers of CPB larvae surviving was significantly less in dill and coriander interplant fields than in control field, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 789
Author: Patterson, G. B.
Year: 1986
Title: A statistical method of testing for dietary differences
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 13
Issue: 1)
Pages: 113-116
Keywords: En.
feeding preferences, predation, diet, Mantel test can be used to test differences in diet between closely related species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 210
Author: Pauer, R.
Year: 1975
Title: Zur Ausbreitung der Carabiden in der Agrarlandschaft, unter besondere Berucksichtigung der Grenzbereiche versch. Feldkulturen
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Zoologie.
Volume: 62
Pages: 457-489
Keywords: Ger.
Movement, dispersal, Carabidae, regions, crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 265
Author: Paulian, R.
Year: 1941
Title: Les premiers etats des Staphylinoidea
Journal: Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. nat. Paris.
Volume: 15
Pages: 1-361
Keywords: Fr.
Staphylinidae, larvae, structure, systematics, some species not in Kasule


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2757
Author: Pausch, R. D.; Pausch, M.
Year: 1980
Title: Observations on the biology of the slender seedcorn beetle, Clivina impressifrons (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: The Great Lakes Entomologist
Volume: 13
Pages: 189-194
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Gramineae, cereals, maize, can be a pest feeding on corn seeds in cool damp weather, diet, feeding behaviour, adults collected in corn field with pitfalls and black light trap, 4 stages of ovarian development identified from dissection, reproductive condition, laboratory rearing, methods, culturing, larvae are carnivorous and cannibalistic, effect of temperature on development rate of life history stages in lab, phenology, longevity was negatively related to temperature, eggs found in females May to late July, flying May to July, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, adults active in soil by mid-March, in lab adults and larvae preferred eggs and larvae of housefly and Diabrotica to corn seeds and artificial diets, Diptera, Chrysomelidae, will attack plants when preferred food is not available, food preferences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1600
Author: Paviour-Smith, K.; Whittaker, J. B.
Year: 1968
Title: A key to the major groups of terrestrial British free living invertebrates
Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Keywords: En.
Rep., taxonomy, systematics, structure, UK, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3892
Author: Pavlinec, M.
Year: 1992
Title: Die Bedeutung von Phytophagen an Galium aparine (Rubiaceae) und anderen Galium-Arten
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Anllg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 8
Pages: 169-173
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., the significance of phytophagous insects on Galium aparine and other Galium species, weeds, Switzerland, oligophage herbivores for potential biological control of Galium in cereals, Gramineae, but their density and food consumption rate is low, larvae and adults of Sermylassa halensis, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cecidophyes galii, Acari, Eriophyidae, mite causes leaf curling, it is very common and attacked plants produce less seeds, repellent chemicals in all parts of plant, iridoid glycosides, anthrachinons, polyphenols, also structural protection from trichomes, plant is r- strategist


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3449
Author: Pawlizki, K. H.
Year: 1984
Title: Effects of graduated production intensities on the activity of field carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and the self- regulation of agroecosystems
Journal: Bayerisches Landwirtschaftliches Jarhbuch
Volume: 61
Issue: 2)
Pages: 11-40
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls only, Germany 1979-1982, replicated 0.1 ha plots, pesticide-free, 2 types of integrated plots, maximum pesticide and fertiliser plots, Pterostichus cupreus reduced each year in winter wheat and oats treated with Tribunil, CCC, Bayleton, Metasystox etc, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, cereals, Gramineae, arable, very few P.cupreus caught in sugar beet or potatoes, Carabus cancellatus reduced in winter wheat but Pterostichus melanarius not so obviously in any crop, Carabus granulatus, woodland near crops was unsuitable as a carabid reservoir, forests, trees, spring carabids were affected more than autumn carabids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2184
Author: Peakall, D. B.; Witt, P. N.
Year: 1976
Title: The energy budget of an orb-web building spider
Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
Volume: 54A
Pages: 187-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Argiopidae, Araneidae, energetics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3223
Author: Pearsall, I. A.; Walde, S. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitism and predation as agents of mortality of winter moth populations in neglected apple orchards in Novia Scotia
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 190-198
Keywords: En.
Rep., more than 60% pupal predation due to beetles, 46% pupal predation within 4 weeks of pupal drop, density dependent predation regulates the moth population and reduces the parasitoid Cyzenis albicans population to minimal level, Operophtera brumata, Geometridae, pitfalls, introduced pupae were monitored for evidence of attack by beetles, main species were Carabus, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus coracina, also a few Staphylinidae and Cantharidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, soldier beetles, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, biological control, population dynamics, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5330
Author: Pearse, D.E.; Eckerman, C.M.; Janzen, F.J.; Avise, J.C.
Year: 2001
Title: A genetic analogue of 'mark-recapture' methods for estimating population size: an approach based on molecular parentage assessments
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 2711-2718
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, USA, painted turtles, Vertebrata, Reptilia, molecular paternity analysis of progeny arrays, the method estimates the effective numbers of breeders in a population, abundance, DNA methods, molecular markers, PCR
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1474
Author: Pearson, A. J. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Fungicides - the new generation
Journal: Int. Pest Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 19-22
Keywords: En.
pesticides, selection for resistance to fungicides, fungal diseases, pesticide resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3607
Author: Pearson, D. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Biology of tiger beetles
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: 123-147
Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Cicindelidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, anatomy, structure, morphology, egg, development, reproduction, activity, thermoregulation, flight, migration, food, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, Cicindela, Megacephala, Pentacomia, Neocollyris, Ctenostoma, Cheiloxya, Oxycheila, Odontocheila, Omus, biogeography, genetics and development, physiology, they are fluid-feeders that use pre-oral digestion, behaviour and natural history, larva excavates a tunnel usually in soil and catches prey in a similar way to an ant-lion, adults can also be scavengers, adults can stridulate as an anti-predator warning then release defensive chemicals, predators of cicindelids are birds, lizards, ants and wasps, Vertebrata, Aves, Reptilia, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Formicidae, parasitoids, Diptera, Bombyliidae, competition, very little about feeding on pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1118
Author: Pearson, M. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Factors affecting populations of cereal aphids and their beetle predators
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
Rep.RJC ?, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, feeding rates, predation, rearing, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 329
Author: Pearson, R. G.
Year: 1962
Title: The Coleoptera from a late-glacial deposit at St Bees West Cumberland
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 31
Pages: 129-150
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, fossils, palaeontology, ancestors, precursors


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4747
Author: Peck, S.L.
Year: 2000
Title: A tutorial for understanding ecological modeling papers for the nonmodeler
Journal: American Entomologist
Volume: 46(1)
Pages: 40-49
Alternate Journal: American Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., TP, models, methods, glossary of model types, assumptions, analytic models, simulation models, stochastic, deterministic, statistical and process models, spatial aspects
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2179
Author: Peck, W. B.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1967
Title: An adaptable method for rearing spiders and cannibalistic insects
Journal: Turtox News.
Volume: 45
Pages: 242-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, culture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2186
Author: Peck, W. B.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1968
Title: Feeding spiders an artificial diet
Journal: Entomol. News.
Volume: 79
Issue: 9)
Pages: 233-236
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, methods, rearing, culturing, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, Cheiracanthium inclusum, coloured foods can be directly seen in the abdomen of this species, if thirsty they would drink a soup of homogenised Lepidoptera larvae from a cotton bud, as would Lycosa gulosa immatures and adults, Lycodidae, these species were maintained on egg yolk and milk for 3 months and moulted a few times, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2182
Author: Peck, W. B.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1970
Title: Studies on the biology of Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz)
Journal: Agr. Exp. Sta. Div. Agr. Univ. Arkansas
Volume: Bull. 753
Pages: 76 pp
Keywords: En.
Spiders, Araneae, Clubionidae, mortality curves, many die before maturity, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4960
Author: Pedersen, J.C.; Damgaard, P.H.; Eilenberg, J.; Hansen, B.M.
Year: 1995
Title: Dispersal of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kustaki in an experimental cabbage field
Journal: Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Volume: 41
Pages: 118-125
Alternate Journal: Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Keywords: Rep., brassicas, Cruciferae, microbial pesticides, diseases, pathogens, natural enemies, there was some dispersal by rain splash from topsoil to lower leaves, after 12 months 77% remained in the topsoil, persistence in the environment, Bt germinated in dead Pieris rapae caterpillars but not on leaves or in soil, Lepidoptera, pests, biological control, Bt was disseminated by ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, Denmark, pitfalls, methods, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus rufipes, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, positive interactions between natural enemies, the carabids may have flown between plots 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5967
Author: Pedersen, L.F.; Dall, L.G.; Sorensen, B.C.; Mayntz, D.; Toft, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Effects of hunger level and nutrient balance on survival and acetylcholinesterase activity of dimethoate exposed wolf spiders
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 103
Pages: 197-204
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, insecticides, sub-lethal effects of pesticides on non-target invertebrates, ecotoxicology, Pardosa prativaga, organophosphates, methods, groups of spiders with good and poor  nutrition by feeding them fruit flies of high or low nutrient content, Diptera, Drosophila melanogaster, food, diet, trophic behaviour, they were then satiated or starved and half were treated topically with insecticide, nutritionally stressed animals survived insecticide less well than animals fed on abundant high quality food, mortality, population dynamics, synergy between poor nutrition and sub-lethal insecticide exposure, dimethoate reduced AChE activity, some spiders recover after 48 h, smaller individuals died first, biomass, insecticides could affect sex ratio by killing proportionally more of the smaller males, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2802
Author: Pedersen, M.; Pedersen, L. T.; Abildgaard, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Annual and diurnal activity of some Tachyporus species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in 2 spring barley fields and a hedge
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 34
Issue: 6)
Pages: 367-378
Keywords: En.
Rep., Aarhus, Denmark, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, rove beetles, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel cycles, nocturnalism, soil samples in spring 1986-87 from hedge and field edge, V and X barrier pitfalls, methods, window traps, on 3 occasions the traps were emptied and sweeping was carried out at 3h intervals for 24h, species composition same for all sampling methods, 52% Tachyporus hypnorum, 17% Tachyporus obtusus, 9% Tachyporus chrysomelinus, 5% Tachyporus solutus, 16% tenerals, overwintering adults in hedges 110-641 per m2, numbers in window traps peaked in first week of May, no samples after August, in pitfalls adults May-June, larvae July- August and tenerals September-October, phenology, aerial dispersal, flight, peak sweep catch in JUne 0400-0700 (sunrise just before 0400), in July 2200-0400 (all in dark), August 2200-0100, larval and teneral activity periods similar to adults, pitfall activity in hedge greatest in September, catches same on both sides of window traps, may fly from hedge into field in spring, few were caught in pitfalls in field in August but many by sweeping suggesting not much ground activity, Tachyporus likely to be the most important climbing polyphagous predator in Danish fields because Demetrias atricapillus scarce and Forficula auricularia is a poor disperser from boundaries, Carabidae, ground beetles, Dermaptera, earwigs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4314
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 1996
Title: A laboratory study of the efficiency and attractiveness of pitfall traps for Pardosa agrestis (Aranea)
Journal: Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem.
Volume: 60
Pages: 191-197
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, wolf spiders, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, movement, activity, dispersal, migration, behaviour, when the surface of the experimental box was moist the time to capture in a pitfall was reduced cf dry, humidity, microclimate, formaldehyde was slightly repellent to adults and immatures, immatures took 6h to be killed by 4% formaldehyde cf 1h for adult males, spiders did not fall into the traps but deliberately entered and often retreated using the silk dragline, they could also walk on the surface of the formaldehyde solution (no detergent), some individuals never entered the trap and others used it as a refuge during disturbance, it is suggested that male spiders hide in cracks in the soil less than females or juveniles and greater surface activity increases their chance of capture by pitfalls


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4315
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Short-term effect of liquid fertiliser (UAN) on beneficial arthropods (Aranea, Opilionida, Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in winter wheat
Journal: Ochr. Rostl.
Volume: 33
Issue: 1)
Pages: 17-24
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Opiliones, harvestmen, Phalangida, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Czech Republic, urea and ammonium nitrate, there was a detrimental effect on spider populations with recovery after 7 weeks, no toxicological effect on Pardosa agrestis in the lab, wolf spiders, Lycosidae, sprayed and unsprayed large plots with 1m3 cages on each, pitfalls, 33 species of spider, 5 species of carabid plus Philonthus cognatus and Phalangium opilio, dominants were Erigone, Oedothorax, P. agrestis and Pterostichus cupreus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4715
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 1999
Title: Foraging mode: a factor affecting the susceptibility of spiders (Araneae) to insecticide applications
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 55
Pages: 1077-1082
Alternate Journal: Pesticide Science
Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, six species studied including Pardosa agrestis, Potter Tower, organophosphorus insecticides, pyrethroids, IGR, insect growth regulator, hunting spiders more susceptible than web makers, web types varied in the degree of protection from spray afforded, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4750
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 2000
Title: Webs, diet, and fecundity of Theridion impressum (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 47-50
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Theridiidae, Czech Republic, sunflower, Phacelia, apple, trees, orchards, top fruit. Web volume, mean density, abundance. Preferred web location was upper vegetation and branch extremities. Prey were identified in webs, methods. 73% aphids, 7% Diptera, 5% Coleoptera and 5% Hymenoptera. Pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Hemiptera. Pests were 90% of prey and the rest were natural enemies, pollinators and others. There were 48 to 156 eggs per eggsac and this was correlated with number of prey per web. Females feed the spiderlings by regurgitation. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5518
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Differential effects of formaldehyde concentration and detergent on the catching efficiency of surface active arthropods by pitfall traps
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 46
Pages: 539-547
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., methods, Araneae, Opiliones, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, harvestmen, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Czech Republic, winter wheat, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Phalangium opilio, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus, Tachyporus, >6000 individuals collected, spiders were more abundant in traps with detergent but some beetle species were reduced, beetle catches increased with increasing concentration of formaldehyde but harvestman catches decreased, higher concentrations may have attractive or repellent effects (depending on target organism) and reduce escape rates, there is no ideal concentration that can be used equally efficiently for all groups under study, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5970
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Susceptibility of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides
Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 75
Pages: 51-55
Alternate Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Theridiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, laboratory tests on immatures, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, side-effects on non-targets, methods, Potter tower, T. impressum is very abundant in central Europe, builds web high in vegetation (increasing susceptibility to pesticides), common in oilseed rape, sunflower, maize and orchards, cereals, Gramineae, pome fruit, it is a good aphid predator, pests, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, IPM, broad-spectrum insecticides were toxic as were acaricides, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5969
Author: Pekar, S.; Kral, J.
Year: 2001
Title: A comparative study of the biology and karyotypes of the two central European zodariid spiders (Araneae, Zodariidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 29
Pages: 345-353
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Zodarion germanicum and Zodarion rubidum from Slovakia are myrmecophages, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, hyperpredation, methods, direct in situ visual field observations, numbers in quadrats, laboratory observations of retreat construction (photographs) and reproductive behaviour, courtship and mating behaviour, chromosome preparations, phenology, diel activity pattern (germanicum diurnal, rubidum nocturnal), eggsac guarding, fertility, number of eggs per cocoon, diameter of eggs, incubation period, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5968
Author: Pekar, S.; Kral, J.
Year: 2002
Title: Mimicry complex in two central European zodariid spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae): how Zodarion deceives ants
Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society
Volume: 75
Pages: 517-532
Alternate Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, hyperpredation, spider eats ants, Zodarion germanicum and Zodarion rubidum from Slovakia resemble ants morphologically and in their behaviour, Batesian mimics, laboratory and field observations, when ant challenges spider the ant is appeased by the spider using a front leg to tap the ant antennae and also by presentation of an ant corpse which provides calming nestmate olfactory cues, Zodarion front legs have few setae and mimic ant antennae, more than 100 ant-mimic spider species, biodiversity, most are Salticidae (but also Corinnidae, Thomisidae, Gnaphosidae and Zodariidae), myrmecophagy, shielding by presentation of an ant corpse is aggressive mimicry, 550 species of Zodariidae (mainly tropical and sub-tropical), colour camera attached to stereomicroscope, video recorder and frame grabber, scanning electron microscope, SEM investigation of bodies of ants and spiders, Formica cinerea, Myrmica sabuleti, Tetramorium caespitum, illustrations of ants and spiders, microstructure, removal of antennae of ant rendered spider's aggressive mimicry unsuccessful, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1267
Author: Peling, H. M.; Dehne, H. W.
Year: 1984
Title: Untersuchungen zum Auftreten von Getreideblattlausen an Winterweizen unter Praktischen Anbaudedingungen. II. Einfluss von Insektizidbehandlungen auf Blattlauspolulation und Nutzarthropoden
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landouwwettenschappen Rijksuniveriteit Gent
Volume: 49
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 657-665
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, insecticides, pesticides, natural enemies, biological control, pirimicarb only slightly toxic to Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Coccinellidae, carbamates, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, rove beetles, ladybirds, but even pirimicarb caused starvation of coccinellids, indirect effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4145
Author: Pell, J. K.; Pluke, R.
Year: 1994
Title: Interactions between two aphid natural enemies, the entomophthoralean fungus Erynia neoaphidis and the predatory beetle Coccinella septempunctata
Journal: Abstracts of the VIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Montpellier, France
Pages: 114
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, entomogenous fungi, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases, interactions between natural enemies, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, feeding behaviour of C.7- punctata on infected and uninfected Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid, pests, Hemiptera, trophic behaviour, non-starved ladybirds and ladybirds starved for 24 h and 48 h all ate infected aphids, but less than healthy aphids, consumption rates, diet, prey selection, prey preference, C.7-punctata also acted as a passive vector of fungus conidia to healthy aphid populations, disease transmission, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4452
Author: Pell, J. K.; Pluke, R.; Clark, S. J.; Kenward, M. G.; Alderson, P. G.
Year: 1997
Title: Interactions between two aphid natural enemies, the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiere & Hennebert (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and the predatory beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 69
Pages: 261-268
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators and pathogens, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, UK, natural enemies, biological control, natural enemy interactions, coccinellids, especially if starved for 48h, accepted pea aphid infected with fungus, ladybirds, Acyrthosiphon pisum, less time was spent feeding (except by 48h starved animals) on infected than on uninfected aphids, trophic behaviour, under lab conditions using whole plants coccinellids vectored the fungus by carrying spores on the exoskeleton and initiated infection in about 10% of the aphid population, distribution, dispersal, movement, transmission, Petri dish experiments, foods presented separately (i.e. no choice), aphids full of fungal hyphae may be more difficult to eat and are often partially consumed by the coccinellid, partial consumption, the half-chewed remnants of sporulating cadavers continue to sporulate and provide inoculum, slightly more time was spent feeding on living infected aphids than on living uninfected aphids, but they were more likely to feed on living uninfected, Erynia conidia possess mucus making them adhesive


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1117
Author: Pemberton, C. E.
Year: 1948
Title: History of the Entomology Department Experimental Station HPSA, 1904-1945
Journal: Hawaiian Planter's Record
Volume: 52
Pages: 53-90
Keywords: En.
Rep., predator complex of sugarcane aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, classical biological control, parasitoids of sugarcane leafhopper, leafhopper eggs eaten by Heteroptera, introduced bug controlled leafhopper, Aphis sacchari eaten by 16 predators, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, lacewings, mosquito larvae were predators of mosquitoes, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5683
Author: Penagos, D.I.; Magallanes, R.; Valle, J.; Cisneros, J.; Martinez, A.M.; Goulson, D.; Chapman, J.W.; Caballero, P.; Cave, R.D.; Williams, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Effect of weeds on insect pests of maize and their natural enemies in Southern Mexico
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 49(2)
Pages: 155-161
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., corn, cereals, Gramineae, manual weed control, methods, farming practices, pests, Lepidoptera, fall armyworm, caterpillars, Spodoptera frugiperda, Noctuidae, aphids, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Chelonus insularis, community, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, competitive effects of weeds reducing maize yield may be offset by improved biocontrol of pests in weedy crops, experimental blocks subjected to strict weed control or minimal weed control, hand-search in quadrats, rearing out of parasitoids, in situ visual observation of invertebrates on vegetation, ants, Formicidae, Solenopsis spp., spiders, Araneae, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla spp., Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera, Doru Taeniatum, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius spp., polyphagous predators, pitfalls, sentinel egg masses of  S. frugiperda, half as many Spodoptera larvae in weedy plots, abundance, density, habitat diversification, Rhopalosiphum maidis and nitidulid beetles significantly less in weedy plots,  Calosoma calidum was dominant species in pitfalls (males were attracted to traps containing a female) and more caught in weedy than clean plots, Solenopsis pitfall data ignored because they built nests under the traps, significantly higher incidence of egg parasitism in clean plots (weeds may hinder parasitoid foraging), foraging behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5632
Author: Peng, R.; Christian, K.; Gibb, K.
Year: 1999
Title: The effect of levels of green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (F.) colonisation on cashew yield in northern Australia
Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. By Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 24-28
Alternate Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. By Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, trees, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, this ant can reduce populations of at least 30 important pest species in tropical crops, including Lepidoptera and Heteroptera, ant abundance estimated by counting the number of ant trails on the main branches of each tree, trails were ranked according to the amount of ant activity present, there are fierce boundary fights between green ant colonies, agonistic behaviour, territoriality, a manipulative field experiment involving repeated cutting of branches to isolate colonies in selected trees was carried out to investigate effect of inter-colony interactions on pest control, more ants were present and yield was greater on isolated trees, after insecticide use was terminated cashew yield increased in line with ant immigration over three years, pesticides, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, green ants are likely to be useful biocontrol agents on some other tropical crops, damage
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5109
Author: Peng, R.K.; Christian, K.; Gibb, K.
Year: 1995
Title: The effect of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on insect pests of cashew trees in Australia
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 85
Pages: 279-284
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, nuts, plantations, trees were examined and pest damage and ant abundance recorded, in situ visual examination, methods, there was significantly more damage caused by the mirid pest Helopeltis pernicialis, the noctuid Penicillaria jocosatrix, and the heteropteran Amblypelta lutescens on trees with few or no O. smaragdina compared with trees where these ants were abundant, Miridae, Hemiptera, Heteroptera,  Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Coreidae, the ant Opisthopsis haddoni similarly reduced damage by these three pests, the ants Paratrechina sp. and Iridomyrmex sanguineus also reduced H. pernicialis damage, ant-protected trees also had higher quality nuts, impact on pest populations and plant damage 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2849
Author: Peng, R. K.; Incoll, L. D.; Sutton, S. L.; Wright, C.; Chadwick, A.
Year: 1993
Title: Diversity of airborne arthropods in a silvoarable agroforestry system
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 30
Pages: 551-562
Keywords: En.
Rep., yellow water traps, production hedges seemed to play an important part in attracting and maintaining populations of natural enemies close to a pea crop, polyphagous predators, UK, trees, forestry, methods, arable, Leguminosae, pests, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 211
Author: Penney, M. M.
Year: 1966
Title: Studies on certain aspects of the ecology of Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 35
Pages: 505-512
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 208
Author: Penney, M. M.
Year: 1969
Title: Diapause and reproduction in Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 38
Pages: 219-233
Keywords: En.
Rep?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1108
Author: Pereira, A. C.; Smith, J. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Observations on aphids and their predators in a cauliflower crop
Journal: An. Soc. Entomol. Bras.
Volume: 5
Pages: 29-33
Keywords: Port.,En.Summ.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erisimi, South America, Brazil, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, hoverflies, ladybirds, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1109
Author: Pereira, N. V. S.; Smith, J. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Observations on aphids and their natural enemies in a marrow crop
Journal: An. Soc. Entomol. Bras.
Volume: 5
Pages: 34-38
Keywords: Port., En.summ.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, field vegetables, biological control, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, hoverflies, ladybirds, lacewings, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5096
Author: Perfecto, I.
Year: 1991
Title: Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as natural control agents of pests in irrigated maize in Nicaragua
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 84(1)
Pages: 65-70
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, corn, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, fall armyworm, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Spodoptera frugiperda, corn leafhopper, Hemiptera, Dalbulus maidis, poison baits used to reduce ant abundance in some plots, methods, two ant species were recorded, Pheidole radowszkoskii and Solenopsis geminata, numbers of leafhoppers was significantly greater and plant damage caused by armyworm was significantly greater in reduced-ants plots compared with controls, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2382
Author: Perfecto, I.; Horwith, B.; Vandermeer, J.; Schultz, B. McGuinness H.; Santos, A. D.
Year: 1986
Title: Effects of plant diversity and density on the emigration rate of two ground beetles, Harpalus pennsylvanicus and Evarthrus sodalis (Coleoptera : Carabidae), in a system of tomatoes and beans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1028-1031
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, USA, emigration rates in tomato monoculture cf tomato/be ans at two plant densities, pitfalls, rates dependent on plant density and treatment, migration, dispersal, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1115
Author: Perrin, R. M.
Year: 1974
Title: The ecology of nettle aphids with particular reference to their role as prey for beneficial natural enemies
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, biological control, predators, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 933
Author: Perrin, R. M.
Year: 1975
Title: The role of the perennial stinging nettle, Urtica dioica, as a reservoir of beneficial natural enemies
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 81
Pages: 289-297
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, biological control, aphids, Hemiptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, habitat management, edges of fields, weeds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3814
Author: Perry, J. N.
Year: 1995
Title: Spatial aspects of animal and plant distribution in patchy farmland habitats
Journal: In "Ecology & Integrated Farming Systems" Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves & H.M. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK
Pages: 221-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, aggregation, wild plants eg Xestia c-nigrum aggregated, statistical methods, SADIE, Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1599
Author: Perry, J. N.; Bowden, J.
Year: 1983
Title: A comparative analysis of Chrysoperla carnea catches in light - and suction-traps
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 8
Pages: 383-394
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, overwinter in woods, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators, natural enemies, UK, light traps, suction traps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1684
Author: Perry, J. N.; Wall, C.
Year: 1984
Title: Local variation between catches of pea moth Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in sex- attractant traps, with reference to the monitoring of field populations
Journal: Protection Ecology
Volume: 6
Pages: 43-49
Keywords: En.
methods, pests, UK, caterpillars, Leguminosae, pheromones, semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5991
Author: Petchey, O.W.
Year: 2003
Title: Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning 
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 101
Pages: 323-330
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., complementarity refers to properties differing within a set of species, e.g. a set of species that have different resource requirements are complementary, measures of functional diversity quantify complementarity, quantitative species composition can be controlled (and varied) and subsequent effects on some ecosystem finction(s) measured after an appropriate period of time, important to treat standing stock (total above ground biomass) separately from other ecosystem functions, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4311
Author: Peters, H. M.
Year: 1987
Title: V. Fine structure and function of capture threads
Journal: In "Ecophysiology of Spiders", Ed. by W. Nentwig, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: p 187-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, webs, prey capture, capture threads can be gluey or covered with fine fibrils of hackled silk coming from the cribellum, some Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae have glue droplets on threads, in Linyphia triangularis the droplets are very small and scattered, glue glands open to the end of posterior spinnerets as triads


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2180
Author: Petersen, B.
Year: 1950
Title: The relation between size of mother and number of eggs and young in some spiders and its significance for the evolution of size
Journal: Experimentia
Volume: 6
Pages: 96-98
Keywords: Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5254
Author: Petersen, H.
Year: 1982
Title: Structure and size of soil animal populations
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 39(3)
Pages: 306-329 (and references 376-388)
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., Protozoa densities 13 - 1050 million m-2, Nematoda 8-30 million m-2 in woodland and grassland, trees. forests, Gramineae, abundance, density, nematodes, community, review, other microfauna, rotifers, Tardigrada, Copepoda, Annelida, Enchytraeidae 0-200,000 m-2, tundra, moorland, pH, Collembola information from ploughed soils and other strongly man-modified ecosystems is deliberately omitted from this paper, 100 m-2 in desert to 670,000 m-2 in permanently moist soils of Antarctica, for non-wooded habitats density increases from desert to tropical grass to temperate grass to tundra, for woodland density increases from tropical to temperate deciduous to temperate coniferous, when density is related to mean annual air temperature the relationship is weak but it appears that density is low at the coldest sites, peaks at sites 0-10C then declines at 10-30C, thus there is a suggestion of a latitudinal cline for density in non-agricultural soils, densities are usually higher in mesic soils than in either wet or dry soils, microarthropods can be sensitive to both excess and lack of moisture, soils with an accumulated layer of organic matter tend to have higher densities than mineral soils, density can also be affected by soil pH, biomass values also discussed, Protura and Diplura about 7000 m-2, similar for Pauropoda and Symphyla, Acari in soils are dominated by Cryptostigmata, Acari density up to 1,783,000 m-2 in beech forest, Acari density decreases from cold temperate to tropical regions (similar to Collembola), large Oligochaeta, Diplododa, Chilopoda, Diptera larvae, Isoptera, Coleoptera, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Gastrpoda and Formicidae also mentioned, mites, earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, Myriapoda, termites, spiders, harvestmen, slugs, snails, ants, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, peak spider densities are 4-800 m-2 in temperate forest soils but the biomass was relatively low   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5255
Author: Petersen, H.
Year: 1982
Title: The total soil fauna biomass and its composition
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 39(3)
Pages: 330-339 (and references 376-388)
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., very little data for Protozoa biomass, the typical average individual weight for several soil fauna taxa differs between biomes, gives Table of average individual weight for Nematoda, Enchytraeidae, Collembola, Cryptostigmata, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Acari total, large Oligochaeta with empty guts, Diplopoda, Diptera larvae, Isoptera, Chilopoda, Staphylinidae and Carabidae, Araneae, Gastropoda, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, nematodes, Annelida, earthworms, mites, millipedes, centipedes, termites, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, Mollusca, snails, Hymenoptera, ants, all estimates are based on 15-78 studies, spider median dry weight is 0.8 mg, the biomass estimates for populations of these groups are then given for tundra, temperate grassland, tropical grassland, temperate coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, tropical forest, trees, woodland, Gramineae, the values (mg d wt m-2) for Collembola are 10 for tropical grassland, 20 tropical forest, 80 temperate conifer, 90 temperate grassland, 110-130 temperate deciduous and 150 tundra, total soil fauna biomass was also lowest in the tropical habitats but highest in temperate grassland and temperate forest, in temperate forests total soil fauna biomass is negatively related to mean annual standing crop of soil surface organic matter
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5635
Author: Petersen, M.K.
Year: 1999
Title: The timing of dispersal of the predatory beetles Bembidion lampros and Tachyporus hypnorum from hibernating sites into arable fields
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 90
Pages: 221-224
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, grass bank at edge of field, methods, Gramineae, zig-zag polythene barrier parallel to edge with pitfalls in corners on edge side, directional pitfalls, Denmark, window traps to monitor aerial dispersal of  Tachyporus, model of dispersal in relation to accumulation of day degrees, temperature, overwintering, hibernation, field edge reservoirs, start of B. lampros dispersal varied by one month between years, activity, phenology, catches of Tachyporus in pitfalls were low,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4139
Author: Petersen, M. K.; Holst, N.
Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids. II. The carabid Bembidion lampros
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Carabidae, ground beeles, Coleoptera, Denmark, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, simulation model for the effect of B.lampros on Rhopalosiphum padi in winter wheat, in Denmark B.lampros arrives in the field before R.padi, phenology, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, synchronisation of predators and prey, this model simulates winter wheat growth, population dynamics of R.padi and B.lampros, taking account of initial densities and timing of arrival and effect of alternative foods, B.lampros larvae have been observed to eat R.padi, food, diet, trophic behaviour, metabolic pool model, functional response model takes into account demands and search rates of predators and the density of predator and prey, foraging behaviour, abundance, physiological timescales, assumed search rate for R.padi and alternative food was the same, life expectancy of reproductive adults modelled using an Erlang distribution, assumed 100% survival of subsequent life stages, larval and new adult stages were modelled with an unlimited food resource, B.lampros appeared able to control attacks of R.padi given favourable densities of predators and alternative prey and good synchrony with the pest, knowledge is scarce on which alternative food types are available for polyphagous predators in the field and at what density, Ekbom et al. model did not include alternative prey and probably overestimated predation by polyphagous predators as a result


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4723
Author: Peterson, B.J. ; Fry, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies
Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Volume: 18
Pages: 293-320
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Keywords: Rep., methods, terminology and measurement, overview of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur distributions in nature, cycles of elements, stable isotopes in vertebrate animals are similar to their diet for C and S but different for N because of selective secretion in urine, case studies, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen all have more than one isotope and isotopic compositions can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer, Vertebrata
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 330
Author: Petherbridge, F. R.
Year: 1928
Title: The turnip mud beetles Helophorus rugosus Ol. and Helophorus porculus Bedel
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 15
Pages: 659-678
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, adults, larvae, pupae, distribution, life history, damage, pest, control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 331
Author: Petherbridge, F. R.; Thomas, I.
Year: 1936
Title: Damage to wheat by Helophorus nubilus F
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 23
Pages: 640-648
Keywords: En.
Cereals, pest, Coleoptera, structure, description, larva, pupa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1114
Author: Petrukha, O. I.; Gres, Y. A.
Year: 1974
Title: Thaumatomyia - a predator of the black bean aphid, Dorsalis fabae
Journal: Zashchita Rasternii
Volume: 11
Pages: 24-25
Keywords: Russ.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Chloropidae, Diptera, Thaumatomyia glabra, Aphis fabae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3013
Author: Pettersson, J.
Year: 1972
Title: Technical description of a serological method for quantitative predator efficiency studies on Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)
Journal: Swedish J. Agric. Res.
Volume: 2
Pages: 65-69
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4511
Author: Pfannenstiel, R.S.  ; Yeargan, K.V.
Year: 1998
Title: Partitioning two- and three-trophic-level effects of resistant plants on the predator, Nabis roseipennis
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Apllicata
Volume: 88
Pages: 203-209
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Apllicata
Keywords: TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, host plant resistance
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4744
Author: Pfiffner, L.; Luka, H.
Year: 2000
Title: Overwintering of arthropods in soils of arable fields and adjacent semi-natural habitats
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 78
Pages: 215-222
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Switzerland, soil samples, hand-sorting, MacFadyen extractor, undisturbed semi-natural habitats and managed field margins are important overwintering sites for polyphagous predators, natural enemies, winter wheat, meadows under cherry trees, orchards, top fruit, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, hedges, strips sown with grass and clover, Leguminosae, wildflower strips, methods, organic crops, electronic-hydraulic soil borer used to take 8cm diameter 25 cm deep soil samples. arthropod abundance was less in arable fields than in other habitats. Generalist predators were the most numerous arthropod group. Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Araneae, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, woodlice. Abundance 2-5 x greater on organic than on integrated farm. Farming practices. Organic farm landscape was more diversified. references to larger and more fecund carabids in diversified landscapes. Density of vegetation layer is an important factor for overwintering. Distribution. Field margins were reservoirs for Paederus fuscipes, Paederus litoralis, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Xantholinus linearis, Xantholinus longiventris, Bembidion lampros, Agonum muelleri and Demetrias atricapillus and 16 spider species. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5772
Author: Pfiffner, L.; Luka, H.
Year: 2003
Title: Effects of low-input farming systems on carabids and epigeal spiders - a paired farm approach
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 117-127
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Switzerland, 24 winter cereal fields and 18 semi-natural habitats investigated, Gramineae, methods, funnel pitfalls, 106 species of carabid and 131 spider species, biodiversity, usually greater carabid species richness in organic fields, species list of 15 endangered carabid species, landscape, species composition, community, farming practices, distribution, abundance, multivariate statistics, carabid and spider fauna affected by weed abundance and diversity, more wolf spiders in organic fields, Lycosidae, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 866
Author: Phelan, P. L.; Miller, J. R.
Year: 1982
Title: Post-landing behaviour of alate Myzus persicae as altered by E-beta-farnesene and three carboxylic acids
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 32
Pages: 46-53
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphid, pest, semiochemicals, alarm pheromone, flight chamber with vertical and horizontal airflow, EBF reduced probing increased wandering but did not reduce settling, undecanoic and dodecanoic acids reduced all host-selection behaviours but nearly all aphids probed immediately after landing on any tratment, so non-persistent viruses could be transnitted, disease vector, transmission in as little as 5 sec, EBF could be used synergistically with contact insecticides, carboxylic acids could be used as feeding deterrents but need field testing, methods, Hemiptera, pest control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1718
Author: Phillips, M. L.
Year: 1980
Title: Earwigs in apple orchards
Journal: Long Ashton Research Station Report for 1978
Pages: 127-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, food diet, algae, pollen, plant material, aphids, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1582
Author: Phillips, M. L.
Year: 1981
Title: The ecology of the common earwig Forficula auricularia in apple orchards
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Bristol
Keywords: En.
UK, top fruit, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1717
Author: Phillips, M. L.
Year: 1983
Title: Parasitism of the Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)) by tachinid flies in an apple orchard
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 28
Pages: 89-96
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids of predators, Diptera, trees, top fruit, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 328
Author: Phillips, W. M.
Year: 1976
Title: Effects of leaf age on feeding 'preference' and egg laying in the chrysomelid beetle, Haltica lythri
Journal: Physiological Entomology.
Volume: 1
Pages: 223-226
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 332
Author: Phillips, W. M.
Year: 1977
Title: Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff. in Britain
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 2
Pages: 205-216
Keywords: En.
Rep, host plants, sexing adults, life cycles, parasites, predators, defense mechanisms, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 446
Author: Phillipson, J.
Year: 1959
Title: The seasonal occurrence, life histories and fecundity of harvest spiders
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 95
Pages: 134-138
Keywords: En.
Rep, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, phenology, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 445
Author: Phillipson, J.
Year: 1960
Title: A contribution to the feeding biology of Mitopus morio (F.) (Phalangida)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 29
Pages: 35-43
Keywords: En.
Rep, Opiliones, harvestmen, predation, laboratory, field, faeces, faecal analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 447
Author: Phillipson, J.
Year: 1960
Title: The food consumption of different instars of Mitopus morio under natural conditions
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 29
Pages: 299-307
Keywords: En.
Rep, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5226
Author: Phoofolo, M.; Obrycki, J.J.
Year: 1998
Title: Potential for intraguild predation and competition anong predatory Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae 
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 89
Pages: 47-55
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, ladybirds, Coleoptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, aphids, Hemiptera, laboratory, USA, Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera, Chrysoperla carnea, Acyrthosiphon pisum, food, diet, trophic behaviour, developmental times, survival and adult weights of ladybird larvae fed on lacewing eggs, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, IGP, life history parameters, interactions between natural enemies, mortality, similar data for C. carnea larvae fed ladybird eggs, when a large lacewing larva was paired with a large ladybird larva more ladybirds were preyed upon regardless of density of herbivore prey
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 461
Author: Pickard-Cambridge, O.
Year: 1890
Title: On the British species of harvestmen
Journal: Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Fld. Cl.
Volume: 11
Pages: 163-216
Keywords: En.
Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3075
Author: Pickavance, J. R.
Year: 1970
Title: A new approach to the immunological analysis of invertebrate diets
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 39
Issue: 3)
Pages: 715-724
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4156
Author: Pickering, J.; Gutierrez, A. P.
Year: 1991
Title: Differential impact of the pathogen Pandora neoaphidis (R and H) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on the species composition of Acyrthosiphon aphids in alfalfa
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 123
Pages: 315-320
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, entomogenous fungi, insect diseases, natural enemies, biological control, maximum daily mortality caused by fungus was 6% for Acyrthosiphon kondoi and 34% for Acyrthosiphon pisum, an epidemic suppressed A.pisum but not A.kondoi, low level infections of A.kondoi greatly increase the inoculum available for killing A.pisum, Aphidius smithi and Aphidius ervi together cause 10% parasitism of A.pisum and 16% parasitism of A.kondoi, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiidae, P.neoaphidis was the main cause of high mortality of A.pisum during the wet period in California, USA, and it controlled the aphid below economic levels and at host densities usually thought unfavourable for epizootics, probably because of the effect of A.kondoi, apparent competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1258
Author: Pickett, A. D.; Patterson, N. A.
Year: 1953
Title: The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Novia Scotia
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 85
Pages: 472-478
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, Canada, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1454
Author: Pickett, J. A.; Dawson, G. W.; Free, J. B.; Griffiths, D. C. Powell W. Williams I. M.; Woodcock, C. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Pheromones in the management of beneficial insects
Journal: BCPC - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 1
Pages: 247-254
Keywords: En.
UK, semiochemicals, behaviour, natural enemies, biological control, methods, resistant aphids react less to alarm pheromones, pesticide resistance, pests, Hemiptera, resistant aphids less likely to avoid predation, beta caryophyllene is an alarm pheromone inhibitor, plants produce both pheromone and inhibitor, if inhibitor is applied to plants or bred into them this should improve predation, kairomones to attract aphid parasitoids into cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3558
Author: Pickett, J. A.; Wadhams, L. J.; Woodcock, C. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Attempts to control aphid pests by integrated use of semiochemicals
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 1239-1246
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, UK, methods, biological control, natural enemies, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, E-beta-farnesene aphid alarm pheromone is now commercially available, antifeedant polygodial is effective but 3 treatments are needed cf 1 treatment of an insecticide, pesticides, males attracted to sex pheromone several metres away in damson hop aphid Phorodon humuli, can use this pheromone to attract aphids to traps baited with a pathogen eg Verticillium lecanii, entomogenous fungus, microbial insecticide, disease, may be able to use sex pheromones to lure parasitoids into set-aside areas seeded with aphids, which would become a parasitoid reservoir for crops nearby, Hymenoptera, some hyperparasitoids release a chemical that causes dispersal of aphid parasitoids, repellents, methyl salicylate is a repellent to Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, and can be used to reduce aphid colonization, it may be possible to genetically modify the crop plant to directly produce aphid semiochemicals, drop off, fall off, dislodgement, escape reactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2277
Author: Pickett, S. T. A.; White, P. S.
Year: 1986
Title: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics
Journal: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-554521-5
Pages: 472 pp
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1611
Author: Pickles, W.
Year: 1935
Title: Populations, territory and interrelations of the ants Formica fusca, Acanthomyops niger and Myrmica scabrinodis at Garforth (Yorkshire)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 22-31
Keywords: En.
Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3644
Author: Pienkowski, R. L.
Year: 1965
Title: The incidence and effect of egg cannibalism in first- instar Cleomegilla maculata lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 58
Pages: 150-153
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, more than 20% of eggs in field destroyed by Ist instar larvae from the same egg mass, 40% of eggs estimated to be infertile, sterile, fertility, lab experiments showed that cannibalism lengthens the lifespan but also resulted in larvae which dispersed from the egg mass later and were less active than non-cannibalistic larvae, so chances of attacking pests were less, USA, dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5505
Author: Pierce, C.M.F.; Solter, L.F.; Weinzierl, R.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Interactions between Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 94(6)
Pages: 1361-1368
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, cereals, maize, corn, Gramineae, USA, Ostrinia nubilalis, caterpillars, O. nubilalis accidentally introduced from Europe 1909-14, yield loss and control costs more than $1 billion annually, agricultural statistics, Bt-corn grown on 9.7 million ha in USA in 2000 (=22% of US corn crop), transgenic corn, GM, genetic manipulation, N. pyrausta occurs naturally in the crop and can kill 60% of larvae from transovarially infected eggs, lab experiments using Bt incorporated into diet, Nosema-infected larvae were significantly more easily killed by Bt than were uninfected controls, Nosema-infected larvae produced significantly less (70 fold) spores on Bt diet than on ordinary diet,  results suggest that Nosema may have a reduced prevalence in Bt-corn growing areas, side-effects of GM crops
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 264
Author: Pietraszko, R.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1978
Title: Study of the Staphylinidae-Fauna in fields of winter wheat in Belgium
Journal: Parasitica.
Volume: 34
Pages: 191-198
Keywords: En.sum.
Rep, cereals, community, Gramineae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, May-July 1974, pitfalls, 23 species, more beetles on heavy clay soils than loam soil, abundance and species composition, Atheta fungi and Oxytelus sculpturatus were dominants, sub-dominants were Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Philonthus cognatus and Lathrobium fulvipenne


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 204
Author: Pietraszko, R.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1981
Title: Carabidae of arable land in Belgium
Journal: Parasitica.
Keywords: Rep, indices of similarity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1467
Author: Pietraszko, R.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1982
Title: Influence of organic matter on epigeic arthropods
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 47
Issue: 2)
Pages: 721-739
Keywords: En.
Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium, manure added in 2 consecutive years, 27% more Carabidae in early manured, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Agonum dorsale increased, Pterostichus melanarius decreased, Bembidion lampros no difference, 37% more Staphylinidae in early manure, rove beetles, fewer Tachyporus hypnorum, fertilizer, fresh manure not attractive to Tachyporus, Aleocharinae increased, male spiders no difference, female spiders reduced, Araneae, Linyphiidae, more Bathyphantes gracilis males, Oedothorax apicatus females reduced


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 203
Author: Pietraszko, R.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Seasonal activity of the dominant and subdominant Carabidae of arable land in Belgium
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 48
Pages: 457-464
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Trechus quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion tetracolum
Rep, pitfalls, cereals, winter wheat, sugar beet, heavy soil, clay soil, loam soil, winter, breeding seasons, phenology, generations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 270
Author: Pietraszko, R.; DeClercq, R.
Year: 1983
Title: Distribution and occurrence of Staphylinidae in arable land in Belgium
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 48
Pages: 441-455
Keywords: En.
Tachyporus hypnorum, Aloconota gregaria, Oxypoda exoleta, Dinaraea angustula, Atheta fungi, Oxytelus sculpturatus, Lathrobium fulvipenne, Philonthus fuscipennis, Philonthus cognatus
Rep, pitfalls, clay soil, loam soil, winter wheat, cereals, sugar beet, Germany, dominants, sub- dominants, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3945
Author: Pijls, J. W. A. M.; Hofker, K. D.; Van Staalduinen, M. J.; Van Alphen, J. J. M.
Year: 1995
Title: Interspecific host discrimination and competition in Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi and A. (E) diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybug Phenococcus maihoti
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 20
Pages: 326-332
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foraging behaviour, multiple parasitism, multiparasitism, arable, population dynamics, host selection, host preference, mortality, survival, survivorship, classical biological control, introduced species, lab, A. lopezi equally accepted unparasitized hosts and hosts parasitized with A. diversicornis, but A. diversicornis accepted fewer hosts parasitized by A.lopezi, survival probability in singly parasitized hosts was 0.85 for both parasitoid species, in multiparasitized hosts it was 0.68 for A.lopezi but 0.17 for A.diversicornis irrespective of order of oviposition, A.diversicornis eggs took 19 hours longer to hatch, A.diversicornis failed to establish when introduced into Africa as part of P.manihoti control programme


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5200
Author: Pilcher, C.D.; Obrycki, J.J.; Rice, M.E.; Lewis, L.C. 
Year: 1997
Title: Preimaginial development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(2)
Pages: 446-454
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Zea mays, cereals, maize, Gramineae, laboratory, USA, pollen fed to Coleomegilla maculata, Orius insidiosus, Chrysoperla carnea, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, no detrimental effects on premaginal development and survival, no detrimental effects on predator abundance in the field, Sitotroga cerealella eggs, grain moth, Lepidoptera, temperature
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4834
Author: Pillai, G.B.; Nair, K.R.
Year: 1986
Title: Additions to the natural enemy complex of the coconut caterpillar Opisina arenosella Wlk.
Journal: Journal of Plantation Crops
Volume: 14(2)
Pages: 138-140
Alternate Journal: Journal of Plantation Crops
Keywords: Rep., larval parasitoids, pupal parasitoids, India, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Tachinidae, Diptera, Chalcididae, four species of ladybirds feed on the eggs of this Lepidoptera pest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, oophagy, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Micraspis, Menochilus, Propylea, larvae of Meyridae beetles ate the pupae, the ground beetle Creagris labrosa ate the larvae, caterpillars, Carabidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4838
Author: Pillai, G.B.; Nair, K.R.
Year: 1990
Title: On the biology of Calleida splendidula (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a predator of the coconut leaf eating caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Wlk.
Journal: Indian Coconut Journal
Volume: 20(12)
Pages: 14-17
Alternate Journal: Indian Coconut Journal
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, India, reared on O. arenosella in the lab, describes egg, larva, pupa and adult beetle, during larval development it consumed 11-13 caterpillars, adults ate 1 caterpillar per 3 days and lived 6-14 months, comparison with the carabid Parena nigrolineata
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3164
Author: Pilling, E. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Evidence for pesticide synergism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 43-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, lambda-cyhalothrin was up to 18 times more toxic if tank mixed with fungicides, pyrethroid insecticides, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3671
Author: Pimentel, D.
Year: 1995
Title: Ecological theory, pest problems, and biologically based solutions
Journal: In "Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems", Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves and H.M. Anderson, John Wiley, UK
Pages: 69-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, farming practices, globally 67000 pest species attack crops, 9000 species if insects and mites, 50,000 species of plant pathogens and 8000 species of weeds, Acari, annual pesticide application in world is 2.5 million tonnes, overall 35% of crop production lost to pests, made up of 13% insects, 12% pathogens and 10% weeds, developed countries account for 80% of pesticide use, pesticides can cause pest outbreaks and environmental problems, in USA 40% of of insect pests are introduced and 20% in Europe, alternatives to pesticides include crop rotations, plant resistance, crop diversity, planting date, biological control, world wide there is rapidly growing concern about the environmental and public health impact of pesticides, gives some information on humans, domestic animals, fish, birds, mammals and beneficial insects being poisoned by pesticides, 900 pests made up of insects, diseases and weeds show pesticide resistance costing 1.4 billion dollars per annum in USA, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands and Ontario have programmes to reduce pesticide use by 50%, mini-review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5453
Author: Pimentel, D.; Acquay, H.; Biltonen, M.; Rice, P.; Silva, M.; Nelson, J.; Lipner, V.; Giordano, S.; Horowitz, A.; D'Amore, M.
Year: 1993
Title: Assessment of environmental and economic impacts of pesticide use
Journal: In: "The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics and Ethics" Ed. by D. Pimentel & H. Lehman, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 47-84
Alternate Journal: In: "The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics and Ethics" Ed. by D. Pimentel & H. Lehman, Chapman & Hall, New York
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, agricultural statistics, pests (e.g. insects, diseae, weeds) destroy 37% of crop production in USA, estimated that overall losses would increase by 10% without chemical insecticides, from 1984-89 US crop losses doubled in spite of tenfold increase in insecticide use, public health effects, toxicity, poisoning, effects on domestic animals and bees, Hymenoptera, Apidae, destruction of beneficial predators and parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, various pests have increased in cotton and apple because their natural enemies are killed by insecticides, estimated $520 costs for added pesticides in US to combat the extra pest problems arising from natural enemy destruction, in 1986 President Suharto withdrew 57 out of 64 pesticides on rice in Indonesia, rice yields subsequently increased substantially, Pimentel estimates that 50% of pest control is by natural enemies, 40% by plant resistance and 10% by chemical pesticides, pest resistance to pesticides, ecotoxicology, phytotoxicity, pesticide drift, contamination of ground and water, pollution, fishery losses, effects on birds and mammals, Vertebrata, Pisces, Aves, Mammalia, effects on microorganisms and non-target invertebrates, economics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 5454
Author: Pimentel, D.; McLaughlin, L.; Zepp, A.; Lakitan, B.; Kraus, T.; Kleinman, P.; Vancini, F.; Roach, J.; Graap, E.; Keeton, W.S.; Selig, G.
Year of Conference: 1993
Title: Environmental and economic impacts of reducing U.S. agricultural pesticide use
Conference Name: In: "The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics and Ethics" Ed. by D. Pimentel & H. Lehman, Chapman & Hall, New York


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4113
Author: Pimentel, D.; Wheeler, A. G.
Title: 1973
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 659-668
Keywords: En.
Rep., 591 species, 72% were a single species per genus, arable, Leguminosae, USA, [sampling methods not given], 216 species of predator and 63 species of parasitoids at one site over two years, natural enemies, full species list given, includes Forficula auricularia, Orius insidiosus, Stalia major, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Chrysoperla carnea, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Philonthus cognatus, Adalia bipunctata, Perilitus coccinellae, Phalangium opilio, Anystis baccarum, Enoplognatha ovata, Diplostyla concolor, Dermaptera, Anthocoridae, Nabida, Neuroptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Formicidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Opiliones, Acari, Araneae, Heteroptera, earwigs, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, soldier beetles, polyphagous predators, Diptera, hoverflies, ants, wasps, Hymenoptera, harvestmen, spiders, predatory mites, Anthocoridae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 930
Author: Pimentel, D.; Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1973
Title: Influence of alfalfa resistance on a pea aphid population and its associated parasites, predators and competitors
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 1-11
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, 1/6 as many aphids on some varieties, similar numbers of natural enemies on different varieties, aphid densities low, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Araneae, spiders, lacewings, ladybirds, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2845
Author: Pimm, S. L.
Year: 1992
Title: The balance of nature
Journal: University of Chicago Press, Chicago ISBN 0-226-66829-0
Pages: 434 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep for ch 11, Elton, MacArthur, resilience, food webs, temporal variability, effect of food web structure, diversity of predators and prey, variability of environment, non-linear dynamics, strange attractors, chaos, extinctions, community structure, models, introductions, patterns in species composition, community persistence, community assembly, experimental removal of species, resistance, CH 11; in theory some species may be catalysts essential to community construction but which inevitably get lost along the way, some communities might have cyclical replacement of species eg coral reefs, others might become more persistent by the community becoming progressively harder to invade with more additions, in some models with 100 species the community becomes persistent at 15 species and resists invasion by any others, but if the model is re-run the same thing happens but with a different group of persistent species, Drake found some evidence for catalyst species in the model, he did lab experiments with 3 algal species and various consumers, Daphnia etc, conclusion was that final composition of the community was affected in part by the ORDER of assembly, community assembly rules, natural enemies, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4332
Author: Pimm, S. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Biodiversity and the balance of nature
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 347-359
Keywords: En.
Rep., Elton's theories, stability complexity debate, stability in terms of populations, community composition and community biomass, resilience is speed of return to normality following disturbance, pests are resilient, simple systems may be more resilient than complex ones, variability in density, persistence of communities affected by rates of extinction and invasion, model communities are harder to invade as assembly proceeds, communities can have a range of persistent states, some undesirable, and catalyst species which perform a function and then become extinct may be required for the assembly of some communities, resistance to change, loss of one species may increase the probability of future losses, i.e. positive feedback for community degradation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4050
Author: Pimm, S. L.; Kitching, R. L.
Year: 1987
Title: The determinants of food-chain lengths
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 50
Issue: 3)
Pages: 302-307
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, water-filled tree hole communities in Austalia simulated using water-filled pots on forest floor, added known amounts of nutrients as leaf litter, tadpoles avoided the most productive system, predatory Chironomidae waited for the prey, which were saprophagous chironomids, to colonise, frequent disturbances would tend to remove predators from the system, species at higher trophic levels cannot recover from disturbance as quickly as those below, perturbations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4107
Author: Pimm, S. L.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1978
Title: On feeding in more than one trophic level
Journal: Nature
Volume: 275
Pages: 542-543
Keywords: En.
Rep., feeding in more than one trophic level is omnivory, it is common in some food webs and rare in others, model suyggests that certain food web structures are more likely to persist on an evolutionary scale than others, model suggests that parasitoid webs are more stable than other webs and omnivory is more likely, natural enemies, data on 19 food webs examined, involving 58 food chains of which 24 had no omnivores, although few data are available it appears that parasitoid food webs are more complex than others and involve more omnivory, facultative hyperparasitism is classed as omnivory here, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3954
Author: Pimm, S. L.; Lawton, J. H.; Cohen, J. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Food web patterns and their consequences
Journal: Nature
Volume: 350
Issue: 6320)
Pages: 669-674
Keywords: En.
Rep., community structure, trophic behaviour, trophic interrelationships, "top predators" are species on which nothing else in the web feeds, "basal species" feed on nothing within the web, the rest are "intermediate species", "connectance" is number of actual trophic interactions divided by number of potential interactions, "omnivores" feed on more than one trophic level, "trophic species" is a set of organisms with identical prey species and identical predators, it can be a set of biological species, or a single species, or one life stage of a species, common features of community webs include the following, cycles are rare (eg of cycle is A eats B and B eats A), the mean proportion of top predators, basal species and intermediates, and the apportionment of trophic links between them, is roughly constant in different webs, "linkage density", ie the number of trophic links per species, is fairly constant for webs with few species but may increase in large webs, it is c. 2 for webs with 3 - 48 species, for top predators modal food chain length is 2 - 3, omnivory is rare in some webs, "compartments", ie groups of species with strong linkages, are rare within habitats and usually occur where webs cross habitat boundaries, most published webs are cumulative webs gathered over many occasions rather than time-specific webs, variation in web structure spatially within a region, problem to define web boundaries, chains tend to be shorter in grassland than forest, Gramineae, trees, woodland, webs composed of insects and their parasitoids often show greater than average omnivory, natural enemies, the cascade model, in which a given species can feed only on species below it, correctly predicts some aspects of web structure, web dynamics model, community assembly and disintegration, high linkage density makes webs harder to invade, competition may generate constant predator-prey ratios, most published webs are qualitative and incomplete, there is a crucial need to quantify the relative frequency of feeding interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5747
Author: Pinamonti, F.; Sicher, L.
Year: 2001
Title: Compost utilization in fruit production systems
Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 177-200
Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: Rep., orchards, trees, woodlands, top fruit, horticulture, preplant applications, maintenance dressing, mulches can be applied in strips beneath fruit trees or in alleys between tree rows, farming practices, composts as mulches last two to three years, compost mulches can be superior to polyethylene  mulches, weed growth reduced by compost mulch and earthworm activity increased, Annelida, Lumbricidae, vineyards, apple, grapes, marketing should include quality control, EU Ecolabel, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1457
Author: Pinnock, D. E.; Brand, R. J.; Milstead, J. E.; Coe, N. F.
Year: 1974
Title: Suppression of populations of Aphis gossypii and A. spiraecola by soap sprays
Journal: Journal of Economic Ecology
Volume: 67
Pages: 783-784
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, soap concentration of 0.1% gave aphid mortality of 72-79%, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2661
Author: Piorr, H. P.
Year: 1986
Title: Reducing fungicide applications by using sodium silicate and wettable sulphur in cereals
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 51
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 719-729
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5519
Author: Piper, R.W.; Compton, S.G.
Year: 2002
Title: A novel technique for relocating concealed insects
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 251-253
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., recording microhabitat preferences of epigeal invertebrates in the field, methods, UK, Betula pendula, deciduous wwodland, forest, trees, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, leaf beetle larvae, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalus coryli were marked with steel tags (0.35 mg, 1 x 3 mm) and detected in leaf litter using a metal detector, the hand-held detector used a pulse field induction loop and was powered by a 12 V battery, detection range 3-7 cm, target was detectable through litter and soil,  laboratory tests showed no significant effect of tagging on movement through leaf litter, the technique enabled 90% of larvae released in the field to be relocated after 5 months, the system is many times cheaper than harmonic radar detectors, it is useful for relatively sedentary and cryptic invertebrates, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2211
Author: Pisarenko, V. N.; Sumarokov, A.
Year: 1983
Title: Aphidophagous spiders
Journal: Zashchita Rastenii
Volume: 11
Pages: 25-26
Keywords: Russ. (very short), En. abst.
Rep., winter wheat, cereals, aphids, Homoptera, steppe, Ukraine, timing of predation, pest regulation, 14 species, Araneidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, aphid eggs, plots with and without spiders, infestation reduced 11-71%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2061
Author: Pitcher, R. S.
Year: 1952
Title: Observations on the raspberry cane midge (Thomasiniana theobaldi Barnes). I. Biology
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science
Volume: 27
Pages: 71-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, cane fruit, UK, predators include larvae of a midge and Anthocoris nemorum, not thought to have much effect on the pest population, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1847
Author: Pitkin, B. R.
Year: 1976
Title: The hosts and distribution of British thrips
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 1
Issue: 1)
Pages: 41-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, UK, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 209
Author: Pitre, H. N.; Chapman, R. K.
Year: 1964
Title: Ground beetles as predators of cabbage maggot eggs
Journal: Proc. N. Br. entomol. Soc. Amer.
Volume: 19
Pages: 102-103
Keywords: Carabidae, pest, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5279
Author: Plagens, M.J.
Year: 1983
Title: Populations of Misumenops (Araneida: Thomisidae) in two Arizona cotton fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 572-575
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, spiders, Araneae, USA, abundance, Misumenops celer, sampled by ground cloth method, refers to sweeping and Dvac sampling of cotton by others being applied only to the terminal portion of the plants, suction sampling, vacuum insect  net, total spider density, spiders were 41 - 79 % of generalist predators collected which included Coccinellidae, Reduviidae, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, Orius, Geocoris, Collops, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Neuroptera, lacewings, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, community  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2209
Author: Plagens, M. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Aerial dispersal of spiders (Araneae) in a Florida cornfield ecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1225-1233
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, cereals, maize, USA, behaviour, distribution, sticky wire traps, 53 species, life history strategies, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, instars, seasonal ballooning pattern, take-off behaviour, arable crops, habitat predictability, land use and management, short-distance dispersal , weeds, edge habitats, males, females, searching for mates.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5183
Author: Plantegenest, M.; Pierre, J.S.; Dedryver, C.A.; Kindlmann, P.
Year: 2001
Title: Assessment of the relative impact of different natural enemies on population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in the field
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 404-410
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., in France entomogenous fungi are the main natural enemies, followed by parasitoids, aphid-specific predators and spiders, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, diseases, pathogens, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, biological control, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, hoverflies, Diptera, ground beetles, a population dynamics model for aphids in the absence of natural enemies was developed and differences between predicted and observed densities were related to natural enemy action, field data on aphid density from in situ direct visual counts 1976-86 in Rennes area, mummies and entomophthora-killed aphids on plants were also counted, parasitoids and fungi were associated with a reduction in aphid population growth
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 688
Author: Platnick, N.
Year: 1971
Title: The evolution of courtship behaviour in spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 2
Pages: 40-47
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, behaviour, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3346
Author: Plotkin, H. C.
Year: 1979
Title: Learning in a carabid beetle (Pterostichus melanarius)
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 27
Pages: 567-575
Keywords: En.
Rep., daylight experiments, thirsty beetles in simple maze with drink as reward, no maze learning proven, positively thigmotactic, lab observations suggest that although P.melanarius has large compound eyes it is functionally blind and does not respond to visual stimuli, time taken to leave edge of a container and cross the centre was significantly reduced if the thirsty beetles were rewarded with a drink in the centre, memory only retained for 100- 200 min, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2677
Author: Plumb, R. T.; Carter, N.
Year: 1991
Title: The use and validation of the infectivity index as a method of forecasting the need to control Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in autumn-sown crops in the United Kingdom
Journal: Acta Phyto et Entomo Hung
Volume: 26
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 59-62
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2631
Author: Poehling, H. M.; Dehne, H. W.
Year: 1986
Title: Mehrjahriger Untersuchungen zur Bekaempfung von Getreideblattlausen in Winterweizen unter besondere Berucksichtigung direkter und indirekter Nebenwirkungen auf Nutzarthropoden
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1131-1145
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1282
Author: Poehling, H. M.; Dehne, H. W.; Picard, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Fenvalerate zur Bekampfung von Getreideblattlausen in Winterweizen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Nebenwirkungen auf Nutzarthropoden
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 50
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 539-554
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, pyrethroids, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Germany, predators, natural enemies, biological control, fenvalerate, pirimicarb, parathion, carbamates, pitfalls, sweeping, in situ aphid counts, aphids in clip cages, methods, mortality and reproduction per day, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, pirimicarb has quick knock down effect, phenology, density, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae larvae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae larvae in vegetation zone, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, Chrysopidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, fenvalerate had strong repellent effect, indirect effects, behaviour, selectivity of pirimicarb and fenvalerate increased with reduced dose, small numbers of aphids survived low doses, caused no yield loss, provided food for aphid-specific predators, pesticide application methods, references to low dose work, Tachyporus spp. larvae pitfall catch reduced cf control in weeks 2 and 3 by parathion, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis adults and larvae, Philonthus rotundicollis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1280
Author: Poehling, H. M.; Dehne, H. W.; Sprick, P.
Year: 1985
Title: Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Carabiden und Staphyliniden als Blattlausantagonisten in Winterweizen und deren Beeintrachtigung durch Insektizide Wirkstoffe
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 50
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 519-530
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, insecticides, Germany, pitfalls with ethylene glycol, sweeping, pirimicarb, parathion, fenvalerate, pyrethroids, carbamates, feeding observations in lab, Collembola, Diptera eggs adults and larvae, Linyphiidae, beetle larvae as prey, spiders, Araneae, gut dissection, Agonum dorsale 40% total carabids, species composition, phenology, Loricera pilicornis, Agonum muelleri, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Tachyporus hypnorum, Philonthus rotundicollis, Philonthus fuscipennis, Lathrobium fulvipenne, Stenus biguttatus, day and night sweeps showed Tachyporus more on plant at night, diel cycles, behaviour, vertical distribution, nocturnalism, dispersal, aphids were 47% diet of A.dorsale, also ate Diptera adults and larvae, Collembola, beetle larvae, wheat, pollen, earthworms, fungi and plant material, Annelida, Lumbricidae, high % with aphids in gut at low aphid density, L.pilicornis ate mainly Collembola, also Diptera adults and larvae, aphids eaten when numerous, prey preference, staphylinid larvae ate fungal spores, wheat pollen and 15-22% aphids, in lab A.dorsale prefered aphids, L.pilicornis Collembola and Diptera, consumption rates, P.fuscipennis ate 8 aphids per day, Staphylinidae ate aphids but preferred Diptera eggs and larvae, pirimicarb had no effect, parathion was toxic, fenvalerate caused hyperactivity, sublethal effects on behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1393
Author: Poehling, H. M.; Morvan, Y.
Year: 1984
Title: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Aphis fabae an Resisteten und Anfalligen Sorten von Vicia faba
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 49
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 793-802
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., pests, aphids, Hemiptera, field beans, Leguminosae, plant resistance, Germany, growth rate, development time, fecundity, host plant selection on different varieties in glasshouse and field, varieties with strong antibiosis were less colonised, fewer aphids on semi-resistant varieties in field, mechanisms, induced differences in amino acids after feeding not before


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2254
Author: Poinar, G. O.
Year: 1985
Title: Mermithid (Nematoda) parasites of spiders and harvestmen
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 13
Issue: 1)
Pages: 121-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Opiliones, 51 species are hosts, spiders killed on emergence, at least six British hosts, some lifecycles involve aquatic insect (eg chironomid Diptera) eaten by spider.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2716
Author: Poinar, G. O.
Year: 1987
Title: Nematode parasites of spiders
Journal: Ecophys of spiders
Pages: 299-308
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2105
Author: Pointing, P. J.
Year: 1966
Title: A quantitative field study of predatory behaviour by the sheet-web spider Frontinella communis on European pine shoot moth adults
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 44
Pages: 256-273.
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Lepidoptera, prey, diet, feeding, foraging, food, consumption rate, density, forest, conifers, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2302
Author: Polis, G. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Age structure component of niche width and intraspecific resource partitioning: can age groups function as ecological species
Journal: Amer. Nat.
Volume: 123
Pages: 541-564
Keywords: En.
theoretical, competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4690
Author: Polis, G.A.
Year: 1991
Title: Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 138
Pages: 123-155
Alternate Journal: American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, 55 species of arachnids, omnivory, Coachella desert valley in California USA, spiders, mites, Araneae, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, model systems decrease in stability with more species, more links or greater linkage strength. Polis argues that most empirical webs catalogued in the literature are over-simplified and have misled theorists. Problems are i) inadequate species diversity included , e.g. because of lumping into trophospecies, ii) inadequate diet information (existing information merely reflects observation effort expended), iii) age classes often differ in diet, iv) trophic loops are dismissed by theorists as "unreasonable" but are very common in nature. The desert web is described, including plants, herbivores, detritus and soil systems, carrion feeders, parasitoids and predators. Based on 175 plants, 100 vertebrates and thousands of invertebrate species. This real web is very complex and dietary changes in relation to age class is an important contributor to this complexity. Chains of 6-11 links, looping and omnivory are common. Top predators are rare. Conclusion is that many food web hypotheses and generalisations are wrong
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4460
Author: Polis, G. A.; Holt, R. D.; Menge, B. A.; Winemiller, K. O.
Year: 1996
Title: Time, space and life history: influences on food webs
Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 435-460
Keywords: En.
Rep., food webs are usually depicted as static representations of communities but in fact are dynamic and consumer-resource interactions are affected by spatial heterogeneity, temporal variability and life history strategy, manipulative experiments on predation and competition should be conducted in more than one season and year at two or more sites along physical or biological gradients, ecological processes often vary in strength along an environmental gradient, spatial and temporal effects on food web structure, allochthonous input (trophic linkage across habitats), movement of predators between habitats, the chance vicissitudes of colonisation history may, through community assembly order, provide considerable heterogeneity in web structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4461
Author: Polis, G. A.; Hurd, S. D.
Year: 1996
Title: Allochthonous input across habitats, subsidized consumers, and apparent trophic cascades: examples from the ocean-land interface
Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 275-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, data from more than 50 islands in Gulf of California and from west coast and desert of Namibia, measured spider density, aerial fauna and driftline fauna, for the Gulf arthropod abundance in areas receiving input from the ocean was 2.5 to >550 times greater than mainland sites away from such input, in Namibia spider density was greater at coast than inland and >99% of coastal spider food was insects that fed on marine detritus, herbivore damage to shrubs was negatively related to spider abundance, spider removal experiments at coast increased herbivore damage, in areas away from the coast spiders are not subsidised by prey from marine detritus and so their densities are lower and herbivore numbers and plant damage are greater, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2338
Author: Polis, G. A.; McCormick, S. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Scorpions, spiders and solpugids: predation and competition among distantly related taxa
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 71
Issue: 1)
Pages: 111-116
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, USA, desert, web counts, pitfalls, diet, dietary overlap, visual observations, more spiders in plots from which scorpions removed, predator.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4056
Author: Polis, G. A.; Myers, C. A.; Holt, R. D.
Year: 1989
Title: The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other
Journal: Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
Volume: 20
Pages: 297-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., review including Vertebrata, freshwater and marine systems, population dynamics, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, symmetrical intraguild predation (IGP) is mutual predation between A and B, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, dietary overlap between participants with competition demonstrated or suspected, large A eat smaller B regardless of B's trophic level or feeding history or taxonomic position, this often results in omnivory, prey size selection, prey size preference, IGP is common between spiders which are often considered their own "worst enemy", heterospecific spiders formed 1- 49% of the diet of 27 species of spiders surveyed, adult and larval granivorous insects, eg Tribolium, eat eggs, small larvae and pupae of other granivorous insects, unusual predators, oophagy, Araneae, Coleoptera, stored product pests, flour beetles, herbivores, phytophages, trophic loops ie A eats B eats A are surprisingly common, usually A is eaten by B as an egg or small life stage then A as an adult eats B, loops observed between 7/12 species pair combinations of spiders, some aphids eat the eggs of their Coccinellidae predators, ladybirds, Hemiptera, IGP is sometimes directed preferentially towards the predators closest competitors, egs within ant and spider guilds, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, in prairie soils 23% of microarthropods that eat fungi and algae also eat Nematoda which increases their fecundity, grassland, Gramineae, mycetophages, mycophagous, reproduction, IGP often frees for the predator resources directly used by both the predator and IG prey, IGP can be a major mortality factor that limits populations below their carrying capacity, eg in spiders, and this can occur by IGP alone without any exploitation competition, models of IGP, IGP can help to shape community structure and function more strongly than competition, IGP can cause niche shifts causing the IG prey to inhabit areas and times that significantly lower per capita energy gain, priority effects can determine the outcome of IGP interactions, eg the species of ant that has first colonised a habitat is often the IGP winner, community assembly rules, IGP can affect pest control, eg Anthocoridae eating Braconidae caused 180% increase in the braconids Pyralidae host, other egs given involving vertebrates and aquatic communities, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, the phenomenon is very common in aquatic systems and serves to boost the density and diversity of prey species at lower trophic levels, species richness, biodiversity, Polis challenges the generalisations of Pimm about trophic loops being rare, and that predators and prey are hierarchically ordered, he does not consider the trophic level to be a very useful concept, the triple benefit to a predator indulging in IGP is i) obtain food from IG prey ii) remove a potential predator (trophic loop) iii) increase prey abundance by removing a competitor


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4319
Author: Polis, G. A.; Strong, D. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Food web complexity and community dynamics
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 147
Pages: 813-846
Keywords: En.
Rep., trophic levels "connected in a single linear chain are rarely seen", most webs are reticulate i.e. have high connectance and omnivory, most consumers eat 5-100 species, intra-guild predators and cannibals eat trophically similar consumers are ubiquitous in webs and can alter prey dynamics, IGP, cannibalism, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, hyperpredators, natural enemies of natural enemies, population dynamics, most metazoan detritivores eat not only detritus and microbes but also other metazoan detritivores, many predators also indulge in frugivory, herbivory, granivory, detritivory and coprophagy, consumer regulation of populations need involve little energy transfer and few feeding interactions, a weak link in terms of diet or energy transfer can be a key link dynamically, ecosystems are often linked and their dynamics cannot be understood in isolation, herbivores consume only 10% of the production the rest goes into the detrital chain, many predators eat detritivores and herbivores, diet can change enormously during the life and development of an individual, resource availability at one life stage can significantly influence resource use and suppression at other stages, trophic cascades are not common in natural webs i.e. neither productivity (bottom up) or consumption (top down) necessarily propagate linearly through a web, there is no disease "trophic level" but parasitoids and pathogens can have massive effects on host dynamics, great changes in dynamics and abundance and biomass caused by disease but negligible energy transfer to the disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 205
Author: Pollard, E.
Year: 1968
Title: Hedges IV. A comparison between the Carabidae of a hedge and field site
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 5?
Pages: 549-557
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 207
Author: Pollard, E.
Year: 1968
Title: Hedges III. The effect of removal of the bottom flora of a hawthorn hedge on the Carabidae of the hedge bottom
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 5
Pages: 125-139
Keywords: En.
Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion guttula, Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Leistus ferrugineus, Carabus violaceous, Stomis pumicatus
Rep, herbicide, pitfalls, movements, migration, dispersal, seasonal, soil, litter, laboratory, climbing, damp, mark-recapture, DOPE, overwinte ring, corpora lutea, edge, middle, activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2482
Author: Pollard, E.
Year: 1968
Title: Carabidae in a hedge and field
Journal: Journal of Apllied Ecology
Volume: 5
Pages: 649-657
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1110
Author: Pollard, E.
Year: 1969
Title: The effect of removal of arthropod predators on an infestation of Brevicoryne brassicae on brussels sprouts
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 12
Pages: 118-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1111
Author: Pollard, E.
Year: 1971
Title: Hedges VI. Habitat diversity and crop pests. A study of Brevicoryne brassicae and its syrphid predators
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 751-780
Keywords: En.
Rep.PNR, aphids, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2639
Author: Pollard, S. D.
Year: 1989
Title: Constraints affecting partial prey consumption by a crab spider, Diaea sp. indet. (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 81
Pages: 392-396
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 863
Author: Pollard, S. D.
Year: 1990
Title: A methodological constraint influencing measurement of food intake rates in sucking predators
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 82
Pages: 569-571
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, feeding interrupted at various intervals within total feeding time and mass gain in predator and mass loss in prey measured, in crab spider Diaea sp. feeding on Drosophila the food is pumped into and out of the prey and the spiders digestive system until the prey is discarded at the end of feeding, extra-intestinal digestion, extra-oral digestion, trophic behaviour, partial consumption model for sucking predators requires data from interrupted feeding experiments so care needed with predators that cycle the food between themselves and the prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2720
Author: Pollard, S. D.; Macnab, A. M.; Jackson, R. R.
Year: 1987
Title: Communication with chemicals: pheromones and spiders
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 133-141
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 704
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Adult and larval feeding ecology in Pterostichus melanarius Ill. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent.
Volume: 50
Issue: 2b
Pages: 581-594
Keywords: En.
Rep., predator, ground beetle, Belgium, grazed pasture, grassland, pitfalls, 1982, gut dissection, small sample size, crop fullness index, food in rest of gut, larvae dissected, quadrats, density, diet, foraging, food, prey, 49 prey types listed, aphids, aphids the dominant prey 50% of dissected beetles, earthworms 41%, Collembola, springtails 31%, including some entire Collembola, adult beetles 29%, beetle larvae 28%, Diptera, adult Brachycera 30%, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae, Drosophilidae , Scathophagidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Diptera larvae 22%, adult Nematocera 21%, Lepidoptera larvae 16%, Acari, mites 14%, including entire ones, aphid phenology, aphid density, Tipulidae, sex-related food intake, sex, consumption, larval food, nematodes, insects, plants, spores, liquid, truly polyphagous.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2625
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1986
Title: Prey selection in carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae); are diel activity patterns of predators and prey synchronized ?
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 957-971
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 822
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1987
Title: The consequences of different life histories in ground beetles for their feeding ecology and impact on other pasture arthropods
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 179-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., Belgium, grass, Gramineae, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, quadrats, pitfalls, vertically stratified quadrats, methods, for whole year, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion properans and Clivina fossor, gut dissection of beetles caught in pitfalls, 953 dissected 72 with empty guts, phenology, 14% of P.mel ate linyphiids, money spiders, Araneae, P.mel ate lumbricids others ate enchytraeids, worms, Pmel ate aphids flies maggots adult and larval beetles, Hemiptera, pests, Bprop ate more Collembola, springtails, Pmel and Bprop eat more than 49 prey types, diet, trophic behaviour, predation, foraging, Cfoss is mainly subterranean eating enchytraeids nematodes Collembola and mites, Acari - 18 prey types, predation by Pmel almost restricted to summer when Collembola abundant, Bprop ate mainly aphids in Aug/Sep, aphid predation correlated more with their activity on ground than with overall density, diet more stable than expected if just feed on most abundant foods which change during year, Pmel has distinct preference for large prey, size-dependent predation, teneral Bprop had different diet to adults over same time period, physiological state of predator, age of predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 820
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1988
Title: Quantification of prey uptake in pasture inhabiting carabid beetles
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 53
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1119-1129
Keywords: En.
Rep., Belgium, grass, Gramineae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, 12 species, gut dissection, number of aphid rostra siphunculi etc counted, similar for Collembola which could often be identified to species, Hemiptera, pests, springtails, diet, foraging, consumption, trophic behaviour, size of key prey parts measured and regressed against total length for Isotomurus palustris and Isotoma viridis - good correlations, helps to decide how many prey in each predator, control experiments in lab feeding Loricera pilicornis on known numbers of prey then dissecting, 67% Collembola mandibles recovered for large Collembola, less for smaller, other body parts very underepresented, three predation indices compared, single aphids eaten by most carabid species, but not so for Pterostichus melanarius, P. vernalis, L. pilicornis and Bembidion properans which also showed greater % positive, methods, several authors have compared gut dissection and serological methods and got different results for the same species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2624
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1989
Title: Prey uptake in subdominant, small to medium-sized carabid beetles from a pasture ecosystem
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 54
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 809-823
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2318
Author: Pollet, M.; Desender, K.
Year: 1990
Title: Investigating the food passage in Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae): an attempt to explain its feeding behaviour
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 527-540
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, predators, physiology, behaviour, food passage at three temperatures of earthworm prey by males and females, Lumbricidae, sex, methods, gut dissection, faeces examination, soft and solid foods, laboratory experiments, examination of field-collected beetles, prefers worms to aphids, Hemiptera, pests, pasture, pitfalls, crop empties after one day, midgut still contains food after 144 h especially at lower temperatures, rectum contains food for longer, chaetae leave gut in advance of soft food, up to two days difference, crop-fullness index correlated with activity in field except for callows, callows may behave initially as sit-and-wait predators, Belgium, grassland, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4603
Author: Pollet, M.; Grootaert, P.
Year: 1987
Title: Ecological data on Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from a woodland ecosytem: I. Colour preference, detailed distribution and comparison of different sampling techniques.
Journal: Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie
Volume: 57
Pages: 173-186
Alternate Journal: Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., predatory flies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, visual attraction, behaviour, vertical distribution, horizontal distribution, migration, movement, Malaise traps, coloured water traps, pitfalls in a Belgium humid woodland, trees, forest, methods, white, blue and red water traps on soil surface and at 60 cm, 16,143 dolichopods of 60 species collected, partial species list, most species were highly attracted by white, but a few species preferred blue. Few species favoured dark parts of the wood.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4716
Author: Pollet, M.; Grootaert, P.
Year: 1994
Title: Optimizing the water trap technique to collect Empidoidea (Diptera)
Journal: Studia dipterologica
Volume: 1(1)
Pages: 33-48
Alternate Journal: Studia dipterologica
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, colour, installation height, predatory flies, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, dune woodland, Belgium, trees, forest, multivariate statistics, soil surface and tree trunk dwellers, vertical distribution, 27 species of empid and 29 of dolichopod, yellow, white and blue-green traps with formalin and detergent on the ground and 60 cm above ground, yellow caught most individuals but white caught more species, more individuals were caught on ground than at 60 cm, authors recommend white traps on ground for general surveys and blue-green traps above ground for sampling arboreal species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5521
Author: Ponsard, S.; Arditi, R.
Year: 2000
Title: What can stable isotopes (delta 15N anf delta 13C) tell about the food of soil acro-invertebrates ?
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 81(3)
Pages: 852-864
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, temperate deciduous forests, woodland, trees, measurements of delta 13C revealed nothing about trophic structure, food web, trophic web, community, food, diet, trophic behaviour, delta 15N values showed that the community was divided into detritivores and predators (values for detritivores and predators were significantly different but not significantly more than by 3.4% which is the value expected for one trophic transfer), trophic structure must be studied in relation to the local isotopic content of the litter because between-site differences of up to 7% were recorded, seasonal differences were slight, 3 sites in France, soil cores, methods, hand-collecting, pitfalls, rotting of invertebrate tissues changes there isotopic content so traps were emptied at least every 48 h, continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry,  woodlice, millipedes, insects, slugs and snails, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, Mollusca, Gastropoda, spiders, beetles, centipedes, ants, Araneae, Coleoptera, Chilopoda, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, scavenger species had delta 15N values that were usually within the range of values found for predators, carrion feeding, some predator individuals (spiders, Staphylinidae) had very high values consistent with hyperpredation, IGP, intraguild predation,   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2632
Author: Ponti, O. M. B.; de
Year: 1980
Title: Breeding onion (Allium cepa) for resistance to onion fly (DElia antiqua)
Journal: Integ Cont of Insect Pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 173-175
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2633
Author: Ponti, O. M. B.; de; Freriks, J. C.
Year: 1980
Title: Breeding of carrot (Daucus carota) for resistance to carrot fly (Psila rosae)
Journal: Int Control of Insect Pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 169-172
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1116
Author: Pontin, A. J.
Year: 1958
Title: A preliminary note on the eating of aphids by ants of the genus Lasius (Hym., Formicidae)
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 94
Pages: 9-11
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, predation, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, calcareous grassland, Oxford, UK, Gramineae, list of aphids taken to nests of Lasius niger and Lasius fuliginosus, sycamore aphid seen to be attacked and carried off, trees, forests, ants removed aphids from trees, 25 aphids taken per branch per 15 minutes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1604
Author: Pontin, A. J.
Year: 1961
Title: The prey of Lasius niger and L. flavus
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 97
Pages: 135-136
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, very wide range of prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1613
Author: Pontin, A. J.
Year: 1961
Title: Population stabilization and competition between the ants Lasius flavus (F.) and L. niger (F.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 30
Pages: 47-54
Keywords: En.
UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1615
Author: Pontin, A. J.
Year: 1963
Title: Further considerations of competition and the ecology of the ants Lasius flavus (F.) and L. niger (F.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 32
Pages: 565-574
Keywords: En.
UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1901
Author: Poole, T. B.
Year: 1959
Title: Studies on the food of Collembola in a Douglas Fir plantation
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 132
Pages: 78-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., diet, trees, forest, conifers, claims that Isotoma viridis can be a predator, Collembola as predators, larger Collembola feed on soil fungi, smaller ones on humus and arthropod faeces, an I.viridis killed and ate an Isotoma notabilis in the lab, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Arthropleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 371
Author: Pope, R. D.
Year: 1977
Title: Brachyptery and wing polymorphism among the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Syst. Ent.
Volume: 2
Pages: 59-66
Keywords: En.
Beetles, ladybirds, structure, 100 species brachypterous


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5365
Author: Pope, T.; Croxson, E.; Pell, J.K.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Muller, C.B.
Year: 2002
Title: Apparent competition between two species of aphid via the fungal pathogen Erynia neoaphidis and its interaction with the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 196-203
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, interactions between natural enemies, community, references to increased production of alatae by aphid colonies attacked by natural enemies, indirect effects, semiochemicals, kairomones, biological control can depend on priority i.e. whether a fungus or parasitoid attacks first, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Vicia faba, Microlophium carnosum, Pisum sativum, plot experiments (2m x 2m) using potted plants placed out in grassland with nettle, bean and pea, complemented with laboratory experiments, no pathogen-mediated indirect interactions between pea and nettle aphid were detected, parasitoids attacked fungal-infected colonies less than healthy ones
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1716
Author: Popham, E. J.
Year: 1959
Title: The anatomy in relation to feeding habits of Forficula auricularia L. and other Dermaptera
Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Scoiety of London
Volume: 133
Pages: 251-300
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, earwigs, external morphology and function of muscles, chitinised structures, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1702
Author: Popov, C.; Gutenmaher, I.; Fabritius, K.; Petre, G.; Rosca, I.
Year: 1984
Title: Contributions to the study of the egg parasites of cereal bugs
Journal: Probleme de Protectia Plantelor
Volume: 12
Issue: 4)
Pages: 277-283
Keywords: Romanian, En.summ.
Gramineae, pests, Romania, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, Sunn Bug, Eurygaster spp., 3.2 to 102.5 eggs per sq m, mean 21, % parasitism 0-100%, mean 58%, 94% of parasitoids were the Scelionidae Telenomus chloropus, Hymenoptera, also present 2 other scelionids Trissolcus simoni and Trissolcus grandis, and an Encyrtidae Ooencyrtus telenomicida, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1942
Author: Popov, N. A.; Khudyakova, O. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Development of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae (Acarina, Tetranychidae) on various food plants
Journal: Acta Entomologica Fennica
Volume: 53
Pages: 43-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab, food plant affected fecundity, longevity, oviposition period, voracity and intrinsic rate of increase of P.persimilis, population dynamics, pests, Acari, spider mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, rearing, mass production, increase in predator population over 10 days was 28 times on soya, 20 times on rose, 16 times on chrysanthemum, 11 times on carnation, need to take this into account for biocontrol, protected crops, flowers, effects on P.persicae population dynamics due to quality of T.urticae on different host plants


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5280
Author: Poprawski, T.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Insect parasites and predators of Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) (Col., Scarabaeidae) in Quebec, Canada
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 117
Pages: 1-9
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, pests, natural enemies, community, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, adult June beetles defoliate trees and shrubs and white grubs damage lawns, pastures, strawberry, corn and potatoes, Gramineae, soft fruit, cereals, maize, 3-year life cycle, eggs, larvae and pupae were collected by hand, flying adults collected with fluorescent black light trap, rearing out and dissection to determine parasitoids, methods, in situ direct observation in field of predators consuming the pest, Diptera, Pyrgotidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, Hymenoptera, Pelecinidae, Tiphiidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae, ground beetles, tiger beetles, 19 carabid and cicindelid species ate grubs and teneral adults, species list, Agonum, Amara, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Calosoma, Chlaenius, Harpalus, Pterostichus, weevil larvae also ate the grubs, Curculionidae, wireworms were observed to kill white grubs, Elateridae, as did Philonthus fuscipennis, Philonthus cognatus, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, cannibalism was observed frequently and grubs of the scarabaeid Aphodius spp. also ate grubs of P. anxia, adult Tenebrio molitor ate white grubs, Tenebrionidae, Asilidae larvae ate white grubs, of 33468 P. anxia individuals examined 0.7% were parasitized and 297 were attacked by predators suggesting a low impact on the pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1257
Author: Port, C. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Timing of aphicides to control aphid vectors of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in winter barley
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology, Supplement, Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars
Volume: 102
Pages: 18-19
Keywords: En.
Rhopalosiphum padi, disease, UK, pesticides, insecticides, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, synthetic pyrethroids as soon as aphids detected gave best BYDV control, permethrin, demeton-S- methyl, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 868
Author: Port, C. M.; Port, G. R.
Year: 1986
Title: The biology and behaviour of slugs in relation to crop damage and control
Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Ed. by G.E. Russell, Intercept, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Volume: 1
Pages: 255- 299
Keywords: En.
Milax budapestensis, Arion hortensis, Deroceras reticulatum
Rep., systematics, taxonomy, habitat, homing to shelter sites, regulatory factors, life cycles of 3 species, reproduction, hermaphrodite, activity, circadian rhythm, effect of weather feeding range and preference, diet, Deroceras laeve ate eggs of mangold fly Pegomyia betae, predation, Diptera, cannibalism, allelochemicals, they avoid clover which is cyanogenic, crops at risk, potato and winter wheat, arable, cereals, Gramineae, vectors of fungi and bacteria, disease, damage estimates, 0.3-7m spuds 1985, 2.7m wheat, molluscicide usage, pesticides, effect of cultivation, direct drilling, wheat following oil seed rape very susceptible, control, population estimates, damage assessment, cultural control, crop residues, straw disposal, chemical control, mode of action, toxicity, factors affecting efficacy, costs, plot size in field experiments, methodology, timing, seed treatments, plant extracts, biological control, protozoa, sciomyzid flies, lampyrid beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, bacteria, microsporidia, future, low-light video monitoring, resistant varieties


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5487
Author: Port, G.R.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2000
Title: Success in biological control of terrestrial molluscs
Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Pages: 133-157
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., Mollusca, review, slugs and snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, classical biological control, undesirable side-effects on non-target species, Diptera, Sciomydidae, Sarcophagidae, pests, conservation biological control, Protozoa, Microsporidia, Microsporidium novocastriensis infects Deroceras reticulatum, Nematoda, entomopathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has a wide host range amongst slugs and some snails but not large hosts, parasitoids, commercial mass rearing in liquid culture, can be applied through conventional spray equipment, dose rates and timing, used in gardens, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, serological methods, scavenging, carrion feeding, community, oophagy, Staphylinus olens, Cychrus caraboides, Carabus violaceus, Scaphinotus, Procerus, anti-predator defences, mucus, autotomy, field trials, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, coupled relationship between slug and carabid populations   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3365
Author: Poser, T.
Year: 1988
Title: Chilopoden als Pradatoren in einem Laubwald
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 31
Issue: 3/4)
Pages: 261-281
Keywords: Ger., En. summ., Figs & Tables with En. trans.
Rep., Chilopoda as arthropod predators in a beech wood, Myriapoda, centipedes, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, trees, centipedes are the dominant predators in beech woods near Gottingen Germany, 10 species, energetics study on 8 species, prey determined by feeding experiments and gut dissection, Geophilus insculptus and Strigamia acuminata ate Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae and Diptera larvae, S.acuminata also ate Iulidae, earthworms, Annelida, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, millipedes, they could kill earthworms up to 8 cm long, prey size selection, Lithobiidae preferred Collembola and Diptera larvae and adults, cages and enclosures demonstrated high predation pressure by centipedes, they also ate woodlice, other centipedes, small Staphylinidae adults and staphylinid larvae, gut dissection showed Coccidae, Curculionidae adults and thrips also eaten, diet, food, predation, trophic behaviour, Isopoda, Coleoptera, Crustacea, rove beetles, Hemiptera, weevils, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5656
Author: Post, D.M.
Year: 2002
Title: Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods and assumptions
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(3)
Pages: 703-718
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, isotopic signature of a consumer cannot be interpreted without an isotopic baseline, snails reflect the baseline for the littoral web and mussels for the pelagic, Mollusca, Gastropoda, aquatic, data from 25 temperate lakes, methods for generating an isotopic baseline, evaluation of assumptions underlying estimation of trophic position, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5637
Author: Post, D.M.; Pace, M.L.; Hairston, N.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes
Journal: Nature
Volume: 405
Pages: 1047-1049
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., hypotheses that food-chain length is determined by productivity, by ecosystem size, or by a combination of productivity and ecosystem size, food chain length should increase with productivity but the authors found that it increased with ecosystem size and was unrelated to productivity, aquatic, methods, comparison of ecologically similar temperate lakes, stable isotopes used to estimate maximum trophic position (similar to mean food chain length - an attribute of an entire food web), delta 15N is enriched by 3.4% at each link up a food chain, delta 13C proportion is not affected by position in a trophic chain but varies with carbon sources (e.g. in this case littoral and pelagic), community, trophic webs, large lakes had a mean of 1.5 more trophic levels than small lakes, trophic omnivory may decline as lake size increases because habitat heterogeneity and prey refugia increase with lake size, habitat diversification, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1590
Author: Post, R. L.
Year: 1946
Title: Host and distribution notes on wheat stem sawfly
Journal: Bimonthly Bulletin N. Dak. agric. Exp. Sta.
Volume: 8
Pages: 29
Keywords: En.
USA, Hymenoptera, Cephus, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Symphyta


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4442
Author: Post, W. M.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1977
Title: Initial investigation into the structure of spider communities. 1. Competitive effects
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 46
Pages: 729-749
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, two old fields and an oak-chestnut forest, trees, woodland, grassland, Gramineae, quadrats, habitat removal and hand searching, methods, mathematical probabilities of encounters between individuals within and between species based on occurrence in the quadrats, species with a high probability of interspecific encounter might be subject to competitive interactions, analyses at species level and guild level (but basically taxonomic division into guilds), community, competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1661
Author: Poston, F. L.; Pedigo, L. P.
Year: 1975
Title: Migration of plant bugs and the potato leafhopper in a soybean - alfalfa complex
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 8-10
Keywords: En.
Heteroptera, pests, arable, Legumiosae, Hemiptera, migration of pests from cut alfalfa to soybean, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 263
Author: Pototskaya, V. A.
Year: 1966
Title: Les larves de la tribu Philonthini (Staphylinidae)
Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.
Volume: 3
Pages: 141-161
Keywords: Fr.
Philonthus fuscipennis, Philonthus laminatus, Philonthus varius, Philonthus varians
Rep, structure, systematics, larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2826
Author: Potts, G. R.
Year: 1977
Title: Some apects of increasing the monoculture of cereals
Journal: In " Origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems", Ed. by J.M. Cherrett and G.R. Sagar, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 183-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, agricultural statistics, partridge, Aves, Vertebrata, pesticides, herbicides, weeds, disease, insecticides, aphicides, fungicides, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, monitoring, Dvac, gut dissection, % eating aphids, diet, food, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, earwigs, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Demetrias atricapillus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Agonum dorsale, sawflies in water troughs, Hymenoptera, Dolerus, Symphyta, Tachyporus decline and herbicides, Table of occurrence of different polyphagous predators in other crops, pasture, grasses, root crops, Leguminosae, brassicas, lettuce, strawberries, arable, field vegetables, hops, apples, top fruit, soft fruit, Syrphidae, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1215
Author: Potts, G. R.
Year: 1984
Title: Monitoring changes in the cereal ecosystem
Journal: Proceedings of the NERC/ITE Symposium 13, Agriculture and the Environment, Ed. by D. Jenkins, Monkswood Experimental Station, UK
Pages: 128-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, agricultural statistics, world wheat acreage is 20 times size of British Isles, 700 species of dicotyledonous weeds in European arable crops, in Sussex 7.5 dicots per field unsprayed, 1.9 with herbicides, 45 dicot species in Sussex cereals, black bindweed seeds an important adult partridge food up to 1968 then herbicides caused decline of weed but birds ate cereal grain instead, Aves, vertebrates, pesticides, chicks eat plant bugs, leafhoppers, caterpillars, weevils, leaf beetles, ants, Miridae, Hemiptera, sawflies, Symphyta, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Gastrophysa, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, chick survival related to insect density, herbicides reduce insects by 50% by direct and indirect means, foliar fungicides reduce Tachyporus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, mortality, herbicide use likely to be main cause of partridge decline, unsprayed strips near headland increases chick survival, methods, habitat manipulation, of 104 insect species 50% declined and 4% increased 1970-80, density of 5 species of Tachyporus reduced by over 95% as the foliar fungicides were introduced in the Sussex study area


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1214
Author: Potts, G. R.
Year: 1985
Title: Herbicides and the decline of the partridge: an international perspective
Journal: BCPC Conference
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., Aves, birds, vertebrates, pesticides, Perdix perdix gets most of its food in cereals, Gramineae, partridge in 31 countries, declines wherever monitored, chick survival related to insect food, correlations, manipulations, feeding trials, decline in Britain since 1952 is 72%, world decline 1952-84 is 75%, decline in East Europe same as in UK 1952-85


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2827
Author: Potts, G. R.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1974
Title: Studies on the cereal ecosystem
Journal: Advances in Ecological Research
Volume: 8
Pages: 107-197
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, community, agricultural statistics, hedge removal, weeds, diseases, cereal varieties, faunal diversity of downland grassland, spring barley, winter barley, undersowing, Hemiptera, farming practices, Diptera, aphids, pests, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Thysanoptera, thrips, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, partridges, Aves, birds, Vertebrata, sawflies, Dolerus, Symphyta, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, Araneae, spiders, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, earwigs, Psocoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Lepidoptera, Collembola, Acari, rate of aphid increase in relation to faunal diversity, predatory Diptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, Tachyporus Atheta and Oxytelus were dominant staphylinids, Tachyporus hypnorum ate Sminthurus viridis in the lab, food diet, Sminthuridae, monitoring, Dvac, sweeping, emergence traps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1255
Author: Potts, G. R.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1975
Title: Arable ecosystems and the use of agrochemicals
Journal: The Ecology of Resource Degradation and Renewal, Ed. by M.J. Chadwick and G.T. Goodman, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
Pages: 17-29
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK cereals, Gramineae, partridge, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, agricultural statistics, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, trends in usage, faunal diversity and aphid outbreaks, Syrphidae, Diptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, shags


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1594
Author: Poulin, G.; O'Neil, L. C.
Year: 1969
Title: Observations on the predators of the black slug, Arion ater
Journal: Phytoprotection
Volume: 50
Pages: 1-6
Keywords: En.
Rep., Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2961
Author: Powell, D.
Year: 1993
Title: Some 'uncommon' spiders found in fields of winter wheat
Journal: Newsl. Br. arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 68
Pages: 2-3
Keywords: En.
Rep., 1985-92, pitfalls, UK, cereals, Araneae, Linyphiidae, systematics, taxonomy, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species composition, 200,000 spiders caught, examples of new species, Centromerus new to science, Thanatus vulgaris new to Britain, Thomisidae, very rare Pseudomaro aenigmaticus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2481
Author: Powell, D. F.; Ashby, J. E.; Wright, A. F.
Year: 1988
Title: The response of non-target predatory arthropods to deltamethrin applied to winter wheat on two alternative dates in autumn
Journal: Aspects of Apllied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 235-236
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3708
Author: Powell, K. S.; Gatehouse, A. M. R.; Hilder, V. A.; Gatehouse, J. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of two important rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 66
Pages: 119-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, artificial diets, methods, rearing, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 965
Author: Powell, W.
Year: 1980
Title: Toxares deltiger (Haliday)(Hymenoptera:Aphidiidae) parasitising the cereal aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker)(Hemiptera, Aphididae), in Southern England: a new host-parasitoid record
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 70
Pages: 407-409
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, 67% of mummies from Metopolophium dirhodum at Rothamsted in 1979 in wheat were T.deltiger, but T.deltiger were only 1% of mummies found on the plant, in the lab T.deltiger mummies were nearly all on the floor of the cage rather than on leaves and it seems that parasitized aphids leave the plant prior to mummy formation, vertical stratification, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, NB the parasitized aphids would move into the area inhabited by ground based predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 952
Author: Powell, W.
Year: 1982
Title: The identification of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking cereal aphids in Britain
Journal: Systematic Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 465-473
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, taxonomy, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4125
Author: Powell, W.
Year: 1983
Title: The role of parasitoids in limiting cereal aphid populations
Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists", Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Pages: 50-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, UK, in England cereal aphids are attacked by at least 7 primary parasitoids, these together with 5 additional hyperparasitoids can be present in the same field in the same season, aphids overwintering anholocyclically on cereals may be a reservoir of parasitoids, community, species richness, species composition, Metopolophium festucae and Aphidius uzbekistanicus were released in spring onto ryegrass undersown in winter wheat, farming practices, methods, summer populations of Sitobion avenae were lowest in these undersown plots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4092
Author: Powell, W.
Year: 1986
Title: Enhancing parasitoid activity in crops
Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London
Pages: 319-340
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, biological control, habitat manipulation, provision of alternative hosts, pollen, nectar, refugia and small populations of pests, alternative hosts can improve synchrony of parasitoid and host, improve parasitoid distribution, and reduce intraspecific competition by parasitoids, examples given, population dynamics, dispersal, migration, movement, but the parasitoid individual must be able to host switch, Aphidius ervi reared on Acyrthosiphon pisum responded to odours from A.pisum but not from Microlophium carnosum, the reverse for A.ervi reared on M.carnosum, there may be 2 or more biotypes, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, nettles, weeds, foraging behaviour, olfactory cues, placing of alternative food sources should take account of dispersal capacity, eg Lixophaga sphenophori, a Diptera parasitoid of sugarcane weevil, has a range up to 60 m to search for nectar sources at field margins, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, arable, use of weeds in and crops, habitat diversity, methods, vegetation diversity, farming practices, polycultures, mixed cropping, intercropping, strip cutting, strip harvesting, retaining apple cuttings to conserve diapausing Aphelinus mali, windbreaks to protect parasitoids and increase their activity, trees, woodland, forest, top fruit, orchards, semi-resistant varieties to enhance parasitoid impact, plant resistance, semiochemicals, kairomones from host and synomones from host's food plant, spray of moth scales to cotton improved host-finding and % parasitism of Heliothis zea eggs by Trichogramma evanescens, long- range kairomones of parasitoids are often sex pheromones of the host, eg citrus red scale, Nezara viridula and H. zea, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Coccidae, Heteroptera, parasitoids often respond to volatiles from the host's food plant, sex pheromones of parasitoids could be useful for monitoring their populations, sex pheromones have been demonstrated in some cereal aphid parasitoids, before attempting to enhance parasitoids it is important to take account of the way parasitoids interact with other natural enemies of the target host


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3441
Author: Powell, W.; Ashby, J.; Wright, A. F.
Year: 1987
Title: Encouraging polyphagous predators
Journal: Rothamsted Experimental Station, Report for 1986
Pages: 90
Keywords: En.
Rep., many beetle species including Carabidae ate aphid mummies in the lab, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, scavenging, predation on moribund prey, trophic behaviour, parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2825
Author: Powell, W.; Bardner, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Effects of polyethylene barriers on the numbers of epigeal predators caught in pitfall traps in plots of winter wheat with and without soil-surface treatments of fonofos
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1985/VIII/3
Pages: 136-138
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, barriers had no effect on numbers of Staphylinidae caught in pitfalls including Tachyporus hypnorum and Tachyporus spp. probably because they are active fliers, rove beetles, Coleoptera, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, spider reduction by fonofos greater inside barriers, Araneae, same for Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius could not disperse out of barriers and more caught than in open field, yields higher with fonofos for unknown reason, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus madidus, Trechus quadristriatus, Aleocharinae, Oxytelus, Philonthus cognatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2824
Author: Powell, W.; Bardner, R.; Bater, J.; Decker, Modlen; Zhang, Zhili
Year: 1983
Title: Encouragement of aphid predators
Journal: Rothamsted Report for 1983
Volume: 1
Pages: 94
Keywords: En.
Rep., winter wheat, UK, Gramineae, undersown ryegrass, farming operations, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, more Staphylinidae adults and staphylinid and Carabidae larvae and fewer aphids in undersown cf control, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Hemiptera, pests, more staphylinids in sewage cake plots than inorganic fertilizer, manure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1279
Author: Powell, W.; Dean, G. J.; Bardner, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Effects of pirmicarb, dimethoate and benomyl on natural enemies of cereal aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 106
Pages: 235-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, UK, polyphagous predators, biological control, benomyl had no effect, pirimicarb and dimethoate reduced Carabidae, Staphylinidae and spiders and parasitoids, adults and larvae, Coleoptera, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polythene barriered plots, Hymenoptera, benomyl now outclassed, pitfalls with methanol, Dvac, in situ tiller counts, parasitoids also reduced by pirimicarb, references to reduced dose pirimicarb applications, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1466
Author: Powell, W.; Dean, G. J.; Dewar, A.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1981
Title: Towards integrated control of cereal aphids
Journal: Proceedings of the British Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases
Pages: 201-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, IPM, pirimicarb and dimethoate, pesticides, carbamates, insecticides, organophosphorus, parasitoids, effect of weed removal on polyphagous predators, herbicides, naturanemies, Entomophthoraora on aphids greater in weedy plots, overwintering Sitobion avenae had high % parasitism, aphids and parasitoids increased earlier on early-sown crops, Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae and parasitoids significantly reduced by dimethoate, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, pitfalls, more Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus in clean plots but more Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale, Amara spp., in weedy, more Philonthus cognatus, Tachinus signatus, Aleocharinae in weedy, but Tachyporus seemed unaffected


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2630
Author: Powell, W.; Dean, G. J.; Wilding, N.
Year: 1986
Title: The influence of weeds on aphid-specific natural enemies in winter wheat
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 5
Issue: 3)
Pages: 182-189
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 966
Author: Powell, W.; Dewar, A. M.; Wilding, N.; Dean, G. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Manipulation of cereal aphid natural enemies
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 780
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, Sitobion avenae parasitism up to 35% in spring after mild winter, ryegrass strips, undersowing, methods, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, parasitised Metopolophium festucae introduced into field, more parasitoids and fewer aphids in undersown, synchronous aphid peaks in all plots, more Staphylinidae and beetle larvae in undersown, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, more spiders in Dvac in undersown, Araneae, ryegrass strips had same insect populations as controls, natural enemies, habitat manipulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3036
Author: Powell, W.; Hawthorne, A.; Hemptinne, J. L.; Holopainen, J. K. Den Nijs L. J. F. M. Riedel W.; Ruggle, P.
Year: 1995
Title: Within-field spatial heterogeneity of arthropod predators and parasitoids
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 235-242
Keywords: En.
Rep. draft, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, inter-trap variability in pitfall catch can be due to weeds, ants, soil type, pH of topsoil, methods, mini-review, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, knowledge of factors affecting within field heterogeneity important for IPM where natural enemies are to be manipulated, methods of investigation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 967
Author: Powell, W.; the late, G. J. Dean; Dewar, A.
Year: 1985
Title: The influence of weeds on polyphagous arthropod predators in winter wheat
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 298-312
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, various herbicide regimes compared, pesticides, susceptible and resistant varieties, pitfalls, Dvac, Chickweed and Scentless Mayweed dominant, Pterostichus melanarius dominant, Tachyporus hypnorum, Philonthus cognatus, Tachinus signatus, Oxytelus, Aleocharinae common, more Pterostichus in weed free, Pterostichus madidus, more Amara, Loricera pilicornis, P.cognatus in weedy, more larvae in weedy, very few aphids and not different in weedy cf weed free, more aphids in Huntsman than Kador, more alatae on Huntsman than Kador in May-June, yield reduced by weeds, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5814
Author: Powell, W.; Walters, K.; A'Hara, S.A.; Ashby, J.; Stevenson, H.; Northing, P.
Year: 2003
Title: Using field margin diversification in agri-environment schemes to enhance aphid natural enemies
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 123-128
Alternate Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Keywords: Rep., UK, winter cereals, Gramineae, fields had a flower-rich border and a grassy border, aphids counted in situ at various distances into the crop, pests, Hemiptera, methods, 3D farming, parasitoids collected in Vortis sampler, natural enemies, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, water traps for adult hoverflies, pitfall traps, formulated polymer strips releasing aphid sex pheromone (nepetalactone) were placed in the grassy edge in autumn and in the field in spring to attract aphid parasitoids, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, semiochemicals, aggregation, attraction, Hymenoptera, biological control, high parasitoid to aphid ratio in spring 2000 but not in spring 2001 (perhaps due to cold wet weather), an effect of pheromone was not detected due to low overall aphid numbers, some evidence that the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes appears to be attracted to the aphid pheromone lures, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, foraging behaviour,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4475
Author: Powell, W.; Walton, M. P.
Year: 1989
Title: The use of electrophoresis in the study of hymenopteran parasitoids of agricultural pests
Journal: In "Electrophoretic Studies on Agricultural Pests", Ed. By H.D. Loxdale and J. den Hollander, Systematics Association Special Volume No. 39, Clarendon Press, Oxford
Volume: 39
Pages: 443-465
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, advantages and disadvantages of host dissection, rearing out, mummy counts, electrophoresis used to detect parasitoids in aphids, Lepidoptera larvae and whitefly, enzyme systems available, use in recognising sibling species and biotypes, measuring genetic drift in mass-reared parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4053
Author: Powell, W.; Walton, M. P.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Populations and communities
Journal: In "Insect Natural Enemies" Ed. by M. Jervis and N. Kidd, Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Pages: 223-292
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, field sampling methods, pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dvac was 90% efficient for sampling adult parasitoids from winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, sweep nets, for parasitoids sweep net technique can account for a 20 fold difference in catch size, malaise traps, chemical knock- down, beating tray, visual counting, census walk method, foraging parasitoids on brassicas counted 5 m without disturbance away using binoculars, extraction methods, attraction traps, water traps, light traps, blacklight traps, McPhail trap using protein hydrolysate attractant, pheromone traps, bait traps using hosts or prey as lures, keys to identification of parasitoid larvae, mark release recapture, MRR, marking techniques, labelling with trace elements, studying movement, directional window traps, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, movement, distribution, sticky traps, malaise traps, radioactive labelled predators, harmonic radar tracking, fluorescent dust, determining trophic relationships, diet, food, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, biological control, direct in situ visual field observations of foraging, continuous observation of individuals, transect walks, Opiliones and Collembola are sensitive to red light, harvestmen, Phalangida, time-lapse video, artificial augmentation of prey density to observe predation, prey enhancement, prey removal from nests and webs, prey preference in lab, prey selection, rearing parasitoids from hosts, feacal analysis, faeces, gut dissection, serology, ELISA, antibody techniques, monoclonal antibodies against parasitoids, post-mortem indirect methods, biochemical techniques, radiotracers, rare elements and dyes as labels, electrophoresis in taxonomic and trophic studies, genetic variability in field populations, biotypes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3371
Author: Powell, W.; Wilding, N.; Brobyn, P. J.; Clark, S. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Interference between parasitoids [Hym.: Aphidiidae] and fungi [Entomophthorales] attacking cereal aphids
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 31
Issue: 3)
Pages: 293-302
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, Erynia neoaphidis took 3-4 days to kill Metopolophium dirhodum at 20C but Aphidius rhopalosiphi took 8-9 days, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, if aphids infected by fungus less than 4 days after parasitism the parasitoids did not complete development, but if infection was more than 4 days after parasitism fungal development was impaired, such interactions should be taken into account when estimating the impact of these natural enemies on pest populations, methods, negative relationships between attack rates of parasitoids and entomogenous fungi also noted in the literature for alfalfa weevil Hypera postica and diamond-back moth Plutella xylostella, joint attacks recorded for pea aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, weevils, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis maculata, there was a suggestion in the data that the parasitoid predisposed M.dirhodum to infection by the fungus, evidence for similar phenomenon in Heliothis zea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1281
Author: Powell, W.; Wilding, N.; Dewar, A.; Dean, G.; Bardner, R. Edwards C.; Fletcher, K.
Year: 1981
Title: Herbicides and natural enemies
Journal: Rothamsted Report for 1981
Volume: Part 1
Pages: 100
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, plant resistance, Kador, Huntsman, cereals, Gramineae, UK, varieties, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, winter wheat, autumn spring and both herbicide treatments, dense weed cover in untreated, more Sitobion avenae on Huntsman than Kador in both sprayed and unsprayed, plant resistance, pitfalls, spiders same in all treatments, more Philonthus cognatus in weedy, more Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale, Amara spp. in weedy but more Pterostichus melanarius, and Pterostichus madidus in bare, more aphid-specific predators in clean, greater % fungal pathogens on S. avenae in weedy, higher humidity, spread from weed aphids, Brachycaudus helichrysi and Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, Entomopthora, disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 968
Author: Powell, W.; Zhang, Z. L.
Year: 1983
Title: The reaction of two cereal aphid parasitoids Aphidius uzbekistanicus and A.ervi to host aphids and their food plants
Journal: Physiological Entomology
Volume: 8
Pages: 439-443
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Aphidius ervi, behaviour, natural enemies, biological control, y- tube olfactometer reactions to aphid and host plant odours, male and female reacted to plant, A.uzbekistanicus reacted to Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum, A.ervi responded to M.dirhodum, and Acyrthosiphon pisum, female A.uzbekistanicus responded only to wheat leaves but males responded to bean and nettle too, male and female A.ervi responded to wheat and bean, preference, A.ervi did not respond to nettle or aphids (but it attacks nettle aphids in field), might be races, use of alternative hosts for A.ervi in IPM, Cameron & Powell failed to get it to switch from pea to nettle aphid although it is found on both, males of both species responded to females, sex pheromones, references to similar results for D. rapae - Brevicoryne brassicae and L. testaceipes and Schzaphis graminum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4532
Author: Power, M.E.  ; Mills, L.S.
Year: 1995
Title: The keystone cops meet in Hilo
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 10
Pages: 182-184
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., Hilo Hawaii was venue for workshop on keystone species in 1994. Paine's keystone species mediated indirect effects in the community. To identify keystone species there is a need for experiments that estimate the collective trophic impact of all consumers and the isolated impacts of single species. Keystone species have significant effects that exceed their proportional abundance. Trees, giant kelp, prairie grasses and reef-building corals dominate community biomass and have large community impacts, but not disproportionally to their biomass. Keystone species (such as seastar, sea otter, Concholepas snail and sea bass) do have disproportionately large impacts on their communities in relation to their biomass. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2705
Author: Praet, H. van; Kindt, C.
Year: 1979
Title: Influence de la temperature sur le developpement embryonnaire d'Erigone atra (Blackwall) et d'Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall) (Araneida: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Biol Jb Dodonaea
Volume: 47
Pages: 107-116
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5329
Author: Prasifka, J.R.; Heinz, K.M.; SAnsone, C.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Field testing rubidium marking for quantifying intercrop movement of predatory arthropods
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(4)
Pages: 711-719
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foliar solutions applied to field plots of cotton and grain sorghum, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trace elements, marking methods, predators collected by aspirator at 2 to 6 days after spraying and rubidium content measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, pooter, 8 predator taxa were marked successfully, Hippodamia convergens, Orius tristicolor, Orius insidiosus, Scymnus loewii, Geocoris spp., Notoxus spp., Nabis spp., Collops spp., various spiders, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Geocoridae, Araneae, results showed evidence of movement from one crop to another, recapture rates were three to four times higher than for the use of fluorescent dust markers in a comparable system
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4625
Author: Prasifka, J.R.; Krauter, P.C.; Heinz, K.M.; Sansone, C.G.; Minzenmayer, R.R.
Year: 1999
Title: Predator conservation in cotton: using grain sorghum as a source for insect predators
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16
Pages: 223-229
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., cotton and sorghum have similar predatory fauna and are grown over a similar geographical range. Predators were collected by beating then marked with fluorescent dust in Texas USA. Predators were marked in sorghum then collected the next day in an adjacent cotton field. Predators were examined under the microscope for dust particles. Hippodamia convergens, spiders and Orius were the dominant predators. There were also some Scymnus, Collops, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Geocoris, Reduviidae, Nabidae. Spiders were dominated by Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae. In 1997 most predator movement into cotton was during the hard-dough stage of sorghum and was 16/24 Orius. In 1998 22 marked predators moved from sorghum to cotton and 11 went in the opposite direction. Most moved at the sorghum soft-dough stage. Predators moving in 1998 were mainly H. convergens, Orius and spiders. It seems that the dominant species dispersing and the timing can vary between years. The net results show that cotton gained twice as many predators as it lost. Mean dispersal rates were 22-32 m per day. These dispersal rates suggest that there is no need for labour-intensive strip cropping. Predator movement was negatively related to aphid density and positively to air temperature. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, dispersal, migration, distribution, marking methods, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Araneae, crop growth  stage, landscape diversification, spatio-temporal crop mosaics, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5663
Author: Preap, V.; Zalucki, M.P.; Jahn, G.C.; Nesbitt, H.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Effectiveness of Brown Planthopper predators: population suppression by two species of spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae, Lycosidae) and Araneus inustus (Araneae, Araneidae)
Journal: Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
Volume: 4(2)
Pages: 187-193
Alternate Journal: Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, spiders are dominant predators in Cambodia rice, cereals, Gramineae, methods, field cages, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Nilaparvata lugens, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, more BPH but not natural enemies in highly fertilised plots, fertiliser, 12 species of natural enemy, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederus fuscipes, ground beetles, Carabidae, Ophionea ishii, Heteroptera, Miridae, predatory bugs, Cyrtorhynus lividipennis, dragonflies, Odonata, Coenagrionidae, Agriocnemis, parasitoids, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, Hymenoptera, Strepsiptera, Elenchidae, community, species composition, species list, predators were more abundant than parasitoids, both spider species killed about 75% of their prey in three days, all prey killed within 15 days, less impact of spiders on BPH in open field (cages removed after BPH established),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3020
Author: Preer, J. R.
Year: 1956
Title: A quantitative study of a technique of double diffusion in agar
Journal: Journal of Immunology
Volume: 77
Pages: 52-60
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, band position related to antigen and antibody concentration, diffusion coefficients and agar length and time


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2591
Author: Preiszner, J.; Karsai, I.
Title: Diel activity patterns of ground beetles on a sandy grassland
Journal: Ecm
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2592
Author: Preiszner, J.; Karsai, I.
Year: 1988
Title: Carabid fauna of a sandy grassland
Journal: Acta Biol. Szeged
Volume: 34
Pages: 107-111
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4115
Author: Press, J.; Flaherty, R.; Arbogast, R.
Year: 1974
Title: Interactions among Plodia interpunctella, Bracon hebetor and Xylocoris flavipes
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 183-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators of parasitoids, Braconidae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, B.hebetor parasitises larvae of stored product moths such as Galleria and Ephestia, the bug X.flavipes suppressed 4 species of stored product Coleoptera in the lab and it can be reared on eggs and larvae of P.interpunctella, culturing, in lab experiments B.hebetor was more effective than X.flavipes in suppressing P.interpunctella, B.hebetor plus X.flavipes was better than X.flavipes alone but not as good as B.hebetor alone, this result was because X.flavipes killed not only P.interpunctella but also B.hebetor larvae, Plodia was reduced 74% over 4 weeks by B.hebetor but by only 53% when X.flavipes was also present, intraguild predation, interspecific competition, interference competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4592
Author: Press, J.W.
Year: 1989
Title: Compatibility of Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) for suppression of the almond moth Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 24
Pages: 156-160
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, eggs, parasitoids, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, pest was suppressed better by a combination of both natural enemies than by either alone. Stored product pests, USA, natural enemy interactions, predators of parasitoids, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2095
Author: Prestwich, K. N.
Year: 1977
Title: The energetics of web-building in spiders
Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
Volume: 57
Pages: 321-326
Keywords: En.
Sosippus junus, Araneus diadematus
Rep., predators, Araneae, sheet web building wolf spider, Lycosidae, cost of building is 18% of total web cost, the rest is silk, similar in an orb weaver, Araneidae, Argiopidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3382
Author: Price, J. F.; Shepard, M.
Year: 1978
Title: Calosoma sayi and Labidura riparia predation on noctuid prey in soybeans and locomotor activity
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 653-656
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab feeding rates on Anticarsia gemmatilis larvae and pupae, velvetbean caterpillar, and on soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens, Lepidoptera, pests, Noctuidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, C.sayi adults observed in the field feeding on noctuid larvae and pupae both in the canopy and on the ground, but larvae ate them mainly on the ground, adults are crepuscular, larvae diurnal, vertical distribution, diel activity cycles, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, vertical stratification, earwigs searched soil and canopy at night, behaviour, Dermaptera, both species take progressively more prey items as they become available


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4122
Author: Price, P. W.
Year: 1970
Title: Trail odours: recognition by insects parasitic in cocoons
Journal: Science
Volume: 170
Pages: 546-547
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, interspecific competition, parasitoids such as Trichogramma evanescens mark host eggs with odour, the Ichneumonidae Pleolophus basizonus mark areas they have searched and can detect their own odour, females could detect the odour 4.5 h after another female had been present, Hymenoptera, 4 coexisting species of Ichneumonidae attacking the same host species were tested and there was found to be conspecific, congeneric and intergeneric recognition of odour trails, olfactory cues, chemical marks, the odour acts as an irritant and causes increased movement of the parasitoid, the maximum level of abundance of such parasitoids in a habitat might be deterimined not by host density but by concentration of trail odour, so although the efficiency of individual parasitoids is increased, mortality to the host population is decreased


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4114
Author: Price, P. W.
Year: 1973
Title: Parasitoid strategies and community organisation
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 623-626
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, species richness increases with plant succession, early colonisers are r-strategists with high fecundity and low competitive ability, later colonisers are K-strategists with low fecundity and high competitive ability, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, sawfly Neodiprion swainei on Jack Pine is attacked by 19 species of parasitoid, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, conifer trees, forest, woodland, pests, biological control, Jack Pine recolonises burnt areas, some parasitoids attack sawfly cocoons which overwinter on the ground, vertical distribution, larval parasitoids tend to have high fecundity and pupal parasitoids lower fecundity, reproduction, more hyperparasitoids are associated with sawfly pupae than with larvae, Force (1972) studying parasitoids of gall midge on coyote brush also found r-strategists early in succession and K-strategists later, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3995
Author: Price, P. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Evolution of parasitoid communities
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 472-491
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, grasses and herbs are associated with parasitoid species richness of c. 4.7 species per host, shrubs 6.1 and trees 7.8, community succession, diversity, Gramineae, woodland forest, endoparasitoids usually need some means of host immunosuppression but ectoparasitoids do not, physiology, high parasitoid species richness on leafminers, lowest on root feeders, intermediate on externally-feeding herbivores, trophic niche, also much variability in parasitoid species richness related to plant mechanical and chemical defence, structure, host sequester plant toxins such as alkaloids, glycosides, glucosinolates, cyanogenic compounds and canaverine, secondary plant metabolites, plants with a wide geographical range are more likely to have species rich parasitoid communities on their herbivores, tritrophic interactions, mean parasitoid species richness per host is 2.6 for Hemiptera, 7 for Hymenoptera, 9.4 for Lepidoptera, 4.6 for Coleoptera, taxonomic groups, "parasitoid lineages seem to track host lineages through evolutionary time", "depauperate parasitoid faunas are not easily enriched", early successions are characterised by low parasitoid diversity, low parasitoid-induced mortality of hosts, ineffective host regulation and high host specificity, late successional stages have high diversity of polyphagous parasitoids with high impact on hosts, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2637
Author: Price, P. W.; Bouton, C. E.; Gross, P.; McPheron, B. A. Thompson J. N.; Weis, A. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies
Journal: Ann Rev Ecol Syst
Volume: 11
Pages: 41-65
Keywords: TP, review, parasitoids, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, behaviour, attraction, pests, biological control, arable, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, host plant resistance, apparency, feeding position, refuges from natural enemies, foraging, predation, plant structure, populations, communities


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1283
Author: Proctor, J. H.; Baranyovits, F. L.
Year: 1969
Title: Pirimicarb: a new, specific aphicide for use in integrated control programmes
Journal: Proceedings of the 5th Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, 1969
Volume: 2
Pages: 546-549
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, carbamates, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, IPM, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5012
Author: Prokopy, R.J.; Christie, M. 
Year: 1992
Title: Studies on releases of mass-reared organophosphate resistant Amblyseius fallacis (Garm.) predatory mites in Massachusetts commercial apple orchards
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 114
Pages: 131-137
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Phytoseiidae, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, top fruit, trees, USA, augmentative biological control, inundative releases, pesticides, insecticides, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, release rates of 500 - 1500 mites per 4 trees, experiments carried out in three years but the pest was not reduced by released mites
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4495
Author: Proost, J.; Matteson, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Integrated farming in the Netherlands: flirtation or solid change ?
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 26
Issue: 2)
Pages: 87-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural statistics, Holland, integrated farming systems, in changing to IFS farmers must consider not just individual crops but the agroecosystem as a whole, including the ecological impact of farming practices, Dutch government has financed IFS research since 1979, technology transfer of IFS research includes evaluation of IFS methods in five regions, farmer study groups, training courses and a handbook, there are now 500 IFS pilot farms, motivation of farmers to use IFS can be slightly higher prices for environmentally friendly produce (but not as great a premium as for organic produce) and enhancing the market position of Dutch produce by environmental labels (such as the butterfly symbol), increasing farmer participation in environmental marketing and labelling programmes that continually raise their standards should promote a long-term shift towards IFS, by 1995 pesticide use was reduced by 41% below that of 1984-88


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2217
Author: Provencher, L.; Coderre, D.
Year: 1987
Title: Functional responses and switching of Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and Clubiona pikei Gertsh (Araneae: Clubionidae ) for the aphids Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1305-1309
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, laboratory experiments, behaviour, predation, both species consumed more maidis than padi whatever the ratios, the responses were complex.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4399
Author: Provencher, L.; Coderre, D.
Year: 1987
Title: Functional responses and switching of Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz (Aranaea: Tetragnathidae) and Clubiona pikei (Araneae: Clubionidae) for the aphids Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)(Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 1305-1309
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cereal aphids, both spiders ate proportionately more maidis than padi whatever the aphid ratio, perhaps because maidis moved about more, mobility, dispersal, migration, prey selection, prey preference, complex functional responses are possible with spiders i.e. a mixture of Type 2 and Type 3, depending on prey density range and hunger level, these two spider species are common in S. Quebec corn crops, maize, Canada, experiments in growth chambers at 22C, in glass jars or Petri dishes sometimes with a piece of corn leaf, at night in red light C. pikei in the jars was observed attacking many aphids successfully before consuming any, wasteful killing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3292
Author: Provencher, L.; Coderre, D.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Spiders (Araneae) in corn fields in Quebec
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 120
Issue: 2)
Pages: 97-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, July to September 1985, 12 species, species composition, Tetragnatha laboriosa was dominant, visula observations and counting, including with torch at night, sticky traps wrapped around maize stalks to catch climbing spiders, methods, Clubiona, Philodromus, Agelenopsis potteri was common on the ground, web builders usually found under the ear, vertical distribution of hunting spiders was more even, crop more humid lower down, but little litter, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, cereals, vertical stratification, microclimate, moisture, behaviour, Tetragnathidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2649
Author: Provencher, L.; Riechert, S. E.
Title: Spider response to varying patterns of prey abundances: tests for switching and forecasting behaviors
Journal: Preprint
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4397
Author: Provencher, L.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Model and field test of prey control effects by spider assemblages
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, computer simulations and field experiment, methods, does a spider assemblage cause more prey mortality than a single species ?, biodiversity, species, richness, quotes Murdoch et al. (1985) that successful biocontrol programmes are more likely to involve generalist than specialist predators, the main factors likely to be involved in assemblage effects are numbers of species of predator and prey, variation in their body sizes within and between species, and variation in foraging behaviour and life history,individual-based model for spiders (prey were not modelled as individuals), trophic behaviour, population dynamics, increasing the number of spider species and the variability of prey body sizes contributed significantly to greater prey limitation and spider survival, field experiment was in a mowed clover-fescue pasture in USA, netting enclosures, wooden frame, mowed pasture and wood mulch below, enclosures with variable number of chambers, spiders and prey added, varied number of chambers, number of spider species, number of prey species, Lycosa rabida, Agelenopsis kastoni, Trochosa pratensis, with crickets, grasshoppers and katydids as prey, in the field experiments lower prey biomass resulted from greater spider species richness, Lycosidae, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4276
Author: Provencher, L.; Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1995
Title: Theoretical comparisons of individual success between phenotypically pure and mixed generalist predator populations
Journal: Ecological Modelling
Volume: 82
Issue: 2)
Pages: 175-191
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, individual-based simulations, in mixed phenotype simulations prey selection strategy had a large effect on predator success but aggressiveness did not, predation results from pure phenotype simulations were not the same as for mixed phenotype simulations, mixed phenotype means populations with spiders showing a range of prey selection and aggression behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4411
Author: Provencher, L.; Vickery, W.
Year: 1988
Title: Territoriality, vegetation complexity and biological control: the case for spiders
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 132
Pages: 257-266
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predator, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, model to relate starvation probability to the energy costs and benefits of feeding and defending the territory from conspecifics, survival increased with increasing food abundance and decreasing defence costs, when food is absent or scarce the spider should abandon the site, in spite of increased risk, and become a floater, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3051
Author: Pruess, K. P.; Lal Saxena, K. M.; Koinzan, S.
Year: 1977
Title: Quantitative estimation of alfalfa insect populations by removal sweeping
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 6
Issue: 5)
Pages: 705-708
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, removal trapping ie estimation of a population from the redduction in catch in successive samples taken from the same area, Dvac, removal sweeping, 20 sets of 50 sweeps from 75 m2, with Dvac longer suction times did not yield more insects, higher Dvac densities were obtained by pooled separate sucks than by vacuuming within a plot of the same combined area, they assumed insects were sucked in from the surroundings while the collecting head was being lowered, they describe a mathematical conversion to correct for this effect of sucking in from the sides, cf Summers et al 1944 used a 60 cm high cylinder instead, removal sweeping gave good density estimates for Lygus lineolaris, Adelphocoris lineolatus, Empoasca fabae, Nabis, grasshoppers, and Hippodamia convergens larvae but not for H.convergens adults, Orius insidiosus, Hypera postica or Aphidius spp., Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, Nabidae, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Anthocoridae, weevils, Curculionidae, parasitoids, Leguminosae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 422
Author: Pruszynski, S.; Lipa, J. J.
Year: 1971
Title: The occurrence of predatory Coccinellidae on alfalfa crops
Journal: Ekologia Polska.
Volume: 19
Issue: 26)
Pages: 365-386
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, arable, community, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1119
Author: Pruthi, H. S.; Bhatia, H. L.
Year: 1938
Title: Biology and general morphology of Leucopis griseola Fall. an important predator of Aphis gossypii and some other aphid pests of crops
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 8
Pages: 735-740
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, Diptera, Chamaemyiidae, natural enemies, biological control, lays more eggs where aphid density higher, structure, behaviour, larvae eat 70-100 aphids during development, feeding rates, not cannibalistic, ate aphids on cotton, wheat, barley, potato, mustard, also eats aphids (refs) on apple, melon, carrot, clover cereals, Gramineae, trees, orchards, arable, field vegetables


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4539
Author: Pryor, F.
Year: 1998
Title: Farmers in Prehistoric Britain
Journal: Tempus, Stroud
Alternate Journal: Tempus, Stroud
Keywords: Farming started in Britain in the mesolithic (about 5000 BC). As population increased and the soil became exhausted there was probably short-distance movements away from individual farms. Rate of spread thought to be about 11 miles in 25 years. First farmers of Europe were mixed farmers (livestock and cereals) in lowland river valleys of Central Europe. Cereal growing was probably not on a large scale until the Iron Age (eg about 500 BC). At an Iron Age Ring Fort at Borough Fen Lincolnshire a thick layer of dark earth was excavated and dated at 1350 BC. The soil is thought to have been deliberately enriched with manure, household refuse and hearth sweepings to improve its quality. In Neolithic and Bronze Ages most cereals were probably grown in "gardens" close to settlements, which was handy for spreading manure. Farming practices, organic additives, soil enrichment, Gramineae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1113
Author: Pschorn-Walcher, H.; Zwolfer, H.
Year: 1956
Title: The predator complex of the white-fir woolly aphids (Genus Dreyfusia, Adelgidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 39
Pages: 63-75
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, conifers, natural enemies, biological control, Chamaemyiidae including Neoleucopis atratula, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae, Trombidiidae, Araneae, Mollusca, Heteroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, hoverflies, Acari, predatory mites, spiders, polyphagous predators, snails, aphids most attacked in egg stage, predation, mortality, adult mites only predators to appear regularly independent of host density, Laricobius erichsoni (Derodontidae, Coleoptera), Rabocerus mutilatus (Phytidae)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1662
Author: Puchkov, A. V.
Year: 1980
Title: Features of the biology of predatory species of Nabis
Journal: Zashchita Rast
Volume: 8
Pages: 44
Keywords: Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USSR


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2483
Author: Pullen, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Summer application of a pyrethroid insecticide: consequences of varying application rate for linyphiid spiders in barriered plots
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 239-242
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1655
Author: Pullen, A. J.; Jepson, P. C.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Terrestrial non-target invertebrates and the autumn application of synthetic pyrethroids: experimental methodology and the trade-off between replication and plot size
Journal: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume: 23
Pages: 246-258
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides, pesticides, UK, deltamethrin, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, November 1986 and 1987, demeton-S-methyl as a toxic standard, short-term depletions of Bembidion obtusum, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, Staphylinidae unaffected in winter but increased in summer, rove beetles, Linyphiidae were reduced for long periods especially Meioneta rurestris, spiders, Araneae, pyrethroids had greater effect than organophosphorus insecticides, aphids fewer in treated, pests, Hemiptera, eggs per female and % with empty crops for Trechus quadristriatus not different between treatments, fecundity, dissection, % females greater in pyrethroid, barriered plots showed that recovery of B.obtusum and P.melanarius in unbarriered plots was by reinvasion from unsprayed plots, also a relationship between duration of effects and size of plot, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, discussion of spatial dynamics models, formalin pitfalls, Dvac, Xantholinus linearis most abundant winter active staphylinid, significant reductions of linyphiids for at least 168 days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 806
Author: Punzo, F.
Year: 1991
Title: Field and laboratory observations on prey items taken by the wolf spider, Lycosa lenta Hentz (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Bull. Br. Arach. Soc.
Volume: 8
Issue: 8)
Pages: 261-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predator, Florida, diet 85.7% insects, 14.3% arachnids, 44.4% orthoptera, 11.3% Hemiptera, 9.8% Lepidoptera, hard bodied insects or those with defensive secretions avoided, preferred prey smaller than themselves, nocturnal on sand, results are for adult females only, food, foraging, trophic behaviour, grasshoppers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5323
Author: Punzo, F.; Bottrell, J.
Year: 2001
Title: Spatial learning in the lynx spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz (Araneae, Oxyopidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 12(3)
Pages: 105-109
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, USA, in laboratory lynx spiders escaped from an unpleasantly hot and bright arena down an escape tube, the time required to locate the escape tube progressively reduced over a 5 day test period suggesting spatial learning
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4308
Author: Punzo, F.; Kukoyi, O.
Year: 1997
Title: The effects of prey chemical cues on patch residence time in the wolf spider Trochosa parthenus (Chamberlin) (Lycosidae) and the lynx spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz (Oxyopidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 10
Issue: 9)
Pages: 323-326
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, semiochemicals, trophic behaviour, distribution, movement, mobility, migration, foraging behaviour, field-collected spiders spent more time in patches containing odours associated with their prey, laboratory-reared spiders did not show such preference, olfaction in habitat selection, learning, inprinting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2001
Author: Purvis, G.; Bannon, J. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Non-target effects of repeated methiocarb slug pellet application on carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity in winter-sown cereals
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 401-422
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides, pesticides, molluscicides, Mollusca, pests, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, broadcast and drilled, Ireland, pitfalls in barriered plots, methods, winter-active carabids reduced after autumn application to 5-15% depending on application method, little effect on spring and summer-active species, winter species remained reduced for all their seasonal incidence, all recovered to normal levels by next season except Bembidion obtusum, phenology, 28 carabid species, B.obtusum, Nebria brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus reduced, Agonum dorsale, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus melanarius sometimes reduced, broadcast caused greater reduction than drilled especially for N.brevicollis larvae and B.obtusum, farming practices, A.dorsale catch was positively correlated with aphid abundance, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1471
Author: Purvis, G.; Curry, J. P.
Year: 1984
Title: The influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the activity of Carabidae and other ground-dwelling arthropods in a sugar beet crop
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 21
Pages: 271-283
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, farming practices, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, fertilizers, pitfalls, weeds increased detritivores, herbivores, Staphylinidae and parasitoids but not carabids, rove beetles, manure increased Pterostichus strenuus and Bembidion lampros and temporarily increased faunal diversity, effects of weeds too slow to help control seedling pests, more non-pest aphids on weedy, Hemiptera, main weeds couch grass, Lamium, Gramineae, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3833
Author: Purvis, G.; Fadl, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Emergence of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from pupation: a technique for studying the "productivity" of carabid habitats
Journal: Annales Zoologici Fennici, Special Issue, 3rd International Symposium of Carabidology
Volume: 33(1)
Pages: 215-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Ireland, Eire, methods, reproduction, population dynamics, plots of spring barley and winter wheat in a winter wheat field, cereals, Gramineae, autumn cultivation of winter wheat plots and spring cultivation of spring barley plots, farming methods, unfenced pitfalls and emergence arenas containing pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, arenas run April to August, 15 cm deep in ground, 1 m2 with mesh tops, only caught tenerals, callows, newly emerged adults, more Pterostichus melanarius in spring barley pitfalls but more in winter wheat arenas, more Bembidion lampros in spring barley in both pitfalls and arenas, females dissected to assess breeding condition, eggs counted


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5655
Author: Purvis, G.; Fadl, A.
Year: 2002
Title: The influence of cropping rotations and soil cultivation practice on the population ecology of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in arable land
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 46
Pages: 452-474
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, Ireland, seven fields, phenology, methods, pitfalls, mortality caused by cultivation appears to affect population abundance when it impacts on late stage larvae and pupae, carabid survival is enhanced by flexibility of reproduction and by dispersal of newly-emerged adults, distribution, movement, migration, cereals, wheat, barley, maize, potato, sugar beet, fodder beet, grass leys, grassland, beetles dissected and placed into four categories of ovary development, detailed data for 9 species, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Bembidion aeneum, Membidion guttula, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5654
Author: Purvis, G.; Fadl, A.; Bolger, T.
Year: 2001
Title: A multivariate analysis of cropping effects on Irish ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in mixed arable and grass farmland
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 139
Pages: 351-360
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Ireland, Gramineae, farming practices, three years and eight fields, methods, multivariate statistics, CCA, cereals, wheat, barley, maize, potato, sugar beet, fodder beet, permanent pasture, grass leys, grassland, soil cultivation affected community structure, this was related to a direct effect on autumn breeders and differences in soil cover during winter, phenology, mortality, microclimate, uniqueness of individual field history may enable species coexistence and contribute to biodiversity, methods, pitfalls, twelve dominant species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4996
Author: Pushpalatha, N.A.; Veeresh, G.K.
Year: 1995
Title: Numerical relationship between Opisina arenosella Walker and its natural enemies, Apanteles taragamae Vierick and Parena  nigrolineata Chaudoir on coconut 
Journal: Journal of Insect Science
Volume: 8(2)
Pages: 148-150
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Science
Keywords: Rep., O. arenosella is an important caterpillar pest of coconut in India, Lepidoptera, P. nigrolineata is a ground beetle, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, biological control, trees, plantations, parasitoids, the predator had a weak spatial association with the pest, the parasitoid was more strongly associated with its host, distribution, the three species were found on the undersides of coconut leaflets
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 423
Author: Putman, W. L.
Year: 1957
Title: Laboratory study on the food of some coccinellids found in Ontario peach orchards
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 89
Pages: 572-579
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, diet, fruit


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 400
Author: Putman, W. L.
Year: 1964
Title: Occurrence and food of some coccinellids in Ontario peach orchards
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 96
Pages: 1149-1155
Keywords: En.
Coleomegilla maculata
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predator, aphids, pollen, dandelion, Compositae, summer, survival, alternative food, foraging, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2089
Author: Putman, W. L.
Year: 1967
Title: Prevalence of spiders and their importance as predators in Ontario peach orchards
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 99
Pages: 160-170
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Philodromus and Theridion, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, more than 200 per tree, dominant prey are Chironomidae, Diptera, feeding, foraging, diet, consumption, also eat the mite, Acari, Panonychus ulmi, fruit tree red spider mite, secondary predation in laboratory and field, mites eaten even at very low prey densities, biological control, economic impore.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1815
Author: Putman, W. L.; Herne, D. H. C.
Year: 1966
Title: The role of predators and other biotic agents in regulating the population density of phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 98
Pages: 43-58
Keywords: En.
Rep., Russia, predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1846
Author: Putnam, W. L.
Year: 1965
Title: The predaceous thrips, Haplothrips faurei Hood (Thysanoptera: Phloeothripidae) in Ontario peach orchards
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 97
Pages: 1208-1221
Keywords: En.
Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, top fruit, thrips attack mites, especially their eggs, pests, Acari, biological control, also eat pollen and leaf juice, food, diet, behaviour, can eat up to 44 eggs per day, consumption rates, may slow growth of mite populations, main role is to destroy winter eggs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 998
Author: Qui, Shibang
Year: 1983
Title: Biological control of insect pests with indigenous natural enemies in the People's Republic of China
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 777
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders important in regulating rice hoppers, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, spider conservation includes provision of hibernation quarters, transferring egg masses etc, these measures increase other natural enemies, hoppers kept low and spraying not needed in years of moderate infestation, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, predators of aphids in wheat move later to control aphids on cotton, Hemiptera, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, distribution, dispersal, predation, rape favours natural enemies, when it is cut they move to cotton to control aphids and bollworm, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, citrus red mite controlled by Amblyseius newsami in some areas but not in hot dry interior regions, in the latter a wild plant in citrus groves changes climate and allows predator to succeed, Acari, Panonychus citri, IPM, habitat manipulation, trees, orchards


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4474
Author: Quicke, D. L. J.
Year: 1997
Title: Ecology and diversity of parasitic wasps
Journal: Parasitic Wasps, Chapman & Hall, London
Volume: Chapter 10
Pages: 302-328
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoid guilds, host stage attacked, life expectancy of adults can be several months to a year, longevity, fecundity, effects of host plants on parasitism success, glandular trichomes, population dynamics, community, species richness and diversity, biodiversity, host range, competition, factors affecting diversity, food webs, trophic webs, predators of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, natural enemy interactions, ant - parasitoid interactions, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, deterrent chemicals, pathogens of parasitoids, baculovirus attacking Microplitis croceipes increases development time, Microsporidia reduce parasitoid fitness, entomopathogenic fungi, Nematoda, Gregarina, parasitoids vectoring diseases of their hosts, transmission, distribution, dispersal, B.t., Bacillus thuringiensis, bacterial disease, microbial pesticides, biocontrol success, labelling and dispersal, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4954
Author: Quinn, M.A.; Kepner, D.D.; Walgenbach, R.; Foster, R.N.; Bohls, R.A.; Pooler, P.D.; Reuter, K.C.; Swain, J.L.
Year: 1993
Title: Grasshopper stages of development as indicators of nontarget arthropod activity: implications for grasshopper management programs on mixed-grass rangeland
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22(3)
Pages: 532-540
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, abundance of grasshopper nymphs was correlated with that of Carabidae, Lycosidae, Sphecidae, Asilidae which prey on them, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, Hymenoptera, predatory wasps, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Orthoptera, grassland, Gramineae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, insecticides applied when grasshoppers are nymphs could damage their natural enemies, pesticides, pitfalls and Malaise traps, methods, correlations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1659
Author: Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1967
Title: Bionomics, enemies and population dynamics of Javasella pellucida (F.) (Hom., Delphacidae)
Journal: Ann. Agr. Fenn.
Volume: 6
Pages: 1-149
Keywords: leafhopper, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1769
Author: Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1971
Title: Seasonal aspects of leafhopper (Hom., Auchenorrhyncha) fauna on oats
Journal: Ann. Agr. Fenn.
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, Finland, Scandinavia, pests, Hemiptera, Homoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1770
Author: Raatikainen, M.
Year: 1972
Title: Dispersal of leafhoppers and their enemies to oat fields
Journal: Ann. Agr. Fenn.
Volume: 11
Pages: 146-153
Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, Finland, Scandinavia, pests, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4046
Author: Raatikainen, M.; Huhta, V.
Year: 1968
Title: On the spider fauna of Finnish oat fields
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fennici
Volume: 5
Pages: 254-261
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Finland, community, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1673
Author: Raatikainen, M.; Vasarainen, A.
Year: 1973
Title: Early and high summer flight periods of leafhoppers
Journal: Ann. Agr. Fenn.
Volume: 12
Pages: 77-94
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Homoptera, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1768
Author: Raatikainen, M.; Vasarainen, A.
Year: 1976
Title: Composition, zonation and origin of the leafhopper fauna of oat fields in Finland
Journal: Ann. Zool. Fenn.
Volume: 13
Pages: 1-24
Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, Scandinavia, distribution, Hemiptera, pests, Auchenorrhyncha


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 943
Author: Rabasse, J. M.; Dedryver, C. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Biology of cereal aphids in western France. III. Effect of hymenopteran parasites on populations of Sitobion avenae F., Metopolophium Dirhodum Wlk. annd Rhopalosiphum padi L
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 3
Pages: 779-790
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2745
Author: Rabb, R. L.; Kennedy, J. S.
Year: 1979
Title: Movement of highly mobile insects: concepts and methodology in research
Journal: NCS University Press, Raleigh, USA
Keywords: En.
methods, dispersal, distribution, migration, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 938
Author: Rabbinge, R.; Kroon, A. G.; Driessen, H. P. J. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Consequences of clustering in parasite-host relations of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae: a simulation study
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 32
Pages: 237-239
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, model, distribution, behaviour, aggregation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2652
Author: Rack, G.
Title: Selection of papers on mites
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1672
Author: Racz, V.
Year: 1983
Title: Populations of predatory Heteroptera in apple orchards under different types of management
Journal: Proceedings of the International Conference of Integrated Plant Protection
Volume: 2
Pages: 34-39
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, trees, top fruit, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, light trap, suction trap, beating, shoot samples, sweeping, pitfalls, trunk traps, methods, 184 species, 36 species of predators, effect of insecticides, pesticides, Hungary


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1765
Author: Racz, V.
Year: 1983
Title: Faunistical characteristics of Heteroptera in some Hungarian agroecosystems
Journal: Verh. SIEEC X. Budapest
Pages: 133-136
Keywords: Hun.En.Summ.
Rep., Hemiptera, Hungary, large variety of sampling methods, maize stalk trap, 184 species in orchards, 71 in maize, dominant species listed, Nabis ferus in maize, Nabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trees, top fruit, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1764
Author: Racz, V.
Year: 1985
Title: Occurrence, population dynamics and identification of Trigonotylus Fieb. species (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Hungarian agroecosystems
Journal: Novenyvedelem Evfolyan
Volume: 21
Pages: 64-70
Keywords: Hun.En.summ.
Rep., Hungary, Hemiptera, 1976-1981, common species in maize and apple, sweeping, light trap, species liking high temperatures, climate, weather, cereals, Gramineae, trees, orchards, top fruit


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1082
Author: Racz, V.; Szentkiralyi, F.; Visnyovsky, E.
Year: 1986
Title: Study of aphid-aphidophage connections in maize stands
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, Academia, Prague and Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, in situ counts, Hungary, low summer aphid peak and higher peak in early autumn, most natural enemies at higher density during first peak, Syrphidae oviposit and may be important at first peak, Diptera, hoverflies, syrphid egg production low, phenology, behaviour, Coccinellidae have high egg production and considered very important, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, Chrysopidae and Anthocoridae less important, Neuroptera, lacewings, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Orius is only predator that has high egg production after first aphid peak, fecundity, Orius also eat thrips and spider mites, Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, diet, predator-prey synchrony, no species controls aphids by itself, a complex needed, no obvious difference between maize monoculture and rotations, farming practices, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 971
Author: Racz, V.; Szentkiralyi, F.; Visnyovszky, E.; Radwan, Z.
Year: 1983
Title: Aphidophagous populations based on maize aphids
Journal: Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Plant Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 70-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators, visual observations, phenology, parasitoids of syrphids, Hymenoptera, Orius ate aphids, thrips, spider mites, coccinellid eggs & pupae, carrion, feeding behaviour, diet, Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, correlations and lack of them with aphid density, parasitoids of Chrysopidae, Nabidae less numerous than Orius


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1473
Author: Radcliffe, E. B.; Weires, R. W.; Stucker, R. E.; Barnes, D. K.
Year: 1976
Title: Influence of cultivars and pesticides on pea aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, and associated arthropod taxa in a Minnesota alfalfa ecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 5
Pages: 1195-1207
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, plant resistance, USA, correlations between aphids and predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 365
Author: Radwan, Z.; Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Distribution and bionomics of ladybird beetles (Col., Coccinellidae) living in an apple orchard near Budapest, Hungary
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 94
Pages: 169-175
Keywords: En.
Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, direct observation, community, canopy, branches, aphids, weeds, predation, movement, larvae, pupae, adults, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 382
Author: Radwan, Z.; Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1983
Title: Aphids as prey for the coccinellid Exochomus quadripustulatus
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 34
Pages: 283-286
Keywords: En.
Acyrthosiphon pisum, Dysaphis plantaginea, rosy apple aphid, Aphis pomi, Dysaphis devecta, Aphis fabae, Megoura viciae, Eriosoma lanigerum
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, coccids, psyllids, laboratory, fecundity, adults, weight, larvae, performance, unsuitable aphid foods, preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1744
Author: Ragge, D. R.
Year: 1965
Title: Grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches of the British Isles
Journal: Warne, London
Keywords: En.
Rep., Orthoptera, key, classification, taxonomy, systematics, structure, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3062
Author: Ragsdale, D. W.
Year: 1980
Title: The development and use of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative assessment of predation of Nezara viridula (L.) within a soybean agroecosystem
Journal: PhD thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Pages: 88 pp
Keywords: En.
NEC, Lit. Bk., Rep (part), serology, methods, Southern Green Stink Bug, Heteroptera, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, egg predation including by Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, USA, predation by a complex of natural enemies varying in species composition with season, sweepnet, 2 dimensional electrophoresis to clean up antiserum, spiders exhibited very rapid digestion, Araneae, physiology, polyphagous predators, Podisus maculiventris, Phidippus audax, rates of consumption, rates of digestion, detection periods, Geocoris punctipes, Oxyopes salticus, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3017
Author: Ragsdale, D. W.; Larson, A. D.; Newsom, L. D.
Year: 1981
Title: Quantitative assessment of the predators of Nezara viridula eggs and nymphs within a soybean agroecosystem using an ELISA
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 402-405
Keywords: En.
Rep., southern green stinkbug, Heteroptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, arable, polyphagous predators, USA, serology, methods, 27 species positive, lab experiments on size of prey taken, predator density measured but not detection period, index of predator efficiency, mentions that temperature affects digestion rate, egg predation and nymphal predation, Oris, Nabis, Geocoris, Podisus, ladybird larvae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ants, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, Oxyopes, Salticidae, Araneae, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3063
Author: Ragsdale, D. W.; Lawson, A. D.
Year: 1982
Title: Development of a life stage and species specific serological assay by employing host antigen selection for determining the predators of Nezara viridula
Journal: submitted to Annals of Applied Biology (but probably rejected because not in BIDS 1994)
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, references to early ELISA work for predators, Heteroptera, Southern Stink Bug, pest, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3709
Author: Rahbe, Y.; Febvay, G.
Year: 1993
Title: Protein toxicity to aphids: an invitro test on Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 67
Pages: 149-160
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3410
Author: Rahman, M.
Year: 1970
Title: Mutilation of the imported cabbageworm by the parasite Apanteles rubecula
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 63
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1114-1116
Keywords: En.
Rep., Australia, Pieris rapae exposed to the parasitoid, 70% of 2-day-old larvae died due to mutilation cf <10% of 7-day-old larvae, host-feeding of parasitoid on P.rapae has not been observed, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 787
Author: Rainey, R. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Migration and Meteorology. Flight Behaviour and the Atmospheric Environment of Locusts and Migrant Pests
Journal: Clarendon Press, Oxford
Pages: 314 pp
Keywords: En.
weather, movement, distribution, dispersal, book, Orthoptera, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4998
Author: Rajagopal, D.; Kumar, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as potential predators on major crop pests in South India
Journal: Journal of Biological Control
Volume: 6(1)
Pages: 13-17
Alternate Journal: Journal of Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, references to carabids attacking crop pests in India, Calosoma maderae adults and larvae are nocturnal in maize and hide in burrows in soil by day, cereals, Gramineae, diel activity cycles, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, adults and larvae were seen to eat larvae and pupae of the cutworm Mythimna separata, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, consumption rates in the laboratory, Oxylobus dekkanus found in millet, maize, mulberry, eucalyptus plantations and mango orchards, trees, top fruit, forests, woodland, food, diet, trophic behaviour, they have modified forelegs that enable them to break into termite mounds, Isoptera, they ate termites in the lab, Chlaenius panagaeoides migrate from forests to fields, they were seen to climb plants and eat Aphis craccivora in cowpea fields, direct in situ visual observation, methods, Onphra pilosa adults and larvae fed exclusively on termites including alatae, the larvae store termites in their burrows, Parena nigrolineata in coconut plantations, adults and larvae were seen attacking the caterpillar Opisina arenosella on coconut palm trees, Casnoidea indica in rice fields prey on brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, Hemiptera, Delphacidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5472
Author: Ramalho, F.S.; Medeiros, R.S.; Lemos, W.P.; Wanderley, P.A.; Dias, J.M.; Zanuncio, J.C.
Year: 2000
Title: Evaluation of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hym., Pteromalidae) as a biological control agent against cotton boll weevil
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 124 (9/10)
Pages: 359-364
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Brasil, Coleoptera, Anthonomus grandis arrived in Brasil in 1983 and has caused enormous economic and social damage, C. grandis originates in Mexico and Central America, augmentative parasitoid releases in 1997, authors claim there was significantly higher boll weevil mortality in parasitoid release plot than control plot (NB one plot of each; pseudoreplication)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4270
Author: Ramert, B.
Year: 1996
Title: The influence of intercropping and mulches on the occurrence of polyphagous predators in carrot fields in relation to carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.))(Dipt., Psilidae) damage
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 120
Issue: 1)
Pages: 39-46
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, Diptera, field vegetables, Sweden, 2 sites, 4 treatments were bare soil, ley clippings mulch (mixture of cuttings of clover, lucerne, timothy and fescue), bark mulch (mixture of deciduous and conifer), and intercropping with lucerne, methods, farming practices, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Umbelliferae, grasses, trees, random block design, pitfalls, soil samples, water traps, fewest carabids were in bark mulch and most carabids and staphylinids were in ley clippings, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, effect of habitat diversification, 41 carabid species, dominants were Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion guttula, Harpalus rufipes, Clivina fossor, Calathus melanocephalus, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion femoratum, 26 genera of Staphylinidae, Anotylus, Arpedium, Philonthus, Gabrus, Omalium, Tachyporus, Aleochara, Atheta, Oxypoda, 90% of spiders caught were Linyphiidae, Araneae, carrot fly damage was least in the intercropping and highest in bark mulch, no difference between ley clipping and control, poor correlation between carrot damage and predator abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4887
Author: Ramert, B.; Ekbom, B.
Year: 1996
Title: Intercropping as a management strategy against carrot rust fly (Diptera: Psilidae): a test of enemies and resource concentration hypotheses
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25(5)
Pages: 1092-1100
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Psila rosae, vegetables, Sweden, densities of polyphagous predators manipulated using ingress and egress barriers, exclusion barriers, methods, natural enemies, biological control, pests, carrots intercropped with lucerne, Leguminosae, Umbelliferae, farming practices, habitat diversification, vegetational diversification, manipulations successful for Carabidae, Lycosidae and Opiliones but not for Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae.  Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, harvestmen. Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net for carrot fly. Damage was less in intercropped than in monoculture. Egg deposition was lower in intercropping in greenhouse experiments. More flies were caught in monoculture carrots than in intercropped in the field (except where plots were surrounded by bare soil). Predator manipulations did not affect carrot damage levels caused by carrot fly. The enemies hypothesis is rejected in this system. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5182
Author: Ramirez, M.G.; Fandino, L.B.
Year: 1996
Title: Genetic variability and gene flow in Metepeira ventura (Araneae, Araneidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 24
Pages: 1-8
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, three populations were studied on a California island, gene flow prevented genetic differentiation of these populations, this may be achieved by aerial dispersal and moving through vegetation, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, USA, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronautic dispersal, electrophoresis, methods, this species has not been so far reported to balloon
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5410
Author: Rana, J.S.; Dixon, A.F.G.; Jarosik, V.
Year: 2002
Title: Costs and benefits of prey specialization in a generalist predator
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 15-22
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata, population dynamics, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, performed better when reared on Acyrthosiphon pisum than on Aphis fabae, aphids, Hemiptera, rearing for 5 generations on one of these aphids then resulted in poor performance on the other, this ladybird regularly eats A. fabae in the field but it cannot achieve full reproductive potential on this species, UK, methods, fitness estimated by integrating development time, survival and fecundity, references to ladybird species that are very stenophagous, preferred habitat of A. bipunctata is trees and shrubs, it performs well on tree aphids and prefers to oviposit in high locations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2122
Author: Randall, J. B.
Year: 1978
Title: An apparatus for the observation of living immature and small adult spiders
Journal: Florida Entomologist.
Volume: 61
Issue: 3)
Pages: 192
Keywords: Araneae, predators, methods, cardboard and culture dish apparatus for immobilising and observing living spiders without anaesthesia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4136
Author: Randall, J. B.
Year: 1982
Title: Prey records of the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Hentz) (Araneae, Oxyopidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 10
Pages: 19-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, 66 prey items from 30 species, diet, food, trophic behaviour, in previous studies bees Apis mellifera formed 41% of 189 P.viridans prey items, Apidae, Hymemoptera, P.viridans builds no snare but moves on vegetation and pounces on prey, foraging behaviour, collection of spiders with prey in their chelicerae at various unspecified field sites in Florida, USA, in situ visual observations in the field, methods, Whitcomb has stated that the usefulness of P.viridans for biological control is counteracted by their willingness to prey on beneficials, in the current study beneficials were taken more frequently than pests, in ratio 44:12, food included Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Ichneumonidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae, Tachinidae, Chrysididae, Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1209
Author: Rands, M. R. W.
Year: 1985
Title: Pesticide use on cereals and the survival of grey partridge chicks: a field experiment
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 22
Pages: 49-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., 37 fields with either complete spraying programme of herbicides and fungicides or a 6 m strip at edge unsprayed, chick survival better in fields with unsprayed strips, total chick food higher in these strips, Aves, game birds, vertebrates, insects, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3952
Author: Ransford, M. O.; Majerus, M. E. N.; Forge, H.
Year: 1993
Title: An association between the spider Theridion pallens and egg clutches of the two spot ladybird, Adalia punctata
Journal: Ent. Rec. J. Var.
Volume: 105
Pages: 115-117
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, UK, Box Hill Surrey, A.bipunctata egg masses on cherry Prunus vulgaris less likely to be found where the spider and its eggsac are absent (but Table shows the reverse ?), Theridion guards its eggsac this behaviour may accidentally protect the coccinellid egg clutch from predators, eggsac guarding, defences against hyperpredation, interspecific predation, interactions between natural enemies, maternal behaviour, trees, woodlands, forests, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1052
Author: Rao, V. P.
Year: 1968
Title: Survey for natural enemies of aphids in India
Journal: Rept. Indian Sta. CIBC 1964-67
Pages: 48 pp
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3754
Author: Rapport, D. J.; Berger, J.; Reid, D. B. W.
Year: 1972
Title: Determination of food preference of Stentor coeruleus
Journal: Biological Bulletin
Volume: 142
Pages: 103-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, new definition of food preference that does not confound catchability with choice, mean consumption when each prey type present alone compared with mean consumption with a pair of prey types present, prey selection, trophic behaviour, analysis, prey preference, P1 = 2Ac/As, P2 = 2Bc/Bs, As is the number of prey species A consumed in isolation under standard conditions, when A and B are presented together (each at half the density used in isolation, so the combined density is the same as for the isolation case) Ac is the number of A consumed in mixed culture, the relative preference for A over B, P1,2 = P1 - P2


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3755
Author: Rapport, D. J.; Turner, J. E.
Year: 1970
Title: Determination of predator food preferences
Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology
Volume: 26
Pages: 365-372
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, new definition of food preference that does not confound catchability with choice, Poisson probability model for predation with preference, prey selection, trophic behaviour, analysis, prey preference, effect of food preference on the proportions of alternative prey consumed, Ivlev's index comparing the proportion of prey types consumed by the predator with proportions in the environment reflects many factors, such as relative densities, catchability, prey escape, protective cover, predator preferences, for a better version of Rapport's method see Rapport et al. 1972


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3582
Author: Raskin, R.
Year: 1993
Title: Der Einfluss des Ackerrandstreifenprogramms auf die Entwicklung der Syrphiden- und Carabiden-fauna auf Agrarflachen
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 8
Pages: 391-396
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., the influence of the programme of crop edges on the development of the syrphid and carabid fauna on arable land, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, pesticides, Germany ban on edge herbicides to conserve rare weeds, more species and individuals of syrphids and carabids in unsprayed than in herbicide sprayed edges, Episyrphus balteatus, Melanostoma mellinum, Metasyrphus corollae, direct observation of syrphids, pitfalls for carabids, Pterostichus melanarius in all treatments, 9 species of Amara and 8 of Harpalus, farming practices, habitat manipulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3615
Author: Rasmy, A. H.; Abdel Rahman, H. A.; Abdekkader, M. M.; Hussein, H. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Effects of non-lethal attacks by 3 phytoseiid species on subsequent development, fecundity and mortality of the 2- spotted spider mite
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 10
Issue: 2)
Pages: 151-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Phytoseiulus finitimus and Amblyseius gossypii attacking T.urticae, development of prey immatures surviving attack by one of these predators was significantly prolonged, they had shorter longevity and reduced oviposition, 8-51% reduction in number of eggs, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, "wounding", indirect effects of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2040
Author: Raspi, A.
Year: 1983
Title: Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera Chamaemyiidae. III. Considerations on Leucopis palumbii Rondani and description of Leucopis gloriae n. sp
Journal: Frustula Entomologica
Volume: 6
Pages: 351-367
Keywords: Ital., En. summ.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Italy, prey on gall forming aphids, Eriosoma lanuginosum, E. pyricola and Tetraneura ulmi on elms and Aploneura lentisci on Pitacia lentiscus, trees, woods, forests, orchards, pistacio nuts, pests, Hemiptera, eggs laid on outside of gall larvae enter and eat aphids, pupate and hibernate there, behaviour, distribution, life history, structure, key, classification, identification, taxonomy, systematics, L. gloriae feeds on A.lentisci, adults in April May after L.palumbii, lists of Homoptera galling elm poplar pistacia and grapevines with species of Leucopis preying on them, grapes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4143
Author: Rathcke, B.; Price, P. W.
Year: 1976
Title: Anomalous diversity of tropical ichneumonid parasitoids; a predation hypothesis
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 110
Pages: 889-893
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies of natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, predators of parasitoids, community, species richness of Ichneumonidae is no greater in tropical Africa than in temperate Europe, insects of temperate regions commonly support 20-40 parasitoid species, parasitoids cause their hosts to become sluggish, host development time of moribund hosts is extended giving greater exposure to predators, effects of parasitism on host behaviour and development rate, predation of moribund hosts, predators such as birds, lizards, tree frogs, spiders and ants are more diverse in the tropics, Lepidoptera larvae form 60% of the diet of driver ants, which are more likely to take individuals that are sessile, injured or dead, Aves, Vertebrata, Amphibia, Reptilia, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, caterpillars, food, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1084
Author: Rautapaa, J.
Year: 1972
Title: The importance of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) in controlling cereal aphids, and the effect of aphids on the yield and quality of barley
Journal: Ann. Agric. Fenn.
Volume: 11
Pages: 424-436
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Coccinella 7- punctata, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predation, natural enemies, biological control, crop damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1289
Author: Rautapaa, J.
Year: 1972
Title: Effect of herbicides and chlormequat chloride on host plant selection and population growth of Macrosiphum avenae (Hom., Aphididae)
Journal: Ann. Agric. Fenn.
Volume: 11
Pages: 135-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, plant growth regulators, behaviour, Sitobion avenae, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, lab spring wheat sprayed and aphids added, no effects on host plant selection or reproduction, over 64 days dinoseb reduced aphid biomass, chlormequat toxic or reduced fecundity of other aphid species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1083
Author: Rautapaa, J.
Year: 1975
Title: Control of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae) with Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) in cages, and effect of late aphid infestation on barley yield
Journal: Ann. Agric. Fenn.
Volume: 14
Pages: 231-239
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata, natural enemies, biological control, predation, crop damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5284
Author: Rauwald, K.S.; Ives, A.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Biological control in disturbed agricultural systems and the rapid recovery of parasitoid populations
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 11(4)
Pages: 1224-1234
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, the life history of parasitoids may facilitate their recovery within fields, laboratory experiments showed that (before death from parasitism) survival of Acyrthosiphon pisum parasitised by Aphidius ervi was very similar to survival of unparasitised aphids, mortality, pests, population dynamics, Hemiptera, alfalfa, Leguminosae, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, field cage experiments after harvest showed that aphid and parasitoid populations could recover without immigration, methods, persistence of parasitoids within hosts may be crucial to their biocontrol efficiency in disturbed systems, USA, in laboratory experiments some parasitised aphids were shown to be able to fly, but the proportion flying was less than for unparasitised aphids, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, colonisation 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1055
Author: Ravensberg, W. J.
Year: 1981
Title: The natural enemies of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)(Homoptera: Aphididae) and their susceptibility to diflubenzuron
Journal: Mededelingen van der Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 46
Issue: 2)
Pages: 437-441
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, orchard, biological control, pesticides, insecticides, IGR, insect growth regulator, Dimilin, aphids increased over a number of years in sprayed plots, Forficula auricularia may be susceptible to dimilin, earwigs, Dermaptera, many aphids in earwig-free plots, polyphagous predators, earwigs readily ate the aphids in the lab, including mummies, parasitoids, feeding behaviour, observed to eat aphids in the field at night, they may be able to prevent aphid outbreaks, earwig damage never exceeded 0.1%, nocturnalism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4134
Author: Raw, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and insect pests of crops of the Surui and Cinta Larga indians in Rondonia, Brazil
Journal: The Entomologist
Volume: 107
Pages: 104-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, South America, low numbers of insect pests attributed to 13 species of social wasps, community, slash and burn agriculture in Amazonia, farming practices, arable crops are not grown in a field after the second year, pesticides not used, wasps catch mainly defoliating caterpillars and beetle larvae, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, in situ visual observations of predation in the field, methods, quadrat counts for density, abundance, nests of 7 species in fields, sweet potato was only crop damaged, arable, it was attacked by Chrysomelidae larvae and adults, wasps were not seen to hunt these, Polistes, a complex of species controlled several pests, wasp diversity was important because efficiency of the species varied with conditions such as density of vegetation, habitat structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3290
Author: Raworth, D. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Population dynamics of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) at Vancouver, British Columbia. IV. Predation by Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Issue: 6)
Pages: 889-893
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab and field, predation was random with respect to aphid instar and constant in relation to aphid density, it consumed 1.7 times more aphids in lab than in field during larval development but the same biomass was eaten, development times and temperature thresholds, in field there was 5 times more food near to larvae than was needed for development showing selective oviposition of mothers in aphid infestations, weight of an aphid within an instar can vary a lot, eg adult weights vary 4 times, adult weight of B.brassicae was not constant throughout summer and it varies as a function of aphid density, discussion of biocontrol, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory midge, field vegetables, arable, Canada, trophic behaviour, predation, distribution, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5138
Author: Raworth, D.A.; Choi, M.Y.
Year: 2001
Title: Determining numbers of active carabid beetles per unit area from pitfall-trap data
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 95-108
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, methods, Pterostichus melanarius, movement, dispersal, migration, movement data obtained in the lab, simulation model of movement calibrated and validated using mark-release-recapture in a grid of pitfalls in a commercial raspberry field in Canada, the field had a flat surface and few weeds, soft fruit, horticulture, rate of movement increased with temperature and degree of hunger, mean movement threshold was 3.8C, the maximum radius sampled by a trap in 24h was estimated to vary with temperature from 8-29 m, there was no significant effect of beetle density in traps  (tested up to 3 per trap) on number of beetles caught (i.e. no evidence that beetles were attracted to or repelled from traps already containing beetles), the calibrated model showed that pitfall catch should increase linearly with beetle density with the slope of the relationship being temperature-dependent
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1930
Author: Rawsthorne, D.; Hague, N. G. M.
Year: 1983
Title: Tolerance of cereals to the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection 1983, BCPC
Volume: 2
Pages: 843
Keywords: En.
tolerance declines in older oats wheat barley, susceptibility increases in reverse order, cereals, Gramineae, still get some yield reduction on resistant varieties so need to develop tolerant varieties especially barley with less yield loss, plant resistance, damage, tolerance found to be related to difference in rate of growth of root system, can get increased root growth to compensate for nematode invasion, S and R did not differ in root growth, breeding varieties with greater root growth rates particularly at early stage of development may increase tolerance to Nematoda attack


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 935
Author: Raychaudhuri, D. N.; Dutta, S.; Agarwala, B. K.; Raha, S. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.
Year: 1979
Title: Some parasites and predators of aphids in northeast India and Bhutan - 2
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 4
Pages: 163-166
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Diptera, Araneae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, spiders, Chrysomelidae, 2 chrysomelid adults ate Macrosiphum rosae on rose, various spiders ate aphids on rose beans conifers etc, trees, pear, marigold, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1087
Author: Raychaudhuri, D. N.; Dutta, S.; Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.; Raha, S. K.
Year: 1978
Title: Some parasites and predators of aphids from northeast India and Bhutan
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 3
Pages: 91-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, Calliphoridae, Araneus ate various aphids including Aphis gossypii, Linyphia at Hyalopterus pruni on Phragmites, Theridion ate Cinara on Cupressus, Araneae, spiders, reeds, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5628
Author: Raymond, B.; Darby, A.C.; Douglas, A.E.
Year: 2000
Title: Intraguild predators and the spatial distribution of a parasitoid
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 124
Pages: 367-372
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis fabae on 5 host plant species, experiments in a walled garden, plants were colonised by ladybirds and parasitoids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Lysiphlebus fabarum, ladybird adults and larvae observed feeding on aphids and pollen of Chenopodium album, parasitism was significantly reduced on plants bearing coccinellids, olfactometer tests in the laboratory showed that parasitoids were significantly less likely to settle in odour fields emanating from coccinellids than other odour fields, semiochemicals, infochemicals, kairomones, response to olfactory cues,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1708
Author: Raynaud, B.; Crouzet, B.
Year: 1985
Title: Control of the pyralid with trichogrammatids
Journal: Phytoma
Volume: 366
Pages: 17-18
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., Trichogramma maidis against Ostrinia nubilalis in maize since 1973, France, European corm borer, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pyralidae, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, encapsulated formulations of parasitoid since 1984, application methods, 3 releases each of 200 capsules, each containing 1000 parasitoids, per ha at 10 day intervals beginning day after first eggs detected will control infestation with a potential of 5-6 larvae per plant, can be applied by aircraft but advantages to manual application, 600,000 parasitoids per ha during the oviposition period is as good as chemical control, pesticides, insecticides, 200 capsules at 100 release points per ha every 15 m along every eigth row, the parasitoid is produced in flour moth eggs, Anagasta kuehniella, Ephestia kuehniella, rearing, culturing, mass production methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 148
Author: Raynaud, P.
Year: 1968
Title: Elevage de Carabus
Journal: L'Entomologiste.
Volume: 24
Pages: 61-65
Keywords: Fr.
Rep, Carabidae, methods, culture, rearing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4127
Author: Reader, P. M.; Jones, T. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Interactions between a eucoilid [Hymenoptera] and a staphylinid [Coleoptera] parasitoid of the cabbage root fly
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35
Pages: 241-246
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, polyphagous predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, natural enemies, biological control, arable, field vegetables, brassicas, pests, Diptera, Delia brassicae, UK, see also Finch 1996 Acta Jutlandica and Jones et al. 1993 Journal of Animal Ecology, in lab tests larvae of Aleochara bilineata could not discriminate between cabbage root fly pupae containing Trybliographa rapae in its endoparasitic state and healthy pupae, but they could recognise pupae containing T.rapae when it reached its ectoparasitic phase, attack by A.bilineata when T.rapae was endoparasitic resulted in A.bilineata killing T.rapae, if T.rapae had reached the ectoparasitic state it survived attack by the beetle larva, but multiparasitism resulted in increased levels of mortality of both parasitoids, field sampling of ectopupae showed a considerable amount of multiparasitism and as predicted it was mainly T.rapae that emerged


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4059
Author: Reader, R.
Year: 1988
Title: Using the guild concept in the assessment of tree harvesting effects on understorey herbs: a cautionary tale
Journal: Environmental Management
Volume: 12
Pages: 803-808
Keywords: En.
Rep., community, there was an inconsistent response of guild members (deciduous forest herbs) to tree harvesting, harvesting itself directly reduced 1/6 species, but microclimatic changes over a year caused 2 species to increase one to decrease and 3 did not change, guilds of understorey herbs traditionally defined in terms of leaf phenology, guild used here was for species having green leaves present both before and after canopy closure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2044
Author: Reavey, D.
Year: 1984
Title: The common yellow dung fly (Scathophaga stercoraria L.)
Journal: Bull. Amateur Ent. Soc.
Volume: 43
Pages: 130-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, Scatophagidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, references to early papers on biological control of flies in cowpats, habitats of related species, description of life stages, structure, feeding and mating of adults, behaviour, predation, reasons for not using in biocontrol


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5411
Author: Rebek, E.J.; Hogg, D.B.; Young, D.K.
Year: 2002
Title: Effect of four cropping systems on the abundance and diversity of epedaphic springtails (Hexapoda: Parainsecta: Collembola) in Southern Wisconsin
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(1)
Pages: 37-46
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., springtails, USA, pitfalls, methods, epedaphic = dwelling at soil surface, low to high management intensity, low-input pasture did not favour springtail abundance and diversity, the agronomic disturbance associated with high-input continuous cropping of maize did not always reduce abundance and diversity, cereals, corn, grassland, Gramineae, pesticides, farming practices, biological indicator species, biodiversity, species richness, fertilisers, tillage systems, rotations with soybean, wheat, alfalfa, clover, Leguminosae, 10 species, Isotoma, Lepidocyrtus, Entomobrya, Bourletiella hortensis, Arthropleona, Symphypleona, Sminthuridae, Proisotoma minuta
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3752
Author: Reddersen, J.
Year: 1994
Title: Distribution and abundance of lauxaniid flies in Danish cereal fields in relation to pesticides, crop and field boundary
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 62
Pages: 117-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Diptera, Gramineae, Denmark, Dvac, abundance, density, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, no mention of limitations of methodology, 2176 individuals, 13 species, mean density 0.9 - 5.5 m-2, pesticides reduced abundance, Lauxaniidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3753
Author: Reddersen, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Feeding biology of fungivorous insects from Danish cereal fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 39
Pages: 370-384
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, trophic behaviour, Denmark, Gramineae, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, unsprayed field margins, boundaries, edges, Diptera, gut dissection of 639 individuals, Lauxaniidae, Drosophilidae, Lonchopteridae, Corylophidae, Lathridiidae, Phalacridae, Cryptophagidae, Staphylinidae larvae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, most were mycetophagous, yeasts, conidia, bacteria, Cladosporium and Alternaria conidia were dominant, sooty moulds, saprophytic microfungi, broad spectrum foliar fungicides, pesticides, Tachyporus, Atheta, Oxypoda, Atomaria, Aleocharinae, Stilbus, Stephstethus, Enicmus, Lonchoptera, quantitative analysis of gut contents, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3951
Author: Redfearn, A.; Pimm, S. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Insect outbreaks and community structure
Journal: In "Insect Outbreaks" Ed. by P. Barbosa and J.C. Schulz, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Pages: 99-133
Keywords: En.
Rep., "stability" when populations return to equilibrium, "resilience" refers to speed of return to equilibrium, "persistence" is duration at equilibrium, "resistance" is how well system stays unchanged by disturbance, most studies involving addition and subtraction of predators show that most predators do have an impact on prey density, if number of species and the connectance of those species is too great the system will be unstable, simple systems are more likely to be stable, patterns of trophic interactions in nature are simpler than would be expected by chance, most natural systems cannot stand species removals without further species losses, change in species composition, but it depends on the niche of the species removed, resilience is reduced with increasing food chain length, removing trophic levels means that pest outbreaks will occur faster, analysis of 34 data sets in the literature showed that above-ground pesticides accelerate growth rates of aphids but hot of mites, insect pest outbreaks may be related not just to the intrinsic properties of the pest but to the trophic structure of the community, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2398
Author: Redfearn, A.; Pimm, S. L.
Year: 1988
Title: Population variability and polyphagy in herbivorous insect communities
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 58
Pages: 39-55
Keywords: En.
Rep., variability in terms of changes in population density from year to year, Macarthur hypothesised that species with many foods should be less susceptible to population reductions and less variable than specialists, some authors have found positive correlation between variability and herbivore polyphagy, this study examines UK aphids and moths and Canadian Lepidoptera, degree of polyphagy was negatively correlated with variability, ie weak support for Macarthur, population dynamics, Hemiptera, pests, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3906
Author: Redfearn, A.; Pimm, S. L.
Year: 1992
Title: Natural enemies and community dynamics
Journal: In "Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 395-411
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., resilience is speed of return of community equilibrium after perturbation, each species is only as resilient as the least resilient species in the food chain or community, resilience decreases with increase in number of trophic levels in the system, pesticide application can reduce number of trophic levels and increase resilience of pests giving resurgence, in Canadian Lepidoptera there was a negative relationship between population variability and parasitoid diversity, pests with many parasitoid species may be less likely to exceed the economic threshold or, alternatively, may be stable above the threshold, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5283
Author: Reed, G.L.; Jensen, A.S.; Riebe, J.; Head, G.; Duan, J.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Transgenic Bt potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle management: comparative efficacy and non-target impacts
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 100
Pages: 89-100
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, GM potato gave better pest control than sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis or of pyrethroids or other insecticides, pesticides, genetic manipulation, genetic engineering, pathogens, pest diseases, microbial insecticides, permethrin reduced spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, Geocoris spp., Nabidae, Nabis spp., and Orius spp., Anthocoridae and caused increase of Myzus persicae aphids, Hemiptera, transgenic potato and Bt sprays did not have these side effects on non-target organisms, methods, in situ direct visual counts, beat cloths, beating
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5025
Author: Reed, T.; Shepard, M.; Turnipseed, S.G.
Year: 1984
Title: Assessment of the impact of arthropod predators on noctuid larvae in cages in soybean fields
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 954-961
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Leguminosae, methods, USA, larvae placed out and caged then either left as controls or predators added (single species or various combinations of predator species), after 4-9 days Geocoris punctipes significantly reduced pest numbers in some treatments but not others, Nabis roseipennis caused significant pest reduction, different species of noctuid pest used in different experiments, Oxyopes salticus and Pardosa spp. did not significantly reduce the pest, but Pardosa and Oxyopes did cause significant reduction in a second year which was wetter and in which Pardosa were observed feeding on larvae on the foliage, Lebia analis reduced the pest significantly in one experiment, tests were carried out with 6 species of predator per cage (G. punctipes, N. roseipennis, L. analis, Calleida decora, O. salticus, Pardosa), Heliothis zea was significantly  reduced by this complex as was Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens, nabids, geocorids, Oxyopes and Pardosa are cannibalistic, Oxyopes and Pardosa were observed eating nabids, in turn nabids and Oxyopes were observed eating geocorids, Pardosa ate Calosoma sayi, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, direct in situ visual observation of predation, vertical distribution of predation, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, predators of predators, community, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Geocoridae, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2905
Author: Reeves, R. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Use of barriers with pitfall traps
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 91
Pages: 10-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, USA, Calasoma frigidum in forest, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, special 3 container pitfall, 3 foot plexiglass strips used to connect pairs of pitfalls, no results


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4231
Author: Reeves, R. M.; Dunn, G. A.; Jennings, D. T.
Year: 1983
Title: Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) associated with the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 115
Pages: 453-472
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, woodland, 37 species, abundance, habitat preference, behaviour, phenology, size and food, ranking predators, USA, barrier pitfall traps, methods, tree band traps, list of species, includes Clivina fossor, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis, Calosoma frigidum is a caterpillar predator, 4 species of Pterostichus and C. frigidum and 3 other species were highly ranked, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1268
Author: Reissig, W. H.; Heinrichs, E. A.; Valencia, S. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Effects of insecticides on Nilaparvata lugens and its predators: spiders, Microvelia atrolineata and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 193-199
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, brown planthopper, Heteroptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 35 insecticides on rice in the field, Gramineae, cereals, BPH damages by direct feeding and vectors 3 viruses, disease, yield reduction, Microvelia, Cyrtorhinus are Miridae, most insecticides caused resurgence, probably not by reducing natural enemies, insecticides stimulate BPH fecundity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5351
Author: Reitz, S.R.; Trumble, J.T.
Year: 2002
Title: Competitive displacement among insects and arachnids
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 47
Pages: 435-465
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., interspecific competition, interference competition, exploitation competition, displacement usually occurs between closely related species, exotic species usually displace native species or previously established exotics, community, mechanisms include differential resource acquisition, differential female fecundity, differential searching ability, resource preemption, resource degradation, agonistic interference competition, reproductive interference, intraguild predation, IGP, interactions between natural enemies, many examples involve displacement during classical biological control of pests, e.g. displacements of parasitoids of scales on citrus by other parasitoids, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, released Coccinella 7-punctata have displaced native coccinellids in North America, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Steatoda bipunctata from Europe is displacing Steatoda borealis in North America, spiders, Araneae, displacement can also occur between different trophic guilds
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1458
Author: Remaudiere, G.; Iperti, G.; Leclant, F.; Lyon, J. P.; Michel, M. F.
Year: 1973
Title: Biologie et ecologie des aphides et de leurs ennemis naturels. Application a la lutte integree en vergers
Journal: Entomophaga Mem. Hors Ser.
Volume: 6
Pages: 1-34
Keywords: Fr.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, France, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, trees, top fruit, orchards


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1081
Author: Remaudiere, G.; Leclant, F.
Year: 1971
Title: The complex of natural enemies of peach tree aphids in the middle Rhone valley
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 16
Pages: 255-267
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, orchards, biological control, mainly Myzus persicae, Syrphidae important, Diptera, hoverflies, spiders have an impact at the end of winter when fundratices hatch, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae and others not very important, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Cecidomyiidae, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Aphidoletes aphidimyza killed 50% Hyalopterus pruni in August-September


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3614
Author: Ren, S. X.; Li, Y. T.; J.Xu
Year: 1981
Title: Oogenesis in Coccinella septempuncta
Journal: Acta Entomologica Sinica
Volume: 24
Pages: 268-273
Keywords: Chin., En. Summ.
Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, physiology, reproduction, 9 stages of oogenesis in the adult described, fewer oocytes in beetles fed on artificial diet, rearing methods, culturing, structure, anatomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4688
Author: Renner, F.
Year: 1986
Title: Zur Nischendifferenzierung bei Pirata-Arten (Araneida, Lycosidae)
Journal: Verh. naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg (NF)
Volume: 28
Pages: 75-90
Alternate Journal: Verh. naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg (NF)
Keywords: Rep., floating pitfall traps used to monitor activity of Pirata spiders on the water surface, methods, aquatic, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Germany, also includes captures of other Pirata species in conventional pitfalls on the land near the study lake
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3239
Author: Retana, J.; Cerda, X.; Espadaler, X.
Year: 1991
Title: Arthropod corpses in a temperate grassland: a limited supply ?
Journal: Holarctic Ecology
Volume: 14
Issue: 1)
Pages: 63-67
Keywords: En.
Rep., little data are available on degradation rates of insect cadavers, Mediterranean grassland meadow, Gramineae, Spain, May to October, 1061 observations in cleared areas and 200 in vegetated areas, 97% of the corpses were removed by ants in < 40 mins and the mean residence time of a corpse was < 5 min, corpses were gathered quickly in all seasons by a changing spectrum of ant species, ants were the principal scavengers, the arthropod cadavers used were 2-8 mm but type not specified, the corpses were almost exclusively monopolised by ants, results apply to 0600-1800 h and observations were not made at night, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1743
Author: Reynoldson, T. B.; Young, J. O.
Year: 1965
Title: Food supply as a factor regulating population size in freshwater triclads
Journal: Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol.
Volume: 13
Pages: 3-20
Keywords: population dynamics, UK, Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, flatworms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5990
Author: Ribera, I.; Doledec, S.; Downie, I.S.; Foster, G.N.
Year: 2001
Title: Effect of land disturbance and stress on species traits of ground beetle assemblages
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(4)
Pages: 1112-1129
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, UK, disturbance related to severity of land management, farming practices, stress related to elevation and vegetation structure, multivariate statistics, community, in lowland sites with high management intensity beetles were small, pale-coloured, good dispersers (mainly macropters), had herbivore morphology, were adult-overwinterers and spring or summer breeders, phenology, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, correlation of biological attributes of the beetles with major environmental factors to give functional groups, Scotland, 87 sites, moorland, grassland, Gramineae, cereals, spring barley, winter wheat, winter barley, oats, oilseed rape, fodder beet, set-aside, woodland, forest, trees, turnips,  methods, pitfalls, management intensity index (incorporating variables for sward type, cultivation, cutting, grazing, fertilisation, pesticides), 68 carabid species used (listed), species composition, biodiversity, morphological and life trait characteristics quantified included length and colour of body parts, degree of wing development, phenology, diel cycle and food of adults (plant material, Collembola, generalist), diet, trophic behaviour, Bembidion spp. Amara spp. and Agonum dorsale charcteristic of disturbed sites, Calathus micropterus Patrobus assimilis and most Carabus spp. characteristic of undisturbed sites, larger species were more likely to be found in less managed upland sites (perhaps because, in part, many large species are flightless), altitude, reference that Pterostichus melanarius is wing-dimorphic and winged forms more likely in recently established populations, Trechus obtusus is brachypterous but Trechus quadristriatus is macropterous and more likely to occur in habitats of high management intensity,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 385
Author: Ricci, C.
Year: 1979
Title: The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the larva of Platynaspis luteorubra (Col; Coccinellidae)
Journal: Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. "F.Silvestri".
Volume: 36
Pages: 179-198
Keywords: Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, structure, feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 383
Author: Ricci, C.
Year: 1982
Title: Constitution and function of the mandibles in Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata (L.) and Tytthaspis trilineata (Weise) larvae
Journal: Frustula Entomologica Nuova Serie .
Volume: III
Issue: XVI)
Pages: 205-212
Keywords: En.
Alternaria
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, structure, pollen, fungi, spores, mouthparts, food, diet, adaptation, fertilisation, grasses, could reduce damage to plants by fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 384
Author: Ricci, C.
Year: 1985
Title: Seasonal food preferences and behaviour of Rhyzobius litura (F.) (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga II, ed Hodek, I.
Keywords: En.
Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Sitobion fragariae, Aphis fabae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Cladosporium, Alternaria
Rep, beetles, ladybirds, Dvac, adults, larvae, gut dissection, cereals, wheat, barley, meadows, uncultivated fields, February, December, diet, pollen, fungi, aphids, ditches, banks, apterous coccinellids, spores, development, preference, rust spores


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 413
Author: Ricci, C.
Year: 1985
Title: Habitat distribution and migration to hibernation sites of Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata (L.) and Rhyzobius litura (F.) in central Italy
Journal: In 'Ecology of Aphidophaga II' ed. I.Hodek.
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, feeding, behaviour, dispersal, aestivation, movement, meadows, cereals, Compositae , gardens, fields, uncultivated fields, orchards, temperature, February


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 381
Author: Ricci, C.; Fiori, G.; Colazza, S.
Year: 1983
Title: Diet of adult Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in a meadow
Journal: Proceedings of the 13th Italian National Congress of Entomology.
Volume: Tipografia Grafital
Issue: Torino, Italy.
Pages: 691-698
Keywords: En.
Cladosporium, Alternaria.
Rep, beetles, ladybirds, Dvac, gut dissection, predation, food, fungi, pollen, mites, Acari, thrips, Thysanoptera, pollen preferred


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 428
Author: Richards, A. M.; Pope, R. D.; Eastop, V. F.
Year: 1976
Title: Observations on the biology of Subcoccinella vigintiquattuor-punctata (L. ) in southern England
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 1
Pages: 201-207
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2045
Author: Richards, O. W.
Year: 1930
Title: The British species of Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae, Diptera)
Journal: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Pages: 261-345
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, descriptions, keys, identification, structure, systematics, taxonomy, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1745
Author: Richards, O. W.; Waloff, N.
Year: 1954
Title: Studies on the population dynamics of British grasshoppers
Journal: Anti-locust Bulletin
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-182
Keywords: En.
UK, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2656
Author: Richardson, P. N.
Title: Mass-production and quality control of insect-parasitic rhabditid nematodes
Journal: ?
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 239
Author: Richardson, P. N.
Year: 1982
Title: Parasites of Tachyporus spp (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae)
Journal: Third International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology.
Pages: 120
Keywords: En.
Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus nitidulus, Centistes cuspidatus, Blacus ruficornis
Rep, gregarines, fungi, pathogens, cestodes, nematodes, mermithids, tylenchids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, adults, larvae, percentage parasitism , cereals, Gramineae, UK, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, Nematoda, 17% tylenchid nematodes in T. nitidulus and occasionals in T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus, Centistes attacks adults, Blacus larvae found in 10% Tachyporus larvae, overall 12% of 5050 Tachyporus had some sort of parasitoid


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 414
Author: Richerson, J. V.
Year: 1970
Title: A world list of parasites of Coccinellidae
Journal: Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia.
Volume: 67
Pages: 33-48
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, rep(PNR)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 366
Author: Richerson, J. V.; DeLoach, C. J.
Year: 1973
Title: Seasonal abundance of Perilitus coccinellae and its coccinellid hosts and degree of parasitism in central Missouri
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 2
Pages: 138-141
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, parasites, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3981
Author: Richman, D. B.; Hemenway, R. C.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1980
Title: Field cage evaluation of predators of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 315-317
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, pests, biological control, arable, USA, caterpillars, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5180
Author: Richter, C.J.J.
Year: 1967
Title: Aeronautic behaviour in the genus Pardosa (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Volume: 103
Pages: 72-74
Alternate Journal: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aeronauts, ballooning, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa lugubris, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa monticola, Pardosa purbeckensis, Netherlands, immatures tested in the lab a wooden rack on an island of stones illuminated by bright light and subject to a gentle airstream from a fan, some spiders climbed to the top of the rack and showed "tip-toe" behaviour, 60% became airborne at 0.8 - 4 m/sec
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 518
Author: Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Morphology and function of the spinning apparatus of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Cl.) (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Z. Morph. Tierre.
Volume: 68
Pages: 37-68
Keywords: En.
Rep, predator, structure, silk, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 524
Author: Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Aerial dispersal in relation to habitat in eight wolf spider species (Pardosa, Lycosidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 5
Pages: 200-214
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, movement, distribution, ballooning, silk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 525
Author: Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Relation between habitat structure and development of the glandulae ampullaceae in eight wolf spider species ( Pardosa, Araneae, Lycosidae )
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 5
Pages: 185-199
Keywords: En.
Rep, predators, structure, behaviour, ballooning, silk, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 523
Author: Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1971
Title: Some aspects of the aerial dispersal in different populations of wolf spiders, with particular reference to Pardosa amentata (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Misc. Pap. Landb. hogesch. Wageningen.
Volume: 8
Pages: 77-88
Keywords: Predators, behaviour, migration, movement, distribution, ballooning, silk


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 526
Author: Richter, C. J. J.; van der Kraan, C.
Year: 1970
Title: Silk production in adult males of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Cl.) (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 20
Pages: 392-400
Keywords: En.
Rep, predators, structure, behaviour, ballooning, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1906
Author: Richter, H.
Year: 1966
Title: Zur quantitativen Verteilung dominanter Collembolenarten in Restwaldern, Feldhecken und angrenzenden Fluren
Journal: Archiv fur Naturschutz u. Landschaftsforschg.
Volume: 6
Pages: 133-156
Keywords: Ger.
quantitative distribution of dominant Collembola genera in wood remnants, hedges and adjacent fields, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4976
Author: Richter, J.; Biliwa, A.; Helbig, J.; Henning-Helbig, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Impact of Teretriosoma nigriscens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) on Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and losses in traditional maize stores in southern Togo
Journal: Journal of Stored Product Research
Volume: 33(2)
Pages: 137-142
Alternate Journal: Journal of Stored Product Research
Keywords: Rep., larger grain borer, pests, corn, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, [according to the web, T. nigriscens kills other pests, such as Lepidoptera eggs, and so is polyphagous], Africa, the pest originated in Central America, T. nigrescens is found in Central America, it feeds on eggs, larvae and sometimes adults of  P. truncatus and uses pheromones in prey search, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, T. nigrescens was introduced to Africa from Central America, classical biological control, the pest was reduced by 93% and damage was reduced by 81% when this predator was added to grain stores
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2042
Author: Ricou, G.
Year: 1978
Title: The dipteran community of newly sown grassland
Journal: Proceedings of the Symposium on Grassland Fauna, Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society
Volume: 6A
Pages: 259-271
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, Ireland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, farming practices, fewer predators in newly sown than in permanent pasture, some species more numerous in new sown and this ascribed to reduced predation, biological control, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Araneae, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4805
Author: Riddick, E.W.; Mills, N.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Potential of adult carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of fifth-instar Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards in California
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23(5)
Pages: 1338-1345
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, caterpillars, trees, top fruit, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Cydia pomonella, ability of carabids to kill mature caterpillars tested in the laboratory, oats were provided as an alternative food to assess the degree of carnivory (as compared with omnivory), Pterostichus species were the most carnivorous, patterns of prey consumption rate over time were compared for different species, tethered larvae were places on the ground near apple trees, artificial prey, sentinel prey, baits, methods, these tethered prey were observed through binoculars at night using light from a torch, pitfalls, predation of tethered larvae declined from 60% to 0% as the season progressed, small carabids attacked but were unable to kill (wounding ?), large carabids such as Harpalus pennsylvanicus killed and consumed the caterpillar within 30 min, spiders and ants also fed off the larva, but taking only small amounts. Pterostichus were concluded to be the most important predators of Codling Moth. Food preferences, diet selection, prey selection, foraging behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5131
Author: Ridgway, R.L.; Jones, S.L.
Year: 1969
Title: Inundative releases of Chrysopa carnea for control of Heliothis on cotton
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 62
Pages: 177-180
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, augmentative biological control, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, Heliothis zea, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, releases of predator larvae reduced pest larvae by 96% and damage was reduced significantly from 44% to 3% and  yield was increased significantly 3 fold, impact on pest populations and crop damage  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1634
Author: Ridgway, R. L.; Vinson, S. B.
Year: 1976
Title: Biological control by augmentation of natural enemies
Journal: Plenum Press, New York
Pages: 480 pp
Keywords: En.
methods, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2313
Author: Riechert, S.; Bishop, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: spiders in garden test systems
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 71
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1441-1451
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, biological control, integrated control, plots with grass mulch flowering buckwheat controls and spider removal, more pests and plant damage in mulch plots but not if spiders removed, 84% of predators observed were spiders, 98% of predation seen was by spiders, spiders added to broccoli bags with pests, vegetables, 93% damage in bags with no spiders compared with 32% with spiders, Tennessee USA, plots separated by bare ground and sheet metal barriers, methods, many different field vegetable types per plot, spider removal by live pitfalling and ground searching, spider density up to 30 times as great in mulch plots, cultural control, common families were Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Pisauridae, Agelenidae, Hahnidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, gives table of observed predation on pests including aphids, Hemiptera, Pieris, Lepidoptera, butterflies, leafhoppers, bugs, Diptera, Colorado beetle, Coleoptera, flea beetle, Chrysomelidae, striped cucumber beetle, Elateridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4440
Author: Riechert, S.; Cady, A.
Year: 1983
Title: Patterns of resource use and tests for competitive release in a spider community
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 64
Pages: 899-913
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, competition, spider community of sandstone outcrops, 35 spider species, 4 dominants were Coelotes montanus, Achaearanea tepidariorum, Araneus caviatus, and Hypochilus thorelli, direct observation in the field, including at night with yellow light, methods, recorded encounters of spiders with prey and the outcome, spider distribution was mapped, intraspecific agonistic interactions were observed for all 4 species, territoriality, removal experiments on selected cliffs, multiple discriminant analyses, significant overlaps were found in diets, timing of activity and microhabitat use, trophic behaviour, food, diel activity cycles, two of the species captured a similar range of spider taxa, araneophagy, prey size was similar for the 4 species, criteria of competitive release after removal experiments were changes in density, egg production and microhabitat use, but no great changes were recorded, interspecific competition may have been masked by other factors, abundance, reproduction, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2158
Author: Riechert, S. A.
Year: 1981
Title: The consequences of being territorial: spiders, a case study
Journal: The American Naturalist.
Volume: 117
Pages: 871-892
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, desert-living funnel-web spider, Agelenopsis asperta, good web sites limited, result competition, territoriality limits population size, behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3630
Author: Riechert, S. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Habitat manipulations augment spider control of insect pests
Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 321-325
Keywords: En.
Rep.(book), Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, field vegetables, cabbage, brassicas, potato, brussels sprouts, addition of grass hay mulch and intercropped flowering buckwheat in a mixed vegetable garden, more spiders in mulch and flower plots than in controls, habitat diversification, abundance, quadrat samples for spider density, methods, insect damage less in mulched plots, Gramineae, when spiders removed from a mulch and flowers plot plant damage was the same as in control plots, habitat preference, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, barriers, spider species not given, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 564
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1973
Title: Thoughts on the ecological significance of spiders
Journal: Bio Science.
Volume: 24
Pages: 352-356
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, review, numerical response, functional response, limiting factors, pests, prey, restrain pest outbreaks when pest at low density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 658
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1974
Title: The pattern of local web distribution in a desert spider: mechanisms and seasonal variation
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 43
Pages: 733-746
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2646
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1978
Title: Games spiders play: behavioural variability in teritorial disputes
Journal: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume: 3
Pages: 135-162
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5388
Author: Riechert, S.E.
Year: 1978
Title: Energy-based territoriality in populations of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch)
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 42
Pages: 211-222
Alternate Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, this spider shows agonistic behaviour at territorial boundaries, larger spider usually wins, territory size is related to food supply and varies between habitats, sharing a territory would decrease prey availability by 60% and thus decrease individual fitness, funnel-web spider, grassland in south USA and Mexico, Gramineae, methods, marked weighed spiders released at territory boundaries and observed, encouters ended with one individual being expelled from the area and this was in most cases the smaller animal, the resident sometimes won if it was not more than 10% smaller than the challenger, 5.4% of the population are in search of new web sites at any given time, in a high-density enclosure experiment of 16 adult females the population declined to 2 (similar to field density) after 14 days and these were the largest spiders, sticky traps for prey availability, largest territories are held where prey availability is low, territory size is regulated so that spiders occupying territories can optimize their fitness, the author claims to have data that energy-based territoriality occurs in 5 other spider families
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2092
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1979
Title: Games spiders play II. Resource assessment strategies
Journal: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume: 6
Pages: 121-128
Keywords: Rep., predators, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 561
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Spider interaction strategies : communication vs. coercion
Journal: In 'Spider Communication : Mechanisms and Ecological Significance. Eds. P.N. Witl and J. Rovner, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, behaviour, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2645
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1984
Title: Games spiders play III. Cues underlying context- associated changes in agonistic behaviour
Journal: Anim. Behav.
Volume: 32
Pages: 1-15
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2647
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Decisions in multiple goal contexts: habitat selection of the spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch)
Journal: Z. Tierpsychol
Volume: 70
Pages: 53-69
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2797
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1986
Title: Between population variation in spider territorial behaviour: hybrid-pure line comparisons
Journal: In Huettel, M.D. (Ed) Evolutionary Genetics of Invertebrate Behaviour: Progress and Prospects, Plenum Press, New York
Pages: 33-42
Keywords: En.
TP, includes electrophoresis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2644
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey abundance vs diet breadth in a spider test system
Journal: Evolutionary Ecology
Volume: 5
Pages: 327-338
Keywords: Tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3296
Author: Riechert, S. E.
Year: 1992
Title: Spiders as representative 'sit-and-wait' predators
Journal: In "Natural enemies: the population biology of predators, parasites and diseases", Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 313-328
Keywords: En.
Rep., sit and wait predator defined as "one in which no time or energy is expended in the search for food that is not simultaneously used in other activities", most hunting spiders also ambush food from a stationary foraging site, references that many spiders are characteristically underfed or even near starvation in the field, adaptations to feast and famine, long legs and silk wrapping keep large dangerous prey at bay, diets are typically much more diverse than is needed for dietary mixing for balanced nutrition, spiders eating spiders, predation on predators, evidence for foraging site selection where prey density is higher, finding new foraging sites is usually by random search, hungry spiders have Type II sigmoid functional responses, increased prey activity at high prey density increases encounter rates with spiders, evidence for aggregative and reproductive numerical responses, territoriality, assemblages of generalist predators can limit growth of prey populations, examples of active biocontrol measures using spiders eg in China, spiders can cause indirect mortality by causing herbivores to disperse and many fail to relocate a feeding site, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, mini-review, foraging, predation, trophic behaviour, diet, prey selection, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, physiology, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5435
Author: Riechert, S.E.
Year: 1998
Title: The role of spiders and their conservation in the agroecosystem
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 211-237
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, pests, biological control, community, review, generalists v specialists, the role of predator assemblages in suppressing pest populations, limit cycle control, equilibrium point control, self-damping, territoriality, intraspecific competition, density-dependent prey switching, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preferences, foraging behaviour, trophic cascades, effects of spiders on plant biomass, damage, yield, aerial dispersal, ballooning, migration, movement, distribution, spiders balloon into crops in spring in huge numbers but die or leave because of food shortage and inappropriate microclimate, water loss, thermal biology, habitat diversification, farming practices, additional advantages of mulches, weed strips, ground cover manipulation, polycultures, intercropping, reduced tillage, no-till, whole ecosystem approach  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2259
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Gillespie, R. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Habitat choice and utilization in web-building spiders
Journal: In 'Spiders, Webs, Behaviour and Evolution' Ed. by W.A. Shear, Stanford University Press, California
Pages: 23-48
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, review, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, random dispersal, habitat selection, multiple ballooning bouts, aerial dispersal , reasons for moving, competition for habitat use, competition for web sites, food.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3257
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Harp, J. M.
Year: 1987
Title: Nutritional ecology of spiders
Journal: In "Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders and related invertebrates", ed. by F. Slansky and J.G. Rodriguez, Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
Pages: 645-672
Keywords: En.
Rep., 30,000 described species of spider in world, prey availability, nutritional value of prey, some spiders need a varied diet to develop to adult, Greenstone considered Pardosa ramulosa to get all the amino acids it needs from 3 species of prey, spider body temperature, morphology and physiology, venom, feeding with extra-oral enzymes, digestive glands, metabolism, foraging mode, prey selection, Table giving evidence of generalist feeding in spiders, functional responses, habitat selection, species in variable habitats tend not to use hunger threshold as cue for movement, predation risk, numerical response, territoriality and competition which is mainly intra- specific, flexibility in performance, a single spider species is unlikely to have a major influence on the growth of an insect, but an assemblage of spiders can have a controlling influence, of the stable equilibrium form, on pest species, techniques to conserve spider species diversity in agroecosystems could prevent exponential growth of pest populations, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, examples from a desert spider, trophic behaviour, distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, biological control, community, biodiversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3146
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Hedrick, A. V.
Year: 1990
Title: Levels of predation and genetically based anti-predator behaviour in the spider Agelenopsis aperta
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 40
Pages: 679-687
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4380
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Lawrence, K.
Year: 1997
Title: Test for predation effects of single versus multiple species of generalist predators: spiders and their insect prey
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 84
Issue: 2)
Pages: 147-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, spiders have long life spans cf prey and are self-damped (territoriality and cannibalism) and polyphagous with density-dependen prey switching, old-field USA, methods, cages with chicken wire tops allowing flying herbivores to enter and leave but reducing spider movement, compared single species of spider per cage for Floronia (numerically abundant web spider), Argiope (biomass prominent web spider), Pardosa (numerically abundant wandering spider) and Hogna (biomass prominent wandering spider) with an assemblage of spider species representing the diversity found in the old field (58 species listed), compared with spider-free control cages, spider densities were at carrying capacity (densities given) in the cages, limited by territoriality and intra-guild predation, hyperpredation, IGP, cages replicated and densities maintained regularly, number of grazing insects at end of four months was greatest in spider-free controls, lowest in the assemblage, and intermediate for single spider species (which were all similar to each other),predatory insects and phytophagous hemipterans were unaffected but phytophagous Homoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera were reduced in the spider cages, the assemblage was twice as effective in limiting prey compared with any single spider species, spiders did not track densities of their prey but limited increase, as in equilibrium point control, spiders buffer fluctuation in prey numbers that would be observed in their absence, community, natural enemy interactions, impact of predators on pest populations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 563
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Lockley, T.
Year: 1984
Title: Spiders as biological control agents
Journal: Ann. Rev. Ent.
Volume: 29
Pages: 299-320
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, aggregation, density, density limitation by availability of web/foraging sites, pests, population dynamics, prey, effect on pest populations, apple, corn, cereals, maize, orchards, community, biological control by spider community not one species, conservation, species diversity, generalist predator, low density prey, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 560
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Luczak, J.
Year: 1981
Title: Spider foraging : behavioural responses to prey
Journal: In 'Spider Communication : Mechanisms and Ecological Significance' eds. P.N. Witl and J. Rovner, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Pages: 353-432
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, starvation, metabolic rate, feeding, food storage, distensible abdomen, fat, feeding rate, consumption rate, Lindley's experiments, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Drosophila, Diptera, movement, dispersal, distribution, hunger, spiders given flies in field migrated less, overkill, wasteful killing, incomplete consumption, prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5971
Author: Riechert, S.E.; Maupin, J.L.
Year: 1998
Title: Spider effects on prey: tests for superfluous killing in five web-builders
Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, Ed. by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Buckinghamshire, UK
Pages: 203-210
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, Ed. by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Buckinghamshire, UK
Keywords: Rep., wasteful killing, overkill, (term "superfluous killing" has precedence), spiders may kill more prey than they consume which is useful for biological control, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, five different types of webs constructed by Dictyna volucripes, Achaearanea tepidariorum, Florinda coccinea, Agelenopsis aperta, Argiope trifasciata, Dictynidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, degree of superfluous killing is positively related to prey density, abundance, USA, methods, laboratory tests, sequence of prey offered at regular intervals until spider ceased to attack, crickets, mealworms, termites, fruit flies, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera, Diptera, Drosophila melanogaster, prey weighed before and after experiment, juvenile and adult female spiders used, all tested species captured significantly more prey biomass than they consumed (due to passive web capture for some species but not for others), some species had to attack prey to retain them but others did not, over 50% of spiders failed to feed on all prey captured (e.g. live silk-wrapped mealworms sometimes discarded), partial consumption did not increase feeding rate in all species, same results as these also recorded under field conditions (unpublished), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5972
Author: Riechert, S.E.; Provencher, L.; Lawrence, K.
Year: 1999
Title: The potential of spiders to exhibit stable equilibrium point control of pests: tests of two criteria
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 9(2)
Pages: 365-377
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, biological control, in "stable limit cycle" prey and predator population numbers cycle out of phase with each other (characteristic of specialist natural enemies), in another type of stable interaction prey and predator numbers approach an equilibrium point (stable equilibrium), predator characteristics suitable for stable equilibrium point control are i) trophic generalists, ii) self-damped (territoriality, cannibalism etc), iii) spatio-temporal aggregation to prey but stopping short of causing prey extinction, iv) assemblage of predators feeding on assemblage of prey, community, spiders are known to be self-damped polyphages, 30,000 species of spiders, biodiversity, manipulative field experiments to investigate topics iii) and iv) reported here, USA, methods, old field, grassland, Gramineae, manipulation of  Orthoptera  prey of wolf spider Rabidosa rabida, Lycosidae, crickets, Gryllidae, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, katydids, Tettigonidae, Orchelium vulgare, 1 m3 mesh cages, multi-species experiments used Florinda coccinea, Pardosa milvina, Argiope trifasciata and R. rabida, Linyphiidae. Araneidae (= Argiopidae), spiders foraged significantly more in constantly prey-rich treatments, implies that spiders make habitat choice based on a few days of experience in that (and maybe other) habitats (the other treatments had inconsistent or low prey levels), habitat preference, habitat selection, spiders reduced insect prey populations significantly, prey reduced more in 4-spider multi-species treatment than in three out of four single spider species treatments, no single spider species was as effective in limiting prey populations consistently over three months as was the 4-species assemblage, prey were Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cicadellidae, positive density-dependent prey switching, conservation biological control, need to conserve assemblages of natural enemies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 656
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Reeder, W. G.
Year: 1972
Title: Effects of fire on spider distribution in southwestern Wisconsin prairies
Journal: Proceedings of the 2nd Midwest Prairie Conference (1970)
Pages: 73-90
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 657
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Reeder, W. G.; Allen, T. F.
Year: 1973
Title: Patterns of spider distribution (Agelenopsis asperta (Gertsch)) in desert grassland and recent lava bed habitats, South-central New Mexico
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 42
Pages: 19-35
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 655
Author: Riechert, S. E.; Tracy, R. R.
Year: 1975
Title: Thermal balance and prey availability : bases for a model relating web-site characteristics to spider reproductive success
Journal: Ecology.
Volume: 56
Pages: 265-284
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, physiology, behaviour, distribution, webs, microclimate, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4638
Author: Riecken, U.; Raths, U.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of radio telemetry for studying dispersal and habitat use of Carabus coriaceus L.
Journal: Annales Zoologici Fennici
Volume: 33
Pages: 109-116
Alternate Journal: Annales Zoologici Fennici
Keywords: Rep., Radio telemetry, a standard method for studying vertebrate dispersal, can also be used for studies of large invertebrate predators. The authors fixed 0.7 g transmitters (with an aerial length of 5 cm and a battery life of 28 days) to the elytra of Carabus coriaceus (the largest species of carabid  beetle in West Germany) using silicone glue. Heavy rain sometimes caused transmitter malfunction, but, despite such  problems, the authors were able to detect beetles at a maximum range of 400 m. This method, unlike harmonic radar, allows transmission at different frequencies and therefore the individual tracking (without capture and disturbance) of more than one specimen in the same area. The beetle showed diurnal and nocturnal activity and preferred forest edge ecotones. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, trees, woodland, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat preference, landscape study, diel activity cycle
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2484
Author: Riedel, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Overwintering and spring dispersal of Bembidion lampros (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from established hibernation sites in a winter wheat field in Denmark
Journal: Ed by Polgar et al Aphidophaga
Pages: 235-241
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4613
Author: Rieux, R.; Simon, S.; Defrance, H.
Year: 1999
Title: Role of hedgerows and ground cover management on arthropod populations in pear orchards. 
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 73
Pages: 119-127
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., arthropod communities in trees were affected by the ground cover below, France, ash trees and ivy hedges compared, forest, woodland, natural ground cover and sown (ryegrass, clover, white mustard) and bare ground compared, farming practices, Gramineae, Leguminosae, brassicas, branches were beaten and fauna fell into a funnel then into alcohol, beating, methods, sweeping of ground cover, ivy and ash had high beneficial to phytophage ratio, herbivores, also examined pear, hawthorn and poplar, predators in ground cover were mainly spiders, predatory Diptera, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, parasitoids also present, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds, soldier beetles, more spiders in natural ground cover and more ants in sown ground cover, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, pear trees on bare ground tended to have a lower beneficial: phytophage ratio than those above natural or sown ground cover, the main beneficials on the pear trees were Anthocoridae and Miridae (sown area) and Empididae and Miridae (natural area) and Dermaptera and Miridae (bare ground), Heteroptera, earwigs, community composition, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, habitat management
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2041
Author: Riggert, E.
Year: 1935
Title: Untersuchungen uber die Parasiten der Fritfliege
Journal: Arb. Physiol. angew. Ent. Ber.
Volume: 2
Pages: 1-23
Keywords: Ger.
parasitoids of Oscinella frit, frit fly, Diptera, Chloropidae, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, 10% adults parasitised by nematode Tylenchinema oscinellae, 3-6% by the mite Microtrombidium demeijerei, both parasitoids sterlise host, Acari, Nematoda, lists hymenopterous parasitoids bred out, Hymemoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1375
Author: Rijsdijk, F. H.
Year: 1982
Title: The EPIPRE system
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monographs 25
Pages: 65-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., Netherlands, cereals, Gramineae, forecasting pests and disease problems, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5024
Author: Riley, M.A.; Goyer, R.A.
Year: 1986
Title: Impact of beneficial insects on Ips spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) bark beetles in felled loblolly and slashed pines in Louisiana
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1220-1224
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, 27 species of predators in 13 families and 10 species of parasitoids in 4 families were found associated with Ips broods, Coleoptera, pests, trees, woodland, forest, conifers, natural enemies, biological control, wood samples were brought to the lab to exclude further colonization by natural enemies and these were compared with samples retained in the field, 3 Ips species found, predators formed 99% of the natural enemy complex, predators included bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Histeridae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Cleridae, Dolichopodidae, Stratiomyidae, Lonchaeidae, Diptera, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae [no direct evidence presented that any of these were killing Ips]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1374
Author: Ripper, W. E.
Year: 1956
Title: Effect of pesticides on the balance of arthropod populations
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 403-438
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3568
Author: Risch, S. J.; Andow, D.; Altieri, M. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Agroecosystem diversity and pest control: data, tentative conclusions and new research directions
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 625-629
Keywords: En.
Rep., diversity and stability, review, 150 papers, 198 herbivore species, 53% were less abundant in diversified systems, including pests, and 18% more abundant, more work needed on ecological mechanisms underlying this, herbivore host-finding and the action of natural enemies may both be involved, ecologically sound agroecosystems could use within-field plant diversity, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 368
Author: Risch, S. J.; Wrubel, R.; Andow, D.
Year: 1982
Title: Foraging by a predaceous beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in a polyculture : effects of plant density and diversity
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 11
Pages: 949-950
Keywords: En.
Rep, ladybirds, greenhouse, eggs, European cornborer, pest, Lepidoptera, cereals, maize, corn, beans, squash, less predation in densestands


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4837
Author: Rishi, N.D.; Shah, K.A.
Year: 1985
Title: Survey and bioecological studies on the natural enemy complex of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Research
Volume: 9(1)
Pages: 82-93
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., India, 3 year survey, caterpillar pest of fruit and forest trees, orchards, woodland, rearing out of parsitoids from field collected hosts, methods, natural enemies, biological control, activity of predators, parasitoids, virus, nematodes and birds was observed in the field, table of 47 species of predator and parasitoid, three parasitoids and one predator were dominant, Hymenoptera, pathogens, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Nematoda, Aves, Vertebrata, 7 species of carabid were recorded, Calosoma himalayanum and Carabus cashmirensis larvae and adults killed and ate L. obfuscata larvae and pupae as observed in the field, describes foraging behaviour and life cycle of these species, table of natural enemies also includes Dermestes, Anthrenus, Isodromus and Trogoderma attacking eggs, oophagy, Oxyopes and Philodromus attacking eggs and larvae, Araneae, spiders 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5201
Author: Riudavets, J.; Castane, C.
Year: 1998
Title: Identification and evaluation of native predators of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the Mediterranean
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(1)
Pages: 86-93
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, western flower thrips, Spain, vegetable and ornamental crops, 95% of predators were Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus and Dicyphus tamaninii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, all these predators could complete development on F. occidentalis, Miridae, fecundity, longevity, population dynamics, field survey, list of 18 species in field including Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, predatory thrips and Aphidoletes, Diptera, hoverflies, Cecidomyiidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, cucumber, tomato, lettuce, carnation, horticulture, strawberry, in situ visual observations, laboratory rearing studies, culturing, 25C, temperature
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 147
Author: Rivard, I.
Year: 1964
Title: Notes on parasitism of ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in Ontario
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 42
Pages: 919-920
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2863
Author: Rivard, I.
Year: 1964
Title: Observations on the breeding periods of some ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Eastern Ontario
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 42
Pages: 1081-1084
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, pitfalls, various fields, 5500 individuals of 30 species dissected including Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, maximum number of eggs per female was 8, 10, 40, breeding seasons given for 13 species, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 144
Author: Rivard, I.
Year: 1965
Title: Dispersal of ground beetles (Coleoptera :Carabidae) on soil surface
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Volume: 43
Pages: 465-473
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius
Cereals, oats, lucerne, clover, mark-recapture, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 145
Author: Rivard, I.
Year: 1966
Title: Ground beetles in relation to agricultural crops
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 98
Pages: 189-195
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, pasture, cereals, distribution, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 143
Author: Rivard, I.
Year: 1974
Title: Faune carabique d'un verger experimental
Journal: Phytoprotection.
Volume: 55
Pages: 55-63
Keywords: Fr.
Pterostichus melanarius
Carabidae, orchard, apple, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2641
Author: Roa, R.
Year: 1992
Title: Design and analysis of multiple-choice feeding-preference experiments
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 89
Pages: 509-515
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2654
Author: Robb, K. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Analysis of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) as a pest of floricultural crops in California greenhouses
Journal: PhD thesis, University of California, Riverside
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 800
Author: Roberts, H.
Year: 1956
Title: An ecological survey of the arthropods of mixed beech- oak deciduous woodland with particular reference to the Lithobiidae
Journal: D.Phil. thesis, Southampton University
Keywords: En.
Lit.Bk., centipedes, Chilopoda, Lithobius, polyphagous predators, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5122
Author: Robertson, L.N.; Firth, A.C.; Davison, R.H.
Year: 1981
Title: Predation on Australian soldier fly, Inopus rubriceps (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in pasture
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 8
Pages: 431-439
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., grassland, Gramineae, soldier fly colonised New Zealand, exotic pest, soil pests, insectary pot trials showed that carabid adults Rhytisternus miser consumed I. rubriceps eggs, in the field carabids were added to barriered plots and eliminated by insecticide from others but they did not have a significant effect on the pest (because there was high predator mortality), methods, predator exclusion, barriers, field manipulations, augmentative releases, rove beetle adults Thyreocephalus orthodoxus did reduce soldier fly significantly by 60% in these field experiments, in an insecticide check experiment soldier fly larvae were significantly more abundant in insecticide-treated plots than in untreated controls, polyphagous predators reduced by insecticide included Elateridae Conoderus exsul and Conoderus striatus and Agrypnus variabilis, Staphylinidae T. orthodoxus and Thyreocephalus chloropterus, and Carabidae R. miser and Clivina basalis, ants, centipedes and spiders, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, click beetles, pesticides, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Araneae, sigmoid functional response in insectary pot trials, Conoderus are omnivores and can eat plant roots and soil organic matter, T. orthodoxus appears to consume about 1 soldier fly larvae per day, predation rates, consumption rates, C. exsul seems to make a numerical response to soldier fly
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2653
Author: Robinson, A. S.; Heemert, C.; van
Year: 1980
Title: Genetic control of the onion fly, Delia antiqua with chromosomal rearrangements
Journal: Int Cont of Insect Pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 99-102
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2650
Author: Robinson, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Russian wheat aphid: a growing problem for small-grain farmers
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 21
Issue: 1)
Pages: 57-62
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 690
Author: Robinson, M. H.
Year: 1969
Title: Predatory behaviour of Argiope argentata (Fabricius)
Journal: Am. Zool.
Volume: 9
Pages: 161-173
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, food, Araneidae, Argiopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2121
Author: Robinson, M. H.; Robinson, B.
Year: 1970
Title: Prey caught by a sample population of the spider Argiope argentata (Araneae: Araneidae) in Panama: a year's census data
Journal: Zool. J. Linn. Soc.
Volume: 49
Pages: 345-358
Keywords: Predators, behaviour, diet, food, feeding, orb-web


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2120
Author: Robinson, M. H.; Robinson, B.
Year: 1974
Title: A census of web-building spiders in a coffee plantation at Wau, New Guinea, and an assessment of their insecticidal effect
Journal: Trop. Ecol.
Volume: 15
Pages: 95-107
Keywords: Araneae, predators, density, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5363
Author: Robinson, R.A.; Sutherland, W.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 39
Pages: 157-176
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, review, farming practices, agricultural statistics, 75% of land area of Britain was agricultural land in 2000, i.e. 18.3 million ha, half of plants, a third of insects and 4/5 of bird taxa on farmland are showing population declines, moths may have declined in some areas but aphids from suction traps remain constant or have increased, many ground beetle and bumblebee species have declined, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Bombus, number of farms declined by 35% 1949-99, and increased in size, field size has increased by hedgerow removal e.g. 5.5ha to 9.5ha (1945-94) in Somerset and Dorset but 6.5ha to 16ha in Cambridgeshire, 1 pesticides compound was used in 1940's but 344 by 1997, winter cereals may receive a dozen different chemicals, Gramineae, fields left as stubble overwinter have declined by about 4-10%, agricultural intensification has reduced landscape diversity, species now typical of UK farmland tend to be habitat generalists
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5324
Author: Roda, A.; Nyrop, J.; English-Loeb, G.; Dicke, M.
Year: 2001
Title: Leaf pubescence and two-spotted spider mite webbing influence phytoseiid behavior and population density
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 129
Pages: 551-560
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, pests, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, tritrophic interactions, trichomes, Typhlodromus pyri, Phytoseiulus persimilis, laboratory experiments, T. pyri oviposited more on trichome-rich apple varieties or on glabrous leaves with added cotton fibres, top fruit, trees, orchards, similar result for P. persimilis, in a mixed variety orchard field trial there was a significant positive relationship between leaf trichome density and abundance of T. pyri
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2995
Author: Rodbard, D.; Feldman, Y.
Year: 1978
Title: Kinetics of two-site immunoradiometric ("Sandwich") assays. 1. Mathematical models for simulation, optimization and curve fitting
Journal: Immunochemistry
Volume: 15
Pages: 71-76
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2996
Author: Rodbard, D.; Feldman, Y.; Jaffe, M. L.; Miles, L. E. M.
Year: 1978
Title: Kinetics of two-site immunoradiometric ("Sandwich") assays. II. Studies on the nature of the 'High-Dose' hook effect
Journal: Immunochemistry
Volume: 15
Pages: 77-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1067
Author: Rodrigues, M. L.; Smith, J. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Occurrence of Hemiptera on eggplants (Solanum melongena L.)
Journal: Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil
Volume: 5
Pages: 147-151
Keywords: aphids, pests, vegetables, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, biological control, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Nabis spp observed eating aphids on eggplant in Brazil, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5477
Author: Rodriguez-del-Bosque, L.A.; Smith, J.W.
Year: 1997
Title: Biological control of maize and sugarcane stem borers in Mexico: a review
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 17(3/4)
Pages: 305-314
Alternate Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Keywords: Rep., maize is the most important staple crop in Mexico supplying 50% of calories consumed, cereals, Gramineae, it is grown on 8 million ha (20% irrigated), 600,000 ha sugarcane, stem borers reduce yield of these crops by 40-50%, agricultural statistics, 6 species of Diatraea, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, Table of 36 native parasitoids species, natural enemies,  percentage parasitism, mass rearing, culturing, impact of natural enemies on pest populations is poorly studied in Mexico, predators, pathogens, 10/70 sugar mills use biocontrol against sugarcane stemborers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5746
Author: Roe, N.E.
Year: 2001
Title: Compost effects on crop growth and yield in commercial vegetable cropping systems
Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 123-134
Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: Rep., horticulture, agricultural statistics, vegetable acreage in USA, worth $9.3 billion in 1997, most composts have high bulk density and so local availability is crucial for economic usage, increased yields due to compost have been reported in onion, lettuce, brassicas, spinach, cucumber, squash, eggplant, tomato, responses are best if crop is not grown intensively or is under stress or on poorer soils, some danger that composts may cause build up of some nutrients  and metals that may then result in dangerous levels in crop plants, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2651
Author: Roermond, H. J. W.; vav, Groot J. J. R.; Rossing, W. A. H.; Rabbinge, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Calculation of aphid damage in winter wheat, using a simulation model
Journal: Med Fac
Volume: 51
Issue: 3a)
Pages: 1125-1130
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 816
Author: Roesgaard, H.; Lindhardt, K.
Year: 1979
Title: The effect of strawburning on predaceous arthropods on the soil surface
Journal: Tidsskrift Planteavl
Volume: 83
Pages: 305-323
Keywords: En.
Bembidion obtusum, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus hypnorum, Xantholinus linearis, Philonthus fuscipennis, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Lycosa, Pachygnatha
Rep., polyphagous predators, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, half field straw removed other burnt, burning reduced spiders and nocturnal Carabidae Pterostichus melanarius Nebria brevicollis Calathus fuscipes, ground beetles, Araneae, not carried on to following year, not much change in species composition, overall effects moderate, Denmark, gives temperature on and under soil during and after burn, 100,000 predators identified, 42 species carabid, 83 species staphylinid, rove beetles, 90% spiders were Linyphiidae, money spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5412
Author: Roff, D.A.
Year: 1991
Title: Life history consequences of bioenergetic and biomechanical constraints on migration
Journal: American Zoologist
Volume: 31
Pages: 205-215
Alternate Journal: American Zoologist
Keywords: Rep., insects, fish, spiders, distribution, dispersal, movement, Vertebrata, Pisces, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, energetic costs decrease with body size for flight and swimming, migrant insects must grow rapidly because their habitats are ephemeral, evidence supports these predictions, biomechanical factors limit the upper size at which insects and spiders can migrate by passive transport, ballooning is most likely in spiders less than 6 mm long, non-migratory spiders are on average larger than migratory spiders in UK, ballooning, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aeronauts, mean length of ballooning spiders is 2 mm, biomechanical constraints on ballooning may have a large influence on evolution of spider body size, review, Pardosa, Lycosidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4979
Author: Roger, C.; Coderre, D.; Boivin, G.
Year: 2000
Title: Differential prey utilization by the generalist predator Coleomegilla maculata lengi according to prey size and species
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 94
Pages: 3-13
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, in lab C. maculata preyed more on Plutella xylostella than Artogeia rapae or Trichoplusia ni, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, prey preference, prey selection, prey size selection, optimal foraging theory, references that this species will eat aphids, Lepidoptera eggs, Colorado beetle eggs and larvae, and pollen, Hemiptera, cabbage pests, brassicas, Cruciferae, calculation of a Protection Index suggested that the ladybird would be most beneficial through impact on T. ni (taking account of predator preference and relative damage done by different species of pest caterpillar)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5224
Author: Roger, C.; Coderre, D.; Vigneault, C.; Boivin, G.
Year: 2001
Title: Prey discrimination by a generalist coccinellid predator: effect of prey age or parasitism ?
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 163-172
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Canada, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleomegilla maculata, laboratory, choice between young or old eggs of Trichoplusia ni and unparasitised or parasitised by Trichogramma evanescens, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Trichogrammatidae, prey preference, prey selection, interactions between natural enemies, beetle larvae preferred younger eggs irrespective of whether they were parasitised or not, quality of old eggs in terms of development rate and survival is less than for young eggs, methods, Manly's Preference Index, cites references to other egg predators avoiding parasitised eggs 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 367
Author: Rogers, C. E.; Jackson, H. B.; Angalet, G. W.; Eikenbary, R. D.
Year: 1972
Title: Biology and life history of Propylea 14-punctata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) an exotic predator of aphids
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America.
Volume: 65
Pages: 648-650
Keywords: En.
Lema melanopa, Oulema melanopus, Schizaphis graminum
Rep, beetles, ladybirds, predation, diet, food, laboratory, greenbug, fecundity, fertility, development, cannibalism, references, biological control, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1085
Author: Rogers, C. E.; Jackson, H. B.; Eikenbary, R. D.
Year: 1972
Title: Voracity and survival of Propylea 14-punctata preying upon Greenbugs
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 65
Pages: 1313-1316
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Schizaphis graminum, USA, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, predation, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3515
Author: Rogers, C. E.; Jackson, H. B.; Eikenbary, R. D.
Year: 1972
Title: Responses of an imported coccinellid, Propylea 14-punctata to aphids associated with small grains in Oklahoma
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 198-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, differences in fecundity, artificial diet, Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae and 3 others, oviposition rate, resulting larvae were reared in standard way on greenbugs, longevity greatest on S.avenae and R.padi, diet affected pre-oviposition period, fecundity greatest on S.graminum at 342 cf 51 for S.avenae, this was an inbred stock of P.14-punctata and fecundity is 3 times higher on out-bred beetles, rearing, culturing, population dynamics, reproduction, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1595
Author: Rogers-Lewis, D. S.
Year: 1977
Title: Slug damage in potatoes and winter wheat on silt soils
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 87
Pages: 532-535
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, arable, yield, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4449
Author: Rohel, E.; Couteaudier, Y.; Papierok, B.; Cavelier, N.; Dedryver, C. A.
Year: 1997
Title: Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer size variation correlated with RAPD-PCR pattern polymorphisms in the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis and some closely related species
Journal: Mycological Research
Volume: 101
Issue: 5)
Pages: 573-579
Keywords: En.
Rep., pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, DNA methods, this fungus is the most widespread aphid pathogen in temperate regions, it has high morphological variability, RAPD-PCR was used to examine the genetic variability of 30 isolates from diverse countries and hosts, RAPD groupings could be related to geographical origin in some cases, but there was no apparent relationship between host and RAPD pattern among isolates from Aphididae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, references to the literature that DNA polymorphism studies have been useful to distinguish between strains of fungi, isolates from France, USA, Israel, Mexico, Brazil, Finland and c. 10 aphid species, there was similarity among some French isolates collected in 1975 and others collected 20 years later, but these in turn were different from some other French isolates, considerable genetic variability exists and all but two isolates were differentiated by their RAPD patterns, divergent patterns occurred among isolates from the same region and even from the same field and host species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 427
Author: Roitberg, B. D.; Myers, J. H.
Year: 1978
Title: Effect of adult Coccinellidae on the spread of a plant virus by an aphid
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology.
Volume: 15
Pages: 775-779
Keywords: En.
Coccinella californica, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, aphids, Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus, pathogens, epidemiology, movement, predators, prey, pest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3562
Author: Roitberg, B. D.; Myers, J. H.
Year: 1978
Title: Adaptation of alarm pheromone responses of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 56
Pages: 103-108
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, semiochemicals, biological control, behaviour, adult and IV dropped, ran or backed up in response to pheromone, escape reactions, fall off, drop off, dislodgement, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, younger instars did not respond, all instars responded to pheromone plus vibration, usually by dropping, adult and IV from dry regions do not drop, probably because they would quickly die on the ground, clones contained some individuals that drop and others that do not, aphids knocked off plants by Coccinellidae in Vancouver field cages, 74% of I's and II's were able to re-find host plants but their mortality rates were 6 times that of adults, re-climb rates, dual stimulus of pheromone plus vibration caused more than 90% of I's to drop, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1079
Author: Roitberg, B. D.; Myers, J. H.
Year: 1979
Title: Behavioural and physiological adaptations of pea aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) to high ground temperatures and predator disturbance
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 111
Pages: 515-519
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, microclimate, Vancouver, warm and moist, Acyrthosiphon pisum drops off plant when disturbed by ladybird and climb back later, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, but in Kamloops B.C., hot and dry, many would die on the ground, these aphids rarely drop from plant, behaviour, vertical distribution, dispersal, defence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1053
Author: Roitberg, B. D.; Myers, J. H.; Frazer, B. D.
Year: 1979
Title: The influence of predators on the movement of apterous pea aphids between plants
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 48
Pages: 111-122
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Acythosiphon pisum, Lab study with Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, field cage study with introduced predators, methods, aphids rarely moved if predators absent, much movement when predators present, fecundity reduced the day after dispersal, distribution, behaviour, defence


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4757
Author: Rokas, A.
Year: 2000
Title: Wolbachia as a speciation agent
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 15
Pages: 44-45
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., they are cytoplasmically inherited from mothers to daughters. They can induce parthenogenesis, feminisation and incompatibility. They appear to cause parthenogenesis of Encarsia formosa and males can be obtained if mothers are treated with antibiotics, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control. They probably enhance speciation by generating reproductive isolation, potential mechanisms are discussed
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4128
Author: Roland, J.
Year: 1990
Title: Interaction of parasitism and predation in the decline of winter moth in Canada
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 289-302
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, caterpillars, biological control, trees, forests, woodland, population dynamics, population decline of winter moth Operophtera brumata caused by introduced parasitoids in British Columbia, Canada, classical biological control, winter moth larvae ingest eggs of Cyzenis albicans whilst feeding and are killed after pupation, Tachinidae, Diptera, there was an increase in mortality of pupae in the soil greater than that due to the effect of introduced parasitoids, pupae were experimentally buried in the soil inside and outside predator exclusion cages, methods, predation was mainly by small predators such as Philonthus decorus larvae in UK, and by other Staphylinidae in Canada, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, total mortality from parasitism and predation was greater than was expected if the two factors had acted independently from each other, this was due to increased predation on unparasitised pupae, predators did not take many parasitised pupae, food, trophic behaviour, diet, prey selection, predation on moribund prey, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, C.albicans oviposits on damaged foliage, which is harder to find when winter moth density is low, oviposition behaviour, pathogens are most prevalent and effective at high moth density, parasitoids at intermediate and pupal predators at low moth density, predation on pupae plays a major regulating role in UK and Canada and parasitism plays a minor role


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3097
Author: Roland, J.
Year: 1994
Title: After the decline: what maintains low winter moth density after successful biological control ?
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 63
Pages: 392-398
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, parasitoids, strong regulation of winter moth numbers by polyphagous predators, population dynamics, pests, trees, forests, Lepidoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4265
Author: Roland, J.; Embree, D. G.
Year: 1995
Title: Biological control of the Winter Moth
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 40
Pages: 475-492
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, trees, forests, woodland, caterpillars, introduced natural enemies reduce the pest to a level where generalist predators in the system regulate the moth at a new low density, polyphagous predators, abundance, control has been spectacularly successful in Canada, pest attacks hardwood forest such as oak, shade trees, apple and filbert orchards, hazel nuts, top fruit, damage, classical biological control, Tachinidae parasitoids from Europe were released, Diptera, in the UK pest densities were affected by the degree of synchrony of egg hatch and bud burst, density dependent pupal predation in the soil, plus a minimal effect of parasitoids and pathogens, disease, mortality of pupae in the soil is also an important factor in Nova Scotia apple orchards, North America, pupal predation is usually high, often exceeding 80% both in UK and Canada, most of this predation is thought to be by beetle larvae, Cioleoptera, predation is heavier on unparasitised than parasitised pupae, predators of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, trophic behaviour, small mammals are less likely to differentiate between parasitised and unparasitised pupae, Vertebrata, Mammalia, there seems to be a rapid functional response by predators to pupae, conclusion is that introduced parasitoids cause an initial decline in the pest, parasitism rates are 70-80% initially, and predation contributes to the decline, in some cases there is synergy between parasitism and predation, the authors consider that at the new low pest density predation is a very important factor in regulating pest density, however if parasitism was remove it is considered that predators would lose control of the pest, interactions between natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5973
Author: Roland, J.; Taylor, P.D.
Year: 1997
Title: Insect parasitoid species respond to forest structure at different spatial scales
Journal: Nature
Volume: 386
Pages: 710-713
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, trees, woodland, pests, biological control, forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, Lepidoptera, parasitism of this caterpillar is significantly enhanced or reduced depending on ratio of forested to unforested land, landscape, Canada, aspen, Diptera, Tachinidae, Carcelia malacosomae, Patelloa pachypyga, Leschenaultia exul, Sarcophagidae, Arachnidomyia aldrichi, competition within the host, parasitism lower in hosts from fragmented forests compared to unfragmented, outbreaks of this pest last longer in fragmented forests, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2834
Author: Rollard, C.
Title: 1986
Journal: Mem. Soc. r. belge Ent.
Volume: 33
Pages: 199-206
Keywords: FR. En. Summ.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, France, Britanny, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, egg parasitoids, 35% of Agroeca brunnea cocoons parasitised, Clubionidae, only 15% spiderlings survive an attack, number of parasitoid eggs per cocoon 1-12 depending on species, Gelis melanocephala commonest, also Gelis longicauda, Gelis balteatus, Gelis intermedius, Gelis meigenii and Gelis zonatus, some of these also attack cocoons of other spider genera, cocoon structure and phenology of A. brunnea, % parasitism 1982-85, G. melanocephala attacks Araneus, Ero, Larinioides, Linyphia, Pardosa, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, behaviour, host preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2833
Author: Rollard, C.
Year: 1984
Title: Composition et structure de la biocenose consommatrice des Araneides
Journal: Revue Arachnologique
Volume: 5
Issue: 4)
Pages: 211-237
Keywords: Fr., En. Summ.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, fungal pathogens, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites and insects attack spiders and their egg cocoons, microbes, Nematoda, Acari, egg predators, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera Mantispidae, ectoparasites of adults and juveniles are insects mites and fungi, endoparasites include bacteria, virus, fungi, nematodes and Diptera, kleptoparasites, % parasitism, review, long Appendix giving egg predators and parasitoids ecto- and endoparasites of named spider species, the Ichneumonidae Polysphincta tuberosa is an ectoparasite of Lepthyphantes tenuis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2832
Author: Rollard, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Note on the biology of ichneumonid wasps whose larvae feed on spider eggs
Journal: Colloques de l'INRA
Volume: 48
Pages: 127-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, France, heathland, Ichneumonidae, Tromatobia ornata and Gelis spp., oviposition is in silk near or among the spider eggs, sensory organs on ovipositor, number of eggs deposited per cocoon varies with species eg 1-12 for Gelis melanocephala and only 1 for Gelis longicauda in Agroeca brunnea, Clubionidae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3631
Author: Rollard, C.
Year: 1990
Title: Mortality of spider eggs in Brittany
Journal: Acta Zoologica Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 327-331
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, France, heathland, 13-40% of eggsacs of 7 species were parasitized by Hymenoptera parasitoids, 10% had holes or tears in eggsac and were presumed attacked by predators, 1-15% eggs in eggsacs did not develop and presumed infertile, population dynamics, survival, parasitoids destroyed 6-28% of all eggs laid, reproduction, recruitment, 13 species of parasitoid including Gelis, description of feeding by parasitoid larvae, trophic behaviour, Agroeca brunnea, Araneus diadematus, Argiope bruennichi, Ero furcata, Linyphia triangularis, Mangora acalypha, Tetragnatha sp., Argiopidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, Tetragnathidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4658
Author: Roltsch, W.; Hanna, R.; Zalom, F.; Shorey, H.; Mayse, M.
Year: 1998
Title: Spiders and vineyard habitat relationships in central California
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Pages: 311-338
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Keywords: Rep., landscape, habitat diversification, habitat management, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grapes, USA, life histories, spiders in agroecosystems, sampling methods, assemblages, canopy and cover crop, effects on leafhopper abundance, pests, Hemiptera, woody perennial systems, future research needs, biological control. Review of literature on fecundity, which ranges from 12 to 3000, and prey consumption rate, selective feeding, spiders in agroecosystems, habitat manipulation, diurnal cycles affecting sweep catch, methods. The authors used Dvac, leaf sampling and shake-cloth (a variant of beating). Vacuum insect net, suction sampling. No method worked well for all spider species, some were better than others for particular species. Species composition and phenology. Spiders in canopy versus cover crops, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement. Spiders were the dominant generalist predators in the vineyard. The vine canopy contained species also found in the cover crop. Corrugated cardboard bands around grapevine trunks contained many spiders in winter showing the need for overwintering sites. Theridion spp. were more abundant, and leafhoppers (Erythroneura variabilis) less abundant, in vine canopy next to cover crops (vetch and oats) than distant from cover crops. Pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Gramineae, Leguminosae, farming practices
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4413
Author: Room, P.
Year: 1979
Title: Parasites and predators of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 18
Pages: 223-228
Keywords: En.
Rep., Australia, pests, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 4 species of Diptera and 12 species of Hymenoptera as parasitoids, sweep net, window traps, collection from plants, direct in situ visual observation of predation in the field, methods, lab Petri dish predation trials, P32-labelled Heliothis eggs in field, radiotracers, radio-labelling, stomach contents of mice, Chiracanthium diversum ate eggs and larvae, Araneae, spiders, Clubionidae, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Salticidae, Oxyopes and Theridiidae ate small larvae, table of 41 predator species including Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, ants, Dermaptera, Odonata, species list, species composition, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds, soldier beetles, ground beetles, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, earwigs, "more than half the 500 arthropod species taken in the Namoi Valley are probably predaceous to some extent", biodiversity, species richness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1603
Author: Room, P. M.
Year: 1971
Title: The relative distributions of ant species in Ghana's cocoa farms
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 40
Pages: 735-753
Keywords: En.
Rep., ants in tropical biological control, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, trees, plantations, see also J.Anim.Ecol. 12(1), Africa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3604
Author: Root, R. B.
Year: 1973
Title: Organisation of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea)
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 43
Pages: 95-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, brassicas, field vegetables, arable, pests, natural enemies, biological control, habitat diversification, natural enemy hypothesis and resource concentration hypothesis, pure stands of collards cf rows of collards within diverse meadow vegetation, grassland, Gramineae, 3 years, herbivore biomass, Phyllotreta crucifera, flea beetles, Coleoptera, Halticinae, Chrysomelidae, Pieris rapae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cabbage white butterfly, Brevicoryne brassicae, cabbage aphid, Hemiptera, guild structure, consistently greater herbivore loads in pure stands, number of herbivore species greater in diverse habitat, diversity of predators and parasitoids greater in pure stands, microclimates and effectiveness of natural enemies did not appear to differ much between treatments, resource concentration hypothesis ie herbivores more likely to find and remain on hosts growing in dense pure stands, predators were 21 species of spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, 22 species of beetle, 21 species Diptera, 3 species Hemiptera, 1 Hymenoptera, 2 species lacewing, Neuroptera, 1 harvestman, Opiliones, Phalangida, Dvac and bagging collards including at night, nocturnal species, methods, suction sampling, vacuum sampler, more slugs on plants at night, diel cycles, Mollusca, Limacidae, natural enemies were relatively rare, density, abundance, herbivore: predator ratios 67 to 402, appendices list herbivore species predators and parasitoids, list includes Erigone atra and Phalangium opilio, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1472
Author: Root, R. B.; Skelsey, J. J.
Year: 1969
Title: Biotic factors involved in crucifer aphid outbreaks following insecticide application
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 62
Issue: 1)
Pages: 223-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, pesticides, aphids and flea beetles on collards, Brassica oleracea, field vegetables, Coleoptera, Halticinae, carbaryl, sevin, cryolite, carbamates, carbaryl reduced aphids in greenhouse experiments but increased them in field, when carbaryl applied for half season aphids collapsed, pesticide application methods, cryolite no effect on aphids in greenhouse, more flea beetles when fewer aphids, competition, low predator numbers, aphid- specifics, polyphagous predators ignored, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4967
Author: Ropek, D.; Jaworska, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Effect of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Nematoda, Steinernematidae), on carabid beetles in field trials with annual legumes
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz und Umweltschutz
Volume: 67
Pages: 97-100
Alternate Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz und Umweltschutz
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pathogens, insect parasitic nematodes, Poland, Leguminosae, peas, beans, pitfalls, nematodes poured onto soil surface did not reduce the longevity of adult beetles, 16 species listed including Amara plebeja, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis (=Harpalus aeneus), Agonum dorsale (=Platynus dorsalis), Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius (=Pterostichus vulgaris), dominants were B. lampros and P. cupreus, reference to a Polish paper that Bembidion spp. significantly reduced populations of Delia radicum (= Delia brassicae)  in cabbage, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1411
Author: Rosca, I.; Popov, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Role of chemical treatments applied against cereal bugs and egg parasites
Journal: Studii si Cercetari de Biologie, Biologie Animala
Volume: 35
Issue: 2)
Pages: 148-152
Keywords: Romanian, En.summ.
field experiments on Eurygaster, Sunn bug, adults of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus grandis and Telenomus chloropus, Heteroptera, pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, very susceptible to pesticides used against first generation Eurygaster, immatures protected within the egg and can restore parasitoid populations after treatment, insecticides, IPM, monitoring, optimal spray timing, methods, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2655
Author: Roschen, A.; Mossakowski, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Ecological differentiation in Chrysocarabus populations. A study of two sympatric species and their hybrid
Journal: Ed by P.J. Den Boer et al ECM
Pages: 297-312
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3074
Author: Rose, N. R.; Friedman, H.
Year: 1980
Title: Manual of Clinical Immunology, 2nd Edition
Journal: American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C.
Pages: 1105 pp
Keywords: En.
serology, methods, immunoassays section includes radio- immunoassays, enzyme-linked immunoassays, fluorescence immunoassays


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1376
Author: Rosen, H.; von
Year: 1982
Title: Control of the bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) with reduced rates of metasystox
Journal: Vaxtskyddsnotiser
Volume: 46
Issue: 1/2)
Pages: 16-21
Keywords: Swed.,En.summ.
pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pesticides, insecticide application methods, barley, oats, Sweden, reduced doses of demeton-S-methyl, organophosphorus insecticides, oxydemeton-methyl, aphicides, pirimicarb, ethiofencarb, carbamates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4369
Author: Rosenheim, J. A.
Year: 1998
Title: Higher-order predators and the regulation of insect herbivore populations
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 43
Pages: 421-447
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, community, trophic behaviour, food, diet, polyphagous predators, biological control, higher-order predators can affect pathogens, nematodes, parasitoids and predators to inhibit top-down control of herbivores, the impact of consumers on entomogenous fungi has been little explored, mites and Collembola can cause physical damage to Beauveria bassiana, microbial enemies of Bacillus thuringiensis, insect parasitic nematodes eaten by mites and Collembola, parasitoids can be infected by viruses, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa and nematodes, parasitoids may avoid areas where hyperparasitoids occur, distribution, searching behaviour, foraging, parasitoids are caught in spider's webs during inter-host patch flights, predation of aphid mummies, adding predators to a host-parasitoid system sometimes improves host control but sometimes reduces it, predation of adult parasitoids, predation rates of parasitoids by spiders, ants and bugs are estimated to be very high, natural enemies of predators, control of Tetranychus urticae by Phytoseiulus persimilis can be delayed by the addition of Orius which preys on P. persimilis, Nematoda, Acari, disease, Araneae, pests, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, spider mites, Tertanychidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5282
Author: Rosenheim, J.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Source-sink dynamics for a generalist insect predator in habitats with strong higher-order predation
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 71(1)
Pages: 93-116
Alternate Journal: Ecological Monographs
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, USA, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation on lacewing larvae by predatory Heteroptera bugs disrupts aphid control, intraguild predation, IGP, interactions between natural enemies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Geocoridae, Geocoris spp., Nabis, Nabidae, Zelus renardii, mortality of lacewing larvae by IGP is reduced when aphid prey is very abundant, trophic webs, food webs, methods, small and large field enclosures
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5522
Author: Rosenheim, J.A.; Brodeur, J.
Year: 2002
Title: A simple trap to study small-scale movement by walking arthropods
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 103
Pages: 283-285
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., methods, study of patch-leaving rules by arthropods foraging on plants, sticky material (Tanglefoot) is used to create barriers to funnel walking in vertebrates into a holding area from which escape is difficult, funnels are easy to enter from the wide end but difficult to enter from the narrow end, for the trap to be effective invertebrates must detect the sticky surface but avoid walking on it and becoming stuck, tests done with ladybird larvae on papaya leaves, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Stethorus siphonulus, larvae did not become stuck and were retained in the trap during dry periods (some disappeared during rain), distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, predators, natural enemies, foraging behaviour, minor repairs to traps were needed over a 10-day period,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5829
Author: Rosenheim, J.A.; Corbett, A.
Year: 2003
Title: Omnivory and the indeterminacy of predator function: can a knowledge of foraging behavior help ?
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 84(10)
Pages: 2538-2548
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., tropic webs, food webs, community, simulation model based on predators of Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychidae, Acari, spider mites, pests, biological control, IGP, intraguild predation, foraging behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Stethorus, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus, spiders, Araneae, Nesticodes rufipes, Theridiidae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, outcome dependent on movement characteristics of predators and prey relative to each other and also their relative body sizes, widely foraging predators (even if they are intraguild predators) are likely to be better at reducing pests than are sit-and-wait predators, the latter type of predator likely to remove intermediate predators, biomass, after knowing predator-prey encounter frequencies it is also necessary to know predator diet preferences and prey defense repertoires, anti-predator behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4199
Author: Rosenheim, J. A.; Kaya, H. K.; Ehler, L. E.; Marois, J. J.; Jaffee, B. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Intraguild predation among biological control agents: Theory and evidence
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 5
Pages: 303-335
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies of natural enemies, interactions between natural enemies, interspecific predation, interspecific competition, population dynamics, IGP in the sense used here includes any trophic interaction between biological control agents which share a host or prey and can compete, little is known about the role of IGP in the biocontrol of plant pathogens, for example fungi by fungi, IGP occurs among weed biocontrol agents, including arthropods, but there is little information, IGP in biocontrol of Nematoda has not been quantitatively documented in the field, but is likely to occur, pests, arthropod parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, facultative autoparasitoids (eg some Aphelinidae have males that are hyperparasitoids, including on females of the same species) can probably disrupt biological control, but not always, Hymenoptera, behaviour, predator-parasitoid interactions, biological control of grasshoppers by a parasitoid fly was disrupted by the addition of predatory Asilidae flies, Diptera, Orthoptera, polyphagous predators, Nabis will kill and consume adult Aphidius, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Braconidae, predatory stilt bugs Jalysus prey on cocoons of the parasitoid Cotesia congregata on the outside of Manduca sexta larvae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, foraging behaviour, Metasyrphus corollae eat moribund aphids but avoid mummies, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Hemiptera, diet, food, prey preference, other examples are given of parasitised prey being avoided by predators if in the later stages of parasitism, examples of mummy predation, successful biocontrol of winter moth in Canada might have been due to the joint effect of endemic predators and an introduced parasitoid, classical biological control, trees, woodland, forestry, Operophtera brumata, other examples given of predators and parasitoids synergising in experimental systems, predator-predator interactions, table of IGP among arthropod predators with 26 entries, unidirectional and bidirectional IGP recorded for many taxonomic groups and crops, gives trophic web of hyperpredators in cotton Helicoverpa zea system involving 32 groups of predators, ants are scavengers as well as predators, Formicidae, carrion feeding, cadavers, ants show mutualism and commensalism as well as predation, ants can interfere with otherwise effective biocontrol, especially of Homoptera, three examples given of effect of IGP on biocontrol, IGP in fish - invertebrate systems where biocontrol is often disrupted by IGP in flooded rice fields, cereals, Gramineae, Vertebrata, Pisces, there are also cases of IGP leading to improved pest control, pathogen-natural enemy interactions, table of such interactions with 42 entries, Nosema species attacking caterpillar hosts and their parasitoids, Protozoa, Microsporidia, disease, microbial insecticides, references to reviews of arthropod natural enemy interactions with baculoviruses, Nematoda, entomogenous fungi and bacteria, data on the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis Bt on natural enemies is mainly from lab studies, negative correlation between European corn borer larval infection by Nosema pyrausta in the field and parasitism by Macrocentrus grandii, Ostrinia nubilalis, simulation models suggest that IGP can disrupt the biological control of Tetranychidae mites and the mechanism is probably competition, Acari, reference to Gutierrez papers that include hyperpredation, mummy predation and fungus - parasitoid interactions, these Gutierrez multitrophic models suggest that addition of IG predators often improves biological control, but there are some serious mismatches with observed field data and this may be because true predator - prey were not incorporated, Mills & Gutierrez model (in press) suggests that the addition of a facultative autoparasitoid can cause major disruption of effective control of Bemisia argentifolii by parasitoids, Bemisia tabaci B, whitely, Hemiptera, it is premature to generalize about the effect of IGP on biocontrol agents except that it appears that IGP between two predators is more likely to disrupt biocontrol than is IGP between between other natural enemy combinations, "our ability to develop successful programmes of biological control will be greatly enhanced by field studies that address the complexity of trophic interactions in agroecosystems"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4624
Author: Rosenheim, J.A.; Limburg, D.D.; Colfer, R.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Impact of generalist predators on a biological control agent, Chrysoperla carnea: direct observations
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 9(2)
Pages: 409-417
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., observations showed that mortality on C. carnea larvae was not an artefact of cage confinement. Biological control agents can be intermediate rather than top predators. Neonate larvae of C. carnea were released next to existing natural unhatched eggs (which were removed) in cotton fields at 10 sites in USA. 4 h observation periods using hand-held PC in daylight only. Sweep net used to estimate the abundance of mobile predators.136 C. carnea were observed for 449 h. No cannibalism was observed. 9/26 encounters with other predators resulted in predation of the C. carnea (by Orius, Geocoris, Nabis and Zelus). Predation rates were not correlated with densities of herbivores or predators. Larvae were observed to fall from the plants on 8 occasions. They fell more frequently when trying to move over trichome-rich leaf petioles and fruit peduncles. Larvae were never observed to walk voluntarily onto the soil. Aphis gossypii was the main food observed to be eaten by the larvae. They also ate Tetranychus eggs and nymphs, Frankliniella, Bemisia, Orius nymphs, Geocoris and Chrysoperla eggs and extra-floral nectar. On other occasions the authors have seen adult Zelus renardii eating 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. Lacewings apply a sticky substance from the tip of the abdomen to the plant surface when they forage and this helps them to stay on the plant. Intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, methods, direct in situ visual observation, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Geocoridae, sweeping, sweepnet, vertical movement, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Acari, mites, Tetranychidae, spidermites, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, whiteflies, omnivory, plant structure, plant hairs, tritrophic interaction, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3092
Author: Rosenheim, J. A.; Wilhoit, L. R.; Armer, C. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 96
Pages: 439-449
Keywords: En.
Rep., predation on predators, population dynamics, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, USA, larvae of Chrysoperla carnea were severely reduced by predation by predatory Heteroptera, experimental addition of Nabis or Zelus renardii caused sufficient lacewing mortality to release Aphis gossypii populations from regulation by lacewings, cotton, arable, exclusion cages by sleeving plants, methods, then various combinations of aphids and predators added to the cages, predator densities in the experiments were within the range of common field densities, observations in field, gives 17 examples of intraguild predation involving 9 groups of predators including Geocoris, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Nabis Sinea, Zelus, Thomisidae, although all the predators here are generalists differences in prey preferences and vulnerabilities to predation appear to be important, Zelus and Sinea in 10 observations were only seen eating other predators, Solenopsis ants were excluded from the experiments, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, trophic behaviour, prey selection, diet, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, spiders, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3804
Author: Roske, H.
Year: 1989
Title: Collembola fauna on different types of agriculturally used soil
Journal: 3rd International Seminar on Apterygota, Ed. R. Dallai, University of Sienna, Italy
Pages: 283-290
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, 1986-88, soil cores, abundance greatest in sandy soil, lowest in clay, species richness highest on clay and lowest on sand, abundance also affected by crop type, density, main species ocurr each year, species composition, Isotoma notabilis is a dominant, sugar beet, Germany, phenology, winter barley, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Folsomia fimetaria, Isotoma palustris, loam


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4977
Author: Rossi, M.N.; Fowler, H.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Ant predation of larval Diatraea saccharalis Fab. (Lep., Crambidae) in new sugarcane in Brazil
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 124
Pages: 245-247
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, insecticide check method, Mirex baits used in some plots to kill ants, sardine baits in tubes left out for 50 min were used to sample ant populations, ants were significantly more abundant and diverse in plots not treated with Mirex, dominant species were Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis saevissima, fire ants, natural infestations of sugarcane borer did not differ significantly between plots but for artificially-infested plants borer populations were significantly greater in Mirex plots, pesticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5816
Author: Rossing, W.; Opdam, P.; Van der Knaap, W.; Grashof-Bokdam, C.
Year: 2003
Title: Landscape prototypes for multifunctional farming - seeking synergy between functional biodiversity and other green services at field, farm and landscape scales
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 129-134
Alternate Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Keywords: Rep., there is a need to design landscape prototypes that utilise biodiversity for pest control in field and at the same time provide green corridors for wildlife conservation recreation and water management, biological control, Holland, the Netherlands, landscape ecology, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3447
Author: Rossiter, M. C.
Year: 1991
Title: Environmentally-based maternal effects: a hidden force in insect population dynamics ?
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 87
Pages: 288-294
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera, pests, trees, forests, USA, parents fed on red oak then offspring reared on synthetic diet, offspring attained greater pupal weights when their mothers had fed on trees with higher leaf damage levels, daughters had a shorter pre-feeding stage (trait associated with dispersal tendency) when mothers had high tannin level, in second experiment parents reared on black or red oak and offspring on 4 diets ie red oak, chestnut oak, synthetic diet and low-protein diet, parental diet accounted for 24% of variation in daughters development time, offspring diet accounted for 52%, environmentally-based maternal effect can significantly influence expression of offspring dispersal potential, growth rate and offspring fecundity, NB time-delay in a density-dependent response can induce destabilization typical of outbreak species, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4278
Author: Rossmann, F.; Fortmann, M.
Year: 1989
Title: Investigations on the use of the predator Chrysoperla carnea Steph. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) for the control of aphids in the garden
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 7
Issue: 1-3)
Pages: 295-297
Keywords: Rep., tests on I and III larvae of C. carnea against Acyrthosiphon solani and Nasonia ribis-nigri on lettuce in field and semi-field, lacewings, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Hemiptera, I's reduced aphids by 88% in semi-field and 83% in field, III's reduced aphids by 90%, aphids were also reduced in the controls by Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae and Aphidius, Diptera, hoverflies, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, I's were applied to give prey:predator ratio of 5:1, II's to give 10:1


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 459
Author: Roters, M.
Year: 1944
Title: Observations on British harvestmen
Journal: J. Quekett Micr. Cl.
Volume: 4
Pages: 23-25
Keywords: En.
Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3825
Author: Rotheray, F. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Hoverfly foraging on hedgerow flowers
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 148-155
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Diptera, Syrphidae, UK., trophic behaviour, predators, natural enemies, biological control, feeding was selective for particlar species of flower, feeding choices changed after 10.00 GMT, diel cycles, food preferences, food selection, weeds, aphidophages, Episyrphus balteatus, direct in situ visual observation surveys


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2039
Author: Rotheray, G. E.
Year: 1979
Title: The biology and host searching behaviour of a cynipoid parasite of aphidophagous syrphid larvae
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 75-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, parasitoids respond to aphid odour, semiochemicals, kairomones, Syrphus balteatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2038
Author: Rotheray, G. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Host searching and oviposition behaviour of some parasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 6
Pages: 79-87
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, they use aphid alarm pheromones, semiochemicals, kairomones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3545
Author: Rotheray, G. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Aphid Predators
Journal: Naturalists' Handbook, Ed. by S.A Corbet and R.H.L. Disney, Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd, Slough
Volume: 11
Keywords: En.
Rep., book, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, aphids dropping in response to predators, hoverflies, ladybirds, Aphidoletes and Monobremia, Aphidoletes probably immobilise and kill far more aphids than they eat, wasteful killing, Anthocoridae, lacewings, Chamaemyiidae, Chloropidae, Phoridae, Passaloecus, Hymenoptera, earwigs, Nabidae, Miridae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, Micropezidae, ants, Vespidae, spiders, harvestmen, Syrphidae, Diptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Formicidae, wasps, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, factors affecting capture efficiency, searching behaviour, foraging, predation, aphid defences, aphids at edge of a colony may be more at risk, horizontal distribution of predation, identification guides to aphids and their predators, classification, structure, taxonomy, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration, drop off, fall off, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2993
Author: Rothschild, G.
Year: 1966
Title: A study of a natural population of Conomelus anceps Germar (Homoptera: Delphacidae) including observations on predation using the precipitin test
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 413-434
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Silwood Park marsh, Conomelus feeds on Juncus, population dynamics, predator density, handsorting, mark-release-recapture MRR for Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, feeding rates in lab, lab consumption rates, predation, trophic behaviour, egg predators and parasitoids, Anagrus, Tetrastichus, Hymenoptera, parasitoids attacked c. 30% eggs as did entomogenous fungi, eggs eaten by a Miridae so likelt that some moribund eggs were eaten, Heteroptera, parasitoids of nymphs and adults 29/91 species of predator were positive, Sminthuridae observed eating small Conomelus in field, Collembola, life cycles of common predators, Opiliones, harvestmen, Phalangida, Nabidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, detection periods, alternative food, vertical stratification of predators, vertical distribution, predation rate estimates, 16% positive for Lepthyphantes tenuis plus Linyphia spp., Linyphiidae, natural enemies are the main cause of control of Conomelus populations, partial consumption mentioned, predation by web-building linyphiids increased later in year probably because adult Conomelus moved higher up plant into vertical strata occupied by webs of these spiders, totality of ecological data collected here suggested that multiple meals were likely


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3011
Author: Rothschild, G. H. L.
Year: 1970
Title: Observations on the ecology of the rice-ear bug Leptocorisa oratorius (F.)(Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo)
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 7
Pages: 147-167
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, serology, precipitin test, predation by gryllids and tettigonids and spiders was important, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Araneae, Orthoptera, methods, tropics, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, population dynamics, egg parasitoids, % positive, some estimates of predator density, detection periods, feeding rates in lab, calculation estimating minimum predation rate, although the predators are polyphagous they account for a significant part of the early Leptocorisa mortality even in non-epidemic populations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3012
Author: Rothschild, G. H. L.
Year: 1971
Title: The biology and ecology of rice-stem borers in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo)
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 287-322
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, tropics, pests, Lepidoptera larvae bore into rice, damage, caterpillars, precipitin test showed predators were gryllids and tettigonids eating the egg masses, this was important in reducing the pest, Orthoptera, methods, serology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, also Diptera and Coleoptera rice borers, population dynamics, parasitoids, egg predation reached 87% for eggs put out in the field and occurred within 12h, methods, some estimates of predator density, % positives, positives for dragonflies and spiders, Odonata, Araneae, Argiopidae, Tetragnathidae, detection periods, predation rates in lab, calculated estimate of predation in field, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 417
Author: Rothschild, M.
Year: 1961
Title: Defensive odours and Mullerian mimicry among insects
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological society of London.
Volume: 113
Pages: 101-121
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, scent, olfaction, phermones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4734
Author: Rott, A.S.; Godfray, H.C.J.
Year: 2000
Title: The structure of a leafminer-parasitoid community
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 69(2)
Pages: 274-289
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids of tent-forming leafminer moths Phyllonorycter in UK, quantitative food webs, trophic webs, 12 species of Phyllonorycter reared from 4 tree species, Hymenoptera, 27 parasitoid species, structure of the parasitoid community was strongly influenced by the host plant, indirect interactions, quantitative parasitoid overlap diagrams, apparent competition, 4 quantitative parasitoid webs representing 4 successive generations plus a summary web. Alder, willow, oak and beech in boggy woodland at Silwood Park, UK. Trees, forest. Little difference in community structure between generations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2159
Author: Rovner, J. S.
Year: 1968
Title: Territoriality in the sheet web spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Z. Tierpsychol.
Volume: 25
Pages: 232-242
Keywords: Rep., predators, males went from web to web of females and spent up to two days on a web, conflict when males meet on a web, prior to copulation males reduced size of web by biting through strands and females allowed this, behaviour, sex


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 527
Author: Rovner, J. S.
Year: 1980
Title: Morphological and ethological adaptations for prey capture in wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: J. Arachnol.
Volume: 8
Pages: 201-215
Keywords: Predators, structure, behaviour, food, feeding, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1826
Author: Rowell, H. J.; Chant, D. A.; Hansell, R. I. C.
Year: 1978
Title: The determination of setal homologies and setal patterns on the dorsal shield in the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 110
Pages: 475 pp
Keywords: Ger.
pictures of spermatophores, predatory mites, Gamasidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, classification, systematics, taxonomy, keys


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5812
Author: Roy, D.B.; Bohan, D.A.; Haughton, A.J.; Hill, M.O.; Osborne, J.L.; Clark, S.J.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Scott, R.J.; Brooks, D.R.; Champion, G.T.; Hawes, C.; Heard, M.S.; Firbank, L.G.
Year: 2003
Title: Invertebrates and vegetation of field margins adjacent to crops subject to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 358
Pages: 1879-1898
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (59 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Lepidoptera, line transect in situ direct observation counts for bees and butterflies, bumblebees and honeybees, Bombus, Apis, slugs and snails also counted, Mollusca, Gastropoda, Limacidae, pests, other invertebrates collected with a Vortis sampler, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, damages to verges from herbicide spray drift was greater for treated (i.e. GM) than untreated crops, fewer butterflies in margins of treated fields, Pieris, Aglais urticae, Maniola jurtina, abundance, distribution, few effects on ground beetles, bees or molluscs, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Demetrias atricapillus, Heteroptera, Collembola, spiders, Araneae, parasitoids, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4146
Author: Roy, H. E.; Pell, J. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Feeding behaviour of fourth instar Coccinella septempunctata larvae on Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids infected with Erynia neoaphidis
Journal: Abstracts for SIP 28th Annual Meeting, Cornell University, New York, 16-12 July 1995
Pages: 53
Keywords: En.
Rep., trophic behaviour, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, insect diseases, interactions between natural enemies, healthy pea aphids were consumed entirely but sporulating infected aphids were only partly consumed, partial consumption, pests, Hemiptera, scavenging, carrion feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4934
Author: Roy, H.E.; Pell, J.K.
Year: 2000
Title: Interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and other natural enemies: implications for biological control
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 737-752
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., dissemination of inocula by ladybirds and parasitoids, pathogens, disease, microbial insecticides, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Hymenoptera, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Apis mellifera can be used to disseminate Metarhizium anisopliae, honey bees, some parasitoids are susceptible to Entomophthorales, some Hyphomycetes infect both the target pest and its natural enemies, physiological susceptibility and ecological susceptibility, Coccinella 7-punctata and Pterostichus madidus eat aphids at a late stage of Erynia neoaphidis infection, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, synergism, additive interactions, antagonistic interactions, food, diet, trophic behaviour, some infected (moribund or dead) pests are more susceptible to predation than are healthy pests, but the reverse can also be true depending on the system under study, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, competition, nettles are a reservoir of fungi and coccinellids, an isolate of E. neoaphidis from nettle aphids also infected Sitobion avenae and Acyrthosiphon pisum
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5281
Author: Roy, H.E.; Pell, J.K.; Alderson, P.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Targeted dispersal of the aphid pathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis by the aphid predator Coccinella septempunctata
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 99-110
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, diseases, microbial insecticides, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Hemiptera, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, adult and larvae ladybirds spread infection from infected to uninfected aphids in laboratory trials, infection was not spread to Sitobion avenae, in the field individual bean plants were enclosed in nylon mesh bags and 16% of aphids in bags became infected if a contaminated ladybird adult was added to the cage compared with 0% for controls
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4451
Author: Roy, H. E.; Pell, J. K.; Clark, S. J.; Alderson, P. G.
Year: 1998
Title: The implications of predator foraging on aphid pathogen dynamics
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 71
Issue: 3)
Pages: 236-247
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators and pathogens, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, UK, biological control, natural enemy interactions, IV instar Coccinella 7-punctata larvae ate dead Acyrthosiphon pisum infected with Erynia neoaphidis, pea aphid, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Entomophthorales, scavenging, carrion feeding, trophic behaviour, food, diet, sporulating aphids were partially consumed, partial consumption, damage to moribund and sporulating infected aphids by coccinellid feeding did not prevent sporulation but it reduced the number of conidia produced, but conidia from a damaged cadaver transmitted the disease to healthy aphids as efficiently as an undamaged infected cadaver, adult coccinellids transmitted the fungus to healthy aphids, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectoring, Pterostichus madidus consumed the cadavers completely but lacewing and hoverfly larvae did not eat them at all, Carabidae, ground beetles, Neuroptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, II instar C. 7-punctata larvae did not eat sporulating infected aphids even when hungry, this may be because of extra- oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, P. madidus consumed more infected than uninfected aphids, prey preference, prey selection, the fungus requires a living host to complete its development, in unpublished field observations coccinellid adults fed only on living aphids when foraging in mixed colonies of sporulating and living aphids, overall the coccinellid-fungus interaction seems to be synergistic or additive in terms of aphid control, natural enemy interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1043
Author: Roy, P.; Basu, S. K.
Year: 1978
Title: Bionomics of aphidophagous syrphid flies
Journal: Indian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 39
Pages: 165-174
Keywords: India, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, Episyrphus balteatus and others in lab at 27C and 89% RH, life stages, moulting, larval feeding, mating, oviposition, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2043
Author: Rozkosny, R.
Year: 1983
Title: A biosystematic study of the European Stratiomyidae (Diptera)
Journal: Series Ent., Dr W. Junk, The Hague
Volume: 1983
Keywords: descriptions of many larvae and pupae, species keys for adults and larvae, identification, structure, classification, systematics, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3265
Author: Ruberson, J. R.; Young, S. Y.; Kring, T. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Suitability of prey infected by nuclear polyhedrosis virus for development, survival, and reproduction of the predator Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 20
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1475-1479
Keywords: En.
Rep., consumption of infected prey reduced longevity and total fecundity, increased development rate and pre- oviposition period, results relevant to knock-on sublethal effects of microbial insecticides on non-targets, quotes various references where predators feeding on infected prey can disseminate the pathogen to other prey, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, insect pathogens, disease, biological control, interactions between pathogens and predators, trophic behaviour, predation, population dynamics, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, epizootics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4138
Author: Ruggle, P.; Holst, N.
Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids: IV. Aphidiid and aphelinid parasitoids
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, simulation models of cereal aphid parasitoid interactions can be contradictory, lacking in important biological details, or requiring empirical data, this simulation is based on the metabolic pool model, model parameters come from lab data and simulations are independent from the field, apart from weather data and initiation densities, this model includes realistic aphid and parasitoid phenologies, emigration of adult parasitoids depending on aphid availability, parasitoid preference for different aphid species, host-feeding by aphelinids, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, host selection, host preference, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Praon gallicum, Aphelinus abdominalis, A.abdominalis can kill as many aphids by host feeding as by parasitism, aphid and parasitoid data from a Danish winter wheat field in 1994, parasitoid densities were correctly predicted by the model in June but overshot considerably in July, ceral aphid parasitoids have a low reproductive rate cf alfalfa aphid parasitoids, rate of increase, capacity for increase, fecundity, population dynamics, all parasitoids had a lower preference for R.padi than for S.avenae or M.dirhodum, the metabolic pool approach is very flexible and will be able to incorporate new knowledge


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3587
Author: Ruppert, V.
Year: 1993
Title: Einfluss blutenreicher Feldrandstrukturen auf die Dichte blutenbesuchender Nutzinsekten inbesondere der Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Journal: Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern
Pages: 149 pp
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep.(summ. only), book, predators, hoverflies, natural enemies, biological control, Germany, influence of structures rich in flowering plants at the edge of fields on the abundance of flower visiting beneficial insects, habitat structure, Malaise traps and transect census in winter wheat and field edges, cereals, Gramineae, weeds, Pastinaca sativa, Sonchus arvensis, Centaurea cyanus and Papaver rhoeas in herbicide free edges attracted many syrphids, pesticides, farming practices, within field flowers are important for syrphid nutrition in spring and field margin flowers give rich nutrition in summer, more syrphids in herbicide free edges in May than in other parts of the field, Hybotidae and Dolichopodidae were not increased by flowers, aphids were reduced up to 50 m into field from herbicide free edge in 2 years, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2640
Author: Ruppert, V.; Molthan, J.
Year: 1991
Title: Augmentation of aphid antagonists by field margins rich in flowering plants
Journal: Ed by Polgar et al Aphidophaga
Pages: 243-247
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1373
Author: Ruscoe, C. N. E.
Year: 1979
Title: The impact of the photostable pyrethroids as agricultural insecticides
Journal: Proceedings of the British Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases
Pages: 803-814
Keywords: En.
UK, pesticides, repellency, behaviour, host plant selection, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5194
Author: Rusek, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem
Journal: Biodiversity and Conservation
Volume: 7
Pages: 1207-1219 
Alternate Journal: Biodiversity and Conservation
Keywords: Rep., springtails, Insecta, more than 6500 species globally, densities up to several million per m2, there is a dearth of biogeographical records for Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America and southern Europe, local biodiversity (e.g. in a small mountain chain) is in the order of 1-200 species, biodiversity of epigeic Collembola is less well known than that of endogeic species, vertical stratification, trophic guilds recognised by mouthpart morphology and gut contents analysis, feeding on bacteria, yeast, other fungi, algae, and predatory on Nematoda, rotifers, Tardigrada, Enchytraeidae and other Collembola, food, diet, trophic behaviour, phytophages, detritivores, omnivores, play a part in forming soil structure, disintegrate leaf litter, decomposition, Collembola excrement makes a large contribution to soil humus, faeces, Collembola biomass usually reaches lowest value during driest part of summer, seasonal changes in abundance, cites data on biomass per m2 from Petersen 1982, e.g. 90 mg for temperate grassland and 1o mg for tropical grassland, mean biomass is lowest in the tropics but turnover rate is higher there, Collembola are food for carabid beetles, Diptera, ants, other Collembola, mites, frogs, reptiles, pheasant chicks, they host pathogens including Protozoa, Nematoda, Trematoda and bacteria, effects of pollutants and soil acidification, global warming, global climate change, deleterious effects of intensive farming, in arable soils of Czechoslovakia there were 34 species at 62,000 m-2 in 1967 which dropped to 4-5 species at  800-4000 m-2 in 1994
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 848
Author: Rushton, S. P.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of scrub management regimes on the spider fauna of chalk grassland, Castor Hanglands, National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, UK
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 46
Pages: 169-182
Keywords: En.
Pardosa pullata, Pardosa prativaga, Alopecosa pulverulenta, Trochosa terricola, Pachygnatha degeeri, Oedothorax, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, pitfalls, 8 sites, methods, Principal Co-ordinates Analysis, 12647 spiders of 87 species, alpha diversity, Erigone not common in grass and flailed scrub, pitfalls only for species lists, limitations of pitfalls, ordination, importance of vegetation structure to spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2276
Author: Rushton, S. P.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of scrub management regime on the spider fauna of chalk grassland, Castor Highlands National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, UK
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 46
Pages: 169-182
Keywords: En.
Predators, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2906
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Eyre, M. D.
Year: 1989
Title: The spider fauna of intensively managed agricultural grasslands
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 108
Pages: 291-297
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, pitfalls, 37 sites, mixture of upland and lowland in England and Scotland, with different pasture utilisation and pesticide regimes, farming practices, community, soil cores for volumetric soil water, two-way indicator species analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, multivariate statistics, descriptive stepwise linear discriminant analysis, TWINSPAN, more species at upland sites, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax fuscus and Lepthyphantes tenuis were present on all sites, Milleriana inerrans, Meioneta rurestris and Porrhomma pygmaeum were found on intensively managed lowland sites only, significant effects due to altitude and soil water, authors claim that vegetation density was similar at all sites so this was not biassing the pitfall catches, frequency of insecticide use eg chlorpyrifos did not appear to be an important factor in affecting spider community composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2486
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Eyre, M. D.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1990
Title: The efects of management on the occurrence of some carabid species in grassland
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 209-216
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2642
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Hassall, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Effects of food quality on isopod population dynamics
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 1
Pages: 359-367
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 847
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1988
Title: The use of multivariate ordination techniques to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos on ground beetle and spider communities in grassland
Journal: BCPC Monograph No. 40 "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides", Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 175-181
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, insecticide, Gramineae, methods, Redesdale EHF Northumberland, frequency of insecticide use against leather jackets, Tipula, crane fly, Diptera, pitfalls, no relationship between pesticide use and number of individuals or species, Principal Co-ordinates Analysis revealed patterns, mortality, natural enemies, pesticides, UK, ground beetles, Coleoptera, methods, statistics, sheep- grazed upland pasture, different frequencies of insecticide application, 5 sites 1986, further 8 sites 1987, pitfalls, May to November, presence or absence of species, cluster of sites for spiders were related to frequency of pesticides, weaker effect for carabids, "there is no way that pitfalls can be used to assess the size of populations of individual species", discussion of relative value of various multivariate techniques


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2269
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Luff, M. L.; Eyre, M. D.
Year: 1989
Title: Effects of pasture improvement and management on the ground beetle and spider communities of upland grasslands
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 26
Pages: 489-503
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Araneae, predator, pitfalls, ordination, stepwise linear discriminant analysis, multivariate statistics, pasture improvement, insecticides, chlorpyrifos, gives abundance of all species on many sites, pasture improvement and insecticides reduced catch, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2309
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Luff, M. L.; Eyre, M. D.
Year: 1991
Title: Habitat characteristics of grassland Pterostichus species (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 91-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, predators, 92 sites, pitfalls, 4 species groups based on size, response to environmental variables, logistic regression, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2344
Author: Rushton, S. P.; Topping, C. G.; Eyre, M. D.
Year: 1987
Title: The habitat preferences of grassland spiders as identified using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 7
Pages: 165-170
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, community, biodiversity, species richness, methods, multivariate statistics, DCA, 54 grassland sites in northeast England, Gramineae, pitfalls, management regime and site wetness were main factors affecting distribution, species list


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1660
Author: Russel, R. J.
Year: 1968
Title: Certain aspects of the ecology of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) and Anthocoris confusus Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Glasgow
Keywords: En.
UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3569
Author: Russell, E. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Enemies hypothesis: a review of the effects of vegetational diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 590-599
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, references to parasitoids and predators killing natural enemies, predators of predators, enemies hypothesis states that natural enemies are more effective at controlling herbivores in diverse than in simple systems, 18 studies reviewed, 9 found higher mortality due to natural enemies in diverse systems, 2 lower, 2 no difference, enemies hypothesis and resource concentration hypothesis are probably complementary mechanisms in reducing herbivores in diverse systems, mortality during egg and larval stages is significant but often unmeasured, population dynamics, suggested mechanisms are greater prey diversity to stabilise natural enemy populations, prey have refuges from specialist enemies promoting stability of both, alternative foods such as pollen and nectar are available, problem of scale when considering advantages of diversity to highly mobile natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2286
Author: Russell, G. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Biology and population dynamics of invertebrate crop pests
Journal: Intercept, Andover ISBN 0 946707 24 3
Pages: 390 pp
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3596
Author: Ruth, J.; Dwumfour, E. F.
Year: 1989
Title: Laboruntersuchungen zur Eignung einiger Blasttlausarten als Beute der raubersichen Blumenwanze Anthocoris gallarum-ulmi (DeG.) (Het., Anthocoridae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 108
Pages: 321-327
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., lab studies on the suitability of some aphid species for food of the predacious flowerbug, lab, all stages of the predator readily accepted Myzus persicae, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis fabae, pests, Hemiptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, population dynamics, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, when fed M.persicae and A.pisum larvae developed in 15 days and fecundity was 57, A.fabae was a poor food with development time 25 days, 77% larval mortality and adult weight half that on the other aphid species, food quality, development rate, biomass, reproduction, survival, no obligatory reproductive diapuase unlike Anthocoris nemorum, mass-production, mass-rearing, culturing, Germany


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3409
Author: Ruth, W. E.; McNew, R. W.; Caves, D. W.; Eikenbary, R. D.
Year: 1975
Title: Greenbugs (Hom.: Aphididae) forced from host plants by Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hym.: Braconidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 65-71
Keywords: En.
Rep., lab, sorghum, cereals, Gramineae, USA, pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Schizaphis graminum, on plants exposed to parasitoids 41% of aphids left the plants over 4h cf 0.9% in controls, aphids falling onto soil in summer died within 10 seconds, because soil temperatures were 45-54C, some aphids are knocked off by an ovipositor thrust, more experienced parasitoids are usually gentler, some fall off during defensive kicking, others drop off in response to alarm pheromone, if parasitoid attacks one aphid in a group the others jumped off the plant, similar reaction in literature for Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae attacked by Nabis americoferus, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, behaviour, defensive behaviour, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2643
Author: Ruttan, V. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Constraints on sustainable growth in agricultural production: into the 21st century
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 20
Issue: 4)
Pages: 225-234
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2252
Author: Ruzicka, V.
Year: 1977
Title: Revision der diagnostischen Merkmale der Weibchen der Tsechoslovakischen Arten der Gattung Oedothorax (Araneae: Micryphantidae)
Journal: Vstn. Cesk. Spol. Zool.
Volume: 42
Pages: 159-208
Keywords: Ger.
Araneae, spiders, structure, taxonomy, classification, identification of juveniles to species, females, Czechoslovakia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4932
Author: Ruzicka, V. 
Year: 2000
Title: Spiders in rocky habitats in central Bohemia
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 28
Pages: 217-222
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Czech Republic, hanging desk traps were used which are modified pitfall traps, a plastic sheet containing the pitfall was hung by four cords from a hooked nail inserted into the rock and emery tape on the back of the plastic sheet was used to make a seamless connection between trap and rock surface, species diversity, community, species list of 66 species of 19 families including Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, mountains, some species were confined to rocky habitats, habitat specialists, distribution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3498
Author: Ruzicka, Z.; Iperti, G.; Hodek, I.
Year: 1981
Title: Reproductive rate and longevity in Semiadalia undecimnotata and Coccinella septempuncta (Coccinellidae, Col.)
Journal: Vest. cs. Spolec. zool.
Volume: 45
Pages: 115-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Czechoslovakia, France, performance after hibernation, Acythosiphon pisum as food, Hemiptera, pests, aphids, there was cannibalism of eggs by adults and hatchling larvae, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, C.7-punctata fecundity was higher under long day than short day conditions, some C.7-punctata can survive emergence of Perilitus coccinellae, eg one laid 308 eggs several months after the parasite had emerged, fecundity of healthy C.7- punctata usually 1700-2500, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, parasitic sterlization, reproduction, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1265
Author: Ruzicka, Z.; Sehnal, F.; Holman, J.
Year: 1978
Title: Effects of juvenoids on aphid predators
Journal: Acta ent. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 75
Pages: 369-378
Keywords: pesticides, insecticides, larvae and pupae of Chrysopa carnea and Metasyrphus corollae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, adult emergence inhibited, if juvenoids used against aphids predators would also be affected, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3666
Author: Ruzicka, Z.; Vostrel, J.; Zeleny, J.
Year: 1986
Title: The control of Phorodon humuli by aphidophagous Coccinellidae with the help of crop diversification
Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophaga 2", Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague
Pages: 435-439
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, biological control, ladybirds, habitat diversification, Czechoslovakia, P. humuli can be controlled in small hop gardens under suitable weather conditions if surrounding crops contain large populations of predators, Coccinella 7-punctata migrates into hops if aphids are scarce elsewhere and helps to control hop aphid, peas and mustard were nearby source of predators, Leguminosae, brassicas, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2013
Author: Ryan, M. F.
Year: 1973
Title: The natural mortality of wheat bulb fly eggs in bare fallow soils
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 869-874
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, Leptohylemia coarctata, natural enemies, arable, cereals, Delia coarctata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2014
Author: Ryan, M. F.
Year: 1973
Title: The natural mortality of wheat bulb fly larvae
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 875-879
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, Leptohylemia coarctata, natural enemies, arable, cereals, Delia coarctata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2012
Author: Ryan, M. F.
Year: 1975
Title: The natural mortality of wheat bulb fly pupae
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 24
Pages: 27-30
Keywords: En.
Diptera, pests, Gramineae, UK, Leptohylemia coarctata, natural enemies, cereals, Delia coarctata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 316
Author: Ryan, R. B.
Year: 1959
Title: Termination of diapause in the Douglas Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudosug ae Hopkins as an aid to continuous laboratory rearing
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 91
Pages: 520-525
Keywords: En.
Flight muscle atrophy, cycle, re-development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3302
Author: Ryan, R. B.
Year: 1985
Title: A hypothesis for decreasing parasitization by larch casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) on larch foliage by Agathis pumila
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 117
Pages: 1573-1574
Keywords: En.
Rep., differences in distribution of healthy and parasitized larvae, larch casebearer is Coleophora laricella, A.pumila prolongs the casebearers larval stage, USA, pupation sites of parasitized and healthy larvae are different, parasitized larvae also descend more than healthy larvae into undergrowth below trees, pests, caterpillars, forests, trees, conifers, Canada, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, physiology, development rates, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2094
Author: Rypstra, A. L.
Year: 1982
Title: Building a better insect trap; an experimental investigation of prey capture in a variety of spider webs
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 52
Pages: 31-36
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, forest, Drosophila released, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2093
Author: Rypstra, A. L.
Year: 1983
Title: The importance of food and space in limiting web- spider densities; a test using field enclosures
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 59
Pages: 312-316
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, predators, methods, webs, density, both habitat structure and prey availability increase spider density, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, forest undergrowth, spiders and Drosophila put into tents, Diptera, habitat structure was orange crates in the tents


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2343
Author: Rypstra, A. L.
Year: 1984
Title: A relative measure of predation on web-spiders in temperate and tropical forests
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 43
Pages: 129-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, methods, marking with acrylic paint, caged spiders, potential predators are birds, dragonflies and primates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3861
Author: Rypstra, A. L.
Year: 1990
Title: Prey capture and feeding efficiency of social and solitary spiders: a comparison
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 339-343
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, social Anelosimus eximius in subtropical forest Peru, and Achaearanea tepidariorum in urban Ohio, field observations of prey size selection and efficiency of capture in relation to prey size, prey size preference, foraging, trophic behaviour, food, diet, extent of partial consumption, solitary A.tepidariorum had a smaller prey size range and less efficient capture of larger prey, removed a large proportion of biomass of small prey but not of large prey, capture of large prey may be characteristic of social spiders, Theridiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3240
Author: Rypstra, A. L.; Tirey, R. S.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey size, prey perishability and group foraging in a social spider
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 86
Issue: 1)
Pages: 25-30
Keywords: En.
Rep., Anelosimus eximius in large communal webs, capture success very high across all prey sizes, prey size selection affected by seasonality, sub-tropical forest in Peru, 208 dead insects placed on plastic sheets and 74% were removed by ants, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, predation, carrion feeding, scavenging, corpses, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5706
Author: S.J., Moreby; Southway, S.; Boatman, N.D.
Year: 1999
Title: The importance of the crop edge compared to the mid-field, in providing invertebrate food for farmland birds
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 217-222
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., UK, landscape, distribution, Vertebrata, Aves, winter wheat, winter barley, winter rape, cereals, Gramineae, vacuum insect samples in headland and 50 m from crop edge, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, headland contained significantly more Heteroptera, Homoptera, Diptera and chick food invertebrates, abundance, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera larvae are important component of diet of yellowhammers, caterpillars, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3324
Author: Sabelis, M. W.
Year: 1990
Title: How to analyse prey preference when prey density varies ? A new method to discriminate between effects of gut fullness and prey type composition
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 82
Pages: 289-298
Keywords: En.
Rep., partial prey consumption by mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour, methods, optimal foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3308
Author: Sabelis, M. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Predatory arthropods
Journal: In "Natural enemies: the population biology of predators, parasites and diseases" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Pages: 225-264
Keywords: En.
Rep., the majority of predators eat prey of similar or smaller size, maximum prey size increases with size of predator but minimum increases very little, venom, traps and sociality enable prey larger than the predator to be taken, sit and wait cf foraging predators, Charnov's marginal value theorem (which is of marginal value !), optimal foraging, predatory mites foraging at high prey density feed for shorter periods per prey and leave much of the prey uneaten, "excessive waste of the preys food content may be a typical property of predatory arthropods as optimal foragers", functional response curves are likely to be shaped by search rate, development and reproduction, survival, the cumulative amount of eggs deposited can be used as a measure of physiological age in predatory mites, Foelix 1982 lists predators of spiders, "hyperpredator = predator of predator", aggregation of prey, area restricted search, responses to prey traces, honeydew, faeces, moulted skins, kairomones, arrestment mechanisms in prey patches, numerical responses, dispersal, competition, mutual interference, cannibalism usually by larger on smaller, common in carabid larvae, intraguild predation, exploitation competition, reduced overlap in diet spectrum when predator species coexist, there is a dearth of information about diets and preferences of predators, "how predators select their prey and other food is poorly understood", "elucidation of prey preferences and their proximate and ultimate causes is a major task for future research, mutualism, population dynamics, prey size selection, trophic behaviour, predation, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, partial consumption, predators of predators, distribution, movement, migration, Carabidae, Araneae, spiders, ground beetles, Coleoptera, community, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4936
Author: Sabino, J.; Gnaspini, P.
Year: 1999
Title: Harvestman (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) takes prey from a spider (Araneae, Ctenidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 675-678
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, harvestmen, Brazil, spider on tree trunk held a silk-wrapped moth between its chelicerae, harvestman moved over the spider which dropped the prey which was then taken by the harvestman, this is thought to be first recorded case of kleptoparasitism by Opiliones, although harvestmen do take prey from spider's webs, references to kleptoparasitism in spiders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, interference, antagonistic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2153
Author: Sadana, G. L.; Kaur, M.
Year: 1974
Title: Spiders and their prey in citrus orchards
Journal: Proc. 61st Indian Sci. Congr.
Pages: 63
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, 23 species, Clubionidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae , Theridiidae, trees, fruit, species composition, prey not mentioned but photocopy incomplete


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1656
Author: Safavi, M.
Year: 1968
Title: Etude biologique et ecologique des Hymenopteres parantee des oeufs punaises (bugs) des cereales
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 13
Pages: 381-495 ?
Keywords: fr.
cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, eggs, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1505
Author: Sagenmuller, A.
Year: 1977
Title: The effect of systemic fungicides on the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae F. and Metopolophium dirhodum Walk
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 82
Pages: 293-300
Keywords: pesticides, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3431
Author: Sahragard, A.; Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C.
Year: 1991
Title: Influence of host availability on rates of oviposition and host feeding and on longevity in Dicondylus indianus Olmi (Hym., Dryinidae), a parasitoid of the Rice Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hem., Delphacidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 112
Pages: 153-162
Keywords: En.
Rep., peak oviposition shifted to a later parasitoid age if host availability was high, oviposition and host-feeding were reduced at low host density, the ratio of feeding to oviposition increased at low host availability, host- feeding increases parasitoid fecundity, D.indianus (Jones) is a destructive host-feeder, hosts bear characteristic wounds, after feeding the host is usually dropped from the plant, their behaviour as predators makes them more effective as parasitoids because fecundity is increased, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, parasitoids acting as predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4117
Author: Sajap, A. S.; Lewis, L. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Impact of Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) on a predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 172-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Protozoa, pathogens, disease, microbial insecticides, lacewings, C.carnea larvae fed Nosema- infected Ostrinia nubilalis eggs developed normally and there was no effect on fecundity, fertility and longevity, population dynamics, natural enemies of natural enemies, interactions between natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, corn borer, caterpillars, Gramineae, cereals, lab study in USA, ingested spores were eliminated in the meconium at eclosion and were still effective against O.nubilalis, so this predator may help to suppress corn borer both by predation and by dissemination of microsporidian spores, distribution, dispersal, movement, C.carnea and N.pyrausta are compatible in IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 982
Author: Sakuratani, Y.
Year: 1977
Title: Population fluctuations and spatial distributions of natural enemies of aphids in corn fields
Journal: Japanese Journal of Ecology
Volume: 27
Pages: 291-300
Keywords: Rep., Japan ?, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2665
Author: Sala, E. O.
Year: 1992
Title: Achieving a sustainable biosphere: an international endeavour
Journal: Tree
Volume: 7
Issue: 10)
Pages: 324-327
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3438
Author: Salama, H. S.; El-Moursy, A.; Zaki, F. N.; Aboul-Ela, R.; Abdel-Razek, A.
Year: 1991
Title: Parasites and predators of the meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hbn. as affected by Bacillus thuringiensis Berl
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 112
Pages: 244-253
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoid Bracon brevicornis larvae reared on caterpillars treated with Bt had reduced fecundity, reduced cocoon formation, reduced longevity, reduced egg hatch, predatory Anthocoridae Xylocoris flavipes consumed less Bt- infected than healthy larvae, nymphal duration was increased, male longevity reduced, fecundity and egg hatch reduced, refers to Hamed 1979 that some parasitoids ingest Bt during host-feeding, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, predation on moribund prey, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, pests, Lepidoptera, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3439
Author: Salama, H. S.; Zaki, Z. N.; Sharaby, A.
Year: 1982
Title: Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on parasites and predators of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera litoralis
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 94
Pages: 498-504
Keywords: En.
Rep., references to Bt and other bacteria being transmitted by parasitoid ovipositor, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, lab studies, Spodoptera larvae parasitized with Microplitis demolitor then given Bt covered leaves to eat cf controls, 1.2% of Bt-infected larvae produced parasitoid cocoons cf 87.1 % for healthy larvae, fecundity of the 1.2% was less than that of healthy parasitoids, Chrysopa carnea larvae were fed for 7 days on neonate Spodoptera littoralis larvae fed on Bt-diet, cf fed on S.littoralis larvae on normal diet, similar experiment with aphids sprayed with Bt as food, larval duration of C.carnea was prolonged, and feeding rate reduced on Bt- infected/treated food, similar effects with Coccinella 11- punctata given treated aphids, plus a decrease in coccinellid fecundity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, predation of moribund prey, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5039
Author: Salim, M.; Heinrichs, E.A.
Year: 1986 
Title: Impact of varietal resistance in rice and predation on the mortality of Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 5(6)
Pages: 395-399
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., greenhouse studies, cereals, Gramineae, pests, plant resistance, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, whitebacked planthopper, predators and prey on caged rice plants, predation and resistance had additive effects in reducing the pest, predators caused about 30% mortality, spiders, bugs, ladybirds, rove beetles, Araneae, Lycosidae, Lycosa pseudoanulata, Miridae, Heteroptera, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Harmonia octomaculata, Staphylinidae, Paederus fuscipes
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4921
Author: Salisbury, A.N.; Leather, S.R.
Year: 1998
Title: Migration of larvae of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Col., Curculionidae): possible predation a lesser risk than death by starvation ?
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 295-299
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, forests, trees, woodland, conifers, H. abietis larvae feed on roots of pine and they can migrate through soil from one food source to another, UK, in lab an infested plus an unifested pine twig were placed in soil boxes some of which contained an adult ground beetle, Carabidae, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum assimile, Pterostichus madidus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration. Significantly fewer larvae (by 13%) migrated successfully between twigs when P. madidus was  present. Reference that H. abietis larvae that contact each other often bite each other and the resultant wounding results in death. Results indicate that P. madidus can find and consume subterranean food, vertical dispersal, foraging behaviour.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 707
Author: Salmon, J. T.; Horner, N. V.
Year: 1977
Title: Aerial dispersion of spiders in North Central Texas
Journal: Journal of Arachnology.
Volume: 5
Pages: 153-157
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, dispersal, movement, distribution, USA, silk, gossamer, aeronauts, ballooning, Johnson-Taylor suction trap, sited on top of building in a town, daily emptying, methods, 1974-1975, peak ballooning spring and autumn, season, not identified to species, 3400 individuals of 14 families in one year, dominant were Erigonidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Tetragnathidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5413
Author: Salt, S.M.; Liu, W.C.; Thompson, D.J.; Godfray, H.C.; Begon, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Invasion sequence affects predator-prey dynamics in a multi-species interaction
Journal: Nature
Volume: 405
Pages: 448-450
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., community, assembly rules, priority affects, replicated 3-species systems, population dynamics, Plodia interpunctella, viral pathogen, parasitoid, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Venturia canescens, granulovirus, baculovirus, natural enemies, pests, biological control, diseases, host population significantly reduced by parasitoid but not by pathogen when these tested singly, in 3-species systems the virus was added first (HVP) in some tests and the parasitoid first in others (HPV), all HVP replicates and half of the HPV replicates showed multi-generation host-parasitoid cycles, virus and parasitoids have complementary effects and in combination attack all the larval stages, transient dynamics of multi-species systems (including those responding to an invasion) are important to study because equilibrium states rhat are demonstrated in simple model systems may occur rarely in complex natural systems 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 979
Author: Salto, C. E.; Eikenbary, R. D.; Starks, K. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Compatibility of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes "C" and "E" reared on susceptible and resistant oat varieties
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 603-604
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, plant resistance, resistance breaking biotypes, lab, parasitoid still effective on C & E on S & R oats, Schizaphis graminum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5773
Author: Salveter, R.
Year: 1998
Title: The influence of sown herb strips and spontaneous weeds on the larval stages of aphidophagous hoverflies (Dipt., Syrphidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 103-114
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predators, hoverflies, Diptera, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, Switzerland, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, most syrphid eggs and larvae were found on weeds Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense and Cirsium vulgare, thistles, docks, only 0.6 larvae m-2 in strips compared to 10 pupae m-2 in wheat, Episyrphus balteatus was dominant in strip and field, strip plants supply adult syrphids with pollen and nectar, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, direct in situ visual counts, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3106
Author: Salveter, R.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1993
Title: Schwebfliegen (Diptera, Syrphidae) in der Agrarlandschaft: Phanologie, Abundanz und Markierungsversuche
Journal: Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern
Volume: N.F. 50
Pages: 147-191
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, phenology, abundance, marking studies, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, weed strips, trapping methods, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Metasyrphus corollae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4710
Author: Sammataro, D.; Gerson, U.; Needham, G.
Year: 2000
Title: Parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications and impact
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 45
Pages: 519-548
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., TP., Acari, chemical control, cultural control, pests, bee mites, Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae, bee pathogens
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5230
Author: Sampson, A.C.; King, V.J.
Year: 1996
Title: Macrolophus caliginosus, field establishment and pest control effect in protected tomatoes
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 1996 19(1)
Pages: 143-146
Alternate Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera, protected edibles, greenhouse edibles, glasshouse, horticulture, Holland, Netherlands, released in 24 greenhouses, good control of whitefly, predator population growth even in absence of whitefly, appears to be compatible other natural enemies and able to suppress other pests, Encarsia formosa, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Bacillus thuringiensis, pathogens, diseases, microbial pesticides, spider mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Lacanobia oleracea, natural enemy interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1303
Author: Samsoe-Petersen, L.
Year: 1987
Title: Laboratory method for testing side-effects of pesticides on the rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata, adults
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32
Issue: 1)
Pages: 73-81
Keywords: En.
insecticides, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1299
Author: Samsoe-Petersen, L.; Bigler, F.; Bogenschutz, H.; Brun, J. Hassan S. A. Helyer N. L. Kuhner C. Mansour F. Naton E. Oomen P. A. Overmeer W. P. J. Polgar L. Rieckmann W.; Staubli, A.
Year: 1989
Title: Laboratory rearing techniques for 16 beneficial arthropod species and their prey/hosts
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 96
Issue: 3)
Pages: 299-316
Keywords: Rep., methods, culturing, pests, predators, parasitoids, Trichogramma on grain moth eggs, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Encarsia formosa on Trialeurodes vaporariorum, whitefly, Hemiptera, Diaertiella rapae on Myzus persicae, aphids, Aphidius matricariae, Phygadeuon trichops a parasitoid of Delia, root fies, brassicas, Diptera, Coccygomimus turionellae a parasitoid of Lepidoptera pupae, Galleria mellonella, Chrysopa carnea fed on flour moth, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleochara bilineata on onion fly Delia antiqua, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Semiadalia undecimnotata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Anthocoris nemoralis on flour moth eggs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Metasyrphus corollae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cecidomyiidae, Chiracanthium mildei, Araneae, Clubionidae, spiders fed on Spodoptera littoralis larvae, caterpillars, Drosophila, Tetranychus eggs larvae adults, Tetranychidae, spider mites, spiderlings feed on infertile eggs in their egg mass, behaviour, then will feed on Tetranychus and Ist instar caterpillars, Phytoseiulus persimilis, predatory mites, Acari, Typhlodromus pyri, Amblyseius potentillae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1637
Author: Samu, F.
Year: 1991
Title: Optimal plant foraging and the Marginal Value Theorem: a zoologist's point of view
Journal: Abstracta Botanica
Volume: 15
Pages: 77-81
Keywords: En.
REp., foraging in plants is placing daughter plants through stolons, MVT proposed by Charnov, assumptions and predictions summarised, explores applicability of this to plant foraging, distribution, dispersal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3124
Author: Samu, F.
Year: 1993
Title: Wolf spider feeding strategies: optimality of prey consumption in Pardosa hortensis
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 94
Pages: 139-145
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lab, 3 feeding models, theoretical, partial consumption of prey only when wolf spiders nearly satiated, trophic behaviour, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5415
Author: Samu, F.
Year: 1999
Title: A general data model for databases in experimental animal ecology
Journal: Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Volume: 45(4)
Pages: 273-292
Alternate Journal: Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Keywords: Rep., methods, project-independent data storage for cross-study compatibility, general data structure, three modules i.e. a) biological object b) circumstances of the study c) results, logical data model
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5947
Author: Samu, F.
Year: 2003
Title: Can field-scale habitat diversification enhance the biocontrol potential of spiders ? 
Journal: Pest Management Science
Volume: 59
Pages: 437-442
Alternate Journal: Pest Management Science
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, strip management in alfalfa, comparison with meadow, grassland, Gramineae, Leguminosae, farming practices, Hungary, habitat manipulation, abundance and biodiversity, methods, pitfalls, suction sampling vacuum insect net, 23,958 spiders of 163 species, 118 species from alfalfa, 50% more spiders in unmown and also greater species richness, having unmown strips did not increase spider abundance in mown strips, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, meadow was diverse but with different dominance structure to alfalfa, species composition, dominants in alfalfa were Pardosa agrestis, Meioneta rurestris, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Tibellus oblongus, other species in alfalfa include Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Dicymbium nigrum, Pardosa pullata, Pachygnatha degeeri and Mangora acalypha, dominants in meadow were Aulonia albimana, Tibellus oblongus, Pardosa hortensis, Meioneta rurestris and Pisaura mirabilis, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Pisauridae, Tetraganthidae, Araneidae (= Argiopidae), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3091
Author: Samu, F.; Biro, Z.
Year: 1993
Title: Functional response, multiple feeding and wasteful killing in a wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: Eur. J. Entomol.
Volume: 90
Pages: 471-476
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4346
Author: Samu, F.; Kiss, B.
Year: 1997
Title: Mark-recapture study to establish population density of the dominant wolf spider in Hungarian agricultural fields
Journal: Bulletin of the British Ecological Society
Volume: 28
Issue: 4)
Pages: 265-269
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hungary, methods, Pardosa agrestis runs away from Dvac or quadrats, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, alfalfa, Leguminosae, pitfalls, enamel paint marking with dots, experiment for 2 weeks in August 1996, computer programme "capture" used to analyse data with a range of capture-recapture models, recapture rate 3.7% for males, 6.6% for females, activity affected by temperature and rainfall, no territoriality in P. agrestris, aggression, agonistic behaviour, system considered closed for a 3-day period, density was c. 6m- 2, equal male and female density, total population density including juveniles may be 10 m-2, distance moved was c 18 m in 10 days for males and about half this for females, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4005
Author: Samu, F.; Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Species richness of a spider community (Araneae): Extrapolation from simulated increasing sampling effort
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 92
Pages: 633-638
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, pitfalls for ground-dwelling spiders, species couunts corresponding to increasing sampling effort, simulation by computer sub-sampling, asymptotic function from theory of island biogeography to describe the sampling curve, extrapolation to estimate total number of species in an apple orchard, trees, forest, woodland, top fruit, Hungary, traps caught 246 spiders in 28 species, including Trochosa ruricola, Diplostyla concolor, Pardosa agrestis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Pardosa pullata, Trochosa terricola, Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa prativaga


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1012
Author: Samu, F.; Matthews, G. A.; Lake, D.; Vollrath, F.
Year: 1992
Title: Spider webs are efficient collectors of agrochemical spray
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 36
Issue: 1)
Pages: 47-53
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, insecticides, orbs of Araneus diadematus exposed to sprays under controlled conditions, webs collected an order of magnitude more spray per unit area than paper strips, especially good at collecting small droplets, some spiders eat webs, behaviour, Araneidae, webs in hedgerows pick up drift, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4260
Author: Samu, F.; Nemeth, J.; Kiss, B.
Year: 1997
Title: Assessment of the efficiency of a hand-held suction device for sampling spiders: improved density estimation or oversampling ?
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 130
Pages: 371-378
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hungary, alfalfa, methods, Leguminosae, abundance, vacuum sampling, suction sampling in a 0.48 m2 enclosure and along a transect using 48 x 0.01 m2 to be equivalent to the enclosure in area, spider catch for transect was three times that for enclosures on several occasions and fields, results probably due to lateral suction at edges of the sampler, 24 species listed, including Meioneta rurestris, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax apicatus, Pachygnatha degeeri and Pardosa agrestis, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5418
Author: Samu, F.; Nemeth, J.; Toth, F.; Szita, E.; Kiss, B.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 1998
Title: Are two cohorts responsible for the bimodal life-history pattern in the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis in Hungary ?
Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, Ed. by P.A. Selden
Pages: 215-221
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, Ed. by P.A. Selden
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, life history strategies, 9 localities, pitfalls, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, long reproductive period, peak catches in May and August, spiderlings June to October, juveniles and sub-adults but not adults overwinter, all stages have the bimodal phenology, winter wheat, alfalfa, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, analysis based on 547 spiderlings, 1130 juveniles, 123 subadults, 832 adult females and 2385 adult males, Pardosa species need 7-9 moults from spiderling to adult, it is unlikely that there could be a second generation in just over two months, there could be two cohorts each having a full year life cycle 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5419
Author: Samu, F.; Racz, V.; Erdelyi, C.; Balazs, K.
Year: 1997
Title: Spiders of the foliage and herbaceous layer of an IPM apple orchard in Kecskemet-Szarkas, Hungary
Journal: Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture
Pages: 131-140
Alternate Journal: Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous pedators, natural enemies, trees, top fruit, methods, beating, 28 species, comparison of conventional intensive pesticide-treated blocks of orchard and IPM blocks, including treatment with flowering herbs sown between tree rows, family composition of herb stratum was different to that of the tree foliage, vertical stratification, community, vertical distribution, biodiversity, cluster analysis, Oxyopidae were common to both strata, IPM did not result in significant differences in spider assemblage, unlikely that herb layer increases spiders on trees, 88% of the catch were immatures not always identifiable to species, Table listing species, Meioneta rurestris and Silometopus reussi were the only Linyphiidae and M. rurestris was caught on herbs and trees, Salticidae and Oxyopidae were commonest spiders in trees and Thomisidae commonest in herbs, woodland, forest
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2986
Author: Samu, F.; Sarospataki, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Estimation of population sizes and "home ranges" of polyphagous predators in alfalfa using mark-recapture: an exploratory study
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S Toft and W. Riedel Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 47-55
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hungary, natural enemies, Leguminosae, arable, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, 12 pitfalls in 3 x 4 grid, methods, abundance, visited daily, captured animals marked individually with enamel paint, dot mapping method, a new colour for each day, more than 1000 marked over 3 weeks July to August 1991, Harpalus rufipes, Cicindela campestris, Pardosa agrestis, male and female lycosids treated separately because of different trappabilities, behaviour, sex-related capture rates, population size by Petersen-Lincoln Index modified for multiple releases and recaptures, 781 marked and released, 65% were H.rufipes, caught at 35 per day, but recapture rate only 0.6%, male Pardosa caught at 11 per day cf female 2 per day, recapture rate 10% for male, 4% for females, C. campestris caught at 4 per day with 6% recapture rate, variability in daily catches high, some correlation with weather, eg cold fronts, distance moved between captures, distribution, dispersal, estimates of population size, home range data lacking for H.rufipes because sampling grid too small, estimated home range of 300 m2 for Pardosa males allowed calcualtion of density at 4 m-2, home range and density not calculated for C.campestris because it may have been migrating across the site


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4006
Author: Samu, F.; Sarospataki, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Design and use of a hand-hold suction sampler, and its comparison with sweep net and pitfall trap sampling
Journal: Folia Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 56
Pages: 195-203
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, vacuum insect net, Dvac, modified from garden leaf blower, alfalfa and meadow in July, Leguminosae, grassland, Gramineae, Hungary, principal component analysis showed pitfall species composition to be different from suction and sweeping which were similar, community, Formicidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, aphids, Orthoptera, Collembola, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, ants, spiders, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Dermaptera, earwigs, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, Isopoda, Mollusca, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, thrips, Thysanoptera, method had a greater effect than habitat on catches, interaction between habitat and method suggested that the different sampling techniques had different taxon specific efficiency in the two structurally different habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2872
Author: Samu, F.; Sarospataki, M.; Fazekas, J.; Biro, Z.
Year: 1991
Title: Density estimation of the carabid beetle Calosoma auropunctatum in alfalfa by a marking technique: a preliminary report
Journal: Proceedings of the 4th EC5/XIII.SIEEC, Godollo, 1991
Pages: 98-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hungary, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, abundance, mark-release-recapture, very common species in Central European arable fields, 6 pitfalls in a 192 m2 block, enlarged by the greatest distance travelled by a beetle 24 m, giving a rectangle of 3536 m2 as the area of influence of the pitfall grid, traps checked 3 times per day for 3 days and individuals marked for trap and day, nocturnal, Petersen-Lincoln index was applied for 2 consecutive recaptures, at night caught 1.6 beetles per hour, in 6 traps 33 individuals were caught over 3 days, 7 were recaptured, 30% recapture rate, population size estimated to be 40 and 33 on 2 consecutive days, taking avverage of this and dividing by area gives 0.01 per m2, authors consider this to be a conservative estimate because maximum dispersal values were used


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5867
Author: Samu, F.; Sunderland, K.D.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 1999
Title: Scale-dependent dispersal and distribution patterns of spiders in agricultural systems: a review
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 325-332
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat manipulation, methods, density, abundance, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, assemblages, community, species richness, biodiversity, agrobiont species, nested scales, microhabitat, habitat and landscape, dispersal modes, microhabitat selection in relation to vegetation structural complexity, soil surface heterogeneity, microclimate, disturbance, prey abundance, refuge from natural enemies, web-site tenacity in relation to energetic costs, territoriality and web take-overs, dispersal within habitats, cursorial dispersal, Lycosidae, rigging, dispersal behaviour, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, risk of dispersal, effects of farming practices, interspersed within-field habitat diversification, intercropping, mulching, reduced tillage, undersowing, strip management, landscape modelling, manipulation of habitats at edges of fields, ecotones, increased spider densities in field edges often not translated into increases in the fields (perhaps strategically-timed partial destruction of edge habitats would initiate spider migration into fields during the period of initial pest increase), but refuges including edges important for maintenance of spider metapopulations, landscape-scale management of crop mosaics to maximise regional populations of natural enemies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5861
Author: Samu, F.; Sunderland, K.D.; Topping, C.J.; Fenlon, J.S.
Year: 1996
Title: A spider population in flux: selection and abandonment of artificial web-sites and the importance of intraspecific interactions in Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in wheat
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 106
Pages: 228-239
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, web-site selection, web-site tenacity, microclimate, humidity, territory, territorial contests, aggression, aggressive behaviour, agonistic behaviour, interference competition, interspecific competition, microhabitat, methods, artificial web-sites were mainly small holes (8 cm wide x 8 cm deep) in the ground  (but also a range of other models constructed from cardboard rings and parts of plastic plant pots), over 2 months spiders occupying holes (constructing a horizontal sheet web within the hole) were monitored regularly and were marked individually with enamel paint and weighed and rapidly returned to the web of origin, moistened holes were colonised more rapidly than dry holes, holes were often occupied by more than one L. tenuis female, mean web-site tenacity by an individual spider was only 1.7 days, abandonment follwed random loss model, abandonment was due to web destruction (e.g. wind, rain, activity of other invertebrates) or take-over by another spider or had no known cause (approximately equal frequency for the three abandonment modes),  heavier spiders were more likely to win contests for webs, biomass, contests rarely resulted in mortality and cannibalism, closely-packed hole colonies supported a spider density 13 times greater than in unmanipulated parts of the field, abundance, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5414
Author: Samu, F.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 2000
Title: Rare species indicate ecological integrity: an example of an urban nature reserve island
Journal: In "Implementing Ecological Integrity" Ed. By P. Crabbe et al., Kluwer, The Netherlands
Pages: 177-184
Alternate Journal: In "Implementing Ecological Integrity" Ed. By P. Crabbe et al., Kluwer, The Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., Budapest, Hungary, spiders surveyed in Sas-Hegy reserve by Balogh in 1930-1934 and then again by the authors in 1994 -1998, small hill covered with grassland trees and shrubs, woodland, forest, Gramineae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biodiversity, species richness, community, hand collecting, beating, pitfalls, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, 179 species caught recently, extrapolation of species accumulation curve, species richness similar to tropical rainforests, high diversity and high evenness, rank-abundance plots, various spider guilds occupying most available  niches, 127 species (71%) were rare in that 10 or fewer individuals were caught, most were pseudo-rare vagrants or tourists but 39 truly rare species were found, comparison of 1930's and 1990's shows little change in species richness and community structure, but there was much change at the species level (including some dominants) suggesting that functions and niches have been taken over by new species (the rare species were not involved in this process),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5974
Author: Samu, F.; Szinetar, C.
Year: 2002
Title: On the nature of agrobiont spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 30
Pages: 389-402
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hungary, 10 year survey, 47 habitat patches at 30 sites, arable, alfalfa, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, Leguminosae, agrobionts are species that reach high dominance in agroecosystems (Luczak 1979), a dominant species here constitutes more than 1% of individuals in the assemblage (species at less than 1% but common in fields are termed "agrophile" Luczak 1979), community, species richness, biodiversity, meta-analysis, methods, pitfalls, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, (most analyses here based on pitfall catch), 110,000 spiders, 26,752 adults analysed, Pardosa agrestis formed 39% of catch, after which the rank order of dominance was Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax apicatus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Erigone dentipalpis, Tibellus oblongus, Drassyllus pusillus, Xysticus kochi, Pisaura mirabilis, Robertus arundineti, Areoncus humilis, Trichoncoides piscator, Mangora acalypha, Zelotes mundus, Meioneta simplicitarsis, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), 207 other species formed remaining 11%, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Philodromidae, Gnaphosidae, Thomisidae, Pisauridae, Theridiidae, Araneidae (= Argiopidae), species composition, dominance structure, spider species diversity could be high in arable fields and was very variable but agrobiont species composition was much more stable, first 8 species of list (above) were nearly ubiquitous and have life cycles synchronised with the main crop growth period (exploiting this temporarily stable resource-rich period for growth and reproduction), agrobiont species composition is somewhat crop-specific (e.g. different in orchards) and subject to geographical variation, life history characteristics very important for agrobiont status (e.g. P. agrestis has two generations per year in Hungary where it is the predominant species but one generation per year in northern Europe where it does not attain high dominance, voltinism, wider investigation of agrobiont habitat occupancy shows them to be characteristic of frequently disturbed areas (e.g. annually flooded marshes), cyclic colonisers, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5979
Author: Samu, F.; Sziranyi, A.; Kiss, B.
Year: 2003
Title: Foraging in agricultural fields: local 'sit-and-move' strategy scales up to risk-averse habitat use in a wolf spider
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 66(5)
Pages: 939-947
Alternate Journal: Animal Behaviour
Keywords: Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, agrobiont, Pardosa agrestis, spiders spent over 90% of time waiting and all prey capture was from waiting sites, waiting times were longer in protected than exposed waiting sites (even though the latter were the most frequent waiting sites), microhabitat choice, microhabitat selection, microhabitat preference, 98% of movements less than 20 sec, total of 45 h observations, 13 predatory attacks observed (3 successful), when prey were sensed the spider moved a few cm out of the waiting site and attacked, feeding frequency 2.8%, estimated predation rate of 0.52 prey per day, prey were aphids, small flies and Collembola, unsuccessful attacks on a small spider and a beetle, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, Diptera, Chironomidae, Coleoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, mean displacement of 7.4 m per 2 days, methods, Hungary, alfalfa, Leguminosae, direct in situ visual observations at fine-scale, mark-recapture used for medium scale, live-catch pitfalls, spiders marked with enamel paint, this species is diurnal, diel cycles, no territorial disputes observed, P. agrestis is more active than some other common Pardosa species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5416
Author: Samu, F.; Toft, S.; Kiss, B.
Year: 1999
Title: Factors influencing cannibalism in the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Volume: 45
Pages: 349-354
Alternate Journal: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, this species is the diminant non-web-builder in much of central European agriculture, long reproductive period produces wide size distribution of juvenilies, methods, laboratory arenas, cannibalism was strongly and positively correlated with weight ratio and hunger, it seems likely that cannibalism is an important component of the population dynamics of these spiders in the field, intraspecific competition, cannibalism occurred in most cases when the weight ratio was greater than 4:1 and no cannibalism was observed below 2:1, typical density in field is 4-6 adults per m2, abundance, reproduction, 40-60 spiderlings per cocoon, juvenile density often greater than adult density
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5338
Author: Samu, F.; Toth, F.; Szinetar, C.; Voros, G.; Botos, E.
Year: in press
Title: Results of a nation-wide survey of spider assemblages in Hungarian cereal fields
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Alternate Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, cereals, Gramineae, community, Hungary, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, pitfalls, vacum insect net, suction sampling, methods, 16 sites since 1992, over 10,000 individuals of more than 150 species, biodiversity, agrobiont dominant species are Pardosa agrestis, Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax apicatus, Pachygnatha degeeri and Tibellus oblongus, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Thomisidae, up to 110 species in cereals at some sites, species richness, most species of arable fields are native to wetland habitats, saline grasslands, coastal sand dunes, beaches, meta-analysis, rank-abundance curves of community structure, indicator species analysis, there were no good indicator species for cereals, some spider species occur in grassland habitats but not in arable habitats, distribution, abundance, authors suggest that wetlands and agricultural systems share structural attributes and freqent disturbance, agrobionts may be poor competitors that therefore find a niche in frequently reassembled communities of pioneer habitats where strong competitor species never become established 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1639
Author: Samu, F.; Vollrath, F.
Year: 1992
Title: Spider orb web as bioassay for pesticide side effects
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 62
Pages: 117-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Zygiella-x-notata webs are defective if spider has eaten oleander aphids because of cardenolids from milkweed host plant, Araneus diadematus recycles its web by eating it, behaviour, new web daily, applied pesticides topically on abdomen or orally, fungicides, triadimenol, prochloraz, insecticides, paraffin oil, cypermethrin, pyrethroids, parts of web have very hygroscopic coating, structure, and could take up 10 times field recommended dose from a low dose spray, cypermethrin caused a delay in web- building proportional to dose, total length of radii and spiral were most affected, other pesticides had little effect, sub-lethal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5318
Author: Samu, F.; Voros, G.; Botos, E.
Year: 1996
Title: Diversity and community structure of spiders of alfalfa fields and grassy field margins in south Hungary
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 31(3-4)
Pages: 253-266
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, Leguminosae, Gramineae, pitfalls, sweep net, D-vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, agriculture covers 80% of land surface of central Europe, agricultural statistics, 5033 individuals of 99 species caught over 3 years at 2 sites, mean density in alfalfa was 85.6 m-2 and 184.3 in field margins, abundance, maximum density in August was 190 m-2 in alfalfa and 418 m-2 in field margin, species richness, biodiversity, more species at edge, species composition, species lists, ordination analyses showed species clusters related more to sampling method than to locate of samples, the dominant agrobiont species was Pardosa agrestis, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, also very numerous were Xysticus kochi, Zelotes pusillus and Zelotes praeficus, Thomisidae, Gnaphosidae, Meioneta rurestris was the commonest Linyphiidae, Pachygnatha degeeri was also numerous, amongst the moderately-abundant species some species were found predominantly in the field and others mainly at the edge, references to spider species richness in agriculture, species abundance curves were similar for the field and the edge probably because the crop is perennial, reference that such curves differ between the annual wheat and its edges 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1694
Author: Samways, M. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Community structure of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a series of habitats associated with citrus
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 20
Pages: 833-847
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, orchards, top fruit, transect of 44 pitfalls through 11 habitats associated with citrus, 49 species, rank abundance, equitability, dominant species 96% in young orchard but 18% in sparse grassland, Gramineae, Pheidole spp. usually dominate, other species habitat sensitive, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1833
Author: Samways, M. J.
Year: 1983
Title: A symmetrical competition and amensalism through soil dumping by the ant, Myrmicaria natalensis
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 8
Pages: 191-194
Keywords: En.
Rep., Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, describes how to promote an ant that eats pests such as Lepidoptera larvae in South Africa citrus orchards, by discouraging other ant species that tend Homoptera and encourage pests, methods, caterpillars, trees, top fruit, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4441
Author: Sanda, G. L.
Year: 1991
Title: Mode of hunting and functional response of the spider Marpissa tigrina Tikader (Salticidae: Arachnida) to the density of its prey, Diaphorina citri
Journal: Entomon
Volume: 16
Pages: 279-282
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, foraging, trophic behaviour, India, D. citri is a serious psyllid pest of citrus, trees, orchards, biological control, orchards, Psyllidae, Hemiptera, the spider can capture 4 citrus psylla and feed on them all at the same time, lab experiments on functional response


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1000
Author: Sanders, C. J.; Knight, F. B.
Title: Natural regulation of the aphid Pterocomma populifoliae
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 49
Pages: 234-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation observed by, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae, Leucopis, Chamaemyiidae, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Cleridae, Phyllobaenus pallipennis, Formica fusca, Myrmica, Thomisidae, Salticidae, chrysidids, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, soldier beetles, ants, Formicidae, Araneae, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4498
Author: Sanderson, R. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Carabidae and cereals: a multivariate approach
Journal: In "Carabid Beetles: Ecology and Evolution", Ed. By K. Desender, M. Dufrene, M. Loreau, M.L. Luff and J.-P. Maelfait, Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
Pages: 457-463
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, pitfall catch of carabids, Staphylinidae, Linyphiidae and Entomobryidae in Boxworth experiment, UK, spiders, Araneae, rove beetles, Collembola, data from 11 fields, 1983-88, March to August, 3 levels of pesticide application, percentage species composition compared using multivariate statistics, year of collection had the greatest effect on species composition, followed by level of pesticide, distribution and abundance, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3684
Author: Sanderson, R. A.; Rushton, S. P.; Cherrill, A. L.; Byrne, J. P.
Year: 1995
Title: Soil, vegetation and space: an analysis of their effects on the invertebrate communities of a moorland in north- east England
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 32
Pages: 506-518
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Araneae not directly related to soil or vegetation but linked to spatial location of sample, distribution, habitat structure, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae associated with soil conditions, Coleoptera, ground beetles, pitfalls, sweeping, Bembidion lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Notiphilus biguttatus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Pterostichus nigrita, Pterostichus strenuus, Pterostichus versicolor, Synuchus nivalis, Trechus obtusus, Linyphiidae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone promiscua, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa pullata, Xysticus cristatus, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae, Thomosidae, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2003
Author: Sanderson, T. A.; Maudsley, M. J.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1992
Title: The relative role of natural enemies and weather in determining cereal aphid abundance
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 1-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, UK, polyphagous predators, biological control, climate, Norfolk has on average 3 times as many aphids as West Sussex but this reversed in 1990-1991, more alatae in Sussex suction traps than Norfolk, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, increase rates of caged aphids same in 1990 but higher in Sussex in 1991, Staphylinidae populations same, rove beetles, Coleoptera, more total Carabidae in Sussex but more small carabids in Norfolk, geographical distribution, ground beetles, more Lycosidae in Sussex but more Linyphiidae in Norfolk, all in pitfalls, Araneae, spiders, negative correlation between peak aphids in Brooms Barn suction trap and day degrees in February and March, believed to be because cold weather increases the crop development period, aphid number to anthesis and day degrees accounted for much of the variation in peak aphid numbers between Norfolk and Sussex, says the role of polyphagous predators in controlling aphid populations is still unclear


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 985
Author: Sandhu, G. S.; Kaushal, K. K.
Year: 1975
Title: Biological studies and host range of Leucopis sp. (Chamaemyiidae: Diptera), a predatory fly on aphids in the Punjab
Journal: Indian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 37
Pages: 185-187
Keywords: En.
Rep., India, pests, Hemiptera, predator, natural enemies, biological control, 13 species ate rose aphid in lab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1939
Author: Sandlan, K. P.; Jones, R. L.; Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence of density of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the parasitoid Lydella thompsoni (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Issue: 1)
Pages: 174-177
Keywords: En.
USA, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, classical biological control, L.thompsoni imported from Europe to Minnesota in 1930, was a major controlling factor but died out in 1960's, testing for re-introduction, field plots, each plant given 1, 2 or 3 corn borer egg masses from lab, used 4 maize genotypes of different resistance to corn borer, plant resistance, parasitism was not related to genotype but was lower at base of plant, vertical stratification, distribution, lab studies showed no differences in size, longevity, fecundity for parasitoids reared from borers on 4 genotypes, parasitoid attacks borer larvae, behaviour, a kairomone in borer frass stimulates larviposition, semiochemicals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1583
Author: Sandness, J. N.; McMurtrey, J. A.
Year: 1970
Title: Functional response of three species of Phytoseiidae (Acarina) to prey density
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 102
Pages: 692-704
Keywords: En.
Acari, polyphagous predators, mites, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, Amblyseius largoensis, wasteful killing at high prey densities


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3323
Author: Sandness, J. N.; McMurtry, J. A.
Year: 1972
Title: Prey consumption behaviour of Amblyseius largoensis in relation to hunger
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 104
Pages: 461-470
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, excised avocado leaves in lab, hungry predators ate 2-4 prey in succession then had a digestive pause, prey were the avocado brown mite Oligonychus punicae, cyclic feeding and pauses, predators usually returned one or more times to feed on the same prey, predator would return accurately to prey from several inches away, capture efficiency was nearly 100% for hungry predators, satiated predators did not attack but intermediately hungry predators often vaught prey then released them unharmed, there is also a capture threshold where prey are captured and killed but then abandoned becuase the predator is not hungry enough to eat them, polyphagous predators, predatory mites, Acari, natural enemies, biological control, pests, arable, predation, trophic behaviour, partial consumption, wasteful killing, predation rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1856
Author: Sands, W. A.
Year: 1957
Title: The immature stages of some British Anthocoridae (Hemiptera)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 109
Pages: 295-310
Keywords: En.
UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, keys, taxonomy, systematics, classification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 451
Author: Sankey, J. H. P.
Year: 1949
Title: British harvest spiders
Journal: Essex Naturalist.
Volume: 28
Pages: 181-191
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 456
Author: Sankey, J. H. P.
Year: 1949
Title: Observations on food, enemies and parasites of British harvestspiders
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 85
Pages: 246-247
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 474
Author: Sankey, J. H. P.
Year: 1953
Title: Nemastoma lugubre (O.F.Muller) (Arachnida, Opiliones) : first record of var. unicolor Roewer in Britain
Journal: Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.
Volume: 6
Pages: 27-29
Keywords: En.
Harvestman, Phalangida, predators, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 450
Author: Sankey, J. H. P.
Year: 1956
Title: How to begin the study of harvest spiders
Journal: Countryside.
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2087
Author: Sankey, J. H. P.; Savory, T. H.
Year: 1974
Title: British Harvestmen
Journal: Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series). The Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London.
Volume: 4
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Opiliones, structure, key, taxonomy, systematics.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5118
Author: Sansone, C.G.; Smith, J.W.
Year: 2001
Title: Natural mortality of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in short-season cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(1)
Pages: 112-122
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, life tables, methods, direct in situ visual counts of bollworm eggs and larvae, they were collected and reared to assess attack by parasitoids and pathogens, diseases, predators counted on plants, Chrysoperla carnea, Hippodamia convergens, Scymnus sp., Orius tristicolor, Nabis spp., Araneae, spiders, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Nabidae, ELISA used to determine proportion of Orius that had fed on bollworm eggs, serological methods, detection period was about 11 h, detectability, each  Orius positive was assumed to have eaten 1 egg per day, predation rates, consumption rates, Orius was the most important mortality factor consuming 71-84% of eggs in the field, oophagy, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5172
Author: Sansone, C.G.; Smith, J.W.
Year: 2001
Title: Identifying predation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs by Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in cotton using ELISA
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(2)
Pages: 431-438
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, oophagy, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, bollworm, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, USA, detection periods, antigen detectable in Orius for 10 h after feeding, Orius insidiosus, predators collected by pooter and placed onto dry ice, percentage positive varied from 0 to 59 depending on season and year, Orius had been consuming eggs even when egg density in the field was very low
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 999
Author: Santas, L. A.
Year: 1980
Title: A list of aphids of Greece and their predators
Journal: Biologia Gallo-Hellen
Volume: 9
Pages: 107-121
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Nabidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1852
Author: Sasaba, T.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1972
Title: Evaluation of mortality factors with special reference to parasitism of the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hemiptera: Deltocephalidae)
Journal: Appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 7
Pages: 83-93
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 491
Author: Sasaba, T.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1974
Title: Simulations of the population changes of Lycosa in the paddy field (Lycosidae : Lycosa)
Journal: Appl. Ent. Zool. Tokyo.
Volume: 9
Pages: 273-275
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, cereals, rice, models, predators, pest, prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1855
Author: Sasaba, T.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1975
Title: A systems model and computer simulation of the Green Rice Leafhopper populations in control programmes
Journal: Researches Popul. Ecol. Kyoto Univ.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2)
Pages: 231-244
Keywords: Rep., Japan, pests, Hemiptera, Nephotettix cincticeps, cereals, Gramineae, more than 150 eggs per hill in third generation of pests gave more than 10% yield loss, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 493
Author: Sasaba, T.; Kiritani, K.; Kawahara, S.
Year: 1973
Title: Food preference of Lycosa in paddy fields
Journal: Bull. Kochi Inst. agr. forest Sci.
Volume: 5
Pages: 61-64
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, cereals, rice, pests, prey, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1522
Author: Sasaba, T.; Kiritani, K.; Urabe, T.
Year: 1973
Title: A preliminary model to simulate the effect of insecticides on a spider-leafhopper system in the paddy field
Journal: Researches in Population Ecology, Kyoto University
Volume: 15
Issue: 1)
Pages: 9-22
Keywords: pesticides, Japan, rice, cereals, Gramineae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Nephotettix


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3360
Author: Sasaki, H.; Nishijima, Y.
Year: 1985
Title: A comparative study of the ecology of yellow dung-flies (Diptera: Scathophagidae) II. Identification of the prey species by the use of micro-Ouchterlony method
Journal: Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology
Volume: 36
Issue: 3)
Pages: 245-249
Keywords: En.
Rep., Scatophagidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Scathophaga stercoraria ate 9 species of Diptera in 3 families, male and female Scathophaga cybalaria were positive for consuming Musca domestica, Musca bezzii, Musca hervei and Morellia saishuensis, as were female S.stercoraria, male S.stercoraria ate M.domestica and M.hervei, Scathophaga suilla did not eat these muscids, pastures, grassland, Gramineae, other prey including Fannia canicularis were recorded by observation in pastures, % positive, trophic behaviour, diet, food, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4135
Author: Sato, Y.; Tanaka, T.; Imafuku, M.; Hidaka, T.
Year: 1983
Title: How does diurnal Apanteles kariyai parasitise and egress from a nocturnal host larva ?
Journal: Kontyu
Volume: 51
Pages: 128-139
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Japan, diel cycles, foraging behaviour, common armyworm larva Leucania separata is nocturnal and conceals itself underground during daytime, lab studies using corn seedlings, cereals, Gramineae, vertical migration, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, the parasitoid locates a damaged leaf during the daytime then searches below the plant to find the larva and sting it, moribund larvae crawled up the plant and stayed there until parasitoids emerged, healthy larvae pupated on the ground, the parasitoid prolonged the period of the last instar of the host, developmental rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3497
Author: Sauphanor, B.; Chabrol, L.; Darcier, F. F.; Sureau, F.; Lenfent, C.
Year: 1993
Title: Side-effects of diflubenzuron on a pear psylla predator, Forficula auricularia
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Issue: 2)
Pages: 163-174
Keywords: En.
Rep., Dermaptera, earwigs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, France, orchards, trees, top fruit, pesticides, insecticides, insect growth regulator, chitin synthesis inhibitor, lab semi-field and field tests, high toxicity to nymphs also sub-lethal effects, morphological abnormalities, structure, reduced food intake, reduced weight and mobility, behaviour, food consumption rates, activity, reduced predatory activity allowed pest to increase more than unsprayed, field test showed that pear tree psylla Psylla pyri were 3-4 times more abundant on trees without earwigs, predation, Psyllidae, Hemiptera, methods, traps made of PVC roll containing corrugated paper attached to trunks of pear trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3089
Author: Sauphanor, B.; Sureau, F.
Year: 1993
Title: Aggregation behaviour and interspecific relationships in Dermaptera
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 96
Issue: 3)
Pages: 360-365
Keywords: En.
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2151
Author: Savory, T.
Year: 1964
Title: Arachnida
Journal: Academic Press, New York & London.
Keywords: En.
Rep. GCRI Lib, poor book, external digestion, gut diverticula


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 581
Author: Savory, T. H.
Year: 1926
Title: British Spiders
Journal: Clarendon Press, Oxford
Keywords: En.
Steatoda bipunctata
Rep(GCRI Lib), survival, survival without food record 20 months, oviposition, eggs, cocoons, nocturnal, egg cocoons nearly always made at night, sucking stomach, diverticula, midgut diverticula, structure, behaviour, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 659
Author: Savory, T. H.
Year: 1928
Title: The Biology of Spiders
Journal: Sidgwick and Jackson, London.
Pages: 376 p
Keywords: En.
Lit.Bk., Araneae, predators, structure, abdominal gland, food storage, gorging, digestive gland, fasting, survival


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 457
Author: Savory, T. H.
Year: 1938
Title: Notes on the biology of harvestmen
Journal: J. Quekett Micr. Cl.
Volume: 1
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: Opiliones, Phalangida, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 449
Author: Savory, T. H.
Year: 1944
Title: Synopses of the British Fauna. No. 1. Opiliones
Journal: Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Volume: 1942-1943
Pages: 81-92
Keywords: En.
Rep, harvestmen, Phalangida, structure, systematics, predators, key


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1514
Author: Sawicki, R. M.; Devonshire, A. L.; Rice, A. D.
Year: 1977
Title: Detection of resistance to insecticides in Myzus persicae Sulz
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 42
Pages: 1403-1409
Keywords: En.
pesticide resistance, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, sugar beet, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1518
Author: Saynor, M.; Lane, A.; Lole, M.; Watling, M.; Antill, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Control of cabbage root fly with insecticides applied to peat blocks and loose-filled cells
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology, Crop Protection in Field Vegetables
Volume: 12
Pages: 47-58
Keywords: En.
NLH, pesticide application methods, pests, Diptera, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, UK, good protection of plants and only 15-30% of the insecticide used in conventional systems, farming practices, should reduce damage to natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4564
Author: Scausberger, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Inter- and intraspecific predation on immatures by adult females in Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae).
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Pages: 131-150
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory mites, spider mites, trees, grapes, food, diet, trophic behaviour, intraguild predation, predators of predators, interspecific predation. Lab experiments with phytoseiids (Euseius finlandicus, T. pryi and Kampimodromus aberrans) that share the same habitats (orchards and vineyards in Europe) at the same time showed that each species preyed on each others immature stages. Females of all species pierce leaf cells and take up the liquid but all had difficulty in piercing phytoseiid eggs. References that Phytoseiulus persimilis and Metaseiulus occidentalis are specialist feeders on Tetranychidae but T. pyri and Amblyseius degenerans are generalists. The  three species here are also generalists, eating Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, pollen and fungi. In addition to these foods E. finlandicus also eats Tyroglyphidae, Tarsonemidae, eggs and larvae of insects, honeydew and plant liquids
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 74
Author: Scerney, F.
Year: 1961
Title: Beitrage zur Biologie und okonomischen Bedeutung rauberisch lebender Kaferarten. Teil III. Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Uberwinterung, Aktivitat und Ernahrungsweise der Laufkafer (Carabidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie .
Volume: 48
Pages: 163-175
Keywords: Ger.
Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes
Rep, predation, economics, overwintering, activity, diet, prey, soil samples, winter, vertical stratification, burrowing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5022
Author: Schaefer, C.W.; Ahmad, I.
Year: 1987
Title: Parasites and predators of Pyrrhocoroidea [Hemiptera], and possible control of cotton stainers by Phonoctonus spp. [Hemiptera: Reduviidae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 32(3)
Pages: 269-275
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Dysdercus spp are pests of cotton that live in large aggregations, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Diptera, Tachinidae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Table of predators and parasitoids includes ants, spiders, birds and lizards, Reptilia, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, Phonoctonus are specialist predators that form a mimetic assemblage with their prey, voracity, prey preference
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 476
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1972
Title: Ecological isolation and the importance of competition exemplified by the distributional pattern of the lycosids of a coastal landscape
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 9
Pages: 171-202
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 494
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1974
Title: Experimental studies on the importance of interspecies competition between three wolf spider species (Araneida : Lycosidae) in a salt marsh
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 101
Pages: 213-235
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, coastal, estuarine, brackish, salt water


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 495
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1975
Title: Experimental studies on the importance of interspecies competition for the lycosid spiders in a salt marsh
Journal: Proceedings of the Sixth International Arachnological Congress, 1974.
Pages: 86-90
Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, brackish, salt water, estuarine, coastal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1640
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1976
Title: Zur Steurung der Jahresrythmik bei Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae)
Journal: Ent. Germ.
Volume: 3
Pages: 125-129
Keywords: Ger.
spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, annual cycles, behaviour, daylength influences duration of instars, photoperiod, growth, development, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2096
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1976
Title: An analysis of diapause and resistance in the egg stage of Floronia bucculenta (Araneidae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 25
Pages: 155-174
Keywords: En.
Predators, spiders, Araneae, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2150
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1976
Title: Experimental studies on the annual cycle and overwintering of Araneae
Journal: Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Okol. Geogr. Tiere.
Volume: 103
Issue: 2)
Pages: 127-289
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., spiders, predators, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2266
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1976
Title: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Jahreszyklus und zur Uberwinterung von Spinnen (Araneida)
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. (or Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Okol. Geogr. Tiere ?)
Volume: 103
Issue: 2)
Pages: 127-289
Keywords: Germ.
includes Oedothorax retusus
spiders, Araneae, predators, experimental studies on the annual cycle and overwintering of spiders, photoperiod


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2097
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1977
Title: Winter ecology of spiders (Araneida)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 83
Pages: 113-134
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, overwintering


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3585
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1977
Title: Untersuchungen uber das Wachstum von zwei Spinnenarten (Araneida) in Labor und Freiland
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 17
Pages: 189-200
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., studies on the growth of two spider species in the laboratory and in their natural habitat, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, physiology, 12C was threshold for postembryonic development in Thanatus striatus from first instar outside eggsac to 7th instar, Thomisidae, temperature, threshold for the linyphiid Allomengea scopigera from 1st to 5th adult instar was -4C to 0C, Linyphiidae, thermal constants 1220 day degrees C for Thanatus and 1580 for Allomengea, growth rate of populations estimated by mean carapace width and was correlated with duration of development, methods, cephalothorax width, populations on coastal dunes, saltmarsh and meadow by lake developed at a rate related to mean temperature as estimated by sucrose inversion method, grassland, Gramineae, Thanatus development stopped in September at photoperiod of 14 h, daylength, natural populations tended to develop faster than laboratory populations, this was attributed to high mortality of slow developing spiderlings in natural habitats, predation and cannibalism may have contributed to better survival of rapidly developing individuals, predation on predators, food in lab were Drosophila, Collembola, cicadas, small flies and spiders, Orthoptera, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2147
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1978
Title: Some experiments on the regulation of population density in the spider Floronia bucculenta (Araneida: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Symposium of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 42
Pages: 203-210
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, population density of adult females affected only by web site availability not by food or interspecific competition or starting density of eggs or fecundity of females, experimental manipulat ion in the field imply that cannibalism and predation were not important, extra web sites were cylinders of wire netting put out AUT Schlinger, E.I. & Dietrick, E.J.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2714
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1987
Title: Life cycles and diapause
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 331-347
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4496
Author: Schaefer, M.
Year: 1990
Title: The soil fauna of a beech forest on limestone: trophic structure and energy budget
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 82
Pages: 128-136
Keywords: En.
Ref., food web with more than 1700 species, trophic web, biodiversity, species richness, energetics, Germany 1981, trees, woodland, soil cores, heat and light extraction, methods, ground photo-eclectors, feeding trials and gut dissection and faeces analyses, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey selection, prey preference, gut contents analysis, number of individuals was greatest for Protozoa, Nematoda, Collembola, Enchytraeidae and Cryptostigmata, Annelida, Acari, mites, biomass dominants were earthworms, Enchytraeidae, Diplopoda, Gastropoda and Chilopoda, Lumbricidae, Myriapoda, millipedes, centipedes, Mollusca, snails, one third of of total zoomass was Lumbricus terrestris, one third other earthworms and the rest all other animals, Enchytraeidae worms feed on litter, detritus and fungi, Oribatidae Cryptostigmata and Uropodina mites are fungal feeders, Collembola feed on detritus, algae, spores and pollen, gives food for other groups, 50% of zoomass is macrosaprophages, 30% are microsaprophages or consumers of comminuted dead matter, detritivores, saprophages, 10% bacteriophages, 4% zoophages, fresh beech litter is not consumed by saprophages, it is eaten after a period of weathering and microbial colonization during winter, total consumption by soil animals surpasses litter input and results in high faeces production, only 0.3% of litter input appears eventually as production of zoophages


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3932
Author: Schaffner, U.; Nentwig, W.; Brandle, R.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of mowing, rust infection and seed production upon C and N reserves and morphology of the perennial Veratrum album L. (Liliales, Melanthiaceae)
Journal: Bot. Helv.
Volume: 105
Pages: 17-23
Keywords: Rep.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 68
Author: Schaller, F.
Year: 1949
Title: Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Col.) und Japyx solifugus Hol. (Diplura) als spezielle Collembolenrauber
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 78
Pages: 294-296
Keywords: Ger.
Carabidae, Collembola, predation, specialists


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5239
Author: Schausberger, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Inter- and intraspecific predation on immatures by adult females in Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Pages: 131-150
Alternate Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Austria, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, cannibalism, laboratory, females of all three species had difficulty in piercing phytoseiid eggs and predation rates on eggs were low, oophagy, all species ate each others larvae and protonymphs, survival and reproduction on heterospecific prey, life history parameters
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5233
Author: Schausberger, P.
Year: 1998
Title: Population growth and persistence when prey is diminishing in single-species and two-species systems of the predatory mites Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 88
Pages: 275-286
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Acari, Phytoseiidae, apple seedlings infested by spider mites in a greenhouse, Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi, top fruit, trees, glasshouse, seedlings became infested with Tetranychus urticae and Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips, Thysanoptera, without heterospecific predators T. pyri increased most on T. urticae, in two-species systems only T. pyri survived to the end of the experiment, 3 hypotheses to explain the results are given, author describes all three predators as polyphagous
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5247
Author: Schausberger, P.
Year: 1999
Title: Predation preference of Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when offered con- and heterospecific immature life stages
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 23
Pages: 389-398
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., predatory mites, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, intraguild predation, IGP, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, prey selection, cannibalism, mortality, Austria, laboratory, adult females prefer to prey on heterospecific larvae and protonymphs, this was not affected by hunger level, reciprocal predation could contribute to population persistence, mites cultured for 2 years, rearing on birch pollen, methods, experiments in plexiglass cells, tiny watercolour marks were made to distinguish predators from prey, community, natural enemy interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5248
Author: Schausberger, P.
Year: 1999
Title: Juvenile survival and development in Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on con- and heterospecific immatures
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 23
Pages: 297-307
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., predatory mites, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, intraguild predation, IGP, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Austria, laboratory, 25C, more than 50% T. pyri developed to adult on the other species taking about one week, life history parameters, 90% of K. aberrans died on a diet of heterospecifics, similarly most E. finlandicus died on a heterospecific diet, cannibalizing T. pyri and K. aberrans reached adulthood but E. finlandicus did not, survival, mortality, longevity, development rate, T. pyri lived the longest of the 3 species in absence of food, rearing on birch pollen and Tetranychus urticae, culturing, spider mites, Tetranychidae, natural enemy interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5237
Author: Schausberger, P.; Croft, B.A.
Year: 1999
Title: Predation and discrimination between con- and heterospecific eggs among specialist and generalist phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(3)
Pages: 523-528
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Acari, Phytoseiidae, USA, 13 species, generalist feeders are Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus (Amblyseius californicus), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Amblyseius cucumeris), Neoseiulus barkeri, Typhlodromus pyri, Amblyseius andersoni, Kampimodromus aberrans, Euseius finlandicus and Euseius hibisci, specialist feeders were Phytoseiulus persimilis, Phytoseiulus macropilis, Galendromus occidentalis and Neoseiulus longispinosus, laboratory, interactions between natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, IGP, intraguild predation, oophagy, most generalists preferred heterospecific eggs and developed and reproduced on them, prey preference, prey selection, life history parameters, population dynamics, many specialists accepted heterospecific eggs but showed no preference and did not develop well ob phytoseiid eggs, predation rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4892
Author: Schausberger, P.; Croft, B.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Nutritional benefits of intraguild predation and cannibalism among generalist and specialist phytoseiid mites
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 473-480
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Specialists tested were Phytoseiulus macropilis, Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus longispinosus. Generalists tested were Amblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus cucumeris and Neoseiulus fallacis. N. longispinosus and G. occidentalis developed poorly on cannibalism or IGP. P. macropilis completed development equally on both cannibalism and IGP. No specialist was able to reproduce on either cannibalism or IGP. Generalists completed development on cannibalism or IGP but it was more rapid on IGP and all were able to reproduce on IGP. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5158
Author: Schausberger, P.; Croft, B.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Cannibalism and intraguild predation among phytoseiid mites: are aggressiveness and prey preference related to diet specialization ?
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 24
Pages: 709-725
Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, generalist predators and specialist predators, specialists are Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus longispinosus, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Phytoseiulus macropilis, generalists are Ambylseius andersoni, Euseius finlandicus, Euseius hibisci, Kampinodromus aberrans, Neoseiulus barkeri, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus fallacis and Typhlodromus pyri, highly aggressive cannibals were all generalists, similarly adult females of all generalists except T. pyri were highly aggressive in IGP and they selectively consumed heterospecific rather than conspecific larvae when a choice was available, prey preferences, selective feeding, interactions between natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5238
Author: Schausberger, P.; Walzer, A.
Year: 2001
Title: Combined versus single species release of predaceous mites: predator-predator interactions and pest suppression
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 269-278
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, gerbera, greenhouse ornamentals, protected flower crops, glasshouse, spider mites, Tetranychidae, carmine mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Austria, Phytoseiulus persimilis, experiments in small greenhouse, Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius californicus, single species and 2-species predator releases all drove the pest to extinction, this happened fastest for P. persimilis alone, after prey depletion N. californicus was more likely to show IGP than P. persimilis, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, P. persimilis seemed to hinder population growth of N. californicus, but P. persimilis showed intraspecific competition effects, complementary effects because P. persimilis preferred the inner parts of spider mite patches but N. californicus stayed on outskirts, P. persimilis prefers spider mite eggs but N. californicus prefers motile immature stages, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, prey selection, prey preference, population dynamics, predation rates, advantages disadvantages problems and limitations of single versus multiple species releases of specialist and generalist predatory mites are discussed
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4430
Author: Scheidler, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Influence of habitat structure and vegetation architecture on spiders
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 225
Pages: 333-340
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, meadows of different degrees of wetness, humidity, Gramineae, grassland, species composition and abundance varied according to how wet the meadows were, there was usually no more than 1 species per family that was dominant per habitat, spider densities were greater on multi-branching plants cf plants with few branches, but Araneidae preferred the latter, Argiopidae, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3048
Author: Scheller, H. V.
Title: The role of ground beetles (Carabidae) as predators on early populations of cereal aphids in spring barley
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 97
Pages: 451-463
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis, in spring barley, in 2 years, estimated density by trapping inside barriers, methods, worked only for B.lampros at 60 m-2, beetles dissected, % positive increased with field density of Rhopalosiphum padi in one year and Metopolophium dirhodum in another, in lab found consumption rates 3 R.padi per day for B.lampros at 16C and 5 at 21C, detection period at 16C for B.lampros was 30 h if not given any further food and 19 h if given mince in period after eating aphid, exponential decay of % positive with food in gut, 2 separate significant lines for mince and no mince, gives calculation of functional response and model of effect on aphid population, but has to make many assumptions, some known to be unwarranted, Scandinavia, diet, food, trophic behaviour, digestion rates, alternative foods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 997
Author: Scheller, H. V.
Year: 1984
Title: Pitfall trapping as the basis for studying ground beetle (Carabidae) predation in spring barley
Journal: Tidsskr. Planteavl
Volume: 88
Pages: 317-324
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, cereals, more caught with preservatives than with water alone, varied with species, % aphids in Bembidion lampros same for all preservatives, high trap density reduced catch


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4849
Author: Schellhorn, N.A.; Stork, V.L.
Year: 1997
Title: The impact of weed diversity on insect population dynamics and crop yield in collards, Brassica oleraceae (Brassicaceae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 111
Pages: 233-240
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., USA, treatments were a) weed-free brassicas, b) brassicas planted with 4 brassica weed species, c) brassicas planted with 4 non-brassica weed species. Direct counts of pests and predators on foliage, breeding out parasitoids from pest caterpillars, yellow water traps, methods. Fewest adult predators were found in weed-free plots, ladybirds, ground beetles and spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, Chrysomelidae, biological control, abundance, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Araneae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Diptera. Specialist herbivore pests were most abundant in the brassica-weed polyculture, crop damage and yield did not differ between treatments.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4778
Author: Schelvis, J.; Siepel, H.
Year: 1988
Title: Larval food spectra of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and P. rhaeticus in the field (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 13(1/2)
Pages: 61-66
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, Pterostichus rhaeticus, larvae, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, iso-enzyme electrophoresis, IEEP, esterases, laboratory experiments on food acceptance of reared larvae, larvae from soil cores in moist oak woodland in the Netherlands, trees, forest. 77 larvae tested and 49 yielded data on gut contents. In the field, larvae had eaten Elateridae, Staphylinidae, Pterostichinae (Pterostichus larvae), Diptera larvae, Collembola, Acari (Mesostigmata), Chilopoda (Geophilus sp.) and Oligochaeta. Wireworms, rove beetles, mites, centipedes, Myriapoda, earthworms, Lumbricidae, woodlice. In the lab they accepted Diptera larvae, Coleoptera larvae, Trichoptera, Collembola, Acari, Pseudoscorpiones, Chilopoda, Isopoda, Oligochaeta. Niche breadths calculated. P. rhaeticus was previously known as a physiological race of Pterostichus nigrita but is now classed as a species, taxonomy, classification. Secondary predation could be a problem in interpreting gels. Cannibalism was suspected but cannot be proved by IEEP.  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5671
Author: Schenk, D.; Bacher, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Functional response of a generalist insect predator to one of its prey species in the field
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 524-531
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, shield beetle is used for biological control of the creeping thistle, Cirsium arvense, Coleoptera, Chysomelidae, Cassida rubiginosa, weeds, but Cassida larvae are killed by predators such as paper wasps, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistes dominulus, methods, Switzerland, study in thistle patches at edge of fields, continuous video surveillance of individual Cassida larvae which are sedentary, nearly all late instar mortality is caused by predation, 9 cameras used including infrared for night observations, video recorders, multiplexers, powered from nearest building, 24 h time-lapse, 180 min video tape sufficient to record events from 5 cameras for 24 h, equipment checked several times daily and re-focussed and missing larvae replaced if necessary, wasps were caught and marked with numbered coloured plates used for bee queens, of 157 video recordings of predation events 99% were due to P. dominulus, Chrysoperla carnea larva also ate a Cassida larva, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, food, diet, trophic behaviour, no predation observed at night, diel activity cycle, diurnal, Polistes density was independent of Cassida density and unrelated to daily weather, abundance, since Polistes was virtually the only predator and had no numerical response to Cassida larvae the observed changes in Cassida numbers were due to Polistes functional response (Type III), learning by generalist predators to hunt for temporarily abundant prey is fairly common, handling time decreased with increase in prey density, foraging behaviour, Cassida larvae carry a faecal shield over the abdomen which may provide a degree of protection from some natural enemies, anti-predator defense behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4946
Author: Schenk, D.; Imboden, H.; Bacher, S.
Year: 2000
Title: A monoclonal antibody to the shield beetle Cassida rubiginosa: a tool for predator gut analysis
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 12
Pages: ???
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., see Bacher et al., 1999, where more detail is given
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 282
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1955
Title: Untersuchungen uber Vorkommen und wirtschsftliche Bedeutung rauberisch lebenden Kafer in Feldkulturen
Journal: Z. Pfl. Bau.
Volume: 6
Pages: 49-73
Keywords: Ger.
Fields, Coleoptera, predators, occurrence, importance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1508
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1958
Title: Uber die Wirkung verschiedener Insektizide auf Laufkafer (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 10
Pages: 87-92
Keywords: Ger.
Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insecticides, pesticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 63
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1959
Title: Unsere Laufkafer
Journal: Wittenberg : Ziemsen
Keywords: Ger.
Carabidae, feeding experiments


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 59
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1960
Title: Uber die Zu- und Abwanderung von Laufkafern (Carabidae) in Feldkulturen
Journal: Pflanzenschutz.
Volume: 12
Pages: 169-171
Keywords: Ger.
Migration, fields


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 60
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1960
Title: Beitrage zur Biologie und okonomischen Bedeutung rauberisch lebender Kaferarten. Part 2. Untersuchungen uber das Auftreten von Laufkafern (Carabidae) in Feldkulturen
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 47
Pages: 231-255
Keywords: Ger., En. sum.
Rep, predation, beetles, fields, phenology, economics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3676
Author: Scherney, F.
Year: 1960
Title: Kartoffelkaferbekampfung mit Laufkafern (Gattung Carabus)
Journal: Pflanzenschutz (Munchen)
Volume: 12
Pages: 34-36
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Germany, arable, Coleoptera, pests, potato beetle (presumably Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa), released into fenced plots in potato field with Carabus cancellatus or Carabus granulatus for 33 days, Carabus spp. estimated to eat 6.5 larvae or pupae of potato beetle per day, in 1956-57 quadrat counts estimated 1.5 Carabus spp. m-2, yields, damage, Carabidae, ground beeles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, consumption rates, economics, commentary in Thiele 1977, methods, density, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5402
Author: Scheu, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Plants and generalist predators as links between the below-ground and above-ground system
Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 3-13
Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., review, food webs, trophic webs, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, decomposer community effected by rate of supply of vegetation detritus from above, detritivores, food, diet, trophic behaviour, above ground herbivore performance is affected by below ground herbivores and microbes including root pathogens and mycorrhizae, bacteria, fungi, diseases, soil, protozoa in the barley rhizosphere increased the biomass of cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae, Gramineae, pests, similarly Myzus persicae reproduction rate was on Poa annua grass was increased by the presence of Collembola, the root environment is an important determinant of plant species composition, the above ground food web can be subsidised by energy from detrital food chains, allochthonous inputs, in most terrestrial ecosystems energy input to the detrital system far exceeds that to the herbivore system, references that generalist predators are amongst the most important predators of herbivores, main predators are spiders, rove beetles and ground beetles, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, these predators eat detritivores and herbivores and by this route the detritivore community can reduce plant damage by increasing predators and thereby reducing herbivores, this called by Polis "allochthonous energy subsidy via multichannel omnivory" and as an energy shunt system by Oksanen, conservation biological control, mulch, manure, organic farming, predator switching needed from detritivores to herbivores as pest populations build, but pests can be low quality prey for generalist predators, might be necessary to minimise intraguild predation, comparison of predators and parasitoids in  natural and agricultural systems, no evidence for herbivore control by parasitoids in natural systems, parasitoids usually kill pest slowly allowing plant damage to continue but predators act swiftly, stable isotope analyses provide evidence of linkage between below and above ground communities [some of what is referred to here as "below ground" is really "on ground"] 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4908
Author: Scheu, S.; Falca, M.
Year: 2000
Title: The soil food web of two beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) of contrasting humus type: stable isotope analysis of a macro- and a mesofauna-dominated community
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 123
Pages: 285-296
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., beech, trees, woodland, methods, Germany, N 15 isotope, heavy nitrogen, Lumbricidae, Diplopoda, Isopoda, woodlice, millipedes, earthworms, Annelida, Myriapoda, the community is dominated by Collembola, Enchytraeidae and Oribatida, Acari, samples put through a heat extractor, three vertical soil layers compared, saprophages and predators, detritivores, polyphagous predators contained a higher proportion of N15 to detritivores, Chilopoda, centipedes, Araneae, spiders, Gamasidae, predatory mites, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Folsomia, Tomocerus, Onychiurus, Lepidocyrtus, Lithobius, Micrargus herbigradus, Stenus, Anotylus, Appendix species list 10 species of spider, 5 species Gamasina, 5 species of centipede, 10 species of staphylinid, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 65
Author: Schjotz-Christensen, B.
Year: 1965
Title: Biology and population studies of Carabidae of the Corynephoretum
Journal: Natura Jutlandica.
Volume: 11
Pages: 1-173


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3677
Author: Schjotz-Christensen, B.
Year: 1968
Title: Some notes on the biology and ecology of Carabus hortensis L. (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Natura Jutlandica
Volume: 14
Pages: 127-151
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Denmark, forest, trees, oakwood, MRR, mark-release-recapture, 33% hibernated and 25% of these had a 2nd breeding season in August-October, dissection to examine ovaries, methods, density estimated at 0.1 - 0.16 m-2, pitfalls, gutter traps, beetles marked with a number using an electric needle, survival rates, mortality, population dynamics, at least 2 overlapping generations in summer, dispersal rates, movement, migration, distribution, Scandinavia, overwintering, phenology, voltinism, abundance, life cycle


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2715
Author: Schlinger, E. I.
Year: 1987
Title: The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 319-327
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1837
Author: Schlinger, E. I.; Bosch, van den R.; Dietrick, E. J.
Year: 1959
Title: Biological notes on the predaceous earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas), a recent immigrant of California
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 52
Pages: 247-249
Keywords: En.
Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, diet, food, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, feeds on wide range of prey in lab including pea aphid on alfalfa, Leguminosae, not yet observed to do so in field


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2148
Author: Schlinger, E.I.; Dietrick, E.J.
Year: 1960
Title: Strip-farming alfalfa
Journal: Calif. Agric.
Volume: 14
Pages: 8-9
Keywords: En.
Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)
Rep., methods, cultural, arable, clover, Leguminosae, spiders, predators, prey, pest, diet, food, feeding, foraging, aphids, caterpillars, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, moths, four species of spiders ate aphids and helped other natural enemies control spotted alfalfa aphid, strip farming gave 15% better yield


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5142
Author: Schmaedick, M.A.; Ling, K.S.; Gonsalves, D.; Shelton, A.M.
Year: 2001
Title: Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Pieris rapae remains in guts of arthropod predators
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 99
Pages: 1-12
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., serology, methods, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, USA, ELISA, cabbage, brassicas, polyclonal antiserum, cross-reacting cabbage lepidopterans were absorbed out then there remained only low-level cross reaction with Pieris napi, P. rapae were fed to starved predators which were then tested, they were nearly all significantly positive apart from Phalangium opilio, positives recorded for Pardosa milvina, Nabis americoferus, Orius insidiosus, Trechus quadristriatus Stenolophus comma and Coleomegilla maculata, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, harvestmen, Opiliones, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4956
Author: Schmaedick, M.A.; Shelton, A.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Experimental evaluation of arthropod predation on Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) eggs and larvae in cabbage
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(3)
Pages: 439-444
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, brassicas, Cruciferae, pests, caterpillars, biological control, predator exclusion cages, methods, some cages were open at the bottom to allow entry of arthropod predators, 23-80% mortality, mortality of egg masses protected from walking predators by rings of sticky tanglefoot were compared with unprotected eggs, egg predation was 0-44%, oophagy, predators observed on plants were hoverflies, ladybirds, lacewings and spiders, Syrphidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, not known which predators killed P. rapae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5287
Author: Schmaedick, M.A.; Shelton, A.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Arthropod predators in cabbage (Cruciferae) and their potential as naturally occurring biological control agents for Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 132
Pages: 655-675
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., brassicas, caterpillars, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, USA, dry pitfalls, sticky traps on plants, removal of plants and examination for predators in the laboratory, methods, laboratory predation trials in small arenas and on cabbage plants, the main predators caught in pitfalls were Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, especially numerous were Phalangium opilio, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Pterostichus melanarius and Lithobius sp., harvestmen, Opiliones, centipedes, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, species list, sticky traps caught Lygus, Stenolophus, Coleomegilla maculata and others, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, spiders were the most abundant predators on the destructive plant samples at 0.2 per plant, most were immature linyphiids such as Meioneta unimaculata and Tenesseellum formicum, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies were also present on the plants, M. unimaculata did not feed on eggs and larvae of P. rapae in the lab, Pardosa milvina ate larvae but not eggs, Lycosidae, Nabis americoferus, Orius insidiosus and Hippodamia variegata ate eggs and larvae, predatory Heteroptera bugs, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Pardosa and Orius consumed <1 larva per cage, predation rates, larvae rarely leave plants before pupation and so predators that stay on the ground are unlikely to impact on them, vertical distribution, the results confirm the importance of using multiple sampling methods to study predator faunas in crops, visual observations showed that predators usually could not search the central undersides of leaves because they could not keep a foothold on the thick cuticular wax, therefore caterpillars had a refuge from predators in these locations, authors do not know if any linyphiids actively search cabbage plants, references to mites and wasps preying on P. rapae eggs and larvae, Acari, Hymenoptera, Polistes, Vespula, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3175
Author: Schmid, A.
Year: 1993
Title: The attractivity of weeds for aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern
Volume: 5
Pages: En. summ. 113-115
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, farming practices, 73 plant species checked for coccinellids in Switzerland, weeds in wheat, 18 coccinellid species, 7 plant species harboured aphids which attracted coccinellids, pollen and nectar as food, overwintering sites, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5650
Author: Schmid-Araya, J.M.; Schmid, P.E.; Robertson, A.; Winterbottom, J.; Gjerlov, C.; Hildrew, A.G.
Year: 2002
Title: Connectance in stream food webs
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 1056-1062
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, freshwater aquatic, lotic webs, link-species scaling law states that number of links increases linearly with number of trophic species (and is independent of number of species in the web), but stream webs did not conform to this law, data analysed for 22 stream webs that each contained 22 - 212 species, UK, methods, gut content analyses, number of trophic interactions divided by the number of possible interactions (connectance), connectance decreased and the fraction of intermediate species increased with increasing web size, low connectance in streams compared with lakes may be due to physical disturbance (e.g. variable flow rates) limiting opportunities for interactions, stream webs are less connected than other natural systems studied previously, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4105
Author: Schmid-Hempel, R.; Schmid-Hempel, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Larval development of two parasitic flies (Conopidae) in the common host Bombus pascuorum
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 63-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, Diptera, in Hymenoptera when two species of parasitoid are competing in a host it is common for 1st instar larvae to to use the mandibles to eliminate the competitors, the first larva to hatch usually eliminates others, some species eliminate competitors by physiological suppression, which includes toxic secretions, starvation and asphyxiation, conopid larvae seem capable of physical attacks in the first instar which demonstrates a convergent pattern between the Diptera and Hymenoptera, interspecific competition, multiparasitism, aggressive behaviour, agonistic behaviour, interference competition, bees, Apidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5820
Author: Schmidt, M.H.; Lauer, A.; Purtauf, T.; Thies, C.; Schaefer, M.; Tscharntke, T.
Year: 2003
Title: Relative importance of predators and parasitoids for cereal aphid control
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 270
Pages: 1905-1909
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., Germany, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, winter wheat, methods, treatments were a) removal of ground predators, b) removal of flying predators and parasitoids, c) removal of ground predators plus flying predators and parasitoids, d) open field controls with nothing removed, circular 0.79 m2 plots, plastic barriers, live-catching pitfalls, hand removal of web spiders, sticky wire covers to remove flying natural enemies, sticky traps, in situ direct visual counts of aphids, aphid populations were 18% greater  when by ground predators removed, 70% higher when fling natural enemies removed, and 172% higher when all natural enemies removed, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Syrphidae, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Aphidiidae, Braconidae, Aphidius, Tenuiphantes tenuis, (Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Pachygnatha degeeri, web spiders complemented the effect of parasitoids, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4843
Author: Schmied, A.; Fuhrer, E.
Year: 1996
Title: The impact of ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in spruce stands, damaged by Pristiphora abietina (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 21
Pages: 81-94
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, sawflies, conifer forests, woodland, Germany, field studies of pupal mortality due to predation showed no difference between stands with sparse and dense ground vegetation, habitat diversification, vegetational diversification, pitfalls, feeding experiments 
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5422
Author: Schmitz, O.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Combining field experiments and individual-based modeling to identify the dynamically relevant organizational scale in a field system
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 89
Pages: 471-484
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., USA, community, experimental field ecology and theoretical ecology are currently only weakly linked, problem of scaling from behavioural interactions (hours) to population and community level interactions (seasons, years), individual-based models (IBM) are useful at the intermediate scale, old field, grass and herbs, Gramineae, grasshoppers, Orthoptera, hunting spiders Pisaurina mira, Hogna rabida, Phidippus rimator, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Lycosidae, known spider-grasshopper-plant interactions were use to steer the IBM, e.g. grasshopper changes its foraging behaviour when predator is present, distribution, anti-predator behaviour, prey refuges, spiders reduce grasshopper numbers directly by predation and indirectly by affecting their distribution, dispersal and trophic ecology, Gecko is a bottom-up modeling package that uses lower-level behavioural and physiological information and calculates higher scale trophic dynamics, simulated food web, trophic web, in simulations community dynamics were very predictable despite trophic complexity in the simulated community, this was due to seasonality which caused short-term behavioural interactions to be dominant in shaping community structure, in the simulation there was strong density dependence for plants and herbivores within a season, Pisauridae, Salticidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5626
Author: Schmitz, O.J.
Year: 2003
Title: Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old-field ecosystem
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 6
Pages: 156-163
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., USA, meadow, grassland, Gramineae, community, food webs, trophic webs, trophic cascades, 18 species of grasses and herbs, polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, methods, direct in situ visual observation, sweep net, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Hemiptera, spittle bug, planthoppers, Pentatomidae, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, grasshoppers, pests, Pisaurina mira, Phidippus rimator, Rabidosa rabida, Misumena vatia, Salticidae, Lyccosidae, Thomisidae, manipulative field experiments, predator exclusion, 2m x 2m metal barrier plots, predators removed by hand, in other plots herbivores removed with a pyrethroid insecticide, methods, pesticides, top-down effects did not diffuse rapidly within the food web but transmitted linearly down a chain of dominant predator-herbivore links to impact on plant species, predators in this experiment enhanced plant biodiversity and productivity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5129
Author: Schmitz, O.J.; Beckerman, A.P.; O'Brien, K.M.
Year: 1997
Title: Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 78(5)
Pages: 1388-1399
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, old fields, grassland, Gramineae, pests, grasshoppers, Orthoptera, Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Eritettix simplex, predation by the spider Pisurina mira on nymphs of M. femurrubrum, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders observed with grasshoppers in their chelicerae in the field, in situ visual observation of predation, methods, the chelicerae of some adult spiders were glued together so that they could not kill grashoppers, experiments in replicated small field cages, grasshoppers were reduced significantly by spiders (compared with no-spider controls) whether chelicerae were glued or not, grasshoppers caused a significant reduction in grass biomass and spiders significantly reduced the impact of grasshoppers on grass biomass, impact on pest populations, effects on plant yield, tritrophic interactions, grasshoppers shifted their foaging to the hottest time of the day when spiders were least active, avoiding spiders had an estimated penalty of 25% reduction in daily energy intact which may, together with heat stress, have produced the observed mortality in the presence of glued-chelicerae spiders, indirect effects of predators on pests 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5553
Author: Schmitz, O.J.; Hamback, P.A.; Beckerman, A.P.
Year: 2000
Title: Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removal on plants
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 155(2)
Pages: 141-153
Alternate Journal: American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., 60 tests using 41 studies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic cascade is an effect on plants caused by the action of carnivores on herbivores, definition, most examples are species cascades rather than community level cascades, selected studies that manipulated carnivore density under natural field conditions and that measured one or more plant response variables, effects of vertebrate and invertebrate carnivores but entirely on invertebrate herbivores, large table of studies involving birds, lizards, ants, spiders, mantids, ladybirds and parasitoids, Vertebrata, Aves, Reptilia, Araneae, Mantidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, the plants are largely non-agricultural herbs, shrubs and trees, carvivores significantly affected a plant variable in 45/60 cases, top-down effects usually attenuated along the food chain if plants had good anti-herbivore defences or at high herbivore species diversity, biodiversity, vertebrates usually produced stronger effects than invertebrates, effects measured in mesocosms were usually less than in open field plots, effects are rapid (usually within 6 months) and stronger than for aquatic systems, there is a need to study the mechanisms of trophic interactions, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 6009
Author: Schmitz, O.J.; Krivan, V.; Ovadia, O.
Year: 2004
Title: Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 7
Pages: 153-163
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., review, food webs, trophic webs, community, prey anti-predator behaviour may be implicated in driving some trophic cascades, prey defensive behaviour, indirect effects of natural enemies on plants, the better known mechanism of cascade is that natural enemies reduce herbivore numbers and this alleviates plant damage allowing greater yield, this can be termed density-mediated indirect interaction (DMII), when herbivore prey spend time moving to avoid attack by natural enemies the prey spend less time feeding and cause less plant damage and so a cascade is induced which does not involve direct herbivore mortality (although some mortality may occur indirectly due to reduced herbivore condition by feeding less and on sub-optimal foods), this can be termed trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMII) because defensive behaviour traits of the herbivore are involved, DMII and TMII can simulataneously contribute to cascades (not yet known if their effects are synergistic, additive or compensatory), methods for detecting TMII include mimicing predation risk by chemical cues, glueing predator mouthparts, or cageing predators in large experimental arenas, 10 studies (tabulated) using these methods, these relate to stream, pond, old field, cotton, intertidal, tropical forest, with Vertebrata (fish and salamanders) and a wide range of invertebrates, reanalysis of some DMII cascades reveals them to be basically TMII-driven,  most cascades are species cascades rather than full trophic level cascades, TMII may underpin successful biological control to a greater extent than is currently appreciated, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5596
Author: Schmitz, O.J.; Sokol-Hessner, L.
Year: 2002
Title: Linearity in the aggregate effects of multiple predators in a food web
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 5
Pages: 168-172
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., community, trophic web, wolf spiders, jumping spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, old field, pasture, herbs, Gramineae, methods, field cages, Pisaurina mira, Phidippus rimator, Rabidosa rabida, effects of single species and combinations on survival of grasshopper prey, Orthoptera, Melanoplus femurrubrum, the spiders have different foraging behaviour and occupy different vertical positions, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, P. mira increased grass biomass but reduced herb biomass, yield, the other species increased grass and herb biomass, statistically species were producing the same result in combination as alone and so were substitutable for each other with respect to this prey, redundancy, guilds
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5423
Author: Schmitz, O.J.; Suttle, K.B.
Year: 2001
Title: Effects of top predator species on direct and indirect interactions in a food web
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(7)
Pages: 2072-2081
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, community, trophic web, comparison of effects on grasshoppers of spiders with different foraging strategies, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, density-mediated indirect effects (= species A indirectly affects species B by changing the density of C which interacts with A and B), trait-mediated indirect effects (= A causes a change in behaviour or life history of B which affects the interaction of B with C), old field, grasses and herbs, Gramineae, Orthoptera, population dynamics, author says the spiders studied belong to the same "guild" because they are hunting spiders [!!], Pisaurina mira, Pisauridae, Phidippus rimator, Salticidae, Hogna rabida, Lycosidae, foraging behaviour and habitat use observed in the field, Hogna retreated into vegetation if observers were within 1.5 m, so they were dusted with fluorescent poweder and observed from 2.5 m using binoculars, semi-field experiments on effects of spiders on diet of grasshoppers, field experiments on direct and indirect effects of spiders, Pisaurina (sit-and-wait foraging strategy) was mainly in the upper canopy, Hogna (sit-and-pursue foraging strategy) was mainly on the ground and Phidippus (active hunter) moved through the canopy, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, grasshoppers ate more herbs than grass when a sedentary spider was near, diet shift, Hogna and Phidippus (but not Pisaurina) exerted significant mortality on Melanoplus remurrubrum grasshopper populations, grasshoppers caused significant reductions in grass and herb biomass, spiders had significant positive effects on grass biomass, yield, damage, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2149
Author: Schmoller, R.
Year: 1970
Title: Life histories of alpine tundra Arachnida in Colorado
Journal: Am. Midl. Nat.
Volume: 83
Pages: 119-133
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5173
Author: Schneider, J.M.; Roos, J.; Lubin, Y.; Henschel, J.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Dispersal of Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae): they do balloon after all !
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 29
Pages: 114-116
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, Namibia, Africa, S. dumicola is a social spider, 20 females of one colony seen tiptoeing on top of the web, some released silk became airborne and landed 1-8 m away, on subsequent occasions others were seen to reach heights in excess of 30 m, many silk strands were used per spider, tens to hundreds of threads fanned out to form a triangular sheet with length and width of about 1 m, ballooning behaviour, authors claim that multiple-strand ballooning has not been described previously, this spider also dispersed by bridging, rigging, spiders dispersed from the larger colonies rather than the small ones, 7/9 tiptoeing females collected and kept without males produced eggsacs within 6 weeks, males were not seen to disperse, adult females usually weigh more than 100mg
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4106
Author: Schoener, T. W.
Year: 1974
Title: Resource partitioning in ecological studies
Journal: Science
Volume: 185
Pages: 27-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, niches, interspecific competition, the main purpose of resource partitioning studies is to analyse the limits that interspecific competition puts on the number of species that can stably coexist, guilds, species richness, habitat differences can result from competitive interactions, distribution, data from 81 studies (mainly vertebrates) analysed, regular spacing along a single dimension, as number of competing species increases they have to segregate on more dimensions to prevent complete resource overlap, 3 is the modal number of dimensions separating species, if species are similar along one dimension they are usually dissimilar aling another, habitat dimensions are more often important than food or time, predators separate more often by being active at different times of the day than do other groups, diel cycles, diet, terrestrial poikilotherms often partition food by using it at different times of day, vertebrates segregate less by season than do invertebrates, phenology, model to determine how similar species could be and yet coexist (the limiting similarity), other mathematical approaches to resource partitioning, predation can reverse the outcome of competition among prey, to disentangle the effects of predation and show how they interact with competition is a challenge, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4164
Author: Schoener, T. W.
Year: 1983
Title: Field measurements on interspecific competition
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 122
Pages: 240-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, methods, review, 150 studies, competition found in 90% of studies and 76% of species, exploitative and interference competition were equally common, producers, granivores, nectarivores, carnivores and scavengers showed more competition than herbivores and filter feeders, large organisms competed more than small ones, phytophages, a greater ecological overlap implied a greater tendency to compete, assymmetrical competition was common, amensalism, competition has been shown between orb- weaving spiders, Araneae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, but 4/5 experiments with spiders failed to detect competition, competition shown between ant species, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hairston, Smith and Slobodkin 1960 predicted that herbivores should not compete, coexistence should be enabled because their populations should be kept at pre- competitive levels by predation, spiders might also be greatly reduced by predation and so not often compete


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4088
Author: Schoener, T. W.
Year: 1986
Title: Resource partitioning
Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 91-126
Keywords: En.
review, there are a huge number of publications on intraguild resource partitioning, overlap niche overlap is lower, the more diverse the fauna, predators separate more by diel activity pattern than do other trophic groups, probably because prey availability varies on a diel cycle, wheras, for example, leaf supply for a herbivore does not, natural enemies, guilds, Hutchinson ranked coexisting species by size of trophic apparatus and the ratio of larger to smaller member of adjacent pairs was 1.3, this regular spacing of species within a guild might result from competition, but there are some theoretical and statistical objections, in nearly all guilds studied several dimensions are needed to separate species, the mode being 2-3, there is much evidence that species similar in one or more dimensions are dissimilar in others, ie niche separation is complementary, there can be a greater degree of niche overlap in a season when resources are very abundant, character displacement occurs when two species similar in some trait where allopatric, diverge in that trait where sympatric, this is an evolutionary process probably to minimise competition, examples given, population dynamics, habitat shifts in apparent response to competition are also recorded, clear examples of niche expansions as might be caused by reduced competition are rare, habitat shifts have been recorded in experimental studies of resource partitioning, resource partitioning may be in response to factors other than competition, such as intraguild predation or abiotic factors, when competition is involved it could be interference competition as well as exploitative competition for resources


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 782
Author: Schoener, T. W.; Toft, C. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Spider populations; extraordinary high densities on islands without top predators
Journal: Science
Volume: 219
Pages: 1353-1355
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, orb-weavers on sub-tropical islands, with and without top predators - birds and lizards, spider density declined exponentially with distance from a presumed source of colonisers, ten times more spiders on islands without predators, predation on spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 738
Author: Schoenly, K.
Year: 1990
Title: The predators of insects
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 333-345
Keywords: En.
Rep., arachnids were identified as insect predators by food web researchers in the largest number of webs followed by passerine birds and cyprinodont fishes, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food webs, trophic interactions, importance of spiders, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4729
Author: Schoenly, K.; Beaver, R.A.; Heumier, T.A.
Year: 1991
Title: On the trophic relations of insects: a food-web approach
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 137
Pages: 597-632
Alternate Journal: American Naturalist
Keywords: Rep., trophic web, 95 insect webs, pitcher plants, tree holes, tree canopy, soybean, galling insects and parasitoids, tree logs, saprophages, detritivores, herbivores, carrion, necrophages, carrion feeders, dung, coprophages, dung feeders, aquatic, trophic diversity, detritus, basal species, cannibalism, connectance, links per species, community webs, sink webs, source webs, prey to predator ratios, top predators, trophic behaviour, diet, food, trophic category, ants, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Diptera, Dolichopodidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies,  chain lengths, trophic levels, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, temperate, tropical, ephemeral and perennial, saprophagy and predation were the most common feeding modes for the 16 insect orders here, trophic diversity has evolved from saprophages (e.g. Collembola) to a diversity of feeding modes (e.g. Diptera, Hymenoptera), 45% of all trophic pathways were predator-prey, cannibalism was rare
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5675
Author: Schoenly, K.; Cohen, J.E.; Heong, K.L.; Litsinger, J.A.; Aquino, G.B.; Barrion, A.T.; Arida, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Food web dynamics of irrigated rice fields at five elevations in Luzon, Philippines
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 86
Pages: 451-466
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, methods, vacuum insect net that passes organisms and water through a hose into a plastic reservoir with a nylon mesh strainer, suction sampling within a mylar enclosure containing four hills,  trophic webs, community assembly, phenology, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, herbivore numbers increased faster than natural enemies, predators arrived before parasitoids, spiders always arrived early, results similar at five sites, cumulative IRRI web (gathered over many occasions within a discrete area) contains 687 taxa and more than 10,000 trophic links, time-specific web is gathered over a shorter period of time such as a particular crop growth stage, site-specific webs, farming practices, index of community similarity, mean chain length, cannibalism was common amongst spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, two and three species trophic loops recorded for Tetragnathidae, Ichneumonidae, Trichogrammatidae, Sciomyzidae, natural enemies of natural enemies, predation of parasitoids, Hymenoptera, yield-effort curves for sampling, curves for taxa and links failed to level off, relative occurrence of taxa and trophic groups at each site, approximately half of the predator taxa occurred at  all five sites, Heteroptera, Microvelia douglasi atrolineata, Veliidae, Lycosidae, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Miridae,
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4458
Author: Schoenly, K. G.; Cohen, J. E.; Heong, K. L.; Arida, G. S. Barrion A. T.; Litsinger, J. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Quantifying the impact of insecticides on food web structure of rice-arthropod populations in a Philippine farmer's irrigated field: a case study
Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York
Pages: 343-351
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, rice, cereals, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, one treated and one untreated plot 20 x 50 m, three applications of deltamethrin, pyrethroids, % herbivores became greater in sprayed cf unsprayed plot, % natural enemies reduced in sprayed and % others (e.g. detritivores) declined in both plots, herbivore increase was nearly all due to three species of Delphacidae, planthoppers, Hemiptera, estimated reduction of 1 million natural enemies per ha, main natural enemies were veliid bug Microvelia atrolineata and the Miridae Heteroptera Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5144
Author: Schonrogge, K.; Crawley, M.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Quantitative webs as a means of assessing the impact of alien insects
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 69
Pages: 841-868
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, four alien gall wasps, oak, Quercus, trees, woodland, forest, Cynipidae, Andricus corruptrix, Andricus lignicola, Andricus kollari, Andricus quercuscalicis, all are attacked by native parasitoids and the alien cynipids have become the main hosts of these parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, quantified linkage food webs, methods, community, trophic webs, there was little trophic overlap between native and alien galls, the eight native cynipids are unlikely to be affected by alien cynipids via the parasitoid community, Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, ectoparasitoids in galls, galls were collected and reared, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3196
Author: Schoof, D. D.; Palchick, S.; Tempelis, C. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Evaluation of predator-prey relationships using an enzyme immunoassay
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 79
Pages: 91-95
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Notonecta etc fed Culex etc larvae in lab, mosquito larvae antiserum used, methodology for deciding positives and negatives, sources of error, Diptera, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5421
Author: Schroder, T.W.; Basedow, T.; Mangali, T.
Year: 1999
Title: Population density of Theridion impressum L. Koch (Araneae, Theridiidae) in sugar beet fields in Germany, and its possible effects on numbers of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom., Aphididae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 123
Pages: 407-411
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Germany, brassicas, abundance, 1.6 females per m2, aphids often found in webs of T. impressum in the field, methods, direct in situ visual search of plants and counting of spider numbers in the field, laboratory experiments on predation rate of aphids on young cabbage plants in cages, adult female killed (?) about 10 aphids per day, this species hibernates as juvenilies and reaches adult by early summer, phenology
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4854
Author: Schroeder, F.C.; Gonzalez, A.; Eisner, T.; Meinwald, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Miriamin, a defensive diterpene from the eggs of a land slug (Arion sp.)
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Volume: 96(24)
Pages: 13620-13625
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Keywords: Rep., Mollusca, Gastropoda, Limacidae, pests, eggs laid in clusters in soil, USA, adult ladybirds, Harmonia axyridis, readily ate eggs of the moth Utetheisa ornatrix, Lepidoptera, the ladybird failed to eat slug eggs and was partially deterred from eating U. ornatrix eggs if they were treated with slug egg extract or miriamin isolated from slug eggs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, food preferences, prey defences, chemical defences, semiochemicals, feeding deterrents, the beetles rejected slug eggs after contact and did not bite into them, miriamin seems to be produced by the slug rather than being sequestered from food plants
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5642
Author: Schulz, K.L.; Yurista, P.M.
Year: 1995
Title: Diet composition from allozyme analysis in the predatory clodoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi 
Journal: Limnology and Oceanography
Volume: 40(4)
Pages: 821-826
Alternate Journal: Limnology and Oceanography
Keywords: Rep., methods, this predator collected from Lake Michigan had eaten copepods and Daphnia, Crustacea, plankton, aquatic polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, the predator shreds its prey and hard parts of prey consumed are unidentifiable, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and scanning laser densitometry, the Ultrascan XL laser densitometer can measure not only absorbance but also provide an accurate quantification of migration distance for each band,   
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2867
Author: Schulz, S.; Toft, S.
Year: 1993
Title: Identification of a sex pheromone from a spider
Journal: Science
Volume: 260
Pages: 1635-1637
Keywords: En.
Rep., this is the first spider sex pheromone to be identified, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in some virgin Linyphiidae pheromone is put on the web, behaviour, the first male to arrive reduces the size of the web before copulating presumably to reduce the attraction to other males, experiments mainly with Linyphia triangularis where hydroxybutyric acid and its dimer were identified as sex pheromones using male web- reducing behaviour as the assay, there were some inter- species effects eg 1/12 Linyphia tenuipalpis reduced webs of L. triangularis sprayed with pheromone, reduced responsiveness of males arriving in the webs of the wrong species may be due to species-specific chemicals on the web, and contained in the lipid layer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2868
Author: Schulz, S.; Toft, S.
Year: 1993
Title: Branched long-chain alkyl methyl ethers: a new class of lipids from spider silk
Journal: Tetrahedron
Volume: 49
Issue: 31)
Pages: 6805-6820
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spider silk is mainly protein, fibroin, but with glycoproteins, inorganic salts and bigenic amines or sulphur compounds also present, structure, gas chromatography of webs of Linyphia triangularis, Linyphiidae, showed a large number of compounds, 27 l- methoxyalkanes were described, methods, there were also some small amounts of anti-microbial compounds, about 30% of the extract was methoxyalkanes, similar or identical methoxyalkanes were found in the silk of linyphhids closely related to L. triangularis, and they showed species specific patterns, the various compounds present in webs may have roles in chemical communication, regulation of water content and protection against microbes, methoxyalkanes were found on the cuticle of spiders, in web-silk in the field and in Nephila web silk, methoxyalkanes have not previously been reported from nature and are a new class of natural products


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4316
Author: Schulze, E. D.; Mooney, H. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Journal: Ecological Studies, Springer Verlag, Berlin
Volume: 99
Pages: 525pp
Keywords: En.
book, biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry, biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems, keystone species, redundancy in ecosystems, how many species are required for a functional ecosystem, community diversity and succession, competition, dispersal, habitat modification, biodiversity and the balance of nature, ecosystem stability, competition and nutrient cycling, hypotheses explaining the variation of species diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3829
Author: Schwarz, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Beitrag zur Systematik und Taxonomie europaischer Gelis- Arten mit macropteren oder brachypteren Weibchen (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Linzer biol. Beitr.
Volume: 26
Issue: 1)
Pages: 381-391
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., contribution to the systematics and taxonomy of European species of Gelis with macropterous and brachypterous females, key to brachypterous species in Europe with some habitat notes, does not include Gelis festinans, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, attack spider eggsacs, Araneae, polyphagous predators, classification, identification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3830
Author: Schwarz, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Revision der westpalaarktischen Artender Gattungen Gelis Thunberg mit apteren Weibchen und Thaumatogelis Schmiedeknecht (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Teil 1
Journal: Linzer biol. Beitr.
Volume: 27
Issue: 1)
Pages: 5-105
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Gelis, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, attacks eggsacs of spiders, polyphagous predators, classification, taxonomy, systematics, identification, Europe


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2345
Author: Schwendinger, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Developmental stages of three ground spiders in an inner alpine mixed oak wood (Tyrol, Austria) (Arachnida: Aranei: Theridiidae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Berichte Naturwissenschaftlich Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck
Volume: 73
Pages: 87-95
Keywords: German, Eng. summ.
Robertus lividus, Tapinocyba insecta, Microneta viaria
Rep., Araneae, structure, identification, juveniles, immatures, spiderlin gs, cheliceral teeth, trichobothria, carapace width, for linyphiids only teeth needed, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1501
Author: Scopes, N. E. A.; Ledieu, M.
Year: 1979
Title: Pest and Disease Control Handbook
Journal: British Crop Protection Council Publications, Croydon, UK
Keywords: pesticides, insecticides, fungicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 978
Author: Scott, E. I.
Year: 1939
Title: An account of the developmental stages of some aphidophagous Syrphidae (Dipt.) and their parasites (Hymenopt.)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 26
Pages: 509-532
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, hoverflies, Diptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids of syrphids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 992
Author: Scutze, K. T.
Year: 1936
Title: Blattlausfeinde
Journal: Isis Budissina
Volume: 13
Pages: 138-141
Keywords: Ger.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, predators of aphids near Bautzen Germany, includes Phtheochroa schreibersiana Froel (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) in the leaf galls of Colopha compressa Koch on elm, trees, forests, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3305
Author: Seastedt, T. R.; Mameli, L.; Gridley, K.
Year: 1981
Title: Arthropod use of invertebrate carrion
Journal: American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 105
Pages: 124-129
Keywords: En.
Rep., cricket corpses, USA, oak-hickory forest, trees, dead crickets put in litter bags and tethered carcasses put on litter surface, Vespidae wasps and ants found crickets on the surface within a few minutes and all had disappeared within 24h, parts of crickets buried in litter persisted for >3 months, animals found associated with cricket corpses were millipedes, snails, ants, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, mesostigmatid mites especially Hypoaspis johnieae, Collembola, reference that fungivorous and phytophagous Collembola will feed on invertebrate remains and contain gut flora capable of digesting chitin, reference to study that found standing crop of 1g m-2 arthropod exoskeletons in litter/humus of pine forest cf 1.2 g m-2 of living arthropod biomass, exoskeleton fragments probably decompose slowly, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, carrion removal rates, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Orthoptera, methods, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, Mollusca, Diptera, Acari, predatory mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2877
Author: Seber, G. A. F.
Year: 1973
Title: The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters
Journal: Griffin, London
Keywords: En.
Book in Wellesbourne Library, methods, closest individual techniques for immobile units, eg termite mounds, spider webs, relative density, numbers per unit other than area, mark-release-recapture, abundance, closed populations, single mark-release, multiple marking, open populations, mark-release before sampling and during sampling, catch per unit effort for closed populations, removal trapping, catch per unit effort for open populations, change in ratio methods, mortality and survival estimates from age data


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5537
Author: Sekamatte, B.; Latigo, M.; Russell-Smith, A.
Year: 2001
Title: The potential of protein- and sugar-based baits to enhance predatory ant activity and reduce termite damage to maize in Uganda
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 20
Pages: 653-662
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, abundance, cultural practices, cereals, Gramineae, Africa, ants are important predators of termites, Isoptera, pests, biological control, tropics, methods, tested molasses, fish bones, powdered fish, maize stalk mulch, sugar cane husks, recorded ant activity and counted number of termite hills with established ant nests, used an index of termite damage to maize, fish baits attracted significantly more ants (especially Pheidole spp. and Lepisiota spp.) than molasses and stimulated enhanced ant nesting in maize, termite damage was significantly reduced and yield of maize significantly increased in response to fish baits, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2489
Author: Sekulic, R.; Dedic, B.
Year: 1983
Title: Species composition and side effects of the insecticide lindane on ground beetles (Carabidae, Col.) in sugar beet fields in north-eastern Yugoslavia
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Gesell. Allg. Ang. Ent
Volume: 4
Issue: 1/3)
Pages: 80-82
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4839
Author: Selvasundaram, R.; Muraleedharan, N.
Year: 1987
Title: Natural enemies of certain leaf folding caterpillar pests of tea in southern India
Journal: Journal of Coffee Research
Volume: 17(1)
Pages: 118-119
Alternate Journal: Journal of Coffee Research
Keywords: Rep., field surveys, parasitoids bred out from field collected Lepidoptera pests Cydia leucostoma, Caloptilia theivora and Homona coffearia, natural enemies, biological control, methods, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae, Scelionidae, Diptera, Tachinidae, Chalcidae, C. leucostoma was preyed on by the carabid Calleida nilgirensis, by ladybirds, Heteroptera and Hemerobiidae, and C. theivora was eaten by a Pentatomidae bug, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, lacewings
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4216
Author: Sengonca, C.; Frings, B.
Year: 1985
Title: Interference and competitive behaviour of the aphid predators, Chrysoperla carnea and Coccinella septempunctata in the laboratory
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30
Pages: 245-251
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, references to cannibalism, Petri dish arenas, data on cannibalism, larger larvae of one species killed smaller larvae of the other species, prey size preference, trophic behaviour, interactions between natural enemies, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, intraguild predation, for larvae of the same size C. carnea was superior to C. 7-punctata, in situations with no aphids present yoing larvae climbed on the backs of III instar larvae and fed on them from directly behind the prothorax, where the III instar larva could not dislodge them, 77% of eggs were killed by I larvae, oophagy, C. 7-punctata adults attacked I-II C. carnea larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3577
Author: Sengonca, C.; Frings, B.
Year: 1988
Title: Einfluss von Phacelia tanacetifolia auf Schadlings- und Nutzlingspopulationen in Zuckerruben feldern
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 32
Pages: 311-316
Keywords: Ger. En. summ.
Rep., the influence of Phacelia to pests and beneficial insects in sugar beet plots, Aphis fabae reduced in Phacelia treatments, Syrphidae in Phacelia constituted 35% of predator eggs and larvae and 42% of adults in 1986 and 54% and 93% in 1987, but even more hoverflies in control plots where aphid density was higher, yield was highest in treatments with Phacelia in field corners, habitat structure, predators, natural enemies, Diptera, arable, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Germany, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3590
Author: Sengonca, C.; Gerlach, S.; Melzer, G.
Year: 1987
Title: Einfluss der Ernahrung mit unterschiedlicher Beute auf Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 94
Issue: 2)
Pages: 197-205
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., lacewings, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Germany, effect of feeding with different prey, lab, Tetranychus urticae caused a long developmental period of larvae and 85% mortality cf Myzus persicae and Mamestra brassicae eggs, population dynamics, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Tetranychidae, Acari, mites, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, little difference in development time when reared on M.persicae, Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum, but higher mortality on B.brassicae, adult mortality soon after eclosion was higher when larvae reared on T.urticae or M.brassicae eggs but zero for M.persicae, adult pre- oviposition period was very long for T.urticae fed larvae, A.fabae fed to larvae caused high adult mortality but other aphids did not, larvae were smaller on T.urticae, fecundity in first 10 days of oviposition was 122 when larvae reared on M.brassicae eggs, 222 on T.urticae, 192 on M.persicae, 147 on A.fabae, 134 on B.brassicae and 200 on A.pisum, but NB based only on 1 individual for T.urticae and M.brassicae eggs because others died or were sterile


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4408
Author: Sengonca, C.; Klein, W.
Year: 1988
Title: Beutespektrum und Frassaktivitat der Apfelanlagen haufig vorkommenden Kreuzspinne, Araniella opistographa (Kulcz.) und der Laufspinne, Philodromus cespitum (Walck) im Labor
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoology
Volume: 75
Pages: 43-54
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., intra-guild predation, IGP, hyperpredation, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, variety of food and feeding activity of the orb-weaver A. opistographa and the crab spider P. cespitum in the lab, immature spiders consumed 4-6 immature mites, 8-13 Homoptera nymphs, 10-13 caterpillars in 10 days, adults ate 2-5 mites, 14-19 caterpillars in 10 days, Coleoptera adults were eaten only by A. opistographa adults, Acari, Lepidoptera, pests, consumption rates, Hemiptera, 1st and 2nd instar larvae of Chrysopa carnea and Coccinella 7- punctata were acceptable to immature spiders of both species, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, Psylla mali, Aphis pomi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Anthonomus, Phyllobius, Cydia pomonella, Adoxophyes orana, Operophtera brumata, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Psyllidae, aphids, weevils, Curculionidae, Araneidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5709
Author: Sengonca, C.; Kranz, J.; Blaeser, P.
Year: 2002
Title: Attractiveness of three weed species to polyphagous predators and their influence on aphid populations in adjacent lettuce cultivations
Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 75
Pages: 161-165
Alternate Journal: Journal of Pest Science
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, horticulture, Germany, habitat diversification, weeds of a similar size to young lettuces were planted in plots amongst lettuce plants, three weed species chosen for their attractiveness to predators, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, infochemicals, semiochemicals, kairomones, aggregation, wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), crop received no fertiliser or pesticides, mechanical weed control was used against undesirable weeds such as Chenopodium album, in situ direct visual counts of predators and pests on plants, significantly more adults and larvae of predators in weed-treated plots than in lettice plots with no weeds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, aphids were significantly less numerous in treated than control plots, Hemiptera, Myzus persicae, Nasanovia ribisnigri, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, nothing is said about yield, quality or marketability of ther crop, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5104
Author: Senguttuvan, T.; Gopalan, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Predatory efficiency of mirid bug (Cyrtorhinus lividipennis) on eggs and nymphs of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in resistant and susceptible varieties of rice (Oryza sativa)
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume: 60(4)
Pages: 285-287
Alternate Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Gramineae, cereals, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, food, diet, trophic behaviour, plant resistance, Delphacidae, India, it is mainly an egg predator but can feed on nymphs and adults too, oophagy, predators and prey confined on potted rice plants in lab, egg predation was high on resistant varieties, there was 83% predation of nymphs on resistant varieties probably because the pest moved more, combining host plant resistance and predation would be a good pest control strategy on rice
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2927
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.
Year: 1974
Title: Serological detection of predators of the fox-coloured sawfly Beiduoruib sertifer (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae)
Journal: Zoologicheski Zhurnal
Volume: 53
Pages: 710-719
Keywords: Ru.
USSR, serology, pests, sawfly, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 17 species of spiders, 4 species of Coccinellidae, and a Reduviidae of the genus Rhinocoris eat the sawfly, Araneae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2926
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.
Year: 1975
Title: Some aspects of the trophic relationship between wireworms Prosternon tessellatum (Coleoptera, Elateridae) and the fox-coloured sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer)
Journal: Zoologicheski Zhurnal
Volume: 54
Issue: 10)
Pages: 1495-1505
Keywords: Ru. En. summ.
Hymenoptera, USSR, serology, in one month wireworms exterminate 0.09 N. sertifer per m2 of litter per day, biochemical changes in the cocoon membrane affect attractiveness to the predator, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, distribution, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2966
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.
Year: 1975
Title: Use of cross immunoelectrophoresis for increasing sensitivity of serological reaction in studying trophic relations in insects
Journal: Zoologicheski Zhurnal
Volume: 54
Issue: 7)
Pages: 1014-1019
Keywords: Rus. En. summ.
methods, serology, predator guts, time for a positive reaction reduced from 24 h to 2-3 h


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3197
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.
Year: 1982
Title: Methods and present state of trophic relations between predatory invertebrates: a serological analysis of feeding
Journal: Zoologicheski Zhurnal
Volume: 61
Pages: 109-119
Keywords: Russ., En. summ.
Rep., serology, methods, soil, slugs, earthworms, Enchytraeidae, centipedes, Collembola, Elateridae larvae, Tipulidae, Rhagionidae, Mollusca, pests, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Coleoptera, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2922
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.
Year: 1983
Title: Study of the prey of soil-inhabiting elaterid larvae using a serological method
Journal: Zoologicheskii Zhurnal
Volume: 62
Issue: 10)
Pages: 1510-1513
Keywords: Ru., En. summ.
serology, Coleoptera, Elateridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fir forest, trees, the elaterids Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus consumed Mollusca, Enchytraeidae, Lithobiidae, Collembola, Tipulidae, but Selatosomus spp. fed mainly on plants, diet, trophic behaviour, Annelida, Chilopoda, centipedes, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2275
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.; Gruenthal, S. Y.
Year: 1988
Title: Seasonal trophic dynamics of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Zool. Zh.
Volume: 57
Issue: 4)
Pages: 548-556
Keywords: Russ. Eng summ.
ground beetles, predators, spruce, Moscow, adults fed on worms, slugs, Psocoptera, Chilopoda, spiders, Araneae, enchytraeids, Elateridae, Tipulidae, woodlice, Isopoda, Annelida, Mollusca, centipedes, click beetles, crane flies, diet determined by number and size of prey, seasonal changes, feeding rate peaks in spring before reproduction and in autumn before overwintering, summer diapause when larvae are developing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3329
Author: Sergeeva, T. K.; Kryuchkova, E. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Adaptive peculiarities of seasonal rhythms in trophic activity of carnivorous carabids
Journal: Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Volume: 17
Issue: 5)
Pages: 502-509
Keywords: En.
Rep., spruce forests, Russia, trees, Agonum assimile, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, state of corpora lutea by dissection, methods, reproduction, precipitin tests, serology, antisera to Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, Annelida, Mollusca, slugs, Isopoda, woodlice, Araneae, spiders, Phalangida, Opiliones, harvestmen, Psocoptera, Tipulidae, Diptera, Elateridae, wireworms, carabid brains removed and stained for neurosecretory cells, protein food absent in spent females and young new generation females in A.assimile, diet, trophic behaviour, predation, phenology, oviposition, niches, overwintering habitats, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, food range of the 3 species overlaps, maximum predation rate coincides with maximum reproductive rate, seasonal changes in activity of neurosecretory cells is correlated with feeding activity, physiology, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2675
Author: Sergeyeva, T. K.; Gryuntal, S. Y.
Year: 1990
Title: Relationships of ground beetles, Pterostichus, species with their food resources
Journal: Ent Rev
Volume: 69
Issue: 6)
Pages: 58-67
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2917
Author: Service, M. W.
Year: 1973
Title: Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by precipitin test
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 62
Pages: 359-369
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, spiders, Diptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera and Amphibia are predators, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Vertebrata, Nematocera, mosquitoes, precipitin test, aquatic, biological control, pests, Kenya ponds, 83% of IV infected with larval nematodes some of which cause mortality and others sterlize host, some ponds had 95% III-IV infected with entomopathogen Coelomomyces which usually cause high mortality, positives for some Coleoptera, Lycosidae fed on emerging adults, various Diptera plus frogs and taddies also positive, external epibionts such as Vorticellidae infected 80% III-IV in some ponds, these do not kill directly but they reduce larval activity and may make larva more or less susceptible to predation depending on the predator, Coelomomyces also slows down larval movement, disease, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, predation of moribund prey, trophic behaviour, predation, prey selection, ants were negative, Formicidae, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2923
Author: Service, M. W.
Year: 1973
Title: Identification of predators of Anopheles gambiae resting in huts, by the precipitin test
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene
Volume: 67
Pages: 33-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., bugs and spiders ate Anopheles, see also Frank 1979 in Miller Serology in Insect Predator Prey studies for more Service references, Araneae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, serology, pests, biological control, % positive


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3200
Author: Service, M. W.
Year: 1973
Title: Study of the natural predators of Aedes cantans (Meigen) using the preciptin test
Journal: Journal of Medical Entomology
Volume: 10
Pages: 503-510
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, UK, no egg predators, predators of adults and larvae were Dytiscidae, Diptera, Opiliones, Araneae, Coleoptera, harvestmen, Phalangida, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, diet, food, 2893 predators tested, feeding rates of mosquito preadults by 3-4 instar dytiscid larvae in lab, detection period taking account of temperature by storing the test animals, outside at ambient temperatures, Loricera pilicornis, Stilbus, Anthicus, Pergamasus, Lithobius, Empididae, Acari, Dolichopodidae, Scatophagidae, sometimes A.cantans was nearly all one age class but at other times it was not possible to tell what size the spider fed on, predatory Diptera preyed on emerging adults at the water surface and calculted that 14% taken, immobile at eclosion, density of predatory flies estimated by mark release recapture, methods, some mosquito larvae killed by mosquito irridescent virus and Coelomomyces entomogenous fungus so could be some predation on moribund prey, Carabidae, Coleoptera, predatory mites, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, centipedes, trophic behaviour, disease, entomopathogenic fungus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2918
Author: Service, M. W.
Year: 1975
Title: Some predators of Anopheles gambiae larvae in rice fields in Kenya
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene
Volume: 69
Pages: 181
Keywords: En.
Rep., precipitin test, serology, Heteroptera were predators, Africa, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Nematocera, mosquitoes, biological control, pests, in a previous paper on same photocopy Service shows large numbers of larvae of Anopheles gambiae complex and Culex univittatus from rice fields were infected with the entomogenous fungus Coelomomyces which caused them to move more slowly, few infected larvae would survive to pupation, predation on moribund prey, disease, entomopathogenic fungi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2924
Author: Service, M. W.; Lyle, P. T. W.
Year: 1975
Title: Detection of the predators of Simulium damnosum by the precipitin test
Journal: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
Volume: 69
Pages: 105-108
Keywords: En.
Rep., blackflies, pests, Diptera, Nematocera, serology, aquatic predators of larvae were caddis larvae, Dytiscidae larvae, nymphs of Odonata, dragonflies, some Odonata ate adult Simulium too, Simulium is vector of filarial Nematoda causing onchocerciasis, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Ivory Coast, Africa, some fish positive, Pisces, Vertebrata, % positive


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2921
Author: Service, M. W.; Voller, A.; Bidwell, D. E.
Year: 1986
Title: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for the identification of blood meals of haematophagous insects
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 76
Pages: 321-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, can detect 0.02 microliters of fresh blood, can detect positives visually so can be used in field, sandwich ELISA methods are superior to direct ELISA methods because the first coating captures the antigen and everything else is washed away, sandwich ELISA is not affected by high levels of other proteins in the sample, gives comparisons with other methods, precipitin test, latex agglutination, passive haemagglutination, immunofluorescence, complement fixation, also some factors known to affect digestion rate, very sensitive eg can detect blood meals in ceratopogoniids, if plates are pre-coated and reagents set up beforehand and only visual assessment of positives needed, then ELISA can be performed in a simple lab, just need a refrigerator and set of disposable pipettes, materials should last for 6 months


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4269
Author: Settle, W. H.; Ariawan, H.; Astuti, E. T.; Cahyana, W.; Hakim, A. L. Hindayana D. Lestari A. S.; Pajarningsih, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Managing tropical rice pests through conservation of generalist natural enemies and alternative prey
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 77
Issue: 7)
Pages: 1975-1988
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, cereals, Gramineae, community ecology of irrigated tropical rice in Java, South East Asia, abundant and well-distributed populations of generalist predators in early-season rice, Dvac and dip net, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, polyphagous predators were supported early in the season by detritivores as alternative prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, by increasing organic matter in plots using cow manure they got more alternative prey then more polyphagous predators, enhancing predator populations by habitat manipulation, experimentally-reduced early-season predator populations caused pest problems later in the season, the authors consider that consistently high levels of natural biological control may often result from a complex set of community level interactions, rather than promoting a few key natural enemies, species richness in tropical rice is greater than in most natural temperate systems, insecticides are still the dominant control tactic in tropical rice, 765 arthropod species identified and classified into functional groups, 40% of species were predators, 24% parasitoids, 17% herbivores, 19% detritivores and plankton feeders, many Chironomidae and Culicidae are not pests, dominant detritivores were Ephydridae and Collembola, generalist predators are supported early in the season by decomposers and plankton feeders such as chironomids, which then decline and leave the predators to feed on rice herbivore populations, which develop later, staggered planting date rather than synchronous planting over large areas favours predators, especially spiders and predatory Diptera, cultural practices, biodiversity, pesticides, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1005
Author: Setzer, R. W.
Year: 1985
Title: Spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in Pemphigus populicaulis and P. populitransversus on cottonwoods
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 67
Pages: 310-321
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, USA, seasonal patterns of mortality, comparison of species, gall forming aphids, Chamaemyiidae, Diptera, Leucopis and Anthocoris preyed on aphids in galls, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Anthocoridae, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4090
Author: Severinghaus, W. D.
Year: 1981
Title: Guild theory development as a mechanism for assessing environmental impact
Journal: Environmental Management
Volume: 5
Pages: 187-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., actions that affect environmental resources will similarly affect the members of the guilds using those resources, methods, once impact on any one species in a guild is determined, the impact on other species in that guild is known, the practical delineation of guilds is a major obstacle, examples of mammal and bird guilds separated in relation to size, feeding strategies, habitat preferences and behaviour patterns, Aves, Mammalia, Vertebrata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 376
Author: Shah, M. A.
Year: 1982
Title: The influence of plant surfaces on the searching behaviour of coccinellid larvae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 31
Pages: 377-380
Keywords: En.
Adalia bipunctata
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, aphids, predation, hairiness, hairy leaves, more aphids caught on hairy leaves


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5548
Author: Shah, P.A.; Brooks, D.R.; Ashby, J.E.; Perry, J.N.; Woiwod, I.P.
Year: 2003
Title: Diversity and abundance of the coleopteran fauna from organic and conventional management systems in southern England
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 5
Pages: 51-60
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, pitfalls in a single season, beetles, Coleoptera,UK, 27,749 individuals of 140 species, ground beetles and rove beetles formed more than 97% of the catch, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Pterostichus melanarius was the dominant carabid and significantly more caught on organic farms, Tachinus signatus was dominant staphylinid and significantly more on conventional farms, log-series alpha diversity index, diversity not significantly related to management system, biodiversity, farming practices, winter cereals, Gramineae, Tables with species lists, species composition, strengths and weaknesses of various diversity indices are discussed, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2920
Author: Shaheen, H. I.; Kamal, K. A.; Farid, Z.; Mansour, N.; Boctor, F. N.; Woody, J. N.
Year: 1989
Title: Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for the rapid diagnosis of human fascioliasis
Journal: Journal of Parasitology
Volume: 75
Pages: 549-552
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, ELISA, 15 x 9.2 cm nitrocellulose sheet used in a Biorad Bio-dot machine, peroxidase conjugated antiserum, blue dots develop with substrate, intensity judged by eye, 3 month old sheets of nitrocellulose stored at -20C, method is fast, reagent conservative, assay at room temperature


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 975
Author: Shands, W. A.; Simpson, G. W.; Simpson, B. A.
Year: 1975
Title: Evaluation of field introductions of two insect parasites (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) for controlling potato- infesting aphids
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 499-503
Keywords: En.
Rep.RJC, pests, Hemiptera, potato, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1088
Author: Shands, W. A.; Simpson, G. W.; Storch, R. H.
Year: 1972
Title: Insect predators for controlling aphids on potatoes. 9. Winter survival of Coccinella spp. in field cages over grassland in N.E. Maine
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 65
Pages: 1392-1396
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, Gramineae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, overwintering, mortality, methods, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3420
Author: Shapiro, A.
Year: 1976
Title: Beau geste ?
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 110
Pages: 900-902
Keywords: En.
Rep., host suicide in Lepidoptera, USA, Nymphalidae butterfly Chlosyne harrissii when parasitized by a Braconidae parasitoid sits on tops of plants in broad daylight and does not exhibit escape reactions, parasitized larvae are slowed in their development, gives references to Pieris larvae infected with GV or NPV that go to tops of vegetation to die, as do Arctiidae moth larvae infected with entomogenous fungi, caterpillars, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, behaviour of moribund prey, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, diseases, entomopathogenic viruses, pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 989
Author: Sharma, H. C.; Adlakha, R. L.
Year: 1981
Title: Predation potential of some coccinellids upon maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch
Journal: Indian Journal of Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 118-122
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, feeding rates, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2837
Author: Sharma, V. K.; Sarup, P.
Year: 1979
Title: Predatory role of spiders in the integrated control of the maize stalk borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Research
Volume: 3
Issue: 2)
Pages: 229-231
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 279
Author: Sharp, D.; Muir, F.
Year: 1912
Title: The comparative anatomy of the male genital tube in Coleoptera
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. (Reprinted in Entomological Society of America).
Volume: for 1912
Pages: 477-562
Keywords: En.
Rep(part), structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5877
Author: Shaw, K.E.; Davidson, G.; Clark, S.J.; Ball, B.V.; Pell, J.K.; Chandler, D.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2002
Title: Laboratory bioassays to assess the pathogenicity of mitosporic fungi to Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera,  
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 24
Pages: 266-276
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., V. destructor (= Varroa jacobsoni), Hymenoptera, Apidae, entomoptathogenic fungi, pathogens, diseases, natural enemies, UK, pests, microbial pesticides, mycopesticides, 40 fungal isolates assessed, Verticillium lecanii, Hirsutella sp., Hirsutella kirchneri, Hirsutella necatrix, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium flavoviridae, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Tolypocladium inflatum, Tolypocladium  niveum, Beauveria bassiana, all killed varroa and 26 were quick-acting, 9 isolates did not cause serious bee mortality and were tested under simulated hive conditions at 30C and 40% RH, temperature, humidity, 5 isolates showed great promise killing 97-100% varroa at moderate conidial concentrations, table showing host source of all isolates and summary of bioasasay results, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Eurytomidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae, Ixodidae, ticks, Scarabaeidae, Mycobatidae, Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae, Aphididae, Aleyrodidae, Oribatidae, Tetranychidae, aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3389
Author: Shaw, M. R.
Year: 1981
Title: Delayed inhibition of host development by the nonparalyzing venoms of parasitic wasps
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
Volume: 37
Pages: 215-221
Keywords: En.
Rep., alteration of host development rates can be associated with viruses injected by the parasitoid, ectoparasite Eulophus larvum Hymenoptera Eulophidae attacking the Noctuidae Lepidoptera Orthosia stabilis, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, endoparasitic Ichneumonidae Campoletis sonorensis injects a virus into caterpillar host which stops host growth and prevents moulting, venom of E.larvum arrests host development but it may survive for 60 days [altered period of availability to predators], the sting of the endoparasitic Braconidae Clinocentrus gracilipes switches the caterpillar host to prepupal state, physiology, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2709
Author: Shaw, M. R.
Year: 1990
Title: 2.8 Rearing parasitic wasps from spiders and their egg sacs
Journal: Brit Arach Soc Members Handbook
Volume: 2.8
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3963
Author: Shaw, M. R.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid host ranges
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 111-144
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, many parasitoids are plurivoltine but exploit univoltine hosts, voltinism, they may be dependent on one species of host at one time of year but have a wide range available at other times, can get short-term intraspecific variation between individual parasitoids as a result of conditioning to the host in which they developed, or learning by the adult female, foraging behaviour, distribution, but specializations can differ markedly between closely related parasitoid species, 16 genera of Polysphinctini in the world are all solitary koinobiont ectoparasitoids of spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, 20 species in UK, spider is temporarily paralyzed during oviposition, later it recovers and can move and feed normally, usually immature spiders are attacked and they can moult without dislodging the parasitoid larva, the spider is eventually killed, Table of hosts include Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Dictynidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Linyphiidae, host ranges of British polysphinctines are narrow, ie confined to a few genera, few spider species are attacked by more than one species, exceptions being large araneid species, for Acrodactyla degener 83% of 109 rearings were from Bathyphantes, Lepthyphantes and Linyphia, host ranges of other Pimplinae and of Aleiodes (Braconidae) attacking Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, trees, forests, woodlands, biological control, koinobionts usually search for mobile hosts rather than static ones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4933
Author: Shaw, M.R.
Year: 1997
Title: Rearing parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: The Amateur Entomologist
Volume: 25
Pages: 1-46
Alternate Journal: The Amateur Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, methods, general biology, there are more than 5500 species in UK which is a quarter of all British insects, biodiversity, species richness, there is a useful glossary section that includes the following terms, primary parasitoids, secondary parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, pseudohyperparasitoids, facultative hyperparasitoids, cleptoparasitism, autoparasitism, external parasitoids, ectoparasitoids, internal parasitoids, endoparasitoids, ectophagous, endophagous, idiobiont, koinobiont, solitary, gregarious, superparasitism, multiparasitism, polyembryony, egg parasitoids, larval parasitoids, pupal parasitoids, puparial parasitoid, egg-larval parasitoids, larva-pupal parasitoids, nymphal parasitoid, nymph-adult parasitoid, haplodiploidy, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, thelytokous parthenogenesis, thelytoky, host range. Equipment and procedures for rearing out are described, dealing with the adults reared, mounting and preserving, breeding in culture
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4918
Author: Shaw, P.B.; Owens, J.C.; Huddleston, E.W.; Richman, D.B.
Year: 1987
Title: Role of arthropod predators in mortality of early instars of the range caterpillar, Hemileuca oliviae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 814-820
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, pasture, grasses, Gramineae. A series of experiments of caged and uncaged small plots of grass containing known numbers of larvae. There was a significant reduction in numbers of larvae when they were exposed to the field populations of predators (74 in caged reduced to 43 in uncaged). Predators caught in the area were Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Mantidae, Orthoptera, Araneae and especially Formicidae. Ants were seen killing the caterpillars and taking them back to the nest. Visual observation in field, exclusion cages, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, tiger beetles, camel crickets, Gryllacrididae, spiders, Lycosidae, Hymenoptera, 49 species listed as potential predators, Pasimachus, Cicindela, Hippodamia convergens, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Asilidae, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Crematogaster, wasps, Sphecidae, Vespidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chilopoda, centipedes, Araneidae, Linyphiidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1510
Author: Sheals, J. G.
Year: 1956
Title: Soil population studies I. The effects of cultivation and treatment with insecticides
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 47
Pages: 803-822
Keywords: En.
pesticides, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1817
Author: Sheals, J. G.
Year: 1956
Title: Notes on a collection of soil Acari
Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine
Volume: 92
Pages: 237-378
Keywords: En.
Acari, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasus, Pergamasidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1805
Author: Sheals, J. G.
Year: 1957
Title: The Collembola and Acarina of uncultivated soil
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 26
Pages: 125-134
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3244
Author: Sheehan, W.
Year: 1986
Title: Response by specialist and generalist natural enemies to agroecosystem diversification: a selective review
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 456-461
Keywords: En.
Rep., mini-review, resource concentration hypothesis, enemies hypothesis, virtually no studies where herbivore movement and enemy-caused mortality are adequately assessed at the same time, to allow testing of the 2 hypotheses, visual- or tactile-searching enemies have to search more vegetation area to find the same number of prey in diverse systems which usually have greater plant diversity, so higher herbivore loads can result, enemies especially specialists may be attracted by certain plant odours and textures, biological control, foraging behaviour, predators and parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3970
Author: Sheehan, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Parasitoid community structure: effects of host abundance, phylogeny and ecology
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 90-107
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, 442,112 Lepidoptera larvae in USA reared out to yield Hymenoptera and Tachinidae parasitoids, caterpillars, pests, Diptera, host abundance was the main factor affecting the number of parasitoid species per host, % of generalist parasitoids per host was affected by parasitoid taxonomic group and season of host larval feeding, more generalists cf specialists and more Tachinidae cf Hymenoptera attacking in spring cf other seasons, polyphages, monophages, oligophages, trophic behaviour, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2379
Author: Shelton, A. M.; Andaloro, J. T.; Hoy, C. W.
Year: 1983
Title: Survey of ground-dwelling predaceous and parasitic arthropods in cabbage fields in upstate New York
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 1026-1030
Keywords: Rep., USA, methods, pitfalls, species composition, abundance, phenology, impact of insecticides, brassicas, arable, predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Carabidae, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, harvestmen, Opiliones
Pterostichus melanarius


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2380
Author: Shelton, M. D.; Edwards, C. R.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of weeds on the diversity and abundance of insects in soybeans
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Pages: 296-298
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, methods, sweeping, pitfalls, weedy cf weed- free, greater diversity in weedy, Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis was most abundant in weed-free, predators most abundant in weedy Coleomegilla maculata, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Orius, Nabis, Hemipterta, Heteroptera bugs, Harpalus, Carabidae, ground beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1499
Author: Shepard, M.; Brown, T. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Insecticide specificity: intrinsic selectivity and optimization
Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Pages: 127-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, pyridafenthion and tetrachlorvinphos are toxic to green rice leafhopper but not Lycosa pseudoannulata, pests, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Nephotettix, organophosphorus insecticides, Lycosidae, Araneae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cartap kills rice stemborer but not a grasshopper predator of its eggs, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Orthoptera, Conocephalus maculatus, selectivity lost if pest becomes resistant, insecticide resistance, granules less toxic to spiders than emulsion or dust, pesticide application methods, cartap granules affected predation by Lycosa through food chain effects but chlodimeform did not, seed treatments reduced damage to natural enemies, in China spot treatments often used and prophylactic spraying rare, 95% of sprays miss target, seedling dips, root-zone applications, reduced dosage applications on rice and soybean, selectivity by careful timing in relation to predator phenology, fungal pathogen of Heliothis affected by fungicides, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3506
Author: Shepard, M.; Waddill, V.; Kloft, W.
Year: 1973
Title: Biology of the predaceous earwig, Labidura riparia (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 66
Pages: 837-841
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, reared in lab, culturing, development rates, head capsule sizes, number of nymphal instars, number of eggs produced, functional response with wireworm prey in lab, Coleoptera, Elateridae, nocturnal, diel cycles, females with permanent mates produced 10 egg batches totalling 440 eggs, fertility and fecundity were reduced if females had access to males for only 24 h, USA, cat food for rearing, fungicide to prevent fungal growth on eggs, cannibalism of older instars and adults on eggs and small instars, trophic behaviour, moulting animals were especially vulnerable to cannibalism, cat food provided all the necessary materials for growth, development and reproduction, mean adult longevity 115 days, killed more wireworm prey than they consumed, wasteful killing, on one occasion all prey were killed and none consumed, subdued light required for mating


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4387
Author: Sherratt, T. N.; Harvey, I. F.
Year: 1993
Title: Frequency-dependent food selection by arthropods: a review
Journal: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
Volume: 48
Pages: 167-186
Keywords: En.
Rep., 24 out of 28 lab studies showed frequency- independent preference, trophic behaviour, food, diet, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, most studies do not separate true preference from relative availability of prey, cases where a predator eats disproportionately more of the rarer forms of its prey are termed negative switching or anti-apostatic selection (apostate = rare), Manly measure of selectivity takes account of depletion of prey numbers by predation, Elton & Greenwood method, search image, sit-and-wait predation cf active foraging, training effects, "the presence or absence of frequency-dependent predation may be just as much dependent on prey behaviour as on predator behaviour", prey switching can be by individual predators or be a population change, i.e. at different relative prey densities different predator individuals become prominent in determining the population preference, anti- apostatic selection may occur when there is a nutritional benefit to a mixed diet and it might occur due to prey sampling, e.g. Lawton et al. (1974) found Notonecta individuals to show anti-apostatic selection for a few days in a new environment, then pro-apostatic later, simultaneous cf sequential encounter, frequency-dependent predation for different size classes of a single prey species will have a complicated influence on the population dynamics of that prey species, "the jump from finding frequency-dependence in the lab to discussing its consequences in nature is, we believe, enormous"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3068
Author: Sherratt, T. N.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1993
Title: A metapopulation approach to modelling the long-term impact of pesticides on invertebrates
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 30
Pages: 696-705
Keywords: En.
Rep., 2 simulation models, Model 2 has pest affected by predator and pesticide, eg cabbage root fly in brassicas, optimal predator dispersal rate for persistence in sprayed fields, prey metapopulations can fluctuate at higher densities if pesticides used, dispersal of predator and prey very important, arable, insecticides, predation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, movement, migration, boundaries, Diptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2377
Author: Sherrod, D. W.; Eastman, C. E.; Ruesink, W. G.; Randell, R.
Year: 1984
Title: Sampling populations of the imported crucifer beetle Baris lepidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in commercial horseradish
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 116
Pages: 159-163
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, pitfalls, visual counts, baits, soil cores, square area removal, no adults in visual counts, poor relationship between pitfalls baits and soil cores, no method was adequate predictor of % roots infested


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1007
Author: Shiga, M.
Year: 1966
Title: An ecological study of spiders as predators of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) in a rape field
Journal: Proc. Assoc. Plant Protect. (Kyushu)
Volume: 12
Pages: 3-6
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, aphids attacked by Linyphiidae and Theridiidae, not enough for control in early summer, but could have a role in winter, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5198
Author: Shipp, J.L.; Gillespie, T.J.
Year: 1993
Title: Influence of temperature and water vapor pressure deficit on survival of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22(4)
Pages: 726-732
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, thrips, Canada, laboratory and glasshouse, cucumber, protected edibles, Cucurbitaceae, humidity, moisture, larvae had lowest survival rates, more than 80% adults survived except at high temperature and humidity, RH, relative humidity, quadratic model, methods, 40C and high humidity will control western flower thrips during sanitation cleaning of greenhouse at end of season
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5199
Author: Shipp, J.L.; Van Houten, Y.M.
Year: 1997
Title: Influence of temperature and vapour pressure deficit on survival of the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 26(1)
Pages: 106-113
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, Canada, Neoseiulus cucumeris, laboratory, humidity, RH, relative humidity, moisture, larvae had lowest survival rates, adult survival >90% except at extreme humidity, polynomial models, methods, western flower thrips, greenhouse, glasshouse, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, thrips, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1495
Author: Shires, S. W.
Year: 1980
Title: Soil surface predators in arable land. The effects of farming practices
Journal: Span
Volume: 23
Issue: 2)
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pesticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1519
Author: Shires, S. W.
Year: 1985
Title: A comparison of the effects of cypermethrin, parathion- methyl and DDT on cereal aphids, predatory beetles, earthworms and litter decomposition in spring wheat
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 177-193
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, spring wheat, barriered plots, formaldehyde pitfalls, Dvac, aphids on removed ears, methods, no effects on worms or litter decomposition, Annelida, Lumbricidae, aphids built up in controls and DDT plots, pyrethroids, organophosphorus insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, Carabidae and Staphylinidae reduced in sprayed plots, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, return to normal after 6 weeks, fewer in cypermethrin and parathion plots after 12 weeks


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 981
Author: Shirota, Y.; Carter, N.; Rabbinge, R.; Ankersmit, G. W.
Year: 1983
Title: Biology of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, a parasitoid of cereal aphids
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 34
Pages: 27-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4923
Author: Shivashankar, T.; Veeresh, G.K.
Year: 1987
Title: Impact of differential feeding on the reproduction of tiger beetle Cicindela cancellata DeJean (Cicindelidae: Coleoptera)
Journal: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences)
Volume: 96(3)
Pages: 317-321
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences)
Keywords: Rep., there are more than 300 species of tiger beetles in India but  none have been exploited for biological control of pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. C. cancellata normally lives near rivers. In the lab it was given various diets of dead prey including Corcyra cephalonica larvae, spiders, ants, leafhoppers, grasshoppers, recording beetle fecundity, egg size, longevity and survival. Diet, food, trophic behaviour, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1513
Author: Shorey, H. H.
Year: 1963
Title: Differential toxicity of insecticides to the cabbage aphid and two associated entomophagous insect species
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 56
Pages: 844-847
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, 10 insecticides applied to cole crops, effects on Brevicoryne brassicae, Diaertiella rapae and Hippodamia, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2852
Author: Shorrocks, B.; Coates, D.
Year: 1993
Title: The release of genetically-engineered organisms
Journal: British Ecological Society, Ecological Issues No. 4, Field Studies Council
Pages: 48 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., about 1% of exotic invaders become pests, smaller insects are more likely to become established than larger ones, in medicine many species of bacteria have acquired the same resistance genes by spread and by high natural selection, gives egs of GEMMOS and deliberate releases, eg ice-minus bacteria, information on transgenic plants and animals, new genotypes of native species likely to cause less trouble than exotic species, invasions, colonization, spread, dispersal, movement, community, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1503
Author: Short, M.
Year: 1981
Title: Damage assessment and chemical control of a grass and cereal fly (Opomyza florum)
Journal: Proceedings of the 1981 British Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases
Volume: 2
Pages: 431-440
Keywords: En.
UK, Gramineae, pests, Diptera, yield, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1504
Author: Short, M.
Year: 1982
Title: Decision making in cereal pest control
Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin
Volume: BCPC Monograph 25
Pages: 121-132
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK, 2.7% of cereal acreage 49 million in 1981 lost to pests in England and Wales, agricultural statistics, wheat bulb fly, slugs, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, Leptohylemyia coarctata, Mollusca, Limacidae, these cause 10-25% yield loss when above economic thresholds, damage, figures for molluscicide and insecticide use, decision charts for pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 73
Author: Shough, W. W.
Year: 1940
Title: The feeding of ground beetles
Journal: American Midland Naturalist.
Volume: 24
Pages: 336-344
Keywords: Rep, poor


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4110
Author: Shu-Sheng, L.; Morton, R.; Hughes, R. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Oviposition preference of a hymenopterous parasite for certain instars of its aphid host
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 35
Pages: 249-254
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, foraging behaviour, prey size selection, Hyperomyzus lactucae and Aphidius sonchi, when given a choice the parasitoid prefers larger apteriform nymphs, the specific parasitoid A.sonchi has been introduced to Australia for control of H.lactucae, the sowthistle aphid, classical biological control, Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae, superparasitism, aphids defended themselves by shaking their bodies sideways and knocked parasitoids away using legs and wings, prey defensive behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5424
Author: Sigsgaard, L.
Year: 2002
Title: A survey of aphids and aphid parasitoids in cereal fields in Denmark, and the parasitoids' role in biological control
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 126
Pages: 101-107
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., spring barley, winter wheat, durum wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, phenology and abundance of aphids, percentage parasitism, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, hyperparasitoids, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Praon sp., Ephedrus plagiator, Aphelinus sp.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5619
Author: Sigsgaard, L.; Esbjerg, P.
Year: 82
Title: Cage experiments on Orius tantillus predation of Helicoverpa armigera
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 82
Pages: 311-318
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, methods, sorghum, pigeonpea, Leguminosae, cereals, Gramineae, intercropping, India, farming practices, 2 diurnal activity peaks, diel cycle, the predator was more efficient on sorghum than pigeonpea, flowering sorghum with pollen were preferred, omnivory, egg predation was not observed but 14% were positive for consumption of egg protein in an ELISA test, serological methods, oophagy, predation of larvae was observed, visual observation of placed out predator and prey in cages  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5294
Author: Sigsgaard, L.; Toft, S.; Villareal, S.
Year: 2001
Title: Diet-dependent survival, development and fecundity of the spider Atypena formosana (Oi) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) - implications for biological control in rice
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 233-244
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cereals, Philippines, diets were brown planthopper, green leafhopper, Collembola, and mixed diet of Collembola, hoppers and fruit flies, very few spiders developed to adult on hoppers, but 70% did on Collembola and 100% on mixed diet, rate of development was also greatest on Collembola and mixed diet, biomass of prey consumed and fecundity was greatest for mixed diet, therefore alternative prey to hoppers are vital for this spider, Hemiptera, Nilaparvata lugens, Nephotettix virescens, Entomobryidae, Diptera, Drosophila melanogaster, A. formosana is the dominant spider in Philippine rice, its 8 cm webs are 0-20 cm above ground where it catches hoppers, springtails and small flies, vertical distribution, abundance, references to direct in situ field visual observations of foraging and collection of prey from webs, methods, laboratory experiments, mortality, survival, reproduction, longevity, population dynamics, size of spiders on different diets, cephalothorax dimensions, fecundity range 241-530 eggs per female on mixed diet with 85% hatching success, field-collected females had 11 eggs per eggsac compared with 22 for  females fed a mixed diet, references to straw addition increasing Collembola and spider populations in rice, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, detritivores, mulches
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5598
Author: Sigsgaard, L.; Villareal, S.
Year: 2000
Title: Natural biological control by spiders in rice
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2000
Volume: 1
Pages: 245-248
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2000
Keywords: Rep., unsprayed irrigated rice, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Philippines, planthoppers and leafhoppers, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Nephotettix virescens, Nilaparvata lugens, predatory Heteroptera are numerically dominant but spiders are early colonisers, wolf spiders, Lycosidae, Pardosa pseudoannulata, Linyphiidae, Atypena formosana, both are found near the base of rice, vertical distribution, Tetragnatha sp., Tetragnathidae, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Collembola density up to 65 m-2, abundance of alternative prey,  Diptera density up to 690 m-2, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5627
Author: Sigsgaard, L.; Villareal, S.; Gapud, V.; Rajotte, E.
Year: 1999
Title: Directional movement of predators between the irrigated rice field and its surroundings
Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. By Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 43-47
Alternate Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. By Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., Philippines, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, spiders, carabids, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, methods, landscape, effect of field boundary habitats on early colonisation of crop fields by predators, farming practices, methods, directional pitfall traps, two pitfall traps separated by a barrier of semitransparent hard plastic sheet, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, blower-vac, 1567 spiders, dominant was Pardosa pseudoannulata, Lycosidae, also Atypena formosana and Clubionidae, carabids dominated by Pherosophus javanus, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, dominant ants were Solenopsis geminata and Pheidole, Dermaptera, earwigs, Euborellia stali, many Collembola also caught, phenology, effect of farming practices, lycosid adults increased but immatures decreased after harrowing, abundance, Collembola numbers were halved after flooding, early movement of lycosids into the field but this flow was reversed later, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4733
Author: Silva, I.M.M.S.; Honda, J.; Van Kan, F.; Hu, J.; Neto, L.; Pintureau, B.; Stouthamer, R.
Year: 1999
Title: Molecular differentiation of five Trichogramma species occurring in Portugal
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16(2)
Pages: 177-184
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., TP., egg parasitoids of Lepidoptera pests in tomato fields in Portugal, natural enemies, biological control, DNA techniques, methods, electrophoresis, PCR, ITS-2, dichotomous keys, classification, taxonomy, identification
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4057
Author: Simberloff, D.; Dayan, T.
Year: 1991
Title: The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities
Journal: Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
Volume: 22
Pages: 115-143
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, community, a species can belong to more than one guild, most guilds are defined in terms of food, but there are also for example habitat, nesting and reproductive guilds, some authors have dragged taxonomic affiliation into the guild concept, although congeners are often thought to be most likely to compete, many examples are given of distantly related species competing for food, trophic behaviour, diet, one author has proposed 50% overlap in prey species composition in diet as a minimum qualification for guild membership, published multitaxon guilds are relatively rare, but this probably reflects the knowledge and taste of researchers (who are often expert in restricted taxa) rather than real community organisation, most guild studies do not use quantitative methods to aportion species to guilds, methods that have been used include nearest neighbour statistics, psychophysical unfolding theory, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, canonical correlation and Monte Carlo techniques, but even with these the investigator sets arbitrary levels for clustering, there are problems delimiting guilds for omnivores and generalists, guilds as fundamental community building blocks, guilds as a basis for picking indicator species for environmental management, it is unlikely that a guild member can unambiguously represent a guild in relation to response to environmental change, the authors consider that foraging method is an important part of the guild definition, because if a resource is becoming limited the different ways of using that resource can reduce the effects that different species using the resource have on each other, guild is largely a subjective concept


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5602
Author: Sime, K.R.; Brower, A.V.Z.
Year: 1998
Title: Explaining the latitudinal gradient anomaly in ichneumonid species richness: evidence from butterflies
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 67
Pages: 387-399
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, Ichneumonidae are not more species rich in tropics than temperate areas but butterflies are, biodiversity, biogeography, distribution, various hypotheses to explain anomaly including predation on ichneumonids by polystine wasps, ants, birds, Asilidae flies, dragonflies, Diptera, Odonata, Aves, Vertebrata, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, "nasty host hypothesis" that more lepidopterous hosts are chemically defended in the tropics, evidence favours the latter
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 798
Author: Simon, H. R.
Year: 1960
Title: Zur Ernahrungsbiologie von Lithobius forficatus
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 164
Pages: 19-26
Keywords: Ger.
Polyphagous predator, Chilopoda, centipede, feeding biology, predation, foraging, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 281
Author: Simon, H. R.
Year: 1969
Title: Zur praktischen Bedeutung ernahrungsokologischer Untersuchungen an pradatorischen Coleopteren
Journal: Entomol. Z.
Volume: 79
Pages: 7-10
Keywords: Ger.
Practical importance, observations, feeding ecology, predatory beetles, Coleoptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5145
Author: Simon, U.; Pfutze, J.; Thomen, D.
Year: 2001
Title: A time-sorting stem-eclector
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 26
Pages: 325-329
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Germany, trees, woodland, forests, methods, photoeclector, emergence traps, diel activity patterns of arthropods on tree trunks, spiders as an example, Araneae, diel activity patterns varied according to spider species but not in relation to tree species, black cloth funnel to plastic tube and into collecting vessel, turntable moves a new collecting vessel into position after a time delay, powered by car batteries, list of 12 spider species on oak and 8 on pine, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vertical location 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4230
Author: Simpson, R. G.; Burkhardt, C. C.
Year: 1960
Title: Biology and evaluation of certain predators of Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 53
Issue: 1)
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., spotted alfalfa aphid in USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, life histories, feeding rates on different sizes of aphid for immature and adult predators, effect of temperature on consumption rates, prey size, predation index from feeding rate and predator abundance, index greatest for Hippodamia convergens, followed by Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae and Syrphidae in that order, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Heteroptera, Diptera, hoverflies, feeding rates in an insectary, abundance in field, Nabis ferus life history and consumption rate, a study is needed to quantify the influences of alternative food on these predation indices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 988
Author: Singer, M. C.; Smith, B. D.; Kendall, D. A.; March, C.; Mathias, L.; Halfacree, S.
Year: 1977
Title: Population dynamics, predator relationships and host range of cereal aphids
Journal: Annual Report of the Long Ashton Research Station for 1976
Pages: 98-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, ladybirds killed all exposed cereal aphids on crops, grassland and woodland during the first 2 weeks of July 1976


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4825
Author: Singh, H.; Singh, J.; Sadana, G.L.
Year: 1998
Title: Studies on the natural enemies of whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), (Delphacidae: Hemiptera)
Journal: Agricultural Science Digest
Volume: 18(1)
Pages: 51-53
Alternate Journal: Agricultural Science Digest
Keywords: Rep., pests, biological control, rice, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, table of 15 species of predators observed preying on S. furcifera in glasshouse or field, spiders, ladybirds, ground beetles, predatory Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Araneae, Vellidae, both web-making and non-web-making spiders, Clubiona, Lycosa, Araneus, Oxyopes, Phidippus, Menochilus, Casnoidea, Microvelia, India 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 987
Author: Sinha, M. M.
Year: 1962
Title: Field studies on the predators attacking the mustard aphid (Aphis brassicae) in Bihar
Journal: Bihar Acad. Sci. Proc.
Volume: 8
Issue: 9
Pages: 60-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, natural enemies, biological control, India, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Sphaerophoria, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1911
Author: Sinha, R. N.; Wallace, H. A. H.
Year: 1966
Title: Association of granary mites and seed-borne fungi in stored grain and in outdoor and indoor habitats
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 59
Pages: 1170-1181
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, cereals, Gramineae, outdoors refers only to spillage near granaries, 46 mite species and 38 fungi, Cheyletus eruditus and Haemolaelaps casalis feed on other mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, C.eruditis also occurs in bird nests, Alternaria occurred in 84% of samples and was found in the gut of the mite Glycyphagus destructor, many of the mites were associated with fungi and may feed on them, mites probably spread fungi from mouldy to clean areas in granaries, stored product pests, damage, dispersal, distribution, food, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4992
Author: Sipayung, A.; Desmier de Chenon, R.; Sudharto, P.S.
Year: 1992
Title: Study of Eocanthecona - Cantheconidea (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) predator complex in Indonesia
Journal: Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics
Volume: 9(1)
Pages: 85-103
Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, pests, biological control, rearing, culturing, they can be mass-reared on frozen caterpillars, methods, Lepidoptera, they are abundant in oil palm and coconut plantations, trees, identification, Platynopus  melacanthus was seen feeding on caterpillar of Mocis undata in the field, Noctuidae, and was used in control of coconut moth Levuana iridescens, Zygaenidae, Cantheconidea javana has been observed eating a wide range of caterpillars in the field, direct in situ visual observation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, life stages and biology of a number of species of asopine bugs are described, Eocanthecona furcellata was released onto oil palms and a single adult was observed to eat 10 young Setora nitens per day on the palm foliage, predation rates, consumption rates, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, release of ten bugs per palm having thirty young caterpillars per frond resulted in pest eradication in one week, adult bugs fly and are able to disperse efficiently, distribution, aerial disperal, aerial movement, aerial migration, the released bugs reproduced on the oil palms and became established, they reduced S. nitens from 30 to 4 per frond, laboratory experiments showed that the bugs also spread through their faeces a viral infection to the caterpillar population, dissemination of pathogens, diseases, entomopathogenic viruses 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4875
Author: Sivasubramaniam, W.; Wratten, S.D; Klimaszewski, J.
Year: 1997
Title: Species composition, abundance, and activity of predatory arthropods in carrot fields, Canterbury, New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoloogy
Volume: 24
Pages: 205-212
Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoloogy
Keywords: Rep., vegetables, pitfalls, Malaise traps, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, species included Xantholinus linearis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone, Lycosa, Phalangium opilio, Tachyporus nitidulus, Ocypus ater, species composition, 26 species of rove beetle, 9 species of carabid
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1834
Author: Skinner, G. J.
Year: 1980
Title: The feeding habits of the wood-ant, Formica rufa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in limestone woodland in north-west England
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 49
Pages: 417-433
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, forest, ant nest surrounded by oil coated box with raised ramps for entrance and exit, ants drop off ramp into alcohol for short periods or go through a sieve box leaving prey behind, methods, food, diet, behaviour, main food was aphid honeydew, followed by aphids, 90% sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoidis, then winter moth larvae, seen to attack and kill these prey, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, feeding was opportunistic depending on what was abundant in the environment, could be stabilisers of pest populations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5975
Author: Skirvin, D.; Fenlon, J.
Year: 2003
Title: Of mites and movement: the effects of plant connectedness and temperature on movement of Phytoseiulus persimilis
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 27
Pages: 242-250
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Acari, specialist predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, pests, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, mogration, movement, UK, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, horticulture, ornamental crops, hardy nursery stock, protected crops, greenhouses, glasshouses, low tolerance to pests by growers so biocontrol agents must operate at low pest density, methods, adult female pest and predator mites used in experiments which were on cut stems of Choisya ternata, movement of mites through plant canopy and over ground substrates (sand, gravel, grit, compost, wood chippings) was quantified, temperature experiments in incubators, predator moved more easily over sand and bark than other substrates and moved through the canopy more readily if there were more plant-to-plant connections (touches), proportion of mites moving increased with temperature from 15-20C but declined again slightly at 30C, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5876
Author: Skirvin, D.J.; De Courcy Williams, M.E.; Fenlon, J.S.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2002
Title: Modelling the effects of plant species on biocontrol effectiveness in ornamental nursery crops
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 39
Pages: 469-480
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, Wellesbourne, pests, biological control, ornamentals, hardy nursery stock, horticulture, glasshouses, greenhouses, protected crops, high diversity of crops and low tolerance to pests, methods, spatially-explicit individual-based stochastic modelling, tritrophic interactions between three nursery stock crops and spider mites and predatory mites, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Choisya ternata, Euonymus japonicus, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, specialist predator Phytoseiulus persimilis, Phytoseiidae, pest extinction probability in relation to predator introduction strategy, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, repeated weekly introductions were most effective, time to extinction varied with plant species, population dynamics, development, survival, reproduction, functional response for predation, effects of pest aggregation, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5116
Author: Skirvin, D.J.; Fenlon, J.S.
Year: 2001
Title: Plant species modifies the functional response of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): implications for biological control
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 91
Pages: 61-67
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, predatory mites, spider mites, oophagy, foraging behaviour, functional response to spider mite eggs on Ceanothus, Choisya and Euonymus, tritrophic interactions, crop morphology rather than biochemistry caused differences in functional response, fewer eggs were eaten on hairy or waxy leaves, trichomes, HNS, hardy nursery stock, protected crops
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4182
Author: Skirvin, D. J.; Perry, J. N.; Harrington, R.
Year: 1996
Title: A model to describe the effect of climate change on aphid and coccinellid population dynamics
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 30-40
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7-punctata, increase in temperature increases aphids if predator absent, coccinellid sub-model added to the Carter model, simulation model, cereals, UK, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4242
Author: Skirvin, D. J.; Perry, J. N.; Harrington, R.
Year: 1997
Title: The effect of climate change on an aphid-coccinellid interaction
Journal: Global Change Biology
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-11
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, ladybirds, Carter model for population dynamics of Sitobion avenae modified to include Coccinella 7-punctata, run for 3 temperature regimes, coccinellids reduced aphids by 40-60% and advanced their peak, increase in temperature within a regime reduces total aphid numbers, with coccinellids present aphids did best in a moderately warm summer, coccinellids had maximum effect in relatively hot summers, predator functional response is an important aspect of response to temperature


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5369
Author: Skirvin, D.J.; Perry, J.N.; Harrington, R.
Year: 1997
Title: A model describing the population dynamics of Sitobion avenae and Coccinella septempunctata
Journal: Ecological Modelling
Volume: 96
Pages: 29-39
Alternate Journal: Ecological Modelling
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, development, reproduction, temperature, temperature-mediated functional response, output was a reasonably good fit to field data, graph of reproduction of C. 7-punctata in relation to aphid consumption and temperature, handling time, validated using aphid and ladybird counts from winter wheat fields in East Anglia, deterministic mechanistic simulation model, stochastic version has been formulated
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5523
Author: Skovgard, H.
Year: 2002
Title: Dispersal of the filth fly parasitoid Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in a swine facility using fluorescent dust marking and sentinel pupal bags
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(3)
Pages: 425-431
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, biological control of the house fly Musca domestica, Diptera, study to determine dispersal of released mass-reared parasitoids, methods, Denmark, methods, aneasthetised flies put in a container with Day-Glo fluorescent powder self-marked themselves as they regained consciousness, particles of fluorescent powder could be detected on the parasitoids with the naked eye for 3-4 days, markers, labels, bags containing housefly pupae recorded how long the released parasitoids remained active 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4423
Author: Skovgard, H.; Pats, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Effects of intercropping on maize stemborers and their natural enemies
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 86
Issue: 5)
Pages: 599-607
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, farming practices, pests, Lepidoptera, corn, cereals, Gramineae, Kenya, Africa, maize-cowpea intercrop, stemborers Chilo partellus, Chilo orichakocociliellus and Sesamia calamistis, fewer pest larvae and pupae in intercrop and egg parasitism higher, parasitoids, ants and wandering spiders were not augmented but a negative relationship between these two groups was found, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 66
Author: Skuhravy, V.
Year: 1956
Title: Fallenfang und Markierung zum Stadium der Laufkafer
Journal: Beitrage zur Entomologie.
Volume: 6
Pages: 285-287
Keywords: Ger.
Methods, pitfalls, marking, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3678
Author: Skuhravy, V.
Year: 1956
Title: Fallenfang und Markierung zum Studium der Laufkafer
Journal: Beitrage zur Entomologie
Volume: 6
Pages: 285-287
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls, Czechoslovakia, phenology, arable, potatoes June-September, Brachynus crepitans, Brachinus crepitans, Pterostichus cupreus is diurnal, diel activity pattern, behaviour, MRR of P.cupreus in June 1955, mark-release-recapture, methods, dispersal rates, movement, migration, distribution, P.cupreus density estimated at 0.2 m-2, abundance, DDT caused decline in pitfall catch cf controls, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 61
Author: Skuhravy, V.
Year: 1959
Title: Die Nahrung der Feldcarabiden
Journal: Cas. Cs. Spol. ent.
Volume: 56
Pages: 1-18
Keywords: Ger.
Rep, diet, food, prey, predation, Carabidae, clover, gut dissection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1836
Author: Skuhravy, V.
Year: 1960
Title: Die Nahrung des Ohrwurmes (Forficula auricularia L.) in den Feldkulturen
Journal: Acta Societatis entomologicae Cechoslovenicae
Volume: 57
Pages: 329-339
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., earwigs, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet in fields and between fields, ate aphids in sugar beet, clover, lucerne, oats, Leguminosae, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 67
Author: Skuhravy, V.; Louda, J.; Sykora, J.
Year: 1971
Title: Zur Verteilung der Laufkafer in Feldmonokulturen
Journal: Beitrage zur Entomologie.
Volume: 21
Pages: 539-546
Keywords: Ger.
Carabidae, distribution, fields, monocultures


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1004
Author: Slabospitskij, A. G.
Year: 1980
Title: Entomophages of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae
Journal: Zashchita Rast
Volume: 5
Pages: 23
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3258
Author: Slansky, F.; Rodriguez, J. G.
Year: 1987
Title: Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders and related invertebrates
Journal: Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
Keywords: En.
Rep. of contents list, includes herbivores, nectar, pollen and fungus feeders, phloem feeders, predators, Phytoseiidae, spiders, parasitoids, soil arthropods, dung and carrion feeders, mycetophages, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, predatory Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5823
Author: Sloggett, J.J.; Weisser, W.W.
Year: 2002
Title: Parasitoids induce production of the dispersal morph of  the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 98
Pages: 323-333
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pea aphids produce winged offspring when exposed to ladybirds, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Aphidius ervi, Hymenoptera, parasitism suppresses wing development in parasitised aphids but unparasitised aphids exposed to foraging adult parasitoids are more likely to develop wings than are unexposed controls, mechanism might be food reduction (frequently disturbed aphids dropping off the plant and climbing back), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4971
Author: Slosser, J.E.; Parajulee, M.N.; Bordovsky, D.G.
Year: 2000
Title: Evaluation of food sprays and relay strip crops for enhancing biological control of bollworms and cotton aphids in cotton
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 46(4)
Pages: 276-275
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., USA, Helicoverpa zea, Lepidoptera, Aphis gossypii, Hemiptera, pests, relay crops were vetch, brassicas and grain sorghum, in situ visual counts of pests, predators sampled with a vacuum sampler, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Dvac, methods, a sugar-yeast food spray did not enhance attraction and retention of predators in either year,  sugar in the spray attracted high numbers of bollworms, farming practices, USA, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius, Hippodamia, Coccinella, Scymnus, Collops, Chrysoperla, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Sinea, Zelus, Reduviidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, IGP between Heteroptera and lacewings did not appear to be a problem, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, predator numbers were higher in cotton plots adjacent to relay crops in one year, but not in another, food spray + relay crops gave as good aphid control as relay crops + insecticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 377
Author: Sluss, R.
Year: 1968
Title: Behavioural and anatomical responses of the convergent ladybeetle to parasitism by Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.
Volume: 10
Pages: 9-27
Keywords: En.
Hippodamia convergens
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, oviposition, pupae, parasite eggs in pupae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1506
Author: Sly, J. M. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Pesticide usage
Journal: Maff
Volume: Survey report 23
Keywords: En.
Lib., review of usage of pesticides in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, in England and Wales, 1975 - 1979, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, UK, trees, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3386
Author: Smirnov, W. A.
Year: 1960
Title: Observations on the migration of larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 92
Pages: 957-958
Keywords: En.
Rep., pine, conifers, trees, forests, Canada, pests, caterpillars, sawflies, natural enemies, insect pathogenic virus, disease, biological control, distribution, dispersal, movement, behaviour, migration when all foliage destroyed, IV-V instars infected with virus survive up to 20 days before dying, infected larvae lose their gregarious habit and wander extensively and eventually fall to the ground to die or spin a cocoon, activity, vertical dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3950
Author: Smith, A. C.
Year: 1985
Title: Aphid fall-off; the factors affecting it, and the implications for cereal aphid control
Journal: Undergraduate thesis, University of Southampton
Pages: 35 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, Gramineae, distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, movement, dislodgement, experiments with 4 crop growth stages from tillering to heading, winter wheat, plants in pots in wooden boxes surrounded by vermiculite and soil, methods, sticky traps on ground below plants, aphid did not walk onto traps but could not escape after falling onto them, behaviour, 20C 16L:8D in lab with no weather or natural enemies, for climbing experiments plant density in box was 400 stems m-2 with no plants touching, similar to field plant density, aphids put on loose soil surface and number on plants recorded 24 hour later, loose soil may have been an obstacle to aphid movement, % fall off increased at higher aphid densities, 10-28% fall-off at early plant growth stages and 22-48% at later growth stages, no effect of aphid size, 44-54% of adults climbed the plants inj 24 hours cf 29-40% for nymphs, c. 50% of I-II nymphs caught on sticky traps had the old exoskeleton still attached and may have fallen while moulting when stylets were withdrawn, results suggest that a fairly steady proportion of the aphid population arrive on the ground by falling irrespective of aphid population density or plant growth stage, observations suggested that dead aphids tended to remain on the plants with stylets still embedded in the plant, [relevance to Winder model and scavenging]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4604
Author: Smith, A.D.; Riley, J.R.
Year: 1996
Title: Signal processing in a novel radar system for monitoring insect migration.
Journal: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Volume: 15(4)
Pages: 267-278
Alternate Journal: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., methods, vertical-looking radar (VLR) for automatic monitoring of insect migration, provides information on orientation, horizontal speed and direction, body mass and shape of arthropods passing through the beam, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, [could potentially be used to provide information on aerial migration of natural enemies], UK
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 407
Author: Smith, B. C.
Year: 1960
Title: Note on parasitism of two coccinellids, Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in Ontario
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 92
Pages: 652
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, oviposition, larvae, eggs laid in larvae became parasite adults


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 409
Author: Smith, B. C.
Year: 1965
Title: Effects of food on the longevity, fecundity and development of adult coccinellids (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 97
Pages: 910-919
Keywords: Beetles, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 408
Author: Smith, B. C.
Year: 1966
Title: Variation in weight, size and sex-ratio of coccinellid adults (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 98
Pages: 639-644
Keywords: Beetles, ladybirds, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 393
Author: Smith, B. C.
Year: 1971
Title: Effects of various factors on the local distribution and density of coccinellid adults on corn (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 103
Pages: 1115-1120
Keywords: En.
Rep., Beetles, ladybirds, predators, cereals, maize, Hippodamia, Coleomegilla, Coccinella, aggregation on plants sprayed with a liver diet, distribution, dispersal, movement, kairomones, methods, attraction to pollen, coccinellid density affected by plant density and exposure to sunshine, abundance,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1006
Author: Smith, B. C.; Berube, J. A. C.
Year: 1966
Title: Factors influencing survival of predators through effects on the number and weight of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 59
Pages: 759-763
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, peas


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1008
Author: Smith, B. D.
Year: 1957
Title: A study of the factors affecting the populations of aphids on Sarothamnus scoparius (Broom)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: Hemiptera, predation, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, feeding rates of various larval instars


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 964
Author: Smith, B. D.
Year: 1966
Title: Efects of parasites and predators on a natural population of the aphid Acyrthosiphon spartii (Koch) on broom (Sarothamnus scoparius L.)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 255-267
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, UK Silwood Park, predation on aphid mummies by Anthocoridae adults, predation on moribund prey, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, Araneae, Aves, Vertebrata, birds, Dictyoptera also ate aphids, population dynamics, phenology, predation, Coleoptera, ladybirds, soldier beetles, Diptera, lacewings, earwigs, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2660
Author: Smith, B. D.
Year: 1969
Title: Spectra of activity of plant growth retardants against various parasites of one host species
Journal: J.Sci Fd Agric
Volume: 20
Pages: 398-400
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5506
Author: Smith, C.R.; Heinz, K.M.; Sansone, C.G.; Flexner, J.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Impact of recombinant baculovirus applications on target heliothines and nontarget predators in cotton
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 19
Pages: 201-214
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., USA, pathogens, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, wild-type baculoviruses not as good as insecticides because some crop damage is sustained before the virus kills the pest, pesticides, viruses can be genetically engineered to express toxins that increase the speed of kill of the pest, specific to Lepidoptera so natural enemies are spared, virus can be disseminated by natural enemies, large scale field trials of virus against Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, interactions between natural enemies, bollworm, HzSNPV and AcMNPV were genetically engineered to express toxins from the scorpion Leirus quinquestriatus hebraeus, [Deathstalker, Palestine], DuPont, sprayed on to plots, PCR used to detect virus DNA in field-collected predators, methods, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, recombinant viruses protected cotton from damage better than wild-type virus or insecticide, esfenvalerate, pesticides, 0.2 - 1.7% of predators contained the virus and they dispersed 105 m in five days, Scymnus, Hippodamia convergens, Nabis, Geocoris, Oxyopidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Ruduviidae, Collops
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1509
Author: Smith, F. F.; Ditman, L. P.; Goodhue, L. D.
Year: 1945
Title: Experiments with aerosols against some pests of truck crops
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 38
Pages: 189-196
Keywords: En.
USA, Carabidae more susceptible to DDT than other predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 693
Author: Smith, F. P.
Year: 1904
Title: The Linyphiidae of Great Britain
Journal: Nature Study ?
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, 5000 aeronauts analysed, behaviour distribut ion, silk, gossamer, ballooning, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5774
Author: Smith, H.; Firbank, L.G.; Macdonald, D.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Uncropped edges of arable fields managed for biodiversity do not increase weed occurrence in adjacent crops
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 89
Pages: 107-111
Alternate Journal: Biological Conservation
Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, UK, farming practices, landscape, uncropped field edges are very unlikely to cause weed problems within the crop, management practices investigated were mowing (with and without removal of cuttings) and herbicide, glyphosate, pesticides, agronomic risks of uncropped field edges are less than those posed by field edges degraded by herbicide use, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4159
Author: Smith, H. S.
Year: 1929
Title: Multiple parasitism: its relation to the biological control of insect pests
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 20
Pages: 141-149
Keywords: En.
Rep., the term "multiple parasitism" was first coined by this author Harry Smith, defined as "the same individual host is inhabited simultaneously by the young of two or more different species of primary parasitoids", natural enemies, introduction of 2 Braconidae into Hawaii to control Med fruit fly Ceratitis capitata attacking coffee, Diptera, Hymenoptera, trees, tropical, pests, multiparasitism observed and Diachasma tyroni nearly always destroys Opis humilis, however Opius achieved 32% parasitism in 1915 when there was little competition from Diachasma, but by 1920 when there was considerable competition the combined parasitism was 44%, Diachasma probably survives better in the new environment or is a better host searcher


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 984
Author: Smith, J. G.
Year: 1969
Title: Some effects of crop background on populations of aphids and their natural enemies on Brussels sprouts
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 63
Pages: 326-330
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, biological control, reservoirs, weeds, IPM, predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 983
Author: Smith, J. G.
Year: 1976
Title: Influence of crop background on natural enemies of aphids on Brussels sprouts
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 83
Pages: 15-29
Keywords: En.
Rep., brassicas, pests, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, biological control, reservoirs, weeds, IPM, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3050
Author: Smith, J. W.; Stadelbacher, E. A.; Gantt, C. W.
Year: 1976
Title: A comparison of techniques for sampling beneficial arthropod populations associated with cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 5
Issue: 3)
Pages: 435-444
Keywords: En.
Rep., Missisipi, USA, developed an absolute sampler for establishing the efficiency of sweepnet Dvac and whole plant examinations, the absolute sampler was a sturdy chamber put over plants and all insects sucked off plants soil and inner walls with a suction device, they claim that sweep data etc can be converted to absolute densities but the graphs do not look convincing, data for Orius insidiosus, Geocoris, spiders, Coleomegilla maculata, Chrysopa sp., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, suction sampler, methods, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, lacewings, Neuroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4297
Author: Smith, M. W.; Arnold, D. C.; Eikenbarry, R. D.; Rice, N. R.; Shiferan, A. Cheary B. S.; Carroll, B. L.
Year: 1996
Title: Influence of ground cover on beneficial arthropods in pecan
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 6
Pages: 164-176
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, nuts, USA, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, farming practice, ground cover increases Chrysoperla rufilabris which feeds on aphids in the canopy, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, vertical distribution, ground covers were grass sod, red clover, clover and vetch mixture, Gramineae, Leguminosae, aphids attacking pecan are the yellow pecan aphid Monelliopsis pecanis, black margined aphid Monellia caryella, and black pecan aphid Melanocallis caryaefoliae, aphids found on understorey legumes will not attack pecan but natural enemies may build up on legume aphids and then attack pecan aphids, alternative foods, insecticidal knock down method for sampling natural enemies from trees, pesticides, insecticides, methods, 152 taxa of beneficials were collected, many more species than this, e.g. spiders listed as families, Araneae, includes Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Melyridae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Diptera, Asilidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, Pipunculidae, Rhagionidae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Tachinidae, parasitoids, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Berytidae, Nabidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, a wide range of Hymenoptera, Hemerobiidae, mites, Acari and others, spider density was high and they could be major predators in pecan, densities of C. rufilabris were 3-5 fold greater in pecan trees with legume cover than with grass cover, gives notes on biology of some of the taxa listed, larvae of many species of Syrphidae feed on aphids, scales, Psyllidae, spittlebugs, mealy bugs and caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Podisus maculiventris has been recorded feeding on more than 30 species of pests, Salticidae were the most abundant spiders in pecan, C. rufilabris has potential for controlling pecan aphids, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4975
Author: Smith, R.A.; Nordlund, D.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Mass rearing technology for biological control agents of Lygus spp.
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 23
Pages: 121-127
Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., Lygus lineolaris, tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus, IPM, augmentative biological control, USA, methods, parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, culturing, Geocoris punctipes, Orius innsidiosus, Chrysoperla app., polyphagous predators, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, cotton, inundative releases, artificial diets, mechanisation, automation, the Chrysoperla rearing system is the one that is closest to being fully mechanised
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3485
Author: Smith, R. B.; Mommsen, T. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Pollen feeding in an orb-weaving spider
Journal: Science
Volume: 226
Pages: 1330-1332
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Arqaneidae, Argiopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, argiopids eat there webs, spiderling webs catch insects, Nematoda, pollen and fungus spores, in lab Araneus diadematus immatures were given birch pollen or Cladosporium spores, or aphid or nothing, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, pollen doubled longevity cf fungus or no food, population dynamics, it also caused them to spin more webs, some starved individuals outlived the fungus-fed ones suggesting a deleterious effect of fungus, but only the aphid-fed spiders moulted, physiology, but there are distinct differences in nutritional value among species of pollen


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4342
Author: Smith, R. B.; Wellington, W. G.
Year: 1986
Title: The functional response of a juvenile orb-weaving spider
Journal: In "Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Arachnology" Ed by W.G. Eberhard, Y.D. Lubin and B.C. Robinson, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC
Pages: 275-279
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wasteful killing in lab, trophic behaviour, (comments p157 of "Spiders in Ecological Webs" by D. Wise), II-III instar Araneus diadematus spiderlings, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Canada, given Aphidius nigripes as prey in 20 x 20 x 20 cm cages, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators of parasitoids, prey cature determined by number of silk- wrapped parasitoids found on cage bottoms, methods, all prey replaced daily, spiderlings sometimes spin two webs per day, behaviour, experiments in a greenhouse, field data on prey in webs from a garden, food, diet, 0-40 prey per cage, Type II functional response to plateau at 3-4 prey per day, which was also found in the field, consumption rates, prey capture rate increased at 60 prey per cage, the number of new webs made decreased with increase in prey density, in the field 90% of webs were empty, but some caught up to 68 prey, at high prey densities in lab they killed more than they consumed, if eating one prey they would stop and silk wrap a new prey that just arrived, large numbers of wrapped prey were sometimes found in the field too, silk-wrapped parasitoids, whose contents had not been consumed, were found on the cage bottoms, references to wasteful killing, the Abstract is different to the paper


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1002
Author: Smith, R. K.
Year: 1981
Title: Studies on the ecology of cereal aphids and prospects for integrated control
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
Rep.abs., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, overwintering, effects of crop growth stage and cultural practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 283
Author: Smith, R. W.; Whittaker, J. B.
Year: 1980
Title: Factors affecting Gastrophysa viridula populations (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in different habitats
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 49
Pages: 537-548
Keywords: En.
Rep, predation, spiders, Araneae, diversity, natural system, stability, complexity, control, Dock, Rumex, herbivore, phytophage, biological control, voltinism, defoliation, hayfields, Miridae, bugs, mortality, community, floristic diversity and biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3390
Author: Smith Trail, D. R.
Year: 1980
Title: Behavioural interactions between parasites and hosts: host suicide and the evolution of complex lifecycles
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 116
Issue: 1)
Pages: 77-92
Keywords: En.
Rep., some Aphidius can cause an aphid nymph to develop into an aptera rather than an alata, [so late in season a high % may be parasitized because non-parasitized individuals have emigrated, therefore predation at this stage may be mainly of moribund aphids], host behaviour which entails exposure to predation should be prevented before the parasitoid has a chance to mature [in cases where the parasitoid is winning the host-parasitoid evolutionary battle], theoretical reasons listed why host suicide (see McAllister's papers) is likely to be common in Lepidoptera, some parasitoids physiologically castrate the host so that more resources are available for the parasitoid, behaviour, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1950
Author: Smith-Meyer, M. K. P.
Year: 1974
Title: A revision of the Tetranychidae of Africa with a key to the genera of the world
Journal: Department of Agriculture and Technical Services, Republic of South Africa
Volume: Entomology Memoir No. 36
Keywords: En.
?, spider mites, Acari, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1949
Author: Smith-Meyer, M. K. P.
Year: 1979
Title: The Tenuipalpidae (Acari) of Africa, with keys to the world fauna
Journal: Department of Agriculture and Technical Services, Republic of South Africa
Volume: Entomology Memoir No. 50
Keywords: En.
?, mites, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1959
Author: Smith-Meyer, M. K. P.
Year: 1981
Title: Mite pests of crops in Southern Africa
Journal: Science Bulletin, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa
Volume: 397
Keywords: En.
Acari


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5286
Author: Smyrnioudis, I.N.; Harrington, R.; Clark, S.J.; Katis, N.
Year: 2001
Title: The effect of natural enemies on the spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) by Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 91
Pages: 301-306
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, laboratory study, UK, cereals, wheat, Gramineae, trays of wheat seedlings had a central inoculation of viruliferous aphids and then received a single adult Coccinella 7-punctata or Aphidius rhopalosiphi, methods, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, after a few weeks virus infection was worse in control trays than in those receiving a parasitoid, but virus spread by the predator was greater than in control trays, dissemination of plant diseases by natural enemies, virus vectors, tritrophic interactions, ladybirds dislodged aphids but no ground predators were present in this experiment to consume the fallen aphids, vertical dispersal
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3215
Author: Snider, R.
Year: 1971
Title: Laboratory observations on the biology of Folsomia candida (Willem)(Collembola: Isotomidae)
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et Biologie du Sol
Volume: 10
Pages: 103-124
Keywords: En
Rep., maximum longevity was 198 days, mean longevity 136 days involving 30 moults, oophagy, mean of 13 oviposition periods per female, 128-1654 eggs fecundity with mean of 1101, parthenogenesis proven, could be genetic differences


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 284
Author: Snider, R. M.
Year: 1984
Title: Diplopoda as food for Coleoptera : Laboratory experiment
Journal: Pedobiologia.
Volume: 26
Pages: 197-204
Keywords: En.
Polydesmus, Ophyiulus, Pterostichus, Agonum, Staphylinus
Rep, references, predation, Michigan, woods, laboratory, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, rejection, observations, laboratory feeding, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, gives literature on predation on diplopods, Myriapoda, collected beetles and Polydesmus and Ophyiulus from Michigan woods, USA, trees, forests, kept in dark at 21C in jars with moist Plaster of Paris, millipedes eaten by some Pterostichus and their larvae and by Staphylinus, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, an Agonum rejected all millipedes, some of the staphylinids were reared through on millipede diet, trophic behaviour, predation, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4897
Author: Snyder, W.E.; Ives, A.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Generalist predators disrupt biological control by a specialist parasitoid
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82
Issue: 3
Pages: 705-716
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, pea aphids, Hemiptera, alfalfa, Leguminosae, USA, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera, manipulative field experiments, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidius ervi, intraguild predation, IGP, disruption of biological control, community, food, diet, trophic behaviour, mummy predation, Pterostichus melanarius, vertical distribution, vertical movement, dispersal. Experiments were done in 2 x 2 x 2m field cages. Carabids were present or absent at high or low aphid density in cage treatments. Uncaged plots contained pitfalls to monitor carabid activity. One experiment used very short alfalfa soon after cutting and a second used alfalfa at 8-20 cm tall. Parasitoids were added as parasitised aphids. A pitfall inside the cages was used to estimate carabid activity-density (and carabids were re-released except in carabid removal cages). Lab experiments were also carried out in small cages containing tall or short alfalfa with or without a P. melanarius, plus aphids and parasitoids. Mummy predation experiments in the lab involved glueing mummies to alfalfa plants. In field cages carabids reduced aphid densities significantly on short alfalfa, but this effect was of short duration (2 week), and carabids caused a threefold decrease in percentage parasitism.  On tall plants in field cages aphid populations increased after 10 days in the low density treatment with carabids present, but declined in the other three treatments. Percentage parasitism was three times lower in the low-aphid carabids-present cage than in other cages. In the lab carabids controlled aphids well when plants were short, but all mummies were killed. More mummies survived when plants were tall (but less than in no-carabid containers). More mummies were eaten lower on the plant but half were eaten even at 20 cm above ground. P. melanarius did not appear to be effective at capturing live aphids on the taller plants.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5549
Author: Snyder, W.E.; Ives, A.R.
Year: 2003
Title: Interactions between specialist and generalist natural enemies: parasitoids, predators, and pea aphid biocontrol
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 84(1)
Pages: 91-107
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, alfalfa, Leguminosae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, community, Acyrthosiphon pisum, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidius ervi, Heteroptera, Nabis, Orius, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, ladybirds, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, predators alone caused an immediate decline in aphid increase rate (but they still increased) and parasitoids alone caused a delayed decline (after 3-4 weeks) in increase rate, when predators and parasitoids were both present parasitoid pupae were reduced but nevertheless predators and parasitoids had an additive impact on aphid populations and caused a decline in abundance, intraguild predation, IGP, a model supported additive effects but suggested that over a longer period effects might be non-additive, epizootics of entomogenous fungi occurred in some experiments, pathogens, Erynia sp., Entomophthora, cubic field cages ( 2 m sides), densities of aphids and natural enemies manipulated within the cages, in situ direct visual counting of aphids and parasitoids and entomopthorised cadavers, predators manipulated by D-vac of foliage and pitfall traps in ground, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, laboratory experiments of feeding preferences of ladybird larvae and nabids for healthy aphids versus mummies, Harmonia axyridis, both preferred live aphids, the model suggested that additivity was affected by the form of the parasitoid functional response (Type II resulted in synergy with predators), overall conclusion is that biocontrol is most effective when both types of natural enemy are present, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5170
Author: Snyder, W.E.; Joseph, S.B.; Preziosi, R.F.; Moore, A.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Nutritional benefits of cannibalism for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) when prey quality is poor
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1173-1179
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, ladybirds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lab experiments feeding ladybird larvae on Aphis nerii (intermediate quality food) with or without access to conspecific larvae (for cannibalism) that varied in quality depending on what they had consumed, cannibal larvae survived better and developed faster than non-cannibals especially when they ate larvae that had consumed high quality food, larvae could not complete development on Uroleucon aphids or Aphis fabae alone but did so on A. fabae plus cannibalism, i.e. cannibalism allowed larvae to develop on prey that were nutrient deficient or toxic, food quality, prey quality, mortality, population dynamics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4522
Author: Snyder, W.E.  ; Wise, D.H.
Year: 1999
Title: Predator interference and the establishment of generalist predator populations for biocontrol
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 15(3)
Pages: 283-292
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, field experiments, community, methods, USA, immigration of carabids and lycosids into fenced vegetable plots was allowed, prevented, or doubled. Natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae. Cabbage bean, eggplant and cucumber grown in spring, and squash in summer. All plots were covered with 10cm straw mulch, which was periodically topped up with fresh straw. Doubling immigration rate of carabids and lycosids doubled carabid density in the plots but did not increase lycosid density. Densities on non-lycosid ground beetles were reduced by double-immigration of lycosids. Altering immigration rates did not affect herbivores or predators in spring plots. In summer plots, where predator immigration was allowed, there was some reduction of pests and foliage predators and higher squash productivity. Predator interference limited lycosid establishment, reduced densities of other predators, and prevented a doubling of carabids from making an increased impact on pest numbers. But, overall, allowing immigration of lycosids and spiders increased squash productivity (kg fruit per plant). Scarites, Evarthrus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Hogna, Rabidosa, Pardosa. Trench traps (= gutter traps, pitfalls) just outside the plots were used to collect the carabids and lycosid to augment plots at 0, 1, 2 levels. The 0 plots had carabids and lycosids removed by pitfall trapping. Field enclosures, barriers, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling. Other predators were spiders, Nabidae, Geocoridae, Nabis, Geocoris, predatory Heteroptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, scorpion flies, Mecoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae. Pests included Lepidoptera, caterpillars, cucumber beetles, leaf beetles, flea beetles, squash bugs. Predators were kept in pairs in containers to record intraguild predation and cannibalism. The carabids were not cannibalistic but IGP was observed for most combinations of predators, usually with large predators eating smaller ones. Container observations were also made to determine pest acceptability to predators. Scarites and E. sodalis consumed all stages of squash bugs and cucumber beetles, H. pennsylvanicus just ate eggs of these. Lycosids ate mobile stages of cucurbit pests but ignored eggs.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4895
Author: Snyder, W.E.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Antipredator behavior of spotted cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in response to predators that pose varying risks
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(1)
Pages: 35-42
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., the spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi is a polyphagous pest (attacking corn, cucurbits, soybeans, cotton), initial lab experiments showed that the most dangerous predator was the wolf spider Hogna helluo followed in descending order by the ground beetles Cyclotrachelus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus and the wolf spider Pardosa milvina. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Carabidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, prey defences, prey defence behaviour. In microcosms the pest was kept on growing squash seedlings separated by a screen from the predator below, thus the pest experienced olfactory, visual and vibrational cues from the predator but the predator could not attack the pest. The pest fed significantly less frequently when Hogna was below and this reduced plant damage. Feeding was not reduced when P. milvina was present or no predator was present, but presence of a cricket or the other species of predator did reduce the pests feeding rate. Some trials of predation rate in lab mesocosms (aquaria tanks) containing growing squash plants and soil covered in straw mulch showed that Hogna was a better predator than C. sodalis under these conditions. This study suggests that the mere presence of dangerous predators may reduce plant damage and increase yields because of antipredator behaviour by the pests (perhaps keeping still or hiding in refuges). This aspect of crop protection by biocontrol agents has been little studied. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4896
Author: Snyder, W.E.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Contrasting trophic cascades generated by a community of generalist predators
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(6)
Pages: 1571-1583
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, intraguild predation, IGP, food, diet, trophic behaviour, fenced vegetable gardens of cucumber in spring and squash in summer, ground was covered with 10 cm of straw mulch, methods, field enclosures, manipulative field experiments. Immigration was controlled to give the treatments a) no immigrants, b) carabids only, c) lycosids only, d) carabids and lycosids e) unfenced unmanipulated plots. Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Scarites, Cyclotrachelus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, Pardosa saxatilis. Nabis, Orius, predatory Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae. Pests included striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittata, and squash bug, Anasa tristis. Predator abundance inside plots was monitored periodically with pitfalls and gutter traps, Dvac samples were taken a few times per year, vacuum insect net, suction sampling. Lab predation trials done in 10 gallon aquaria tanks containing 10 growing squash seedlings soil and straw mulch showed that only Hogna captured striped cucumber beetles (carabids and nabids were unsuccessful), squash bug eggs were eaten by 2 carabid species, squash bug nymphs were eaten by nabids, C. sodalis and lycosids, and nabids were eaten by all the predators. In the field trials carabids did not appear to affect lycosid abundance or vice versa. Lycosids significantly increased cucumber yield but significantly reduced squash yield, carabids significantly increased squash yield. Lycosids cancelled the positive effect of carabids on squash yield, which was no different from the yield in plots where predator immigration was prevented. Lycosids significantly reduced striped cucumber beetle on spring cucumber, but this effect was reduced by carabid interference in plots with carabids. Carabids significantly reduced squash bug densities but lycosids caused them to increase and also inhibited the positive effect of carabids. Carabids had little effect on nabids but nabids were significantly reduced in the presence of lycosids. Nabids were good predators of squash bugs, so it is likely that IGP of nabids by lycosids is the mechanism whereby lycosids caused an increase of squash bugs.  It is clear that a given predator taxon can vary in its effect on pests and crop yield even within a year on one type of crop - at one time having an additive effect with other predator taxa, at other times having an inhibitory effect on pest control because of intraguild predation.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3430
Author: Soares, G. G.; Lewis, W. J.; Strong-Gunderson, J. M.; Walters, D. J.; Hamm, J. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Integrating the use of MVP Bioinsecticide, a unique Bt- based product, with natural enemies of noctuid pests: a novel concept in cotton IPM
Journal: Proceedings of the 2nd Canberra Meeting on Bacillus thuringiensis, Ed. by R.J. Akhurst, CSIRO, Australia
Pages: 133-145
Keywords: En.
Rep., intoxicated caterpillars were more favourable than normal untreated caterpillars for the build up of natural enemies because they are slower moving and available longer due to severe growth retardation, with traditional Bt there is usually cessation of feeding in < 1 hour and death in 1- 3 days, Spodoptera exigua mortality with MVP was slow in the lab but as effective as other Bt products in the field, which might be due to predtors and parasitoids, they experimented with the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris, Bt-infected larvae were suitable for oviposition for 3 days longer than healthy larvae, % parasitism was twice as high in Bt-infected larvae as in healthy caterpillars, arable, USA, pests, biological control, physiology, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 72
Author: Soboleva-Dokuchaeva, I. I.
Year: 1975
Title: Determination of carabid (Col., Carabidae) role in agrobiological communities by serological method
Journal: Zh. Obshch. Biol.
Volume: 36
Pages: 749-761
Keywords: Russ., En. summ.
Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus cupreus
Rep, Ouchterlony, precipitin test, smears, prey, predation, diet, elaterids, earthworms, wheat seeds, oviposition, fields, economics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5296
Author: Soboleva-Dokuchaeva, I.I.; Chernyshev, V.B.; Afonina, V.M.; Ovchinnikova, M.F.; Timokhov, A.V.
Year: 2000
Title: Factors determining the distribution of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a crop field and its margins
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 80(6)
Pages: 699-703
Alternate Journal: Entomological Review
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Russia, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Poecilus cupreus preferred dry soils but Carabus nemoralis, Epaphius secalis and Calathus melanocephalus preferred moist soils, humidity, soil moisture, pH, acidity of soil, numbers of C. nemoralis and Pterostichus melanarius were positively correlated with humus content which might affect prey availability, abundance, H. rufipes and H. affinis abundance was related to abundance of weeds, they eat weed seeds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, there did not appear to be significant competition between these species, pitfalls, 16734 beetles of 28 species collected, 9 species accounted for 92% of the catch, species composition, species richness, biodiversity, community 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5552
Author: Sokol-Hessner, L.; Schmitz, O.J.
Year: 2002
Title: Aggregate effects of multiple predator species on a shared prey
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(9)
Pages: 2367-2372
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, methods, field cage studies in old field, pasture, grassland, herbs, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wolf spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Pisaurina mira, Rabidosa rabida, Salticidae, Phidippus rimator, grasshopper prey, Orthoptera, Malanoplus femurrubrum, food, diet, trophic behaviour, effects of single species of spiders and all combinations examined, spider species effects on grasshopper mortality were similar (multiple predator effects were an average of single-species effects), the 3 spider species have different foraging behaviour and occup different vertical strata, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5692
Author: Solomon, M.; Fitzgerald, J.; Jolly, R.
Year: 1999
Title: Artificial refuges and flowering plants to enhance predator populations in orchards
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 22(7)
Pages: 31-37
Alternate Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Keywords: Rep., UK, top fruit, trees, forests, woodland, methods, corrugated cardboard inside plastic bottles or straw inside a wire mesh roll were suspended from branches and attached to trunks as refuges, they caught mainly earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, refuge traps, refuges also caught spiders, ladybirds and Anthocoridae, Araneae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, tree banding and refuges were used to manipulate earwig abundance on pear trees, pear psyllids were reduced on earwig ehanced compared to earwig reduced trees, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, Cacopsylla pyricola, mixture of corn chamomile, cornflower and corn marigold sown in replicated plots and potted pear trees bearing pear psyllid eggs and larvae put out in plots, psyllids were reduced more in flower plots than in bare earth plots, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1854
Author: Solomon, M. G.
Year: 1973
Title: Ecological studies of grassland leafhoppers with special reference to Psammotettix confinis (Dahlbom) (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
UK, Gramineae, precipitin test, serology, leafhoppers eaten by Xysticus, Theridion, Salticidae, Lycosa, Tarentula, Pisaura, Meta, Araneus, Oedothorax, Linyphia, Leiobunum, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, harvestmen, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, Lycosidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Linyphiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1964
Author: Solomon, M. G.
Year: 1975
Title: The colonisation of an apple orchard by predators of the fruit tree red spider mite
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 80
Pages: 119-122
Keywords: En.
top fruit, trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, pests, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1963
Author: Solomon, M. G.
Year: 1982
Title: Phytophagous mites and their predators in apple orchards
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 201-203
Keywords: En.
Rep., top fruit, trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, pests, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5126
Author: Solomon, M.G.; Cranham, J.E.; Easterbrook, M.A.; Fitzgerald, J.D.
Year: 1989
Title: Control of pear psyllid, Cacopsylla pyricola, in South East England by predators and pesticides
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 8
Pages: 197-205
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, top fruit, Psyllidae, orchards, trees, UK, Anthocoris nemoralis, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were compatible with this predator which can prevent psyllids from increasing to high densities
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4885
Author: Solomon, M.G.; Cross, J.V.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Campbell, C.A.M.; Jolly, R.L.; Olszak, R.W.; Niemczyk, E.; Vogt, H.
Year: 2000
Title: Biocontrol of pests of apples and pears in Northern and Central Europe - 3. Predators
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 91-128
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., review, top fruit, trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological  control, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Acari, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris nemoralis, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, spiders, Araneae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Anystidae, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes, Feltiella, Coniopterygidae, Erythraeidae, Hemerobiidae, Miridae, Nabidae, Stigmaeidae, pear Psyllidae, Cacopsylla piricola, Cacopsylla pyri, Forficula auricularia has two sibling species with overlapping populations but that are reproductively isolated, earwigs may have an aggregation pheromone, semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, earwigs are very abundant in orchards, Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi, Typhlodromus pyri, lists primary and secondary pests, integration with insecticides, pesticides, woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hemiptera, Aphis pomi, green apple aphid, many other pest-predator interactions are reviewed in the paper
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4881
Author: Solomon, M.G.; Easterbrook, M.A.; Fitzgerald, J.D.
Year: 1993
Title: Mite-management programmes based on organophosphate-resistant Typhlodromus pyri in UK apple orchards
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 12(4)
Pages: 249-254
Alternate Journal: Crop Protection
Keywords: Rep., trees, top fruit, pesticides, insecticides, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, apple rust mite, Eriophyidae, Aculus schlechtendali, carbaryl, carbamates, in third and fourth year of the programme the predators controlled the pests to an acceptable level, but where synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were used they failed to do so, which meant that acaricides were also needed, P. ulmi has developed resistance to acaricides, pest resistance, predator resistance, leaves were removed and mites collected from the leaves in the lab using a mite brushing machine, methods 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3026
Author: Solomon, M. G.; Murray, R. A.; Van Der Geest, L. P. S.
Year: 1985
Title: Analysis of prey by means of electrophoresis
Journal: In "Spider Mites. Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control" Ed. by W. Helle and M.W. Sabelis, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam
Volume: 1B
Pages: 171-173
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, some prey esterases persist in predators longer than others, presence of Tydeidae difficult to demonstrate inside predators because their esterase activity is low


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5342
Author: Sommaggio, D.
Year: 1999
Title: Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators ?
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 343-356
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., hoverflies, Diptera, predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, review, nearly 6000 species, biodiversity, species richness, identification, taxonomy, systematics, most are excellent fliers, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, Episyrphus balteatus, Eupeodes corollae and Eristalis tenax fly very long distances following the same routes year after year, adult females need pollen for the eggs to mature, omnivory, all have three larval stages, larvae can be phytophages, mycophages, saprophages or zoophages, fungus feeders, mycetophages, herbivores, those that eat bulbs can be pests, a large proportion of species eat insects such as aphids, Hemiptera, predators occur mainly in Syrphinae, Pipizini, Volucella and Microdon, aphidophagous genera vary in the range of aphid species that are acceptable, other species feed on caterpillars, sawfly and chrysomelid larvae and on ant broods, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Formicidae, Volucella larvae live in wasp and bee nests and eat live and dead larvae, Apidae, Vespidae, collecting methods, sampling methods, nets, malaise traps, sticky traps, Table listing identification keys, effects of pollution, effects of landscape diversification, Phacelia strips, wildflower strips, weeds, species richness in various habitats treated in different ways 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4813
Author: Songa, J.M.; Holliday, N.J.
Year: 1997
Title: Laboratory studies of predation of grasshopper eggs, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), by adults of two species of Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 129
Pages: 1151-1159
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Orthoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests of crops and pastures, Canada, in North America 746000 ha of wheat are treated with insecticides against grasshoppers, references that carabid larvae eat the eggs, Acrididae, Pterostichus femoralis, Pterostichus corvus. Eggs buried in the soil were eaten by P. corvus adults at twice the rate of eggs exposed on the surface., consumption rates, vertical distribution of predation. More buried eggs were eaten under Nicotiana seedlings than beneath other types of ground cover, habitat diversification.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 280
Author: Soo Hoo, C. F.; Dudzinski, A.
Year: 1967
Title: Digestion by larvae of the Pruinose Scarab, Sericesthis geminata
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata.
Volume: 10
Pages: 7-15
Keywords: En.
Not exta-oral


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4152
Author: Soper, R. S.; MacLeod, D. M.
Year: 1981
Title: Descriptive epizootiology of an aphid mycosis
Journal: USDA Science and Education Administration
Volume: Technical Bulletin 1632
Pages: 17 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, insect diseases, natural enemies, biological control, woolly pine needle aphid Schizolachnus piniradiatae attacked by Entomophthora candensis and Entomophthora fresenii, field study in a pine plantation in Canada, trees, coniferous forest, woodland, 1961-66, pathogen overwintered in resting spore state within dead aphids, rhizoids produced by E.canadensis firmly anchored the dead aphid to the pine needle, mean aphid density was of little value in predicting an epizootic, Morisita's index of dispersion, methods, mean host and pathogen densities were the same in 1962 and 1964, 1962 was an enzootic year (no epizootic) but there was an epizootic in 1964, but the size of aggregations was less in 1964 and the physical distance between aggregations was less allowing the epizootic to spread, so a more even distribution favours the epizootic, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, mite predation of aphid eggs, Acari, polyphagous predators, trophic behaviour, food, diet, oophagy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2842
Author: Sopp, P. I.
Year: 1987
Title: Quantification of predation by polyphagous predators on Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) in winter wheat using ELISA
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, cereals, UK, natural enemies, biological control, serology, methods, aphids, S. avenae specific antisera sensitive to 1/1000 adult aphid, detection period in relation to temperature, digestion rates, meal size and alternative food had little effect on detection period, Staphylinidae detection periods shorter than Carabidae and Linyphiidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, detection rates as exponential functions, equation to quantify amount ingested validated by insectary experiments, more accurate than 4 published methods, Hampshire, West Sussex, UK, 1984-5, 14000 predators tested, total consumption less than 1 mg per m2 per day, adult staphylinids accounted for 70% of total consumption and adult Tachyporus hypnorum for 85% of this, some consumption at low aphid density, consumption rates, no overall relationship between aphid density and consumption, effects of temperature, season, sex and sampling method on consumption rate, method gives underestimates, predation indices based on consumption, detection rate and predator density for pre- and post- anthesis for high and low aphid density, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Demetrias atricapillus, Erigone atra, Tachyporus hypnorum estimated to cause 13-63% aphid reduction, most of this due to pre- anthesis predation, Philonthus cognatus, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Tachinus signatus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Milleriana inerrans, Oedothorax, Pachygnatha degeeri, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Trechus quadristriatus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2672
Author: Sopp, P. I.; Chiverton, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Autumn predation of cereal aphids by polyphagous predators in Southern England: a 'first look' using ELISA
Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3426
Author: Sopp, P. I.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1989
Title: Some factors affecting the detection period of aphid remains in predators using ELISA
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 51
Pages: 11-20
Keywords: En.
Rep., Sitobion avenae in Linyphiidae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predation, methods, serology, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rate of digestion of detectable remains was temperature related, digestion was faster in Staphylinidae than Carabidae or Linyphiidae, declines were nearly always exponential, variable temperatures were similar to constant temperatures, meal size affected optical density but had little effect on rate of decline or detection period, Agonum dorsale, Amara spp., Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusus, Demetrias atricapillus, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus fuscipennis, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Erigone atra, Lepthyphantes tenuis, physiology, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5843
Author: Sopp, P.I.; Sunderland, K.D.; Coombes, D.S.
Year: 1987
Title: Observations on the number of cereal aphids on the soil in relation to aphid density in winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 111
Pages: 53-57
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, UK, abundance, vertical distribution, a higher proportion of the aphid population is on the soil surface when aphid density on tillers is low compared with when density is high on tillers, references that 20 - 100% of the tiller population fall to the ground each day, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, 4 - 71% of aphid population on soil at any one time, methods, soil samples were taken to a depth of 2 - 3 cm within quadrats, flotation extraction of aphids 95% efficient, aphid soil samples from Hampshire and West Sussex, aphids caught in wet pitfalls set in transects at 10 m and 100 m from field edges, aphid density on soil was 80 m-2 and 138 m-2 in two areas (lower in other areas), Metopolophium dirhodum is more prone to falling from plants than Sitobion avenae, references that adults more likely to fall off or be dislodged than younger instars, about 30% of aphids on soil surface appeared to be dead (which would introduce error into predation estimates based on post-mortem analyses of field collected predators), scavenging, carrion feeding, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3423
Author: Sopp, P. I.; Sunderland, K. D.; Fenlon, J. S.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1992
Title: An improved quantitative method for estimating invertebrate predation in the field using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Pages: 295-302
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, biomass ingested, digestion rate of prey, detection periods in relation to temperature, comparison of new equation with that of Dempster, Rothschild, Nakamura and Kuperstein, Sitobion avenae in experiments with Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus hypnorum, Bembidion lampros, Erigone atra, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, maximum feeding rates in lab can be lower than those in the larger arenas in an insectary, limitations to the methods listed, consumption rate is measured rather than predation, quantification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2671
Author: Sopp, P. I.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1986
Title: Rates of consumption of cereal aphids by some polyphagous predators in the laboratory
Journal: Entom exp et appl
Volume: 41
Pages: 69-73
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1824
Author: Sorensen, J. T.; Kinn, D. N.; Doutt, R. L.; Cate, J. R.
Year: 1976
Title: Biology of the mite, Anystis agilis (Acari: Anystidae): a California vineyard predator
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 69
Pages: 165 pp
Keywords: En.
UK, taxonomy, systematics, classification, keys, structure, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 62
Author: Sorokin, N. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) as natural enemies of the Colorado Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say
Journal: Entomological Review.
Volume: 60
Pages: 44-
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3554
Author: Sota, T.
Year: 1984
Title: Long adult life span and polyphagy of a carabid beetle, Leptocarabus kumugaii in relation to reproduction and survival
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 26
Pages: 389-400
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, beetles in their first year and beetles several years old both reproduced in the field and laid similar number of eggs, reproduction, population dynamics, fecundity increased in relation to quantity of food provided, mince, plant materials as food allowed both sexes to survive but not to reproduce, autumn-breeder, larval overwinterer, Japan, some individuals survive more than 2 years, longevity, eat mainly earthworms in summer but diet more varied in autumn, trophic behaviour, food, Lumbricidae, Annelida, pitfalls, forest, trees, woodland, dissection and ovary weight, methods, mark-release- recapture, MRR, copulation at night observed in a botanical garden, egg production assessed in outdoor arenas by examination of the soil, copulations were between same age and mixed age beetles, iteroparous


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 577
Author: Sota, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Activity patterns, diets and interspecific interactions of coexisting spring and autumn breeding carabids : Carabus yaconinus and Leptocarabus kumagaii (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 10
Pages: 315-324
Keywords: En.
Rep, beetles, predators, food, diet, prey, larvae, earthworms, Diptera, Lepidoptera, dipterous larvae, lepidopterous larvae, food of larvae, observations of direct competition for food by adults, competition, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Japan, botanical garden, methods, both adults and larvae ate mainly earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, predation, diet, trophic behaviour, direct observation of feeding in the garden, including at night using an electric light


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3516
Author: Sota, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Limitation of reproduction by feeding condition in a carabid beetle, Carabus yaconinus
Journal: Researches on Population Ecology
Volume: 27
Pages: 171-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Japan, population dynamics, oviposition is in a cavity under the soil, oviposition behaviour, nocturnal, diel cycles, adults feed on earthworms and caterpillars on ground surface, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, woodland and arable, trees, forests, lab experiments using mince as food, pitfalls in forest, dissection to count eggs, marked beetles in a botanical garden were weighed regularly, biomass, in lab mean body weight and fecundity of adults increased with amount of food consumed, amount of food consumed in field estimated at 50-70% of maximum in lab and oviposition in field at 45-90% of lab maximum, monitoring body weights can be an effective method to estimate food availability in field, beetles can survive > 20 days without food, so food limitation in field probably does not affect longevity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3148
Author: Sotherton, N.
Year: 1992
Title: The environmental benefits of conservation headlands in cereal fields
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 21
Issue: 3)
Pages: 219-224
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Gramineae, farming practices, land use


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 278
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni in cereal fields
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 197-206
Keywords: En.
Rep, Chrysomelidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2807
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Predation of a chrysomelid beetle (Gastrophysa polygoni) in cereals by polyphagous predators
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 196-199
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, UK, Gramineae, natural enemies, weeds, Polygonum, overwinters as adult in soil, eggs in batches of 20 on underside of leaves, hatchlings feed on unhatched eggs then plant, 3rd instars pupate in soil, 2 generations per year, egg mortality 51-65% in generation 1, population dynamics, herbivore, phytophage, waterlogging did not affect egg survival, one parasitoid bred from a larva and a few diseased larvae found, predator exclusion experiments, methods, losses of first instars greater where predators not excluded, similar results but more variable for II and III instar larvae, differential exclusion of aerial and ground zone predators showed that the latter were mainly responsible for the effect, in laboratory Petri dish experiments Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus laminatus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Nebria brevicollis and Forficula auricularia were the main predators of eggs and first instar larvae, food, diet, feeding behaviour, feeding preferences, consumption rates, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, earwigs, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius and F. auricularia were the main predators of older larvae and adults, gut dissection of predators from pitfalls in 1977 in field showed peak percentage containing larvae were 14.3% for N. brevicollis, 5.7% A. dorsale, 3.3% P. melanarius but 0% for Bembidion lampros, similar results in 1978,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 347
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1984
Title: The distribution and abundance of predatory arthropods overwintering on farmland
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 105
Pages: 423-429
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion lampros, Asaphidion flavipes, Amara plebeja, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Loricera pilicornis, Amara aenea, Bembidion obtusum, Pterostichus melanarius
Rep, methods, Coleoptera, beetles, winter, soil samples, field boundary, edge, middle, headland, woods, cereal stubble, winter cereals, stubble turnips, permanent pasture, ley, grassland, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, distribution, migration, movement, aphids, polyphagous predators, UK, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, ground beetles, rove beetles, A. dorsale, D. atricapillus, B. lampros, A.flavipes, A. plebeja, T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus most abundant in boundaries, most L. pilicornis in woodland, A. aenea most in grass and B. obtusus and P. melanarius most in winter cereals, Gramineae, Hampshire, 54% T. chrysomelinus and 58% T.hypnorum overwintered in field boundaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 271
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1985
Title: The distribution and abundance of predatory Coleoptera overwintering in field boundaries
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 106
Pages: 17-21
Keywords: En.
Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion lampros, Asaphidion flavipes, Tachyporus
Rep, soil samples, hedge banks, shelterbelts, grass banks, grass strips, Hampshire, Essex, habitat preference, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, hedge banks and shelter belts were better than grass banks or grass strips, Gramineae, trees, Agonum dorsale most in grass banks, Demetrias atricapillus most in hedge bank, Bembidion lampros in hedge bank, Asaphidion flavipes and Tachyporus spp in shelter belt, preference not always same in Essex as in Hampshire, in Hants 22 m-2 Tachyporus hypnorum in shelter belt cf 10-14 m-2 in grass bank and hedge, Tachyporus chrysomelinus 10 cf 2-7 m-2, lower densities and no clear preference for shelterbelts by Tachyporus in Essex


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4337
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1989
Title: Farming practices to reduce the exposure of non-target invertebrates to pesticides
Journal: In "Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates" Ed. by P. Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset, UK
Pages: 195-212
Keywords: En.
Rep., fungicides in lab tests and field trials, pesticides, long-term declines from monitoring, reductions of Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, % reductions in the field due to pyrazophos over 45 days were 76% for carabids, 53% for staphylinids and 0% for spiders, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, ground search, % of winter wheat survey areas treated with insecticides during the summer, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices, organophosphorus pesticides, side-effects of pesticides, lab and field trials with insecticides, 0-100% mortality of Trechus quadristriatus in lab in 48 h depending on active ingredient, polyphagous predators in weedy fields, herbicides are available to selectively remove pernicious grass weeds whilst leaving other species, conservation headlands are selectively sprayed with pesticides to allow broad leaved weeds and insects for gamebird chicks, in southern England less than 2% of cereal fields occupied by boundary, agricultural statistics, use of raised grassy banks within fields, beetle banks, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, conserving natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3759
Author: Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Use of herbicides on set-aside land
Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Volume: 5
Pages: 17-20
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, agricultural statistics, farming practices, pesticides, history of weed control on set-aside, 5 year set-aside, annual set-aside, selective, partially selective and non-selective herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5775
Author: Sotherton, N.W.
Year: 1995
Title: Beetle banks - helping nature to control pests
Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Volume: 6
Pages: 13-17
Alternate Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Keywords: Rep., UK, habitat diversification, landscape, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, overwintering, grass ridges, Gramineae, beetle banks can contain up to 1500 predators m-2, abundance, density, distribution, ridge is to prevent waterlogging in winter which would be detrimental to overwintering predators, tussock-forming grasses are best because provide microhabitats with least temperature variation, establishment cost of a 400m bank was less than 80 in 1995, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5678
Author: Sotherton, N.W.
Year: 1998
Title: Land use changes and the decline of farmland wildlife: an appraisal of the set-aside approach
Journal: Biological Conservation
Volume: 83(3)
Pages: 259-268
Alternate Journal: Biological Conservation
Keywords: Rep., landscape, declines in Europe recorded for birds, butterflies, beneficial insects, annual arable wildflowers and game birds, Aves, Vertebrata, natural enemies, Lepidoptera, weeds, thought to be caused by agricultural intensification, agricultural statistics, farming practices, pesticides, increasing use of fertilisers, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, cereals cover 14% of EU land area, 35 million ha in 1995, Gramineae, set aside has in most cases not halted the declines, carefully managed set-aside can be beneficial
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1523
Author: Sotherton, N. W.; Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Contact toxicity of some foliar fungicide sprays to three species of polyphagous predators found in cereal fields
Journal: Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars, Annals of Applied Biology, 104, Supplement
Volume: 5
Pages: 16-17
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, lab, immersed in fungicide, % killed ability to right themselves, pyrazophos killed all, triadimefon Bayleton caused little mortality, organophosphorus pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1521
Author: Sotherton, N. W.; Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1987
Title: The effects of foliar fungicides on beneficial arthropods in wheat fields
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 33
Issue: 1)
Pages: 87-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, tilt, propiconazole, missile, pyrazophos, bayleton, triadimefon, winter wheat, Rapier, Avalon, ground search, sweeps, Dvac, in situ aphid counts, pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae reduced by pyrazophos, Tachyporus never recovered over 20 days, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, no effect on spiders, Araneae, Braconidae reduced, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, few aphid-specific predators, chick food insects reduced, Aves, vertebrates, other fungicides had little effect, more aphids in pyrazophos plots, dead insects including large nocturnal carabids only observed in pyrazophos plots, organophosphorus pesticides, reduction in chick food insects enough to affect their survival, Tachyporus did not recover within 20 days


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3167
Author: Sotherton, N. W.; Moreby, S. J.
Year: 1992
Title: The importance of beneficial arthropods other than natural enemies in cereal fields
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 11-18
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, gamebirds and insects, effects of parasitoids on Dolerus larvae, parasitism, natural enemies, sawflies, Hymenoptera, pesticides, insecticides, distribution of Heteroptera in cereals, Gramineae, UK, Calocoris norwegicus host plant spectrum, Miridae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1520
Author: Sotherton, N. W.; Moreby, S. J.; Langley, M. G.
Year: 1987
Title: The effects of the foliar fungicide pyrazophos on beneficial arthropods in barley fields
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 111
Pages: 75-87
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, cereals, Gramineae, ground search, Dvac, winter barley, spring barley, pitfalls, Drosophila boards, marked aphid colonies, methods, Carabidae and Staphylinidae reduced in sprayed plots, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, natural enemies, biological control, Tachyporus, no difference for Araneae, spiders, reduced chick food insects, Aves, vertebrates, aphid-specific predators, Collembola reduced, low aphid numbers in spring barley, pests, Hemiptera, more pupae eaten in controls for 7 weeks, more aphids removed from marked colonies in control, adult Coccinella 7-punctata confined on crop had 91% mortality Coccinellidae, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2801
Author: Sotherton, N. W.; Wratten, S. D.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1984
Title: The role of egg predation in the population dynamics of Gastrophysa polygoni (Coleoptera) in cereal fields
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 43
Issue: 3)
Pages: 301-308
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, Chrysomelidae, weeds, Polygonum, poor disperser, distribution, dispersal, in diet of grey partridge, Aves, birds, Vertebrata, age-specific life tables for each generation, 3 years, spring barley, winter barley, winter wheat, population dynamics, k factor analysis, methods, pitfalls, egg consumption rates by predators in lab in Petri dishes and arenas, predator exclusion experiments in the field, 5% egg infertility, 2% cannibalism of eggs, remains of predated eggs frequently found on leaves, in Lab Petri dish experiments eggs readily eaten by Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus laminatus, Paederus littoralis, Tachyporus hypnorum and Forficula auricularia, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, feeding behaviour, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, earwigs, very few eggs eaten by Asaphidion flavipes, Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, Nabis, Anthocoris, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Neuroptera, Heteoptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Diptera, lacewings, climbing predators contacted more eggs and F. auricularia and Philonthus spp ate or damaged a high proportion of those contacted, vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, behaviour, good positive correlation between pitfall catch of predators and pre-hatch egg mortality, significant for T. chrysomelinus, D. atricapillus and P. cognatus, egg mortality in field higher where predators not excluded, no potentially regulating factors identified, no parasitoids or pathogens found attacking the eggs, predation especially by carabids and staphylinids appeared to be by far the most important egg mortality factor, quotes his 1982 AAB paper for predation on the larvae, egg availability to predators may have been less for the second generation because eggs were higher and in denser vegetation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1827
Author: Southcott, R. W.
Year: 1961
Title: Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina) with a critical revision of the genera and sub-families
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 9
Pages: 859-876
Keywords: En.
Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, evolution, classification, systematics, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1498
Author: Southern, J. W.
Year: 1987
Title: Brown Planthopper leads to ban
Journal: Farm Chemicals International
Volume: March
Pages: 77-79
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, pests, rice, cereals, Gramineae, Nilaparvata lugens, Hemiptera, in 1986 Indonesia banned 57 insecticides, future emphasis on buprofezin, a few other insecticides and resistant varieties, plant resistance, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1515
Author: Southwood, T. R. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Environmental considerations for pesticide usage
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 46
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-6
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5367
Author: Southwood, T.R.E.
Year: 1996
Title: Natural communities: structure and dynamics
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Volume: 351
Pages: 1113-1129
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B
Keywords: Rep., review, community, species richness increases with area sampled and usually declines towards the poles, so it can be related to productivity (sunlight captured by plants) but it can also be reduced where the system is enhanced with nutrients (e.g. algal blooms), it is positively correlated with structural complexity, complex structure can provide a dramatic increase in ecospace (beech tree over 6 m2 of ground surface has surface area of 11,000 m2 in summer), there are more habitats for small animals than for large, species richness is positively correlated with how long the habitat has existed, measures of diversity, Williams alpha, log-series, log-normal, power-law distribution, methods, guilds, trophic groups, fubctional groups, community organisation, herbivores and predators can be a fairly constant proportion of total arthropods, evidence that numbers of species per guild can remain fairly constant, guilds should be independent of taxonomic divisions, non-predatory tourist guild, niche structure, fundamental niche and realised niche, if species overlap in all their niche dimensions then they must compete in the area of overlap, Dyar's rule, successive insect instars in ratio 1 to 3, where species are close in size they are separated in time (daily or seasonal), stability and change, food chains have maximum of 5 links, relative abundance of species remains fairly constant over time (for systems where ecological succession is not occurring), in secondary succession there is no fixed sequence and almost any species may replace any other, diversity is highest at intermediate stages of succession (and at intermediate levels of disturbance)  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1853
Author: Southwood, T. R. E.; Hine, D. J.
Year: 1950
Title: Further notes on the biology of Sehirus bicolor L. (Hem. Cydnidae)
Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine
Volume: 86
Pages: 299-301
Keywords: En.
Hemiptera, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2011
Author: Southwood, T. R. E.; Jepson, W. F.
Year: 1962
Title: Studies of the population of Oscinella frit L. (Dipt. Chloropidae) in the oat crop
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 481-495
Keywords: En.
Diptera, cereals, pests, UK, Gramineae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, Acari, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1979
Author: Southwood, T. R. E.; Leston, D.
Year: 1959
Title: Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles
Journal: Warne, London
Keywords: En.
Lib., Heteroptera, UK, classification, identification, keys, structure, book, taxonomy, systematics, ecology, biology, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3040
Author: Southwood, T. R. E.; Pleasance, H. J.
Year: 1962
Title: A hand-operated suction apparatus for the extraction of arthropods from grassland and similar habitats, with notes on other models
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 53
Pages: 125-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, methods, UK, air speed at nozzle should be less than 60 mph or the apparatus will not sample the whole population, suction sampler, Dvac, efficiency, area to be sampled was delineated by a short metal cylinder, efficiency was 58-100%, low for larvae of Coleoptera and Diptera, efficiency more than 95% for Collembola, aphids and Heteroptera, Hemiptera, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1516
Author: Spain, A. V.
Year: 1974
Title: The effects of carbaryl and DDT on the litter fauna of a Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) forest: A multivariate comparison
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 11
Pages: 467-481
Keywords: En.
Rep., sevin, carbamate insecticides, pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, trees, effects on small Coleoptera, large Collembola, small Diptera, small Acari, mites, beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1938
Author: Sparks, A. N.; Chiang, H. C.; Burkhardt, C. C.; Fairchild, M. L.; Weekman, G. T.
Year: 1966
Title: Evaluation of the influence of predation on corn borer populations
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 59
Pages: 104-107
Keywords: En., Rep., USA, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Ostrinia nubilalis, predators important in some places in some years but cannot be relied on, Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia 13-punctata, Hippodamia parenthesis, Coccinella 9-notata, Coccinella trifasciata, Cycloneda sanguinea, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Chrysopa carnea, lacewings, Neuroptera, Sphaerophoria scripta, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites, Carabidae, ground beetles, methods, borers on plants in predator free cages cf borers placed outside, small predators such as Orius, and ground beetles, were not excluded by the cages and so were not part of the evaluation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1517
Author: Specht, H. B.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1960
Title: Spider populations in New Jersey apple orchards
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 53
Pages: 810-814
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, fruit, pesticides, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 75
Author: Speight, M. R.
Year: 1977
Title: The Ecology of Ground and Rove Beetles in Winter Wheat
Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of York
Keywords: En.
Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Philonthus fuscipennis, Tachyporus hypnorum, Nebria brevicollis
Carabidae, Staphylinidae,Lit.Bk., Yorkshire, pitfalls, edge, middle, season, weeds, distribution, Drosophila pupae, predation, attack rate, aggregation, cover, Poa annua


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1395
Author: Speight, M. R.
Year: 1983
Title: The potential of ecosystem management for pest control
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment
Volume: 10
Pages: 183-199
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests problems worse if crop growing on wrong site, Pine Beauty Moth, Lepidoptera, trees, forests, planting density, sowing and harvest date, farming practices, rotations, intercropping, weeds in crop and edges, trap crops, methods, natural enemies, biological control, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2386
Author: Speight, M. R.; Lawton, J. H.
Year: 1976
Title: The influence of weed-cover on the mortality imposed on artificial prey by predatory ground beetles in cereal fields
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 23
Pages: 211-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, methods, Gramineae, winter wheat, pitfalls, more beetles caught and more Drosophila pupae eaten where greater density of the grass weed Poa annua, artificial prey, summer 1975, 17 carabid species and 8 staphylinid species caught, P. annua the only numerous weed, commonest were Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus fuscipennis, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2752
Author: Spence, J. R.
Year: 1990
Title: Success of European carabid species in Western Canada: preadaptation for synanthropy ?
Journal: "The role of ground beetles in ecological and environmental studies", Ed by N.E. Stork, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 129-141
Keywords: En.
Rep., 47 European species have become established in Canada, all occur in UK, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, biogeography, invasions, exotics, includes Amara familiaris, Bembidion lampros, Clivina fossor, Harpalus affinis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Calathus fuscipes, Amara aenea, Bembidion obtusum, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, transport thought to have occurred with ballast carried by 19th century sailing ships and with soil bagged around roots of nursery stock imported before effective quarantine introduced, no North American species has been reported as introduced to western Europe, pitfalls in woodland and grassland and areas disturbed by humans in Oxford, East Preston and Silwood Park, little evidence that European species established in western Canada are markedly synanthropic in England


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4436
Author: Spence, J. R.; Niemela, J. K.
Year: 1994
Title: Sampling carabid assemblages with pitfall traps: the madness and the method
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 126
Pages: 881-894
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Canada, mixed forestry, trees, litter from 0.25 m2 was placed in a large container of water and carabids were collected as they came to the surface, this method was compared with Tullgren funnel and pitfalls, ramp traps, gutter traps, estimates of density for litter washing were twice those for Tullgren, 11 species listed, species composition, soil washing collected more smaller beetles cf pitfalls, litter washing was 96% efficient based on recovery of marked beetles added to litter samples


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3634
Author: Spence, J. R.; Sutcliffe, J. F.
Year: 1982
Title: Structure and function of feeding in larvae of Nebria
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 60
Pages: 2382-2394
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, physiology, food, diet, foraging, predation, soil, head capsule and mouthparts adapted for capturing active prey and for fluid-feeding, prey sensed by touch and impaled on sharp sickle-shaped mandibles, larvae egest proteolytic enzymes onto captured prey and shred the prey's cuticle, extra-intestinal digestion, extra-oral digestion, liquid food is strained through hairs, Nebria considered to be a primitive carabid genus, II-III larvae of Nebria hudsonica and Nebria gyllenhali collected from riverine habitats in Canada and fed on Drosophila and aphids in the lab, Diptera, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, casein protease assay, egested enzymes probably emanate from the gut because carabid larvae do not have salivary glands, larvae regurgitate crop contents directly onto prey, a foraging larva moves about with mandibles partially open swinging its head from side to side, tactile contact, larvae will eat Collembola in lab and this may be an important food in the field, also scavenged readily in lab, scavenging, carrion feeding, cadavers, corpses, necrophagy, autumn populations of larvae are dense and larvae are highly cannibalistic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1844
Author: Speyer, E. R.
Year: 1934
Title: Some common species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 21
Pages: 120-152
Keywords: En.
UK, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3446
Author: Spiller, D. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Competition between two spider species: experimental field study
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 65
Pages: 909-919
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, competition may only occur where predation is low, good references, salt marsh, coastal, USA, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Cyclosa turbinata and Metapeira grinelli, foliage was Salicornia and Baccharis, interspecific competition, removed M.grinelli from 3 plots, C.turbinata from 3 plots, left both in 3 plots, plots 4 m x 1 m, continual removal March to September, prey consumed in webs recorded, eggs in eggsacs, food supplementation was Drosophila and froghopper nymphs, M.grinelli density waws not altered by C.turbinata removal, C.turbinata density was higher in some months where M.grinelli removed, consumption rate and fecundity of M.grinelli was higher where C.turbinata removed, added food increased the fecundity of both species, M.grinelli observed to eat C.turbinata on some occasions and also to temporarily take over its web, if not killed the C.turbinata returned later but the reverse was never observed, interspecific exploitative competition for food was a limiting factor for M.grinelli, interference was probably the mechanism for effects on C.turbinata and got seasonal variation in this, in other studies in the literature predators and parasitoids may limit populations thus reducing competition, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4438
Author: Spiller, D. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Seasonal reversal of competitive advantage between two spider species
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 64
Pages: 322-331
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneidae, Argiopidae, USA, competition, population dynamics, interspecific interactions, Metepeira grinelli, Cyclosa turbinata, salt marsh, maritime, coastal, experimental reductions of spider density, spiders regularly removed from some plots by hand, methods, measured prey consumption rates and web site tenacities, relative distribution of prey sizes consumed by the two species varied with season, predation rates, site tenacity, spiders were often observed invading webs of other spiders, interspecific and intraspecific web take- overs, in spring M. grinelli prey consumption rate was reduced at high intra- and interspecific densities, in summer C. turbinata was affected in this way but M. grinelli was not, in spring C. turbinata displaced M. grinelli but not vice versa, but in summer the roles were reversed, probably due to the way the relative body sizes of the two species varied with season, trophic behaviour, seasonal variation in competitive advantage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2204
Author: Spiller, D. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Interspecific competition between spiders and its relevance to biological control by general predators
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Issue: 1)
Pages: 177-181
Keywords: En.
Cyclosa, Metapeira
Rep., spiders, Araneae, California, orb weavers, Araneidae, Argiopidae, predation, one species can be more effective in reducing prey populations than a guild.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3589
Author: Spiller, D. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Numerical response to prey abundance by Zygiella x-notata (Araneae, Araneidae)
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 20
Pages: 179-188
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, USA, field experiments, mean spider density was c. 3 times higher in prey-augmented plots, reproduction began earlier in the prey-supplemented plots and there were more and heavier eggs, biomass, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, populations in coastal boulders and buildings, synanthropic, in situ observations of food in webs and being eaten, diet, trophic behaviour, prey enhancement was by adding drift kelp below webs but the prey types generated are not named, seaweed, food quantity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5625
Author: Spiller, D.A.; Schoener, T.W.
Year: 1990
Title: A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage
Journal: Nature
Volume: 347
Pages: 469-472
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., trophic cascades, food webs, trophic webs, community, predators are often omnivores in terrestrial systems, on islands in the Bahamas lizards eat spiders but also herbivores, damage to plants is less if lizards are present, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, IGP, Vertebrata, Reptilia, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in the experiment reported here it was found that the impact of lizards on plant production depended on relative interaction strengths in the upper trophic levels, depends on the relative probability of herbivores being eaten by lizards or spiders, experimental evidence showed that lizards increased damage caused by Hemiptera but decreased damage caused by gall midges and the net effect was to descrease damage, sea grape, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, leafhoppers, aphids, Anolis, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5285
Author: Spiller, D.A.; Schoener, T.W.
Year: 2001
Title: An experimental test for predator-mediated interactions among spider species
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(6)
Pages: 1560-1570
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lizards and spiders were manipulated in enclosures in the Bahamas, the main vegetation was sea grape shrubs, the lizard was Anolis sagrei and the manipulated web spider was Metepeira datona, lizards were shown to reduce the abundance of another web spider Eustala cazieri and of a range of rarer spiders by direct predation, there was no evidence for lizards affecting spider density or diversity by indirect effects such as intensification or reduction of competition between spider species, Vertebrata, Reptilia, interactions between predators, the lizard did not reduce the abundance of aerial arthropods or cause a habitat shift by spiders
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1732
Author: Spradbery, J. P.
Year: 1973
Title: Wasps
Journal: Sidgwick and Jackson, London
Keywords: En.
Rep.parts, Hymenoptera, Forficula auricularia destroys nests and eats contents of cells of wasps in stems, predation, Dermaptera, earwigs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wasps feed on nectar but protein for the larvae includes insects, lists 35 species taken, includes pests Pieris larvae, Tipula, Musca domestica, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Diptera, Hemiptera taken were Jassidae, Cercopidae, Philaenus spumarius, Delphacidae, adults take only fluids, larvae liquid and solid, wasps have been used in biological control of leafhoppers and caterpillars, Vespidae, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1500
Author: Srivastava, K. P.; Parmar, B. S.
Year: 1985
Title: Evaluation of neem oil emulsifiable concentrate against sorghum aphids
Journal: Neem Newsletter
Volume: 2
Issue: 1)
Pages: 7
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, predators, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Melanaphis sacchari killed by neem without phytotoxicity or damage to Coccinellidae or Syrphidae, semiochemicals, plant products, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3756
Author: St. Kuhne, K.; Schrameyer, K.
Year: 1994
Title: Zur Vorkommen rauberischer Fliegen aus der Familie Hypotidae (Dip., Empidoidea) in Gewachshausern sowie zur pradatorischen Leistung zweier Fliegenarten der Gattung Platypalpus Marquart
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Issue: 2)
Pages: 209-216
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, on the occurrence of predatory flies of the family Hypotidae in greenhouses and on the predatory efficiency of two species of Platypalpus, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, glasshouses with reduced pesticides, protected crops, 5 Platypalpus species plus Tachydromia arrogans completed life cycle under glass, Empididae, Stilpon nubila was a predator of thrips larvae, Thysanoptera, Platypalpus minutus and Platypalpus annulatus ate 2.4 prey per predator per day, predation, consumption rates, food, foraging, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour, aphids and wasps were not killed, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, diel activity cycles, diurnal,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3198
Author: Staak, C.; Allmang, B.; Kampfe, U.; Mehlitz, D.
Year: 1981
Title: The complement fixation test for the species identification of blood meals from tsetse flies
Journal: Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie
Volume: 32
Pages: 97-98
Keywords: Rep., serology, methods, CFT sensitive but requires specific antiserum because absorption cannot be carried out, does not give details of test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 69
Author: Stabins; King
Year: 1966
Title: Studies on the biology of Eurynebria complanata
Journal: Nature, Wales.
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 71
Author: Stabins; King
Year: 1971
Title: Aspects of the biology of Eurynebria complanata
Journal: Journal of Natural History.
Volume: 5
Pages: 17-28
Keywords: Rep?, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3098
Author: Stadler, B.; Weisser, W. W.; Houston, A. I.
Year: 1994
Title: Defense reactions in aphids: the influence of state and future reproductive success
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 63
Pages: 419-430
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, Uroleucon jaceae feeding on Centaurea jacea, dropping off host plant in response to a predator varies according to where on the plant the aphid is feeding, and growth stage of plant and its quality, behaviour, vertical distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 406
Author: Stallwood, B. R.
Year: 1976
Title: Abundance of ladybirds in Hampshire
Journal: Bull. Amat. Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 35
Pages: 68
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, beetles, Coccinellidae, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5295
Author: Stam, P.A.; Clower, D.F.; Graves, J.B.; Schilling, P.E.
Year: 1978
Title: Effects of certain herbicides on some insects and spiders found in Louisiana cotton fields
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 71
Pages: 477-480
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, USA, pesticides, pests, biological control, laboratory bioassays with Coleomegilla maculata, Eretmocerus haldemani, Orius insidiosus, Geocoris punctipes, Scymnus louisianae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predatory Heteroptera bugs, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, field trials, D-vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, sweeping
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3391
Author: Stamp, N. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Behaviour of parasitized aposematic caterpillars advantageous to the parasitoid or the host ?
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 118
Issue: 5)
Pages: 715-725
Keywords: En.
Rep., Baltimore checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas phaeton and larval parasitoid Apanteles euphydryidis, host suicide is unlikely in this system and the behaviour of parasitized larvae is likely to increase the parasitoids chances of escaping predation, cocoons were classified as attacked by predators if they were ripped open, cf irregular emergence holes of hyperparasitoids and neat capped hole at end of cocoon for Apanteles, methods, parasitized caterpillars occurred higher on the vegetation than unparasitized reducing levels of hyperparasitism, [actual results relate nearly all to hyperparasitoid attack rather than predation], natural enemies, predation on moribund prey, Lepidoptera, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4501
Author: Stamp, N.E.
Year: 1997
Title: The behavior of harassed caterpillars and consequences for host plants
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 79(1)
Pages: 147-154
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wasps, Hymenoptera, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, behaviour, attacks by wasps were simulated by dragging the caterpillar a short distance with forceps, a mobile generalist caterpillar stayed under cover more during the daylight and fed on dandelion more than plantain and gained less weight when harassed than when not harassed, a sessile specialist caterpillar was not affected, there were no major effects on plant growth, indirect effects, damage, yield, enemy-free space
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2679
Author: Stamp, N. E.; Bowers, M. D.
Year: 1991
Title: Indirect effect on survivorship of caterpillars due to presence of invertebrate predators
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 88
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3147
Author: Stamp, N. E.; Bowers, M. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Foraging behaviour of specialist and generalist caterpillars on plantain (Plantago lanceolata) altered by stinkbugs
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 92
Pages: 596-602
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Podisus, predators reduced survivorship of specialist caterpillars but not generalists, both types of caterpillars were flushed off plants by predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, Heteroptera, vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, Lepidoptera, predation, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4893
Author: Stamp, N.E.; Bowers, M.D.
Year: 2000
Title: Foraging behaviour of caterpillars given a choice of plant genotypes in the presence of insect predators
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 486-492
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, Plantago with low versus high iridoid glycosides, non-cryptic specialist caterpillar Junonia coenia and cryptic generalist Pyrrharctia isabella, with and without predation by Podisus maculiventris, polyphagous predators, predatory Heteroptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, host-plant resistance, field experiment. Caterpillars used both genotypes equally with predators present, but more of the high glycoside plants when predators were absent. Caterpillars were selective about which leaves to eat (leaf age also affects glycoside content).
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2488
Author: Stamps, J. H.; Buechner, M.; Krishnan, V. V.
Year: 1987
Title: The effects of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from patches of habitat
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 129
Pages: 533-552
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5137
Author: Standen, V.
Year: 2000
Title: The adequacy of collecting techniques for estimating species richness of grassland invertebrates
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 37
Pages: 884-893
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, limestone grassland, UK, Gramineae, pitfall traps, Dvac, sweep net, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Araneae, biodiversity, the proportion of Coleoptera and Araneae that were method-unique was higher for pitfalls than for sweeping, a range of sampling methods are needed to estimate species richness in grassland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, rarefaction, collector curves, BIODIV program, 480 species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2365
Author: Stark, A.
Year: 1990
Title: Interpretation abdominaler und tibialer Strukturen bei Dipteren der Gattung Elaphropeza (Hybotidae, Empidoidea) als Stridulationsapparat
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 224
Issue: 3/4 s.
Pages: 211-224
Keywords: Germ.
Elaphropeza vittata
Rep., interpretation of morphological structures on the abdomen and tibia of flies of the genus Elaphropeza (Hybotidae, Empidiodea) as a stridulat ory apparatus, Diptera, Empididae, neotropical species from Cuba, scanning electron microscope, taxonomy, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3942
Author: Stark, J. D.; Jepson, P. C.; Thomas, C. F. G.
Year: 1994
Title: The effects of pesticides on spiders from the lab to the landscape
Journal: Review Pesticide Toxicology
Volume: 3
Pages: 83-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, side effects on non-targets, spiders as bioindicators, Linyphiidae were the family most affected by pesticides in fields, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Milleriana inerrans, spiders are often the most numerous predators in ecosystems, abundance, L.tenuis found in USA turf grass, geographical distribution, introduced species, dispersal, Gramineae, 100% web cover has been observed with a high degree of overlapping webs at different heights in cereals, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, lab toxicology, ecotoxicology, Philodromus less susceptible than Linyphia and Argiope to a range of pesticides, Thomisidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, contact, oral, sub-lethal effects on foraging behaviour, in general spiders are very susceptible to pyrethroids, to some organophosphorus compounds, and are largely unaffected by pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, neem, most fungicides and herbicides in terms of direct toxicity, effects on web construction behaviour, pharnacodynamics and metabolism, Bt, azadirachtin, exposure to sprays and residues, oral route of exposure less damaging than residues for O.apicatus but not for Philodromus (?) audax, spiders that consume their own webs are also exposed, interactions with abiotic conditions, application methods, formulations, food chain effects, community, scale of treatment and speed of reinvasion, migration, immigration, colonization, landsdcape considerations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 980
Author: Starks, K. J.; Muniappan, R.; Eikenbary, R. D.
Year: 1970
Title: Interaction between plant resistance and parasitism against the greenbug on barley and sorghum
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 65
Pages: 650-655
Keywords: En.
Rep., greenhouse, USA, at initial 12 aphids/plant parasite prevented aphid build-up on R but not S barley, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, IPM, at 3 aphid/plant 7 times as many mummies on S, on sorghum differences for all comparisons i.e. S, R, S+parasitoids, R+parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3357
Author: Stary, P.
Year: 1970
Title: Biology of aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) with respect to integrated control
Journal: Dr W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands
Pages: 643 pp
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., book, if early instars are parasitized there is no reproduction, if higher instars or adults are parasitized there can be reproduction, eg Aphis gossypii parasitized as an adult by Lysiphlebus produced 6 nymphs cf 28 for unparasitized, eg Myzus persicae parasitized by D. rapae produced 9 nymphs cf maximum of 82 for unparasitized, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, population dynamics, morphology, anatomy, key to world genera and subgenera, structure, systematics, classification, identification, bionomics, life history, development, behaviour, longevity, food, diet, trophic behaviour, mating, oviposition, fecundity, reproduction, development, dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, phenology, host specificity, parasitoid-host interactions, aphid-attending ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, phylogeny, biogeography, aphidiid adults feed on honeydew and get carbohydrates and proteins, so do not need to host-feed, some species prefer fresh honeydew others dried honeydew, fecundity of mated females greater than virgins, predators do not seem to distinguish between healthy and parasitised aphids (no data given), food preferences, predators observed eating mummies, eg Chrysopidae larvae, Neuroptera, lacewings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 927
Author: Stary, P.
Year: 1974
Title: Parasite spectrum (Hym., Aphidiidae) of aphids associated with Galium
Journal: Entomologica Scandinavica
Volume: 5
Pages: 73-80
Keywords: Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, bedstraw


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3359
Author: Stary, P.
Year: 1989
Title: Incomplete parasitization in aphids and its role in pest management (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Journal: Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovica
Volume: 86
Issue: 5)
Pages: 356-367
Keywords: En.
Rep., IP incomplete parasitization is where a parasitoid larva dies prematurely and the host dies with it, the first 3 parasitoid larval stages are fluid feeders and the last instar larva is a tissue feeder, lists species for which IP has been recorded, cereal aphids not on list, glasshouse trials by Stary include Rhopalosiphum padi, discusses possible causes of IP and concludes there are complex plant-aphid-parasitoid interactions involved, caution not to assess parasitism by just counting mummies, methods, biocontrol possibility of having the parasitoid undergo complete parasitization on one host and incomplete parasitization on the pest host reducing its lifespan, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, behaviour, physiology, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5456
Author: Stary, P.; Gerding, M.; Norambuena, H.; Remaudiere, G.
Year: 1993
Title: Environmental research on aphid parasitoid biocontrol agents in Chile (Hym., Aphidiidae; Hom., Aphidoidea)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 115
Pages: 292-306
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, South America, classical biological  control, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum padi, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon kondoi, many species of Aphidius and some other genera have been release but not all became established, A. pisum is a reservoir of parasitoids against cereal aphids, polyphagous parasitoids, S. avenae and M. dirhodum have been under complete biological control for ten years and there was a favourable cost benefit ratio
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 977
Author: Stary, P.; Lyon, J. P.
Year: 1980
Title: Acyrthosiphon pisum ononis (Homoptera, Aphididae) and Ononis species as reservoirs of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae)
Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov.
Volume: 77
Pages: 65-75
Keywords: aphids, pests, pea, weeds, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 974
Author: Stary, P.; Rejmanek, M.
Year: 1981
Title: Number of parasitoids per host in different systematic groups of aphids: The implications for introduction strategy in biological control (Homoptera: Aphidoidea, Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Journal: Ent. scand. Suppl.
Volume: 15
Pages: 341-351
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, classical biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1494
Author: Stassart, P.; Gregoire-Wibo, C.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence du travail du sol sur les populations de carabides en Grand Culture, resultats preliminaires
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 48
Pages: 465-473
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., influence of crops and tillage practices on Carabidae populations, farming practices, Belgium, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls, some species increased after direct drilling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5976
Author: Stavrinides, M.C.; Skirvin, D.J.
Year: 2003
Title: The effect of chrysanthemum leaf trichome density and prey spatial distribution on predation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) by Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 93
Pages: 343-350
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., specialist predatory mites, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, tritrophic interactions,  spider mites, dispersal, movement, migration, leaf hairiness, plant architecture, predation of pest eggs on cut stems of chrsanthemum of cultivars and ages to give three levels of trichome density, oophagy, plant microarchitecture, predation rates decreased with increase in hairiness (but little difference at low pest density), predation greater close to predator release point, horticulture, ornamental crops, hardy nursery stock, protected crops, greenhouses, glasshouses, methods, scanning electron microscopy for trichome density (trichome photograph), functional response experiments in incubator at 25C, references to trichomes impeding movement of natural enemies or providing shelter and oviposition sites, domatia,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4263
Author: Stechman, D. H.; Volkl, W.; Stary, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Ant-attendance as a critical factor in the biological control of the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. (Hom. Aphididae) in Oceania
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 120
Issue: 2)
Pages: 119-123
Keywords: En.
Rep., banana aphid on banana in Tonga were heavily attended by honeydew-collecting ants, ants reduced the density of aphid predators, and they reduced the parasitism of Aphis gossypii by Aphelinus gossypii, the effectiveness of the introduced Aphidius colemani was also reduced by ants, a rich fauna of natural enemies associated with P. nigronervosa includes Chrysopidae, Syphidae, Coccinellidae, Forficulidae, Hemerobiidae and Aphelinidae, 7 ant species were associated with the aphid, ant-attended aphid colonies grew to twice the size of unattended ones, there were significantly less Aphelinus mummies in ant-attended A. gossypii colonies, syrphids and coccinellids occurred regularly in unattended colonies but were almost lacking in ant-attended ones, the hemerobiid Micromus timidus was less affected, in lab tests with European species Lasius niger, Formica pratensis and Myrmica ruginodis, ants killed more than 50% of foraging A. colemani females and the rest flew away, there were no successful ovipositions into aphids, Solenopsis geminata preyed on mummies of P. nigronervosa parasitised by A. colemani and reduced reproductive success of the parasitoid almost to zero in an insectary, references to ants disrupting biocontrol, but also to them reducing hyperparasitism, pests, Hemiptera, fruit, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Dermaptera, earwigs, natural enemies of natural enemies, predators attacking parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 990
Author: Stechmann, D. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Cereal aphids - Aphidophaga associations in hedges and fields: Can habitat interaction contribute to integrated pest management ?
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Pages: 273-278
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, boundaries, reservoir habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1566
Author: Stedman, O. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Effect of paraquat on the number of spores of Rhynchosporium secalis on barley stubble and volunteers
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 26
Issue: 3)
Pages: 112-120
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, herbicides, pesticides, fungal diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1502
Author: Steed, J. M.; Sly, J. M. A.; Tucker, G. G.; Cutler, J. R.
Year: 1980
Title: Pesticides usage survey report. 18 - Arable crops
Journal: Maff
Keywords: En.
Rep., insecticides, fungicides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 229
Author: Steel, W. O.
Year: 1946
Title: On Xantholinus distans and Xantholinus cribripennis with notes on other British species of the genus
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 82
Pages: 192-195
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 230
Author: Steel, W. O.
Year: 1948
Title: The British species of Staphylinus (Ocypus)
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 84
Pages: 271-275
Keywords: En.
Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 233
Author: Steel, W. O.
Year: 1966
Title: A revision of the Staphylinidae subfamily Proteinininae
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 118
Pages: 285-311
Keywords: En.
Larvae, genera, species, descriptions, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 232
Author: Steel, W. O.
Year: 1970
Title: Larvae of Omaliinae (Staphylinidae)
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 122
Pages: 1-47
Keywords: En.
Rep, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5143
Author: Steffan, S.A.; Daane, K.M.; Mahr, D.L.
Year: 2001
Title: 15N-enrichment of plant tissue to mark phytophagous insects, associated parasitoids, and flower-visiting entomophaga
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 173-180
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., methods, USA, stable isotopes, enriched N can be tracked from plant to insect using mass spectrometry, after adults of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae and the ladybird Hippodamia convergens fed at flowers of enriched N Chinese cabbage for 48 h they contained significantly elevated levels of the isotope, enriched N bean material was incorporated into insect diet for the caterpillar Amyelois transitella which became labelled as did its parasitoid Goniozus legneri, parasitoids are expected to retain their label for life because nitrogen is a major constituent of fibrin and chitin, food, diet, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Bethylidae, Lepidoptera, pests, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5765
Author: Steffan-Dewenter, I.; Munzenberg, U.; Tscharntke, T.
Year: 2001
Title: Pollination, seed set and seed predation on a landscape scale
Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
Volume: 268
Pages: 1685-1690
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
Keywords: Rep., Germany, proportion of semi-natural habitats used as index of landscape complexity, proportion of heads of brown knapweed damaged by seed predators increased with landscape complexity, granivory, spermophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Centaurea jacea, major seed predators were flies and microlepidoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Tephritidae, Chaetostomella cylindrica, Urophora quadrifasciata, Acanthophilus helianthi, 67% of all flower heads were damaged, weeds, wildflowers,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2350
Author: Steigen, A. L.
Year: 1975
Title: Energetics in a population of Pardosa palustris (L.) (Araneae,Lycosidae) on Hardangervidda
Journal: In "Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. Part 2: Animals and systems analysis" Ed. by F. Wielgokski, Springer, Berlin
Pages: 129-144
Keywords: En.
Lycosa tarsalis
Rep., wolf spiders, Norway, alpine meadow, dry weight - live weight regression, calorific content of faeces, excreta, silk, feeding rate in lab, cannibalism, determination of instars and sex using carapace width, size - frequency histograms in field, survivorship curves, fecundity, death of second eggsac in winter, natality, density of spiderlings, respiratory rate, growth, diapause, parasitism, mortality due to moulting, efficiency of consumption, assimilation respiration, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2668
Author: Steinberg, S.; Dicke, M.; Vet, L. E. M.; Wanningen, R.
Year: 1992
Title: Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (=Apantales) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux
Journal: Entom exp et appl
Volume: Preprint
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4453
Author: Steinkraus, D. C.; Hollingsworth, R. G.; Boys, G. O.
Year: 1996
Title: Aerial spores of Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae): density, periodicity and potential role in cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) epizootics
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 25
Issue: 1)
Pages: 48-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, densities of primary conidia of the fungus in the air over cotton fields during epizootics of Aphis gossypii in Arkansas USA were greatest at 01:00 to 05:00 hours, diel cycles of conidia production, few spores were present 09:00 to 24:00, significantly higher spore numbers were collected 30 cm from the soil surface than at 60, 120, 180cm, wind dispersal may be an important mechanism of fungal dispersal, the role of aerial spores in long-range dispersal and subsequent infection of aphids and survival of spores in the air are areas that need further investigation, vertical distribution, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4455
Author: Steinkraus, D. C.; Hollingsworth, R. G.; Slaymaker, P. H.
Year: 1995
Title: Prevalence of Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) on cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Arkansas cotton
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 465-474
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, epizootics of the fungus occurred in all 10 study fields (1991-3) on Aphis gossypii, infected alatae were observed 2 weeks before infected apterae, migrating alatae may be a mechanism whereby the fungus is spread within and between fields, distribution, dispersal, movement, aerial migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5344
Author: Stelzl, M.; Devetak, D.
Year: 1999
Title: Neuroptera in agricultural ecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 74
Pages: 305-321
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, review, indicator species, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Coniopterygidae, community, 330 species in Europe, biodiversity, species richness, about 5500 species globally, three larval instars, gut dissection, methods, adults have chewing-biting mouthparts and are phytophages, carnivores or omnivores, herbivores, honeydew, some specialists eat Eriophyidae mites, Acari, larvae have sucking mouthparts and some species are specialist feeders, food includes aphids, mites, leafhoppers, insect and mite eggs, soft-bodied insects, Hemiptera, Coccina, Aleurodidae, whiteflies, scales, Psyllidae, aphids, Adelgidae, sampling methods, sweeping, beating, light traps, ultra-violet, UV light, attraction, malaise traps, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, some Coniopteryx spp. feed on spider mites, Tetranychidae, flight, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, gives notes on food, distribution and phenology of  21 species, trees, woodland, forest, orchards, top fruit,  maize, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, cannibalism, some larvae eat other species of lacewing larvae, IGP, intraguild predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, vineyards, olives, Chrysoperla carnea complex is the most important group in agricultural habitats, they are mass-reared and released in glasshouses, inundative biological control, culturing, greenhouses, protected crops, horticulture, community, assemblages in woodland, grassland, and agroecosystems, table of species lists, species composition, red lists, conservation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 785
Author: Stephens, D. W.; Krebs, J. R.
Year: 1987
Title: Foraging Theory
Journal: Princeton University Press
Pages: 261 pp
Keywords: En.
predation, feeding, diet, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1881
Author: Stephenson, J. W.
Year: 1965
Title: Slug parasites and predators
Journal: Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1964
Pages: 188
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, natural enemies, biological control, the parasitoid Tetranocera elata attacked 14% of Agriolimax reticulatus = Deroceras reticulatus in uncultivated areas, Diptera, slug eggs can be parasitized by Phoridae not yet identified, Euthycera chaerophylli is another parasitoid, Carabidae in lab tests, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Harpalus rufipes and Nebria brevicollis would not eat them, 6 Pterostichus madidus and 3 Pterostichus melanarius in a 1 sq m soil and weeds arena found and ate 20 adult Deroceras reticulatus in a day, consumption rates, eggs not eaten, feeding preferences, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1593
Author: Stephenson, J. W.
Year: 1968
Title: A review of the biology and ecology of slugs of agricultural importance
Journal: Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
Volume: 38
Pages: 169-178
Keywords: En.
cereals, Gramineae, UK, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4385
Author: Sterling, W. L.; Dean, A.; Abd El-Salam, N. M.
Year: 1992
Title: Economic benefits of spider (Araneae) and insect (Hemiptera: Miridae)predators of cotton fleahoppers
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 85
Issue: 1)
Pages: 52-57
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, Lepidoptera, pests, USA, TEXCIM40 model, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, fleahopper killed by fire ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, lynx spiders, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Theriidiidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae, Dictynidae, Tetragnathidae,and Heteroptera, tritrophic model links cotton-pest-natural enemy economically, model requires field counts of predators, a complex of natural enemies play a role in preventing most pests from causing economic loss in cotton, often 1 million acres (20%) in Texas rely on natural enemies and use no insecticides, whereas some fields receive 15 insecticide applications, based on abundance and efficiency in the model the relative value of predators against fleahoppers were 1.78 for web spiders, 1.47 for lynx spiders, 1.06 for fire ants, 0.4 for bugs, 0.38 for crab spiders, 0.34 for salticids, spiders accounted for 73% of the net value of predators and insects for 27%, Solenopsis, caterpillars, pesticides, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 932
Author: Stern, V. M.; Smith, R. F.; van den Bosch, R.; Hagen, K. S.
Year: 1959
Title: The integrated control concept
Journal: Hilgardia
Volume: 29
Pages: 81-101
Keywords: En.
biological control, definition of integrated control, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1511
Author: Steurbaut, W.; Barbe, J.; Melkebeke, G.; Dejonckheere, W.
Year: 1983
Title: Influence of surfactants on the uptake and activity of fungicides by plants in hydroponic culture
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 48
Pages: 955-959
Keywords: En.
Rep., surfactants in pesticide formulations, increase systemic uptake of pesticides, cause phytotoxicity and fungitoxicity, detergents


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1878
Author: Steward, V. B.; Smith, K. G.; Stephen, F. M.
Year: 1988
Title: Predation by wasps on lepidopteran larvae in an Ozark forest canopy
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 81-86
Keywords: En.
Rep., oak hickory deciduous forest in USA, wasps reduced 90% of introduced Heliothis virescens, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3521
Author: Stewart, A. J. A.; Wright, A. F.
Year: 1995
Title: A new inexpensive suction apparatus for sampling arthropods in grassland
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 20
Pages: 98-102
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, UK, Gramineae, Blow & Vac (BV) compared with Dvac type sampler (Thornhill machine by Burkhard), vacuum insect net, suction sampler, BV nozzle diameter 12 cm cf 36 cm for Dvac, describes kit supplied to convert BV from blow to vac, 4 semi-natural grassland sites, BV more efficient at collecting Tachyporus hypnorum, weevils, flea beetles, adult and immature Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae, Halticinae, Bembidion obtusum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, air velocity in relation to nozzle diameter is high in BV, lightweight, cost 200 pounds sterling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3649
Author: Stewart, L. A.; Dixon, A. F. G.; Ruzicka, Z.; Iperti, G.
Year: 1991
Title: Clutch and egg size in ladybird beetles
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36
Pages: 93-97
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, Hemiptera, population dynamics, reproduction, oviposition, fecundity, physiology, behaviour, clutch size correlated with number of ovarioles but egg size was not, brood size, Adalia 10- punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Hippodamia conglobata, Harmonia axyridis, Olla v-nigrum, Coccinella trifasciata, Adalia bipunctata, Propylea 14-punctata, in coccinellids several eggs develop simultaneously in each ovariole and on average only half the ovarioles are active in the production of a clutch


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3535
Author: Stewart, L. A.; Hemptinne, J. L.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Reproductive tactics of ladybird beetles: relationships between egg size, ovariole number and developmental time
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 5
Pages: 380-385
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, reproduction, fecundity, fertility, population dynamics, in ladybirds egg size multiplied by egg number is proportional to adult weight, biomass, species with fewer eggs lay larger eggs, species with proportionately small eggs, ie ratio of adult to egg weight, take longer to complete their development than do those with proportionately large eggs, development rate in relation to egg size, egg size may be constrained by the minimum size at which first instar larvae can capture active prey, data taken from the literature and also from lab experiments using Acyrthosiphon pisum as food, pea aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, predation, food, trophic behaviour, data on Adalia bipunctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia 10-punctata, Coccinella 11- punctata, Anatis ocellata, Calvia 14-guttata, Coccinella trifasciata, no support in the literature for the concept that large coccinellids feed on large aphids, prey size selection, large and small ladybirds commit the same proportion of their biomass to gonads and doubling adult weight results in a doubling of potential reproductive rate, 5.4 fold range in egg size in the studied species, by laying relatively large eggs some coccinellid species may ensure rapid development so that the larvae complete development before aphid abundance becomes limiting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3973
Author: Stiling, P.; Rossi, A. M.
Year: 1994
Title: The window of parasitoid vulnerability to hyperparasitism: template for parasitoid complex structure
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 228-244
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, tritrophic interactions can affect parasitoid community structure by affecting interspecific competition between guild members, population dynamics, biological control, studied the parasitoid complex attacking galls of the cecid midge Asphondylia borrichiae on daisy and other plants in Florida USA, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, 4 generalist parasitoids of which two (Torymus umbilicatus and Galeopsomyia haemon) are facultative hyperparasitoids and ectoparasitoids, larval endoparasitoids are not usually hyperparasitoids, differences in parasitoid diversity and species richness between sites and plants and through time were caused mainly by competition between parasitoids based on timing of attack and related to gall size, plant structure, interspecific competition, the time scale for this is a few months, small galls allow G.haemon to be dominant, it is gregarious and competitively superior to the solitary T.umbilicatus which is larger, in larger galls the species with the longest ovipositor (T.umbilicatus) can oviposit last and then wins in competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1496
Author: Stinner, B. R.; Krueger, H. R.; McCartney, D. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Insecticide and tillage effects on pest and non-pest arthropods in corn agroecosystems
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 15
Pages: 11-21
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, farming practices, maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides to control corn rootworm in Ohio, Diabrotica, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, ethylene glycol pitfalls, Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, mites, Collembola, Acari, spider numbers greatest in no-tillage continuous corn, insecticides had less effect than cropping systems on macroarthropods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3586
Author: Stippich, G.
Year: 1989
Title: Die Bedeutung von naturlichen und kunstlichen Strukturelementen fur die Besiedlung des Waldbodens durch Spinnen (zur Funktion der Fauna in einem Mullbuchenwald 14)
Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Gottingen 1987)
Volume: 17
Pages: 293-298
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., the importance of structural elements of the forest floor to the community of epigaeic spiders, Germany, 4 years, beech forest, trees, woodland, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat structure, methods, experimental manipulation of litter quantity in plots, also plots with artificial structures ie PVC tubes and wooden sticks, natural spider density 309 m-2 was increased to 478 where litter added and reduced to 129 where no litter, PVC tubes attracted Agelenidae, species composition was altered by the artificial structures, abundance, quadrats and Kempson extractor, identification only to families, Linyphiidae by far the commonest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5425
Author: St-Kuhne, K.; Schrameyer, K.
Year: 1994
Title: Zum Vorkommen rauberische Fliegen aus der Familie Hypotidae (Dipt., Empidoidea) in Gewachshausern sowie zur pradatorischen Leistung zweier Fliegenarten der Gattung Platypalpus Marquart
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Pages: 209-216
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., on the occurrence of predatory flies of the family Hypotidae in greenhouses and on the predatory efficiency of two species of the genus Platypalpus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, glasshouses, protected crops, Germany, 7 species completed their life cycle under glass, Stilpon nubila is a predator of thrips larvae, Thysanoptera, Platypalpus albifacies, Platypalpus albiseta, Platypalpus annulatus, Platypalpus articulatus, Platypalpus flavicornis, Platypalpus infectus, Platypalpus kirtlingensis, Platypalpus minutus, Platypalpus niger, Platypalpus pallidicornis, Platypalpus Pallidiventris, Tachydromia arrogans, references to Platypalpus killing Chloropidae pests in cereals, Gramineae, larval stages of these predatory flies are in most cases still not known, 75 Platypalpus species recorded in some parts of Germany, biodiversity, species richness, the following Diptera families are known to be preyed on, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, Chloropidae, Culicidae, also aphids, Hemiptera, methods, 1 m3 PVC cages, dead prey remains could be recorded on cage floor, predatory Empididae caught on yellow sticky traps, observations in the glasshouse showed the following pests were eaten, leaf miners Phytomyza horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Drosophilidae, Scaptomyza, Sciaridae, Bradysia, shore flies, Ephydridae, P. pallidicornis ate thrips, P. annulatus ate whiteflies, Aleyrodidae,  prey of  P. minutus were Oscinella frit, Oscinella pusilla, Incertella albipalpis and Agromyzidae, P. annulatus had the same prey plus an Dolichopodidae, aphids and Hymenoptera were not eaten, Stilpon might be useful for natural control of Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis  
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1883
Author: Stockel, J.
Year: 1984
Title: Signification et limites du piegeage sexuel de la pyrale du mais, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepid., Pyralidae): recherche d'une relation entre captures de males et niveau de population
Journal: Agronomie
Volume: 4
Issue: 7)
Pages: 597-602
Keywords: Fr.
cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, European corn borer, correlation between number of males caught in pheromone traps and number of larvae in maize close to traps at harvest, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, methods, semiochemicals, positive correlations at some places but negative at others, France


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5750
Author: Stoffela, P.J.; Kahn, B.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems
Journal: Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Alternate Journal: Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA
Keywords: mulch, manure, book, horticulture, USA, composting industry, biological chemical and physical processes of composting, effects on crop growth and yield in vegetables, ornamental and nursery crops, landscapes, fruit, orchards, turf, grassland, vegetable transplants, economics, plant disease, weed control, disease biocontrol, pathogens, biological control, nutrition, hazards, heavy metals, human pathogens, EPA regulations, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2673
Author: Storck-Weyhermuller, S.
Year: 1984
Title: Studies on the effect of low dosages of selective insecticides on cereal aphids and their natural enemies
Journal: Mitt Biol Bundes Land Forst Berl
Volume: 223
Pages: 278
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2487
Author: Storck-Weyhermuller, S.; Welling, M.
Year: 1991
Title: Regulation of pest insects and beneficial arthropods in winter wheat by herbicide-free crop edges
Journal: Mitt. Biol. Bundes. Land. Forst. Berl.
Volume: 273
Pages: 86 pp
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2771
Author: Stork, N. E.
Year: 1980
Title: A scanning electron microscope study of tarsal adhesive setae in the Coleoptera
Journal: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
Volume: 68
Pages: 173-306
Keywords: En.
structure, Demetrias atricapillus climbing, adhesive setae on tarsi, they have a terminal plate with striations on the ventral surface, D. atricapillus an unusual carabid because there are special adhesive setae on the bilobed fourth tarsomeres of males and females, setae have spooned shaped tips, many beetles have dense beds of adhesive seatae on tarsi of male only for clasping female, Tachyporus hypnorum also male and female have adhesive setae on first four tarsomeres of front tarsi, Stenus impressus also male and female have setae for climbing, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, vertical distribution, movement, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2772
Author: Stork, N. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Experimental analysis of adhesion of Chrysolina polita (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) on a variety of surfaces
Journal: Journal of Ecperimental Biology
Volume: 88
Pages: 91-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., beetle walks up vertical glass, perspex, cloth slope pulling against a force transducer attached to elytra by wax and wire, methods, maximum recorded force on a substrate is the pulling force, traction on glass and perspex is by adhesive seatae, on cloth by tarsal claws, when tarsi removed the pulling force was reduced on cloth but not on glass and perspex, numbers of adhesive setae increased with the body weight of the beetle, various experiments and calculations suggest that adhesion is achieved by molecular adhesion eg van der Waals forces plus possibly surface tension of a thin fluid layer, behaviour, distribution, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2777
Author: Stork, N. E.
Year: 1980
Title: The role of waxblooms in preventing attachment to brassicas by the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 28
Pages: 100-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., beetle adhered well to hairy leaves and glossy leaves but less well on glaucous (waxy) leaves, hairy wheats semi resistant to Lema melanopa may work by preventing the beetles adhesive setae making contact with the leaf surface, wax bloom on Brussels sprouts, scanning electron microscope pictures show poor contact of adhesive setae on glaucous surface, this thought to apply to flea beetles, Erioischia brassicae, Delia radicum, Myzus persicae, Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, but not Brevicoryne brassicae and Aleyrodes brassicae which prefer the glaucous varieties and grip with fleshy pads rather than adhesive setae, plant structure, plant resistance, climbing, behaviour, Gramineae, cereals, plant breeding, integrated pest control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, pests, Diptera, aphids, Hemiptera, whitefly, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2285
Author: Stork, N. E.
Year: 1990
Title: Ground beetles: their role in ecological and environmental studies
Journal: Intercept, Andover ISBN 0 946707
Pages: 250 pp
Keywords: Carabidae, predators, Proceedings of European Carabidology Meeting, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4637
Author: Stork, N.E.; Hammond, P.M.
Year: 1997
Title: Sampling arthropods from tree-crowns by fogging with knockdown insecticides: lessons from oak tree beetle assemblages in Richmond Park (UK)
Journal: In "Canopy Arthropods" ed by N.E. Stork, J. Adis and R.K. Didham, Chapman & Hall, London
Pages: 3-26
Alternate Journal: In "Canopy Arthropods" ed by N.E. Stork, J. Adis and R.K. Didham, Chapman & Hall, London
Keywords: Rep., review, fogging equipment, sample collection, time of fogging, morning fogging catches fewer tourist species than evening  fogging, stronger concentrations of insecticide do not necessarily increase the catch, 80% of the total catch from birch trees was obtained in 75-85 mins, recovery time of a sampled tree, list of advantages and disadvantages of fogging, fogging catches more beetles than Malaise trapping, methods, Coleoptera, trees, woodland,  forest, chemical knockdown, pesticides, Quercus robur
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2375
Author: Story, R. N.; Keaster, A. J.
Year: 1982
Title: Development and evaluation of a larval sampling technique for the black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 75
Pages: 604-610
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, modified baited pitfalls placed in circular barriers to estimate larval cutworm density, moths, pest, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 796
Author: Stovall, M. E.; Clay, K.
Year: 1991
Title: Adverse effects on fall armyworm feeding on fungus-free leaves of fungus-infested plants
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 519-523
Keywords: En.
Rep., epiphytic fungus Balansia cyperi infects sedge Cyperus rotundus in USA, behaviour and development of Spodoptera frugiperda on this, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, moth, larvae smaller on infected plants, probably due to reluctance to feed, probably not due to toxins in leaves but maybe phytoalexins, invertebrates, fungal interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1788
Author: Straalen, N. M. van
Year: 1985
Title: Size-specific mortality patterns in two species of forest floor Collembola
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 67
Pages: 220-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, population dynamics, survivorship, Orchesella cincta, Tomocerus minor, high juvenile mortality, pine forest, conifers, Netherlands, Holland, thought to be caused by size-specific predation by Notiophilus biguttatus, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Arthropleona, behaviour, food preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4478
Author: Strand, M. R.; Roitberg, B. D.; Papaj, D. R.
Year: 1990
Title: Acridine orange: a potentially useful internal marker of Hymenoptera and Diptera
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 63
Pages: 634-637
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, vital dye, use of radiotracers is limited by government regulation and the short half-life of some isotopes, some species of Encyrtidae, Braconidae and Tephritidae were used, parasitoids, natural enemies, AO solutions in honey were fed to adults, labelled tissues or eggs could be seen fluorescing under an epifluorescent microscope, adults only had to feed once to become labelled and the labelling was permanent, gut and eggs were labelled within 24h, tissues continued to fluoresce 6 weeks after death, longevity was unaffected and no behavioural effects were observed, oviposited eggs of some species were labelled but others were not, the label in oviposited eggs persisted for about 2 days, stained eggs hatched and eventually produced adult offspring, labels, markers, for dispersal and other studies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4940
Author: Strasser, H.; Vey, A.; Butt, T.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Are there any risks in using entomopathogenic fungi for pest control, with particular reference to the bioactive metabolites of Metarhizium, Tolypocladium and Beauveria species ?
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 10
Pages: 717-735
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., registration, destruxins, efrapeptins, oosporein, beauvericin, beauveriolides, review, table of fungal microbial insecticides available or under development, list of metabolites, hazards compared with insecticides, existing fungal biocontrol agents do not pose a health risk because they are host-specific and they do not contaminate the environment, but good methods are needed to monitor these problems efficiently for new fungal biocontrol agents, pathogens, diseases, pests, natural enemies, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3939
Author: Stratton, G. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Behavioral studies of wolf spiders: a review of recent research
Journal: Revue Arachnologique
Volume: 6
Issue: 2)
Pages: 57-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, vagrant hunters using vision in prey capture, trophic behaviour, sit-and-wait predators eating spiders and insects, food, diet, chemical, visual and acoustic signals used in courtship, genetic control of courtship behaviour, reproduction, agonistic behaviour, aggressive behaviour, spiderlings cling to special hairs on mothers abdomen, structure, quotes Ford 1978 that Pardosa amentata is active for only 0.0032% of the day, Edgar 1969 suggests that lycosids remain motionless until a prey is seen or vibrations felt, prey capture uses powerful chelicerae, erectile hairs, leg scopulae and venom


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4160
Author: Strauss, S. Y.
Year: 1991
Title: Indirect effects in community ecology: their definition, study and importance
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 6
Pages: 206-210
Keywords: En.
Rep., apparent competition, definitions of indirect effects are "one species alters the effect that another species has on a third", and "how and to what degree pairwise species interactions are influenced by the presence and density of other species in the community", competition through resource exploitation is indirect, one predator species can change the mean body size of a prey species which may affect the species composition of other predators in the community because of prey size specificity, some authors consider indirect effects to be very important processes in community evolution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5460
Author: Streett, D.A.; Bell, M.R.; Hardee, D.D.
Year: 1997
Title: Update on the area-wide budworm/bollworm management program with virus: is it a cost effective insurance program.
Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, USA January 1997, National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA
Volume: 2
Pages: 1148-1150
Alternate Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, USA January 1997, National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA
Keywords: Rep., Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, cotton, USA, viral biopesticide used for preventative control of first generation, H. zea baculovirus, HzNPV, nucleopolyhedtrosis virus, applied to circular study area of 9972 ha, pheromone trap data suggested that moth emergence was reduced 40%, scale-up envisaged but costs of production and application need to be reduced
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1512
Author: Stringer, A. S.; Wright, M. A.
Year: 1973
Title: The effect of systemic fungicides on the aphid pathogen, Cephalosporium aphidicola
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 21
Pages: 137-139
Keywords: En.
pesticides, pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2559
Author: Stuart, M. K.; Greenstone, M. H.
Year: 1990
Title: Beyond ELISA: a rapid, sensitive, specific immunodot assay for identification of predator stomach contents
Journal: Ann Ent Soc Amer
Volume: 83
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1101-1107
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1876
Author: Subinprasert, S.; Svensson, B. W.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of predation on clutch size and egg dispersion in the codling moth Laspeyresia pomonella
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 13
Pages: 87-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., Cydia pomonella, pests, top fruit, apple, trees, orchards, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, distribution, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, egg predation by Coccinellidae, Dermaptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Forficula auricularia, earwigs, Anthocoris nemorum, Blepharidopterus angulatus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1835
Author: Sudd, J. H.
Year: 1967
Title: An Introduction to the Behaviour of Ants
Journal: Edward Arnold, London
Keywords: En.
Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, senses, navigation, nests, food, diet, foraging, reproduction, evolution, book


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 666
Author: Sudd, J. H.
Year: 1972
Title: The distribution of spiders at Spurn Head in relation to flooding
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 41
Pages: 63-70
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, grassland, coastal, marsh, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4807
Author: Suenaga, H.; Hamamura, T.
Year: 1998
Title: Laboratory evaluation of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(3)
Pages: 767-772
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, caterpillars, pests, biological control, laboratory trials, Japan, Plutella xylostella, simple arenas with live 4th instar pest larvae feeding on detached cabbage leaves, but also larger cages containing 8 cabbage plants, brassicas. 24 species killed and ate caterpillars in small containers and one did not. Larvae of Chlaenius micans and Chlaenius posticalis killed and ate caterpillars. During 4 day trials various carabid species caused <20% to >95% caterpillar mortality in the large arenas. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, carabid larvae seen on cabbage plants
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5612
Author: Sugihara, G.; Bersier, L.F.; Schoenly, K.
Year: 1997
Title: Effects of taxonomic and trophic aggregation on food web properties
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 112
Pages: 272-284
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., review, 38 published food webs, trophic webs, community, pitchers, tree holes, tree canopies, galls, logs, carrion, dung, springs, creeks, streams, rivers, terrestrial and aquatic, when species were aggregated taxonomically (lumping together species and analysing with genera as units, etc) or trophically (lumping together trophically similar species that share many predators and prey) only two web properties were significantly altered, these were fraction of basal species and link density (number of links divided by number of species), linkage density, connectance, more stable properties were minimum, maximum and mean food chain length, fraction of intermediate and top species, taxa do not split neatly along trophic lines but closely related taxa often have different trophic roles in the community, many food webs have a high proportion of trophically equivalent taxa (i.e. taxa that have the same set of predators and prey), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2667
Author: Sugihara, G.; Grenfell, B.; May, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Distinguishing error from chaos in ecological time series
Journal: Phil Trans R Soc Lond
Volume: 330
Pages: 235-251
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1493
Author: Sukhoruchenko, G. I.; Smirnova, A. A.; Vikar, Y. V.; Kapitan, A. I.
Year: 1981
Title: The effect of pyrethroids on the arthropods of a cotton agrobiocenosis
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 60
Issue: 1)
Pages: 1-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, arable, USSR, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Heteroptera, Aphidoletes were very sensitive to 7 pyrethroids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, insecticides can cause increase in pests such as spider mites because beneficials are reduced, Tetranychidae, Acari, indirect evidence for Geocoris as important thrip predators, Thysanoptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 976
Author: Sullivan, D. L.; van den Bosch, R.
Year: 1971
Title: Field ecology of the primary parasites and hyperparasites of the Potato Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae in the East San Francisco area
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 64
Pages: 389-394
Keywords: En.
USA, pests, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3052
Author: Summers, C. G.; Garrett, R. E.; Zalom, F. G.
Year: 1984
Title: New suction device for sampling arthropod populations
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 77
Pages: 817- 823
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis Boheman on alfalfa, Echo PB-400 Power Blower with venturi attachment, compared new machine with Dvac, sampling from within 0.092 m2 60 cm tall cylinders to prevent suctioning from the surrounding area to prevent overestimation of density, a suction adapter a narrow hose was used on both machines to increase efficiency, arthropods in the collecting bag were extracted in a Berlese funnel, weight of Dvac was 19.5 kg, echo 15.0 kg, Dvac is noisier and makes more vibration than Echo, sampling efficiency of the 2 machines was similar except that the Echo captured more Lygus, spiders and aphids, Echo machine is also called UC- Vac, methods, Leguminosae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, weevils, Coleoptera, Curculionidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2739
Author: Summers, C. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Population fluctuations of selected arthropods in alfalfa: influence of two farming practices
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 5
Pages: 103-110
Keywords: En.
Leguminosae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, strip mowing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1497
Author: Sundaramurthy, V. T.; Basu, A. K.
Year: 1985
Title: Management of cotton insect pests in polycrop systems in India
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 14
Issue: 2)
Pages: 79-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, farming practices, statistics on polyphagy, thresholds and insecticide use, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, Amarasca biguttula, Heliothis armigera, Earias vitella, Pectinophora gossypiella, Spodoptera litura, these pests cause 50% annual yield loss of seed cotton, damage, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, labour intensive crushing larvae and egg masses is effective and practised in some places, mechanical pest control, reducing insecticide applications allowed increase of Menochilus predators and collapse of A.gossypii, plant resistance, reduced insecticides gave large increase in ground and web spiders, their role not assessed, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 986
Author: Sundby, R. A.
Year: 1966
Title: A comparative study of the efficiency of three predatory insects, Coccinella septempunctata L., Chrysopa carnea St. and Syrphus ribesii L. at two different temperatures
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 11
Pages: 395-404
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, feeding rate, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3571
Author: Sundby, R. A.
Year: 1967
Title: Influence of food on the fecundity of Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 12
Pages: 475-479
Keywords: En.
Rep., Chrysoperla carnea, lacewings, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, lab, Norway, artificial diet, weeds, Matricaria indora, references to mass-rearing, methods, culturing, fecundity 477 on flowers and honeydew for adults, 45 on timothy pollen, 475 on artificial diet and flowers, 135 on artificial diet alone, reproduction, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, food, grasses, Gramineae, artificial diet contained liver, yeast, milk and honey, females from the field had higher fecundity than first generation reared in the lab, maximum fecundity on artificial diet and flowers was 1268, oviposition period can vary from 20 to 80 days, % hatching variable and lowest at less than 84% on artificial diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1003
Author: Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1975
Title: The diet of some predatory arthropods in cereal crops
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 12
Pages: 507-515
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, gut dissection, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, earwigs, UK, pitfalls, 1973, 1206 individuals of 26 species dissected, 14 staphylinids, 2 Cantharidae and Ptomaphagus had no solid remains, fluid feeders, soldier beetles, Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, and Lamycetes fulvicornis ate mainly Collembola, Tachyporus spp. fungi, Agonum dorsale aphids, Forficula auricularia plant material, Bembidion lampros Diptera and Collembola, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes and Nebria brevicollis Coleoptera adults and larvae but very polyphagous, Chilopoda, centipedes, Dermaptera, 1051 individuals of 12 species collected by ground search of spring barley, UK, Demetrias atricapillus Calathus fuscipes, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Amara familiaris and Nebria brevicollis ate aphids, for Bembidion lampros and Tachyporus spp % containing food was greater for non-gravid females than for males or gravid females, but for P. melanarius and A.dorsale all females greater than males, sex related feeding, behaviour, Sminthurus spp. eaten by L. pilicornis and N. brevicollis, Erigone atra male eaten by Pterostichus melanarius, Enicmus sp. eaten by H. rufipes and N. brevicollis, Philonthus spp. eaten by P. melanarius, Scathophadidae and Dolichopodidae eaten by P. melanarius and H. rufipes, Oscinella eaten by F. auricularia, earthworms eaten by P. melanarius and N. brevicollis, spiders, Araneae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Diptera, Chloropidae, pests, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5845
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1987
Title: A review of methods of quantifying invertebrate predation occurring in the field
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 22
Pages: 13-34
Alternate Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Keywords: Rep., review, direct in situ visual observation and video recording (not always possible for cryptic predators in complex habitats), confining predator and prey under semi-field conditions (e.g. in cages) but this measures predation in a disturbed and not fully natural system, descriptions of (plus comments on advantages and dusadvantages) are given for the following methods; recovering remains of labelled prey in predators, predator faecal analysis, gut dissection, chromatography, electrophoresis, serological methods (tube preciptin test, ring test, latex agglutination test, Oakley-Fulthorpe test, single radial immunodiffusion, double diffusion, immunofixation,  rocket immunoelectrophoresis, crossover immunoelectrophoresis, passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, complement fixation, fluorescence immunoassays, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA techniques), estimating predation rates using post-mortem methods, limitations include errors due to scavenging and secondary consumption (important to differentiate between consumption and predation), carrion feeding, food chain errors, hyperpredation, intraguild predation, IGP, post-mortem techniques with potential to determine size of meal and when it was consumed, relevant to studies of biological control by polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 993
Author: Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Carabidae and other invertebrates
Journal: Section 9.2.6 of Aphids, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Ed. by P.Harrewijn and A.K. Minks, Elsevier Science Publishers bv, Amsterdam
Volume: B
Pages: 293-310
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, Diptera, Hemiptera, Chamaemyiidae, Chilopoda, centipedes Cicindelidae, tiger beetles, Formicidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, wasps, Lepidoptera, Mollusca, slugs, thrips, Thysanoptera, gryllids, Orthoptera, snakeflies, Raphidiidae, damselflies, Ephemeroptera, pest aphids predated outside crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5844
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1988
Title: Quantitative methods for detecting invertebrate predation occurring in the field
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 112
Pages: 201-224
Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., review, direct in situ visual observation and video recording (not always possible for cryptic predators in complex habitats), confining predator and prey under semi-field conditions (e.g. in cages) but this measures predation in a disturbed and not fully natural system, descriptions of (plus comments on advantages and dusadvantages) are given for the following methods; recovering remains of labelled prey in predators, predator faecal analysis, gut dissection, chromatography, electrophoresis, serological methods (tube preciptin test, ring test, latex agglutination test, Oakley-Fulthorpe test, single radial immunodiffusion, double diffusion, immunofixation,  rocket immunoelectrophoresis, crossover immunoelectrophoresis, passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, complement fixation, fluorescence immunoassays, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA techniques), estimating predation rates using post-mortem methods, limitations include errors due to scavenging and secondary consumption (important to differentiate between consumption and predation), carrion feeding, food chain errors, hyperpredation, intraguild predation, IGP, post-mortem techniques with potential to determine size of meal and when it was consumed, relevant to studies of biological control by polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5848
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1991
Title: The ecology of spiders in cereals
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Pests and Diseases of Small Grain Cereals and Maize, Halle, Saale, Germany
Volume: 1
Pages: 269-280
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Pests and Diseases of Small Grain Cereals and Maize, Halle, Saale, Germany
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Gramineae, UK, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, density, abundance, species composition, dominants were Linyphiidae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, Tenuiphantes tenuis (=Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Meioneta rurestris, Milleriana inerrans, Savignya frontata, Diplostyla concolor, Tetragnathidae, Tetragnatha extensa, Pachygnatha degeeri, Lycosidae, Pardosa pullata, Pardosa prativaga, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa amentata, Alopecosa pulverulenta, Thomisidae, Xysticus cristatus, Theridiidae, Theridion bimaculatum, table of mean monthly densities, quadrat searching, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, food, diet trophic behaviour, prey spectrum, feeding rates, biological control, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, ELISA, population dynamics, natality, survival, reproduction, mortality, eggsac production, eggsac development rate, mean number of spiderlings per eggsac, survival of non-breeding adult females, relationship between eggsac development rate and temperature and survival and temperature, number of spiders of about 20 species caught per month over 12 months in a 12.2 m high suction trap, aerial migration, ballooning, aeronauts, Ostearius melanopygius, Silometopus reussi, Micrargus herbigradus, Theridion pallens, also species composition of spiders in two 12.2 m and a 1.5 m and 1.8 m suction trap, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3166
Author: Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of pesticides on the population ecology of polyphagous predators
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Pages: 19-28
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, population dynamics in natural habitats, competition for food, density dependent cannibalism by carabid larvae, spiderling mortality, population dynamics in agricultural habitats, parasitism, parasitoids, direct, sub-lethal, indirect effects, activity, behaviour, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, feeding habits, vertical stratification, distribution, exposure, phenology, effect of pyrethroids in winter wheat, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion obtusum, Nebria brevicollis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Tachyporus, Oedothorax apicatus, long-term large-scale effects, metapopulations, barriers, dispersal capacity, capacity for increase, metapopulation models, overwintering refuges, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara plebeja, Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttaus, Amara familiaris, walking, weather and flight, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, Calathus fuscipes, Bembidion properans, suction trap catches of carabids and staphylinids, increase in T.quadristriatus in insecticide treated plots, declines in B. obtusum, Game Conservancy monitoring and decline of Tachyporus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5851
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1993
Title: Invertebrate polyphagous predators in cereals and the quantification of predation
Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Volume: 100(4)
Pages: 785-788
Alternate Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Keywords: Rep., this is summary of about two decades research into polyphagous predators in UK winter wheat, Gramineae, natural enemies, pests, 350 species of predators in UK cereals, biodiversity, community, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, Opiliones, harvestmen, Chilopoda, centipedes, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Diptera, predatory flies, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Neuroptera, lacewings, Demaptera, earwigs, Formicidae, ants, Myriapoda, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Linyphiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, gut dissection, serological methods, ELISA, consumption of cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae, biological control, predation rates, density, natality, abundance, reproduction, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, distribution, migration, movement, methods, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4184
Author: Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1996
Title: Studies on the population ecology of the spider Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in cereals
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS
Volume: 19
Issue: 3)
Pages: 53-69
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, mini-review, geographical distribution, habitats, abundance, contribution to the arachnofauna, density, web characteristics, web-site tenacity, predation, food, consumption rates, development, reproduction, mortality affected by abiotic factors, nutrition, parasitoids, predation and cannibalism, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, pesticides, overall mortality, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vertical stratification, ballooning, spatial dynamics model, attributes suiting L. tenuis for biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5857
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1996
Title: Progress in quantifying predation using antibody techniques
Journal: In "The Ecology of Agricultural Pests: Biochemical Approaches" Eds W.O.C. Symondson & J.E. Liddell, The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, Chapman & Hall, London
Volume: 53
Pages: 419-455
Alternate Journal: In "The Ecology of Agricultural Pests: Biochemical Approaches" Eds W.O.C. Symondson & J.E. Liddell, The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, Chapman & Hall, London
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, preciptin test, ELISA, review, monoclonal antibodies, MAbs, quantification of consumption, percentage positive, size of meal and time since feeding, scavenging, carrion feeding, predators as facultative scavengers, non-predators feeding on dead prey, availability of prey corpses, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, feeding on moribund prey, vertical distribution, size, development rate, phenology, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, pathogens, diseases, interactions between natural enemies, activity, defences, palatibility, host-feeding by parasitoids, secondary predation, secondary consumption, food chain errors, hyperpredation, intraguild predation, IGP, pre-oral digestion, extra-oral digestion, extra-intestinal digestion, wounding, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, partial consumption, assessing hunger level, prey size preference, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, encounter rates, detection periods, temperature-dependent digestion rates, in 72 papers (1956-1994) using antibody techniques to assess predation the majority did not show awareness that consumption is measured rather than predation, prey that have not been killed by the predator can be consumed by it and conversely predator may kill prey but ingest little or no detectable prey antigen, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5866
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Mechanisms underlying the effects of spiders on pest populations
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 308-316
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, review, direct predation, spider assemblages, community, significant reduction in crop damage, complementary niches, reduced enemy-free space, oophagy, spiders contribute to larger natural enemy complexes that impact on pest populations, pest dislodgement, vertical dispersal, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, aphids, Hemiptera, mortality of pests in webs without spider predation, maize, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, 10-20% Sitobion avenae falling into webs are first instar which cannot escape even if the spider is absent, Linyphiidae build new webs frequently so more webs than spiders, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, partial consumption, more pests killed per unit of spider food demand, pest wounding, some pests are non-preferred prey, limitations of post-mortem predator dietary analyses in predicting kill rates of pests, direct in situ visual observation could also underestimate predator-induced pest mortality because kill and rejection could be very rapid (compared with kill and consume), predation of moribund pests and implications for biocontrol, dissemination of baculoviruses, interactions between spiders and specialist predators in relation to pest density and spatial distribution, specialists are less species-rich than generalists, overall generalist abundance in the crop likely to be buffered (absence of one species in a given year likely to be counterbalanced by higher density of other species), Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, cannibalism, intraguild predation, IGP, interference competition, exploiter-mediated coexistence, hyperpredation, need to develop a community approach to biological pest control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5495
Author: Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2002
Title: Invertebrate pest control by carabids
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 165-214
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. carabid names checked and updated by R.L. Davidson Carnegie Museum, nomenclature, classification, taxonomy, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, table of records of pest consumption based on gut dissection, labelling, electrophoresis, serology and molecular methods, carabids ate slugs, snails, Chrysomelidae beetles, wireworms, weevils, root flies, apple maggots, blossom midges, leatherjackets, wheat bugs, aphids, sawflies, caterpillars, cutworms and termites, Mollusca, Gastropoda, Limacidae, Elateridae, Curculionidae, Diptera, Delia radicum, Rhagoletis pomonella, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Tipulidae, Eurygaster integriceps, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Isoptera, cereals, Gramineae, trees, orchards, top fruit, forests, woodlands, 30% of 182 carabid species had consumed Coleoptera, 28% Lepidoptera, 16% Homoptera and 13% Diptera, 20 species consumed pests from 3 or more orders, Pterostichus were very polyphagous and Pterostichus melanarius consumed 14 pest species in 5 orders, larvae consumed slugs, aphids, wireworms, blossom midges, scavenging, carrion feeding, secondary predation, extra-oral digestion, wasteful killing, fatal wounding, evidence that carabids can kill pests, observations of predation in lab and field, direct in situ visual observation, video recording, table of records of predation by 214 species of adult carabids from 110 studies, Lepidoptera were killed by 43% of carabid species, Diptera 20%, Coleoptera 12%, Homoptera 12%, P. melanarius killed 16 pests in 5 orders, observations of predation by 36 species of larvae, they killed snails, beetle eggs, rootworms, caterpillars, stem borers, moth pupae, rice gall midge pupae and termites, Poecilus cupreus climbed plants if it discovered aphids on the ground, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, distribution, Pterostichus cupreus, kairomones, infochemicals, semiochemicals, predation above and below ground, predation rate related to beetle size, tethered pests in field, contribution of carabids to pest control, trophic specialists on Mollusca, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Cychrus, Scaphinotus, Procerus, Omphra pilosa, Calosoma sycophanta, Lymantria dispar, Megacephala fulgida attacted to song of Scapteriscus mole crickets, tiger beetles, Cicindelidae, trophic generalists, early-season predation important for pest control, aggregative numerical response, attraction to aphid honeydew or Diptera feeding on the honeydew, sealed field cages, barriered plots, methods, correlations between pest and carabid abundance, predator exclusion studies, placed-out prey, predator density manipulation, spatial dynamics, P. melanarius and Deroceras reticulatum in wheat, SADIE, response to Metopolophium dirhodum density and distribution, patches, Sitobion avenae, foraging behaviour, radiotracers, simulation models suggest that carabids do not control aphids in wheat except when few other foods are available, alternative foods, prey prefeence, slug control by Abax parallelepipedus in protected lettuce, carabids acting with other natural enemies, community, natural enemy assemblages, positive and negative interactions between natural enemies, aphid dislodgement, vertical stratification, synergism, pathogens, accelerated dissemination of baculovirus and Bacillus thuringiensis, intraguild predation, IGP, predation of parasitoids, insecticidal check method, hormoligosis, trophobiosis, aphid fall-off and climb-back traps, table summarising results of 39 studies of impact of natural enemy assemblages on pests, significant reductions of molluscs, beetles, aphids, bugs, caterpillars, thrips and to a lesser extent dipterous pests, some reductions of crop damage and increases in yield, few data that carabids depress pests to an economically significant degree, but carabids as part of a natural enemy assemblage may reduce pests more frequently     
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5863
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Axelsen, J.A.; Dromph, K.; Freier, B.; Hemptinne, J.L.; Holst, N.H.; Mols, P.J.M.; Petersen, M.K.; Powell, W.; Ruggle, P.; Triltsch, H.; Winder, L.
Year: 1997
Title: Pest control by a community of natural enemies
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 72(2)
Pages: 271-326
Alternate Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: Rep., review, pests, biological control, definition of community, size of natural enemy communities, biodiversity, species richness, 600 - 1000 species of predator in USA cotton and soybean, Leguminosae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, 63 species of parasitoids in alfalfa, spiders, Araneae, pathogens, diseases, 700 species of entomopathogenic fungi, Entomophthorales, epizootics, factors affecting parasitoid species richness, intensity of agroecosystem management, farming practices, host feeding site, leafminers most attacked, Lepidoptera, pest control in relation to biodiversity, habitat diversification, intercropping, cover crops, mulches, crop mosaics, landscape, structure of natural enemy communities, trophic structure, tropic levels, trophic webs, food webs, competition for enemy-free space, recovery from perturbations, trophic loops, intraguild predation, IGP, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, compartmentalisation, complementary action of  trophic generalists and specialists, colonisers, plant succession, guild structure, functional groups, guild definition, guild analysis, segregation of species, niche differentiation, idiobiont, koinobiont, interactions between natural enemies, life tables modelling and irreplaceable mortality, dislodgement of pests by natural enemies, vertical dispersal, aphids, Hemiptera, alarm pheromone, semiochemicals, infochemicals, transmission of plant pathogens, BYDV, ground-based predators consuming fallen aphids, 60% of 279 species of predator in UK cereals are confined to the ground zone, vertical stratification, Gramineae, aphid falling and re-climb rates, predator-predator interactions, interference with foraging, interspecific agonistic behaviour, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Linyphiidae, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, hyperpredation, oophagy, araneophagy, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Sphecidae, solitary wasps, Hymenoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, IGP destabilising biocontrol, competition, parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, mutual interference with foraging, population dynamics, parasitoid fights, facultative cleptoparasitoids, patch defense, territoriality, conspecific congeneric and intergeneric recognition of odour trails in Ichneumonidae, foraging behaviour, pseudo-interference, hyperparasitism, facultative hyperparasitoids, hyperparasitoids can both stabilise and de-stabilise biocontrol depending on details of the system, multiple parasitism, multiparasitism, heterospecific superparasitism, competitive displacement of species, cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, counterbalanced competition, arrowhead scale, heterospecific discrimination by Aphidius smithi, Braconidae, Tachinidae, mechanisms of interference competition within the body of the host including secretion of toxins, classical biological control, priority effects and community assembly rules, endemic parasitoid host-switching to new exotic hosts, Eretmocerus tabaci, predator-parasitoid interactions, eggsac guarding by spiders against parasitoid attack, defensive behaviour, predation of moribund parasitised pests, mechanisms whereby parasitism alters vulnerability of host to predation including changes in spatial distribution activity and anti-predator behaviour, caterpillars, predation by Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, birds, ants selectively removing parasitised aphids and implications for biocontrol, Formicidae, predation of aphid mummies, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Anthocoridae, predator-pathogen interactions, predation of moribund diseased pests, shrews and mice, dissemination of pathogens by predators, baculoviruses, NPV, microsporidia, Nosema pyrausta, pathogens of predators, entomopathogenic Nematoda, Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis heliothidis, parasitoid-pathogen interactions, parasitism can predispose the host to attack by pathogens or render them more resistant, some parasitoids avoid ovipositing in infected hosts, inter-kingdom competition (e.g. parasitoid-fungi) likely to be one of the commonest interactions in nature yet is little studied,  assymetric competition, amensalism, protozoa, bacteria, sub-lethal effects on competitors, dissemination of pathogens by parasitoids, parasitoids as mechanical vectors of insect viruses and Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, indirect interactions, alternative prey, host switching and prey switching, early abundance of alternative prey which collapses later in season forces generalist natural enemy populations that have built up on the alternative prey (e.g. detritivores) to attack pest populations, tropical rice, models of pest control by natural enemy communities, 2- and 3-species models, multi-species simulation models, metabolic pool approach, supply-demand ratios, suggestions for future research, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5860
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Bilde, T.; Den Nijs, L.J.M.F.; Dinter, A.; Heimbach, U.; Lys, J.A.; Powell, W.; Toft, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Reproduction of beneficial predators and parasitoids in agroecosystems in relation to habitat quality and food availability
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 117-153
Alternate Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, polyphagous predators, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, larval ecology, food quality and quantity, oviposition behaviour, egg mortality, cannibalism, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Dermaptera, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Acari, predatory mites, fecundity, food preference, polyphagy, fertility, parasitism, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, host-feeding, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, nectar and pollen, honeydew, aphids, Hemiptera, longevity, review, soil conditions, moisture, compaction, community, biodiversity, species richness, natural enemy complexes are sufficiently large that there may be replacement species within guilds that can substitute for others that are rare or absent in any particular year (due to weather, natural enemies etc) and thus buffer the biocontrol function, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2840
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Chambers, R. J.
Year: 1983
Title: Invertebrate polyphagous predators as pest control agents: some criteria and methods
Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists", Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Pages: 100-108
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, mini-review, number of species in UK cereals, Gramineae, Araneae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Diptera, Coleoptera larvae, Cantharidae, mites, Opiliones, Chilopoda, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, ants, earwigs, spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles, soldier beetles, Acari, harvestmen, centipedes, lacewings, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, advantages and disadvantages of various sampling methods, vertical distribution, species composition in European cereals, determining economic significance of predators, methods of quantifying predation on pests, extreme extra- oral digestion by Silpha atrata, effect on pest populations, predation at low aphid density, Trechus quadristriatus will feed at low temperature, aggregation and vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, concentration of predators and prey in cracks in the soil, natural enemies of predators and prey population fluctuations, species which are robust under intensive agriculture, pesticides, overwintering, dispersal capacity, survival without food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5846
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Chambers, R.J.; Carter, O.C.R.
Year: 1988
Title: Potential interactions between varietal resistance and natural enemies in the control of cereal aphids
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection in Cereals" Ed. R. Cavalloro & K.D. Sunderland, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Pages: 41-56
Alternate Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection in Cereals" Ed. R. Cavalloro & K.D. Sunderland, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., cereals, oats, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, triticale, barley, rice, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, host plant resistance, biological control, partial resistance is common and can be due to tolerance, developmental precocity, antixenosis and antibiosis, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, pathogens, natural enemies, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Schizaphis graminum, mean aphid densities on various varieties, variation in resistance ranking due to aphid clone, aphid density, crop growth stage, growth regulators, plant pathogens and fertilisers, correlations (and lack of correlations) between antixenosis and antibiosis in glasshouse trials, mechanisms of resistance, spikelet density, awns or awnless, self-cleaning ears, non-glaucous more resistant than glaucous, pubescent more resistant than glabrous, silica in epidermis and pectin in intercellular matrix, phloem sap chemistry (soluble N, amino acids, phagostimulants, repellents), electrical recording of aphid feeding, stylet microcautery to obtain phloem samples, toxins, DIMBOA, gramine, phenols, table showing vertical distribution of predators, vertical stratification, 60% of 279 predator species in UK cereals are confined to the ground zone so must encounter fallen or dispersing aphids to be effective, falling/dispersing more likely from plants expressing antixenotic resistance, resistance-breaking biotypes of greenbug, evidence for increased effectiveness of natural enemies on partially resistant varieties, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, spiders, Araneae, insecticidal check method, carbaryl-enhancement of aphid density greater on semi-resistant varieties, pesticides, insecticides, synergism between resistance and natural enemies, many other possible mechanisms of interaction between antixenosis and natural enemies, Aphidius rhopalosiphi, disadvantage of increasing virus spread, semi-dwarf varieties easier for natural enemies to search, pubescence or waxiness of leaves affects predator foraging efficiency, Propylea 14-punctata more abundant on non-glaucous wheat, Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus spp. have adhesive setae on tarsi and can climb smooth surfaces, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, humidity affected by plant growth form, Entomophthorales favour high humidity, direct attraction or repulsion of natural enemies to plant volatiles, odours, olfaction, aggregation, need to breed varieties with multiple resistance, application of silicates to increase resistance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5847
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Chambers, R.J.; Helyer, N.L.; Sopp, P.I.
Year: 1992
Title: Integrated pest management of greenhouse crops in northern Europe
Journal: Horticultural Reviews
Volume: 13
Pages: 1-66
Alternate Journal: Horticultural Reviews
Keywords: Rep., review, glasshouse, protected crops, natural enemies, pests, biology, life cycle, fecundity, reproduction, population dynamics, crop damage, transmission of plant diseases, pesticides, insecticides, resistance to insecticides, physical control methods, trapping methods, yellow sticky traps, augmentative biological control, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, pathogens, diseases, natural enemy introduction techniques, effects of physical conditions, temperature, spider mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, cucumber, tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant, aubergine, lettuce, ornamentals, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Diptera, Theriodiplosis persicae, entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Entomophthorales, Hirsutella thompsonii, Verticillium lecanii, selective use of insecticides, semi-resistant varieties, host plant resistance, partial resistance, whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci, Hymenoptera, Encarsia formosa, Encarsia lutea, Eretmocerus mundus, Aschersonia aleyrodis, Aschersonia placenta, thrips, Thysanoptera, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci, tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV, Thrips palmi, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius minutus, Entomophthora spp., Amblyseius cucumeris, Amblyseius barkeri (= Amblyseius mckenziei = Neoseiulus barkeri), alternative foods, pollen, ombivory, food, diet, trophic behaviour, broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, mass-rearing phytoseiids on bran mite Acarus farris (=Acarus siro), factitious prey, culturing, open rearing units, mite sachets suspended from leaves, Zoophthora radicans, Neozygites parvispora, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Entomophthora thripidum, insect parasitic nematodes, Nematoda, Heterorhabditidae, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis, Howardula aptini, Aphidoletes aphidomyza, Cecidomyiidae, aphids, Hemiptera, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Aphidius matricariae, Braconidae, Ephedrus cerasicola, Aphelinus flavipes, Aphelinus asychis, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Metasyrphus corollae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea (= Chrysopa carnea), Anthocoris nemorum, cannibalism, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Propylea 14-punctata, aphid alarm pheromone, E-beta-farnesene to dislodge aphids from plants, vertical dispersal, ULV electrostatic sprayer, Conidiobolus obscurus, Erynia neoaphidis, Nasonia ribis-nigri, Acyrthosiphon lactucae, Zoophthora erinacea, leafminers, Lepidoptera, Chromatomyia syngenesiae, Liriomyza trifolii, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza pictella, Diglyphus isaea, Dacnusa sibirica, Opius pallipes, Paecilomyces farinosus, Steinernema feltiae, leafhoppers, Hauptidia maroccana (= Zygaena pallidifrons), Mymaridae, Anagrus atomus, egg parasitoids, tarsonemid mites, Tarsonemidae, fungus gnats, Sciaridae, transmission of tomato stem rot, Bradysia paupera, Tripis sciarae, Mermithidae, Tetradonema plicans, Steinernema bibionis, Bradysia coprophila, vine weevil, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, parthenogenesis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, microbial insecticides, Metarhizium flavoviride, Beauveria brongniartii, Heterorhabditis heliothidis, insect-pathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus spp., Steinernema kraussei, Otiorhynchus ovatus, Otiorhynchus salicicola, caterpillars, Lacanobia oleracea, Mamestra brassicae, Autographa gamma, Trichogramma evanescens, Nomuraea rileyi, Spodoptera exigua, baculoviruses, granulosis virus, Phlogophora meticulosa, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Noctua pronuba, Noctuidae, Agrotis segetum, cutworms, NPV, GV, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Podisus spp., semiochemicals, infochemicals, pheromones, allomones, kairomones, foraging behaviour, aggregation, Tortricidae, Clepsis spectrana, Adoxophyes orana, Spodoptera littoralis, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Gelechiidae, Phthorimaea operculella, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Amblyseius potentillae, low volume controlled droplet applications, chemical fogs, rotary atomiser, electrostatic sprayers, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 995
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Chambers, R. J.; Stacey, D. L.
Year: 1984
Title: Polyphagous predators and cereal aphids
Journal: Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1982
Pages: 94-98
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, number of species in UK cereals, % containing aphid remains in ELISA, 1979 and 1981, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Silphidae, beetle larvae, Diptera, Heteroptera, Formicidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Dermaptera, earwigs, Acari, predatory mites, Opiliones, harvestmen, Chilopoda, centipedes, Myriapoda, predation at low aphid density and by Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Pardosa pullata, Oedothorax spp. females, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus cognatus, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 991
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Chambers, R. J.; Stacey, D. L.; Crook, N. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Invertebrate polyphagous predators and cereal aphids
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: III
Issue: 3
Pages: 105-114
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, UK, 390 species of polyphagous predators in UK cereals, c. 100 can be numerous, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Cantharidae, Silphidae, Coleoptera larvae, predatory Diptera, soldier beetles, Hemiptera, Formicidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Dermaptera, earwigs, Araneae, spiders, Acari, predatory mites, Opiliones, harvestmen, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, centipedes, community, % positives in ELISA including at low aphid density, diet, food, comparison of Ekbom & Wiktelius Sweden relationship between aphid abundance and polyphagous predator catch in pitfalls, cf no relationship in Sussex


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 792
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Crook, N. E.; Stacey, D. L.; Fuller, B. J.
Year: 1987
Title: A study of feeding by polyphagous predators on cereal aphids using ELISA and gut dissection
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 24
Pages: 907-933
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, winter wheat, Gramineae, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, centipedes, Chilopoda, high proportion positive early in season, relative efficiency of ELISA and gut dissection varied with predator species, methods, detection periods, digestion rates, aphid control by polyphagous predators widely based, predation, foraging, diet, natural enemies, UK, 3 fields, 7781 predators of 105 species tested, 81 species positive, staphylinids and beetle larvae digest meal faster than carabids and spiders, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2979
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; De Snoo, G. R.; Dinter, A.; Hance, T.; Helenius, J. Jepson P. Kromp B. Lys J. A. Samu F. Sotherton N. W. Toft S.; Ulber, B.
Year: 1995
Title: Density estimation for invertebrate predators in agroecosystems
Journal: Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel, Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 133-162
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, beetle larvae, parasitoids, aphid-specific predators, mini-review, density or reliable estimates of abundance, need knowledge of causes and quantification of variation in efficiency, suction apparatus, Dvac, quick trap, drop trap, habitat search, plant search, ground search, absolute density methods, unfenced pitfalls, mark- release-recapture, fenced pitfalls, photoeclectors, soil flooding, habitat removal, catch per unit effort, catch- effort, distance method, trap stones, appropriate methodologies for specific requirements, intensive and extensive studies, homogeneous and heterogeneous crops, cereals and grasses, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5855
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Ellis, S.J.; Weiss, A.; Topping, C.J.; Long, S.J.
Year: 1994
Title: The effects of polyphagous predators on spiders and mites in cereal fields
Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Pages: 1151-1156
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., laboratory and field, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, natural enemies, Araneae, Acari, intraguild predation, IGP, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory observations of predation on spiders in petri dishes, 16 species of predator (ground beetles, rove beetles, earwigs and bugs) against 14 taxa of spiders, Pterostichus melanarius and Agonum dorsale were observed to kill and eat a wide range of spider species and also readily consumed dead predators, scavenging, carrion feeding, Coleoptera, Carabidae, other carabids (Trechus quadristriatus, Demetrias atricapillus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion spp.) killed mainly hatchling spiders, Quedius tristis killed a wide range of spiders, Staphylinidae, Forficula auricularia killed adult Linyphiidae and was also a scavenger, Dermaptera, Nabis ferus was a voracious predator of spiders attacking all small to medium-sized species, Heteroptera, Nabidae, wolf spiders killed linyphiids, Lycosidae, araneophagy, cannibalism was observed amongst Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), other spiders used in the feeding trials included Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax fuscus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone spp., Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Pachygnatha clercki, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, three plots each of 161 m2 were established in a field of winter wheat in April, horizontal barriers were used to convert one plot into ingress-only, another into egress-only and the third was an unmanipulated field plot, pitfalls were used inside the egress-only plot to further reduce carabid populations there, density samples (Dvac followed by ground search) were taken in June and July, methods, predator exclusion, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, ingress-only plot had 10 times as many carabids as egress-only plot, by July there were 1.8 times more immature spiders, 6.4 times more predatory mites (mainly Pergamasidae) and 1.9 times more Collembola in egress only than in ingress only, carabid predation may have reduced spiders mites and Collembola or just Collembola (the changes in spiders and mites then being in response to Collembola), results are preliminary because no treatment replication, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1001
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Fraser, A. M.; Dixon, A. F. G.
Year: 1986
Title: Field and laboratory studies on money spiders (Linyphiidae) as predators of cereal aphids
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 23
Pages: 433-447
Keywords: En.
Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, web cover, aphid availability, aphid capture, winter wheat, capture efficiency in lab, webs scarce in spring but up to 50% of surface area of a field by late July, cereal aphids 12% of diet, peak mortality of Sitobion avenae due to linyphiids was 31 per sq m per day during flowering, much aphid movement early in season, aphid control more likely if web cover could be increased in spring, horizontal sticky traps, methods, feeding rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5840
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Fraser, A.M.; Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 1986
Title: Distribution of linyphiid spiders in relation to capture of prey in cereal fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 29
Pages: 367-375
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., UK, West Sussex, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species composition, web position, web density, web size, methods, quadrats, horizontal sticky traps, spiders ate mainly Collembola and aphids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Erigoninae build small webs (about 4 cm2) on ground and Linyphiinae build larger (abut 65 cm2) webs above ground, maximum of 50% of ground surface covered by webs (mainly due to Linyphiinae), Collembola (especially Arthropleona) were 99% of prey on sticky traps, daytime search of webs revealed with atomised water spray, spiders with prey in jaws removed and prey identified under microscope, dimensions of webs and height above ground measured, vertical stratification, Bathyphantes gracilis, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Milleriana inerrans, Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax spp., [NB in Table 2, upper row for each species refers to prey captures by males and lower row by females; gender labels were lost during printing], other prey included Symphypleona, small Diptera, thrips, non-aphid Hemiptera, spiders, mites, Hymenoptera and beetle larvae, Thysanoptera, Acari, Coleoptera, appendices for web-cover data and mean (SE) number of prey per ground and aerial sticky trap on 17 occasions April to August, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5865
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Greenstone, M.H.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Spiders for pest control
Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Volume: 10(2)
Pages: 82-85
Alternate Journal: Pesticide Outlook
Keywords: Rep., review, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 34,000 species described globally, evidence for some spiders controlling some pests in some crops, significant reduction of crop damage, mechanisms of spider impact on pest populations, species richness of spider communities in agroecosystems, biodiversity, complementary niches, early presence of spiders in crop feeding on alternative prey, dislodgement of pests, vertical dispersal, mortality of pests in webs, quantification of consumption rates, photos of Tetragnatha laboriosa and large rotary insect net in field of winter wheat, Tetragnathidae, cereals, Gramineae, ELISA, MAbs, DNA techniques for determining predator diet, methods for enhancing spider abundance and impact on pests, conservation tillage, mulches, within-field interspersed habitat diversification, early season build up on detritivores of generalist predators that later switch to feeding on pests is disrupted by insecticide applications, tropical rice, need to find more specific pesticides or target them better, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5835
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Hassall, M.; Sutton, S.L.
Year: 1976
Title: The population dynamics of Philoscia muscorum (Crustacea, Oniscoidea) in  a dune grassland ecosystem
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 45
Pages: 487-506
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., woodlice, Gramineae, Spurn Head, Yorkshire, UK, density, abundance, lateral migration, vertical migration in soil, movement, dispersal, distribution, cohorts split into slow and fast developing groups, cohort-splitting, growth rate affected by food quality, one breeding season per year, voltinism, population dynamics of fast and slow groups differed, brreding, reproduction, recruitment, fecundity positively related to size of female, natality, brood pouch mortality, 81% mortality in first two months of life, mechanism suggested whereby cohort-splitting may contribute to population stability, methods, stratified random sampling, turf samples removed and woodlice extracted in modified KLG heat and light extractor, width of head capsule as measure of size, aggregated distribution, size-frequency analysis, egg standing crop, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2870
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Hawkes, C.; Stevenson, J. H.; McBride, T. Smart L. E. Sopp P. I. Powell W. Chambers R. J.; Carter, O. C. R.
Year: 1987
Title: Accurate estimation of invertebrate density in cereals
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1987/X/1
Volume: 1987
Issue: X/1
Pages: 71-81
Keywords: En.
Rep., Rothamsted, Plymouth, Littlehampton, UK, fullest version at Littlehampton, methods, Gramineae, abundance, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Dvac, ground search, plant search, pitfalls in isolator, all applied to same 0.1 m2 area of winter wheat, gives densities and % of the total catch coming from each method, capture efficiency did not vary much between sites but there were large differences between taxonomic groups, Dvac very inefficient for adult beetles, very labour intensive, full programme was 9 man hours per 10 by 0.1 m2 in field, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, suction sampler


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5856
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Lovei, G.L.; Fenlon, J.
Year: 1995
Title: Diets and reproductive phenologies of the introduced ground beetles Harpalus affinis and Clivina australasiae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in New Zealand
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 43
Pages: 39-50
Alternate Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, pitfalls, gut dissection, omnivory, spermophagy, granivory, Gramineae, Leguminosae, these two species are dominant carabids in pitfall catches in North Island agricultural sites, H. affinis (= Harpalus aeneus) ate mainly weed seeds, aphids and Diptera, phenology, breeding period, reproduction, egg complement, diet and phenology similar to that recorded in Europe and North America, C. australasiae consumed 11 categories of animal food (especially Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae) and six categories of plant food, earthworms, Annelida, its diet and phenology were similar to that reported for Clivina fossor in Europe and North America, H. affinis first recorded in New Zealand in 1975, seradella, pasture, barley, kiwifruit, peas, quinoa, buckwheat, Phacelia, coriander, gut fullness index, microscopic examination of gut contents, reference collections of invertebrate and plant material also examined microscopically as an aid to identifying gut contents, figure showing characteristic remains in guts of flowers of Gramineae, pollen, stigma, Mollusca radula, worm chaetae, millipede and centipede leg, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, leg of gamasid mite, Acari, various parts of spiders, aphids, Diptera and Collembola, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, nasale of beetle larva, Aphididae, moth scales, Lepidoptera, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5885
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Powell, W.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2004
Title: Chapter 6. Populations and Communities
Journal: In "Insects as Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.A. Jervis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 
Pages: in press
Alternate Journal: In "Insects as Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.A. Jervis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 
Keywords: Rep., review of methodology options, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, pests, biological control, methods, field sampling techniques, pitfalls, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, sweep netting, malaise trapping, mechanical knock down, chemical knock down, direct in situ visual observation, visual counting, extraction from living plant tissues leaf litter and soil, emergence traps, soil flooding, sampling by attraction, visual attraction, olfactory attraction, attraction to sound, using hosts and prey as bait, attraction to refuges, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, sampling the immature stages of parasitoids, mark-release-recapture, mark-recapture, estimating population size, density, abundance, trophic relationships, food, diet, trophic behaviour, field observations on foraging, examination of prey remains, tests of prey and host acceptability, examination of hosts for parasitoid immatures, rearing parasitoids from hosts, feacal analysis, examination of faeces, gut dissection, antibody techniques, serological methods, production of antibodies, raising antibodies, precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, labelled antibody immunoassays, ELISA, preparation of natural enemies for ELISA, fluorescence immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, labelling prey and hosts, electrophoresis, DNA techniques, food web construction, food web analysis, trophic webs, community, genetic variability in field populations of natural enemies, Wolbachia bacteria and parasitoids, intracellular symbionts, detection and identification of Wolbachia, PCR, polypmerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, horizontal transmission, phylogeny construction, comparative phylogenetics, trophic levels, intraguild predation, IGP, trophic cascades, metapopulation, funnel traps, hanging desk traps, stalk traps, fenced pitfalls, activity density, trappability, sit-and-wait predators, corn KISS, Dvac nozzle diameter, drop trap methods, sampling efficiency, Vortis, clam trap, Masner-Goulet trap, flight interception traps, aquatic, drift nets, beating tray, canopy raft, beating sheet, insecticidal knock-down, pesticides, pyrethroids, fogging, pyrethrins, restricted canopy fogging, census walk method, distance methods, Winkler/Mozarski eclector, hand sorting, Tullgren funnel, soil washing, soil flotation, Berlese funnels, sieving, freeze-corer, Ekman grab, multi-core sampler, Surber sampler, emergence traps, photoeclectors, arboreal emergence traps, mite brushing machine, Acari, coloured water traps, sticky traps, light traps, blacklight traps, UV traps, infochemicals, semiochemicals, pheromone traps, food volatiles, phonotaxis, artificial crickets, Orthoptera, tethered caterpillars, Lepidoptera, sentinel egg masses, sentinel prey, sentinel hosts, video surveillance, ant baits, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, trap stones, tree banding, trunk traps, substrate-filled trays, leaf packs, multi-plate samplers, host dissection, percentage parasitism, rearing out, X-ray detection of parasitism, magnetic resonance microimaging, near infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, hydrocarbon profiles, Lincoln Index, Jolly's method, fluorescent dust, trace element markers, strontium, rubidium, radioisotopes, linear pitfall traps, window traps, nets dragged behind automobiles anf light aircraft, deposition traps, water traps, suction traps, vertical-looking-radar, VLR, rotary interception trap, rotary trap, marking systems (paint, ink, typewriter correction fluid, branding, surgical cautery needle, micro-cautery, electric soldering iron, etching, high-speed drill, cutting notches, small medical saw, engineering laser, individual marking), genetic markers, chemoprinting, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, elemental composition, stable isotopes, deuterium, isotopic ratios for C and N, stable isotope mass spectrometer, elemental marking, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, graphite furnace, external marking with rabbit immunoglobulin, internal protein markers, radio telemetry, harmonic radar, 0.4 mg tags, metal detection equipment, self-marking of parasitoids with fluoresecent powder, characteristic pollen markers in hoverfly guts, Diptera, Syrphidae, vital dyes, false positives in post-mortem dietary analyses, food chain errors, secondary predation, scavenging, carrion feeding, nocturnal feeding observations using binoculars and red flashlight, diel activity cycles, time-lapse video recording techniques under infra-red light, simultaneous use of multiple video cameras in the field, video multiplexer, characteristic feeding damage on prey remains, artificial prey, egg cards, semi-automatic sampling device to monitor ant prey from workers returning to the nest, prey remains in ant refuse piles, prey in spider webs, epitopes, monoclonal antibodies, MAbs, polyclonal antisera, digestion rates, detection periods, decay curves, recombinant phage antibodies, antibody engineering, direct ELISA, double antibody sandwich ELISA, indirect ELISA, indirect double antibody sandwich ELISA, immunodot assay, nitrocellulose membranes, detection half-life, densitometer, Chroma Meter, dot blot assay, species-specific and stage-specific MAbs, radiotracers, rare elements, live-stains, vertical electrophoresis, enzymes gels and staining, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PAGE, isoenzymes, isoelectric focusing, gradient gels, phosphoglucose isomerase, esterase staining, electromorph, allozyme, RAPD-PCR, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction, internal transcriber spacer regions (ITS1, ITS2), genomic ribosomal gene clusters (rDNA), tandemly-repeated copies, ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) within mitochondria, sequence-characterised-amplified-regions (SCAR priners), microsatellite markers, connectance web, semi-quantitative web, quantitative web, source web, sink web, community web, topological food web, composite webs, trophic species, trophospecies, connectance, interaction strength, compartmentation, omnivory, trophic loops, keystone species, apparent competition, quantitative parasitoid-overlap diagram, interval graphs, population diversity centres, population structure, gene flow, biotype, mycetocyte symbionts, vertical transmission, VT, parthenogenesis induction (PI), cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), male-killing and feminisation, parasitoid sex determination systems, cytoplasmic sweeps, Denaturing Gradient gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP), TGGE, CDGE, AFLP markers, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5870
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Samu, F.
Year: 2000
Title: Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders: a review
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 95(1)
Pages: 1-13
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., review, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, conservation biological control, habitat manipulation, within-crop habitat diversification, community, Hemiptera, aphids, diversification significantly increased spider abundance in 63% of studies, spider abundance more frequently increased by interspersed diversification (undersowing, mulches, weediness, reduced tillage), than by aggregated diversification (intercropping, non-crop strips), magnitude of increase (e.g. 10 fold) also greater for interspersed, soil surface heterogeneity, Bathyphantes gracilis, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthtphantes tenuis), Linyphiidae, mechanisms of effects on spiders, microhabitat selection affected by microclimate, food availability, habitat complexity (including vegetation structure), attraction to silk, avoidance of predation, proliferation of detritivores and fungivores as alternative foods, mycetophages, Acari, Colembola, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, structural support for webs, prey switching from detritivore food chain to grazing food chain, herbivores, food webs, trophic webs, manipulative experiments to determine whether spiders impact significantly on pest populations, pests may be less-preferred prey, orchards, top fruit, mortality of pests in webs, vertical dispersal, intraguild predation, IGP, landscape diversification, refuges from farming practices, ploughing, insecticide application, pesticides, agrobiont species, field margin and hedgerow ecotones, overwintering, cursorial dispersal, aerial dispersal, risk of ballooning, aeronauts, distribution, migration, movement, landscape modelling, optimising spatial and temporal mosaic of fields, suggestions for future work, reservoir habitats, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 994
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Stacey, D. L.; Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1980
Title: The role of polyphagous predators in limiting the increase of cereal aphids in winter wheat
Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS
Volume: III
Issue: 4
Pages: 85-91
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, exclusion barriers, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, others, UK, predator density manipulation experiments, barriers, pitfalls, fonofos, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, North Farm and Rothamsted, beetle larvae, successful predator manipulation apart from earwigs, Dermaptera, negative correlations between carabid and aphid numbers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2838
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Sutton, S. L.
Year: 1980
Title: A serological study of arthropod predation on woodlice in a dune grassland ecosystem
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 49
Pages: 987-1004
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Gramineae, Spurn Yorkshire, 1971-2, precipitin test, serology, methods, antiserum against Philoscia muscorum and Armadillidium vulgare, Isopoda, % positive, density, laboratory feeding rates, detection periods, digestion rates, consumption rates, 3268 predators of 81 species tested, 45 species positive, from April to November 437 woodlice per m2 taken by predators, 85% were immature woodlice, predation on each species proportional to its abundance, at least 8.5% predators hads eaten more than 1 species of woodlouse in a meal, Lithobius forficatus accounted for 42% of woodlice eaten, Coleoptera for 30% and the rest were eaten by Araneae and Opiliones, Chilopoda, centipedes, spiders, harvestmen, most predators were facultative scavengers, 8 species were obligate scavengers, behaviour, L. forficatus preferred dead to living woodlice, feeding preferences, predation could have reduced the pre-breeding population of woodlice by a minimum of 24%, % of juvenile mortality due to predation lay between 11%-51% depending on assumed aggregation pattern of predators and prey, distribution, population dynamics, carbon tetrachloride vapour pitfall trap, absorbance, Dempster method, Rothschild method, % positive for main taxonomic groups not different in 1971 and 1972, Kempson-Lloyd-Ghelardi heat and light extractor, variation in feeding rate related to changes in physiological state of the predator, egg laying and moulting, prey size taken, Tachyporus chrysomelinus and Xantholinus linearis obligate scavengers, ant Myrmica scabrinodis rapidly removed corpses in field, Hymenoptera, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5850
Author: Sunderland, K.D.; Topping, C.J.
Year: 1993
Title: The spatial dynamics of linyphiid spiders in winter wheat
Journal: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
Volume: 33(2)
Pages: 639-644
Alternate Journal: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
Keywords: Rep., population dynamics, UK, West Sussex, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density, abundance, methods, cereals, Gramineae, natality, reproduction, Dvac within 0.5 m2 quadrats follwed immediately by ground searching within same quadrats, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, eggsac production by isolated individual females (1 per petri dish) under ambient conditions in the field, followed by within-field incubation then counts of emerging spiderlings, net migration rate using large metal spider-proof field cages moved each week (i.e. migration prevented within-cage; density change then compared within and outside cage), aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, 46 cm propeller suction trap at edge of field and large rotary net within field, large deposition traps containing water, detergent and ethylene glycol within field, data for two years, 39,000 individuals of 53 species, dominants were Meioneta rurestris, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone atra, Milleriana inerrans, Erigone promiscua, Erigone dentipalpis, Pachygnatha degeeri (Tetragnathidae), Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Panamomops sulcifrons, Oedothorax apicatus, total peak density 78 and 123 m-2 in different years, significant aggregation of spiders in weedy areas of crop, natality rates 4 m-2 day-1 in spring 10-15 late July and 8 in August, reproduction rather than immigration appeared to be dominant process driving increase in density, table comparing spider density in 11 other agricultural studies, this is first study to describe seasonal changes in natality, also first study to attempt to quantify impact of migration on population density for agrobiont spiders, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2978
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Topping, C. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Estimating population densities of spiders in cereals
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial Heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 13-22
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, methods, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, Dvac and ground search of area just Dvaced, suction sampler, absolute density, cold-storage, live-sorting, Dvac efficiency varied between year/sites, and during season, efficiency was related to vertical stratification of spider species and degree of weed cover, vertical distribution, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Linyphiidae, Linyphiinae, Erigoninae, sampling precision or SE/mean, coefficient of variation or SD/mean, comparisons with other studies, number of sample units needed for a given level of precision


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3628
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Topping, C. J.; Ellis, S.; Long, S.; Van de Laak, S.; Else, M.
Year: 1996
Title: Reproduction and survival of linyphiid spiders with special reference to Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall)
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 81-95
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphhidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, L.tenuis breeds in field until at least November, other species stop earlier, phenology, breeding periods, mean number of spiderlings per eggsac in field varied 9-27 depending on species, infertility less than 10%, population dynamics, cereals, Gramineae, winter wheat, L.tenuis in lab produced maximum of 10 eggsacs per female and had maximum fecundity of 191 at 15C, reproductive performance of wild females was greater at 15C than 21C, lab-reared females had poorer reproductive performance than wild females at 15C, rearing, culturing, reproduction was better on a mixed diet of Lepidocyrtus spp. and Isotoma spp. than on Folsomia candida, Collembola, nutrition, food quality, trophic behaviour, no hatchlings survived to adult on pollen, yeast, Acarus siro, Sitobion avenae, aphids, Hemiptera, flour mite, Acari, 50% survived to adult on F.candida at 12C but only 1% at 21C, survival, survivorship, mortality, development, 60% survived to adult on mixed Collembola at 21C, 52% of Erigone promiscua survived to adult on F.candida at 21C, L.tenuius hatchlings took 1 month to reach adult at 21C, survival rate differed between individuals and between broods within treatments, brood effect of spiderling survival also noted in second generation lab-reared spiderlings suggesting possible genetic causation, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, duration of reproductive life, longevity, % surviving successive moults, effect of reduced humidity, moisture, RH, desiccation, only 2% O.retusus spiderlings survived to adult on F.candida at 21C, for L.tenuis in the lab the mean number of eggs per eggsac did not appear to be correlated with sacnumber, eggs tended to be smaller at 15C than 21C but size was not affected by sacnumber, at nearly all temperatures mortality was greatest during first post-emergence intermoult period


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 996
Author: Sunderland, K. D.; Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1980
Title: Aphid feeding by some polyphagous predators in relation to aphid density in cereal fields
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 389-396
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, ranking predators by gut dissection, UK, 10 spring barley and winter wheat fields in 1972-77, 12000 predators dissected, 16 carabid species, on aphids, food, diets and 1 earwig fed on aphids, food, diet, proportion of a population of a given species tended to increase with increasing aphid density and the form of this relationship varied between species, Tachyporus spp had a limited response to increase in aphid density, Amara plebeja, Amara Aenea, Notiophilus biguttatus ate aphids only at higher aphid densities, Forficula auricularia, Agonum dorsale and Demetrias atricapillus were most important in terms of overall % positive and predation index, ie % positive times predator density, climbing ability important, Dvac, pitfalls, ground search,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 795
Author: Suter, R. B.
Year: 1991
Title: Ballooning in spiders: results of wind tunnel experiments
Journal: Ethology, Ecology & Evolution
Volume: 3
Issue: 1)
Pages: 13-25
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, behaviour, laboratory, USA, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, width of silk lines in EM, vertical wind tunnel, hot wire anemometer, methods, silk thickness positively related to spider mass, drag dependent on wind velocity species and family of spider, body surface area accounted for 87% of variation in spider body drag, tip-toe to get more drag lift from spider body, small spiders should get away easier and go further, could avoid obstacles by change of posture when ballooning, dispersal, distribution, aerial migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2297
Author: Suter, R. B.; Keiley, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Agonistic interactions between Frontinella pyramitela (Araneae; Linyphiid ae)
Journal: Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume: 15
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: En.
Spiders, predator, behaviour, territory, aggression, intra-specific competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4618
Author: Sutherland, J.P.; Sullivan, M.S.; Poppy, G.M.
Year: 1999
Title: The influence of floral character on the foraging behaviour of the hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93
Pages: 157-164
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, foraging behaviour, they chose yellow in lab choice experiments, preference, UK, aphidophages, generalist forager, small flowers preferred, and high nectar concentration, but not affected by pollen load, decision making during foraging, methods, reflectance spectra measures, compared with white, green and blue, model artificial painted polystyrene flowers, decreased response to yellow as flies aged 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3242
Author: Sutherland, W. J.; Moss, D.
Year: 1985
Title: The inactivity of animals: influence of stochasticity and prey size
Journal: Behaviour
Volume: 92
Issue: 1/2)
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: En.
Rep., for predators that are limited by their food supply, predators taking large prey more likely to starve than those taking small prey, animals taking small prey can live in environments that only just provide sufficient food, but they need to forage most of the time to satisfy those requirements, those taking larger prey must live in richer environments and on most days find sufficient food with ease and thus spend much of their time inactive, most examples given are for birds, predation, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5989
Author: Suttle, K.B.
Year: 2003
Title: Pollinators as mediators of top-down effects on plants
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 6 
Pages: 688-694
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., trophic cascades, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders, Araneae, predation on pollinators, little is known about the effects of predators on plant-pollinator interactions, at least 67% of flowering plants depend on insect pollinators, anti-predator defense behaviour by pollinators could also be detrimental to plants by reducing pollination rates, interaction web, USA, Thomisidae, Misumenops schlingeri dits in flowers to ambush pollinators, foraging behaviour, study on ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare, Asteraceae, methods, simulataneous direct in situ visual observation of pairs of flowers in the field (one with spider present, other without), flowers in a riparian habitat subject to flooding were observed through binoculars from at least 4 m distant, female Misumenops would remain on an individual flower for up to 2 weeks so effects of spider presence and absence on seed output could be assessed, spiders significantly reduced the frequency and duration of insect visits to flowers and seed production was thereby significantly reduced (by 2-17%), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2925
Author: Sutton, S. L.
Year: 1970
Title: Predation on woodlice: an investigation using the precipitin test
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 13
Pages: 279-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., Isopoda, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, serology, Wytham woods, UK, percentage positive, detection periods, digestion rate, spiders and centipedes positive here and carabids in gardens, problem of scavenging mentioned, Araneae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5839
Author: Sutton, S.L.; Hassall, M.; Willows, R.; Davis, R.C.; Grundy, A.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1984
Title: Life histories of terrestrial isopods: a study of intra- and interspecific variation
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 53
Pages: 269-294
Alternate Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Keywords: Rep., comparison of life histories of seven species of woodlice, Crustacea, Isopoda, intraspecific data for Armadillidium vulgare, modelling to obtain an index of how rapidly populations can respond to a period of favourable conditions, methods, surface-active species respond rapidly to such opportunities (eurydynamism) but soil-active species do not (stenodynamism), r- and K- selection and bet-hedging, indeterminate growth after maturity, positive size - fecundity relationship, reproduction, recruitment, population dynamics, variable growth rates, facultative iteroparity, Ligia oceanica, Triconiscus pusillus, Trichoniscus pygmaeus, Philoscia muscorum, Platyarthrus hoffmannseggi, Porcellio scaber, A. vulgare from 3 sites in UK and one in USA, phenology, breeding pattern, maximum lifespan, longevity, minimum time to breed, length of breeding season, number of waves of breeding per season, number of broods per individual, mean number of young per brood, mean weights, biomass, reproductive allocation, comparison of morphology and behaviour, predicted features of stenodynamic and eurydynamic species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 540
Author: Suzuki, Y.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1974
Title: Reproduction of Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) (Araneae ; Lycosidae) under different feeding conditions
Journal: Jap. J. Appl. Ent. Zool.
Volume: 18
Pages: 166-170
Keywords: Rep, spiders, predators, food, oviposition, egg sac


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4019
Author: Suzuki, Y.; Okuma, C.
Year: 1975
Title: Spiders inhabiting the cabbage field
Journal: Acta Arachnologica
Volume: 26
Pages: 58-63
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, arable, brassicas


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 70
Author: Sweetman, H. L.
Year: 1958
Title: The Principles of Biological Control
Journal: Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.
Pages: 576 p
Keywords: Carabidae, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4421
Author: Swezey, S. L.; Dahlsten, D. L.; Schlinger, E. I.; Tait, S. M.
Year: 1991
Title: Predation on Douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and white sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) larvae by captive spiders from white fir in California
Journal: Pan Pacific Entomologist
Volume: 67
Pages: 243-250
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trees, forests, conifers, Araneae, caterpillars, USA, moth is Orygia pseudotsugata, sawfly is Neodiprion abietis, lab, earlier studies showed there to be at least one spider per 4 early instar Orygia larvae in the field, predator-prey ratios, 52 spider species recorded from white fir, biodiversity, species richness, 18 species used in this study, urticating hairs of the larvae did not deter spider feeding, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey defences, Metaphidippus carried captured larvae into web retreats, quotes Turnbull that spiders are not repelled by "violent thrashing and oral exudation of sticky-brown evil-smelling liquid" by spruce budworm larvae, prey acceptability trials


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1507
Author: Swift, J. E.
Year: 1971
Title: Agricultural chemicals - harmony or discord
Journal: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci.
Pages: 1-151
Keywords: En.
pesticides, USA, insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4335
Author: Swift, M. J.; Anderson, J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 15-41
Keywords: En.
Rep., agricultural systems are not necessarily low in diversity, 6-8 types of crop production system globally (Fig.), sustainability is maintenance of non-declining yield without environmental degradation and with resilience to perturbation, yield of simple cf multiple cropping systems, decomposers (e.g. fungi) are organised into more or less spatially independent guilds, carbon and energy fluxes are dominated by fungi and bacteria (90- 95% of metabolism), bacterial-feeding nematodes and Protozoa account for 84% of nitrogen flux, Nematoda, surviving species after pesticide perturbation can often proliferate rapidly and maintain community function, decomposer biota affected by litter type and plant exudates, in intensive organic systems the only integrated ecosystem function remaining is that below ground (i.e. below-ground herbivore and decomposer systems), knock-on effects from above to below ground cause asynchrony of nutrients to plants


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3499
Author: Syme, P. D.
Year: 1974
Title: Observations on the fecundity of Hyssopus thymus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 106
Pages: 1327-1332
Keywords: En.
Rep., Canada, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, forests, trees, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, population dynamics, fecundity varies between years, in lab nean fecundity 14 maximum 130, host size can limit number of eggs per host when host larvae are small in spring, each parasitoid attacks 2-3 hosts, it is an external gregarious multivoltine Chalcidae mainly attacking European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, ectoparasitoid, it is synovigenic, ie eggs deposited are rapidly replaced in the ovarioles, reproduction, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1913
Author: Syme, P. D.
Year: 1975
Title: The effects of flowers on the longevity and fecundity of two native parasites of the European shoot moth in Ontario
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 337-340
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forests, population dynamics, behaviour, reproduction, population dynamics, ectoparasitoids Hyssopus thymus and Exeristes comstockii on Rhyacionia buoliana, longevity and fecundity on various flowers as good or better than when starved or given honey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many references to importance of plants for parasitoids, including failure to establish certain classical biocontrol parasitoids if crucial weeds were absent


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4877
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1989
Title: Biological control of  slugs by carabids
Journal: Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture, BCPC Monograph 41, Ed. by I. Henderson, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Volume: 41
Pages: 295-300
Alternate Journal: Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture, BCPC Monograph 41, Ed. by I. Henderson, British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, biological control, Limacidae, UK, Abax parallelepipedus,, Carabidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Deroceras reticulatum, plots of lettuce in a polyhouse, protected crops, in lab tests females ate more than males but kill rates were the same, partial consumption, slug numbers and damage to lettuce was reduced in plots where beetles were added compared with controls, beetles ate slugs under polystyrene refuges rather than within lettuces
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2907
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.
Year: 1993
Title: The effects of crop development upon slug distribution and control by Abax parallelepipedus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 123
Pages: 449-457
Keywords: En.
Rep., lettuce in a polythene tunnel, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, slugs and beetles released into plots, comparison of small and large lettuce plants, plots with small plants and no beetles contained 39% fewer slugs than plots with large plants, plots with small plants plus beetles had 87% fewer slugs than plots with large plants and no beetles, females better predators than males, sex related predation, slugs were eliminated in plots with female beetles and small plants, gives advantages and feasibility of using carabids for slug control in polytunnels


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4876
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1994
Title: The potential of Abax parallelepipedus (Col.: Carabidae) for mass breeding as a biological control agent against slugs
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 39(3/4)
Pages: 323-333
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, biological control, Limacidae, UK, up to 570 eggs per beetle were laid at 20C, reproduction, fecundity, mass rearing, methods, no cannibalism was observed, larvae were fed on earthworms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, temperature alternation was needed for successful development, egg to adult could be achieved in less than 110 days, adult beetles were given blowfly maggots Calliphora vomitoria and earthworms, with occasional crushed snail, minced beef and cat food, they survived on this diet for up to 4 years, there was a high level of mortality at the pre-pupal stage, undersized beetles were produced
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5356
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2002
Title: Molecular identification of prey in predator diets
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 11
Pages: 627-641
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, review, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, electrophoresis, polyclonal antibodies, serology, ELISA, monoclonal antibodies, MAbs, DNA techniques, RAPD, PCR, detection of Collembola in Linyphiidae spiders, Araneae, review includes vertebrates and the molecular analysis of faeces, faecal analysis, secondary predation, food chain errors, scavenging
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5494
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 2002
Title: Diagnostic techniques for determining carabid diets
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 137-164
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, chemical biochemical, immunological and molecular techniques, serology, methods, chemical and radioactive labelling, neutral red stain, dye, rare elements, rubidium, rare isotopes, 15N, marking prey with immunoglobulin, problem of moulting excretion and wear, radioactive markers less used because of hazard to environment, protein electrophoresis, esterase isoenzyme patterns in gradient gels, complex banding patterns can be impossible to interpret, preciptin test, ELISA, polyclonal antisera, table of immunological identification of food consumed based on 30 publications, cross reactions, detection periods, monoclonal antibodies, MAbs, table of studies using MAbs in diet studies (not just carabids) with 22 entries, stage-specific, assay systems, scavenging, carrion feeding, secondary predation, immunodot assay, positives in assays do not necessarily indicate predation, additional data are needed, molecular techniques, DNA methods suitable for determining prey range of a predator, long DNA sequences are degraded rapidly
Notes: En., 


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4374
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Erickson, M. L.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1997
Title: Species-specific detection of predation by Coleoptera on the milacid slug Tandonia budapestensis (Mollusca: Pulmonata)
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 7
Pages: 457-465
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, serological methods, slug damages potatoes and cereals in UK, Gramineae, Monoclonal Antibody MAb, could detect slug in carabid for more than 26 hours at 16C, detection periods, specificity, some cross reactivity with earthworms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, this slug may be toxic to beetles and avoided by them,30% of beetles died rapidly after eating the slug, detection half-life, beetles fed on blowfly maggots during the detection period,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4816
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Erickson, M.L.; Liddell, J.E.
Year: 1999
Title: Development of a monoclonal antibody for the detection and quantification of predation on slugs within the Arion hortensis agg. (Mollusca: Pulmonata)
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 16
Pages: 274-282
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., pests, UK, serology, methods, Pterostichus melanarius, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, antibody specific to two Arion species, detection period 3 days at 16C, antigens could be detected in male beetles for 30% longer than in females, sex-related differences in antigen deactivation rates, digestion rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4755
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Glen, D.M.; Erickson, M.L.; Liddell, J.E.; Langdon, C.J.
Year: 2000
Title: Do earthworms help to sustain the slug predator Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) within crops ? Investigations using monoclonal antibodies.
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 9
Pages: 1279-1292
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, UK, earthworm-specific MAb, serology, antibody techniques, detection period at 16C was 64h, 36% of field-collected beetles were positive, overnight pitfalls, winter wheat with or without undersown clover, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, farming practices. The quantity of worm protein in the gut was negatively related to foregut biomass suggesting that more worm was eaten as total prey declined. More worm was eaten at higher beetle activity density perhaps because beetles became more active when hungry and then would take non-preferred worm prey. Worms may help to sustain bettle populations when their preferred prey are scarce. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging, food preference.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5027
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Glen, D.M.; Ives, A.R.; Langdon, C.J.; Wiltshire, C.W.
Year: 2001
Title: Dynamics of the relationship between a generalist predator and slugs over five years
Journal: Ecology
Volume: in press
Pages: in press
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, population dynamics, beetle crop weight was used as an index of total prey availability, methods, experimental plots in oilseed rape, winter wheat, winter barley, winter oats and winter beans had various methods of cultivation and straw disposal, non-inversion tillage, direct drilling, ploughing, straw incorporated, stubble incorporated, stubble, straw removed, farming practices, dry pitfall traps used to catch 8497 beetles over 5 years, significantly more males than females were caught, dominant slug was Deroceras reticulatum and there were three other species, four times as many slugs in no-till treatment, reduced tillage, the pattern of change in slug and beetle numbers over 5 years suggested a coupled predator-prey relationship, statistical relationships suggested that within-year variation in crop weight was driven by within-year variation in slug density, beetle population growth was positively related with slug density and negatively with beetle catch in any given  year, beetles had a weakly significant effect on slug population growth between years but not between months within a year
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5426
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Glen, D.M.; Ives, A.R.; Langdon, C.J.; Wiltshire, C.W.
Year: 2002
Title: Dynamics of the relationship between a generalist predator and slugs over five years
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(1)
Pages: 137-147
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, population dynamics, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, slugs, Mollusca, Gastropoda, ELISA, serology, methods, mixed statistical models in SAS, impact on pest populations, Deroceras reticulatum, Pterostichus melanarius, crops of 8497 beetles weighed, strong positive relationship between slug abundance and beetle crop weight, change in beetle populations from year to year was related to slug abundance and beetle crop weight, this suggested that slugs availability affected the reproductive success of the beetles, beetles had a significant effect on slug population growth between years, compared to ballooning spiders the flightless P. melanarius may have a population centred on a field (it has low diffusion rates through hedgerows) where numbers in one year can affect numbers in the following year, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4206
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Glen, D. M.; Wiltshire, C. W.; Langdon, C. J.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Effects of cultivation techniques and methods of straw disposal on predation by Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) upon slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in an arable field
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 33
Pages: 741-753
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Mollusca, farming practices, 2078 beetles from pitfall traps, dissected crops into ELISA, serology, more P. melanarius caught in direct drilled and in non-inversion plots, 84% of beetles contained slug remains and crop weights and concentrations of slug haemolymph in beetles were greatest in direct drilled, there were positive relationships between slug biomass in soil, numbers of beetles trapped, % slugs in the diet, and concentration of slug haemolymph in beetles, food, P. melanarius appears to aggregate in slug-rich areas, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, dry pitfalls were unattractive as slug refuges and few were found there, no remains of partially consumed slugs were ever found in traps, methods, Pardosa gave the strongest cross reaction and positives were adjusted in relation to this, cultivation had a negative effect on the amounts of slug consumed, which suggests that scavenging was not occurring on a large scale, because many slugs were killed by cultivation, carrion feeding, cadavers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2910
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: A monoclonal antibody for the detection of arionid slug remains in carabid predators
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 3
Pages: 207-214
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, antibody techniques, Mollusca, pests, Limacidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, relative advantages and disadvantages of monoclonals and polyclonals discussed, Arion ater haemocyanin extracted and injected into mice, appropriate monoclonal line selected and the cells propagated in vivo in mice, system of controls used on each ELISA plate, fed Abax parallelepipedus and Pterostichus madidus on Arion hortensis and killed at various times after feeding, the monoclonal could detect 3.4 ng protein in 200 microlitres of PBS, cross reactions were mainly with arionid slugs, Diplopoda were worst non-slug cross reactors, absorbance of 0.16 cf values of up to 3.00 for concentrated A. ater haemocyanin, starved predators were negative, absorbance for slug-fed Abax was initially high but dropped to non- detectable after 1 day at 20C, detection periods, digestion rates, this is the first monoclonal used for slug feeding by predators, detectability declines much more rapidly in the monoclonal than in the polyclonal system, they propose using the sensitivity and longer detection periods of polyclonals in combination with the greater specificity of monoclonals, the 2 systems may be sensitive to different mixes of labile and refractory slug proteins which could allow calculation of time since feeding and size of meal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2911
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: The development and characterization of an anti- haemolymph antiserum for the detection of mollusc remains within carabid beetles
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 261-275
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, antibody techniques, Mollusca, pests, Limacidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, polyclonal antiserum from Arion ater haemolymph, absorbtion carried out with earthworm proteins to eliminate cross reacting antibodies, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Abax parallelepipedus were fed on Arion hortensis and killed at various times after feeding, strong cross reactions with other molluscs, Pardosa sp. was strongest non-mollusc cross reacter and was used to set the limits of a negative reaction for slugs, Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, some positive reactions with harvestmen probably because they had eaten slugs, slug meals in carabids could be detected for at least 4 days at 20C, detection periods, digestion rates, trophic behaviour, diet, Phalangida, Opiliones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3095
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: The detection of predation by Abax parallelepipedus and Pterostichus madidus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Mollusca using a quantitative ELISA
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 83
Pages: 641-647
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, serology, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3318
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: Differential antigen decay rates during digestion of molluscan prey by carabid predators
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 69
Pages: 277-287
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA, Arion ater polyclonal antiserum, Abax parallelepipedus and Pterostichus melanarius given Deroceras reticulatum and Arion hortensis, beetles were fed on freshly killed slugs, "half-life of antigenic response" is time taken for half original meal to disappear and not the detectability half-life of Greenstone & Hunt, P.madidus half-life on D.reticulatum was 29 h at 20C, detection limit 94 h, detection period, Dmax, for A.parallelepipedus it was 16 h and 35 h so slug remains were detectable 2.5 times as long in P.madidus as in A.parallelepipedus, slug species also affected antigenic response, consumption levels and rates of crop weight loss did not differ between predator or slug species, exponential antigen decay, use of several monoclonal antibodies against proteins with different breakdown rates might throw light on the size of meal and time since feeding, serology, methods, UK, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Mollusca, arable, cereals, trophic behaviour, predation, carrion feeding, scavenging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3351
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1993
Title: The detection of predator-mollusc interactions using advanced antibody technologies
Journal: Annales A.N.P.P. Third International Conference of Pests in Agriculture, Montpellier 7-9 Dec. 1993
Pages: 417-424
Keywords: En.
Rep., ELISA with polyclonal antiserum can detect 1 ng slug protein but not completely species specific, 3 out of 4 monoclonal antibodies MABs recently produced are specific to Deroceras reticulatum, the 4th which cross reacted with 7 species of slug may be a useful general mollusc antigen detector but is better than a polyclonal because not variable, antibody engineering is beginning to permit man- made antibodies, the process is quicker and more efficient than hybridoma technology and affinity and specificity can be manipulated, methods, serology, Mollusca, slugs, pests, UK, sensitivity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3757
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1995
Title: Decay rates for slug antigens within the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius monitored with a monoclonal antibody
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 75
Pages: 245-250
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, serology, methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, Mollusca, detection periods, specificity, 2.5 days at 26C, half-life, alternative prey, eating earthworm after Deroceras reticulatum reduced decay rate of slug antigens, optimal foraging theories, contrary to reduced digestion rates in response to starvation, hunger, physiology, trophic behaviour,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4783
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Liddell, J.E.
Year: 1996
Title: A species-specific monoclonal antibody system for detecting the remains of field slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Miller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata), in carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). 
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 6(1)
Pages: 91-99
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, serology, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ELISA, slug detected in Pterostichus melanarius for 38 h, detection periods, detectability. Strong cross-reaction with New Zealand flatworm Artioposthia triangulata and some cross-reactions with the millipede Polymicrodon polydesmoides and with earthworms. Platyhelminthes, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Lumbricidae, Annelida. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3758
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Mendis, V. W.; Liddell, J. E.
Year: 1995
Title: Monoclonal antibodies for the identification of slugs and their eggs
Journal: EPPO Bulletin
Volume: 25
Pages: 377-382
Keywords: En.
Rep., preprint, TP, Mollusca, pests, UK, methods, serology, specificity, genus specific antibody to identify Arionidae slugs, Deroceras specific MAB's, Arion ater egg specific MAB


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5352
Author: Symondson, W.O.C.; Sunderland, K.D.; Greenstone, M.H.
Year: 2002
Title: Can generalist predators be effective biocontrol agents ?
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 47
Pages: 561-594
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, there is a continuum from generalist to specialist, historical overview, trade-offs between specialists and generalists, polyphagy enables predators to persist in the habitat, community, a high proportion of generalist predators in agroecosystems have empty guts, predation models, functional responses, aggregation in prey-rich areas, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, alternative prey, pest refugia, coupled predator-prey relationships e.g. Pterostichus melanarius and slugs, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Mollusca, Limacidae, experimental evidence for impact on pest populations from manipulative field studies, plant damage, yield, conservation biological control, effectiveness of individual species and of assemblages of generalists and of natural enemy assemblages that include generalists, native generalists can disrupt augmentative biological control and the biological control of weeds, generalists can eliminate invasion foci of exotic pests and reduce the rate of resistance breaking by pests on transgenic crop plants, host plant resistance, they can disseminate the pathogens of pests, enhancing generalist populations and impact on pests, inundative releases, methods, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, mulches, intercropping, reduced tillage, farming practices, ground roughness, shelter areas for predators, within-field, field edges and landscape scale manipulations, food sprays, semiochemicals, predator foraging behaviour, generalist predators interact with other natural enemies with positive or negative outcomes for pest control which vary with crop system and season, IGP, intraguild predation, need to understand the functioning of natural enemy communities, food webs, trophic webs
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4373
Author: Symondson, W. O. C.; Williams, I. B.
Year: 1997
Title: Low-vacuum electron microscopy of carabid chemoreceptors: a new tool for the identification of live and valuable museum specimens
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicta
Volume: 85
Pages: 75-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy, new method, no need to coat with gold, palps do not collapse so sensillae can be seen, live beetles scanned, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger, references to investigation of receptors on the bodies of Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Carabus nemoralis, Cicindela, Abax parallelepidus, Pterostichus cupreus, nae and tarsi examined here, little known about the function of carabid receptors


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3241
Author: Syrett, P.; Penman, D. R.
Year: 1981
Title: Developmental threshold temperatures for the brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology
Volume: 8
Issue: 2)
Pages: 281-283
Keywords: En.
Rep., New Zealand, aphids have a lower temperature threshold for development than lacewings which allows the aphid numbers to build up before the increase in predators, Hemiptera, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1020
Author: Szabolcs, J.
Year: 1988
Title: Studies on blue cereal beetles (Lema spp., Col: Chrysomelidae) 1. Distribution, population dynamics
Journal: Novenyvedelem
Volume: 24
Pages: 21-24
Keywords: Hung.,En.summ
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Coleoptera, cereal leaf beetles, 4 species in Hungary, changes in species composition and abundance and sex ratio in different years, sweeping


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1017
Author: Szabolcs, J.; Gaborjanyi, R.
Year: 1991
Title: Brome Mosaic Virus transmission by cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 26
Pages: 203-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, disease, can transmit after 1 day feeding, rapidly lose infectivity if fed on healthy plant, virus infects more than 50 genera of Gramineae, other viruses transmitted by chrysomelids, wheat, Hungary, Lema flies well, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, 3 other species in genus, all 4 transmit BMV from wheat to wheat, Hungary


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1019
Author: Szabolcs, J.; Horvath, L.
Year: 1991
Title: Predators and parasitic organisms of Oulema species in Hungary
Journal: Novenyvedelem
Volume: 27
Pages: 166-172
Keywords: Hung.,En.summ
Rep., natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, cereal leaf beetle, Gramineae, pests, predators were Nabis, Chrysopa, Asilus, Dioctria, Xysticus kochi, Araneae, spiders, Diptera, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, 12 parasitoids, 1 hyperparasitoid, 5 pathogens


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1018
Author: Szabolcs, J.; Nadasy, M.; Saringer, G.
Year: 1989
Title: The effect of nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat on its spring pests (Lema spp., Hemiptera spp., Tenthredinidae spp.)
Journal: G. Agric.
Volume: 2
Pages: 85-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Oulema, cereal leaf beetle, sawflies, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, nitrogen increased Lema and Miridae, less effect on sawflies, no effect on predators, spring applications greater effect than autumn, parasitoids, Nabidae, Hungary, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 887
Author: Szalay-Marzsol, L.; Torok, J.; Csorgo, T.
Year: 1990
Title: Aphid species eaten by frogs
Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica
Volume: 25
Pages: 185-196
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, Hungary, marsh, predation, Amphibia, vertebrate, stomach examination of Rana arvalis and Rana esculenta, 76 species of aphid found (12 new to Hungary !)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1078
Author: Szelegiewicz, H.; Biankowska, R.; Kierych, E.; Mikolajczyk, W.
Year: 1979
Title: Entstehung und Herausbildung des Aphiden - Aphidophagenkomplexes auf Lucernekulturen in Polen
Journal: Verhandlungen Int. Symp. Entomofaun. Mitteleur.
Volume: 7
Pages: 123-125
Keywords: Ger.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, lucerne, Poland, natural enemies, biological control, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1591
Author: Szentkiralyi, F.
Year: 1986
Title: Niche segregation between chrysopid and hemerobiid subguilds
Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia Prague and Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht
Pages: 297-302
Keywords: En.
Rep., Chrysopidae, Hemerbiidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predators, natural enemies, maize, cereals, Gramineae, monoculture cf rotations, farming practices, phenology, hemerobiids oviposit and spin cocoons below 50 cm on crop and weeds and in and on soil, chrysopids mainly more than 50 cm, eggs, behaviour, vertical distribution, both eat aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2678
Author: Szentkiralyi, F.; Kozar, F.
Year: 1991
Title: How many species are there in apple insect communities ?: testing the resource diversity and intermediate disturbance hypotheses
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 491-503
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 228
Author: Szujecki, A.
Year: 1965
Title: Observations on the development and biology of Philonthus fuscipennis (Mannh.) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
Journal: Fragmenta Faunistica.
Volume: 11
Pages: 165-175
Keywords: En.sum.
Rep, egg, larva, structure, adult, food, scavenging, predation, stadia, duration, development rate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 231
Author: Szujecki, A.
Year: 1966
Title: Notes on the appearance and biology of eggs of several Staphylinidae species
Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci.
Volume: 14
Pages: 169-175
Keywords: Structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 64
Author: Szysko, J.
Year: 1974
Title: About the possibility of increasing the quantitative and qualitative state of epigeal Carabidae (Coleoptera) in pure Scots Pine stands
Journal: Sylvan.
Volume: 4
Pages: 28-32


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4241
Author: Szyszko, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Relationship between the occurrence of epigeic carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae), certain soil properties and species composition of a forest stand
Journal: Ekologia Polska
Volume: 22
Issue: 2)
Pages: 237-274
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, forest, Poland, studies in 74 study areas in 4 Polish districts, soil conditions had a strong influence on carabid distribution, carabid communities on poor soils were dominated by spring breeding species, those on rich soils by autumn breeding species, phenology, community, the proportion of large carabid species decreased with soil conditions, carabid mobility was greater in pine stands with understorey, movement, dispersal, migration, vegetation structure, 824 soil samples for density, pitfalls with ethylene glycol and gutters with bark, 87 species caught (listed), methods, abundance, includes Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus cupreus, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, main soil factor was texture of the soil surface horizon


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3626
Author: Szyszko, J.
Year: 1996
Title: Survival and reproduction in relation to habitat quality and food availability for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus F. (Carabidae, Col.)
Journal: Acta Jutlandica, in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, trees, woodland, comparison of forest stands in Holland, Poland and Germany, pitfalls, live biomass, sex ratio, respiration, consumption rates of insect larvae, oviposition rates, elytral surface area, number of eggs in ovaries, flight muscle development, parasitoids, Nematoda, natural enemies of natural enemies, reproduction, activity, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, methods, variability in these parameters often greater between stands within a country than between countries, 11 out of c. 3000 individuals had developed wing muscles and 10 contained nematodes, correlations suggested that the higher the mean biomass the greater the number of eggs in the ovary, larger beetles were associated with "more advanced developmental stage of the habitat"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 301
Author: Tahvanainen, J. O.; Root, R. B.
Year: 1972
Title: The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialised herbivore Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 10
Pages: 321-346
Keywords: Pest, cultural control, olfactory camouflage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 300
Author: Taimr, L.; Sedivy, J.; Bergmannova, E.; Hanker, I.
Year: 1967
Title: Further experience obtained in studies on dispersal flight of Meligethes aeneus F. marked with 32P (Coleoptera)
Journal: Acta entomologica Bohemoslovia.
Volume: 64
Pages: 325-332
Keywords: Methods, radioisotopes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3076
Author: Takada, H.; Murakami, Y.
Year: 1988
Title: Esterase variation and insecticide resistance in Japanese Aphis gossypii
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 48
Issue: 1)
Pages: 37-43
Keywords: En.
methods, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, pesticides, mechanism of resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3972
Author: Takagi, M.; Hirose, Y.
Year: 1994
Title: Building parasitoid communities: the complementary role of two introduced parasitoid species in a case of successful biological control
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 437-448
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, control of arrowhead scale Unaspis yanonensis in Japan by Aphytis yanonensis and Coccobius fulvus on citrus, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, pests, trees, orchards, forests, woodlands, top fruit, population dynamics, classical biological control, introduced species, C.fulvus can attack both immature and mature scales, A. yanonensis only immature adults, 10% multiparasitism observed, interactions between natural enemies, interspecific competition, C.fulvus is specific to the scale and can maintain itself at low host density, A.yanonensis is polyphagous, has a short generation time and longevity, and cannot persist in citrus with low host density, A.yanonensis has potential to control a scale outbreak whilst C.fulvus can maintain the scale population at a low level, other examples are control of olive scale and California red scale in USA where two parasitoid species coexist and play complementary roles, lab observations suggested there should have been competitive displacement of C.fulvus by A.yanonensis, but real field environments change temporally and spatially


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1524
Author: Taksdal, S.
Year: 1973
Title: Spiders (Araneida) collected in strawberry fields
Journal: Norsk Entomologisk Tiddskrift
Volume: 20
Pages: 305-307
Keywords: Rep., Norway, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soft fruit, sweeping, 21 species, Theridion ovatum was 54%, pesticides reduced spider numbers, insecticides, most species same as in UK cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1048
Author: Tamaki, G.
Year: 1972
Title: The biology of Geocoris bullatus inhabiting orchard floors and its impact on Myzus persicae on peaches
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 559-565
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, orchards, trees, fruit, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, predation by Geocoris halved the number of aphids returning to the trees after dropping off, vertical distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 397
Author: Tamaki, G.
Year: 1973
Title: Spring populations of the green peach aphid on peach trees and the role of natural enemies in their control
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 2
Pages: 186-191
Keywords: En.
Myzus persicae
Pests, predators, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Diptera, overwintering, fundatrices, eggs, alatae, methods, exclusion, sleeve cages, exclusion cages, quantification, effect of predators on aphid population


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3411
Author: Tamaki, G.; Halfhill, J. E.; Hathaway, D. O.
Year: 1970
Title: Dispersal and reduction of colonies of pea aphids by Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 63
Issue: 4)
Pages: 973-980
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, greenhouse, Acrythosiphon pisum colony size reduced by decreased fecundity, increased mortality due to parasitism, and dispersal caused by harrassment by adult parasitoids, even disturbance of a neighbouring aphid by a parasitoid was enough to cause aphids to leave the plant, perhaps alarm pheromone, >50% of aphids were forced off the plant, Hemiptera, pests, arable, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1060
Author: Tamaki, G.; Landis, B. J.; Weeks, R. E.
Year: 1967
Title: Autumn population of green peach aphid on peach trees and the role of syrphid flies in their control
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 60
Pages: 433-436
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, orchards, stone fruit, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, destruction of Myzus persicae oviparae on peach directly related to virus spread in sugar beet and potato in following year, disease, arable, distribution, dispersal, vectors, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 398
Author: Tamaki, G.; Long, G. E.
Year: 1978
Title: Predator complex of the green peach aphid on sugar beets : expansion of the predator power and efficacy model
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 7
Pages: 835-842
Keywords: En.
Myzus persicae
Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Diptera, Heteroptera, Geocoris, Nabis, Lygus, arable, pest, control, caged and uncaged plants, no observations on predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4229
Author: Tamaki, G.; McGuire, J. U.; Turner, J. E.
Year: 1974
Title: Predator power and efficiency: a model to evaluate their efficiency
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 3
Issue: 4)
Pages: 625-630
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, modified version of Bombosch model used to predict size of aphid population in n days time, methods, forecasting, pests, Hemiptera, model includes predation rate and pest increase rate in absence of predation, Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Orius, Geocoris, Nabis, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Nabidae, on sugar beet in USA, arable, predators categorised and allocated potential voracity values (= predator power), predator efficiency took account of temperature, prey density, seasonal variation and host plant, predator power x predator efficiency gave an estimate of the impact of the predator complex on the aphid population


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1092
Author: Tamaki, G.; Olsen, D.
Year: 1977
Title: Feeding potential of predators of Myzus persicae (Sulz.)
Journal: J. Entomol. Soc. B.C.
Volume: 74
Pages: 23-26
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, lab, consumption rates, Coccinella 53 per day, Nabis 10, Anthocoris 8, Geocoris 8, Bembidion 7, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4228
Author: Tamaki, G.; Weeks, R. E.
Year: 1968
Title: Anthocoris melanocerus as a predator of the green peach aphid on sugar beets and broccoli
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 61
Issue: 3)
Pages: 579-584
Keywords: En.
Rep., Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, brassicas, field vegetables, arable, Hemiptera, laboratory, USA, suppressed aphids on sugar beet but only temporarily on broccoli, egg cannibalism, reference to this predator contributing to control of Psyllidae, references to Van Emden and interactions with aphid increase rate and plant resistance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1093
Author: Tamaki, G.; Weeks, R. E.
Year: 1972
Title: Efficiency of three predators, Geocoris bullatus, Nabis americoferus and Coccinella transversoguttata, used alone or in combination against three insect prey species, Myzus persicae, Ceramica picta and Mamestra configurata in a greenhouse study
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 258-263
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Nabidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, coccinellids were effective, nabids or geocorids were effective for reducing aphids for 1 week at 1 per plant and initial aphids less than 14 per plant, nabids consumed 4-23 per day, geocorids 2-10, polyphagous Heteroptera should be better than coccinellids at lower aphid densities, consumption rates, predator-prey ratios


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1094
Author: Tamaki, G.; Weeks, R. E.
Year: 1973
Title: The impact of predators on polulations of Green Peach Aphids on field-grown sugar beets
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 2
Pages: 345-349
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Geocoridae, Nabidae, effect in field plots with varied predator density, methods, significant differences in aphid density, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 686
Author: Tanaka, H.
Year: 1973
Title: Ecological studies of spiders in paddy fields in Kinki (I). Studies on the life cycle of the spiders Oedothorax insectipes Boes. et Str. and Enoplognatha japonica Boes. et Str
Journal: Acta arachnol.
Volume: 25
Pages: 10-15
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, cereals, rice, Japan, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, population dynamics, phenology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 685
Author: Tanaka, H.
Year: 1982
Title: Ecological studies of spiders in paddy fields in Kinki (II). Studies on the seasonal fluctuations of the two spiders, Oedothorax insectipes Boes. et Str. and Enoplognatha japonica Boes. et Str
Journal: Acta arachnol., Tokyo.
Volume: 26
Pages: 51-57
Keywords: Araneae, predators, cereals, rice, Japan, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2686
Author: Tanaka, K.
Year: 1992
Title: Size-dependent survivorship in the web-building spider Agelena limbata
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 90
Pages: 597-602
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2687
Author: Tanaka, K.
Year: 1992
Title: Life history of the funnel-web spider Agelena limbata: web site, growth and reproduction
Journal: Acta arachn
Volume: 41
Issue: 1)
Pages: 91-101
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3862
Author: Tanasevitch, A. V.
Year: 1990
Title: Zoogeography of the genus Lepthyphantes in the USSR (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 357-362
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, European, Caucasus, Siberia, Middle Asia, Far East, Holarctic, Lepthyphantes is the largest linyphiid genus with more than 400 species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1054
Author: Tanasijtshuk, V. N.; Remaudiere, G.; Leclant, F.
Year: 1977
Title: Dipt. Chamaemyiidae predators of aphids and coccids in France
Journal: Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.
Volume: 12
Pages: 691-698
Keywords: Fr. En.summ.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Hemiptera, Coccidae, natural enemies, biological control, 18 species, Leucopis magnicera lives in galls of Eriosoma ulmi, records of larvae attacking aphids on commercial forest trees, peach, citrus, apple, pistacio, reeds (alternate host for Hyalopterus pruni, peach aphid), rasberry, carrots, maize, chrysanthemum, cane fruit, field vegetables, flowers, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5667
Author: Tanhuanpaa, M.; Ruohomaki, K.; Uusipaikka, E.
Year: 2001
Title: High larval predation rate in non-outbreaking populations of a geometrid moth
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 82(1)
Pages: 281-289
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Geometridae, Epirrita autumnata, Finland, assessing impact of one natural enemy species at a time can be misleading (overall impact is not necessarily the sum of these) and experiments need to be of sufficient duration to encompass attack on different sizes of prey, it is important to investigate interactions at a large spatial scale and over the whole larval period, mixed coniferous forest with pine and birch, trees, woodland, natural enemy exclusion treatments on birch trees Betula pubescens were i) predators (including birds) and parasitoids excluded by fine mesh bag from branch at top of tree, ii) birds (only) excluded with very wide mesh cage, iii) ants excluded by glue ring around trunk below foliage, iv) cage and glue ring to exclude birds and ants, v) control with nothing excluded, methods, larvae added to trees, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Vertebrata, Aves, potential predators including spiders recorded on experimental trees, Araneae, sticky traps to catch falling larvae but few were caught, larval survival was significantly greater in no-natural-enemy treatment than in other treatments, bird exclusion sometimes increased larval survival significantly, mortality, population dynamics, effect of ants was spatially variable and not significant overall, crab spiders were observed to prey on larvae of all sizes, Thomisidae, in situ visual observation, larval survival was reduced significantly by crab spiders (which were present in all treatments except total exclusion), 90% survival in fine mesh bags indicating low mortality caused by host plant, only 10% survival in controls indicating high mortality due to the complex of natural enemies, community, larval mortality was twice as great in trees with crab spiders than in trees where crab spiders were not found (but, like ants, crab spiders occurred on only about a fifth of trees, parasitism rate (from another study) was about 30%, parasitised larvae appear to be more vulnerable to arthropod predation but not to bird predation, interactions between natural enemies, abnormal behaviour of parasitised moribund prey, compensatory mortality, cannot in practice allow access to birds and exclude parasitoids, larval mortality due to natural enemies may suppress numbers entering pupation to a level that can be regulated by pupal predators, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1529
Author: Tanka, W.; Franz, J. M.
Year: 1978
Title: Side effects of herbicides and their metabolites on beneficial insects
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 23
Issue: 3)
Pages: 275-280
Keywords: En.
pesticides, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, Neuroptera, lacewings, Syrphus balteatus, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, 5 herbicides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4433
Author: Tanner, J. T.
Year: 1975
Title: The stability and intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 56
Pages: 855-867
Keywords: En.
Rep., examples are for vertebrates only, stable prey species can either be self-limited (territorial) or have population growth rates that are less than that of their predators, comparison of models with data for 8 vertebrates, critical point focus of a limit cycle, population dynamics, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1042
Author: Tao, C. C.; Chiu, S. C.
Year: 1971
Title: Biological control of citrus, vegetables and tobacco aphids
Journal: Taiwan Agr. Res. Inst. Spec. Publ. No. 10
Pages: 110 pp
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3863
Author: Tarabaev, C. K.; Sheykin, A. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Spiders as predators in apple-tree crowns in south- eastern Kazakhstan
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 363-366
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, orchards, top fruit, biomass of prey taken by dominant species, Diaea dorsata, Theridion impressum, Araniella cucurbitina, Araneus diadematus, Araneus marmoreus, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Theridiidae, USSR, spiders consume 40-50% of insect biomass in crowns and surrounding air, direct observation, methods, sweeping air near trees, food, diet, trophic behaviour, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3460
Author: Tatchell, G. M.
Year: 1981
Title: The effects of a granulosis virus infection and temperature on the food consumption of Pieris rapae [Lep.: Pieridae]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 26
Issue: 3)
Pages: 291-299
Keywords: En.
Rep., larval period increased from 12.9 days at 24C to 45.3 days at 13C, thermal constant for development was 196.1 dayC above threshold of 9.4C, 5th instars ate 70.9% of total cabbage leaf consumption, virus infection extended larval instar duration and reduced food consumption by as much as 99.6%, P.rapae takes 6-9 days to die at 20C after getting a lethal virus dose, Lepidoptera, pests, arable, brassicas, insect pathogenic viruses, disease, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, physiology, plant damage, longevity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4497
Author: Tate, R. L.
Year: 1987
Title: Soil organic matter - biological and ecological effects
Journal: Wiley, Chichester
Keywords: En.
soil animals are major contributors to the dynamics of decomposition, earthworms, woodlice, millipedes, snails, slugs, nematodes, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Isopoda, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Mollusca, Nematoda, decomposition of plant debrisin soil is usually biphasic, i.e. a rapid catabolic period of about 6 months followed by a slow period of decomposition lasting ten years, there is a priming effect when exogenous organic substrates are added to soil, it stimulates catabolism of native soil organic matter, the priming effect can last about a year, changes in the chemical complexity of organic matter that increase its resistance to biodegradation are called humification, amendment of agricultural soils with organic nutrients improves soil and crop nutrient status, soil structure and moisture status, at Rothamsted farm yard manure was added to plots from 1852 to 1871, none was added thereafter but 100 years later the manured plots still contained more organic C and N than the unamended control plots, FYM and peat are more effective amendments than crop residues in terms of increasing levels of humus (which has physical, chemical and biological benefits, farming practices, habitat modification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4533
Author: Tauber, C.A.  ; Tauber, M.J.
Year: 1987
Title: Food specificity in predaceous insects: a comparative ecophysiological and genetic study
Journal: Evolutionary Ecology
Volume: 1
Pages: 175-186
Alternate Journal: Evolutionary Ecology
Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, trophic behaviour, diet, food
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4746
Author: Tauber, M.J.; Tauber, C.A.; Daane, K.M.; Hagen, K.S.
Year: 2000
Title: Commercialization of predators: recent lessons from green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla)
Journal: American Entomologist
Volume: 46(1)
Pages: 26-38
Alternate Journal: American Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., need better understanding of lacewing systematics, biology and ecology. Need to reduce cost of mass-rearing and marketing. Augmentative biological control, pests, methods. Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Chrysoperla externa, Chrysoperla nipponensis. In a 1992 survey Chrysoperla was by far the commonest insect predator released into agricultural systems (ahead of coccinellids and Aphidoletes). Polyphagous predators, natural enemies. Most mass-rearing is done on Lepidoptera eggs because artificial diets are expensive, but a new artifial diet will be available soon that will greatly reduce rearing costs. Automated rearing systems are under development. Long-term storage of adults is possible. Quality control. Small differences in plant structure and chemistry can influence lacewing effectiveness. All Chrysoperla species are considered generalist predators of soft-bodied insects and mites. Ants assassin bugs, earwigs and other predators can eat eggs and larvae of released lacewings. Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Dermaptera. Intraguild predation. Rates of parasitism of released eggs and larvae can be high. Larvae are susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Pathogens, natural enemies of natural enemies. Delivery of eggs in agar through a commercial sprayer shows promise as an application method that does not attract natural enemies of lacewings. Release rates tend to be too high for commercial feasibility at present. L-tryptophan (kairomone from honeydew) attracts adults when in combination with the terpene caryophyllene (synomone from cotton plant). Semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, trophic behaviour, foraging, aphids.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5219
Author: Tauber, M.J.; Tauber, C.A.; Lopez-Arroyo, J.I.
Year: 1997
Title: Life-history variation in Chrysoperla carnea: implications for rearing and storing a Mexican population
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 8
Pages: 185-190
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, culturing, methods, life history parameters, USA, biotypes, differences in diapause between C. carnea from Mexico and North America, reproduction, low temperature storage, 24C, artificial yeast sugar diet plus moth eggs, Sitotroga cerealella, Lepidoptera, also aphids, Hemiptera, Myzus persicae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4506
Author: Tauber, M.J. ; Tauber, C.A. ; Ruberson, J.R. ; Milbrath, L.R.  ; Albuquerque, G.S.
Year: 1993
Title: Evolution of prey specificity via three steps
Journal: Experientia
Volume: 49(12)
Pages: 1113-1117
Alternate Journal: Experientia
Keywords: Rep., compared a generalist lacewing Chrysopa quadripunctata with a specialist Chrysopa slossonae that feeds on woolly alder aphid Prociphilus tesselatus. The specialist avoids ant attack by covering itself in wax from the aphid, but the generalist also does this. The specialist is univoltine and the generalist multivoltine, but with a high degree of plasticity. The authors consider that specialists probably evolve from generalists by three steps i) generalist feeds regularly on a specific food ii) adaptations to that food by genetic changes iii) become reproductively isolated from the generalist precursor. Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, behaviour. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2680
Author: Taubert, S.
Year: 1985
Title: Population dynamics of bean aphids in field crops: first experience with initial attack, spread and biological control measures in the Lautenbach project
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch Gesell allg ang Ent
Volume: 4
Issue: 4/6)
Pages: 427-429
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1978
Author: Tay, E. B.
Year: 1972
Title: Population ecology of Cicadella viridis (L.) and bionomics of Graphocephala coccinea (Forster) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of London
Keywords: En.
Methods, serology, precipitin tests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eaten by Clubiona, Tibellus, Xysticus, Theridion, Lycosa, Lepthyphantes, Linyphia, Phalangium, Nabidae, spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, feeding behaviour, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2497
Author: Taye, Y.
Year: 1988
Title: Pesticide selectivity via reduced dosage rate application
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 257-258
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4330
Author: Taye, Y.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1988
Title: A comparison of reduced doses and strip spraying as selective tactics for pesticide application in cereals
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference - Pests and Diseases
Pages: 971-977
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5298
Author: Taylor, A.J.; Muller, C.B.; Godfray, H.C.J.
Year: 1998
Title: Effect of aphid predators on oviposition behaviour of aphid parasitoids
Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour
Volume: 11(2)
Pages: 297-302
Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, interactions between natural enemies, interference, laboratory study using potted bean plants, Leguminosae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphidius ervi and Coccinella 7-punctata larvae and adults, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, tritrophic interactions, female parasitoids spent significantly less time in a patch that contained or had recently contained adult or larval ladybirds, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, there were more ovipositions in aphids however in the treatment with an adult coccinellid present, kairomones, semiochemicals, infochemicals, chemical cues, olfactory communication, references to parasitoids responding to chemicals from plant, prey, parasitoid competitors and hyperparasitoids, indirect interactions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4617
Author: Taylor, D.B.; Szalanski, A.L.
Year: 1999
Title: Identification of Muscidifurax spp. by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism. 
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 15(3)
Pages: 270-273
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., DNA methods, parasitoids, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae, parasitoids of filth fly pupae, Diptera, PCR-RFLP analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS-1 region differentiated 4 morphologically similar species of Muscidifurax, no intraspecific variation was observed, these parasitoids are promising for biological control of flies in confined livestock environments  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2356
Author: Taylor, L. R.
Year: 1960
Title: Mortality and viability of insect migrants high in the air
Journal: Nature
Volume: 186
Pages: 410
Keywords: En.
Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, Oscinella frit.
Rep., methods, nets at six heights suspended from a balloon cable, UK, 97% insects caught were alive, of insects flying up to a mile high in summer less than 2% die in transit, aerial migration, dispersal, distribution, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hessian fly group, some of the caught insects reproduced.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2357
Author: Taylor, R. A. J.
Year: 1978
Title: The relationships between density and distance of dispersing insects
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 3
Pages: 63-70
Keywords: En.
Erioischia brassicae, Musca domestica, Glossina, Phormia, Meligethes aeneus, Diptera, Coleoptera, flies, beetles.
Rep., equation for dispersal of Drosophila not applicable to five other insect species, 8 equations for density- distance relation tested with 8 insect species, general expression derived to fit all species, theoretica l, model, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1695
Author: Taylor, R. A. J.; Reling, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Preferred wind direction of long-distance leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) migrants and its relevance to the return migration of small insects
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 55
Pages: 1103-1114
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, pests, Hemiptera, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, cannot overwinter in North, appear in North in late spring, could be a return north south migration, aeroplane towing net at 550 m 16.00 to 22.00 h, maximum aerial density is 20 minutes after sunset which is 3-4 h after peak thermal lift, methods, 5410 hoppers caught in 2.6 million cu m air, leafhopper abundance at 152 m was not random with respect to wind direction, excess in north-south winds, behaviour, flight, wings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1696
Author: Taylor, R. A. J.; Reling, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Density/height profile and long-range dispersal of first-instar Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 431-435
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, aerial migration, ditribution, pests, trees, forests, behaviour, I caterpillars are hairy and produce silk thread, fall slowly in air, model to relate height lifted by convection to horizontal distance travelled, wind speed, a larva could travel 19 km downwind in one hop according to model, nets towed behind Cessna aeroplane at 750 to 1400 m above a forest, methods, peak silking occurred midday but peak atmospheric lift was 16.00, ballooning, caught 97 larvae on 6 occasions May to June at windspeeds 1.8 to 4.6 m per sec, estimate 437,5oo larvae hatched per ha per day during observation period, 0.3% I's probably airborne, over 10 day hatching period estimated that 11,900 per ha of infested forest were transported 19 km down wind, larvae captured in convective cells would stay together with the cell, diffusion models not applicable, regression of density on height, spinning down on silk is obligate behaviour of I's, not known if larvae survive flight, reference to Taylor 1960 that more than 95% insects recovered up to 1500 m were alive and viable, experiments needed on whether larvae can alter length of silk in flight


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4208
Author: Temerak, S. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Detrimental effects of rearing a braconid parasitoid on the pink borer larvae inoculateed by different concentrations of the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 89
Pages: 315-319
Keywords: En.
Rep., natural enemies, pathogens, microbial insecticides, insect diseases, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, interactions between natural enemies, Bt-infected larvae of the pink borer Sesamia cretica, then these were attacked by the braconid ectoparasitoid Bracon brevicornis, Bt decreased the number of eggs laid and decreased the longevity of Bracon progeny, fecundity, population dynamics, sublethal effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3340
Author: Tenhumberg, B.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Quantification of the predation efficacy of E. balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the help of traditional models
Journal: IOBC wprs Bulletin
Volume: 17
Issue: 4)
Pages: 112-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., in lab Episyrphus balteatus larva ate 1140 third instar Metopolophium dirhodum at 14C and 660 at 22C, syrphid larvae released in cages in winter wheat with control cages, under these semi-field conditions maximum feeding rate was 396 aphids ie 60% of lowest rate in lab, Syrphus balteatus, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Germany, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, trophic behaviour, feeding rates, consumption rates, foraging, searching, hoverflies, stenophagous predators, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2397
Author: Ter Braak, C. J. F.
Year: 1987
Title: The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis
Journal: Vegetatio
Volume: 69
Pages: 69-77
Keywords: En.
Rep., statistics, methods, multivariate analysis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4086
Author: Terborgh, J.; Robinson, S.
Year: 1986
Title: Guilds and their utility in ecology
Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 65-90
Keywords: En.
Root 1973 suggsted the best way to study complex communities is to break them down into component communities, some studies have demonstrated intraguild competition whilst others have not, population dynamics, convergence in behaviour for bird foraging behaviour (number of individuals per hour displaying 9 foraging techniques) recorded in similar habitats in 6 countries, but convergence not true of some other communities, guild analysis of bird communities in temperate cf tropical forest shows that tropical forest has more ecological niches and these are utilised by more guilds, Aves, Vertebrata, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2988
Author: Terranova, A. C.; Roach, S. H.
Year: 1987
Title: Electrophoretic key for distinguishing South Carolina species of the genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae) as spiderlings and adults
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 80
Pages: 346-252
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, USA, systematics, classification, taxonomy, identification, 48 species in USA, very difficult if not impossible to separate the immatures taxonomically, references to electrophoretic keys, electrophoresis, isozyme analysis for species separation, immatures from eggs of known females, vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, relative electromorph mobility and frequency of the 5 enzymes did not differ between developmental stages within a species, superoxide dismutase, fumarase, phosphoglucomutase and 2 other enzymes used, disadvantages of this approach are complexity of procedure and specimen is destroyed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2689
Author: Terrell-Nield, C.
Year: 1990
Title: Is it possible to age woodlands on the basis of their carabid beetle diversity ?
Journal: The Entomologist
Volume: 109
Issue: 3)
Pages: 136-145
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4797
Author: Terry, L.A.; Potter, D.A.; Spicer, P.G.
Year: 1993
Title: Insecticides affect predatory arthropods and predation on Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) eggs and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae in turfgrass.
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 86(3)
Pages: 871-878
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, pesticides, grassland, Gramineae, lawns, golf courses, amenity turf, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, isazofos reduced spiders, ants, rove beetles, ground beetle larvae and Histeridae. Spodoptera frugiperda pupae and eggs of Popillia japonica put out in the field were 60-74% predated in two days. Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cicindelidae and Histeridae consumed eggs and larvae of Japanese Beetle in laboratory feeding trials. Table of 20 predator species eating Japanese Beetle. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2495
Author: Thacker, J. R. M.; Hickman, J. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Techniques for investigating the routes of exposure of carabid beetles to pesticides
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 105-113
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2496
Author: Thacker, J. R. M.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Can within-field experiments be used to predict the harmful side-effects of pesticides on an agricultural scale ?
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 353-357
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5017
Author: Thakur, J.M.; Pawar, A.D.; Rawat, U.S.
Year: 1992
Title: Apple woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann (Hemiptera: Aphidae) and post release impact of its natural enemies in Kullu Valley (H.P.)
Journal: Plant Protection Bulletin Faridabad
Volume: 44(3)
Pages: 18-20
Alternate Journal: Plant Protection Bulletin Faridabad
Keywords: Rep., pests, trees, orchards, top fruit, India, Aphelinus mali is an exotic parasitoid that was released in 1937, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, natural enemies were released in two orchards and two other orchards acted as controls, 2000-5000 A. mali, 30-50 Chrysopa scelestes and Syrphus confrater were released, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, polyphagous predators, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, parasitism was increased by releases, predators reduced aphid populations by 24-35% [no stats]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4065
Author: Thaler, K.; Ausserlechner, J.; Mungenast, F.
Year: 1977
Title: Vergleichende Fallenfange von Spinnen und Kafern auf Acker - und Grunlandparzellen bei Innsbruck, Osterreich
Journal: Pedobioogia
Volume: 17
Pages: 389-399
Keywords: pitfalls, Austria, arable. spiders, beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3591
Author: Thang, M. H.; Mochida, O.; Morallo-Rejesus, B.
Year: 1990
Title: Mass production of the wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata (Araneae, Lycosidae) a predator of insect pests, especially hoppers on rice
Journal: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region
Volume: Book Series 40
Pages: 199-206
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, mass-rearing, culturing, Pardosa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, reference to feeding rate of 24 Nilaparvata lugens per day, diet, food, predation, consumption rates, trophic behaviour, Drosophila larvae as food supplemented with N.lugens nymphs, Diptera, use of a 3 compartment cage with spiders in the middle layer, Drosophila larvae reared below and N.lugens added above with holes to allow prey into the spider compartment, the spider compartment was multiply subdivided to reduce cannibalism, paper towel or cotton kept moist in cage because these spiders die without water in 1-2 days, shorter development period, higher survival rate and fecundity on mixed diet of hopper and Drosophila than on either alone, population dynamics, reproduction, references to mixed diet being beneficial in other spider species, maintenance of 10,000 spiderlings required 40 man hours per week


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3522
Author: Theiling, K. M.; Croft, B. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Toxicity, selectivity and sublethal effects of pesticides on arthropod natural enemies: a database summary
Journal: In "Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates" Ed. by P.C. Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset
Pages: 213-232
Keywords: En.
Rep., SELECTV database, USA, 40 years, 1000 publications, 58 countries, 400 agrochemicals, 600 species of predators and parasitoids, natural enemies, side-effects, non-target invertebrates, overall predators are less susceptible than parasitoids, insecticides are more toxic than other pesticides to both, pyrethroids and organophosphorus compounds more toxic than growth regulators and microbial insecticides, Carabidae had 20 fold selectivity advantage over their prey, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, Coleoptera, (Staphylinidae and Araneae not mentioned), Braconidae, Lygaeidae, Aphelinidae and Phytoseiidae just as susceptible as prey, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, predatory Acari, Ichneumonidae are 20 times more susceptible than hosts, pirimicarb was most selective 200:1 natural enemy: prey advantage, carbamates, decreased fecundity accounted for 30% of reports of sublethal effects, reproduction, larvae and adults most susceptible, eggs and pupae most tolerant, parasitoid responses to insecticides less variable than those of predators, variance decreases as susceptibility increases, synthetic pyrethroids less toxic to cotton natural enemies than to those on apple because of differences in the natural enemy complexes, ie Phytoseiidae very sensitive to pyrethroids, arable, orchards, top fruit, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3792
Author: Theiss, S.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1993
Title: Futterungsversuche an Carabidenlarven als Beitrag zur Klarung ihrer Biologie
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 8
Pages: 841-847
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep. (part), TP, trophic study of carabid larvae as a contribution to understanding their biology, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, methods, trophic biology, food, diet, Pterostichus cupreus, Poecilus cupreus, Bembidion tetracolum, Bembidion lampros in the laboratory, population dynamics, larval mortality, survival, survivorship, biomass, development in relation to food quality, trophic behaviour, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, cereals, Gramineae, Collembola, Folsomia candida, dead mealworms and fly pupae, Diptera, scavenging, carrion feeding, some species could not complete development on an aphid-only diet, mortalities were 56-100% on Folsomia-only diet, larval mortality if food supply is temporarily interrupted, larval development can be prolonged under unfavourable conditions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3229
Author: Theiss, S.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Verwendung chemisch konservierter Nahrung zur Laborzucht der Laufkafer Art Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomol. Gener.
Volume: 18
Issue: 3/4)
Pages: 273-278
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., use of chemically preserved food in the rearing of Pterostichus cupreus, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, culturing, methods, chopped fly pupae immersed in nipagin and sorbic acid, this halved the time to hatching of imagines with no negative effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3462
Author: Theiss, S.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Laborzuchtverfahren fur Laufkafer der Art Bembidion tetracolum (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 19
Issue: 1/2)
Pages: 61-64
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., laboratory method for rearing B.tetracolum, culturing, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eggs laid into Plaster of Paris and charcoal and transferred to moist filter paper, hatched larvae kept individually in peat, duration of larval development and survival depend on food, good results for cut mealworms 3 times per week, low pupal mortality, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3463
Author: Theiss, S.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Praimaginale Larvalentwicklung der Laufkafer-Art Poecilus cupreus in Abhangigkeit von Bodenfeuchte und Temperatur (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 19
Issue: 1/2)
Pages: 57-60
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., pre-imaginal development of larvae of the ground beetle P.cupreus in relation to soil humidity and temperature, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, microclimate, abiotics, larvae did not survive in soils at 60%+ water capacity, at 50% saturation eclosion rate was only 10%, best eclosion rates were for 15-20% of water capacity, temperature did not affect eclosion rate but increase from 17C to 25C reduced larval development from 53 to 29 days and slightly reduced larval weight, mortality, survival, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4507
Author: Theodoratus, D.H.  ; Bowers, M.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of sequestered iridoid glycosides on prey choice of the pariarie wolf spider, Lycosa carolinensis.
Journal: Journal of Chemical Ecology
Volume: 25(2)
Pages: 283-295
Alternate Journal: Journal of Chemical Ecology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera, the caterpillar Junonia coenia was reared on Plantago lanceolata (rich in iridoid glycosides) or Plantago major (low in these glycosides). Some iridoids are very bitter. The caterpillars sequester these glycosides. In field experiments caterpillars were dropped in front of spiders at night and in the lab one of each type of caterpillar was offered simultaneously to a spider. In the field spiders accepted P.major-reared prey significantly more than P.lanceolata-reared. Sometimes caterpillars were bitten and then rejected, and drops of haemolymph exuded  from the wound. Larvae also regurgitated in defence. In lab the spiders ate significantly more P.major-reared prey and the majority did not learn to avoid P.lanceolata-reared, so these were often attacked and rejected. Spiders that ate P.lanceolata-reared prey appeared to have reduced survival rates perhaps because of prey toxicity. References to ants, bugs and wasps avoiding caterpillars that contain iridoids. Araneae, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, nocturnal, behaviour, prey defence, chemical defence, learning, aversion, wounding, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Vespidae. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1683
Author: Theunissen, J.; Fransen, J. J.
Year: 1984
Title: Biological control of cutworms in lettuce by Neoaplectana bibionis
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 49
Pages: 771-776
Keywords: En.
Rep., insect pathogenic nematodes, Netherlands, Holland, salad crops, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, turnip moth on outdoor lettuce, Agrotis segetum, plots separated by plastic fences, cutworms put out followed by nematodes, watering cf soaking, damage, irrigation by sprinkler, soil 16C at start then higher, temperature, drenching nematodes gave good control, application methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3805
Author: Thiele, A.
Year: 1990
Title: Nahrungswahlversuche mit farbmarkierten Bodenpilzen bei Collembolen
Journal: Braunschw. naturkdl. Schr.
Volume: 3
Issue: 3)
Pages: 637-653
Keywords: Ger. En. summ.
Rep., TP, food selection experiments with Collembola with colour marked soil fungi, methods, marking, Germany, diet, trophic behaviour, maize roots infected with vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza, food staining method, food colouring had no effect on Collembola behaviour, guts of Collembola became coloured, 11 species varied in their food preferences, they feed to gut capacity on a single food source, 7 species preferred VAM infected roots, but soil fungi were the favourite food, red yellow green and blue food additives, Onychiurus fimatus, Onychiurus armatus, Hypogastrura gibbosa, Proisotoma minuta, Folsomia candida, Folsomia fimetaria, Isotoma notabilis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3806
Author: Thiele, A.; Larink, O.
Year: 1990
Title: Colour-marking in experiments on food selection with Collembola
Journal: Biology and Fertility of Soils
Volume: 9
Pages: 203-204
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, methods, Germany, diet, trophic behaviour, guts of animals became coloured after feeding on marked foods, food stains, direct observation, food disappearance rate, faeces production rates, gut analysis, statistics, food preference, water soluble food colouring in red yellow green and blue, Sminthuridae, Entomobryidae, Onychiuridae, Poduridae, Isotomidae, Folsomia candida, Folsomia fimetaria, Isotoma notabilis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 141
Author: Thiele, H. U.
Year: 1964
Title: Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber die Ursachen der Biotopbindung bei Carabiden
Journal: Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere.
Volume: 53
Pages: 387-452
Keywords: Ger.
Rep, Carabidae, habitat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 142
Author: Thiele, H. U.
Year: 1968
Title: Zur Methode der Laboratoriumszucht von Carabiden
Journal: Decheniana.
Volume: 120
Pages: 335-341
Keywords: Ger.
Rep, Carabidae, laboratory, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 139
Author: Thiele, H. U.
Year: 1977
Title: Carabid Beetles in their Environments
Journal: Springer, Berlin.
Keywords: En.
GCRI Lib.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3760
Author: Thiele, H. U.
Year: 1979
Title: Intraspecific differences in photoperiodism and measurement of day length in Pterostichus nigrita Paykull (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands
Volume: 18
Pages: 53-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, Central Europe, Sweden, number of chromosomes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 137
Author: Thiele, H. U. von
Year: 1961
Title: Zuchtversuche an Carabiden, ein Beitrag zu ihrer Okologie
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 167
Pages: 431-432
Keywords: Ger.
Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus nigrita, Agonum assimile
Rep, Carabidae, rearing, culture, larvae, phenology, egg, pupa, adult, field, laboratory


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3135
Author: Thieme, T.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1992
Title: Illustrated key for the identification of aphids in cereals
Journal: Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd.
Volume: 44
Issue: 10)
Pages: 201-208
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, structure, classification, taxonomy, simple morphological characters, photographs, Sipha, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Anoecia corni, Metopolophium dirhodum, Metopolophium festucae, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sitobion fragariae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3136
Author: Thieme, T.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1993
Title: Illustrated key for the identification of aphids on beets
Journal: Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd.
Volume: 45
Issue: 7)
Pages: 144-150
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, arable, brassicas, structure, classification, taxonomy, simple morphological characters, colour photographs, includes Aphis fabae, Pemphigus, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3793
Author: Thieme, T.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Bildschlussel fur Bestimmung von Blattlausen an Kartoffeln
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Det. Pflanzenschutzd.
Volume: 46
Issue: 8)
Pages: 161-169
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP, illustrated key for the identification of aphids on potatoes, classification, taxonomy, structure, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Germany, colour photographs and electron micrographs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5386
Author: Thieme, T.; Heimbach, U.; Schliephake, E.
Year: 2001
Title: Nachweis der "Russischen Weizenlaus", Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), in Deutschland
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 
Volume: 53(2)
Pages: 35-40
Alternate Journal: Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 
Keywords: Rep., detection of russian wheat aphid in Germany, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, first found in 1997, gives maps showing how it has spread across the world including through Europe with dates, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, morphometrics, photographs of morphs
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5427
Author: Thies, C.; Tscharntke, T.
Year: 1999
Title: Lanscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems
Journal: Science
Volume: 285
Pages: 893-895
Alternate Journal: Science
Keywords: Rep., rape pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus, pests oilseed rape, brassicas, parasitoids, natural enemies, Germany, damage, three parasitoid species, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, references that ladybirds, lacewings and malaciid beetles also attack this pest, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, type of field margin affected parasitism in the centre of fields (enhanced by old-field margin strips), the lack of disturbance of these edge strips thought to allow populations of parasitoids to build up over years, beetle larvae in rape adjacent to large old fallows had enhanced rates of parasitism, the structural complexity of 15 landscapes studied varied from simple to complex (the latter with 50% uncultivated area), large amounts of beetle damage and low rates of parasitism were associated with the structurally simple habitats, differences between edge and middle of crops only found in the simple landscapes (elevated levels of parasitism in complex landscapes eliminated edge-middle differences), when noncrop area dropped below 20% percentage parasitism dropped below 32-36% and biological control was no longer effective, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat complexity 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3803
Author: Thimm, T.
Year: 1993
Title: Nahrungswahlversuche mit Collembolen unter Verwendung von endophytischen Pilzen einer vesikular-arbuskularen Mykorrhiza mit Petersilie
Journal: Braunschw. naturkdl. Schr.
Volume: 4
Issue: 2)
Pages: 321-335
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, food selection by Collembola on fungi of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal association with parsley, 6 species, trophic behaviour, Germany, diet, selective grazing, colour marking of food to identify what has ben eaten, methods, most species prefer infected roots, effects on growth of fungi and plants and decomposition of leaf litter


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3069
Author: Thomas, B. J.
Year: 1980
Title: The detection by serological methods of viruses infecting the rose
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 94
Pages: 91-101
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, serology, comparison of ELISA, latex agglutination, gel immunodiffusion, serologically specific microscopy, ELISA 200 times more sensitive than latex test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5624
Author: Thomas, C.D.
Year: 1989
Title: Predator-herbivore interactions and the escape of isolated plants from phytophagous insects
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 55
Pages: 291-298
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., graphical models, isolated plants may escape herbivory because generalist predators suppress herbivore populations on these plants, this would contribute to plant biodiversity in the tropics, relative colonisation rates by herbivores and predators affect the outcome of this interaction, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, trophic cascades, frequencies of different colonisation patterns in natural communities are not well known, community, polyphagous predators may be found more frequently on isolated plants than are specialist predators, food webs, trophic webs, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3810
Author: Thomas, C. F. G.
Year: 1992
Title: The spatial dynamics of spiders in farmland
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Pages: 222 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, arable, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, population dynamics, Linyphiidae, metapopulation dynamics, spatial scales, cursorial dispersal, walking, relevance to ecotoxicology field trials, pesticides, insecticides, methods, side-effects of insecticides on non-targets, movement as diffusion process, colonisation, field boundaries as barriers to movement, hedges, grasses, habitat disruption, behaviour, cultivations and grazing, farming practices, abundance, meteorological effects, abiotics, weather, microclimate, vertical distribution above a field, downwind dispersal distance, modelling, species composition and age and sex composition of aerial arachnofauna, phenology of ballooning and effects of windspeed, enhanced emigration from deteriorating habitats, predicting long-term, large-scale dynamics of linyphiids, deltamethrin, pyrethroid insecticides, re- invasion rates, pitfalls, Erigone and Oedothorax, water traps, deposition traps, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4191
Author: Thomas, C. F. G.
Year: 1995
Title: A rapid method for handling and marking carabids in the field
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land. 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal", Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel, Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 57-59
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, paints and inks rarely persist on elytra for more than 8 weeks, cauterisers stress the animals inducing vomiting, the author used a battery- powered model makers drill to power a small sanding disc to make code marks on elytra of beetles under a binocular microscope in the field, abraded areas can be highlighted with metallic silver paint markers (edding 780), beetles were restrained by elastic bands lightly binding them to dowelling during abrasion and paint drying, several hundred beetles can be marked in a day, mark-release-recapture, MRR, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, got 50% recapture of 298 Pterostichus melanarius over 3 weeks in 2400 m2 unenclosed cereals, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5977
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Blackshaw, R.P.; Hutchings, L.; Woolley, C.; Goodacre, S.; Hewitt, G.M.; Ibrahim, K.; Brooks, S.P.; Harrington, R.
Year: 2003
Title: Modelling life-history / dispersal-strategy interactions to pedict and manage linyphiid spider diversity in agricultural landscapes
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 167-172
Alternate Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, aeronauts, UK, landscape, farming practices, population dynamics, simulation modelling, methods (plans), population genetics, biodiversity, insecticides, pesticides, risk spreading, weather window at windspeeds less than 3 m sec-1, life history strategy dispersal strategy and landscape structure interact to affect population persistence and genetic diversity, dispersal model will be expanded from linear to two dimensions, validation against field data and spider catches in 12.2 m suction traps (30 year archive), Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Tenuiphantes tenuis (=Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax fuscus, Savignya frontata, Milleriana inerrans, Meioneta rurestris, Dvac in arable and pasture for 5 years, grassland, Gramineae, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, potential food quantified, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Collembola, Diptera, sampling just before and after farm operations to determine mortality due to insecticides harvest and cultivation, aerial activity index from hand aspirator, water traps and bottle traps [small plastic lobster trap held aloft on a pole], longevity, fecundity and development time in relation to food supply in vivaria, simple wind chambers to determine species-specific differences in ballooning motivation, Erigone populations will be sampled from mainland and island sites and genetic structure compared using microsatellite markers, mitochondrial DNA, primers for COI and COII genes to identify immatures, DNA techniques, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5978
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Brain, P.; Jepson, P.C.
Year: 2003
Title: Aerial activity of linyphiid spiders: modelling dispersal distances from meteorology and behaviour
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 40(5)
Pages: 912-927
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, aeronauts, UK, field experiments to relate spider take-off and vertical distribution in the air to atmospheric conditions and to measure time elapsed between ballooning flights, these data used with ascent and descent rates and windspeed and behavioural information to obtain model outputs of flight durations and distances, methods, experiments in a large grass field, Gramineae, 7 m high mast measuring windspeed at six heights and temperature at two heights at 10 min intervals, continuous monitoring of wind direction, turbulence quantified by Richardson number (function of above parameters), 15 m string suspended above the crop was patrolled (up to 11 h per day) and spiders removed from the string with a pooter, spiders sampled from the air at four heights (from three 7 m masts) using sticky-coated chicken wire mesh (spiders removed using white spirit), 87 spiders landing on the grass were observed and the time to take-off (re-ballooning) recorded (mean interval between flights was only 12 min), assumptions and other details of modelling given, 798 ballooning spiders, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Meioneta rurestris, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Savignya frontata, Milleriana inerrans, Oedothorax spp., ln aerial density declined linearly with increase in height (height distribution corroborated with independent data from catches in a net attached to a balloon), relationship between turbulence and spider height density profile enables density at various heights to be estimated, number of spiders becoming airborne (take-offs) also correlated with air turbulence, 60% of spiders were airborne for less than 2 min (16% 8min or longer) per flight, mean flight duration 3.3 min, maximum dispersal distance over 8 h is about 90 km, for a range of variable settings dispersal of 30 km in 6 h is feasible, seems possible that spiders may also be able (e.g. by utilising oceanic updraft) to sustain flight at a constant height and drift with horizontal winds for much greater distances than estimated here, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3467
Author: Thomas, C. F. G.; Cooke, H.; Bauly, J.; Marshall, E. J. P.
Year: 1994
Title: Invertebrate colonisation of overwintering sites in different field boundary habitats
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 229-232
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, overwintering invertebrates abundance estimated by hand-sorting and soil washing and Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, in sown 4 m wide field margins cf hedgerow and field, 1 year old sown margins were intermediate between crops and hedgerows in terms of invertebrate population density, sown margins a set-aside option, mixed grass and wild flower strips, Gramineae, UK, farming practices, natural regeneration, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, adults and larvae, Hemiptera, Isopoda, Dermaptera, Myriapoda, Diptera adults and larvae, colonisation of sown margins is rapid, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, earwigs, woodlice, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, arable, cereals


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5806
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Green, F.; Marshall, E.J.P.
Year: 1997
Title: Distribution, dispersal and population size of the ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) (Coleoptera, Carabidae), in field margin habitats
Journal: Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture
Volume: 15
Pages: 337-352
Alternate Journal: Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, migration, movement, density, abundance, spring barley, methods, pitfalls, transects, live trapping and marking with paint, mark-recapture, only 20 of 648 P. melanarius were caught on the opposite side of a hedge from where marked, barriers to dispersal, estimated density of this species 0.63 m-2, pattern of captures in field margin and field suggested that P. melanarius moved from edge to field in July, in contrast H. rufipes remained mainly in the hedgerow, 60% of P. melanarius dispersed 0 - 2.5 m day-1, 5% moved 7.5 - 10 m day-1, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 808
Author: Thomas, C. F. G.; Hol, E. H. A.; Everts, J. W.
Year: 1990
Title: Modelling the diffusion component of dispersal during recovery of a population of linyphiid spiders from exposure to an insecticide
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 4
Pages: 357-368
Keywords: En.
Rep., money spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, winter wheat partly sprayed with deltamethrin, cereals, Gramineae, insecticide, pesticide, aphicide, Erigone atra reduced by 89%, Oedothorax females reduced by 82%, median estimated recovery times were 1.1-15.3 weeks for Oedothorax apicatus, and 3.7-6.5 weeks for E. atra at 15 and 75 m from unsprayed area, movement, distribution, dispersal rate, migration, reproduction not considered to be important factor in re-population in this study, Hulland polder field, hexagonal grids of pitfalls, bamboo cane sticky traps, methods, efffect of weather on pitfall catch, the poor aeronaut O. apicatus took a long time to build up numbers in middle of field but E. atra density increased evenly over the whole area, aerial dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5500
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Holland, J.M.; Brown, N.J.
Year: 2002
Title: The spatial distribution of carabid beetles in agricultural landscapes
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 305-344
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, density, abundance, patches, landscape, spatial fragmentation, mark-recapture, methods, harmonic radar tracking, radio telemetry, dispersal, migration, movement, woodlands, forests, trees, heathland, hedges and field boundaries, habitat preferences, corridors for movement, overwintering habitats, movement between boundaries and field centres, walking speeds and flight, most agrobiont carabids can shift spatial distribution rapidly at scale of fields and boundaries, pitfalls, transects and grids, some species move out of overwintering sites into fields in the spring, Amara may aggregate near boundaries where weed seed densities are greatest, spermophagy, spatial distribution within fields are stable for some species and exhibit patches moving through time in others, SADIE, sampling scale affects ability to detect aggregation, 30 m grid scale is optimal for many species, different species aggregate into patches of different size, metapopulations, in one study the majority of Pterostichus melanarius were captured withn 55 m of their release site after 30 days, problems of interpreting pitfall trap catches, Collembola distribution can be aggregated in patches, foraging behaviour, microclimate and soil moisture, soil factors, P. melanarius and Pterostichus madidus distributions in winter wheat were not correlated with soil moisture, pH and chemical factors, mechanical factors affecting burrowing, carabids prefer clay to sandy soils, preferences for different crop types, effects of ploughing, farming practices, barriers to movement between fields, failure to cross roads and railways, linear movement, hedgerows slow or prevent walking dispersal between fields, landscape models
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3940
Author: Thomas, C. F. G.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1997
Title: Field-scale effects of farming practices on linyphiid spider populations in grass and cereals
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 84
Pages: 59-69
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, movement, migration, UK, October 1989 to August 1991, Dvac and water traps in grass and cereal fields, Gramineae, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, most immatures were in perennial grass cut infrequently and in unsprayed cereals, farming practices, density, abundance in relation to age and size, pesticides, cutting grasses and spraying cereals reduced populations 66-96%, population dynamics, mortality, survival, survivorship, grazing reduced populations by nearly 100%, reproducing females ballooned out of senescing cereals in July, ballooning behaviour, Meioneta rurestris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis and Oedothorax spp. accounted for 80-90% of adult population, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5776
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Marshall, E.J.P.
Year: 1999
Title: Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 72
Pages: 131-144
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, field margin strips, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, comparison of ryegrass, grass and wildflower mixture and natural regeneration, weeds, Gramineae, Lolium perenne, methods, pitfalls, suction sampling, Dvac, vacuum insect net, soil samples then handsort and washing for overwintering arthropods, colonisation by arthropods 11-15 months after establishment of sown strips, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 67 carabid species, species list, species composition, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Trechus quadristriatus, Nebria brevicollis, Harpalus affinis, Amara similata, Demetrias atricapillus, Loricera pilicornis, pests, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Collembola, no effect of treatment on carabids in pitfalls, arthropod diversity high in wildflower strips compared to crop, biodiversity, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5308
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Parkinson, L.; Griffiths, G.J.K.; Fernandez Garcia, A.
Year: 2001
Title: Aggregation and temporal stability of carabid beetle distributions in field and hedgerow habitats
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 38
Pages: 100-116
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, 156 pitfalls in 1 ha area of 2 fields and a hedge, SADIE, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, there was stability of patch locations over short time scales (e.g. for P. melanarius and P. cupreus), winter barley, cereals, Gramineae, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Poecilus cupreus, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes, Amara spp., Amara plebeja, Amara ovata, field margins were the main habitat for Amara, and were used by H. rufipes, but N. brevicollis aestivated in the margins then moved into fields in the autumn, the hedgerow appeared to act as a barrier to movement of some species
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5725
Author: Thomas, C.F.G.; Parkinson, L.; Marshall, E.J.P.
Year: 1998
Title: Isolating the components of activity-density for the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in farmland
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 116
Pages: 103-112
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, UK, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, gripd of pitfalls spanning a hedgerow and two cereal fields, landscape, Gramineae, mark-recapture, abundance, density of 0.26 per m2, gives other density estimates from the literature, pitfall catch varied (correlated with rainfall) in spite of density rising to a single peak, pitfall catch data will be difficult to interpret or spurious, mean displacement distances 2.6 to 5.5 m per day, diffusion model, aggregated distribution, SADIE, only 6% of recaptures were from releases on opposite side of hedge, the hedgerow was a barrier, beetles marked on elytra with a drill, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3207
Author: Thomas, D. B.; Sleeper, E. L.
Year: 1977
Title: The use of pitfall traps for estimating the abundance of arthropods, with special reference to the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 70
Pages: 242-248
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, 1971-4, 6 species, mark-recapture, methods, pitfalls, desert, marks on elytra with file, gives recommendations for standardizing trapping procedure, some tenebrionids mark the trap with a pheromone, others become trap happy, behaviour, semiochemicals, short review of literature of problems with pitfalls, pitfall trapping is not uniformly applicable to all species of surface-dwelling arthropods and vagility is the most important factor, Coleoptera, activity, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1530
Author: Thomas, H. A.; Specht, H. B.; Driggers, B. F.
Year: 1959
Title: Arthropod fauna found during the first-season trial of a selective spray schedule in a New Jersey apple orchard
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 52
Issue: 5)
Pages: 819-820
Keywords: En.
USA, pesticides, insecticides, trees, top fruit, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2010
Author: Thomas, I.
Year: 1933
Title: On the bionomics and structure of some dipterous larvae infesting cereals and grasses. I. Opomyza florum (Fabr.)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 20
Pages: 707
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, Gramineae, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2009
Author: Thomas, I.
Year: 1934
Title: On the bionomics and structure of some dipterous larvae infesting cereals and grasses. II Opomyza germinationis L
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 21
Pages: 519
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, Gramineae, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2008
Author: Thomas, I.
Year: 1938
Title: On the bionomics and structure of some dipterous larvae infesting cereals and grasses. III Geomyza (Balioptera) tripunctata Fall
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 25
Pages: 181-196
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, Gramineae, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1068
Author: Thomas, I.; Jacob, F. H.
Year: 1940
Title: The strawberry aphis - Pentatrichopus (Capitophorus) fragariae Theob., with notes on P. potentillae Walk. and P. tetrarhodus Walk
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 27
Pages: 234-247
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, natural enemies, biological control, predation, pathogens, Syrphidae, Diptera, populations much reduced by hoverfly larvae and fungus (no evidence), disease virus vector


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2491
Author: Thomas, M. B.
Year: 1989
Title: THe creation of island habitats to enhance populations of beneficial insects
Journal: BCPC Weeds Conference
Pages: 1097-1102
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2494
Author: Thomas, M. B.
Year: 1990
Title: The role of man-made grassy habitats in enhancing carabid populations in arable land
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 77-85
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5728
Author: Thomas, M.B.; Mitchell, H.J.; Wratten, S.D.
Year: 1992
Title: Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the winter distribution of predatory insects
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 89
Pages: 78-84
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachyporus hypnorum, D. atricapillus taken from beetle banks contained food during winter, UK, farming practices, habitat diversification, landscape, food, diet, trophic behaviour, microhabitats within tussock-forming grasses Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus had more stable temperatures than within mat-forming species Agrotis stolonifera and Lolium perenne, more beetles in tussocks than mats, Gramineae, habitat selection, habitat preference, vegetation structure and biomass influenced D. atricapillus distribution, overwintering experiments showed that starved D. atricapillus suffered higher mortality than well-fed ones, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2818
Author: Thomas, M. B.; Sotherton, N. W.; Coombes, D. S.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 120
Pages: 197-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Demetrias atricapillus distribution related to Dactylis glomerata tussocks, cocksfoot, Forficula auricularia and Tachyporus chrysomelinus distribution related to % cover of deciduous leaf litter, Dermaptera, earwigs, soil samples and flotation in winter of 3 years, large year differences for T. chrysomelinus, other variables considered were aspect, height of bank, height of vegetation, Tachyporus hypnorum, spiders not included, habitat preference, overwintering, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1210
Author: Thomas, M. B.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Manipulating the arable crop environment to enhance the activity of predatory insects
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 17
Pages: 57-66
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, habitat manipulation, raised banks sown with grasses established inside 2 winter wheat fields, provided overwintering sites for predators even in year 1, quadrats in winter and temperature recording, predation index, methods, frozen Acyrthosiphon pisum in dishes, when % cover on banks was still only 60% got more Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae on banks than on field or bare ground, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, predation rates in spring started off higher near the banks and moved out, distribution, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2816
Author: Thomas, M. B.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Creation of "Island" habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 28
Pages: 906-917
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, raised earth banks, various grasses sown in blocks, methods, quadrats in winter 1987- 88, same in 1988-89 plus destructive samples, temperature recorded, Dvac transects into field April-May 1989, Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae all increased in 1st and 2nd years in banks, no one species dominated, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, Dactylis and Holcus by destructive sampling showed Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus hypnorum to be dominant, these 2 grasses provided sites with the least variable temperatures, microclimate, significantly more D. atricapillus on ridge up to May after which more even distribution into fields pattern not so clear for T. hypnorum, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, D. atricapillus preferred the tussocks of D. glomerata, in 2nd year predator densities of more than 1500 m-2 in banks which is 10-20 times as good as boundaries, data on cost effectiveness, saved spray or yield loss, "is inadequate provision of overwintering sites a key factor in between generation changes in predator populations"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1649
Author: Thomas, M. B.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Creation of 'island' habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and species composition
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Issue: 2)
Pages: 524-531
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, various grass species on ridges, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, winter, ground search, turfs removed and hand sort, predator density for Agonum dorsale, Amara spp., Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Demetrias atricapillus, Trechus quadristriatus, Stenus spp., Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus spp., Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, boundary and open field carabids, in third winter ridges supported high numbers of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4347
Author: Thomas, M. R.; Garthwaite, D. G.; Banham, A. R.
Year: 1997
Title: Pesticide usage survey report 141. Arable farm crops in Great Britain in 1996
Journal: MAFF Publications, London
Pages: 97pp
Keywords: En.
Rep. (sections), autumn 1995 to harvest 1996, treated area of arable crops has increased by 18% since 1994, total area treated breaks down to 35% fungicides, 32% herbicides, 12% insecticides, 11% seed treatment, 8% growth regulators, 1% molluscicides, agricultural statistics, pyrethroids were used on 79% of the insecticide treated area, organophosphorus insecticides on 10%, carbamates on 8%, cypermethrin on 54%, lambda cyhalothrin on 11%, dimethoate on 7%, pirimicarb on 6%, Tables of usage by crop, aphids were the principal pests of wheat, UK, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, control of aphids accounted for 81% of area treated with foliar insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5163
Author: Thomas, S.R.; Goulson, D.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Spatial and temporal distributions of predatory Carabidae in a winter wheat field
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 62
Pages: 55-60
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dispersal, movement, migration, SADIE, methods, pairs of pitfalls connected by a board set out in transects from edge and from a beetle bank into the middle of the field, SADIE showed a patch of Agonum dorsale and Bembidion lampros seeming to come out of hedgerow and beetle bank in early May, other species appeared first in the middle of the field
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5685
Author: Thomas, S.R.; Noordhuis, R.; Holland, J.M.; Goulson, D.
Year: 2002
Title: Botanical diversity of beetle banks: effects of age and comparison with conventional arable field margins in southern UK
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 93
Pages: 403-412
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, habitat diversification, beetles banks are raised bank strips sown with grasses, Gramineae, Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot, Holcus lantatus Yorkshire Fog, receive financial support from Farmland Stewardship Scheme, beetle banks had lower botanical species richness and diversity than field margins (except for beetle banks older than a decade), beetle banks provided tussocks but less nectar than margins, references to hedge removal and provision of vegetation strips at  field edges, landscape, tussocks are valuable overwintering sites for polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, natural enemies, refuges, reservoirs, sources, 9 banks 1-13 years old were studied in southern England, percentage species cover within quadrats, species lists of grasses, woody and herbaceous plants, migration of weeds into crop can be prevented by a sterile strip between bank and crop and contact grass weed herbicides can be used as spot treatments against wild oats, blackgrass and barren brome where necessary, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1528
Author: Thompson, A. R.
Year: 1973
Title: Pesticide residues in soil invertebrates
Journal: Environmental Pollution by Pesticides, Ed. by C.A. Edwards
Pages: 87-133
Keywords: En.
insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4151
Author: Thompson, J. N.
Year: 1984
Title: Insect diversity and the trophic structure of communities
Journal: In "Ecological Entomology", Ed. by C.B. Huffaker and R.L. Rabb, John Wiley, New York
Pages: 591-606
Keywords: En.
book in EM Lib., spiders may be the dominant insectivores in some terrestrial ecosystems, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, herbivores and parasitoids are the most species rich groups in communities, phytophages, predation intensity is thought to be greater in the tropics than in temperate zones, parasitoids may comprise 10-20% or more of animal species on earth, spiders exist in virtually all terrestrial environmemts, there may be 50,000 species, biodiversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 302
Author: Thompson, R. G.; Allen, R. T.
Year: 1974
Title: Descriptions of larval Carabidae. I
Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin.
Volume: 28
Pages: 185-201
Keywords: En.
Rep, larvae, structure, beetles, Coleoptera, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1577
Author: Thompson, W. R.
Year: 1928
Title: A contribution to the study of the dipterous parasites of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.)
Journal: Parasitology
Volume: 20
Pages: 123-158
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, key to species, Diptera, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, taxonomy, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3310
Author: Thompson, W. R.
Year: 1955
Title: Mortality factors acting in a sequence
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 87
Pages: 264-275
Keywords: En.
Rep., there may be large fluctuations in the mortality of a particular lifestage without much alteration in total mortality, distinguish between density dependent and density independent mortalities, irreplaceable mortality, most of paper devoted to refuting criticisms from Bess, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1106
Author: Thompson, W. R.; Simmonds, F. I.
Year: 1965
Title: A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 4. Host predator catalogue
Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Farnham Royal
Keywords: HRILibStore, up to 1937, natural enemies, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1062
Author: Thompson, W. R.; Simmonds, F. J.
Year: 1964
Title: A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 3. Predator host catalogue
Journal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal
Pages: 204 pp
Keywords: En.
aphids, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, includes thrips and gryllids feeding on aphids, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 138
Author: Thompson, W. R.; Simmonds, F. J.
Year: 1965
Title: A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 4, Host predator catalogue
Journal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Institute of Biological Control.
Pages: 198 pp
Keywords: En.
GCRI Lib., predation, prey, Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5459
Author: Thomson, L.J.; Glenn, D.C.; Hoffmann, A.A.
Year: 2000
Title: Effects of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects and establishing release windows
Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 40(8)
Pages: 1165-1171
Alternate Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Keywords: Rep., ecotoxicology, lightbrown apple moth in vineyards, Lepidoptera, Epiphyas postvittana, eggs of this pest are attacked by Trichogramma carverae and Trichogramma funiculatum, augmentative biological control, grapes, powdery mildew and mites, Acari, need for better timing and alternative agrochemicals to improve IPM
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5883
Author: Thorbek, P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Topping, C.J.
Year: 2003
Title: Eggsac development rates and phenology of agrobiont linyphiid spiders in relation to temperature
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 109
Pages: 89-100
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, life cycle, voltinism, pests, biological control, three years, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone promiscua, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, thermal biology, methods, spiders collected from winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, adult females singly in petri dishes under ambient conditions, time taken for eggsacs to hatch, temperature monitored in field, also eggsac development studies at constant temperatures in the laboratory, comparison of day-degree model and biophysical model, construction and validation of a phenology simulation model, reproduction, eggsac development rate was exponential (biophysical model), laboratory observations successfully predicted eggsac development period in the field, temperature thresholds for eggsac development were similar at constant and fluctuating temperatures, phenology model successful for T. tenuis and E. atra but less so for O. fuscus, this methodology might be applied to other natural enemies as one aspect of predicting their suitability for biocontrol under field conditions, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5887
Author: Thorbek, P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Topping, C.J.
Year: 2004
Title: Reproductive biology of agrobiont linyphiid spiders in relation to habitat, season and biocontrol potential
Journal: Biological Control
Pages: in press
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, population dynamics, phenology, reproduction, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pasture, grassland, clover, Leguminosae, spring barley, set-aside, UK, West Sussex, organic fields in Denmark, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, adult females put individually in petri dishes in the field and their eggsacs incubated under ambient conditions, temperature recorded, 1736/4481 adult females collected produced eggsacs (39%), Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone promiscua, Oedothorax retusus, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Meioneta rurestris, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax fuscus, Dicymbium tibiale, Milleriana inerrans, Savignya frontata, Araeoncus humilis, Diplocephalus cristatus, Erigonella hiemalis, Bathyphantes parvulus, Diplostyla concolor, Lepthyphantes pallidus, Microlinyphia pusilla, egg mortality was less than 5% apart from Erigone spp. (15%), trade off between eggsac production rate and clutch size (number of eggs per eggsac), clutch size positively correlated with size of female, T. tenuis had largest clutch (about 20-30) and Erigone spp. the smallest (about 5-12), the reverse for eggsac production rate, B. gracilis also had a high eggsac production rate (about 0.2 - 1 eggsacs per female per week), clutch size varied significantly within the genus Oedothorax, clutch size and eggsac production rate did not vary greatly between habitats varying in management intensity, farming practices, T. tenuis had a long breeding season (March - November), clutch size suggested that spiders were food-limited, life history strategies, bet-hedging, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, eggsac-guarding by Oedothorax spp., voltinism, forest species produce fewer eggs and have shorter more fixed reproductive periods than agrobionts, agrobiont life history strategy is characteristic of organisms inhabiting disturbed habitats (and enables rapid population recovery after perturbation),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5875
Author: Thorbek, P.; Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 2002
Title: Validation of a simple method for monitoring aerial activity of spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 30
Pages: 57-64
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, aeronauts, UK, West Sussex, techniques, relevant to studies of population dynamics and biological control of pests, a ballooning index (BI) was obtained by monitoring spiders climbing an array of 30 cm high sticks placed in short turf, over two years the BI was significantly positively correlated with numbers of spiders caught in suction traps at 1.4 m and 12.2 m above ground, wind speed measured 1 m above ground, 8772 spiders collected at 1.4 m, 3781 at 12.2 m and 649 on sticks, there was no seasonal change in height profile of ballooning, they were 92-96% Linyphiidae, no spiders climbed sticks at wind speeds greater than 3.5 ms-1, climbing activity was greatest in the morning, BI may be measuring mainly re-ballooning attempts of grounded aeronauts that have landed on the short grass turf, pattern of catches strongly suggested that spiders dispersed by a series of short flights rarther than one long flight, [species composition of catches not given], 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2886
Author: Thornhill, E. W.
Year: 1978
Title: A motorised insect sampler
Journal: Pans
Volume: 24
Pages: 205-207
Keywords: En.
Rep., suction sampler, similar to Dvac and with same efficiency, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3381
Author: Thornhill, R.
Year: 1975
Title: Scorpionflies as kleptoparasites of web-building spiders
Journal: Nature
Volume: 258
Pages: 709
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Mimetidae invade the webs of other spiders and devour the owners, hyperpredators, predation on predators, the Theridiidae Argyrodes is commensal in webs of larger spiders, the Miridae Ranzovius is commensal in spider webs but might also eat spider eggs, Heteroptera, behaviour, USA, scorpionfly Panorpa, Mecoptera, Panorpidae, is usually a scavenger but occasionally kills slugs, Limacidae, Mollusca, carrion feeder, 675 feeding observations on 9 species of Panorpa, they also enter spider webs and feed on trapped insects and on the spider's food store swathed in silk, their prey is either eaten in the web or they can also fly away with it in their mandibles, some spiders prey on Panorpa, the enteric fluid of Panorpa which can be regurgitated is both defence against spiders and will also dissolve the web if Panorpa gets entangled, Panorpa usually lives in the herb layer of deciduous forests, it shares food with Phalangida and scavenger beetles, Coleoptera, Opiliones, harvestmen


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 559
Author: Thornhill, W. A.
Year: 1983
Title: The distribution and probable importance of linyphiid spiders living on the soil surface of sugar-beet fields
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 6
Pages: 127-136
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, cereals, spring barley, arable, methods, pitfalls, quadrats, ground search, phenology, species composition, dominant species, webs, web area, web cover, web position, artificial holes for frequency of web construction, activity, movement, diurnal, nocturnal, predation, prey, diet, food, foraging, feeding, aphids, pests, structural complexity to increase web cover, habitat structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2740
Author: Thornhill, W. A.; Edwards, C. A.
Year: 1985
Title: The effects of pesticides and crop rotation on the soil- inhabiting fauna of sugar-beet fields. Part I: the crop and macroinvertebrates
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 4
Pages: 409-422
Keywords: En.
Collembola, mites, Acari, arable, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2804
Author: Thornhill, W. A.; Heathcote, G. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and the incidence of virus yellows on insecticide-free sugarbeet in south-eastern England in 1978-81
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 77
Pages: 617-628
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Brooms barn, arable, sugar beet, plant diseases, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, peak Myzus persicae related to severity of previous winter, climate, meterology, not so for Aphis fabae, little annual variation in peak numbers of Macrosiphum euphorbiae, virus yellows related to M. persicae rather than other species, similar numbers of Coccinellidae each year, ladybirds, Coleoptera, appeared in June, Syrphidae larvae numbers linked to A. fabae, Diptera, hoverflies, in situ counts May to August, pitfalls and 12.2 m suction trap, small Carabidae appeared to decline in June-July, Anystis was the main polyphagous predator seen onplants especially on chalk and clay soils, less so on sandy, has a second generation in August, voltinism, Acari, predatory mites, Anystidae, aphid parasitoids, anystids and Linyphiidae spiders were observed eating M. persicae and other aphids, diet, food, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1865
Author: Thorvilson, H. G.; Pedigo, L. P.; Lewis, L. C.
Year: 1985
Title: The potential of alfalfa fields as early-season nurseries for natural enemies of Plathypena scabra (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 58
Issue: 4)
Pages: 597-604
Keywords: En.
USA, Leguminosae, parasitoids and predators move from alfalfa to soybean, caterpillars, pests, biological control, distribution, dispersal, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2683
Author: Ticheler, J.; Loosjes, M.; Noorlander, J.
Year: 1980
Title: Sterile insect technique for control of the onion maggot, Delia antiqua
Journal: Int Cont of Insect Pests in the Netherlands
Pages: 93-97
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2493
Author: Tietze, F.
Year: 1985
Title: Changes in the ecofaunistic structure of carabid taxocoenoses in agricultural grassland ecosystems by intensified management
Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst.
Volume: 112
Pages: 367-382
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2682
Author: Tilles, D. A.
Year: 1984
Title: Feeding behaviour of Lacon profusa (Candeze) (Coleoptera, Elateridae) in carpenter ant attended colonies of Cinara spp. (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Pan-Pacific Ent
Volume: 60
Issue: 1)
Pages: 65-66
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4331
Author: Tilman, D.
Year: 1993
Title: Community diversity and succession: the roles of competition, dispersal and habitat modification
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 327-344
Keywords: En.
environmental constraints, nitrogen, light, colonisation rate, four hypotheses, [plants only]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5676
Author: Tilman, D.; Cassman, K.G.; Matson, P.A.; Naylor, R.; Polasky, S.
Year: 2002
Title: Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices
Journal: Nature
Volume: 418
Pages: 671-677
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, early agriculture supported 4 million people, modern agriculture supports 6000 million, global cereal production doubled in last 40 years, Gramineae, grain demand predicted to double by 2050, ecosystem services include flood prevention, carbon dioxide removal, fertility regeneration, water purification, non-sustainable agricultural processes reduce the capacity of ecosystems to provide services, practices that reduce biodiversity damage the capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services that are vital to humans, pesticides, pollution, use of fertilisers increased 3-7 x in last 30 years, rice yields are currently static at 80% of theoretical potential, 35% of cereal acreage is exposed to damaging levels of ozone, intercropping, agroforestry, pest control, landscape scale management, buffer strips for parasitoids natural enemies of pests, biological control, water use efficiency, wheat rice and corn together provide 60% of human food and are the three most abundant plants on earth, maize varieties in USA now have useful lifetime of only four years (mainly due to disease) compared with eight years 30 years ago, weed resistance to herbicides, insect resistance to insecticides, disease epidemics in livestock, disposal of animal wastes, manure, decomposition, sustainability incentives to farmers, green payments, taxes on fertilisers and pesticides, consumer incentives, product labelling, substantial increases in knowledge are needed to underpin scientifically sound decision making in the field, global research expenditures are less than 2% of agricultural gross domestic product, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4304
Author: Tilman, D.; Downing, J. A.
Year: 1994
Title: Biodiversity and stability in grasslands
Journal: Nature
Volume: 367
Pages: 363-365
Keywords: En.
Rep., the species redundancy hypothesis asserts that many species are so similar that ecosystem functioning is independent of diversity providing that major functional groups are present, 11 year study of USA grasslands including a severe drought, nitrogen is often limiting, primary productivity in more floristically diverse grassland communities recovered more quickly from the drought, results do not support the species redundancy hypothesis, species richness, community, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5332
Author: Tilmon, K.J.; Danforth, B.N.; Day, W.H.; Hoffmann, M.P.
Year: 2000
Title: Determining parasitoid species composition in a host population: a molecular approach 
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 93(3)
Pages: 640-647
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., pests, natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, community, USA, molecular techniques, DNA methods, rearing out is time consuming but molecular methods can be used instead to determine rates of parasitism, various species of Peristenus wasps attack Lygus lineolaris in alfalfa, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Heteroptera, Miridae, Leguminosae, the DNA sequence of a 820 base pair region of the mitochondrial protein-encoding gene cytochrome oxidase I (CO1) was determined for L. lineolaris, Peristenus digoneutis, Peristenus pallipes and Peristenus conradi, COI has low intraspecific variability and a high copy number per cell, PCR of the COI gene with parasitoid primers was carried out on host DNA, if positive (indicating that the host was parasitised) a restriction digest of the PCR product was carried out to determine which species of parasitoid had attacked the Lygus, this procedure reduced identification time from months to days and allowed storage of samples until a convenient time for analysis 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1455
Author: Tipping, P. W.; Burbutis, P. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Some effects of pesticide residues on Trichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 76
Issue: 4)
Pages: 892-896
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, lab and glasshouse tests of residues of Bacillus thuringiensis, carbaryl, methomyl, methyl parathion, permethrin on adult emergence and parasitism of egg parasitoid of Ostrinia nubilalis, microbial insecticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, organophosphorus insecticides, USA, pests, cereals, Gramineae, corn borer, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, all tests on pepper plants, parasitoid was sensitive to pesticides but not B.t., reduced dosage applications, pesticide application methods, IPM, B.t. plus reduced dose methomyl plus augmentative parasitoid releases, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 136
Author: Tipton, J. D.
Year: 1960
Title: Some aspects of the biology of Nebria brevicollis and Feronia caerulescen s
Journal: Ph.D thesis, Reading University.
Keywords: En.
Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1953
Author: Tischler, W.
Year: 1955
Title: Influence of soil types on the epigeic fauna of agricultural land
Journal: Soil Zoology, Ed. by Kevan, D.K., London
Pages: 125-137
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 473
Author: Tischler, W.
Year: 1967
Title: Zur Biologie und Okologie des Opilioniden Mitopus morio F
Journal: Biol. Zbl.
Volume: 86
Pages: 473-484
Keywords: Ger.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, biology, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3027
Author: Titova, E. V.
Year: 1970
Title: Use of the precipitin test in a study of inter- relationships between Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Heteroptera, Scutelleridae) and predatory arthropods
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 49
Pages: 155-162
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, pests, natural enemies, biological control, USSR, ring test and gel diffusion, trans generic cross reactions removed by absorbtion, detection period affected by size of meal, digestion rates, provisional data suggests that consumption of alternative food does not affect detection of E. integriceps antigen, but no data given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3066
Author: Titova, E. V.
Year: 1973
Title: An evaluation of the specific action of antiserum to the proteins of Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)
Journal: Entom. obozr.
Volume: 52
Issue: 3)
Pages: 565-570
Keywords: Rep., pests, USSR, methods, serology, reacts with some other bugs and some other orders but the cross reactions are tens of hundreds of times weaker


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3065
Author: Titova, E. V.
Year: 1974
Title: On the time during which the antigens of the prey can be detected in the body of the predator
Journal: Entom. obozr.
Volume: 53
Issue: 4)
Pages: 726-731
Keywords: Rep., methods, serology, detection periods, digestion rates, precipitin test, double diffusion in agar, meal detectable for at least 2 days at 23-25C, Eurygaster integriceps can be detected inside Trochosa terricola for up to 70 days, reference to paper that alternative prey has no effect on detection period, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3064
Author: Titova, E. V.; Kuperstein, M. L.
Year: 1976
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of a wheatfield biocoenosis in the North Caucasian Steppe Zone and use of the precipitin test to evaluate their trophic links with Eurygaster integriceps Put
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 55
Pages: 1-8 (or 265-276)
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, cereals, Gramineae, USSR, biological control, methods, serology, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, 85 carabid species, species composition, laboratory consumption rates, precipitin test showed many ate E.integriceps in the field, ranking based on relative abundance lab consumption rates and % positive, similar to Rothschild method, no measure of number of prey eaten in the field, diet, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 553
Author: Titova, E. V.; Yegorova, N. S.
Year: 1978
Title: Serological evaluation of the trophic connection between spiders and Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)
Journal: Entomological Review.
Volume: 57
Pages: 197-201
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, predators, prey, pest, predation, serology, Ouchterlony test, precipitin test, cereals, wheat, Sun Bug, prey detection, USSR Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, prey preference and prey size preference trials in lab, feeding rates in lab, trophic behaviour, newly moulted adults of E.integriceps can be killed by small spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1597
Author: Tod, M. E.
Year: 1970
Title: The significance of predation by soil invertebrates on field populations of Agriolimax reticulatus
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh
Keywords: En.
Rep.Lit.bk., slugs, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, precipitin test, serology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3018
Author: Tod, M. E.
Year: 1973
Title: Notes on beetle predators of molluscs
Journal: The Entomologist
Volume: 106
Pages: 196-201
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Mollusca, Coleoptera, ground beetles, 26 species of Carabidae, other predators, UK grassland and woodland, Gramineae, trees, forests, precipitin test, Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae, Cantharidae, harvestmen, centipedes, rove beetles, soldier beetles, Opiliones, Phalangida, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, scavenging, secondary predation, food chain errors, pre-oral digestion, trophic behaviour, extra-intestinal digestion, the silphid Phosphuga atrata had low % positive even though it is a slug specialist and this might have been due to pre-oral digestion, Staphylinus aeneocephalus were positive after eating Cychrus caraboides larva which is a slug specialist, probable that smaller predators are really scavenger, carrion feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 448
Author: Todd, V.
Year: 1948
Title: Key to the determination of British harvestmen
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 84
Pages: 109-113
Keywords: En.
Rep, Opiliones, Phalangida, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 472
Author: Todd, V.
Year: 1949
Title: The habits and ecology of the British harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) with special reference to those of the Oxford district
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 18
Pages: 209-229
Keywords: En.
Leiobunum rotundum
Rep, distribution, life cycle, laboratory experiments, cereals, halangida


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 452
Author: Todd, V.
Year: 1950
Title: Prey of harvestmen
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 86
Pages: 252-254
Keywords: En.
Phalangida, Opiliones, predation, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 774
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1978
Title: Phenology of some Danish beech-wood spiders
Journal: Natura Jutlandica
Volume: 20
Pages: 285-304
Keywords: En.
Clubiona terrestris, Wideria antica, Diplostyla concolor, Helophora insignis and others
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, litter samples, Duffey platform extractor, pitfalls, sweeping, beating, arboreal photoeclectors, methods, high canopy unsampled, juvenile instars, systematics, structure, fecundity, vertical stratification, family and species composition, hibernation, distribution, voltinism, overwintering, sub-populations with different phenologies, life history strategies in relation to vertical station, male activity in pitfalls not related to copulation, behaviour, females in pitfalls in relation to oviposition and web sites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 780
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1978
Title: The life-history of Achaearanea lunata (Cl.) in Denmark with a note on Theridion varians Hahn (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Journal: Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 4
Issue: 5)
Pages: 197-203
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, quadrats, pitfalls, sweeping, beating, arboreal photoeclectors, methods, beech wood, forestry, systematics, taxonomy, structure, juveniles, vertical stratification related to instar, phenology, voltinism, overwintering, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, aerial dispersal, fecundity, ovipiosition site and behaviour, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 773
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1979
Title: Life histories of eight Danish wetland spiders
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 47
Pages: 22-32
Keywords: En.
Gnathonarium dentatum, Hypomma bituberculatum, Hypomma fulvum, Microlinyphia impigra, Tetragnatha striata, Pachygnatha clercki, Pirata piraticus, Clubiona phragmitis
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, phenology, vegetation at edge of lake, hand collecting, suction sampling, instars by length of tibia I, juveniles, systematics, visited habitat monthly for two years, breeding, oviposition behaviour and egg guarding, fecundity, hibernation, voltinism, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 772
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1980
Title: Linyphia tenuipalpis Simon (Araneae: Linyphiidae) on Danish heaths
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 48
Pages: 17-18
Keywords: Danish; En. summ.
Rep., money spider, polyphagous predator, restricted to Calluna heaths in Denmark, very abundant in this habitat, Linyphia triangularis is dominant where the heather is richer, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 775
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1980
Title: Body size relations of sheet-web spiders in Danish Calluna heaths
Journal: 8th International Arachnological Congress, Vienna
Pages: 161-164
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, money spiders, polyphagous predators, large size variation in both species, when allopatric Linyphia triangularis is larger than Linyphia tenuipalpis, when sympatric both same size, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 776
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1980
Title: Humidity retaining function of the catching web of Tapinopa longidens (Wider) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 48
Pages: 5-7
Keywords: En.
Rep., money spider, polyphagous predator, likes high humidity when its general habitat is dry, very dense web in depressions in ground, creates a humidity chamber for the spider, behaviour, Denmark, distribution, microclimate, micrometerology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 778
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1983
Title: On identifying juvenile spiders: some general considerations and an example (Genus Meta) (Arachnida: Araneae)
Journal: Verh.naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg
Volume: 26
Pages: 211-216
Keywords: En. ?
Rep., Argiopidae, Araneidae, polyphagous predators, make breeding culture of species, range of sampling methods for several years, attempt to identify subadults and work back to earlier instars, linyphiids difficult, money spiders, use spines and trichobothria, Meta based on colour, structure, systematics, methods, immatures


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 779
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1983
Title: Life cycles of Meta segmentata (Clerck 1757) and Meta mengei (Blackwall 1869) in Western Europe (Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae)
Journal: Verh.naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg
Volume: 26
Pages: 265-276
Keywords: En. ?
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, Araneidae, Argiopidae, sweepnetting in bushes, Denmark, annual cycle, eggs overwinter, Meta mengei has cohort- splitting, life history strategies in relation to habitat and geographical range, phenology, voltinism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 771
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1987
Title: Microhabitat identity of two species of sheet-web spiders; field experimental demonstration
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 72
Pages: 216-220
Keywords: En.
Linyphia triangularis, Linyphia tenuipalpis
Rep., Araneae, money spiders, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, Danish heath, adult males of L. triangularis and L. tenuipalpis dont make webs, web sizes and locations, experimental swapping of species between webs, methods, marking with paint, sites occupied by one species equally acceptable to the other


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 777
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1989
Title: Aspects of the ground-living spider fauna of two barley fields in Denmark: species richness and phenological synchronization
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 57
Issue: 3)
Pages: 157-168
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, ploughed cf rotavated, pitfalls April to August, 85 species, 85% Erigone, Linyphiidae 95%, Lycosidae 4%, species composition, few differences between the fields, species richness as in natural Danish habitats, phenology, voltinism, distribution, rare species Pardosa sphagnicola


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3111
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1990
Title: Interactions among two coexisting Linyphia spiders
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 367-372
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, Linyphia triangularis and Linyphia tenuipalpis on Denmark heath, manipulation of density, marking, methods, web take-overs, agonistic behaviour, competition, large spiders parasitize the web resource of smaller spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3082
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1995
Title: Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as food for cereal spiders
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 32
Pages: 552-560
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Pardosa amentata subadults at 20C ate Drosophila > Bradysia > R.padi > Aphis fabae, consumption rates in laboratory, Pardosa prativaga juveniles at 20C when starved refused to take more R.padi but did increase consumption of Drosophila, Diptera, feeding preferences, trophic behaviour, P.amentata development and survival from first instar at 20C much better Drosophila and mixed Collembola than on R.padi, never even moulted on latter, E.atra fecundity, sexes together in a tube, methods, at 16C, Drosophila diet, R.padi diet and mixed diet, fewer eggsacs on high aphid diet, eggs per eggsac greater for high Drosophila diet but hatching rate was poor, hatchling size less on aphid diet, mixed diets are best, E.atra hatchlings at 16C no moulting on R.padi food but some survived for 2 months, Denmark, NB these notes based on MS not on published paper)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3622
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Indicators of prey quality for arthropod predators
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 107-116
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, physiology, review, aspects of prey quality include energy content, nutritive value and chemical defences ie deterrents and toxins, semiochemicals, poisons, dietary self-selection refers to an animal selecting food to optimize its total nutritional intake, feeding rate in one-prey experiments, preference in multi-prey experiments, methods, some otherwise high quality prey are protected by alkanoids and are rejected by Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, Pardosa prativaga clearly preferred Rhopalosiphum padi taken from Prunus padus than from laboratory wheat, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, bird cherry, cereals, Gramineae, tritrophic interactions, hungry P.prativaga ate far fewer R.padi than Drosophila, as did Agonum dorsale, wasteful killing was not occurring, Diptera, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, consumption rates, food, diet, predator may compensate for low nutritional quality by eating more, food quality, soft-bodied soil mites were highly palatable to Oedothorax apicatus but did not support successful development, Linyphiidae, Acari, fecundity of Erigone atra was much higher on Drosophila than on R.padi, but hatching success was best on mixed diet of Drosophila plus R.padi, this gave the greatest number of living young per female thus contributing most to fitness, reproduction, hatching success was better on a shortage diet than an abundance diet of Drosophila, perhaps because spiders ate more of each fly and got more varied nutrients, partial consumption, or perhaps because overfed females allocate less resources per egg, size of young declined with eggsac number in laboratory, rearing, culturing, size of young was greatest for mixed diet of shortage Drosophila plus R.padi, R.padi prolonged survival of E.atra spiderlings cf unfed ones but they did not moult, hatchling P.prativaga survived longer on Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum than on R.padi but did not moult on a diet of any of these species, prey quality should be considered a dynamic concept varying according to the predators previous nutritional history


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4355
Author: Toft, S.
Year: 1997
Title: Acquired food aversion of a wolf spider to three cereal aphids: intra- and interspecific effects
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Issue: 1-2)
Pages: 63-69
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Denmark, trophic behaviour, cereals, Gramineae, naive spiders accept aphids but then develop an aversion, an aversion developed to one species of cereal aphid is effective against the other two species, but strength of the aversion depends on the species inducing the aversion, higher quality aphids produced stronger aversions, sometimes aversions may persist for only a few hours, Pardosa prativaga, lab experiments at room temperature and high humidity, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, aversion took longer to develop on R. padi than M. dirhodum, aversive spiders will immediately take a Drosophila, Diptera, M. dirhodum and S. avenae aversions seem to be more persistent than R. padi aversions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5492
Author: Toft, S.; Bilde, T.
Year: 2002
Title: Carabid diets and food value
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 81-110
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, essential foods for high fitness, supplementary foods are accepted, feeding guilds, fluid feeders, fragment feeders, most species are mixed feeders, generalist carnivores such as Carabus Abax and Pterostichus, scavenging, carrion feeding, diet width positively correlated with size of beetle, Pterostichus melanarius has a very wide diet range, some species specialise on Mollusca or microarthropods, springtails, Collembola, slugs, snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, Calosoma is a caterpillar specialist, Lepidoptera, seed eaters, larvae are usually in the same trophic guild as the adult of the same species, main larval foods are fly and beetle larvae, mites and earthworms, Collembola and seeds, Diptera, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Acari, foraging behaviour, runners, diggers, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, climbers, prey detection and attack behaviour, Leistus eats mainly Entomobryidae, Notiophilus mainly Isotomidae, daily and seasonal foraging cycles, diel feeding cycles, diurnal, nocturnal, feeding rate in relation to temperature, Calathus fuscipes caught more flies at night at 5C than at higher temperatures, flying prey may be more available to non-flying predators during seasons or times of day when the prey are inactive on the ground, predator-prey encounter rates, diet quality, energy, nutrients, toxins, indigestibles, food value depends on the needs of the consumer and how it contributes to fitness, protocols for evaluation of food quality, methods, useful life history fitness parameters to measure are survival, development rate, growth rate,teneral size, longevity and fecundity, food utilisation indices, aphids, Hemiptera, food preference, prey preference, prey selection, Agonum dorsale, Rhopalosiphum padi is chemically defended, anti-predator, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, cereals, Gramineae, Bembidion lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, aphids are low quality prey, toxic or deterrent chemicals are found in some species of Collembola, Loricera pilicornis and Isotoma anglicana, different Collembola species in the same genus may vary greatly in food quality to a given predator, Sciaridae, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, millipedes, seed quality determined by size and hardness, phytophagy observed for most insectivores and may be to obtain water to prolong survival, some gastropod eggs contain defensive chemicals, Abax parallelepipedus can be reared on a sole diet of earthworms, digestive enzymes, A. dorsale and Pterostichus melanarius selected high-protein food in a choice experiment, specialists have a restricted search image, generalists have an initially wide range of food acceptability then develop aversions to some, dietary mixing, mixed diets usually beneficial, table of food value studies with 56 entries, food is often limiting in the field, if the beetle is numerous and takes a pest as a supplementary food this may reduce the pest population
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3209
Author: Toft, S.; Clausen, C.; Goldschmidt, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Distance methods used to estimate densities of web spiders in cereal fields
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 33-45
Keywords: En.
Rep., 2 years in spring barley and 1 year in winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Denmark, distance methods compared with soil removal and extraction and with suction sampling, revealed webs with potato starch, counted distance from random stick to 5-10 nearest webs then used various methods to estimate densities of web spiders, eg Diggle, Keuls, Eberhardt index, Hopkins Index, suction sampling was to enclose an area of 0.12 m2, 30 cm high PVC ring, shake plants cut off and remove, vacuumm for 5 mins with a narrow nozzle machine collecting spiders into water, then 5 mins observation and collecting, then another 5 min vacuuming, webs were usually randomly distributed, distribution, density reached 300-600 m-2 in spring barley and 780 m-2 in winter wheat by distance method, soil sampling gave higher values in June and lower in July than distance method, vacuum sampling gave densities half as great as distance method, distance method could overestimate because spider may build more than one web which may last for several days, it may underestimate because males and non-web building species have no webs or very small ones, webs are destroyed after heavy rain, spiders may go down cracks in dry conditions and make webs there, vertical stratification, 3 suction samples contained a small number of the spider instar that occurs only within the eggsac showing that the eggsacs had been ruptured during sampling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4363
Author: Toft, S.; Nielsen, S. A.
Year: 1997
Title: Influence of diet quality on the respiratory metabolism of a wolf spider Pardosa prativaga
Journal: Proceedings of the 16th European Colloquium on Arachnology
Pages: 301-307
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, physiology, Denmark, diets were cereal aphids Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum, mixed cereal aphids, Folsomia candida, Isotoma anglicana, Drosophila and a starvation diet, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Collembola, Diptera, 22C, laboratory experiments, growth rate was good on Drosophila and Isotoma but poor on aphids and Folsomia, except for S. avenae all low quality prey types gave high respiration rates cf the high quality prey, starvation diet also caused a high respiration rate, increased respiratory rate could be because of mobilisation of detoxifying enzymes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4362
Author: Toft, S.; Wise, D. H.
Year: 1996
Title: Responses to prey quality of a generalist predator
Journal: Draft MS
Keywords: En.
Rep., Kentucky forest USA, trees, woodland, wolf spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, Schizocosa spp., lab experiments, 20C, for growth and survival of hatchlings Tomocerus and Drosophila were high quality food, Diptera, Collembola, population dynamics, mortality, Folsomia candida, Isotoma trispinata and Aphis nerii were low quality, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Drosophila was deficient in some nutrients (and references to other studies that also showed this), F. candida and Isotoma were worse than starvation i.e. toxic, low quality prey individuals, including sciarids, were picked up and fed on only intermittently cf high quality prey that were eaten continuously, sciarids were rejected after experience with them but one individual ate them consistently throughout the experiment, aversion developed to A. nerii after only one or two eaten, consumption of small amounts of low quality prey interfered with the ability of the spider to take high quality prey, aversion memory lasted about 24 h, spiderlings given a diet of spiderlings did well initially but then grew weaker and reduced their rate of cannibalism, possibly due to aversion, cannibalism could be beneficial in a mixed diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4076
Author: Tolbert, W. W.
Year: 1975
Title: Predator avoidance behaviours and web defensive structures in the orb weavers Argiope aurantia and Argiope fasciata (Araneae: Araneidae)
Journal: Psyche
Volume: 82
Pages: 29-52
Keywords: spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, predators of predators, hyperpredation, anti- predator devices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2213
Author: Tolbert, W. W.
Year: 1977
Title: Aerial dispersal behaviour of two orb-weaving spiders
Journal: Psyche
Volume: 84
Pages: 13-27
Keywords: En.
Argiope trifasciata, Argiope aurantia
Rep., spiders, Araneae, behaviour, distribution, ballooning, Argiopidae, Araneidae, overgrown pasture, Tennessee, mean heights of eggsacs in grass, tip-toe take off of spiderlings, take off from drag lines, multiple silk lines used, re-ballooning up to six times, possible habitat choice


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4264
Author: Tolonen, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Importance of generalist epigeal predator species in a cereal field: predation on baits
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 119
Issue: 2)
Pages: 113-117
Keywords: En.
Rep., Finland, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, dominant carabids were Bembidion guttula, Bembidion properans, Clivina fossor, Pterostichus melanarius, Trechus discus, Staphylinidae and spiders were also present, rove beetles, Araneae, Drosophila pupae cards put on soil surface June to August, 4 x 4 Latin Square of 25m x 25m plots in spring wheat, methods, cereals, Gramineae, artificial baits, in lab tests Bembidion, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus melanarius readily took pupae from cards, but Coccinella 7- punctata adults did not, ladybirds, trophic behaviour, correlated pitfall catch of predators with rate of disappearance of pupae from boards in a number of time periods through the growing season, assumes that dominant species in pitfalls are responsible for pupae disappearance, even for spiders, index of predation rate, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 140
Author: Tomlin, A. D.
Year: 1975
Title: Notes on the biology and rearing of two species of ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius and Harpalus pensylvanicus (Coleoptera : Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 107
Pages: 67-74
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods, culture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1531
Author: Tomlin, A. D.
Year: 1975
Title: The toxicity of insecticides by contact and soil treatment to two species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 107
Pages: 529-532
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Stenolophus comma, Pterostichus melanarius larvae highly tolerant to high doses of DDT, leptophos, chlorfenvinphos, but phorate, heptachlor and aldrin were very toxic, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1213
Author: Tomlin, A. D.
Year: 1977
Title: Toxicity of soil applications of the fungicide benomyl and two analogues to three species of Collembola
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 109
Issue: 12)
Pages: 1619-1620
Keywords: En.
Canada, benomyl also has insecticidal effects on soil fauna, Folsomia, Onychiurus, Hypogastrura


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4794
Author: Tomlin, A.D.; Miller, J.J.; Harris, C.R.; Tolman, J.H.
Year: 1985
Title: Arthropod parasitoids and predators of the onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Southwestern Ontario
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 78
Pages: 975-981
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Delia antiqua, pests, fly pupae from onion fields were collected and parasitoids reared out. Laboratory tests of feeding on eggs, larvae and pupae by ground beetles, rove beetles and other predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada. Species composition, species list, up to 53 species caught per site by sweeping and in soil cores. Predators killing and eating onion fly stages in the lab included 6 species of carabid, 9 staphylinid, Histeridae, Nitidulidae, Anthocoridae, Formicidae, Acari and Chilopoda. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, predatory mites, ants, centipedes, Myriapoda
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1625
Author: Tompkins, G. J.; Linduska, J. J.; Young, J. M.; Dougherty, E. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Effectiveness of microbial and chemical insecticides for controlling cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and imported cabbageworm (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on collards in Maryland
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 79
Issue: 2)
Pages: 497-501
Keywords: En.
USA, pesticides, pests, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, Trichoplusia ni, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Pieris brassicae, cabbage white butterfly, viruses, microsporidia, Bacillus thuringiensis, pathogens, field trials, GV's, NPV's, insect diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3336
Author: Tonhasca, A.; Byrne, D. N.
Year: 1994
Title: The effects of crop diversification on herbivorous insects: a meta-analysis approach
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 239-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., based on analyses of publications over 10 years it was concluded that crop diversity caused moderate reduction of herbivore populations, 1982-93, diversification defined as inclusion of another crop or weeds in experimental area, excludes forests and protected crops, used maize, squash, sugarcane, beans, alfalfa, soybean, potato, cabbage and oats, pests were Cicadellidae, Chrysomelidae, Pyralidae, Coccinellidae, thrips, Noctuidae, Plutellidae, Aphididae, IPM, integrated pest management, methods, modelling, statistics, farming practices, extensification, polycultures, multiple cropping, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, arable, brassicas, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, ladybirds, Thysanoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5168
Author: Tooker, J.F.; Hanks, L.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Influence of plant community structure on natural enemies of pine needle scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in urban landscapes
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1305-1311
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Christmas tree pests, scales and their parasitoids were more abundant in impoverished habitats such as ornamental landscapes whereas generalist predators were more abundant and diverse in more complex park-like habitats where scales were less common, increasing vegetational diversity is suggested as a means of increasing generalist predators to control the scale, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, habitat diversification, biodiversity, trees, woodland, forest, harvestmen, crickets, lacewings, Chilocorus, Coleoptera, Opiliones, Orthoptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5496
Author: Tooley, J.; Brust, G.E.
Year: 2002
Title: Weed seed predation by carabid beetles
Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 215-229
Alternate Journal: In "The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles" Ed. by J.M. Holland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Keywords: Rep. natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, review, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation used here to indicate that the seed is destroyed, confined here to fallen seeds, references to ants and rodent spermophagy, granivory, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus aeneus (Harpalus affinis), 10 carabid genera are seed predators in North America, Harpalus pensylvanicus, Amara, phytophagy, herbivory, reports of plant climbing by Amara familiaris, Amara aulica, Zabrus tenebriodes, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, mouthparts morphology and seed handling behaviour, larvae of H. rufipes store seeds in burrows, direct observation, video recording, gut dissection not useful for identifying sseds, methods, seed consumption rates, seed preferences, feeding trials, food selection behaviour, some species choose seeds as a major component of the diet and produce more eggs on a seed diet than on an insect diet, fecundity, seeds less than 3 mm long are preferred by most species, thickness of seed coat, biochemical factors, seed predators may affect the species composition of plant communities, impact of farming systems, seed removal rates, carabids more numerous in reduced tillage systems, seed predators can reduce seedling biomass of broad-leaved weeds by 50 - 60 %, dicotyledonous weeds
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5704
Author: Tooley, J.A.; Froud-Williams, R.J.; Boatman, N.D.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 1999
Title: Weed seed predation in arable field margins by carabid beetles (Carabidae: Coleoptera) 
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 211-216
Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, seeds in petri dishes at various distances from edge of field, some dishes inside cages to exclude birds and mammals but permit entry of carabids, methods, sand/grit mixture was used to discourage slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, seed loss was not related to distance from edge (field boundary and 40 m into field), distribution, seed loss was greater from uncaged dishes especially at the edge, but seed loss in cages accounted for half to two thirds of total seed loss implying that invertebrates are important biotic factor in seed mortality, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2815
Author: Topp, W.; Trittelvitz, W.
Year: 1980
Title: Distribution and dispersal of epigeic arthropods in agroecosysytems II. Staphylinoidea
Journal: Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz
Volume: 53
Issue: 3)
Pages: 33-36
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., maize and rye near Kiel Germany, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, fewer individuals and species in maize, abundance, in maize small species such as Atheta and Ptomaphagus predominate, species composition, many migrating species did not settle or only for a few weeks in maize, migration, movement, behaviour, crop preference, rye field contained Philonthus, Tachyporus and Silpha, pitfalls, sandy soil, April to November 1978, 27 species including Oxytelus rugosus, Xantholinus linearis, Xantholinus longiventris, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum and Philonthus cognatus, more T. hypnorum and P. cognatus in rye than maize


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2883
Author: Topping, C. J.
Year: 1993
Title: Behavioural responses of three linyphiid spiders to pitfall traps
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 68
Pages: 287-293
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Gramineae, methods, ryegrass arena in lab with pitfalls containing ethylene glycol, spider released in centre and observed, returned to centre again for another run if it didn't get caught in a pitfall, Bathyphantes gracilis was significantly different from Erigone dentipalpis, Linyphiidae, Bathyphantes gracilis had lower trap encounter and escape rate, higher survival time and longer time spent inside traps, Lepthyphantes tenuis was more like B. gracilis than E. dentipalpis, E. dentipalpis moved faster and spent less time in traps, B. gracilis less likely to enter traps and more likely to escape than L. tenuis, E. dentipalpis females stayed on ground more than L. tenuis and B. gracilis, L. tenuis stayed in vegetation more than the others, it also lowered itself into traps from overhanging vegetation, no obvious sex differences for B. gracilis and L. tenuis, E. dentipalpis males had higher encounter rates and reduced escape rates than females, the spiders built silk lines within the trap and were only caught if they fell from one of these, number caught depended not only on encounter rate but also on entry and escape rates, mean number of traps a female would have to encounter before being caught was 16 for E. dentipslpis, 26 for L. tenuis and 57 for B. gracilis, species which leave silk in traps could also be affecting the catch of other species, L. tenuis often builds a web in pitfalls, the complex interactions of behaviour and vegetation precludes the use of pitfalls to compare relative abundance of species except in structurally identical habitats, behaviour, vertical distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5777
Author: Topping, C.J.
Year: 1997
Title: Predicting the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the distribution of spiders in agroecosystems using a population dynamics driven landscape-scale simulation model
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 15
Pages: 325-336
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, set-aside, dispersal, movement, migration, Tenuiphantes tenuis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Linyphiidae, model was very sensitive to dispersal parameters, simulations based on 7 km2 area of agricultural landscape in Lincolnshire, it was more than 90% intensively-managed arable, digitised map, 6-year rotations incorporated, comparison with organic agriculture, farming practices, in organic system provision of refuge areas where spiders were protected from agricultural operations had the greatest effect on population size, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4318
Author: Topping, C. J.; Lovei, G. L.
Year: 1997
Title: Spider density and diversity in relation to disturbance in agroecosystems in New Zealand, with comparison to England
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Volume: 21
Issue: 2)
Pages: 121-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, suction sampling followed by ground search, methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, spring wheat, ryegrass, clover, roadside verge, species-rich pasture, meadow, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, seradella, Leguminosae, pitfalls, North Island, Dvac of tussockland in volcanic area, comparison with UK winter wheat sampling and pitfalls in ryegrass in NorthEast England, 2 species and 1.8 individuals per m2 in NZ wheat and 16 species and 130 per m2 in NZ abandoned pasture, Linyphiidae dominant and Lepthyphantes tenuis was the most abundant species, native tussock habitat shared only 1 species with cultivated areas, similarly structured assemblages are found in UK but they are twice as species rich in England


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3618
Author: Topping, C. J.; Luff, M. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Three factors affecting the pitfall trap catch of linyphiid spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 10
Issue: 1)
Pages: 35-38
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, methods, dilution of ethylene glycol had little effect but addition of detergent increased the catch by 50-100%, antifreeze, surfactant, daily catch declined as frequency of emptying traps decreased, traps with rougher surfaces caught fewer, so older traps are less efficient, experiments on closely mown lawn, Newcastle, grassland, Gramineae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis and Oedothorax fuscus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5849
Author: Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1992
Title: Limitations to the use of pitfall traps in ecological studies exemplified by a study of spiders in a field of winter wheat
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 29
Pages: 485-491
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, community, abundance, density, density samples compared with pitfall catches over six months, density from Dvac within 0.5 m2 quadrat followed by surface searching, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, ground search, pitfalls caught 5069 spiders (95% adult) of 41 species (listed in table), density sampling gave 4116 (33% adult) spiders of 35 species, sex ratios differed between method (male bias in pitfalls), species composition varied with sampling method, relationships between pitfall and density catches for single species were inconsistent, survey of 185 studies from 23 countries trapping Insecta, Arachnida and Amphibia in pitfalls published since 1983 showed that 40% of authors did not appreciate the limitations of pitfall trapping (i.e. that the catch is a complex function of abundance, activity and trappability that varies with species, habitat and physical conditions; it is often virtually impossible to disentangle the relative contribution of each of these three components), researchers are lured to pitfalls because they support rapid and efficient collection of data amenable to statistical analysis (but rigorous and self-critical interpretation of  the biological significance of these data and analyses is often absent), scale of bias is indicated by spiders  - when immatures form a very high proportion of the population - adults dominate pitfall catches, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3466
Author: Topping, C. J.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1994
Title: The potential influence of set-aside on populations of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the agroecosystem
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform"
Volume: 40
Pages: 225-228
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, models, UK, population dynamics, metapopulation dynamics, 50 m2 plots, habitat types influencing reproduction, development rate, carrying capacity and mortality in each month, habitat-specific data available for winter wheat only, cereals, Gramineae, arable, Leguminosae, estimates only for spring wheat, spring barley, winter barley, potatoes, sugar beet, oilseed rape, beans, peas, rotational set-aside, non-rotational set-aside, habitat and month- dependent dispersal rates to maximum of 1 km, distribution, aerial migration, movement, 10 km2 of Lincolnshire used in simulations, equilibrium mean spider density after 6 years, MAFF data on land use but various distributions of set- aside also simulated at 13% of cultivated land, non- rotational set-aside increased spider density in all habitats except oilseed rape but rotational set-aside did not, non-rotational set-aside especially useful in boosting spider abundance in crops in May when needed for biological control, results need to be verified by getting real data on density, mortality and reproduction in all the habitats concerned


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5852
Author: Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1994
Title: Methods for quantifying spider density and migration in cereal crops
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 9(7)
Pages: 209-213
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, winter wheat, UK, West Sussex, abundance, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, combined Dvac and hand searching to estimate density, ground search, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Dvac sampling head modified (diagram) by addition of 1 m long steel tube (to prevent spiders being crushed between sample net and cereal ears), Dvac samples were stored overnight at 9C then live-sorted by eye (98% efficient compared to immediate sort under microscope), large metal spider-proof field cages (diagram) used in estimation of spider migration, 3004 adult and 7772 immature spiders of 51 species (listed in Table) collected over two years, species composition, dominants were Oedothorax spp., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone spp., Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae, spider density 67 m-2 in weedy areas of crop compared to 20 in non-weedy areas, Dvac efficiency varied between years and sub-family composition (% Erigoninae and Linyphiinae) of Dvac and ground search components of density samples also varied, Dvac used alone would have underestimated spider density by 13 - 26%, the number of Porrhomma microphthalmum as proportion of total catch was much higher in cage samples than open field samples (perhaps because of reduced light levels), 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5854
Author: Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1994
Title: A spatial population dynamics model for Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) with some simulations of the spatial and temporal effects of farming operations and land-use
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 48
Pages: 203-217
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Keywords: Rep., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, landscape, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, agricultural practices, migration, mortality, natality, adults juveniles, eggs, habitat types with habitat-specific parameters for population processes (maturation, reproduction, mortality, migration), simulation of effects of crop rotation and agricultural practices (ploughing, grazing, grass cutting, harvest, insecticide) on a cereal/grass farm, Gramineae, 11 parameters used to summarise population dynamics, pesticides, if disturbances are separated in space and time the spider metapopulation can recover quickly but this is not the case for large-scale synchronised contiguous perturbations, refuge areas are important for recolonisation of fields after disturbance, appendices give field densities of adults and immatures (28 occasions in 1990, 20 in 1991) and rate and timing of eggsac production in the field (20 occasions in 1990, 18 in 1991),  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2977
Author: Topping, C. J.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1995
Title: Methods for monitoring aerial dispersal by spiders
Journal: In "Arthropod natural enemies in arable land 1. Density, spatial heterogeneity and dispersal. Ed. by S. Toft and W. Riedel, Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 245-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, movement, migration, behaviour, methods, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, suction traps, rotary trap, deposition traps, calibration and efficiency, short-term caging method, spiders aggregated in weedy patches, no large net immigration or emigration recorded, rotor affected by vertical component of windspeed, deposition trap catch compared with sticky sheets, correlation between rotor catch and 4' suction catch, species composition similar in rotor, suction and deposition traps, species composition inside and outside the cages the same apart from Porrhomma microphthalmum being commoner in cages, equation for sensitivity of vertical windspeed by rotor


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5858
Author: Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1996
Title: Estimating the mortality rate of eggs and first free-living instar Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from measurements of reproduction and development
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71(2)
Pages: 57-68
Alternate Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: Rep., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), spiders, cereals, Gramineae, UK, winter wheat, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, projected densities based on fecundity and temperature-driven development rate models, mortality estimated from comparison of projected densities and actual densities, 93-96% mortality of eggs plus first instar, methods, eggsac parasitoids, 11 spiderlings m-2 emigrated during the study, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density from Dvac followed by ground search, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, eggsac production rate from females in petri dishes under ambient conditions, natality, reproduction, limitations, model assumes constant season-long mortality, but good fit of model (pattern of density change) to actual density data, abundance, survival, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5864
Author: Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1998
Title: Population dynamics and dispersal of Lepthyphantes tenuis in an ephemeral habitat
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 87
Pages: 29-41
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Linyphiinae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, methods, density, abundance, Dvac with extension tube followed by hand searching, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, ground search within quadrats, stratified random sampling over two years in two fields, natality, reproduction, weekly samples for eggsac production and development in petri dishes in situ in the field under ambient conditions, net migration inferred from sampling density weekly inside and outside large metal spider-proof cages whose location was altered weekly, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, temperatures and windspeeds monitored, weather and microclimate, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts, large rotary insect net within the crop, 1.4 m high suction trap at edge of field, large deposition traps filled with water detergent and ethylene glycol placed within the crop (calibrated against stick-sheet traps), curves of changes in population density, diagram of seasonal changes in population structure (adults, sub-adults, juveniles, hatchlings), phenology, low initial density after ploughing then rapid reproduction-driven population increase, mean 21 hatchlings per eggsac without seasonal variation, only 58/3101 eggs failed to hatch, egg development rate varied with season correlated with temperature, three peaks of hatchling production, voltinism, independent measurements of aerial activity were positively correlated with each other, dispersal did not drive major density changes, dispersal greatest in adult females (risk spreading strategy), dispersal rate as ratio of field density was 4:2:3:1:1 for females, males, sub-adults, immatures, hatchlings, life history strategy of this species may have evolved in unpredictable habitats such as river banks and coastal dunes,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2004
Author: Topping, C. J.; Sunderland, K. D.; Bewsey, J.
Year: 1992
Title: A large improved rotary trap for sampling aerial invertebrates
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 707-714
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, UK, rotary trap operated at greater efficiency than suction trap for most invertebrate groups, for spiders and non-staphylinid beetles the 2 traps caught equal numbers, no difference in species composition of spiders between the traps, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, propeller suction trap at 142 cm above ground, Linyphiidae, rotor catches in May, June, August, total of 3 samples, aphids, Syrphidae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata, spiders, comparison of 2 traps for 11 October 1991 for above plus Nematocera, Lepidoptera, Parasitica, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, Araneae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, hoverflies, Diptera, aerial dispersal, distribution, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3059
Author: Tormala, T.
Year: 1982
Title: Evaluation of five methods of sampling field layer arthropods, particularly the leafhopper community in grassland
Journal: Ann. Ent. Fenn.
Volume: 48
Pages: 1-16
Keywords: En.
Rep., suction sampling, sweeping, pitfalls, Berlese- Tullgren funnels, photoeclector, Finland, Scandinavia, uncultivated field for 13 years, Dvac, Burkard ILO 35 sampling within 50cm high metal cylinder, outside sealed with sand, efficiency of suction sampling by taking successive samples, 25 cm x 25 cm quadrats with a spade used for funnel extraction, photoeclector trapping time was only 2h, samples on 2 occasions in July, times taken to do the sampling and the relative costs of the apparatus, number of samples needed for a given level of precision, coefficient of variation, CV, number of samples needed is highly dependent on the dispersion pattern, species composition, Linyphiidae dominant in dry funnels, Lycosidae dominant in pitfalls, Heteroptera in sweeps, leafhoppers in suction, large numbers of aphids etc in dry funnels might have been due to sampling in the lab, Diptera dominant in photoeclector, funnels gave highest density for Hymenoptera, spiders, aphids, Diptera, Staphylinidae, suction gave highest Heteroptera density, suction efficiency varied with taxon and sampling date, 45 leafhopper species, species composition, species list, adult: nymph and sex ratios, community structure, Renkonen's % similarity measure, Odum's mean similarity index, Shannon diversity, evenness, index of dominance, vertical stratification, carcasses of small mammals in pitfall traps may attract some species, photoeclector was inefficient, suction gave the most unbiased picture of the field layer community, "since catching efficency varies widely between even related species, species-specific conversion factors are more appropriate than factors for larger taxonomic units, Gramineae, statistics, distribution, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, rove beetles, Coleoptera, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5448
Author: Torres, J.B.; Zanuncio, J.C.; de Oliveira, H.N.
Year: 1998
Title: Nymphal development and adult reproduction of the stinkbug predator Podisus nigrispinus (Het., Pentatomidae) under fluctuating temperatures
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 122
Pages: 509-514
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory bugs, predatory Heteroptera, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, development, survival, reproduction, six fluctuating temperatures, no eggs laid at 10-20 C, Musca domestica larvae as prey, Diptera, and Tenebrio molitor, Coleoptera
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3385
Author: Tostowaryk, W.
Year: 1971
Title: Relationship between parasitism and predation of diprionid sawflies
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 64
Pages: 1424-1427
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, parasitization was greater at periphery of colonies of Neodiprion swainei and Neodiprion pratti banksianae on pine, confiers, trees, forests, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars, Canada, distribution, foraging, predation, predation on moribund prey, the Pentatomidae Heteroptera Podisus modestus usually attacks these sawfly larvae on the periphery too so many of attacked larvae are already parasitized, larvae dissected to look for immature parasitoids of 3 species, 69% of 5th instar N.swainei larvae attacked by Podisus were parasitized, pentatomid predation may damp parasite-host oscillations, predation on parasitoids, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5188
Author: Toth, F.; Kiss, J.
Year: 1999
Title: Comparative analyses of epigeic spider assemblages in northern Hungarian winter wheat fields and their adjacent margins
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 27
Pages: 241-248
Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Hungary, directional pitfalls, Lycosidae, Pardosa agrestis was the dominant species, 8403 adults, 19 families, 149 species, community, species richness, biodiversity, distribution, 118 species from wheat and 118 species from margin with fewer traps, Baule-Mitscherlich function used to estimate number of species present from the number caught, methods, more individuals and species are caught per unit trap effort in the edge, but, allowing for the mich larger area of fields the number of species in fields is likely to be greater than in edge habitats
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2707
Author: Townes, H.
Year: 1983
Title: Revisions of twenty genera of Gelini (Ichneumonidae)
Journal: Mem Amer Ent Inst
Volume: 35
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2461
Author: Townsend, J. I.
Year: 1992
Title: Harpalus affinis (Schrank) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) recently established in the North of New Zealand
Journal: New Zealand Entomologist
Volume: 15
Pages: 25-29
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, first record in 1975, current distribution, variability of structure, cleaning behaviour, pre-flight activity, pest and beneficial status, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 303
Author: Tozer, E. R.
Year: 1973
Title: On the British species of Lathridius Herbst
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 108
Pages: 193-199
Keywords: En.
Key, three species, distribution, structure, systematics, Cryptophagidae, Coleoptera, beetles


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1061
Author: Tracewski, K. T.
Year: 1983
Title: Description of the immature stages of Leucopis albipunctata complex (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and their role as predators of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 115
Pages: 735-742
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, natural enemies, biological control, 5 orchards in USA, correlation between predators and aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1047
Author: Tracewski, K. T.; Johnson, P. C.; Eaton, A. T.
Year: 1984
Title: Relative densities of predacious Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, Chamaemyiidae, Syrphidae) and their aphid prey in New Hampshire, USA, apple orchards
Journal: Protection Ecology
Volume: 6
Pages: 199-207
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, trees, predators, natural enemies, biological control, cecids most abundant, followed by syrphids and chameamyiids, hoverflies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3243
Author: Traniello, J. F. A.; Beshers, S. N.
Year: 1991
Title: Maximization of foraging efficiency and resource defense by group retrieval in the ant Formica schaufussi
Journal: Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology
Volume: 29
Issue: 4)
Pages: 283-289
Keywords: En.
Rep., pastures and forests in USA, Gramineae, grassland, trees, group-transported prey were on average 6.8 and 4.7 times heavier than individually retrieved items in 2 years, sociality affecting prey size preference, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1526
Author: Trapman, M.; Blommers, L.
Year: 1985
Title: The introduction of IPM in apple orchards
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 50
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 425-430
Keywords: En.
Rep., trees, top fruit, Netherlands, Holland, introduction of Typhlodromus pyri resistant to bromophos and carbaryl, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticide resistance, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, complex of predators including Amblyseius cucumeris, predators can be introduced 4 weeks after broad spectrum insecticide used against Lepidoptera pests, caterpillars, red spider mite under control after 1 year, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, rust mites take 2 years, Vasates schlechtendali, Eriophyidae, speed of control varies with apple variety, plant resistance, good economic control but some selective insecticides and fungicides needed, acaricide application can be reduced by 2/3 in year 2


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5303
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 1998
Title: Larval and adult species composition, phenology and life cycles of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an organic potato field 
Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology
Volume: 34(4)
Pages: 189-197
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Austria, pitfalls, soil sampling, soil samples of 30 x 30 x 10 cm deep put through Kempson extractor, community, important to use more than one sampling method, life cycles of Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Calathus fuscipes, Amara aulica, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion properans, phenology, species composition, 46 species of adults and 27 species of larvae, abundance, species list, phenology, there was high activity of larvae of some species on the soil surface in autumn and winter, vertical distribution, overwintering, winter activity, dispersal, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5300
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Artenspektrum und Lebenszyklen von Aaskafern (Coleoptera: Siphidae) in einer organisch-biologischen Kartoffel-Einsaatkultur
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 12
Pages: 401-404
Alternate Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Keywords: Rep., carrion beetles in an organic potato field in Austria, Coleoptera, pitfalls, 200 beetles of 6 species, adults and larvae, larvae were found active on the soil surface, vertical distribution, life cycle, phenology, tenerals, these species are polyphagous predators and scavengers, carrion feeders, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, necrophagy, Silpha, Necrophorus, Phosphuga, Thanatophilus, Oiceoptoma
Notes: Ger., En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5301
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Morphological distinction of the larvae of Cantharis fusca (L.) and C. livida (L.) (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) and notes on their biology
Journal: Entomologische Blatter
Volume: 96
Pages: 46-56
Alternate Journal: Entomologische Blatter
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, soldier beetles, Cantharis livida, identification, rearing, culturing methods, breeding, taxonomy, systematics, instar weight and colour, biomass, duration of development, development rate, activity, food, diet, trophic behaviour, diseases, active at temperatures below freezing, eat aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Austria, laboratory rearing, adults were given honey, Diptera larvae and mealworms, Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, larvae were given cut up Diptera larvae, identification key, egg to pupa took 260-280 days, early larvae were active by day and night but later instars tended to be nocturnal and buried in soil during daytime, diel activity cycles, vertical distribution, movement, spherical moulting chambers were built at 4 cm deep which were tough and resistant to moistening, larger larvae pulled surface-caught food down into burrows, foraging behaviour, larvae attacked each other using mandibles but cannibalism was rare and moribund individuals were usually not eaten by other larvae, wounding, last instar larvae were killed by entomogenous fungi, pathogens  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5302
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Morphologische Merkmale der Larven von Cantharis rustica (Fallen) (Col., Cantharidae)
Journal: Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte
Volume: 44(4)
Pages: 221-223
Alternate Journal: Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte
Keywords: Rep., morphological characters of larvae of C. rustica, Coleoptera, soldier beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Austria, taxonomy, identification, systematics, comparison with Cantharis fusca and Cantharis livida, key, [also English version of key, and colour photographs, provided by Michael Traugott]
Notes: Ger.,En. summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5306
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2000
Title: Histerid beetles: a forgotten part of the predatory fauna of arable fields ?
Journal: Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference
Pages: 142
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Histeridae, community in organic potato field in Austria, pitfalls, three species, Hister bisexstriatus was 98% of catch, in spring pitfalls caught more histerids than ground beetles, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, phenology, histerid larvae in soil samples, histerids were more abundant in field centres than in crop margins, distribution, habitat preference, habitat selection, they may be attracted by cattle manure that was applied to the field [no references to predation by histerids]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5305
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2001
Title: Ecology and prey spectrum of Cantharis-species (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in arable land
Journal: PhD Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Pages: 138 pp.
Alternate Journal: PhD Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Keywords: Rep.(Abstract), soldier beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Cantharis fusca, Cantharis rustica, taxonomy, identification, larval weight, biomass, life cycle and phenology, activity in relation to weather, temperature, preference for moist conditions, humidity, soil moisture, overwintering, winter activity on soil surface, spatial distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, density, more in field margins than meadow, grassland, Gramineae, reaction to light, in the laboratory larvae ate larvae of Diptera and Lepidoptera plus earthworms but not wolf spiders, ground beetles or slugs, prey preference, prey selection, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, Mollusca, Limacidae, methods, iso-enzyme electrophorsis, examination  of 454 larvae and 255 adults from the field, 9% of larvae had eaten earthworms and 4% Diptera and Lepidoptera larvae, no evidence that slugs were consumed, main feeding period was October to December, adults showed no evidence of having fed on aphids or larvae of cereal leaf beetle Oulema sp., Hemiptera, they may eat nectar, pollen and honeydew, omnivory


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5304
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2002
Title: Dispersal power, home range and habitat preference of cantharid larvae (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in arable land
Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology
Volume: 38
Pages: 79-83
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology
Keywords: Rep., soldier beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, disribution, migration, movement, Austria, larvae of Cantharis fusca and Cantharis livida studied in a meadow and cereal field, grassland, Gramineae, mark-recapture, methods, mean dispersal velocity about 1.5 m per day with maximum of twice this value, larvae dispersed more than 100 m during larval development, home range of about 13 square metres, larvae preferred meadow to bare ground of cereal field, habitat preferences, habitat selection, this could be related to plant cover and humidity, soil moisture, references that these larvae are predators of earthworms and aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Annelida, Lumbricidae, phenology, larvae were individually marked with silver paint dots on the ventral side, marking methods, the mark was retained and did not reduce survival,  10-33% of larvae were recaptured at least once, recapture rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5339
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2002
Title: The histerid beetle coenosis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) of an organic potato field: seasonal dynamics, age structure, life cycles and spatial distribution
Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Volume: 19(4)
Pages: 365-376
Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Austria, organic potato field, pitfalls, soil sampling, Kempson extractor, methods, four species, dominant was Hister bisexstriatus, pro-tibial teeth abrasion as indicator of age, 5% of population were 3 year old, most beetles reproduce twice, longevity under field conditions, voltinism, univoltine life cycle, seasonal activity greatest in May and June, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, colonisation, histerids are good fliers, oviposition  April to June, larvae May to July, tenerals August and September, callows, histerids typically live in ephemeral habitats, adults and larvae are carnivorous, 2 - 7 fold more beetles caught in pitfalls in centre of field compared to edge, references that H. bisexstriatus is found associated with dung, histerids have low fecundity, population dynamics, references that Diptera larvae are a typical prey, histerids are used for biocontrol of Haematobia irritans, other species prey on Scolytidae larvae, banana weevils and grain borers, Curculionidae, Bostrichidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5636
Author: Traugott, M.
Year: 2003
Title: The prey spectrum of larval and adult Cantharis species in arable land: An electrophoretic approach
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 47
Pages: 161-169
Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia
Keywords: Rep., Austria, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, Coleoptera, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Cantharis fusca, Cantharis livida, Cantharis rustica, references that larvae eat slugs and adults eat aphids and plant material even sometimes causing crop damage, pests, Hemiptera, Mollusca, Limacidae, extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, larvae caught in pitfall traps in a meadow-field, Gramineae, larvae are predominantly nocturnal, diel activity pattern, adults collected by hand in spelt fields and meadows, cereals, Triticum spelta, grassland, isoelectric focussing, polyacrylamide gels, phosphoglucose isomerase and esterase staining, larval Lepidoptera, Muscidae and Bibionidae had similar enzyme profiles and could not be separated, Diptera, when prey were  fed to Cantharis prey markers bands were not always detectable, detection periods at least 24 h, prey detected in 13% of 454 field-caught larvae analysed, they had eaten earthworms and larvae of Lepidoptera/Diptera, Annelida, Lumbricidae, direct in situ visual observation of larvae eating worms, slugs were not detected., high proportion with no prey might have been because hungry active larvae were selectively caught in pitfalls, laboratory observations showed that smaller larvae will eat mites and Enchytraeidae, Acari, 275 adults tested and 2.5% had unidentified prey remains, no Oulema bands were found even though this prey was common in the field and the system could detect it, Chrysomelidae, no aphid feeding detected but adults known to eat honeydew and nectar in the field, omnivory,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5307
Author: Traugott, M.; Strasser, H.; Priester, U.
Year: 2000
Title: Impact of the entomopathogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii on non-target carabid larvae representing beneficial invertebrates 
Journal: Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM SCientific Conference
Pages: 143
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM SCientific Conference
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, pathogens, diseases, entomogenous fungi, the fungus is applied against cockchafer pests, microbial pesticides, biological control, Melolontha melolontha, Scarabaeidae, laboratory experiments suggest that it is possible to infect larvae of Nebria brevicollis and Amara aulica, but not larvae of  Pterostichus melanarius, there was also high mortality of control larvae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2688
Author: Travis, J.
Year: 1990
Title: The interplay of population dynamics and the evolutionary process
Journal: Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B
Volume: 330
Pages: 253-259
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1527
Author: Travis, J. W.; Hull, L. A.; Miller, J. D.
Year: 1978
Title: Toxicity of insecticides to the aphid predator Coccinella novemnotata
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 7
Pages: 785-786
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2681
Author: Traynier, R. M. M.; Hines, E. R.
Title: Probes by aphids indicated by stain induced fluorescence in leaves
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1525
Author: Treacy, M. F.; Zummo, G. R.; Benedict, J. H.
Year: 1985
Title: Interactions of host-plant resistance in cotton with predators and parasites
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 13
Pages: 151-157
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, natural enemies, biological control, review, hairy cotton varieties have more damage from Heliothis zea because of reduced entomophage effectiveness, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Trichogramma pretiosum, Chrysopa rufilabris, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, parasitoids, potted greenhouse plants, glandless cotton lacks gossypol, hairy cotton has gossypol which makes Heliothis larvae migrate down out of reach of many predators, vertical distribution, dispersal, semiochemicals, behaviour, plant products


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1941
Author: Treat, A. E.
Year: 1975
Title: Mites of Moths and Butterflies
Journal: Comstock Publishing Associates
Keywords: En.
Acari, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, predators, parasitoids, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1693
Author: Treherne, R. C.
Year: 1916
Title: The cabbage maggot in British Columbia (Phorbia brassicae). The natural control by parasites and predacious insects
Journal: 46th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1915
Pages: 140-145
Keywords: En.
Canada, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pieris brassicae, parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 684
Author: Tretzel, E.
Year: 1952
Title: Zur Okologie der Spinnen. Autokologie der Arten im Raum von Erlangen
Journal: Sitz. ber. Phys. med. Soz. Erlangen
Volume: 75
Pages: 36-131
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, ecology, classification, light, humidity, strata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 683
Author: Tretzel, E.
Year: 1954
Title: Reife und Fortplanzungszeit bei Spinnen
Journal: Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere.
Volume: 42
Pages: 634-691
Keywords: Ger.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, maturity and reproductive periods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4203
Author: Triltsch, H.
Year: 1997
Title: Gut contents in field sampled adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col.: Coccinellidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Pages: 125-131
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, predators, ladybirds, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, sampled at several localities throughout the year, gut dissection, soil found in early spring, and pollen in late summer, but fungal spores were most frequent during both of these periods, during the reproductive period in winter wheat aphid remains were present in 77 - 92% of individuals, but fungal spores were more frequent than other arthropods, cannibalism of larvae by adults was rare with maximum of 0.5%, Alternaria spores and thrips were common, food, diet, semi-quantitative analysis of gut fullness, sometimes but not always there was a positive correlation between aphid density in the field, % aphids in the diet and gut fullness, several hundred individuals dissected, virtually no food present in gut between November and March, Puccinia uredospores were also found, occasional remains of Diptera and Coleoptera larvae were found, spring pollen feeding was observed on Ribes, Stellaria and Solidago, foraging, phytophagy, mycophagy, the fungal spores might have been ingested accidentally with honeydew, but spores were common in guts of beetles from non-aphid areas suggesting deliberate feeding on fungi, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4149
Author: Triltsch, H.; Rossberg, D.
Title: Cereal aphid feeding of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) - Inclusive simulation in the model GTLAUS
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Keywords: En.
Rep., experiments in climate chambers with adult coccinellids attacking Sitobion avenae on winter wheat, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Germany, lab studies, ladybirds, various fluctuating temperature combinations, aphid growth rate decreased above 22C but coccinellid feeding rate increased, the predator got an advantage from a small temperature increase, weight increase of coccinellids used to estimate their hunger level, ie when collected from field amount of food consumed up to an asymptote indicated how hungry they had been in the field, biomass, hunger increased with increase in temperature, new generation adults and females showed more hunger than males, in simulation model GTLAUS aphid demand of coccinellids is temperature dependent, and aphid finding probability increases with temperature and aphid density


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 133
Author: Trittelvitz, W.; Topp, W.
Year: 1980
Title: Distribution and dispersal of epigeic arthropods in agroecosystems. I. Carabidae
Journal: Anz. Schadlingskd. Pflanz-Umweltschutz.
Volume: 53
Pages: 17-20
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Pterostichus melanarius, Calathus fuscipes, Calathus melanocephalus, Amara, Amara aenea, Amara plebeja, Nebria brevicollis, Harpalus affinis, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus
Rep, maize, rye, pesticides, immigration, wing dimorphic, macropterous, hedge, embankment, pitfalls, edge, middle, seasonal activity, phenology, shade, sun-lovers, harvest, ploughing, herbicide


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5297
Author: Trumper, E.V.; Gyenge, J.E.
Year: 1998
Title: Binomial sampling plans for the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii, in Argentina
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 44(4)
Pages: 235-238
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., Hemiptera, pests, methods, Leguminosae, this damaging pest of alfalfa has spread to many continents, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography, there are 5 million ha alfalfa in Argentina, agricultural statistics
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4510
Author: Trumper, E.V.  ; Holt, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Modelling pest population resurgence due to recolonisation of fields following an insecticide application
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 273-285
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: TP, ecotoxicology, pesticides, predators, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5299
Author: Trumper, E.V.; Holt, J.
Year: 1998
Title: Modelling pest population resurgence due to recolonization of fields following an insecticide application
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 35
Pages: 273-285
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., pesticides, model, distribution, dispersal rates, migration, movement, intrinsic rates of increase of 10 species of aphid pests, Hemiptera, population dynamics. Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, consumption rates of polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Diptera, Syrphidae, Cycloneda limbifer, Paragus serratus, Menochilus sexmaculata, Syrphus corollae, Metasyrphus corollae, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus cupreus, Poecilus cupreus, food, diet, trophic behaviour, intrinsic rates of increase of predators, Scymnus frontalis, Stethorus loi, Coleophora mulsanti, Episyrphus balteatus, Exochomus troberti, Curinus coeruleus, predator longevity, insecticide selectivity, relative sizes of sprayed and unsprayed areas, refuge areas, reservoirs, pest resurgence rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1581
Author: Tryon, E. H.; Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1982
Title: The striped earwig, a dominant nocturnal soil surface predator in several Florida citrus groves
Journal: Crop Protection ?
Volume: preprint
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, diel cycle, top fruit, trees, orchards, insecticides killed ants and allowed larger numbers of insecticide-resistant earwig to build up, earwigs killed weevil larvae, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, pesticides, insecticide resistance, Formicidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5174
Author: Tsagkarakou, A.; Navajas, M.; Lagnel, J.; Pasteur, N.
Year: 1997
Title: Population structure in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Crete based on multiple allozymes
Journal: Heredity
Volume: 78
Pages: 84-92
Alternate Journal: Heredity
Keywords: Rep., pests, methods, polypmorphism of four isoenzymes studied using isoelectric focussing, genetic differentiation was related to distance but not to species of host plant, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, mites from plants 150 m apart showed significant genetic differentiation, references that spider mites disperse by crawling or ballooning in response to hunger predators or pesticides, mites may drop and hang on a silk line or raise forelegs and forebodies which increases the probability of being blown away, aerial dispersal, ballooning behaviour, the genetic differentiation over 150 m suggests that local dispersal is mainly by walking, genetic markers
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5325
Author: Tscharntke, T.; Vidal, S.; Hawkins, B.A.
Year: 2001
Title: Parasitoids of grass-feeding chalcid wasps: a comparison of German and British communities
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 129
Pages: 445-451
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, community, Hymenoptera, Gramineae, biological control, 16 chalcid species feeding on 10 grass species in Germany, species richness, biodiversity, many conclusions deawn from patterns in UK did not hold in Germany, Tetrasema hosts supported 4.1 parasitoid species in UK but 8.1 in Germany, there were 5.1 polyphagous parasitoid species in Germany compared with 0.9 in UK, closer species packing in Germany did not increase parasitism  rates compared with UK, food webs, trophic webs, 70 parasitoid species in Germany and 59 in UK, Eurytomidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2685
Author: Tsuga, K.; Ichiki, H.; Kajiyama, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Studies on application of electrostatic pesticide for pest control in a greenhouse (Part III)
Volume: 50
Issue: 3)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 132
Author: Tuppen, R. J.; Yeomans, M. R.
Year: 1980
Title: Harpalus rufipes (De Geer)(Carabidae) on wheat ears infested with grain aphids
Journal: Plant Pathology.
Volume: 29
Pages: 202-203
Keywords: En.
Rep, glasshouse, collars, rain, climbing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5036
Author: Turchin, P.; Taylor, A.D.; Reeve, J.D.
Year: 1999
Title: Dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: an experimental test
Journal: Science
Volume: 285
Pages: 1068-1071
Alternate Journal: Science
Keywords: Rep., southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, pests, forests, trees, woodland, Coleoptera, Scolytidae, long-term predator exclusion experiment, methods, USA, pine, conifers, 56 natural enemy exclusion cages and 64 control trees over five year study, methods, predators and parasitoids had no significant effect during the increase phase of the pest but did  significantly reduce the pest in a later year during the pest decline phase, natural enemies involved are probably predators and parasitoids, Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is a specialist predator of bark beetles, population dynamics, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, natural enemies caused 50% decrease of pest survival and were considered to have a strong role in driving prey oscillations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2189
Author: Turin, H.
Year: 1981
Title: Provisional checklist of the European Ground Beetles
Journal: Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereininging, Amsterdam
Volume: 9
Pages: 250 pp
Keywords: Predators, Carabidae, systematics, classification, nomemclature, Netherlands, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1943
Author: Turk, F. A.
Year: 1953
Title: A synonymic catalogue of British Acari
Journal: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Volume: 12
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1-26, 81-99
Keywords: En.
Rep., mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, taxonomy, classification, systematics, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4111
Author: Turlings, T. C. M.; Tumlinson, J. H.; Eller, F. J.; Lewis, W. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Larval-damaged plants: source of volatile synomones that guide the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the microhabitat of its hosts
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 58
Pages: 75-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., tritrophic interactions, natural enemies, pests, biological control, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, flight tunnel tests showed that plants damaged by host larvae were the main attractant for female parasitoids, frass and host larvae were less attractive, larvae plus damaged seedlings were more attractive than either alone, the parasitoid is polyphagous, Spodoptera exigua larvae feeding on corn seedlings used here, cereals, Gramineae, maize, parasitoids reduce larval damage to plants so there is selection pressure for the plant to evolve synomones to call parasitoids, spider mite infested plants also attract predatory mites, Tetranychidae, Acari, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 681
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1956
Title: Spider predators of the spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) at Lillooet, B.C., Canada
Journal: Proc. Pac. Sci. Cong. Oceanogr. Zool. 8th
Volume: 3 A
Pages: 1579-1595
Keywords: Araneae, Lepidoptera, pests, forest, conifers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 678
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1960
Title: The prey of the spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Araneae, Linyphiid ae)
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 38
Pages: 859-873
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, methods, direct observation of webs, daytime only, description of the linyphiid web


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4015
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1960
Title: The spider population of a stand of oak (Quercus robur L.) in Wytham Wood, Berks, England
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 92
Pages: 110-124
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, community, species composition, trees, woodland, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3633
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1962
Title: Quantitative studies of the food of Linyphia triangularis Clerck (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 94
Issue: 12)
Pages: 1233-1249
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, given Drosophila, Diptera, died on shortage diet usually at moult, survival, survivorship, mortality, population dynamics, effects of food quantity, prey capture rate increased with increase in prey availability but did not keep pace, consumption rates, amount of food extracted per prey varied greatly and was affected by prey availability, partial consumption, trophic behaviour, males were fully developed after 4th moult and did not need to feed therafter, adult females fed heavily and nearly all food consumed was utilised in egg production, reproduction, energetics, physiology, weight of eggs was related to food consumption but number of eggs was not, biomass, egg weight variation was due to different quantities of yolk which might affect hatchability, egg quality, food supply and growth rates, development rates, development to maturity was slowed but not stopped by food shortage, all spiders had consumed nearly the same quantity of food at the end of each developmental stage regardless of the rate of food supply, lab, cannibalism by spiderlings, rearing cage description, culturing methods, flies fed on were not crushed or mutilated, there is at least one moult before emergence fromn the eggsac, number of instars was not affected by food supply, undernourished spiders were more likely to be killed by pathogens than well fed ones, spiders receiving food at below maintenance rate lived for extended periods of time gaining energy from breakdown of their own tissues, they eventually died at a reduced weight, increases in rate of food consumption accelerated development rates and this effect was greater for the early instars, under food shortage this species can moult to become smaller than it was in the previous instar, eg some individuals successfully entered stage III weighing less than at the end of stage I, longevity of the sexes, some females on shortage diets appeared to be sterile due to inadequate food when spiderlings but they had great longevity, infertility, this spider reached maturity andv reproduced on a single species diet of Drosophila but hatchability of eggs not reported


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 680
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1964
Title: The search for prey by a web-building spider Achaeranea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 96
Pages: 568-579
Keywords: En.
Theridion tepidariorum
Rep., predators, experiment in a room with a window attracting released Drosophila, Diptera, spiders released were all at the window within 12 days, light not causing this, food was, greenhouse spider, foraging, behaviour, aggregation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 682
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1965
Title: Effects of prey abundance on the development of the spider Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) (Araneae : Agelenidae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 97
Pages: 141-147
Keywords: Predators, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 679
Author: Turnbull, A. L.
Year: 1973
Title: Ecology of the true spiders (Araneomorphae)
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 305-348
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, review


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 582
Author: Turnbull, A. L.; Dendale, C. D.; Rodner, J. H.
Year: 1965
Title: The spider genus Xysticus C.L. Koch (Araneae, Thomisidae) in Canada
Journal: Canadian Entomologist.
Volume: 97
Pages: 1233-1280
Keywords: En.
Predators, structure, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2885
Author: Turnbull, A. L.; Nicholls, C. F.
Year: 1966
Title: A 'quick trap' for area sampling of arthropods in grassland communities
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 59
Pages: 1100-1104
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, methods, Canada, the trap is a screened net enclosure attached to a hardwood ring, suspended above the grass on a tripod of metal pipes, a 40 foot cord allows release of trap from a distance, trap is erected 24 hours before being used, animals caught in the net are removed with a Dvac with a narrow nozzle which is scrubbed over the ground, suction sampler, soil and litter extracted in Berlese funnels, quick trap gave higher catches of all arthropod groups than just Dvac alone, 1.5 Diptera per m2 with Dvac cf 30 per m2 with quick trap


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3008
Author: Turner, B. D.
Year: 1984
Title: Predation pressure on the arboreal epiphytic herbivores of larch trees in southern England
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 9
Pages: 91-100
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, woodland, forest, UK, larch trees, conifers, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, spiders were 64% of predators, Pickavance mini Ouchterlony precipitin test method used, Collembola and Psocoptera specific antisera specific to their orders, a Psyllidae antiserum cross reacted with aphids, Hemiptera, homopteran antiserum, strong reactions even with very small predators such as predatory mites Anystis, Anystidae, Acari, Erigone atra and Meioneta rurestris ate psocids Collembola and Homoptera, Linyphiidae, in general predators ate prey of large biomass rather than numerous small ones, trophic behaviour, diet, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3988
Author: Turner, M.
Year: 1979
Title: Diet and feeding phenology of the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 7
Pages: 149-154
Keywords: En.
polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, arable, food, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4048
Author: Turner, M.; Polis, G. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Patterns of co-existence in a guild of raptorial spiders
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 48
Pages: 509-520
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, 5 species in the guild, 4 Thomisidae (3 Misumenops and Xysticus californicus) and 1 Oxyopidae (Peucetia viridans), they all ambush prey on flowerheads, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, food, diet, habitat selection, USA California sagebrush herb habitat, only adult females used, daytime surveys, carapace width used as index of body size, methods, resource partitioning in relation to plant species, prey species and size, time, measures of niche overlap, Pianka method, Levins' niche breadth formula, Cody's product alpha for multidimensional niche utilisation, d/w of May, co- existence values of Hutchinson, in situ visual observation of prey in chelicerae, daytime field observations, 257 prey items belonging to 78 prey species were recorded, prey included Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera, P.viridans was cannibalistic, intraspecific predation, P. viridans was very polyphagous, X.californicus and Misumenops importunus were specialised, and the other species intermediate, 5 out of 10 species pairs showed high overlap in one dimension accompanied by low overlap along another dimension, average species niche overlaps were high for microhabitat, moderate for prey species and size, and low for seasonal activity, suggesting that separation in time is the main factor allowing coexistence and reducing competition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 135
Author: Tyler, B. M. J.; Ellis, C. R.
Year: 1979
Title: Ground beetles in three tillage plots in Ontario and observations on their importance as predators of the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
Volume: 110
Pages: 65-73


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3905
Author: Uetz, G. W.
Year: 1977
Title: Coexistence in a guild of wandering spiders
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 46
Pages: 531-541
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Thomisidae, and some Hahniidae and Agelenidae, 30-50 species in a mixed forest, trees, woodland, claims pitfalls are a reliable indicator of number of species of wandering spiders over a wide range of habitats, quadrat sampling collected only 60% of species present, during quadrat sampling spiders were observed in the litter moving away from the sampler, dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, methods, niche breadth and overlap in relation to habitat and season, Levins' formula, 30 species grouped according to size, body size differences greater amongst the smaller spiders, differences in distribution of species in relation to litter depth, might be related to moisture, humidty, microclimate, community structure, some active early in season others late in season, phenology, for congener pairs the larger species of the pair has a greater breadth of habitats, habitat selection, reduction of temporal overlap is more frequent than reduction of habitat overlap, larger species breed first agreeing with prediction of Hutchinson 1959, overlap is lower between species pairs that are taxonomically close or similar in size and this may result from interspecific competition, reproductive periods, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4418
Author: Uetz, G. W.
Year: 1992
Title: Foraging strategies of spiders
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 7
Pages: 155-159
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, diet, food, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, review, aspects of foraging, including web location, affects growth rate and thus fitness, in an orb- weaver low prey capture rate or web destruction preceded the majority of relocations, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Nephila and some other species leave sites at random, Argiopidae, Araneidae, ricochet effect for communal web spiders i.e. prey deflected from one web is caught in the neighbouring web, communality mainly in prey-rich tropical habitats, communal predation may allow spiders to consume larger prey in less time thus decreasing the problem of scavenging by ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, there may be energetic savings in shared web maintenance, dynamic optimization modelling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2119
Author: Uetz, G. W.; Biere, J. M.
Year: 1980
Title: Prey of Micrathena gracilis (Walckenaer)(Araneae: Araneidae) in comparison with artificial webs and other trapping devices
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 5
Issue: 3)
Pages: 101-107
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, spiders, methods, diet, food, feeding, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3592
Author: Uetz, G. W.; Bischoff, J.; Raver, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Survivorship of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) reared on different diets
Journal: The Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 20
Pages: 207-211
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Lycosa helluo and Lycosa sp., USA, lab, Pardosa, spiderlings from 2 eggsacs divided into 2 groups, 1 group given crickets Acheta domesticus Orthoptera, other group given mixed diet of crickets, fly grubs Sarcophaga bullata Diptera, cockroaches Periplaneta americana, mealworms Tenebrio molitor Coleoptera and Dermestes beetles, better survival on mixed diet and reached sexual maturity faster, reference to Greenstone hypothesis that mixed diet needed to get all amino acids needed eg Drosophila is lacking some, references that lycosids and some other spiders often die before maturity on single species diet, food, trophic behaviour, physiology, population dynamics, development rate, mortality, cephalothorax widths greater on mixed diets, references to survivorship of spiders on mealworms with and without added vitamins ie effect of food quality, reference to genetically based foraging behaviour, prey preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3049
Author: Uetz, G. W.; Unzicker, J. D.
Year: 1976
Title: Pitfall trapping in ecological studies of wandering spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 3
Pages: 101-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, guild, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Agelenidae, Pisauridae and others, spiders observed to move away from investigators during quadrat sampling, pifalls detect more species than quadrats, authors give a range of conditions within which pitfalls could be used, descibe a funnel pitfall that might be more efficient, methods, behaviour, trappability, movement, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3067
Author: Ulber, B.; Wolf-Schwerin, G.
Year: 1995
Title: A comparison of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of carabid beetles in oilseed rape fields
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 70
Issue: 2)
Pages: 77-86
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, brassicas, 1988, 1989, Gottingen, Germany, 9 plots 96 m x 96 m, 3 unfenced pitfalls per plot, 3 enclosures per plot moved weekly, 1m2 wood and metal frame 25 cm high sunk 8 cm into ground, vegetation removed, enclosed area subdivided into 12 areas by metal plates, these areas of different sizes ie 0.18 m2, 0.06 m2 and 0.01 m2, 36 pitfalls per enclosure with picric acid and detergent, top of enclosure sealed with mesh, unfenced pitfalls dominated by Ptterostichus, Loricera pilicornis, Carabus and Nebria brevicollis, species list, species composition, enclosures caught mainly smaller species eg Trechus quadristriatus, Amara familiaris, Clivina fossor, and Bembidion, unfenced caught more species in total, peak catch of Pterostichus melanarius was 3 weeks later in unfenced cf fenced, large numbers of T.quadristriatus in fenced in June and July but not in unfenced, phenology of Amara familiaris similar by both, took 2-3 man hours to set up a single fenced enclosure, activity, abundance, density, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1122
Author: Umarov, S. A.; Isametdinov, F.
Year: 1975
Title: Natural predators and density dynamics of aphids on cotton in Yavan Valley of Tadzhikistan
Journal: Entomology of Tadzhikistan, Collection of Articles, Ed. by Y.L. Shchetkin and N.N. Muminov, Donish, Dushanbe
Pages: 213-225
Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, USSR


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 809
Author: Unal, G.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1991
Title: The toxicity of aphicide residues to beneficial invertebrates in cereal crops
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 118
Issue: 3)
Pages: 493-502
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, pesticide, insecticide, pest, Gramineae, mortality, side-effects, non-targets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4091
Author: Underwood, A. J.
Year: 1986
Title: The analysis of competition by field experiments
Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 240-268.
Keywords: En.
there is a large literature on interspecific competition experiments in the field, methods, based on 95 publications, deficiencies in these include not being truly about competition, not really in field, natural experiments interpreted as manipulative, lack of replication, problems with controls, confounding in experimental designs, separating intraspecific competition from interspecific competition, asymmetrical competition is the norm for insects, ie A has greater effect on B than the reverse, population dynamics, competitive interactions are inferred from most experiments even when equally tenable alternative hypotheses have not been eliminated


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2007
Author: Unwin, D. M.
Year: 1981
Title: A key to the families of British Diptera
Journal: Field Studies
Volume: 5
Pages: 513-533
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1895
Author: Usher, M. B.
Year: 1983
Title: Pattern in the simple moss-turf communities of the sub- Antarctic and maritime Antarctic
Journal: Journal of Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 945-958
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods of spatial analysis for transects and blocks of quadrats, sampling methodology, 2 well separated sites in South Georgia and Signy Island, some evidence for a large scale pattern in excess of 1 m and a small scale one of 16 cm for some mosses, correlations between moss species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1896
Author: Usher, M. B.; Booth, R. G.
Year: 1984
Title: Arthropod communities in a maritime Antarctic moss-turf habitat: three dimensional distribution of mites and Collembola
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 53
Pages: 427-441
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, Signy Island, turf extraction, 6 taxa common, 3 near surface, 2 intermediate, 1 deep, varies with developmental stage, dispersal, vertical distribution, stratification, aggregation varies with developmental stage, polyphagous predator Gamasellus racovitzai is randomly distributed, natural enemies, there is a green moss community and a dead moss community below, with the same 6 species in both but in different proportions, 2 Collembola and 4 Acari, Cryptopygus and Friesea Collembola, some species of latter in other systems known to eat rotifers, Protura and Tardigrada, Collembola as predators, mites were Nanorchestes, Eupodes, Ereynetes and G.racovitzai, mean depth of Gamasellus and Cryptopygus vary with date and sample, Gamasellus adults nearer surface than juveniles, Cryptopygus strongly aggregated horizontally, Gamasellus random, multivariate analysis, aggregations in one stratum do not influence distributions in the other strata


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1897
Author: Usher, M. B.; Booth, R. G.; Sparkes, K. E.
Year: 1982
Title: A review of progress in understanding the organisation of communities of soil arthropods
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 23
Pages: 126-144
Keywords: En.
Rep., mainly 1979-1982, little work on diversity, spatial distribution, niches, two species interactions, some Antarctic communities have as few as 6 species, not known if intensive study of these would aid understanding of complex communities, trophic relations, succession, species differences in dispersal rate, fecundity and competitive ability likely to be important, could get species changes due to change in vegetation, perturbation experiments, in simple Antarctic ecosystems the plants have a large effect on abundance of arthropods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1894
Author: Usher, M. B.; Bowring, M. F. B.
Year: 1984
Title: Laboratory studies of predation by the Antarctic mite Gamasellus racovitzai (Acarina: Mesostigmata)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 62
Pages: 245-249
Keywords: En.
Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, all stages of the predator able to capture and overpower prey larger than themselves, predators unaware of prey until physical contact made, quick attack, consumption rate 1 Alaskozetes per predator per 30 days or 1 Cryptopygus per predator per 2 days, Collembola, predator laid eggs in the cultures, can take over a year to hatch at 5C, 8-10% of the Cryptopygus population could be eaten per year if the predator ate only this prey, population dynamics, there might be an egg bank in Antarctic soil, development rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5207
Author: Vacante, V.; Cocuzza, G.E.; De Clercq, P.; Van de Veire, M.; Tirry, L.
Year: 1997
Title: Development and survival of Orius albidipennis and O. laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae) on various diets
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42(4)
Pages: 493-498
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Orius laevigatus, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory, moxed flower pollen, sweet pepper plants and pollen, moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, survival and development were better on diets containing moth eggs, neither species developed successfully on mixed flower pollen or pepper plants, omnivory, nutrition, mortality
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2791
Author: Vachon, M.
Year: 1955
Title: Contribution a l'etude de la biologie de l'hymenoptere Baeus semilunum (Hal.) (Hymenoptera: Serphidae (=Proctotrupidae), parasite des oefs d'araignees
Journal: Annales Societe Entomologique de France
Volume: 124
Pages: 141-146
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, parasitoids, this is almost certainly Baeus seminulum Scelionidae, attacks eggs of Linyphiidae, Theridion, Dysdera erythrina, Tegenaria picta, biology, mating, eclosion, Baeus emerge at the same time as the spiderlings, behaviour, there are always one or two eggs unparasitized in a sac, emerged Baeus stay in the cocoon for a few days and copulate, males can inseminate several females but females mate only once, there are only 1-3 males per eggsac but 30-40 females, inbreeding, all observations in August to September


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 578
Author: Vachon, M.
Year: 1957
Title: Contributions a l'etude du developpement post- embryonnaire des Araignes. 1. Generalites et nomenclature des stades
Journal: Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.
Volume: 82
Pages: 337
Keywords: Fr.
Spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, spiderlings, development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5157
Author: Vail, P.V.; Coulson, J.R.; Kauffman, W.C.; Dix, M.E.
Year: 2001
Title: History of biological control programs in the United States Department of Agriculture
Journal: American Entomologist
Volume: 47(1)
Pages: 24-50
Alternate Journal: American Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., classical biological control, Table of successful programs, augmentative biological control, artificial diets, biological control of weeds, insect pathology and micobial control, pathogens, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, USA, forests, trees, woodland
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 799
Author: Vaitilingham, S.
Year: 1960
Title: The ecology of the centipedes of some Hampshire woodlands
Journal: MSc Dissertation, Southampton University
Keywords: En.
Notes ?, no good ?, Chilopoda, centipedes, polyphagous predator, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3394
Author: Vaje, S.; Mossakowski, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Occurrence of proteolytic enzymes in relation to accessibility of food in carabid beetles
Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles" ed. by P.J. den Boer, L. Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw
Pages: 29-34
Keywords: En.
Rep., extra-intestinal digestion in all members of Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrini and Cicindelinae, predator vomits extra- intestinal fluid upon and into its meal, trypsin and chymotrypsin-like protease enzymes in extra-intestinal fluid of Chrysocarabus, variation in electrophoretic banding pattern for these enzymes in various Carabus species, there was a high proteolytic activity before feeding which allows Chrysocarabus to eat and immediately digest food at any time, then there is a sharp decrease in trypsin and chymotrypsin activity, followed by slow increase over 10 days, this may allow storage of food for several days, enzyme concentration higher in males than females, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, physiology, pre-oral digestion, extra-oral digestion


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5082
Author: Valenti, M.A.; Berryman, A.A.; Ferrell, G.T.
Year: 1998
Title: Natural enemy effects on the survival of Synaxis cervinaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 27(2)
Pages: 305-311
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, USA, greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos sp. is a woody shrub in USA which reduces growth of conifer plantations and so can be regarded as a weed, defoliation by herbivores does not exceed 10%, S. cervinaria was studied as a representative herbivore (capable of completely defoliating the shrub) to find out why herbivory is suppressed, eggs (placed out and exposed in the field) reared out to determine parasitism, methods, bushes were caged in various ways to selectively exclude vertebrate of invertebrate predators and pest larvae were added to the cages, exclusion of birds and ants resulted in a fourfold increase in larvae compared to controls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aves, Vertebrata, other predators in the control areas were spiders, wasps, and predatory bugs, Araneae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Heteroptera, impact on pest populations, parasitised larvae were consumed by predators, parasitoids, Diptera, Tachinidae, natural enemies of natural enemies, spiders were observed to attack larvae in the field, direct in situ visual observation of predation, Misumenops celer, Xysticus, Metaphidippus, Salticidae, Thomisidae, ants were observed to dislodge larvae, dislodgement, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, population dynamics, life tables, interactions between natural enemies, generalist vertebrate and invertebrate predators were considered to play important roles in regulating populations of S. cervinaria
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2692
Author: Valentine, J. W.
Year: 1990
Title: The fossil record: a sampler of life's diversity
Journal: Phil Trans R Soc Lond B
Volume: 330
Pages: 261-268
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3632
Author: Valerio, C. E.
Year: 1974
Title: Feeding on eggs by spiderlings of Achaearanea tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the significance of the quiescent instar in spiders
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 2
Issue: 1)
Pages: 57-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, trophic behaviour, physiology, the glasshouse spider, the first often quiescent instar often feeds on inviable eggs within the eggsac, cannibalism, development, this occurs in Scytodidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Thomisidae, population dynamics, food, predation, diet, but some doubt whether it is first or second instar that does this, in A.tepidariorum the second instar stays in the eggsac for 4 days and the spiderlings feed on sterile eggs, infertile eggs, if there are many such eggs they may moult to third instar before emerging from the cocoon, discussion of terminology of pre-emergence stages


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2865
Author: Valerio, C. E.
Year: 1975
Title: A unique case of mutualism
Journal: American Naturalist
Volume: 109
Pages: 235-238
Keywords: En.
Rep., house spider Achaearanea tepidariorum Theridiidae benefits from attack by Hymenoptera Baeus sp Scelionidae parasitoid, Baeus walks in straight line until contacts spider silk then crawls up it looking for eggsac, enters eggsac and oviposits, emerging parasitoids trigger aggressive behaviour in the spiderlings and there is more cannibalism in parasitized eggsacs than in unparasitized, surprisingly the % of spiderlings surviving to third instar is greater where cannibalism occurs than where it doesn't, presumably only true in a food shortage but the author does not say this, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2785
Author: Valerio, C. E.
Year: 1984
Title: Two alternative strategies for spider egg parasitoids
Journal: Revista de Biologia Tropical
Volume: 32
Issue: 1)
Pages: 123-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Theridiidae, Achaearanea tepidariorum in Costa Rica attacked by Baeus achaearaneus and Tetrastichus sp., parasitoids, Scelionidae, Eulophidae, Baeus locates a large number of eggsacs and parasitizes a small proportion in each, Tetrastichus find fewer sacs and attack more eggs per sac, can get both species in one sac, Tetrastichus larvae feed externally on the eggs requiring about 3 for development, behaviour, Tetrastichus is more host polyphagous than Baeus, 47% sacs were attacked by Baeus and 27% of eggs in these were parasitized, spiderling survival in a sac increases when Baeus is present, laboratory experiments, Baeus oviposited in 26-48 eggs per sac but fewer if eggs less than 18 h old, more than 1 female can oviposit in a sac but this is rare in the field, mean of 48 eggs in oviduct, guarding female spider will tolerate attack by a single parasitoid but will chase them off if 2 or more attack simultaneously, females could enter the eggsac and were not limited by physical barriers to the peripheral eggs, % parasitism by Tetrastichus only 2.1% but more than 70% of the eggs in these were parasitized, 4 or 5 Tetrastichus females often found in the web of one spider, in Baeus individuals emerging from a sac are brothers and sisters that mate before dispersing, inbreeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2057
Author: Valiela, van
Year: 1969
Title: Mortality of larval Musca autumnalis
Journal: Ecological Monographs
Volume: 39
Issue: 2)
Pages: 199-211
Keywords: En.
Diptera, Muscidae, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4614
Author: Valladares, G.R.; Salvo, A.
Year: 1999
Title: Insect-plant food webs could provide new clues for pest management
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 28(4)
Pages: 539-544
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Argentina, comparison of plant - leafminer - parasitoid food webs in natural and agricultural areas, material from forest, grassland and 7 crops. Fewer species in crops (eg 17 parasitoids compared with 46 in natural area). The agricultural system was dominated by a few species, probably adapted to disturbance. All leafminer species on the crops were polyphagous generalists. Food webs could be helpful in identifying parasitoids of use for biological control. Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in crops was strongly parasitised by Phaedrotoma scabriventris. Both species occurred in natural areas but at much lower density and with weak interaction. This type of study may also identify which wild plant species are alternative hosts for leafminer pests and their parasitoids. Natural enemies, trophic webs, trees, woodland, potato, beans, brassicas, Leguminosae, species richness, biodiversity.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4052
Author: Van Alphen, J. J. M.; Jervis, M. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Foraging behaviour
Journal: In "Insect Natural Enemies" Ed. by M. Jervis and N. Kidd, Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Pages: 1-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, predators and parasitoids, biological control, pests, optimal foraging models, evolutionarily stable strategies, ESS, methods for recording behaviour, cheap notebook computers can be used as behavioural recorders in the field, software available, video recording and analysis software, contact details, book on statistical analysis of time-series of behavioural events, marking parasitoids for field studies of patch use, attractant stimuli, arrestant stimuli, host habitat location, any chemical conveying information between individuals in an interaction is an infochemical, semiochemicals, pheromones, allelochemicals, synomones, kairomones, allomones, olfactometers, patch marking, parasitoid odours, search modes within a patch, host recognition by parasitoids, host species selection, equations for quantifying host preference, prey preference, prey selection, host stage selection, clutch size, host-feeding, host discrimination, superparasitism, sex allocation, sex ratio, functional responses, switching behaviour, prey switching, search image, conditioning, patch time allocation, patch defence behaviour, eg by Scelionidae egg parasitoids, Hymenoptera, "patch defence is a poorly studied aspect of parasitoid biology", patch defence can also be against heterospecifics, interspecific competition, interspecific interactions, agonistic behaviour, aggressive behaviour, territoriality, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, mutual interference, pseudo- interference, measuring encounter rates, encounter rate is number of encounters per unit searching time, egg limitation, time limitation, age-dependent foraging, community ecology, one parasitoid species may avoid searching an area already visited by another species in response to a chemical mark deposited, or in response to an odour emitted directly from a competitor species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5853
Author: Van Baarlen, P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Topping, C.J.
Year: 1994
Title: Eggsac parasitism of money spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in cereals, with a simple method for estimating percentage parasitism of Erigone spp. eggsacs by Hymenoptera
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 118
Pages: 217-223
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, mortality, winter wheat, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, parasitoids, field-collected spiders were kept individually in petri dishes and provided with food (Collembola and Drosophila), when an eggsac was produced the spider was removed and the lidless petri dish (which had drainage holes) with eggsac and webbing (an arrestant for some species of foraging parasitoid) was placed in the field for one week of exposure to parasitism, dishes retrieved from the field had eggsacs reared out to determine percentage parasitism and species composition of emerging parasitoids, for comparison naturally produced eggsacs were collected from the field identified as far as possible and reared out, data relate to one field May to July, eggsacs of Erigone and Oedothorax were found only on the ground but those of Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis) and Bathyphantes gracilis were found both on ground and plants (e.g. in curled senescent leaves), vertical distribution, vertical stratification, no eggsacs of B. gracilis (n = 265) or Oedothorax (n = 601) were parasitised, Oedothorax females guarded their eggsacs, maternal behaviour, defensive behaviour, overall parasitism of Erigone eggsacs was 15% compared to 3% for T. tenuis, eggsacs were attacked mainly by Gelis festinans (Ichneumonidae) and less by Baeus sp. (Scelionidae), Aclastus sp. (Ichneumonidae) and Polyaulon sp. (Ichneumonidae), sample size was sufficient for Erigone spp. to determine that percentage parasitism did not differ significantly for introduced and naturally occuring eggsacs, only 3 out of 144 parasitised T. tenuis eggsacs were attacked (by Aclastus sp.) on the plant, Gelis uses ovipositor to pierce eggsac and place eggs into the eggsac lumen (where its larvae are egg predators) but tiny apterous Baeus burrows into the eggsac and oviposits into individual spider eggs, discussion of eggsac guarding, Erigone atra also guarded its eggsacs in the laboratory but this did not appear to be effective in the field (if it occurs there), reference that 5% Erigone spp. eggsacs parasitised in German cereals, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5862
Author: Van Baarlen, P.; Topping, C.J.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1996
Title: Host location by Gelis festinans, an eggsac parasitoid of the linyphiid spider Erigone atra
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 81
Pages: 155-163
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, natural enemies, cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, UK, West Sussex, parasitoid foraging behaviour studied in laboratory, methods, Y-tube olfactometer, odours of wheat and grass preferred to clean air, parasitoid searching was arrested when contact made with E. atra silk but no response to silk of Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax fuscus, female parasitoids spent less time on surfaces already searched by themselves or conspecifics, parasitised eggsacs were distinguished from unparasitised and superparasitism was not recorded, host location, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, marking, associative learning, semiochemicals, infochemicals, olfactory cues, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5673
Author: Van den Berg, H.; Ankasah, D.; Muhammad, A.; Rusli, R.; Widayanto, H.A.; Wirasto, H.B.; Yully, I.
Year: 1997
Title: Evaluating the role of predation in population fluctuations of the soybean aphid Aphis glycines in farmers' fields in Indonesia
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 34
Pages: 971-984
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, Sumatra, population dynamics, surveys of pest phenology, methods, direct in situ daytime visual observations of predator feeding rate during 10 min periods, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Harmonia arcuata, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Paederus fuscipes, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Lycosidae, Formicidae and Gryllidae were not studied because of cryptic foraging behaviour, spiders, ants, crickets,Araneae, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, functional response, also recorded time spent resting, cleaning, attacking and feeding, model simulations, Harmonia larvae were most frequently observed feeding, predation rates, P. fuscipes consumed 37 aphids per day at high aphid density and even consumed a few aphids at very low aphid density, large Harmonia larvae ate 120 aphids per day at high aphid density, adult Harmonia were more efficient searchers than larvae, P. fuscipes spent most time moving but Harmonia spent most time resting and feeding, activity, model suggested that predation caused aphid population decline in older but not younger soybean crops, impact on pest populations, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5020
Author: Van den Berg, H.; Cock, M.J.W.
Year: 1993
Title: Exclusion cage studies on the impact of predation on Helicoverpa armigera in cotton
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 491-497
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., caterpillars, Lepidoptera, pests, Kenya, Africa, predator exclusion cages covering 24 plants compared with control cages which had 30 cm gap above ground, pest eggs were put inside cages, after 2 weeks the exclusion cages contained 4.5 times more (significantly) larvae than control cages, predators included ants and Anthocoridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla spp., Geocoris, amabilis, Geocoridae, Mymicaria, Camponotus, Pheidole, Orius albidipennis, Orius thripoborus, parasitism by Trichogramma and Braconidae was about 15%, there was significantly more plant damage in the exclusion cages, predators are capable of suppressing H. armigera even at high infestation levels, Myrmicaria were observed attacking larvae and Pheidole attacked eggs and larvae in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5042
Author: Van den Berg, H.; Cock, M.J.W.; Oduor, G.I.
Year: 1997
Title: Natural control of Helicoverpa armigera in sunflower: assessment of the role of predation
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 7
Pages: 613-629
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, Kenya, Africa, predator exclusion methods, crawling predators were excluded from individual plants by ringing them with a band of sticky Tanglefoot, attempts to exclude flying predators were made by spraying plants with the insecticide triazophos, pesticides, insecticidal check, crawling predators were predominantly ants and flying predators were predominantly Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, spray + barrier treatment to exclude ants and bugs, parasitoids, parasitism levels were low, ants Pheidole sp. caused a significant reduction of pest larvae at one site reducing them 3.4 fold, in control plots there were 25 ants per plant, predator abundance, impact on pest populations, Pheidole was observed to carry off eggs in the field, at another site with ant density of about 3 per plant exclusion had no significant effect on the pest, at a third site ant and anthocorid density was low and they did not affect pest density, ants can store food and are present in the crop early and before anthocorids, Orius thripoborus, Orius albidipennis, phenology, commmunity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4811
Author: Van den Berg, H.; Litsinger, J.A.; Shepard, B.M.; Pantua, P.C.
Year: 1992
Title: Acceptance of eggs of Rivula atimeta, Naranga aenescens [Lep.: Noctuidae] and Hydrellia philippina [Dipt.: Ephydridae] by insect predators on rice.
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 37(1)
Pages: 21-28
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., pests, cereals, Gramineae, oophagy, natural enemies, biological control, laboratory consumption rate studies using predators enclosed in cages with pest eggs on rice plants. Predators tested were various species of Orthoptera, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae and Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds. Includes Paederus fuscipes and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Gryllidae were the best egg  predators in the lab, followed by a carabid and coccinellid. In field cages a gryllid species was an effective egg predator, but the carabid was not. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1334
Author: Van der Blom, J.; Drukker, B.; Blommers, L.
Year: 1985
Title: The possible significance of various groups of predators in preventing pear Psylla outbreaks
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 50
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 419-424
Keywords: En.
Rep., top fruit, trees orchards, Netherlands, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, pear suckers, Psylla pyri and Psylla pyricola, abundant spiders controlled psyllids, Psyllidae, spider reduction due to broad-spectrum insecticides, pesticides, Anthocoris nemoralis late in summer, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Psylla control not good where synthetic pyrethroids used, more Psylla where more sprays, more Coccinellidae adults but not larvae in orchards with few Psylla, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7- punctata, negative relationship between spiders and psyllids, A.nemoralis and Orius minutus have been shown to check Psylla outbreaks, spider species not given


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2054
Author: Van der Goot, V. S.; Grabandt, R. A. J.
Year: 1970
Title: Some species of the genera Melanostoma, Platycheirus and Pyrophaena (Dipt., Syrphidae) and their relation to flowers
Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Volume: 30
Pages: 135-143
Keywords: Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5988
Author: Van der Meijden, E.; Klinkhamer, P.G.L.
Year: 2000
Title: Conflicting interests of plants and the natural enemies of herbivores
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 89(1)
Pages: 202-208
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., evidence that plants actually benefit from the active attraction of natural enemies in the field is virtually absent, pests, biological control, examples of parasitoid ineffectiveness at reducing herbivory, semiochemicals, infochemicals, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, damaged plants produce chemical signals that attract natural enemies but they may also attract ineffective natural enemies and even other herbivores, some plant signals are specific but others are not, tritrophic interactions, parasitised caterpillars can consume more plant material than healthy caterpillars because larval developmental period is extended (therefore in this case attraction of parasitoids by the plant is counterproductive for plant fitness), Lepidoptera,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 176
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1973
Title: The age composition of populations of Calathus melanocephalus L. analysed by studying marked individuals kept within fenced sites
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 12
Pages: 213-240
Keywords: Carabidae, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3539
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1979
Title: On the relationship between reproduction, age and survival in two carabid beetles: Calathus melanocephalus L. and Pterostichus coerulescens L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 40
Pages: 63-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, no relationship between number of eggs laid by individual females and their survival until the next breeding season, amount of reproduction is related to temperature when food is optimal, in P.coerulescens there was a positive correlation between amount of reproduction of the same individuals in two succeeding years, no such relationship for C.melanocephalus, C.melanocephalus longevity is 2 years cf 3-4 years for P.coerulescens, level of reproduction of a population depends on proportion of old beetles which may die before the end of the breeding season, age structure of population, Murdoch's hypothesis is rejected but old beetles could add to heterogeneity of the population and improve its survival probability, P.coerulescens is a diurnal spring-breeder, C.melanocephalus is a nocturnal autumn-breeder, heathland, Netherlands, teneral untanned P.coerulescens were put in outdoor enclosures to overwinter, methods, old beetles were distinguished by length of hairs on head, blunting of mandibles and colour of elytra, structure, morphology, reproduction in lab monitoring number of eggs oviposited or larvae hatched, P.coerulescens oviposits almost daily for c. 5 weeks, old females reproduce for longer than young ones if they survive the breeding season, reproductive behaviour, C.melanocephalus oviposit daily for 8-9 weeks but in this species there is a positive correlation between number of eggs laid and number of eggs in the ovaries, young females produce more eggs than old females, in both species the amount of egg production is largely an individual character, not known if genetically or environmentally determined, in P.coerulescens there is no relationship between number of eggs in the ovaries and number of eggs oviposited


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4527
Author: Van Dijk, T.S.
Year: 1979
Title: Reproduction of young and old females in two carabid beetles and the relationship between the number of eggs in the ovaries and the number of eggs laid
Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen
Volume: 18
Pages: 213-222
Alternate Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen
Keywords: Rep., TP, Carbidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3661
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1982
Title: Individual variability and its significance for the survival of animal populations
Journal: In "Environmental Adaptation and Evolution" Ed. by D. Mossakowski and G. Roth, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart
Pages: 233-251
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, it is common for carabids to attain ages greater than one year, longevity, life span, population dynamics, Nebria brevicollis is an exception, having old beetles that can breed may promote population survival, eg in Calathus melanocephalus where eggs larvae and pupae may drown, also drought and food shortage may prevent reproduction in any particular year, bet hedging, Pterostichus coerulescens (= Pterostichus versicolor) oviposition may be subject to a lower threshold temperature ie it contains eggs but does not oviposit until temperature high enough, behaviour, physiology, temperature had great influence on duration of reproductive period in C.melanocephalus, in C.melanocephalus increase in egg production by food consumption and decrease by oviposition and resorbtion are very rapid and depend on temperature and food supply, oosorption, food quantity, beetles in the field are usually neither starving or satiated but intermediate, hunger, 66.7% of variance in egg production can be attributed to differences between individuals even at constant temperature and optimal food, this was not greatly affected by size of female either, could be genetic differences in metabolism


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3504
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1986
Title: On the relationship between availability of food and fecundity in carabid beetles: how far is the number of eggs in the ovaries a measure of the quantities of food in the field ?
Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles", Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, L.Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw
Pages: 105-121
Keywords: En.
In Lib., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, reproduction, Calathus melanocephalus, Pterostichus coerulescens (= Pterostichus versicolor), body weight and fecundity are fairly good indicators of quantities of food gathered, activity is related to hunger, P.versicolor oviposits when satiated and is not active, ie food acts as a mechanical stimulus for oviposition, food may be limiting, trophic behaviour, maximum fecundity of P.versicolor 2-315, C.melanocephalus 242-1139, red coloured blowfly maggots, methods, red colour incorporated into eggs in as little as 1 day at 19C in P.versicolor, if P.versicolor does not find enough food the eggs are resorbed in one or two days, quality of food affects fecundity, P.versicolor laid more eggs per week on ad lib maggots than on ad lib mealworms, it prefers immobile damaged maggots


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3337
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1994
Title: On the relationship between food, reproduction and survival of two carabid beetles: Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 263-270
Keywords: En.
Rep., both temperature and food influence adult body size, smaller if colder, no relationship between reproductive output and survival, fewer underfed beetles survived winter than well fed ones, lab and field, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, weather, nutrition, overwintering, number of eggs laid per female was correlated with amount of food eaten, references that food in field is limited for larvae and adults, hunger, starvation, fecundity, food quantity, diet, trophic behaviour, larvae in peat in Petri dishes kept at various temperatures and given different quantities of blowfly larvae as food, Diptera, same done with adults from the field during their reproductive period, heathland, The Netherlands, body weights of cultured females even at maximum food were much lower than field females, probably due to food quality, biomass, growth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3621
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1996
Title: The influence of environmental factors and food on life cycle, ageing and survival of carabid beetles
Journal: Acta Jutlandica, in press
Keywords: En.
Rep, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Netherlands, Calathus melanocephalus, Pterostichus versicolor, Bembidion tetracolum, oviposition period and mean number of eggs laid per female were positively correlated with temperature and food supply, quantity and quality of food affect size of egg production, reproduction, fecundity, temperature and moisture affect mortality of all stages, microclimate, abiotic conditions, humidity, survival, survivorship, larvae, pupae, eggs, imago, adults, duration of larval growth and adult size are affected by temperature and food supply, biomass, development rates, there was no inverse relationship between reproductive output and survival until the next breeding season as postulated by Murdoch, number of eggs laid per day by Bembidion tetracolum was much higher when fed on P.versicolor eggs than on blowfly larvae, Muscidae, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, maximum consumption rate by females was 1.5 mg eggs per day but 5 mg blowfly larvae per day, ie seemed to compensate for lower nutritive value of blowfly by eating more, eggs laid by B.tetracolum had higher percentage nitrogen and carbon when fed P.versicolor eggs than when fed blowfly larvae, weights of B.tetracolum larvae were greater if reared on nitrogen rich P.versicolor eggs than on nitrogen poor blowfly larvae, C.melanocephalus larvae survive best at medium moisture and fairly low temperature, P.versicolor larvae survive best at relatively high temperature in medium to wet soil, carabids in the field probably experience a more or less continuous shortage of high quality nitrogenous food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4345
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1996
Title: The influence of environmental factors and food on life cycle, ageing and survival of some carabid beetles
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 71
Issue: 2)
Pages: 11-24
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor, egg-laying period and mean number of eggs per female were positively correlated with temperature and food supply, egg production positively correlated with quantity abd quality of food consumed, reproduction, mortality affected by temperature and moisture, humidity, length of larval growth and adult body size affected by food and temperature, no trade-off between reproduction and survival, Bembidion tetracolum in lab given eggs of P. versicolor or blowfly larvae, Diptera, greater reproduction on P. versicolor eggs, food quality affected the % of nitrogen and carbon in B. tetracolum eggs, food likely to be in short supply in the field, food switching is likely to improve the amino acid balance and nitrogen content of the diet which can improve population performance, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3511
Author: Van Dijk, T. S.; Den Boer, P. J.
Year: 1992
Title: The life histories and population dynamics of two carabid species on a Dutch heathland
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 90
Pages: 340-352
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the Netherlands, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor, 90% of C.melanocephalus adults cover 2 ha during reproductive season cf 90% of P.versicolor cover 12 ha, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, in C.melanocephalus egg production in field is similar to optimal egg production in lab, fecundity, reproduction, but that of P.versicolor is much lower in field, in field 70-80% of eggs are killed, probably by predatory Nematoda, predation on eggs, followed by > 90% mortality of larvae which was not density- dependent, larval mortality mainly due to inability to find food, larval mortality greater during a wet than a dry winter in C.melanocephalus, weather, climate, microclimate, both species univoltine, voltinism, they eat ants, spiders, aphids, larvae, mites and small flies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Araneae, hyperpredation, predation on predators, Hemiptera, pests, Acari, Diptera, P.versicolor lays eggs usually singly in upper layer of soil, oviposition behaviour, vertical stratifcation, vertical distribution, C.melanocephalus lays eggs singly on soil surface, larvae of both species will hunt on surface as well as in soil, foraging, P.versicolor taken from the field would not oviposit in lab until given food as a stimulus, but C.melanocephalus would, if given red dyed blowfly maggots the carabid eggs become dyed too, methods, egg production is temperature dependent, in P.versicolor the number of eggs in the ovaries is not a reliable estimate of egg production in the field, C.melanocephalus fecundity is 128-275, P.versicolor 60-150, both species prefer to oviposit in moist rather than dry soil, mortality of larvae in field varies between years, supplying larvae of P.versicolor with food in field enclosures reduced mortality but it remained very high, in lab larvae did not survive well in peat that was too wet or too dry, soil moisture, P.versicolor crawls into the soil and prepares a hole for its egg having taken time to find a good site, in contrast to C.melanocephalus which has a higher fecundity and and just leaves its eggs on soil surface, trade-off, P.versicolor alternates between feeding and oviposition behaviours, so when caught in pitfalls it has already oviposited and its fecundity is underestimated, P.versicolor larvae are very poor hunters, mortality of C.melanocephalus larvae is high at > 15.5C and < 8.5C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3406
Author: Van Driesche, R. G.
Year: 1983
Title: Meaning of "percent parasitism" in studies of insect parasitoids
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 12
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1611-1622
Keywords: En.
Rep., total parasitoid impact includes parasitism, host- feeding, hosts that are paralyzed with no oviposition, hosts that die from the trauma of parasitoid oviposition, and hosts that are flushed off the plant by parasitoids and suffer mortality due to predators and environmental conditions, host-feeding causes 11-50% of parasitoid induced mortality, distortion of % parasitism samples come from variation in the host and parasitoid phenology, and differential emergence rates of parasitized and non- parasitized hosts,worked examples with apple blotch leafminer, makes recommendations for improving parasitoid impact estimation, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, parasitoids acting as predators, trophic behaviour, wasteful killing, Hymenoptera, trees, orchards


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3938
Author: Van Dyke, D.; Lowrie, D. C.
Year: 1975
Title: Comparative life histories of the wolf spiders Pardosa ramulosa and P. sierra (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Journal: The Southwestern Naturalist
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 29-44
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Pardosa sierra, carapace width and volume measured, methods, number of instars in lab, phenology, weekly census within 2 x 3 m quadrat, fewer spiders found under hot dry conditions, abundance, density, microclimate, humidity, soil mosture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 321
Author: Van Emden, F.
Year: 1939
Title: Larvae of British Beetles. I to VII
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 75-79
Issue: 81, 83-85
Keywords: En.
Rep(parts), III Keys to Families, 78, 206-226, 253-272, IV various small families, 79, 209-223, 259-270, V. Elateridae, 81, 13-37, Coleoptera, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 130
Author: Van Emden, F.
Year: 1942
Title: A key to the genera of larval Carabidae
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London.
Volume: 92
Pages: 1-99
Keywords: En.
Systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5778
Author: Van Emden, H.F.
Year: 1963
Title: Observations on the effect of flowers on the activity of parasitic Hymenoptera
Journal: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Volume: 98
Pages: 265-270
Alternate Journal: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
Keywords: Rep., UK, natural enemies, parasitoids, reference that Ichneumonidae require nectar for egg maturation, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Daucus carota and Pastinaca sativa are especially valuable for ichneumonids, Umbelliferae, weeds, methods, white water traps, parasitoid activity is increased in presence of flowers in field edges, distribution, abundance, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2498
Author: Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1965
Title: The role of uncultivated land in the biology of crop pests and beneficial insects
Journal: Scientific Horticulture
Volume: 17
Pages: 121-136
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2541
Author: Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1965
Title: The effect of uncultivated land on the distribution of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on an adjacent crop
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 2
Pages: 171-196
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3910
Author: Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1990
Title: Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems
Journal: In "Critical Issues in Biological Control", Ed. by M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 63-80
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., recent increases in agricultural plant diversity in UK, few pests in weedy plots, less pest immigratrion and more natural enemies such as Anthocoridae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, wild flowers outside crops, use and value for parasitoids and Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, predators such as Adalia bipunctata rely on alternative prey outside the crop such as aphids on trees, Hemiptera, pests, woodland, forests, similarly for polyphagous parasitoids but only if they readily host switch, shelter in field boundaries, intercropping and other polycultures, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, farming practices, undersowing crops with grass or clover, Gramineae, Leguminosae, arable, cereals, clover in inter-row spaces between cabbages reduced cabbage root fly Delia brassicae mainly by predation rather than by reduced oviposition, review, fewer aphids on potatoes undersown with grass not due to fewer colonising alatae, dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, outside crop conservation headlands, mini-hedgerows under post and wire fences planted with Dactylis glomerata, within-field beetle banks, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5475
Author: Van Emden, H.F.
Year: 1999
Title: Transgenic host plant resistance to insects: pest management or mis-management ?
Journal: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Pests in Agriculture, Monpellier, Dec 1999, Association Nationale pour la Protection des Plantes (ANPP), Paris, France
Volume: 1
Pages: 59-67
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Pests in Agriculture, Monpellier, Dec 1999, Association Nationale pour la Protection des Plantes (ANPP), Paris, France
Keywords: Rep., most insect transgenic plants are based on a single toxin, references to studies listing 19 negative and 22 positive interactions between host plant resistance and biological control, positive cases usually involve partial plant resistance, danger of pest resistance to toxins, host plant resistance can sometimes increase a pests tolerance of insecticides, so GM plants may produce insecticide-resistant pests, however GM plants is a better option than chemical insecticides, pesticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5828
Author: Van Emden, H.F.
Year: 2003
Title: Conservation biological control: from theory to practice
Journal: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, USDA Forest Service, West Virginia, USA
Pages: 199-208
Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, USDA Forest Service, West Virginia, USA
Keywords: Rep., historical background, landscape, biodiversity, ground beetles in field margins, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, beetle banks, floral resources for parasitoids and hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, Hymenoptera, semiochemicals, aphid sex pheromone to attract aphid parasitoids, set-aside and UK Countryside Stewardship Scheme, within-crop habitat diversification, weed strips, integration with pesticides, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1337
Author: Van Emden, H. F.; Eastop, V. F.; Hughes, R. D.; Way, M. J.
Year: 1969
Title: The ecology of Myzus persicae
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 197-270
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, herbicides, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1076
Author: Van Emden, H. F.; Wearing, C. H.
Year: 1965
Title: The role of the aphid host plant in delaying economic damage levels in crops
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 56
Pages: 323-334
Keywords: En.
Rep.RJC, pests, Hemiptera, natural selection could break plants resistance to aphids, natural enemies could reduce rate of breakdown, natural enemies and host plant resistance could keep populations below economic threshold when either by itself insufficient, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4730
Author: Van Hezewijk, B.H.; Bourchier, R.S.; Smith, S.M.
Year: 2000
Title: Searching speed of Trichogramma minitum and its potential as a measure of parasitoid quality
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 17
Pages: 139-146
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., TP., parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, quality of mass-reared parasitoids, methods, automated video tracking system, diel activity patterns, percentage parasitism was related to host acceptance rather than searching speed, searching speed does not appear to be a useful measure of efficiency, Canada, reared on flour moth Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, pests, egg parasitoid
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 670
Author: Van Hook, R. I.
Year: 1971
Title: Energy and nutrient dynamics of spider and orthopteran populations in a grassland ecosystem
Journal: Ecological Monographs.
Volume: 41
Pages: 1-26
Keywords: En.
Lit.Bk., Araneae, predators, grasshoppers, energetics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2571
Author: Van Houten, Y. M.
Year: 1989
Title: Photoperiodic control of adult diapause in the predacious mite, Amblyseius potentillae: repeated diapause induction and termination
Journal: Physiological Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 341-348
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5209
Author: Van Houten, Y.M.; Van Rijn, P.C.J.; Tanigoshi, L.K.; Van Stratum, P.; Bruin, J. 
Year: 1995
Title: Preselection of predatory mites to improve year-round biological control of western flower thrips in greenhouse crops
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 74
Pages: 225-234
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Acari, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Amblyseius cucumeris, Amblyseius barkeri, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Orius, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, subtropical phytoseiids Amblyseius hibisci, Amblyseius degenerans, Amblyseius limonicus, Amblyseius scutalis, Amblyseius tularensis, of these A. limonicus had highest predation rate and oviposition rate on diet of thrips larvae, also this species showed no diapause but its eggs were very sensitive to low humidity, moisture, RH, relative humidity, reproduction
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 172
Author: Van Huizen, T. H. P.
Year: 1977
Title: The significance of flight activity in the life cycle of Amara plebeja Gyll. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 29
Pages: 27-41
Keywords: En.
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2499
Author: Van Huizen, T. H. P.
Year: 1990
Title: 'Gone with the wind': flight activity of carabid beetles in relation to wind direction and to the reproductive state of females in flight
Journal: Ed by Stork
Pages: 289-293
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5485
Author: Van Lenteren, J.C.
Year: 2000
Title: Success in biological control of arthropods by augmentation of natural enemies
Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Pages: 77-103
Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control: Measures of Success" Ed. by G. Gurr & S.D. Wratten, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Keywords: Rep., review, augmentative biological control, inundative biological control, seasonal inoculative releases, pests, methods, > 125 species of natural enemy are commercially available, 100 natural enemies targetting 70 pest species in Europe, protected crops, greenhouses, glasshouses, field crops, no phytotoxic effects on young plants, endemic natural enemies may be effective against exotic pests and vice versa, each case has to be considered individually, efficacy testing, data on Trichogramma usage, Trichogramma brassicae can give excellent control of corn borer on maize and if no other pests occur the crop can be insecticide-free, egg parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, biocontrol used on 14,000 out of 300,000 ha of protected crops globally, agricultural statistics, natural enemies were used on 78% of gerbera in Holland in 1998, ornamentals, Netherlands, there are about 50 commercial producers of biocontrol agents worldwide, world market for greenhouse natural enemies US$30 million in 1997, mass production methods, culturing, rearing, quality control, storage, transportation, release methods, Trichogramma can be sprayed by tractor or aircraft 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4521
Author: Van Lenteren, J.C. ; Roskam, M.M.  ; Timmer, R.
Year: 1997
Title: Commercial mass production and pricing of organisms for biological control of pests in Europe
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 10(2)
Pages: 143-149
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Europe has 26 companies producing more than 80 species of natural enemies. Pests in glasshouses are managed with natural enemies on 14,000 ha (cf 200 ha in 1970). There are 64 companies in the world producing natural enemies. Sales in Europe were US$60 million in 1991 (data are updated annually in IPM Practitioner). 30 species comprise 90% of sales (mainly Amblyseius, Aphidoletes, Chrysoperla, Cryptolaemus, Harmonia, Hypoaspis, Macrolophus, Orius, Phytoseiulus and a range of parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes). All these, except Harmonia) are used in glasshouses. Quality control can be poor but European companies are collabotating with biocontrol researchers to improve this. More species of natural enemy are available in Europe than in USA mainly because of the larger glasshouse industry in Europe. polyphagous predators, Nematoda, Acari, predatory mites, Diptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, greenhouses, protected cropping, agricultural statistics.
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5940
Author: Van Lenteren, J.C.; Schettino, M.
Year: 2003
Title: Kinky sex and suicidal mating behaviour in Aphidoletes aphidomyza
Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Volume: 63(6)
Pages: 143-146
Alternate Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, inundative biological control, Diptera, 5000 species of Cecidomyiidae, aphids, Hemiptera, reproduction, mass-rearing, culturing, glasshouses, greenhouses, protected crops, horticulture, sweet pepper, tomato, polyphagous within Aphididae, in clean rearing cages high proportion of females were infertile, but dirty cages containing spider webs improved fertility, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Aphidoletes emerged at night and flew then hung in web of Pholcus phalangoides, diel cycle, nocturnal, Pholcidae, females hanging in webs emit sex pheromone which calls males and mating occurs in the web, semiochemicals, infochemicals, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, when Aphidoletes lands in the web the spider moves towards it but there are no further large vibrational stimuli and the spider loses interest, potential hyperpredation, potential intraguild predation, potential IGP, hypothesised that spider pheromones in/on web silk may attract Aphidoletes, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4970
Author: Van Mele, P.; Cuc, N.T.T.
Year: 2000
Title: Evolution and status of Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) as a pest control agent in citrus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Volume: 46(4)
Pages: 295-301
Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management
Keywords: Rep., weaver ant, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, insecticide use, pesticides, farming practices, after insecticide usage reduced orange and mandarin orchards had larger populations of ants, abundance, trees, top fruit, expenditure on pesticides was halved when the ant was abundant, without affecting yield or income, farmer training programmes, references to ants reducing pests on citrus, mango, litchi, coconut and cashew, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, caterpillars, but the ant is sometimes considered a pest because of its aggression to people, questionnaire survey of farmers, many farmers look after the ant by providing food and refuges, making bridges between trees, reducing competitor ants and pesticides
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5108
Author: Van Mele, P.; Cuc, N.T.T.
Year: 2001
Title: Farmers' perceptions and practices in use of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for biological control of pests of Sapodilla
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 23-29
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., Sapodilla is an important perennial fruit crop in Vietnam, trees, orchards, top fruit, plantations, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants, in orchards with D. thoracicus 25% fewer farmers sprayed insecticides than in orchards where it was absent, farmers put nesting materials in trees for ants and interplanted with banana, habitat management, and also poured sugar solution at the base of trees, D. thoracicus was considered to exclude other species of ants that are detrimental in that they protect pests from natural enemies, references to the historical use of ants for biocontrol in Asia, major pests of sapodilla are mealybugs and fruit borers, Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pyralidae, Planococcus lilacinus, Alophia, in a field experiment ants were reduced by insecticides in one orchard block which was compared with unsprayed controls, fruit damage by Alophia (pyralid) was significantly reduced where ants were present, there was no significant effect of the ant on mealybug abundance, farming practices, habitat diversification
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2960
Author: Van Praet, H.; Kindt, C.
Year: 1979
Title: Influence de la temperature sur le developpement embryonaire d'Erigone atra (Blackwall) et d'Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall)(Araneida, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Biol. Jaarb.
Volume: 47
Pages: 107-116
Keywords: Fr.
Rep., influence of temperature on the embryonic development, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, quotes Schaefer that temperature and humidity were an important influence on embryo mortality of Floronia bucculenta, references to moulting in eggsac, period of embryo development defined here as time from egglaying until spiderlings emerge from the cocoon, takes about 12 h for E.atra and O.fuscus spiderlings tp leave cocoon, Belgium, temperatures used were -0.1, 4.2, 9.8, 12.5, 20.5, 23.0, 29.0C, development of E.atra and O.fuscus is faster than F.bucculenta at same temperature, methods, D=K/(T-t), D= development period, K= thermal constant in day degrees C, T= mean temperature, t= temperature threshold for development, this formula also used by Schaefer and Baert, comes from Wigglesworth, rate of development = 1/D = (T-t)/K, development rate is related to mean temperature V = a + bT, very significant correlations for E.atra and O.fuscus by experimental data, using the 2 equations for E.atra K = 217, t = 5.8, for O.fuscus K = 294, t = 1.6, some linyphiids have an embryonic diapause ie need a cold spell to complete development, usually applies to autumn breeders, this does not seem to be necessary for E.atra, O.fuscus and Bathyphantes gracilis, cocoon mortality was least at 20.5C and increased at higher and lower temperatures, references to E.atra having several generations per year, but O.fuscus having one, voltinism, these authors found cocoons in the field only in spring and summer, the greater speed of development in relation to temperature for E.atra and O.fuscus compared with F. bucculenta should allow a second or third generation in the field if temperatures allowed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5987
Author: Van Rijn, P.J.C.; Van Houten, Y.M.; Sabelis, M.W.
Year: 2002
Title: How plants benefit from providing food to predators even when it is also edible to herbivores
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 83(10)
Pages: 2664-2679
Alternate Journal: Ecology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Iphiseius degenerans, western flower thrips, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, both can use pollen for reproduction, omnivory, pollen added to cucumber leaves in greenhouse experiments, glasshouse, protected crops, protected vegetables, horticulture, model suggested that thrip density was less in presence of pollen, abundance, supplementary foods, alternative foods,  pollen from Typha latifolia, methods, thrips monitored with blue sticky traps, uniform distribution of pollen enables the thrips also to benefit but aggregated pollen sources can be monopolised by predators enabling only them to benefit and resulting in net reduction of thrips, plants may have evolved to provide local pollen supplies to benefit predators and reduce herbivory thus increasing fitness of the plant, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5241
Author: Van Schelt, J.; Mulder, S.
Year: 2000
Title: Improved methods of testing and release of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) for aphid control in glasshouses
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 511-515
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, greenhouses, protected crops, Holland, Netherlands, intraguild predation, IGP, interactions between natural enemies, useful references to biology and behaviour of Aphidoletes, adult midges use spiders webs to hang from when mating, mating behaviour Araneae, polyphagous predators, mass-rearing can be improved by adding spiders webs, culturing, Aphidoletes eggs were eaten by Iphiseius degenerans, Amblyseius degenerans, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, and by Ambylseius cucumeris, Neoseiulus cucumeris, reference that Orius majusculus is a predator of Aphidoletes larvae, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predator release methods, dispersal from bottles, distribution, migration, movement
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5210
Author: Van Steenis, M.J.; El-Khawass, K.A.M.H.
Year: 1995
Title: Life history of Aphis gossypii on cucumber: influence of temperature, host plant and parasitism
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 76
Pages: 121-131
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Hemiptera, pests, aphids, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, greenhouse, glasshouse, protected crops, horticulture, protected edibles, two cucumber cultivars, host plant resistance, varietal resistance, cultivars, temperature, development rate, biological control, aphids parasitised after third instar could reproduce at rates of 0.1 to 13.3 nymphs per female, reproduction of stung unparasitised aphids was less than for unstung aphids, wounding, sublethal effects of natural enemies, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Braconidae, natural enemies, Aphidius colemani, Holland, Netherlands, life history parameters varying with vertical stratum i.e. lower, middle and upper leaves
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2255
Author: van Wingerden, W. K. R. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Aeronautic dispersal of immatures of two linyphiid spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Proceedings 8th International Arachnological Congress, Ed. by J. Gruber and H. Egerman, Vienna
Pages: 91-96
Keywords: En.
Rep., coastal plain of Dutch island, behaviour, aerial dispersal, distribution, collection of trapped spiders with pooter from non-sticky wire, methods, Erigone arctica bivoltine juveniles and adults balloon, Centromerita bicolor univoltine sometimes juveniles and adults balloon, voltinism, discussion of function of ballooning.SPP


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2912
Author: Vangsgaard, C.; Gravesen, E.; Toft, S.
Year: 1990
Title: The spider fauna of a marginal agricultural field
Journal: Ent. Meddr.
Volume: 58
Pages: 47-54
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, cereals, Gramineae, woodland, trees, 2 ha field surrounded by spruce, pine and birch, peas and barley undersown with ryegrass, Leguminosae, sown in May and cut for forage in mid-July, pitfalls, transects from forest into field, 1298 spiders of 81 species, Erigone atra, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis and Lepthyphantes tenuis were less common than expected, some woodland and marsh spiders were found in the field, Lycosidae were more apparent than in more typical agricultural fields, some evidence for Pachygnatha degeeri moving into the field from the edge May to June, Tetragnathidae, Linyphiidae, distribution, migration, movement, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3831
Author: Vangsgaard, C.; Toft, S.; Goldschmidt, H.
Year: 1995
Title: The distance method used to measure densities of web spiders in cereal fields
Journal: Poster at EU Workshop, Aarhus (MS only)
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance, Gramineae, Denmark, distance of webs to random stick, webs revealed by potato starch, estimates in Denmark spring barley compared with vacuum sampling, suction sampling, vacuum insect net


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5620
Author: VanLaerhoven, S.L. &A Stephen, F.M.
Year: 2002
Title: Height distribution of adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle complex
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(6)
Pages: 982-987
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., trees, forest, woodland, pests, this bark beetle can kill pines over thousands of hectares, Coleoptera, conifers, USA, Scolytidae, Dendroctonus frontalis, vertical distribution, natural enemies, biological control, methods, a rope was attached to the trunk 16 m above ground and sticky-coated wire mesh sticky traps attached at 4 m intervals, traps were changed every other day, traps need to be in contact with the trunk because parasitoids disperse by walking as well as flying, dispersal, migration, movement, 6 species of parasitoid were caught, positive correlation between height and number of parasitoids, each species had a different height distribution, [niche differentiation], 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1893
Author: Vannier, G.
Year: 1971
Title: Les formis, predateurs permanents de certain types of Collemboles
Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol
Volume: 8
Pages: 119-132
Keywords: Fr.
predators of Collembola, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4072
Author: Vannini, M.; Conti, A.; Ferretti, J.; Becciolini, A.
Year: 1993
Title: Trophic exchange in Pardosa hortensis (Lycosidae, Araneae)
Journal: Journal of Zoology
Volume: 231
Issue: 1)
Pages: 163-166
Keywords: spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, young need mother's help to leave cocoon, mother periodically opens cocoon to feed the young, then reseals it with fresh silk, maternal care


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4949
Author: Vapenik, Z.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 2000
Title: The influence of hunger and breeding temperature on the venom production of the spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae, Ctenidae)
Journal: Toxicon
Volume: 38
Pages: 293-298
Alternate Journal: Toxicon
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, toxins, poisons, venoms, venom production remained stable at 17-25C, but at 15C spiders stopped feeding and ceased venom synthesis, effect of temperature on activity and predation, during fasting body weight is reduced but not venom supply
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5309
Author: Varchola, J.M.; Dunn, J.P.
Year: 2001
Title: Influence of hedgerow and grassy field borders on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity in fields of corn
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 83
Pages: 153-163
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, grass, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, species richness, biodiversity, community, directional pitfalls, methods, Scarites, Harpalus, both complex and simple field border habitats supported abundant and diverse populations of carabids during most of the growing season, abundance, woody hedges are an important early season refuge, reservoir, overwintering sites, 32 species, species list
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4476
Author: Vargas, R. I.; Stark, J. D.; Prokopy, R. J.; Green, T. I.
Year: 1991
Title: Response of Oriental fruit fly and associated parasitoids to coloured balls
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 84
Pages: 1503-1507
Keywords: En.
Rep., Diptera, pests, Hawaii, Dacus dorsalis (Tephritidae) attacking guava, trees, orchards, top fruit, natural enemies, biological control, methods, the dominant parasitoid is the opiine Biosteres arisanus and 2 species of Opius also occur, ping pong balls and other spheres were painted in various colours with acrylic paint, reflectance spectra measured and compared with young and ripe guava, the balls were coated with Tanglefoot sticky coating and hung from guava trees, more fruit flies were attracted to yellow than green and to 4cm diameter rather than 2cm diameter balls, B. arisanus preferred light to dark coloured balls but was not influenced by size of ball


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2766
Author: Varis, A. L.
Year: 1989
Title: Cabbage field Carabidae (Coleoptera) and their role as natural enemies of Delia radicum and D. floralis (Diptera, Anthomyiidae)
Journal: Acta Entomologica Fennica
Volume: 53
Pages: 61-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enmemies, biological control, Finland, pests, brassicas, arable crops, cabbage root fly, Erioischia brassicae, literature suggests role of carabids varies between countries, more than 60 species in Finnish cabbage, dominants are Clivina fossor, Amara bifrons, Bembidion properans, Calathus melanocephalus, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Trechus quadristriatus, Trechus secalis, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus melanarius, together 80% of catch, species composition, review of literature, carabids not very important for fly control in their experiments, gives economic thresholds for CRF at various times post planting, damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 131
Author: Varis, A. L.; Holopainen, J. K.; Koponen, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Abundance and seasonal occurrence of adult Carabidae (Coleoptera) in cabbage, sugar beet and timothy fields in southern Finland
Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie.
Volume: 98
Pages: 62-73


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 826
Author: Varley, G. C.
Year: 1970
Title: The need for life tables for parasites and predators
Journal: In "Concepts of Pest Management" Ed. by R.L. Rabb and F.E. Guthrie, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
Pages: 59-68
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, estimates of parasite and predator populations and life tables for them are very rare, life table for knapweed gall fly parasites, Hymenoptera, Diptera, mice caused 90% mortality of parasite and host and when this removed in model parasites held host down to lower level than before, warns of dangers of careless use of regressions for density cf mortality factors, winter moth chosen for population studies because female flightless so takes out migration complication, Lepidoptera, life cycles of various winter moth parasites, key factor analysis of wmoth life table gives winter disappearance as key factor, quest theory says parasite areas of discovery variable with host density, this may allow different parasite species to coexist, theories of parasitism should but dont take into account migration of parasites, life tables lacking for wmoth predators, they have large functional and small numerical responses and act in density dependent manner


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4467
Author: Varley, M. J.; Copland, M. J. W.; Wratten, S. D.; Bowie, M. H.
Year: 1993
Title: Parasites and Predators
Journal: In "Video Techniques in Animal Ecology and Behaviour", Ed. By S.D. Wratten, Chapman & Hall, London
Pages: 33-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., video used for monitoring parasitoid behaviour, e.g. walking tracks, walking speed, response to kairomone, visits of predators to prey patches, prey detection and recognition, practical advice to avoid heating problems from lighting, and other aspects of lighting, 2D arenas, environment within the arena, marking the subjects, data extraction from video, acetate sheet and planimeter, gen locks and other computer-aided methods, automatic tracking of mites Typhlodromus pyri and Tetranychus urticae, monitoring the efficiency of pitfall traps, red light at night, nocturnal observations, video in a cereal field in areas of artificial aphid infestations, Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum, 100W infrared lights at night powered by a Honda generator, distribution, dispersal, movement, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, methods, direct observation, Acari, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Phytoseiidae, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4103
Author: Vasconcelos, S. D.; Williams, T.; Hails, R. S.; Cory, J. S.
Year: 1996
Title: Prey selection and baculovirus dissemination by carabid predators of Lepidoptera
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 21
Pages: 98-104
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, foraging behaviour, prey preference, prey selection, methods, UK, diseases, pathogens, insect pathogenic viruses, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, interactions between natural enemies, in lab preference tests Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and Agonum dorsale did not discrimninate between healthy larvae of cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, and larvae infected with an NPV, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, microbial insecticides, Noctuidae, caterpillars, food, diet, field vegetables, brassicas, virus infectivity was maintained after passage through the predator gut, NPV induced mortality of larvae exposed to fresh predator faeces was 97% and dropped to 20% for 15-day-old faeces, carabids continuously passed infective virus to the soil for at least 15 days after feeding on infected larvae, field experiments showed that carabids transferred enough virus to the soil to cause low levels of mortality in cabbage moth populations, population dynamics, in lab preference tests each beetle was exposed to 4 healthy and 4 infected prey, larvae at a late stage of infection were more flaccid, paler and less mobile than uninfected larvae, even after 15 days since feeding on infected larvae beetles were still passing enough virus to the soil to cause mortality in 2nd instar M.brassicae larvae, in the literature a high % of carabids and other predators are known to contain virus after eating infected caterpillars in soybean fields sprayed with NPV


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4075
Author: Veen, M. V.; Kessler, A.
Year: 1987
Title: Foraging strategies of sheet web spiders (Linyphiidae) in the forest floor litter
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 37
Pages: 431
Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4704
Author: Venzon, M.; Janssen, A.; Sabelis, M.W.
Year: 1999
Title: Attraction of a generalist predator towards herbivore-infested plants
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93
Pages: 305-314
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Orius laevigatus, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, glasshouse, greenhouse, protected crops, Frankliniella occidentalis, Western Flower Thrips, Thysanoptera, Tetranychus urticae, Acari, Tetranychidae, spidermites, mites, cucumber, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, trophic behaviour, food, diet, methods, Y-tube olfactometer, the Netherlands, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1898
Author: Verhoef, H. A.; Nagelkerke, C. J.
Year: 1977
Title: Formation and ecological significance of aggregations in Collembola. An experimental study
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 31
Issue: 2)
Pages: 215-226
Keywords: En.
Orchesella cincta, Tomocerus minor, distribution, behaviour, dispersal, Arthropleona


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1569
Author: Verhoef, H. A.; Nagelkerke, C. J.; Joose, E. N. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Aggregation pheromones in Collembola
Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology
Volume: 23
Issue: 8)
Pages: 1009-1013
Keywords: En.
semiochemicals, behaviour, distribution, Tomocerus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2056
Author: Verrall, G. H.
Year: 1901
Title: British Flies. 8. Syrphidae
Journal: Gurney & Jackson, London
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, structure, keys, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2055
Author: Verrall, G. H.
Year: 1909
Title: British Flies. 5. Stratiomyidae
Journal: Gurney & Jackson, London
Keywords: En.
Diptera, UK, structure, keys, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2059
Author: Verrall, G. H.
Year: 1909
Title: British Flies, Vol V
Journal: Gurney & Jackson, London
Keywords: En.
Rep.(larvae), Diptera, UK, structure, keys, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics, includes Bombyliidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4502
Author: Vet, L.E.M.  ; Dicke, M.
Year: 1992
Title: Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 37
Pages: 141-172
Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., Herbivore-derived odours are more reliable but less detectable than plant-derived odours to foraging natural enemies, Pieris rapae caterpillars move frequently, maybe because parasitoids are attracted to their plant damage, the host plant sometimes releases odours from damaged plants that are specific to the herbivore causing the damage, if these attract natural enemies favourable to the plant they are called herbivore-induced synomones, e.g. caterpillar oral secretions can trigger a plant response, including from undamaged leaves, these responses can also be plant species and variety specific, parasitoids can learn odours, generalist predators (apart from those towards the specialist end of the spectrum, such as  bettle predators of bark beetles and some phytoseiid mites) usually do not respond to prey kairomones, spraying kairomones onto crops to attract natural enemies has not met with much success, breeding crop varieties (conventional and genetic engineering) with enhanced herbivore-damaged-induced synomone production could be a good approach to improving biological control of pests, semiochemicals, olfaction, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Lepidoptera, polyphagous predators
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 921
Author: Via, S.
Year: 1989
Title: Field estimation of variation in host plant use between local populations of pea aphids from two crops
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 14
Pages: 357-364
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, distribution, resistance, differences in performance on alfalfa and clover likely to be genetically based, local adaptation to different host plants can occur within small geographical areas


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5430
Author: Vichitbandha, P.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2002
Title: A field experiment on the effectiveness of spiders and carabid beetles as biocontrol agents in soybean
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 31-38
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, biological control, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Leguminosae, methods, fenced plots to reduce predator immigration, spiders were also removed with pitfalls and by handsearching, this reduced predator abundance by about 75%, weight of soybeans did not differ between predator-reduced plots and controls, yield, there was also no difference in densities of whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Aleyrodidae, Cicadellidae, Thysanoptera, lack of impact on pest populations, 3 predator-reduction and 3 control plots each 7 m x 7 m, predator exclusion barriers, ground search and vegetation search, density, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, shake cloth (beating), Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, predatory Heteroptera, Nabidae, low pest densities may explain failure to register an effect of predators on yield
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1335
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1974
Title: Some effects of grass-weed control on the arthropod fauna of cereals
Journal: Proceedings of the 12th British Weed Control Conference
Volume: 3
Pages: 929-940
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1475
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1974
Title: The effect of strawburning on invertebrates
Journal: Strawburning and its Effects on Wildlife, The Game Conservancy, Fordingbridge, Hants
Pages: 7-11
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices, UK, split field half burnt, same before, after 396 per sq m unburnt cf 60 burnt, spiders reduced by 70%, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfalls, Bembidion lampros reduced, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, emergence boxes, methods, 88 per sq m emerged from burnt cf 304 unburnt, most affected were parasitoids, thrips, Hemiptera, least were spiders and beetles, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1336
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1977
Title: The effects of foliar fungicides on some insect pests of cereals
Journal: Proceedings of the 1977 British Crop Protection Conference -Pests & Diseases
Pages: 101-128
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 939
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Distribution and abundance of cereal aphid parasitoids (Aphidius spp) on grassland and winter wheat
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 185-190
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2006
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1982
Title: Distribution and abundance of adult Opomyza florum (Diptera: Opomyzidae) in cereal crops and grassland
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 441-447
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Gramineae, pests, 1977-79, Dvac, B samples and weekly samples, mostly winter wheat, means 0.9 to 33 per sq m, mainly in June and July, density, phenology, more in winter wheat following winter wheat than following grass, more in early than late sown winter wheat, farming practices, low numbers from hedgerow grasses in Autumn, but could be more in woodland, Russian references, trees, forest


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2854
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Sampling plans for beneficial arthropods in cereals
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 10
Pages: 191-198
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae and Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, ground beetles, Coleoptera, spiders, Gramineae, pitfalls, quadrats and Dvac in various years and areas, methods, statistics, there were significant regressions for log variance on log mean for most species and sampling methods, where different types of sampling had been done in the same field in the same year a and b of Taylors Power Law were the same for the different sampling methods for any given species, numbers of samples needed to give 20% precision were calculated, eg for Linyphiidae immatures at density of about 10 per suck in Dvac would need 6 sucks to give 20% precision ie need 0.6 square metres sampled for a density of 100 per square metre, indices of aggregation given, b of Taylors Power Law, dispersion, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4329
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Farm scale evaluation of the long-term effects of different pesticide regimes on the arthropod fauna of winter wheat
Journal: In "Field Methods for the Study of the Environmental Effects of Pesticides", Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monograph
Volume: 40
Pages: 127-135
Keywords: En.
Rep., some historical references to increase in the use of pesticides, UK, cereals, Gramineae, Boxworth 346 ha 1982-88, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, weekly samples from April to harvest, effect of Metasystox demeton-S-methyl on marked Trechus quadrisrtiatus in 1 m2 barriered plots (mature wheat cf bare soil), drilling dates were later in Insurance Treatment than in other areas, Linyphiidae were unaffected by drilling date but more Tachyporus (adults and larvae), Tachydromia arrogans and Platypalpus spp. were caught in early-sown (September-October) cf late- sown (November) by June, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, predatory Diptera, Empididae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, tended to be more predators in wheat following oilseed rape than in wheat following wheat, effect of crop rotation, Notiophilus biguttatus, mortality of T. quadristriatus caused by metasystox was greater on bare soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3149
Author: Vickerman, G. P.
Year: 1992
Title: The effects of different pesticide regimes on the invertebrate fauna of winter wheat
Journal: In "Pesticides, cereal farming and the environment" Ed. by P. Grieg-Smith, G. Frampton and A. Hardy, HMSO, London
Pages: 82-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, UK, Gramineae, Boxworth, Dvac, pests, spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, soldier beetles, parasitoids, hoverflies, predatory Diptera, detritivores, herbivores, recovery rates, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Syrphidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 841
Author: Vickerman, G. P.; Coombes, D. S.; Turner, G.; Mead- Briggs, M. A.; Edwards, J.
Year: 1987
Title: The effects of pirimicarb, dimethoate and deltamethrin on Carabidae and Staphylinidae in winter wheat
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 52
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 213-223
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, ground beetles, rove beetles, cereals, Gramineae, 5 ha plots, application at early flowering, Dvac and quadrats, covariance analysis to take account of pre-treatment differences, methods, dimethoate reduced carabids 77% and staphs 63%, other insecticides less damaging, study benefits from large plot size and non-use of pitfalls, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2806
Author: Vickerman, G. P.; Dowie, W.; Playle, K. E.
Year: 1988
Title: The potential of Tachyporus spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as predators of cereal aphids
Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection in Cereals", Ed by R. Cavalloro and K.D. Sunderland, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Pages: 69-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, UK, laboratory studies, rearing in Petri dishes, culturing, Petri dish experiments, feeding behaviour, mean daily Metopolophium dirhodum consumption by Tachyporus obtusus adults increased with temperature 10- 25 C with maximum 8.9 for I/II and 6.5 for III/IV at 25C, consumption rates, biomass of aphid consumed was 50% of T. obtusus body weight at 25C, Tachyporus hypnorum larvae consumed more M. dirhodum in later instars with maximum of 19 per day, female T. hypnorum ate more than male, sex related differences, I instar T. hypnorum larvae totally consumed only 8% of I/II aphids killed but III instar and adults totally consumed more than 96%, in Petri dish got Type III sigmoid functional response for T. hypnorum on I/II Sitobion avenae, similar when aphids on wheat seedlings used but high density assymptote not tested, capture efficiency of T. hypnorum and Tachyporus chrysomelinus did not differ and were greater for I/II S. avenae than for III/IV or adult, adult T. chrysomelinus handling times on S. avenae were lowest for I/II at 9 mins and highest for alatae at 26 min, T. hypnorum took longer than T. chrysomelinus to handle adult apterae, in choice experiments I/II S. avenae were preferred over II/IV by T. hypnorum adults and III larvae, T. hypnorum adults preferred apterous to alate S. avenae, prey size preferences, aphid morphs, field density data 1972-79, peak Tachyporus density 9-52 adults and 32-385 larvae per m2, phenology, peak 1st generation adults last 2 weeks in May, larvae end of June to early July


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1332
Author: Vickerman, G. P.; Sotherton, N. W.
Year: 1983
Title: Effects of some foliar fungicides on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni (L.)
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 14
Pages: 405-411
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, UK, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and triadimefon, benomyl did not affect egg hatching, larval survival on knotgrass sprayed with benomyl was reduced, weeds, weight of adults reduced, other fungicides had similar effect, fecundity not affected, references to effects of benomyl on other agricultural insects, agricultural statistics on fungicide usage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1120
Author: Vickerman, G. P.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1975
Title: Arthropods in cereal crops: nocturnal activity, vertical distribution and aphid predation
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 12
Pages: 755-766
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, methods, Dvac, sweeping, diel cycles, behaviour, gut dissection, pitfalls, stratification, Araneae, spiders, UK, 1973-4, Dvac and sweeping from spring barley and winter wheat, ground search, gut dissection, serology, precipitin test, more thrips by day and Coleoptera by night, Thysanoptera, more polyphagous predators and more aphid feeding at night, food, diet, behaviour, movement, 17% of polyphagous predators in Dvac contained aphids at 1500h cf 67% at 0300h, Tachyporus adults and larvae on plant increased at dusk peaking in middle of night, larvae move down plants at dawn, 10 species of staphylinid and Demetrias atricapillus climbed plants, notes and references to climbing carabids, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus solutus, Anotylus, Philonthus varius, Paederus litoralis, Stenus, Philonthus cognatus, Coccinellidae adults and larvae more at night, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, more Syrphidae larvae, Araneae, Opiliones and Forficula auricularia at night, hoverflies, Diptera, harvestmen, spiders, Dermaptera, earwigs, 13 species of spiders climbed plants, 39% T. chrysomelinus and 23% T. hypnorum fed on aphids in 1973, 14% Tachyporus larvae in 1974 underestimated, Clubiona reclusa ate aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1333
Author: Vickerman, G. P.; Sunderland, K. D.
Year: 1977
Title: Some effects of dimethoate on arthropods in winter wheat
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 767-777
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK, natural enemies, biological control, aphicides, polyphagous predators, total non-targets in treated was 15% of untreated 7 days after treatment and 40% 2 weeks after, still differences in equitability of phytophages and diversity of predators 2 months after, adults and immatures of many predators reduced eg Araneae by 90% 7 days after and Carabidae by 76% 6 weeks after, spiders, ground beetles, Coleoptera, dead adults and larvae of Coccinellidae and Syrphidae found, ladybirds, hoverflies, Diptera, Chrysopa carnea was fairly resistant, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, agricultural statistics aphicide use, 1975, Dvac and ground search, aphids, Hemiptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, pests, Sminthurus viridis, Collembola, Lema melanopa, Chrysomelidae, Sitona lineatus, weevils, Curculionidae, Oscinella, Chlorops, Chloropidae, Erigone atra, Meioneta rurestris, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Oedothorax fuscus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus adults and larvae killed, more second generation adults in untreated, Demetrias atricapillus reduced by 86%, Platypalpus pallidiventris reduced by 100% and Sciopus platypterus by 60%, predatory Diptera, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Melanostoma mellinum, Aphidius avenae reduced by 74%, parasitoids, Aphidiidae, mycetophages reduced by 50-100%, Enicmus transversus, Atomaria atricapilla, stilbus testaceous


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3250
Author: Victor, R.; Wigwe, J. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Horading - a predatory behaviour of Sphaerodema nepoides F. (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)
Journal: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie
Volume: 116
Issue: 1)
Pages: 107-111
Keywords: En.
Rep., aquatic predator, mosquito larvae used as prey, the predator sometimes captured a second prey while still feeding on the first, this was observed at a range of predator: prey ratios in various sizes of aquaria and does not seem to be an artifact, may be an adaptation to limited food availability, hoarding did not occur at higher prey densities, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Diptera, trophic behaviour,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 950
Author: Viggiani, G.
Year: 1983
Title: Natural enemies of the filbert aphids in Italy
Journal: Aphid Antagonists, Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Pages: 109-113
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, orchards, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5081
Author: Villemant, C.; Ramzi, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Predators of Lymantria dispar (Lep. Lymantriidae) egg masses: spatio-temporal variation of their impact during the 1988-89 pest generation in the Mamora cork oak forest (Morocco)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 40(3/4)
Pages: 441-456
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, woodland, plantations, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, most of the egg predators excavate the egg masses which makes them more likely to be dislodged by wind and also increases their vulnerability to Encyrtidae parasitoids, beetle larvae such as Dermestes and Anthrenus (Dermestidae) and Tenebroides (Trogossitidae) cause most damage, Coleoptera, ants cause some damage but seem to prefer parasitised eggs, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, egg masses were observed with binoculars on six occasions to record degree of oophagy, methods, direct in situ visual observation, collection of damaged egg masses and examination in the lab revealed characteristic damage and other clues such as faeces of Tenebroides, Tenebroides maroccanus adults and larvae excavate cork searching for xylophagous insect larvae on which they also prey, foraging behaviour, 60-90% of egg masses were destroyed by predators, they can contribute substantially to collapse of local gypsy moth outbreaks, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 883
Author: Vincent, L. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Pathogens and parasitoids of the California fossorial mygalomorph spider Atypoides riversi O.P. Cambridge (Antrodiaetidae: Araneae) of various age and size classes
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Arachnology 1974
Pages: 291-294
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, this species lives in field for 20 years or more, locally high density, 43% mortality over 2 years in pine-fir forest, large spiders yielded several species of pathogenic fungi and internal fly (Acroceridae and Tachinidae) and Mermithidae, Diptera, Nematoda, parasitised adults were 8 to 13 years old


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2691
Author: Vinson, S. B.
Year: 1976
Title: Host selection by insect parasitoids
Journal: A Rev Ent ?
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4100
Author: Vinson, S. B.
Year: 1990
Title: Potential impact of microbial insecticides on beneficial arthropods in the terrestrial environment
Journal: In "Safety of Microbial Insecticides" Ed. by M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
Pages: 43-64
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi, bacteria, baculoviruses, insect pathogenic viruses, Protozoa, Microsporidia, insect parasitic nematodes, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, some Lepidoptera caterpillar populations become more heavily parasitized after Bacillus thuringiensis application, Cotesia melanoscelus parasitises gypsy moth Lymantria dispar infected with Bt more than healthy hosts because sublethal doses of Bt extend L.dispar development time, making them more available to parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Diptera, phenology, development rate, Apanteles, forest, woodland, trees, but Bt use is not compatible with parasitoids because the host is killed and the parasitoid dies with it, parasitised hosts are more susceptible to Bt, some bacteria other than Bt kill parasitoids directly, Bt can have sublethal effects on Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae but often no effects on other predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, bacterial diseases of pests can be spread through the faeces of predators, distribution, dissemination, movement, dispersal, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids can mechanically and transovarially tranmsit Protozoa (eg Nosema) diseases of pests, Cotesia glomerata appears able to select healthy Pieris brassicae larvae free of Nosema bombycis, foraging behaviour, Protozoa can have a serious impact on parasitoids developing in diseased hosts, including egg and larval stages of hosts, including mortality, malformation, reduced longevity and fecundity, population dynamics, some Nosema species attack both host and parasitoid whilst others are specific to the parasitoid, Microsporidia have been described from many predators but predators are probably resistant to infection by Protozoa pathogens of their prey, death of parasitoids in a fungus-infected host is nearly always due to the fungus killing the host rather than infecting the parasitoid, parasitism can make hosts more susceptible to fungi but in other cases, if the parasitoid is well established, fungi may be less likely to infect, or fungal development can be impaired, some parasitoids produce fungistatic substances, eg as anal secretions of endoparasitoid larvae, some parasitoids can selectively refrain from ovipositing in fungal infected hosts, but this requires ovipositor insertion, no evidence so far that fungi are transmitted by ovipositor, vitually no data on predator-fungi interactions, including transmission, predators can be killed by eating Steinernema feltiae infected prey, parasitoid emergence can be reduced in nematode infected hosts, other parasitoid species can develop normally in nematode infected hosts, parasitoids seem to have no effect on the development of nematodes, Tachinidae can be killed by nematodes, directly or via host death, but may survive if the nematodes arrive at a late stage of parasitoid development, Heterorhabditis heliothidis and S.feltiae were not harmful to Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae and earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Dermaptera, polydnaviruses, which are a group of baculoviruses, replicate in parasitoids doing no harm, and are injected into hosts with the eggs but do not replicate there, some parasitoids avoid ovipositing in insect-pathogenic virus-infected hosts, the progeny of parasitoids that oviposit in hosts in the early stage of viral infection are not likely to survive, there can be sublethal effects on some parasitoids competing with virus for nutrients, interspecific competition, competition between kingdoms, some parasitoids tansmit virus to new hosts, some die within hosts due to toxins produced by the virus, poisons, parasitism can alter (increase and decrease) host feeding rate making them more or less likely to acquire virus particles, these effects can also occur without altered host feeding rate, virus may reduce host activity, which, in turn, reduces oviposition by parasitoids, Heteroptera predators can consume NPV's and spread them causing epizootics in prey populations, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, effects on pollinators, bees, Apidae, virus- infected dipterous parasitoids can spread virus on mouthparts and tarsi, parasitic Diptera usually penetrate hosts as larvae causing wounds that provide routes of infection for bacteria, Protozoa and viruses


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3393
Author: Vinson, S. B.; Iwantsch, G. F.
Year: 1980
Title: Host suitability for insect parasitoids
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 25
Pages: 397-419
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, simultaneous pathogenic infection and parasitism of a host may not be uncommon, eg some NPV's are transmitted via parasitoids ovipositor, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Hymenoptera, disease, insect pathogenic viruses, microbial insecticides, dispersal


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3248
Author: Visser, M. E.
Year: 1991
Title: Prey selection by predators depleting a patch: an ESS model
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology
Volume: 41
Issue: 1)
Pages: 63-80
Keywords: En
Rep., partial preferences have been recorded in the literature ie predators sometimes reject a prey type and accept it at other times, ESS is evolutionarily stable strategy, game theoretical approach taken here, when habitat quality is high predators should never accept less profitable prey, when habitat quality is low a predator searching alone should accept less profitable prey, but when predators are searching in patches in groups they should reject less profitable prey initially and accept them after a switch point, ie this ESS causes partial preference, switch point depends on predator density, therefore important factors in prey selection by predators in patches are value of the less profitable prey, predator density and value of the habitat, trophic behaviour, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2058
Author: Vitzthum, H.
Year: 1933
Title: Einiges uber Microtrombidium dermeijerei und sein Atmungssystem
Journal: Zool. Anz.
Volume: 7-8
Pages: 217-220
Keywords: Ger.
Diptera, pests, Oscinella frit, frit fly, Chloropidae, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, larvae of M.dermeijerei parasitise adults of O.frit and Platyparea poeciloptera in Germany and sterilise them


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3761
Author: Vlijm, L.; Kessler, A.; Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1963
Title: The life history of Pardosa amentata (Cl.)(Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Volume: 23
Pages: 75-80
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Netherlands, Holland, overwinter as subadults, grass, Gramineae, moulting, mating, copulation, courtship, biomass, temperature preference of gravid and non-gravid females, behaviour, reproduction, development, activity of female in relation to carrying of spiderlings, didtribution, dispersal, movement, migration, small second eggsacs, voltinism, generations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 520
Author: Vlijm, L.; Kessler, A.; Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1967
Title: The phenology and habitat of Pardosa monticola, P.nigriceps and P.pullata (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 36
Pages: 31-56
Keywords: En.
Spiders, predators, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3762
Author: Vlijm, L.; Kessler-Geschiere, A. M.
Year: 1967
Title: The phenology and habitat of Pardosa monticola, P. nigriceps and P. pullata (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 36
Pages: 31-56
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa pullata, Netherlands, Holland, pitfalls, Fsiain island, hand collecting, life cycle, partial second generation depending on weather, voltinism, climate, P. pullata damp ground layer species, P. nigriceps in vegetation layer of scrub, P. monticola in arid barren areas on ground, habitat preferences, distribution, behaviour, humidity, moisture, vertical stratification, vertical distribution, moulting, mating, copulation, reproduction, sex ratio, juveniles and gravid females prefer exposed places


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3547
Author: Vlijm, L.; Richter, C. J. J.
Year: 1966
Title: Activity fluctuations of Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer), Araneae, Lycosidae, during the breeding season
Journal: Entomologische Berichten
Volume: 26
Pages: 222-230
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polypphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders kept in large well-lit lab arena, fed on Drosophila, marked and observed, location noted every 30 mins for 8 h per day, female activity decreased during the cocoon carrying period but increased when carrying hatchlings on the back, male activity was greater than female and only decreased when near death, this should be taken into account when interpreting pitfall catch data, methods, behaviour, dispersal, movement, migration, data for March, copulation described, cocoon spinning was always at night and there was increased activity to find a suitable place to hide and spin the cocoon, diel cycles, in 3-5 week cocoon period females were largely immobile and ate little, trophic behaviour, feeding rate, female opens the cocoon and waits 0.5-2 days for spiderlings to mount her back, maternal care, reproduction, then female became very active and rarely fed for 3-8 days by which time all the young had left, one at a time, and she started feeding again, 2nd and 3rd cocoons produced without copulation and 3rd was usually prematurely abandoned, high activity with young on back may be to help their dispersal, similar results obtained with Pardosa amentata, male activity level varied greatly with age since moulting to adult, there is a fairly static period when female is courted for a long period, then a phase of feverish activity as the male searches for unmated females, this has been noted in the field for other Pardosa species


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 174
Author: Vlijm, L.; Van Dijk, T. S.
Year: 1967
Title: Ecological studies on carabid beetles. II. General pattern of population structure in Calathus melanocephalus (Linn.) at Schiermonnikoog
Journal: Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere.
Volume: 58
Pages: 396-404
Keywords: Carabidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 173
Author: Vlijm, L.; Van Dijk, T. S.; Wijmans, S. Y.
Year: 1968
Title: Ecological studies on carabid beetles. III. Winter mortality in adult Calathus melnocephalus (Linn.), egg production and locomotory activity of the population which has hibernated
Journal: Oecologia.
Volume: 1
Pages: 304-314


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2693
Author: Voegele, J.
Year: 1986
Title: Reflections upon the last ten years of research concerning Trichogramma (HYm., Trichogrammatidae)
Journal: Trichogramma and other egg parasites
Volume: 43
Pages: 17-29
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 522
Author: Vogel, B. R.
Year: 1971
Title: Individual interactions of Pardosa
Journal: The Armadillo Papers.
Volume: 5
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, predators, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 519
Author: Vogel, B. R.
Year: 1972
Title: Apparent niche sharing of two Pardosa species (Araneida : Lycosidae)
Journal: Armadillo Papers.
Volume: 7
Pages: 1-13
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, ecology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 852
Author: Vogelei, A.; Greissl, R.
Year: 1989
Title: Survival strategies of the crab spider Thomisius onustus Walckenaer 1806 (Chelicerata, Arachnida, Thomisidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 80
Pages: 513-515
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, methods, Germany, small spiderlings have limited energy reserves, juveniles can eat microscopic organic matter, trophic behaviour, diet, lab experiments on isolated individuals, survival doubled when fed pollen cf no food, pollen eaten by extra-intestinal digestion, feeding mechanisms, survived 8 times longer on sucrose, rearing, flowers were visited by pollen feeders, unable to moult if fed pollen only, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5691
Author: Vogt, H.; Weigel, A.
Year: 1999
Title: Is it possible to enhance the biological control of aphids in an apple orchard with flowering strips ?
Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS 
Volume: 22(7)
Pages: 39-46
Alternate Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS 
Keywords: Rep., top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, Germany, habitat diversification, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, management practices, half of an orchard had a grass mixture understorey and the other half had a mixture of flowering plants in strips alternating with grass strips, Dysaphis plantaginea was more abundant over flowers than grass (predator-prey ratio was also less there during build up of aphid infestation), flowering was too late in relation to the phenology of D. plantaginea, but better for Aphis pomi, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, lacewings, earwigs, spiders, Diptera, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, Araneae,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5428
Author: Vogt, J.T.; Grantham, R.A.; Corbett, E.; Rice, S.A.; Wright, R.E.
Year: 2002
Title: Dietary habits of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in four Oklahoma habitats
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(1)
Pages: 47-53
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ants, pests, biological control, red imported fire ant, lakeshore, mixed grassland, roadside, pasture, Gramineae, different dominant prey in different habitats, foraging behaviour, seeds, Diptera, Isoptera, Homoptera, Collembolan, spiders, Araneae, Isopoda, woodlice, omnivory, imported into USA in 1930's, this species can kill pests but also cause plant damage by protecting aphids and tunneling roots, Hemiptera, references that when fire ants invade a habitat resident arthropod communities can change drastically, community, other known foods include aphids, spiders, Collembola, liquid foods, methods, trench dug around ant mound then solid food items carried by foragers were removed for identification, refuse piles were also taken for identification of remains, Table of foraged items
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5146
Author: Vogt, J.T.; Grantham, R.A.; Smith, W.A.; Arnold, D.C.
Year: 2001
Title: Prey of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Oklahoma peanuts
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(1)
Pages: 123-128
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., USA, Solenopsis invicta, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, references to this species feeding on pests in sugarcane and cotton, Gramineae, foraging behaviour, methods, fire ants use a network of underground tunnels that branch out in their territory, these tunnels were broken into to remove samples of ants and the food that they were transporting, ants throw out rubbish from the nest onto refuse piles, sample refuse piles were collected and examined as another index of food eaten, 1276 foraged items were collected of which most were Lepidoptera larvae, caterpillars, seven times more pests than beneficials were caught, nearly 4 times as many ants were transporting solids as compared to liquids (indicated by distended abdomen), Coleoptera remains were predominant in refuse piles which were therefore a biased index of what had been eaten, Table giving food items carried identified to about 25 families
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5004
Author: Volkl, W.; Kraus, W.
Year: 1996
Title: Foraging behaviour and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid Pauesia unilachni: adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 79
Pages: 101-109
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., parasitoid of grey pine aphid, Schizolachnus pineti, trees, forests, woodland, conifers, pests, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, thet searched either by walking or by flying, 15 times more time devoted to searching on foot, but would fly if foot searching was unsuccessful, aerial dispersal, search by flight was risky because of capture in spiders webs, Araneae, polyphagous predators, IGP, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, predators of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, laboratory trials, direct in situ visual observations in the field, methods, spider web density did not differ between trees infested with aphids and those that had few aphids, 4-10% of webs contained dead parasitoids, 11% of parasitoids observed (n=37) flew into a web and were killed, mortality, Germany
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3375
Author: Volkmar, C.; Bothe, S.; Kreuter, T.; Lubke-Al Hussein, M.; Richter, L. Heimbach U.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Untersuchungen zur Erfassung und Nutzung epigaischer Raubarthropoden in Getreidebestanden zur gezielten Schadlingsbekampfung. [Ein Beitrag zur Minimierung des Insektizidaufwandes und zur Erhaltung der naturlichen Regulationsmechanismen in Getreidebestanden]
Journal: Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, unpublished report
Pages: 137pp
Keywords: Entirely Ger., no En. summ.
Rep. on shelf, East Germany, 3 year investigation in 3 locations, cereals, Gramineae, 73 spider species, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone atra dominants in pitfalls, main activity period of Lycosidae was May, % species composition of Linyphiidae and Theridiidae was greater in photoeclectors than pitfalls, efficiency of sampling methods, very few lycosids in Dvac and photoeclector compared with pitfalls, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, spider densities were 50-100 m-2, Carabidae were useful in reducing aphids, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Hemiptera, predation, 49 species of Staphylinidae, rove beetles, commonest were Aleocharinae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Lathrobium fulvipenne, Philonthus cognatus, [Philonthus fuscipennis], Philonthus rotundicollis, drought reduced staphylinid catch but heavy rain did not, weather, climate, microclimate, T.hypnorum was especially common during the aphid increase phase, Dvac is a good method for assessing T.hypnorum to aphid ratio in spring, photoeclector was best for assessing effects of agrochemicals on staphylinids, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3489
Author: Volkmar, C.; Bothe, S.; Kreuter, T.; Lubke-Al Hussein, M.; Richter, L. Heimbach U.; Wetzel, T.
Year: 1994
Title: Epigaischer Raubarthropoden in Winterweizenbestanden Mitteldeutschlands und ihre Beziehung zu Blattlausen
Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtshaft Berlin-Dahlem
Volume: 299
Pages: 134 pp
Keywords: Ger. (En. summ.)
Rep., epigeic predatory arthropods in winter wheat in central Germany and their relationship to aphids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, methods, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, photoeclectors should not be left more than 2 weeks because spider eggsacs hatch, photoeclectors caught relatively more Theridiidae, Meioneta rurestris, Porrhomma microphthalmum and Lepthyphantes tenuis than pitfalls, immature spiders dominated in Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, very few Lycosidae in Dvac or photoeclector, spider densities typically 50-100 m-2, abundance, about 50 species of Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, photoeclector and Dvac were not adequate for carabids, former not good for low density species latter does not catch heavy beetles, about 48 species of Staphylinidae, rove beetles, dominants Aleocharinae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Philonthus cognatus, Lathrobium fulvipenne, Philonthus rotundicollis, drought in 1992 reduced their abundance but not affected by heavy rainfall, weather, climate, Dvac efficiency for aphids decreased at higher aphid densities, sampling efficiency, photoeclector caught nearly as many staphylinid species as pitfalls but there is a problem due to higher temperatures inside, microclimate, T.hypnorum suspected to be a very valuable species in delaying early increase of aphids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3019
Author: Voller, A.; Bidwell, D. E.; Bartlett, A.
Year: 1979
Title: The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Journal: Dynatech Europe, Borough House, Rue du Pre, Guernsey, GB
Pages: 125 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep. D. Wood, methods, serology, advantages and disadvantages of immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, ELISA first described in 1971, describes competitive method, double antibody sandwich, a modified version, indirect and some others, gives practical aspects, sources of materials and applications, booklet photocopied except for list of abstracts which are mainly medical and viral, includes how to prepare and store reagents eg PBS Tween


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3397
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1979
Title: Behaviour of the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes elevatus (Araneae, Theridiidae)
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 27
Pages: 515-521
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lives in webs of the Argiopidae Argiope argentata and Nephila clavipes, Araneidae, eats small insects and also large prey some of which have been partially pre-digested by the host spider, web-spiders may catch more prey than they can eat immediately, surplus food is stored for later use, other kleptos include scorpion fles, Mecoptera, Panorpa, wasps, Hymenoptera, damselflies, Odonata, machiliid flies, Diptera, and other spiders, describes various types of raid strategies and their success, trophic behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding, cadavers, corpses


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3105
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1983
Title: Relative and absolute growth in Nephila clavipes
Journal: In "Taxonomy, Biology & Ecology of the Araneae" Ed. by Kraus, O., Naturwiss Verein, Hamburg
Volume: 26
Pages: 277-289
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in lab individuals grew fast or slowly, matured early or late, became large or small adults depending on feeding conditions, food, population dynamics, development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3398
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1984
Title: Kleptobiotic interactions in invertebrates
Journal: In "Producers and Scroungers" Ed. by C. Barnard, Croom Helm, London
Pages: 61-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., kleptobiosis includes piracy (acquisition by force), peculation (use of disguise) and pilfering (use of stealth), definitions of klepto relationships, kleptoparasitism, wasps and scorpionflies, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Panorpa, as kleptos of web spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, dragonflies and damselflies, Odonata, Miridae, Nabidae and Arachnocoris are kleptos in spider webs, Heteroptera, many organisms in ant nests steal the ant's food, Formicidae, milichiid flies drink prey fluids from the spider's mouth, Diptera, some spiders feed from the mouths of Diplura, detailed example of the klepto spider Argyrodes in webs of Argiopidae including Nephila clavipes, raiding behaviour, trophic behaviour, hosts anti-klepto behaviour, some spider kleptos can learn optimal orientation and timing of a raid adapting this to different hosts, evolution of kleptoparasitism, some spiders kill web spiders while they are soft and vulnerable during moulting, other examples of interactions between solitary wasps, dung beetles, bees, Coleoptera, scavenging, carrion feeding, corpses, cadavers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2974
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1985
Title: Web spiders' dilemma: a risky move or site dependent growth
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 68
Pages: 69-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., golden orb spider, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Nephila clavipes, Panama, forest, trees, population dynamics, density, size classes censused in 1 km of edge habitat, methods, number of feeding spiders recorded, spiders released into cages 5m x 5m x 2.5m high and web sites marked, one cage supplied with fruit flies the other not, growth in relation to fruit fly supply also studied in lab, spider numbers declined June to September in spite of immigration, this probably mortality especially of males, migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, behaviour, sex-related mortality, estimated daily mortality of immatures at 1%, spiders at forest edge grew faster than those in the forest, in lab individuals on poor diet had longer intermoult intervals and smaller growth ratios ie new size divided by old size, than those on a rich diet, spiders in the food-rich cage changed sites less frequently than those in the food depleted cage, predation on immatures was observed by damselflies, Trypoxylon and Sceliphron wasps, Mimetidae and Salticidae spiders and hummingbirds, some indication that predation outside the web was greater than inside, predation on predators, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4431
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1985
Title: Web spider's dlemma: a risky move or site dependent growth
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 68
Pages: 69-72
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, population dynamics, in the lab Nephila clavipes is very adaptable physiologically in relation to different feeding regimes, e.g. it can become small or large as an adult, in the field they can choose to suffer poor food supply and be small or to risk a move, Panama forests, observations showed prey density to be less in the forest than at the edge and Nephila density was greater at the edge, forest spiders were smaller than edge spiders, spiders at the edge grew faster, Drosophila supplementation in fine-screen cages in the forest showed that well-fed spiders did not move, whereas hungry ones moved site more frequently, when food-supplementation was removed spiders moved after a shorter latency period than expected, i.e. previous experience can affect web site tenacity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2712
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1987
Title: Growth, foraging and reproductive success
Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig
Pages: 357-370
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2291
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1988
Title: Spider growth as an indicator of habitat quality
Journal: Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc.
Volume: 7
Issue: 7)
Pages: 217-219
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, polyphagous predators, methods, physiology, natural enemies, number of moults from eggsac to maturity may or may not be predetermined, usually the intermoult period is not fixed, nor is the size increment at moulting ie the growth ratio, fed Nephila clavipes in lab rich and poor Drosophila diet, size at moulting measured as length of patella and tibia of leg I, spider size measurements, monitored several populations in Panama very intensively recording moult interval and measuring leg size from exuviae, lab results showed that growth ratios were less and intermoult periods longer for spiders given less food, this was correlated with body reserves measured as weight at start of instar subtracted from weight after next moult, given fairly constant environmental conditions and a spider population where webs and exuviae are reliably found the intermoult periods and growth ratios provide information on the average nutritional status of the population


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2500
Author: Vollrath, F.
Year: 1992
Title: Spider webs and silk
Journal: Scientific American
Pages: 52-58
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 246
Author: Voris, R.
Year: 1934
Title: Biological investigations on the Staphylinidae
Journal: Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis.
Volume: 28
Pages: 233-261
Keywords: food, mating, pupation, oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 949
Author: Vorley, W. T.
Year: 1983
Title: The effect of parasitic hymenoptera on cereal aphid population development
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Rep.Summ., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids active over winter, baffled water traps showed movement into wheat from grass, methods, distribution, dispersal, emigration from early sown to late sown wheat, parasitised alatae only small % of immigrants, most came as adult parasitoids, duration of development, 3C threshold, percentage parasitism, hyperparasitoids, model showed predation very important at time of crash, this was density dependent, more than 50% of aphids parasitised were pre-adult, very high searching efficiency at low aphid density early in year, 100 tillers per day per parasitoid were searched, behaviour, parasitoids cause mortality but do not cause crash


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 969
Author: Vorley, W. T.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1985
Title: A simulation model of the role of parasitoids in the population development of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 22
Pages: 813-823
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, aphid crash with 30% parasitism in late May at booting, simulation in absence of parasitoids gave 7 fold higher densities at flowering, parasitism main factor until late May, then predation had large effect, in absence of any mortality one field increased to 300 times that with simulated mortality, crash may have been due to Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 970
Author: Vorley, W. T.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Migration of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) between grassland, early-sown cereals and late-sown cereals in southern England
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 77
Pages: 555-568
Keywords: En.
Rep., Gramineae, pests, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, phenology, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 701
Author: Vugts, H. F.; Wingerden, W. K. R. E. van
Year: 1976
Title: Meteorological aspects of aeronautic behaviour of spiders
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 27
Pages: 433-444
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, dispersal, aeronauts, silk, gossamer, ballooning, Netherlands, Holland, Dutch, dunes, coastal, national names for gossamer, methods, aeronauts assessed by capture on 48m wires, maximum 67 in 15 mins, pooter, quadrats, wind speed, humidity, temperature, anticyclones


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4327
Author: Waage, J.
Year: 1989
Title: The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions
Journal: In "Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates" Ed. by P. Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset, UK
Pages: 81-93
Keywords: En.
Rep., irreplaceable mortality of pest = direct kill minus kill lost from poisoned natural enemies, pesticide- induced pest resurgence may be rare and is commonest in Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Acari, CIBC data also shows that Homoptera are the most likely to be controlled by natural enemies, using a simple host-parasitoid model author shows that if pesticide is separated in time from the action of natural enemies the effects on the pest are additive, but if pesticide kills pest and natural enemies can get resurgence of pest (depending on relative kill and recovery rates), if pesticide is followed by natural enemies pest reduction can be greater than by either alone (because pest at low level can be more efficiently suppressed by some natural enemies), synergism, little quantitative data on the significance of sub-lethal effects for pest control, pesticides can alter pest distribution eg reduction of patch size, this can affect natural enemy efficiency, pesticides can lead to synchronisation of the pest's life stages causing problems for natural enemies that are specific to a particular host stage, "an understanding of natural enemy behaviour in the field in response to host distribution and density will be of practical value in future research", population dynamics, biological control, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, caterpillars, aphids, mites, pests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3652
Author: Waage, J.; Greathead, D.
Year: 1986
Title: Insect Parasitoids
Journal: 13th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Academic Press, London
Pages: 389 pp
Keywords: En.
natural enemies, book, in Wellesbourne library, taxonomy, classification, structure, systematics, habitat and host finding, foraging, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, population regulation, population dynamics, effects on communities of phytophages, herbivores, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, enhancing activity in crops, methods, use in greenhouses, glasshouses, protected crops, semiochemicals, kairomones, patch time allocation, superparasitism, mutual interference, host specificity, host species selection, host switching, estimated 0.25 million species, biodiversity, larval parasitism, egg parasitism, generalists, specialists, idiobionts do not allow host to grow beyond stage attacked whereas koinobionts do, niche differentiation in phytophages may be partly a response to parasitoids, pheromones, habitat manipulation, adult food sources


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5469
Author: Waage, J.K.
Year: 2001
Title: Indirect ecological effects in biological control: the challenge and the opportunity
Journal: In: "Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control" Ed. by E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott & P.C. Quimby, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 1-12
Alternate Journal: In: "Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control" Ed. by E. Wajnberg, J.K. Scott & P.C. Quimby, CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep., IOBC was established in 1957, over 6000 introductions of agents for control of alien invertebrate pests have been made and 1000 introductions for control of alien weeds, classical biological control, alien invasive species are the second greatest threat to global biodiversity (next to habitat destruction)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3907
Author: Waage, J. K.; Mills, N. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Biological control
Journal: In "Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Pages: 412-430
Keywords: En.
HRI Lib., steps in a classical biological control programme, features of successful programmes, selection of agents to introduce, unwanted side effects, inferior agents introduced first may exclude better species, species richness of natural enemy complex, natural enemy community, efficient parasitoids in terms of host search and attack may be poor competitors with other parasitoid species, species richness of natural enemy complex depends on scale of survey, crop eg very different parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera on cotton and sorghum in Africa probably because host location cues from host plant, density of host, so natural enemies from outbreaks may not be the best ones to maintain pest at low density, use of experimental low density host patches in field to collect natural enemies, methods, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, Gramineae, cereals, pests, kairomones, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, attraction, foraging behaviour, community structure, counterbalanced competition, eg parasitoids show different and complementary advantages in fuinding hosts and competing in hosts, life table studies may not reveal the true potential of a natural enemy, generalist natural enemies are important for biological control of endemic pests but not very suitable as targets for introduction because of their more complex links with the community, holistic and reductionist criteria for selection of specialist natural enemies, egs of multiple introductions giving worse control than either alone, eg effect on host generation synchrony, facultative hyperparasitoids, cases where multiple parasitoids depress pests below level given by any one parasitoid alone, pest reduction by maximising proportion of pest's life cycle that is exposed to natural enemies, Waage in favour of multiple introductions, population models, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4271
Author: Wagner, J. D.; Wise, D. H.
Year: 1996
Title: Cannibalism regulates densities of young wolf spiders - evidence from field and laboratory experiments
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 77
Issue: 2)
Pages: 639-652
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lycosid Schizocosa ocreata in USA forests, trees, woodland, 60-90 spiderlings per m2 declines to <15 per m2 in autumn, abundance, density, phenology, exclusion experiments showed that spider mortality due to predators did not significantly affect survival, population dynamics, predators of predators, hyperpredation, mortality was up to 80% and density dependent and probably largely due to cannibalism, habitat complexity affected prey and cannibalism, cannibalism may be able to regulate this spider population, metal barriers with overhang, methods, pitfalls, predators removed by litter sifting


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5442
Author: Wagner, T.L.; Wu, H.I.; Sharpe, P.J.H.; Schoolfield, R.M.; Coulson, R.N.
Year: 1984
Title: Modeling insect development rates: a literature review and application of a biophysical model
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 77
Pages: 208-225
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., predicting development rate as a function of temperature, review, biophysical model of Sharpe & DeMichele 1977 is most appropriate, SAS program, development rate against temperature is usually a shallow sigmoid, lower thermal limit for development, optimal temperature for development, degree-day approach using thermal units is only valid over intermediate temperatures, Sharpe & DeMichele model describes non-linear response to temperature at high and low temperatures too, poikilotherm development rate models, methods, the model has 6 parameters (that relate to enzyme activity and deactivation etc) of which 2 dominate at low temperature 2 at intermediate and 2 at high, the equation can be modified for exploration of development rate over a restricted part of the temperature range, data inputs are temperature and associated development rate at that constant temperature 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2289
Author: Waide, R. B.; Hailman, J. B.
Year: 1977
Title: Birds of five families feeding from spider webs
Journal: Wilson Bull.
Volume: 89
Pages: 345-346
Keywords: En.
Araneae, predators, Aves


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2050
Author: Wainwright, C. J.
Year: 1928
Title: THe British Tachinidae (Diptera)
Journal: Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
Volume: 76
Pages: 139-254
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, keys, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2051
Author: Wainwright, C. J.
Year: 1932
Title: The British Tachinidae (Diptera), First supplement
Journal: Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
Volume: 80
Pages: 405-424
Keywords: En.
parasitoids, natural enemies, keys, identification, taxonomy, classification, systematics, structure


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1795
Author: Wakerley, S. B.
Year: 1963
Title: Effect of lime and phosphate on soil Collembola
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 51
Pages: 171-172
Keywords: En.
fertilisers, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3660
Author: Walcott, C.
Year: 1963
Title: The effect of the web on vibration sensitivity in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum (Koch)
Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology
Volume: 40
Pages: 595-611
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, common house spider in USA, electrophysiogical and other experiments showed that spider derives more information about its prey from air- borne sound than from vibration through its web


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3503
Author: Waldbauer, G. P.; Friedman, S.
Year: 1991
Title: Self-selection of optimal diets by insects
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 36
Pages: 43-63
Keywords: En.
Rep., this is where an animal eats two or more natural foods in proportions that give a better nutrient balance than any one of the foods alone, this involves frequent shifts between foods, known examples in Protozoa, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Aves, Mammalia, Vertebrata, optimal foraging, criteria are non-randomness of choice and benefit to the species, choice experiments, statistical methods, Levenes's test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2267
Author: Walde, S.; Murdoch, W. W.
Year: 1988
Title: Spatial density dependence in parasitoids
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: 441-446
Keywords: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4272
Author: Walde, S. J.
Year: 1995
Title: How quality of host plant affects a predator-prey interaction in biological control
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 76
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1206-1219
Keywords: En.
Rep., population growth rate of Panonychus ulmi on apple was manipulated by varying the level of nutrition given to the tree, prests, fruit tree red spider mite, Tetranychidae, Acari, top fruit, trees, orchards, the effectiveness of Typhlodomus pyri and Zetzellia mali to control P. ulmi was reduced at high nitrogen levels but populations of the pest still remained below the economic threshold, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, better numerical response at low nitrogen, prey were driven to very low levels early in the season regardless of the nutrient regime, Canada, North America, experiments in an orchard, P. ulmi were experimentally augmented in some plots but predators arrived naturally, predator-prey correlations, immigration, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4273
Author: Walde, S. J.; Magagula, C. N.; Morton, M. L.
Year: 1995
Title: Feeding preference of Zetzellia mali: does absolute or relative abundance of prey matter more ?
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 19
Issue: 6)
Pages: 307-317
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, foraging, food, diet, prey selection, prey preference, preference should change as a function of relative prey density if predators switch, prey switching, or as a function of absolute prey density if they forage optimally, optimal foraging, in general Z. mali tends to prefer Aculus schlectendali to P. ulmi, but the response is rather plastic, pests, Tetranychidae, fruit tree red spider mite, Eriophyidae, apple rust mite, top fruit, trees, orchards, lab trials done here, in first experiment the prey ratio was kept constant at 4:1 A. schlectendali: P.ulmi with total density ranging from 5 to 25 prey, in the second experiment the ratio was varied from 4:1 to 20:1 but the number of P. ulmi was held constant at 2, eggs of P. ulmi and adults of A. schlectendali were used, Manly's preference index, methods, experiment carried out on floating leaf discs, prey preference varied with the relative but not absolute density of the prey, Z. mali detects prey by contact, encounter rate varies with prey density and relative encounter rate is a function of relative prey density, preference does not change with training i.e. it remains constant regardless of previous diet, Z. mali appears to increase its rejection rate of P. ulmi when relatively more A. schlectendali are encountered


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1326
Author: Walker, A.; Suett, D. L.
Year: 1986
Title: Enhanced degradation of pesticides in soil: a potential problem for continued pest, disease and weed control
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology
Volume: 12
Issue: Crop Protection in Vegetables
Pages: 95-103
Keywords: En.
Rep.NLH, UK, repeated use of same pesticide at same site can sometimes induce change in microbial population to increase degradation rate of pesticides, carbofuran, insecticides, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1159
Author: Walker, A. L.; Bottrell, D. G.; Cate, J. R.
Year: 1973
Title: Hymenopterous parasites of biotype C greenbug in the High Plains of Texas
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 66
Pages: 173-176
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Schizaphis graminum, plant resistance, resistance braking, classical biological control, claims that parasitoid caused collapse of greenbug population in 1970 not true, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5366
Author: Walker, B.H.
Year: 1992
Title: Biodiversity and ecological redundancy
Journal: Conservation Biology
Volume: 6(1)
Pages: 18-23
Alternate Journal: Conservation Biology
Keywords: Rep., functional groups with little or no redundancy warrant priority conservation effort, following removal of one species there may be density/function compensation among the remaining species in the guild, but if there are too few guild members some of them may be temporarily scarce for environmental reasons and then guild function will not be fully compensated, community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1726
Author: Walker, J. T.; Newman, C. G.
Year: 1976
Title: Seasonal abundance, diet periodicity and habitat preference of the striped earwig Labidura riparia in the coastal plain of South Carolina
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 69
Pages: 571-573
Keywords: En.
Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, pitfalls, highest density in soybeans, nocturnalism, diel periodicity, corn , cotton, arable, cereals, maize, Gramineae, not in pastures or woods, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5310
Author: Walker, M.; Jones, T.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces in terrestrial tritrophic plant-insect herbivore-natural enemy systems 
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 93
Pages: 177-187
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., review, community, food webs, trophic webs, food chains, population regulation is the return of a population to an equilibrium density as the result of density dependent processes, non-density dependent processes can also "influence" population abundance, 56/1107 papers on tritrophic experiments were suitable for consideration here, both top-down and bottom-up forces can act simultaneously in a single system, life table studies, key factor analysis, evaluation of relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces in particular systems is rare, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2507
Author: Walker, M. A.
Year: 1985
Title: A pitfall trap study on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in County Durham
Journal: Ent. mon. Mag
Volume: 121
Pages: 9-18
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 375
Author: Walker, M. F.
Year: 1961
Title: Some observations on the biology of the ladybird parasite Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym; Braconidae) with special reference to host selection and recognition
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 97
Pages: 240-244
Keywords: En.
Rep, Coccinellidae, beetles, Hymenoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 402
Author: Walker, M. F.
Year: 1962
Title: Degeeria luctuosa (Meig.) (Dipt., Tachinidae) as a coccinellid parasite
Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine.
Volume: 98
Pages: 20
Keywords: En.
Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Diptera, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4468
Author: Walker, T. J.
Year: 1996
Title: Acoustic methods of monitoring and manipulating insect pests and their natural enemies
Journal: In "Pest Management in the Sub-Tropics: Integrated Pest Management - a Florida Perspective", Ed. By D. Rosen, F.D. Bennett and J.L. Capinera, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 245-257
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods are now less expensive for using sound monitoring of insect natural enemies, sound synthesisers coupled with traps are used to trap mole crickets in Florida, Orthoptera, sound trapping also used for mosquitoes, field crickets and lesser wax moths, Diptera, Nematocera, Lepidoptera, sound traps are used to attract mole crickets to an inoculum of insect-parasitic nematodes Steinernema scaptensci, IPN's, Nematoda, they become infected and are then dispersed to spread the biocontrol agent, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, transmission, vectoring, sound traps also attract a tachinid parasitoid of mole crickets, Tachinidae, biological control, high intensity ultrasound has been investigated for repelling pests from crops but it is not practicable for large area and low value crops, deterrents, detectors can be used to monitor sound of pests thus detecting them in grain stores, imported fruit and in timber buildings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1793
Author: Wallace, M. M. H.
Year: 1967
Title: The ecology of Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola) I
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 15
Pages: 1173-1206
Keywords: En.
Sminthuridae, pests, Symphypleona, Leguminosae, changes in abundance in pastures for 9 years, phenology, grassland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, Acari, predator prey cycles, cannibalism and population control, population dynamics, behaviour, intraspecific effects, sampling by cores of soil and pasture grass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1794
Author: Wallace, M. M. H.
Year: 1968
Title: The ecology of Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola) II
Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 16
Pages: 871-883
Keywords: En.
Sminthuridae, pests, Symphypleona, Leguminosae, summer diapause of eggs, lab, females 16C 10L:14D, cotyledons of Trifolium for food, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1985
Title: Spatial and temporal distribution of some abundant carabid beetles (Coleptera : Carabidae) in cereal fields and adjacent habitats
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 28
Pages: 19-34
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Trechus secalis, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Synuchus nivalis, Pterostichus niger, Pterostichus cupreus, Agonum dorsale
Rep, Sweden, barrier pitfalls, window traps, soil samples, larvae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2191
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1986
Title: Habitat choice of some field-inhabiting carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) studied by recapture of marked individuals
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 11
Pages: 457-466
Keywords: En.
Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus secalis, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus nemoralis
Rep., predators, ground beetles, methods, cereals, spring barley, spring wheat, woodland, behaviour, movement, distribution, diel activity, breeding season, circular statistics, Tipex, dry pitfalls, habitat preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2702
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1987
Title: Distribution, movements and reproduction of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inhabiting cereal fields
Journal: PhD thesis
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2329
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1988
Title: Mandible wear in the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in relation to diet and burrowing behaviour
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata
Volume: 48
Issue: 1)
Pages: 43-51
Keywords: En.
Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, methods, food, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2510
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of spatial distribution on the development and reproduction of Pterostichus cupreus, P.melanarius, P.niger and Harpalus rufipes on arable land
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 106
Issue: 5)
Pages: 483-487
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3509
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1989
Title: The influence of different age classes on tbe seasonal activity and reproduction of four carabids
Journal: Holarctic Ecology
Volume: 12
Issue: 3)
Pages: 201-212
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Sweden, Pterostichus cupreus breeds early summer and only a small proportion breed in second year, larval overwinterers Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger and Harpalus rufipes are biennial, and most reproduction is by 2 year old beetles, many new generation adults did not breed in their first year, overlapping breeding cohorts, phenology, population dynamics, mandible wear may indicate age but rate of wear varies with amount of burrowing, methods, photographs of mandible wear, pitfalls, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, dissection for reproductive condition and egg complement, corpora lutea became decolorized in alcohol, egg production in an insectary, P.melanarius and P.cupreus were parasitized by Tachinidae pupae, parasitoids of predators, Diptera, fecundity of P.cupreus in insectary was 13, P.melanarius 4-11, P.niger is a runner not a burrower and shows little mandible wear, females wear down mandibles faster than males


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3510
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1989
Title: Habitat selection, reproduction and survival of two small carabid species on arable land: a comparison between Trechus secalis and Bembidion lampros
Journal: Holarctic Ecology
Volume: 12
Issue: 3)
Pages: 193-200
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, T.secalis is a nocturnal summer breeder and larval overwinterer, B.lampros is a diurnal spring breeder and adult overwinterer, both are univoltine, diel cycles, voltinism, phenology, Sweden, B.lampros hibernates at field edge, distribution, T.secalis disperses over large areas and movs out of fields in summer, dispersal, migration, movement, spring barley, cereals, Gramineae, soil samples, methods, corpora lutea not easily detected in these small beetles, dissections for reproductive condition and egg complement, habitat distribution of adults and larvae, B.lampros will also hibernate in ploughed fields, high density of T.secalis larvae in cereals all in soil below 20 cm, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, they like high humidity and are not caught in pitfalls, B.lampros larvae are partly surface-active, behaviour, most B.lampros tenerals emerged from cereals and edges rather than adjacent uncultivated habitats, T.secalis oviposits through summer and autumn, breeding periods, reproductive periods, B.lampros oviposits in late spring and early summer, seasonality, oviposition, B.lampros probably oviposits in cereals and edges but T.secalis in a wider range of habitats, neither species fly often, aerial dispersal, flight


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3249
Author: Wallin, H.
Year: 1991
Title: Movement patterns and foraging tactics of a caterpillar hunter inhabiting alfalfa fields
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 5
Issue: 6)
Pages: 740-749
Keywords: En.
Rep., Calosoma affine in cut and uncut alfalfa in USA, uncut alfalfa had high prey density of caterpillars, beetles tracked at night with portable harmonic radar, feeding rates in lab, hungry beetles showed directed movement, satiated beetles random walk, satiated refers to pre-feeding by the experimenter, only satiated climbed and foraged in the canopy probably because of the energy cost of climbing, amount of prey left uningested, or partial consumption, increased with increasing size of prey, mean biomass ingested increased with increasing temperature, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, Leguminosae, arable, trophic behaviour, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3473
Author: Wallin, H.; Chiverton, P. A.; Ekbom, B. S.; Borg, A.
Year: 1992
Title: Diet, fecundity and egg size in some polyphagous predatory carabid beetles
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 65
Issue: 2)
Pages: 129-140
Keywords: En.
Rep., population dynamics, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Sweden, Scandinavia, B.lampros and P.cupreus are diurnal spring breeders and adult overwinterers, P.melanarius is a nocturnal larval and adult overwinter breeding June to September, life history, breeding season, diel cycles, beetles collected from cereals for lab tests, Gramineae, mated and starved for 2 days before start of experiments, young females selected on basis of mandible wear, age, methods, foods given were aphids Rhopalosiphum padi sprayed and unsprayed with pirimicarb, cat food and chopped cut maggots, Diptera, Hemiptera, pests, gives fat, protein, carbohydrate and energy levels of each, mixed diet was cat food plus aphid, varied diet was sequential alternation between the 3 food types, cat food was carbohydrate rich, maggots protein rich, egg weights and volumes measured and unchanged due to preservation in alcohol, egg biomass, beetles weighed and dissected to examine fat body, video monitoring showed pirimicarb had no effect on palatability and consumption rate of aphids by P.cupreus, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, sub-lethal effects, B.lampros laid larger eggs at faster rate on mixed diet, oviposition, reproduction, no such effect on P.cupreus, but P.melanarius laid larger eggs faster on low-input cat food, P.cupreus fecundity greatest on varied diet but egg size smaller, P.cupreus laid only a few small eggs on aphid diet, contaminated aphids caused P.cupreus to lay all its eggs in first 4 weeks, P.melanarius laid more and smaller eggs on high cf low food input, B.lampros weight did not change during experiment, P.cupreus gained weight and developed larger fat body on mixed diet than other food regimes, no P.melanarius had fat bodies on aphid diet, weight of hatchling larvae positively correlated with egg size in P.cupreus and also longer survival of a starvation period, larvae from large eggs hatched earlier, eclosion, P.cupreus and P.melanarius can live several years as adults, B.lampros dies after one breeding season, so fat reserves from a carbohydrate diet more important for P.cupreus and P.melanarius than for B.lampros, P.cupreus cannot build up fat reserves on contaminated aphids, no evidence of change in eggs size with maternal age, carabids on low food input produce fewer and larger eggs which should increase survival probability of offspring, Pterostichus versicolor lays eggs in batches perhaps to allow cannibalism of larvae, longevity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3039
Author: Wallin, H.; Ekbom, B.
Year: 1988
Title: Movements of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inhabiting cereal fields: a field tracing study
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 77
Pages: 39-43
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, activity, behaviour, methods, harmonic radar used to tracr beetles at night in 3 cereal fields, nocturnal and a mixed deciduous wood, trees, forest, Sweden, equation for correlated random walk, in the field 2 Pterostichus melanarius were parasitized by Nematoda and 12 had burrowed into the soil, parasitoids, vertical stratification, none burrowed in the wood, Pterostichus niger sought out crevices in the field, 4 specimens of Harpalus rufipes did not burrow but 4/8 Carabus nemoralis did, mean velocities and distances covered, frequency of turning angles for starved and satiated Pterostichus were similar, hunger


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3480
Author: Wallin, H.; Ekbom, B.
Year: 1994
Title: Influence of hunger level and prey densities on movement patterns in 3 species of Pterostichus beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 23
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1171-1181
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, Scandinavia, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, tracking by portable harmonic radar in oats in high and low density aphid patches, Hemiptera, pests, in low aphid density hungry diurnal Pterostichus cupreus switched from directed to random movement but satiated Poecilus cupreus and hungry nocturnal Pterostichus melanarius showed only directed movement, foraging, trophic behaviour, diel cycles of activity, movement of satiated P.melanarius and both hungry and satiated Pterostichus niger was random, in high aphid density hungry and satiated P.cupreus made directed movements, hungry P.cupreus foraged on Rhopalosiphum padi at base of cereal plants, P.niger foraged on Coccinellidae near base of plant, ladybirds, vertical stratification, hyperpredation, predation on predators, only females altered speed of movement in relation to hunger and aphid density, sex-related activity, no sex-related differences in maximum sprint speed, maximum was 100 m h-1, net displacement for pooled data were less in aphid rich patch, at low aphid density no beetles climbed plants or burrowed in soil or ate aphids or any other prey and they lost weight, gut dissection, biomass, vertical dispersal, at high aphid density there was some burrowing and feeding on aphids and coccinellids and some weight increases, P.melanarius and P.niger had higher consumption rates of Diptera larvae in lab than R.padi


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 56
Author: Wallin, H.; Wiktelius, S.; Ekbom, B. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Occurrence and distribution of beetles in a spring barley field
Journal: Ent. Tidskr.
Volume: 102
Pages: 51-56
Keywords: Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1666
Author: Waloff, N.
Year: 1974
Title: Biology and behaviour of some species of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera)
Journal: Journal of Entomology (A)
Volume: 49
Issue: 1)
Pages: 97-109
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, UK, grassland, Gramineae, leafhoppers, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1664
Author: Waloff, N.
Year: 1975
Title: The parasitoids of the nymphal and adult stages of the leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera) of acidic grassland
Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
Volume: 126
Issue: 4)
Pages: 637-686
Keywords: En.
UK, Rep., Hemiptera, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1663
Author: Waloff, N.
Year: 1980
Title: Studies on grassland leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha, Homoptera) and their natural enemies
Journal: Advances in Ecological Research
Volume: 11
Pages: 81-215
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, Hemiptera, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4025
Author: Waloff, N.; Hassell, G. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Spiders of acidic grassland at Silwood Park
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 5
Issue: 7)
Pages: 309-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, UK, Gramineae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1310
Author: Waloff, N.; Richards, O. W.
Year: 1977
Title: The effect of insect fauna on growth, mortality and natality of broom, Sarothamnus scoparius
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 14
Pages: 787-798
Keywords: En.
Rep., effects of dimethoate and malathion, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3530
Author: Walter, D. E.; Hunt, H. W.; Elliott, E. T.
Year: 1987
Title: The influence of prey type on the development and reproduction of some predatory soil mites
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 30
Issue: 6)
Pages: 419-424
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, Gamasidae, USA, gamasid mites in grassland soil, Gramineae, broad diets and usually will feed on any invertebrate they can kill, foraging, predation, trophic behaviour, including Collembola, mites, insects and nematodes, Nematoda, the gamasid mites Gamasellodes vermivorax, Cosmolaelaps vacua and Macrocheles sp. were reared on the nematode Panagrolaimus sp. in the lab, rearing, culturing methods, RH 96% 23C, in experiments prey in excess were Collembola Tullbergia granulata and mites Oppiella nova Oribatidae, Alicorhagia fragilis, Eupodes sp. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae and the nematodes Panagrolaimus, Acrobeloides and Aphelenchus sp., 1 predatory mite with 5 Collembola and 5 nematodes per container, number of prey missing after 12 h recorded, the mites developed faster on nematodes than on insects 14-64% longer on insects, C.vacua reproduced successfully on all the diets but G.vermivorax and Macrocheles could not produce eggs on arthropod only diet, they experienced 20% higher mortality on arthropod than on nematode diet, G.vermivorax showed no preference for nematodes over Collembola in prey choice experiment, gamasids are fluid- feeders and discard prey cuticle, including for nematodes, after digestion and removal of body contents, attempts to rear C.vacua on the active jumping springtail Folsomia candida were unsuccessful, it appears that nematodes contain essential nutrients for reproduction of some mites that are lacking in insects, food quality, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3442
Author: Walton, M. P.; Powell, W.; Loxdale, H. D.; Allen-Williams, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Electrophoresis as a tool for estimating levels of hymenopterous parasitism in field populations of the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 54
Pages: 271-279
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis used to identify the primary parasitoids Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius picipes, Praon volucre, Ephedrus plagiator, and Aphelinus abdominalis, unidentified bands may have been due to hyperparasitoids, electrophoresis was as good as live-rearing but quicker, and better than mummy counts, Entomophthora fungi produced a diffuse red band, using esterases the egg stage of cereal aphid parasitoids is not detected but other enzyme systems should be tested, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, methods, natural enemies, UK, biological control, entomogenous fungi, pathogens, diseases, multiply moribund prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5222
Author: Walzer, A.; Schausberger, P.
Year: 1999
Title: Cannibalism and interspecific predation in the phytoseiid mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus: predation rates and effects on reproduction and juvenile development
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 43
Pages: 457-468
Alternate Journal: BioControl
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Acari, food, diet, trophic behaviour, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, life history parameters, assymetrical IGP, predation on P. persimilis by N. californicus was more severe than the reverse, P. persimilis is a specialist predator but N. californicus is more generalist, 25C
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5463
Author: Wang, R.; Nordlund, D.A.
Year: 1994
Title: Use of Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in augmentative release programmes for control of arthropod pests. 
Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Volume: 15(4)
Pages: 51-57
Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News & Information
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, natural enemies, lacewings, biological control,  Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Chrysoperla sinica, review, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, large number of references for examples of successful use, aphids on vegetables, greenhouse whitefly, Colorado potato beetles, mites on apple, mealybug on pears, mites on mullberry, bollworms on cotton, forest pests, trees, woodland, top fruit, orchards, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, Lepidoptera, Heliothis, caterpillars, Table of % reduction of Helicoverpa spp. by C. Carnea on cotton in USA 33-99%, in field cages C. Rufilabris reduced eggs and larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata by 84%, C. sinica eggs sprayed onto citrus in China controlled Panonychus citri and reduced pesticide applications by 63-84%, field population studies of C. sinica, rearing, winter storage of adults, methods 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 403
Author: Wang, T. S.; Zhong, H. C.; Chau, C. K.; Hu, C. Y.; Quo, F.
Year: 1977
Title: Observations on the reproduction of Coccinella septempunctata L
Journal: Acta Entomol. Sin.
Volume: 20
Pages: 397-404
Keywords: Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, fecundity, pre-oviposition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2796
Author: Ward, D.; Lubin, Y.
Year: 1993
Title: Habitat selection and the life history of a desert spider, Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae)
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 62
Pages: 353-363
Keywords: En.
TP, web sites, prey availability, food supplementation experiments, fecundity, development rates, pivotal role of food supply in spider life history, dispersal more frequent where there were more prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5841
Author: Ward, S.A.; Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.; Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 1986
Title: Cereal aphid populations and the relation between mean density and spatial variance
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology
Volume: 92
Pages: 127-132
Alternate Journal: Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, West Sussex, pests, Hemiptera, UK, Sitobion avenae, methods, a single equation can be used throughout the season to calculate optimal sample size (number of tillers to examine to obtain accurate estimate of aphid density), abundance, direct in situ visual counts of aphids on tillers, power relationship between mean density and between-tiller variance dd not change with season or aphid density, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5842
Author: Ward, S.A.; Sunderland, K.D.; Chambers, R.J.; Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 1986
Title: The use of incidence counts for estimation of cereal aphid populations. 3. Population development and the incidence-density relation
Journal: Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology
Volume: 92
Pages: 175-183
Alternate Journal: Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology
Keywords: Rep., cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, West Sussex, pests, Hemiptera, UK, Sitobion avenae, methods, abundance, direct in situ visual counts of aphids on tillers, three models were inappropriate (aphid spatial configuration not described by a single statistical distribution), three other models applied to field data but only the Nachman model was successful, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4959
Author: Warner, D.J.; Allen-Williams, L.; Ferguson, A.W.; Williams, I.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Pest-predator spatial relationships in winter rape: implications for integrated crop management
Journal: Pest Management Science
Volume: 56
Pages: 977-982
Alternate Journal: Pest Management Science
Keywords: Rep., UK, brassica pod midge, Dasineura brassicae, Diptera, brassicas, Cruciferae, midge larvae dropping to the soil to pupae are vulnerable to predators, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, oilseed rape, carabids active during peak drop of first generation midge included Agonum dorsale, Amara similata, Harpalus rufipes and Nebria brevicollis, SADIE revealed significant positive spatial associations between midge larvae and adults of H. rufipes and A. dorsale, correlations, horizontal distribution, aggregation, aggregative numerical response, water traps to monitor dropping midge larvae, methods, pitfalls, midge larvae were more abundant towards the edges of the field [gut analyses or feeding trials were not performed]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5818
Author: Warner, D.J.; Allen-Williams, L.J.; Warrington, S.; Ferguson, A.W.; Williams, I.H.
Year: 2003
Title: Mapping, caracterisation, and comparison of the spatio-temporal distributions of cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala), carabids, and Collembola in a crop of winter oilseed rape (Brassica  napus)
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 109
Pages: 225-234
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, pests, brassicas, UK, methods, SADIE, Trechus quadristriatus and Pterostichus madidus distributions were correlated with that of the pest larvae in October, these carabids plus Nebria brevicollis were correlated with Collembola distribution in September, T. quadristriatus ate mean of 6 P. chrysocephala eggs per day in the laboratory (the other two carabids damaged some eggs and did not consume them), food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey consumption rates, biological control, pitfalls, water traps for pests, dissection of rape plants for pest larvae, most pest eggs are laid in autumn and are then present in the soil, might be possible to target insecticide applications to pest-rich patches in the crop, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2664
Author: Warnhjelm, G.
Year: 1985
Title: Sodium silicate as a means to control insects on plants
Journal: Vaxtsky.
Volume: 49
Issue: 6)
Pages: 124-126
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5610
Author: Warren, P.H.
Year: 1994
Title: Making connections in food webs
Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 9(4)
Pages: 136-141
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, community, review, definitions of connectance which is basically division of actual number of links by number of possible links, linkage density, paradigm is that connectance decreases with increase in species richness, biodiversity, stability-complexity relationship, recently compiled webs have more links per species than old webs (new methods being used) and raise doubt that connectance declines with increase in species richness, compartmentation, in large webs some species will occupy different microhabitats and be less likely to interact, highly connected webs have a high proportion of generalists, highly connected communities may be more resistant to invasion, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5433
Author: Warren, P.H.; Gaston, K.J.
Year: 1992
Title: Predator-prey ratios: a special case of a general pattern ?
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B
Volume: 338
Pages: 113-130
Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B
Keywords: Rep., community, food webs, trophic webs, predator: prey ratios tend to be fairly constant, in food web studies predator and prey are often used to refer to different trophic levels (e.g. prey could include carnivores), but prey in faunal lists and guild studies refers to non-carnivore consumers, hypotheses to explain constancy of the ratio include random draw, prey niches, enemy-free space, energy ratios and common determinants of diversity, more generally it is often observed that there are roghly constant species proportions in various guilds from many different systems, guild constancy
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1169
Author: Warrington, S.; Whittaker, J. B.
Year: 1985
Title: An experimental field study of different levels of insect herbivory induced by Formica rufa predation on sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). II. Aphidoidea
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 22
Pages: 787-796
Keywords: En.
Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, trees, natural enemies, biological control, ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, ant predates Drepanosiphum platanoidis but tends Periphyllus testudinaceus, 3 times as much sap removed from trees by D.platanoides if ant excluded but 50 times as much removed by P.testudinaceus if ants present, damage, protection, mutualism, reference to J.Appl.Ecol 22 797-811 that ants reduce overall herbivory giving improved timber increments, Lepidoptera, leafhoppers


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3182
Author: Washino, R. K.; Tempelis, C. H.
Year: 1983
Title: Mosquito host bloodmeal identification: methodology and data analysis
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 28
Pages: 179-201
Keywords: En.
Rep.(part)., serology, methods, Diptera, precipitin test, most use ring test, agar gel diffusion is less sensitive, gel surface precipitin test where antiserum is mixed with agar, sensitivity of fluorescent antibody technique, ELISA and passive haemagglutination inhibition assay is 1000 times greater than precipitin test


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5114
Author: WAtson, D.W.; Kaufman, P.E.; Rutz, D.A.; Glenister, C.S.
Year: 2001
Title: Impact of the Darkling Beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) on establishment of the predaceous beetle Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) for Musca domestica control in caged-layer poultry houses
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 8-15
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., pests are darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) and Musca domestica, Diptera, Coleoptera, C. pumilio is a predatory Histeridae which consumes mites and flies, polyphagous predators, fly pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, adult and larval C. pumilio eat fly eggs and larvae, it can control the pest (i.e. keep its numbers to an acceptably low level) but is inhibited by darkling beetle, lab studies showed that larvae of darkling beetle ate eggs and larvae of C. pumilio
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1319
Author: Watson, M. A.; Heathcote, G. D.; Lauckner, F. B.; Sowray, P. A.
Year: 1975
Title: The use of weather data and counts of aphids in the field to predict the incidence of yellowing viruses of sugar-beet crops in England in relation to the use of insecticides
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 81
Pages: 181-198
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, diseases, arable, UK, pesticides, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3809
Author: Watson, P. J.; Lighton, J. R. B.
Year: 1994
Title: Sexual selection and energetics of copulatory courtship in the Sierra dome spider, Linyphia litigiosa
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 48
Pages: 615-626
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, reproduction, fertilisation success, biomass, agonistic behaviour, territoriality, intraspecific competition, fighting to defend webs, prey and mates, fitness, evolution, male-male fights, respirometry, aggressiveness


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2747
Author: Watt, A. D.
Year: 1990
Title: Population dynamics of forest insects
Journal: Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 270 pp
Keywords: En.
Book, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1321
Author: Watt, A. D.; Vickerman, G. P.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1984
Title: The effect of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), on winter wheat in England: an analysis of the economics of control practice and forecasting systems
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 3
Pages: 209-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, damage, economic thresholds, UK, most crops sprayed when aphid populations at peak or declining, pesticides, insecticides, aphicides, agricultural statistics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3953
Author: Watt, K. E. F.
Year: 1965
Title: Community stability and the strategy of biological control
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 97
Pages: 887-895
Keywords: En.
Rep., in this paper biological control used in the sense of classical biological control, some pests such as grasshoppers and spruce budworm are pests in spite of having a large number of natural enemy species, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forest, woodland, single cf multiple releases of natural enemies, analysed Canadian Lepidoptera data, abundance and instability greater for gregarious euryphagous caterpillars than for solitary stenophagous species, instability increases with increase in the proportion of the environment filled with the food the herbivore can use, model in which it is assumed that species compete if they eat the same host plant, predicts stability is greatest and abundance least where the number of competing species of herbivores is greatest, author hypothesises that at any trophic level stability increases with number of competitors at that level, decreases with the number of competing species that feed on it, and decreases with proportion of the environment containing useful food, the literature suggests that polyphagous natural enemies are more successful at controlling pests than are stenophages, polyphagous predators, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1328
Author: Way, M. J.
Year: 1958
Title: Effects of demeton-methyl on some aphid predators
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 7
Pages: 9
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1164
Author: Way, M. J.
Year: 1963
Title: Mutualism between ants and honeydew producing Homoptera
Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology
Volume: 8
Pages: 307-344
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, aphids protected from natural enemies by ants, also sometimes some predation on aphids by ants, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1318
Author: Way, M. J.
Year: 1966
Title: The natural environment and integrated methods of pest control
Journal: Pesticides in the Environment and their Effects on Wildlife, Ed. by N.W. Moore, Journal of Applied Ecology (supplement)
Volume: 3
Pages: 29-32
Keywords: En.
ipm


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1162
Author: Way, M. J.
Year: 1967
Title: The nature and causes of annual fluctuations in numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on field beans (Vicia faba)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 59
Pages: 175-188
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, field vegetables, arable, role of natural enemies in regulation of regional populations


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1171
Author: Way, M. J.; Banks, C. J.
Year: 1958
Title: The control of Aphis fabae Scop. with special reference to biological control of insects that attack annual crops
Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 907-909
Keywords: En.
aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1163
Author: Way, M. J.; Banks, C. J.
Year: 1964
Title: Natural mortality of eggs of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on the spindle tree, Euonymus europeaus L
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 54
Pages: 255-267
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, trees, alternate hosts, UK, arable, field beans, fiel vegetables, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, only Anthocoris nemorum and birds seen feeding on eggs, a few other predators present, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Aves, vertebrates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1315
Author: Way, M. J.; Cammell, M. E.
Year: 1981
Title: Effects of weeds and weed control on invertebrate pest ecology
Journal: Pests, Pathogens and Vegetation, Ed. by J.M. Thresh, Pitman, London
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5595
Author: Way, M.J.; Heong, K.L.
Year: 1994
Title: The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice - a review
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 84
Pages: 567-587
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, it is possible to manage the system so that pests are kept at an acceptably low level without the need for insecticides, biological control, pesticides, host plant resistance, conserving an effective natural enemy complex relies on asynchronous cropping, having some fallow periods and retaining vegetation covered bunds surrounding each field, habitat diversification, farming practices, conservation biological control, landscape, rice feeds half the worlds population and 91% is grown in Asia, agricultural statistics, brown planthopper, pests, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Nilaparvata lugens, diversity in host plant resistance, cultural methods, community, in absence of insecticides the species richness (57 families of predator, 40 families of parasitoids) and abundance of natural enemies can be greater than that of pests, at least 188 species of natural enemy throughout the range of N. lugens, in Philippines Heteroptera are 59-89% and spiders 11-41% of predators present, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, numerical responses, generalist predators feed on detritivores which arrive before the crop is sown, prey-switching, cannibalism, Lycosidae and Tetragnathidae spiders are the earliest predators to arrive in the crop, Pardosa pseudoannulata Tetragnatha virescens, Tetragnatha mixillosa, avoidance of insecticides in first 40 days of crop growth enables natural enemy populations to build up, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5478
Author: Way, M.J.; Javier, G.; Heong, K.L.
Year: 2002
Title: The role of ants, especially the fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in the biological control of tropical upland rice pests
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 92
Pages: 431-437
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., Philippines, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, sucrose and tuna baits, potted rice plants infested with Nilaparvata lugens were put out and ant attacks observed, various types of selective exclusion cages to exclude parasitoids or ants or all etc, cereals, Gramineae, Table of 14 ant species recorded, community, biodiversity, there were battles at baits between different S. geminata colonies, agonistic behaviour, when ants attacked N. lugens infested plants some N. lugens jumped off the plant, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, dislodgement, prey disturbance, during 24 h observation period ants reduced N. lugens from 500 to 12 per plant, in other experiments N. lugens were reduced by a combination of ants and other predators, Araneae, spiders, Miridae, Cyrtrhinus lividipennis, ants also removed brown planthopper hatchlings, Delphacidae, Hemiptera, S. geminata were also seen attacking eggs and larvae of leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in leaf folds, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, in situ visual observations, in addition to the density-dependent response of ants to the dense prey patches casual predation by individual S. geminata that forage continuously over rice plants make a strong contribution to controlling colonising N. lugens and leaffolders, foraging behaviour, ants are already in fields before rice planting and can react rapidly to pest arrival
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4299
Author: Way, M. J.; Khoo, K. C.
Year: 1992
Title: Role of ants in pest management
Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
Volume: 37
Pages: 479-503
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, estimated world population of ants is 10 to the power 15 adults, abundance, they are 0.3 - 0.5 of insect biomass in rain forest, trees, woodland, they are least common and diverse in disturbed arable habitats, nearly all species that prey on pests also have potential disadvantages, in some cases Homoptera are needed to fuel ant colonies with honeydew to enable them to be efficient predators in the area, generalist ant predators tend to be more important in biocontrol than specialists, dominant ant species exclude all other dominant ant species from the area and are useful for biocontrol, distribution, single-species dominants can monopolise large areas e.g. 2.7 km2 in Japan, manipulation of crop conditions to to alter the rank order in favour of beneficial species is fundamental to use of ants in biocontrol, habitat manipulation, methods, there are 7 genera of dominant species, ants were sold as early as 304 AD in China for pest control on mandarin oranges, citrus fruit, orchards, Oecophylla spp. have a role in pest control on coconut, oil palm, coffee and eucalyptus, coconut palms occupied by these ants are protected against Coreidae pests with savings of nut losses of 30-65%, crop damage, yield, economics, interplanting with appropriate shrubs favours Oecophylla to the detriment of competing ant species that are not biocontrol agents, farming practices, selective insecticides e.g. in baits and artificial introductions of ants are also used to manipulate ant species composition, Dolichoderus thoracicus is successful in protecting cocoa against Miridae in Indonesia and Malaysia, Heteroptera, 8 Formica species in temperate forests, colonies can be very large, e.g. Formica lugubris over 90 ha, estimated 8 million insects per year killed by medium sized nest of Formica polyctena, predation rates, Formica kill defoliating pests including caterpillars such as Panolis flammea on trees and ground, plus pupae in the soil, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, vertical distribution, protection is greatest near to the nest, when prey is scarce the colony is fuelled by homopteran honeydew, Hemiptera, ant colonies have been artificially established in European plantations, Formica also kill 7- 20% of beneficial insects and occasionally stimulate outbreaks of Homoptera on beech by protecting them, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, Azteca sp.- occupied citrus in Trinidad are protected from leaf-cutting ants which can cause 80% defoliation in 2 weeks, Wasmannia auropunctata is proving useful for protecting coconut against mirids in the Solomon Islands, Anoplolepis longipes is a pest ant in some situations but it is a valuable predator of coconut pests in Papua New Guinea, Solenopsis fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri from South America were introduced into USA and thrive in disturbed agricultural habitats, they are nuisance and public health pests, but S. invicta is also a valuable predator in sugar cane, cotton nd soybean, Gramineae, Solenopsis geminata decreased Sitophilus numbers by 98% on corn in Mexico, maize, weevils, Curculionidae, Rhyncophora, Coleoptera, Monomorium floricola removed nearly 100% eggs of the coconut caterpillar Opisina arenosella in 24 h in Sri Lanka, oophagy, S. invicta contributed to the destruction of eggs of Helicoverpa virescens on cotton, on sugar cane more than 90% of eggs and small larvae of the caterpillar Castnialicus and 92% eggs of Eldana saccharina were killed by ants, Pheidole spp. contribute to 95% egg loss of Alabama argillarea, the cooton leafworm, and 80% of Diabrotica eggs in soil, advantages of ants are i) rapidly responsive to prey density, ii) persist when prey is scarce by cannibalising their brood and eating honeydew, cannibslism, iii) store food therefore can continue to kill pests, iv) deter pests that are too large to be captured, v) can be managed, vi) efficient foraging protects plants from low-density pests, ant-plant mutualisms where the plant provides special structures and foods for the ants usually involve non-agricultural plant species, gives information on habitat manipulation to favour various ant species, flexibility of vertical stratification depending on habitat complexity, "work on ants as part of overall natural enemy complexes is needed"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1317
Author: Way, M. J.; Murdie, G.; Galley, D. J.
Year: 1969
Title: Experiments on integration of chemical and biological control of aphids on brussels sprouts
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 63
Pages: 459-475
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, brassicas, field vegetables, IPM, pesticides, aphicides, insecticides, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 54
Author: Weber, F.
Year: 1965
Title: Feld und Laboruntersuchungen zur Winteraktivitat der Carabiden auf Kulturfeldern
Journal: Zeitschrift Morph. Oekol. Tiere.
Volume: 54
Pages: 551-565
Keywords: Ger.
Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus
Winter, activity, Carabidae, fields, edges, middles, temperature, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5434
Author: Weber, F.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 2001
Title: Behavioural, reproductive and developmental seasonality in Carabus auronitens and Carabus nemoralis (Col., Carabidae)
Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Volume: 382
Pages: 1-192
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spring breeders with summer larvae, methods, mark-release-recapture, MRR, mark-recapture, MR, deciduous forest, trees, woodland, pitfalls, long-term monitoring, density, abundance, survival, population dynamics, maximum 217 per 0.2ha for nemoralis and 625 per 0.2ha for auronitens, both populations crashed after this, maximum adult life spans of 3.5-5.5 years, longevity, reproductive rates, phenology, activity, weight, biomass, dormancy, abundance of canopy caterpillars, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, experiments suggested no competition for food, trapping rates in relation to night temperatures, weather, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, harmonic radar, random walk, directed movement, adults survived flooding at 2C for 3 weeks, voltinism, univoltine, C. auronitens trapping rates in spring was not related to their abundance, competition for mates, males were attracted to conspecific and heterospecific females, enclosure experiments
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 286
Author: Webster, J. A.; Gage, S. H.; Smith, D. H. J.
Year: 1973
Title: Suppression of the cereal lesf beetle with resistant wheat
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 2
Pages: 1089-1091
Keywords: En.
Lema melanopa, Oulema melanopus
resistance, plant resistance, pest, control, cultural control, Coleoptera , Chrysomelidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2696
Author: Webster, J. A.; Inayatullah, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Assessment of experimental designs for greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) antixenosis tests
Journal: J. Econ. Ent.
Volume: 81
Issue: 4)
Pages: 1246-1250
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5166
Author: Weeks, R.D.; Holtzer, T.O.
Year: 2000
Title: Habitat and season in structuring ground-dwelling spider (Araneae) communities in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(6)
Pages: 1164-1172
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, grassland, Gramineae, community, pitfalls, Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae were numerically dominant, spider communities in grass habitats were different from those in grass-shrub habitats and they responded differently to seasonsal change (but consistently over two years), species composition, Table of species, multivariate analyses, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1327
Author: Weems, A. V.
Year: 1954
Title: Natural enemies and insecticides that are detrimental to beneficial Syrphidae
Journal: Ohio J. Sci.
Volume: 44
Pages: 45-54
Keywords: En.
Diptera, hoverflies, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4466
Author: Wegener, C.
Year: 1997
Title: Predation on the grassbug species Notostira elongata (Heteroptera: Miridae) by Nabidae (Heteroptera) and selected non-webbuilding spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 22
Issue: 3/4)
Pages: 295-304
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 438 Nabidae, 262 Tibellus oblongus, 19 Xysticus cristatus tested serologically for feeding on grassbug in grassland, Gramineae, Germany, methods, serology, Ouchterlony micro-technique used, it is not as sensitive as ELISA but is an easier method for qualitative investigations, potential predators collected by sweep netting (!), food, diet, trophic behaviour, percentage positive, some positives for T. oblongus, Thomisidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3687
Author: Wehling, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Zur Prufung der Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Spinnen (Araneae) im Freiland und Labor
Journal: PhD thesis, Braunschweig University, Germany
Keywords: Ger.
Rep.,effect of crop protection chemicals on spiders in field and laboratory, pesticides, insecticides, Araneae, methods, Karate, Thiodan, Gustathion, Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa palustris, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, sugar beet, arable, cereals, Gramineae, studied in lab, lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulfan, azinphos ethyl, pyrethroid insecticides, organophosphorus pesticides, semi-field tests with Pardosa, photoeclector, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, barriered pitfalls, diversity, Shannon Index, evenness, Sorensen Quotient, Renkonen, dominance, field results in winter wheat in pitfalls and 89 species of which 47 were Linyphiidae, dominants were Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Bathyphantes gracilis, sub-dominants were Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Pachygnatha degeeri, 9 families in winter wheat with Dvac, 42 species of which 26 were Linyphiidae, dominants in Dvac were L.tenuis, B.gracilis, sub-dominants were M.rurestris, Erigone atra, Porrhomma microphthalmum, fenced pitfalls in winter wheat, 14 families, 41 Linyphiidae, dominants Oedothorax apicatus, E.atra, B.gracilis, sub-dominants were L.tenuis and P.degeeri, photoeclector in winter barley, 8 families, 18 species, 16 Linyphiidae, dominants O.apicatus, P.microphthalmum, L.tenuis, sub-dominants were E.atra, M.rurestris, Centromerus persimilis, Walckenaeria nudipalpis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2859
Author: Wehling, A.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1991
Title: Effects of some insecticides on spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deut. Pflanzenscutzd. (Braunschweig)
Volume: 43
Issue: 2)
Pages: 24-30
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., Germany, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pirimicarb, endosulphan, parathion, fenvalerate, lamda cyhalothrin, organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroids, carbamates, pesticides, in winter wheat over 3 years, pitfalls, Dvac, photoeclector, methods, the pyrethroids significantly reduced individuals and species in the field, in the lab the pyrethroids and fenvalerate were toxic to lycosids, parathion and pirimicarb had no negative effect on population density in the field, pirimicarb increased activity, species list for each trapping method, pitfall catch for Lepthyphantes tenuis and Oedothorax apicatus for 7 weeks post treatment, photoeclectors without pitfalls inside them on ground, the "Saugfalle" was a special Dvac for collecting from the upper 30 cm of vegetation, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Linyphiidae, behaviour, movement, distribution, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3134
Author: Wehling, A.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1993
Title: Effects of two insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin and endosulfan) on spiders in laboratory, semi-field and field tests
Journal: Iobc ?
Keywords: Rep., TP, pyrethroid pesticides, methods, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3795
Author: Wehling, A.; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Proposed guideline for testing effects of plant protection agents on spiders of the genus Pardosa (Araneae, Lycosidae) in the laboratory
Journal: unpublished ??
Pages: 10 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Germany, pesticides, side-effects on non- targets, ecotoxicology, catching and keeping Pardosa, food, standardisation of protocols, cages, application methods, recording toxicity and food consumption, experimental schedule


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2698
Author: Wehling, A.; von; Heimbach, U.
Year: 1991
Title: Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Spinnen (Araneae) am Beispiel einiger Insektizide
Journal: Nach Deut Pflanzensch
Volume: 43
Issue: 2)
Pages: 24-30
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4287
Author: Wei, X.; Xu, X.; DeLoach, C. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Biological control of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by larvae of Promachus yesonicus (Diptera: Asilidae) in China
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 5
Pages: 290-296
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, in China larvae of Anomala antique, A. corpulenta and Holotrichia parallela damage cereals, cotton, trees and other crops, Gramineae, forests, woodland, larvae of robber flies (Asilidae) attack white grubs, asilid larvae can survive in the soil without food for over 3 years, longevity, population abundance of white grubs was negatively correlated with abundance of asilid larvae, especially Promachus yesonicus, 6-8 predator larvae per 5 m2 plot reduced grub populations by 99% and damage to wheat seedlings by 96%, P. yesonicus was easy to rear in the lab, culturing, mass-rearing, females had a mean fecundity of 202 eggs, reproduction, population dynamics, this species is very polyphagous as an adult, eating 29 species of Coleoptera, 55 species of Diptera, 49 species of Hymenoptera, preferred prey of adults were adult scarabids of the Anomalini, and also Tipulidae, diet, food, trophic behaviour, there are 254 species of Promachus worldwide, biodiversity, 25% of wheat seedlings were damaged in control plots, even 1 asilid larva per plot dramatically reduced this damage, damage was unmeasurable at 6-8 asilid larvae per plot, life cycle of fly and biological data, larval search area is up to 2.2 m diameter, predator larva moves straight toward target grub 20 cm away and reaches it within 3 h, an attacked grub that has been fed on dies 2 days later, P. yesonicus kills 12-16 grubs in its life, foraging behaviour, wounding, predation rates, consumption rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5791
Author: Weibull, A.C.; Ostman, O.; Granqvist, A.
Year: 2003
Title: Species richness in agroecosystems: the effect of landscape, habitat and farm management
Journal: Biodiversity and Conservation
Volume: 12
Pages: 1335-1355
Alternate Journal: Biodiversity and Conservation
Keywords: Rep., plants, butterflies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders diversity in cereals, leys and pastures in Sweden, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Gramineae, grassland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, no difference in species richness between conventional and organic farms (apart from carabids which were more speciose in conventional), biodiversity, species richness tended to increase with landscape heterogeneity, most species were in pastures and leys, methods, pitfalls, reference to previous study that measured impact of polyphagous predators on cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, distribution,
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3679
Author: Weidemann, G.
Year: 1972
Title: Die Stellung epigaischer Raubarthropoden im Okosystem Buchenwald
Journal: Verhandlungen Deutschen Gesellschaft
Volume: 65
Pages: 106-116
Keywords: Ger., En. summ.
Rep., the role of predatory arthropods of the litter layer in a beech forest ecosystem, Germany, trees, woodland, energetics, population dynamics, individual energy budgets for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and Pterostichus metallicus, standing crops, population energy budgets, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biomass, both species similar in energy flow but different in population growth efficiency, respiratory rates, energy flow through Chilopoda and Araneae similar to that of Carabidae, centipedes, Myriapoda, spiders, pitfall catch of Araneae, Opiliones, Carabidae and Chilopoda 1967-8, harvestmen, Phalangida, also density and biomass for these groups, abundance, total carabid density only c. 5 m-2 cf c. 70 for Chilopoda and 300 for Araneae, but in population biomass terms chilopods were dominant followed by Araneae and Carabidae, MRR, mark-release-recapture, methods, P.oblongopunctatus mean density c 1-4 m-2 in 1969-70 depending on season, maximum 5 m-2, P.metallicus c 0.5-1 m-2, maximum 1 m-2


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 57
Author: Weidner, H.
Year: 1957
Title: Carabidenlarven als Feinde der Termiten in Hamburg
Journal: Anz. Schadlinsk.
Volume: 30
Pages: 109
Keywords: Ger.
Carabidae, larvae, predation, ants?, termites?


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 238
Author: Weinreich, R.
Year: 1968
Title: Uber den Klebfangapparat der Imagines von Stenus Latr. (Coleopt., Staphylinidae) mit eine Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Jugenstadien dieser Gattung
Journal: Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere.
Volume: 62
Pages: 162-210
Keywords: Ger.
Rep(part), adults, larvae, feeding, laboratory, aphids, predation, mouthparts, feeding methods, behaviour, feeding apparatus, structure, stadia, development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4465
Author: Weisser, W. W.; Volkl, W.
Year: 1997
Title: Dispersal in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus cardui (Marshall)(Hym., Aphidiidae)
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 121
Issue: 1)
Pages: 23-28
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, migration, movement, methods, release experiment, observations and mummy counts, L. cardui attacking Aphis fabae cirsii acanthoidis on thistle (Cirsium arvense), all thstles in a 64ha German study area monitored weekly for aphids and parasitoids, Germany, aphid colonies on potted thistles were put out in a forest area and parasitoids released up to 470m away, L. cardui females moved a maximum of 20m to a new host patch, observations in the lab showed that newly-emerged adults tend to stay and oviposit in the colony where they developed, weeds, foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2994
Author: Weitz, B.
Year: 1952
Title: The antigenicity of sera of man and animals in relation to the preparation of specific precipitating antisera
Journal: Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge
Volume: 50
Pages: 275-294
Keywords: En.
Rep., absorption, serology, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1822
Author: Welbourn, W. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Potential use of trombidioid and erythraeoid mites as biological control agents of insect pests
Journal: Biological Control of Pests by Mites. Special Publication, Division of Agriculture, University of California
Volume: 3304
Pages: 131-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., UK, systematics, taxonomy, structure, classification, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, notes on habitats, biology, oviposition, larvae, duration of stages, cannibalism, Pergamasus robustus fed on Collembola, Pergamasidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3790
Author: Welbourn, W. C.; Young, O. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Mites parasitic on spiders, with a description of a new species of Eutrombidium (Acari, Eutrombidiidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 16
Pages: 373-385
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, USA, they attack Linyphiidae such as Ceraticelus emertoni and also Oxyopidae such as Oxyopes salticus, natural enemies of natural enemies, Araneae, review, 30 records of mite ectoparasites of spiders by 8 mite genera from 5 continents, Allothrombium, hosts include Pachygnatha clercki, Pardosa amentata, Araneus diadematus, Araneidae, Zygiella x-notata, Argiopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2505
Author: Welch, R. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Dispersal of invertebrates in the agricultural environment
Journal: Ed by Bunce et al
Pages: 203-218
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2750
Author: Welling, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of crop edges
Journal: Proceedings of the Symposium "Crop edges: positive effects for agriculture" Ed. by M. Welling, Paul Parey, Berlin
Keywords: distribution, pests, natural enemies, biological control, habitat manipulation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2373
Author: Welling, M.
Year: 1990
Title: Dispersal of ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) in arable land
Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent
Volume: 55
Issue: 2b)
Pages: 483-491
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, methods, mark-recapture, pitfalls, Germany, 14305 marked, 9% recaptured, dispersal was reduced by the road (hot surface avoided, also by wolf spiders Lycosidae) and more so for smaller species, Carabus granulatus was the most mobile, all species covered at least 50 m, some 200 m, some species showed quicker dispersal along than edge than into the field, migration, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2372
Author: Welling, M.; Bathon, H.; Klingauf, F.; Langenbruch, G. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Forderung von Laufkafern (Col., Carabidae) in Getreidefeldern durch Feldraine und Ackerschonstreifen
Journal: DFG-Forschungsbericht "Integrierte Pflanzenproduktion" VCH (Weinheim)
Pages: 140-154
Keywords: Ger.
Rep.,augmentation of ground beetles in cereal fields by boundary strips and herbicide-free crop edges, Carabidae, predator, number of species and diversity greater in edges, cereals, winter wheat, more diverse where weedy, Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus cupreus more numerous in districts with boundary strips and hedges, Loricera pilicornis shelters in boundary strips after harvest, diverse field margins led to a decrease in numbers of cereal aphids in field probably due to increase in antagonist s, Hemiptera, pests, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3583
Author: Welling, M.; Kokta, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Untersuchungen zur Entomofauna von Feldrainen und Feldrandern in Hinblick auf Nutzlingsforderung und Artenschutz
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent.
Volume: 6
Pages: 373-377
Keywords: Ger. En. Summ.
Rep., investigations on the entomofauna of headlands and field margins with regard to beneficial arthropods and species conservation, field margins untreated with herbicides had a positive effect on the beneficial fauna, pesticides, wide headland contributed to reduction of aphids in adjacent wheat field, eg reduced from 3 aphids per plant to one per plant, Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, Germany, pitfalls for Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Loricera pilicornis was 68% of carabids caught in winter barley, Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus constituted 68% in sugar beet, arable, more diverse carabid catch in Phacelia and Lolium strips


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1998
Author: Wellings, P. W.
Year: 1991
Title: Biological control of aphids through disruption of migration
Journal: Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga, Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague
Pages: 79-83
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, hymenopterous parasitoids have been successful against aphids in classical biological control, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, 8 aphids have been controlled, Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Acyrthosiphon pisum on lucerne plots in Australia attacked by Aphidius ervi, Leguminosae, rates of parasitism vary from plot to plot and only weakly related to aphid density, spatially density dependent parasitism unlikely to account for success of biocontrol of aphids, population dynamics, glasshouse studies on effect of A.ervi on A.kondoi migrant production, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, number of migrants related to population densities of aphids and parasitoids, number of migrants significantly lowered by the parasitoids and this could affect metapopulation dynamics of aphid and its regional pest status


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4889
Author: Weseloh, R.; Bernon, G.; Butler, L.; Fuester, R.; McCullough, D.; Stehr, F.
Year: 1995
Title: Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae) near the edge of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) distribution
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 24(6)
Pages: 1713-1717
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, forest, woodland, trees, augmentative biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, the beetle was imported from Europe in 1906, although capable of feeding on a range of Lepidoptera its abundance in USA is closely coupled to that of gypsy moth, beetles are active only for about a month when caterpillars and pupae are present and they will only reproduce if gypsy moth is abundant. Trunk traps to assess caterpillars and pupae, and as an index of numbers of pupae (with jagged holes) attacked by beetle larvae, methods. Gypsy moth populations were high enough for beetles to reproduce. Surprisingly, the survival rates of gypsy moth pupae were significantly higher in plots where carabid larvae were most active. C. sycophanta adults were found to reproduce readily after release. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4818
Author: Weseloh, R.M.
Year: 1985
Title: Predation by Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae): evidence for a large impact on gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), pupae
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 117
Pages: 1117-1126
Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, forests, woodland, trees, Calosoma larvae destroyed 70% of tagged pupae on trunks near the ground which was more than any other mortality factor, pupae higher up were less attacked, vertical distribution, about 40% of pupae in the entire study area were destroyed by Calosoma larvae, a small number of beetles appears to have a substantial impact on the pest population. Calosoma larvae also eat gypsy moth caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour. Trunk trap for catching beetles, methods, mark-release-recapture, MRR, punching holes in elytra, mortality of 300 pupae monitored under bands on tree trunks, baits, artificial prey, sentinel prey, Calosoma larvae make characteristic jagged feeding holes, various parasitoids make characteristic exit holes. Dispersal of marked beetles between traps, no preferred direction, good flight capacity. Population density estimated at 125 adult females per ha and estimated that these produced, on average 30 progeny per female. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3680
Author: Weseloh, R. M.
Year: 1986
Title: Biological control of gypsy moth: help from a beetle
Journal: Frontiers of Plant Science
Volume: 39
Pages: 2-3
Keywords: En.
Rep., gypsy moth was accidentally introduced into USA New England, 12 natural enemies have been introduced, parasitoids, virus, disease, pathogens, microbial insecticides, Calasoma sycophanta the caterpillar hunter was introduced from Europe in 1905, they run on ground and on trees and can fly, gravid females eat 15 caterpillars per day for 2-3 weeks and lay c 100 eggs, they burrow into soil to overwinter, larvae also burrow in soil and climb trees and feed on caterpillars, beetle only builds up in numbers in 2nd to 3rd year of a moth outbreak, special tree trunk traps to catch beetles, MRR using elytral punch holes, in first year 100 beetles per acre or 0.02 m-2, larvae make characteristic feeding holes in moth pupae, 70% of pupae killed by larvae within 2m of ground and c 35% at 13 m, overall 40% pupae killed by larvae and each female produced c 30 offspring, 40% of moth pupae on leaves and twigs were killed by parasitoids, the beetle seens to have a large impact on moth populations, Lepidoptera, pests, forest, trees, woodland, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, classical biological control, food, predation, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, activity, aerial dispersal, flight, reproduction, fecundity, oviposition, consumption rates, overwintering, population dynamics, methods, trunk traps, arboreal pitfalls, density, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3278
Author: Weseloh, R. M.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey preferences of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) larvae and relationship of prey consumption to predator size
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 120
Pages: 873-880
Keywords: En.
Rep., I-II instar preferred gypsy moth pupae but III preferred larvae, all larvae preferred female to male pupae, female pupae are much larger than male, I only partially consumed prey, USA, lab Petri dish tests, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, trees, forests, Lepidoptera, predation, trophic behaviour, consumption rates, partial consumption, prey size preference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3293
Author: Weseloh, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Simulation of litter residence times of young gypsy moth larvae and implications for predation by ants
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 57
Issue: 3)
Pages: 215-221
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lymantria dispar, USA, simulation model of ant predation in litter showed that larval litter residence time was one of the most important factors affecting predation by ants, lab observations on litter crawling speeds and visual acuity to distant verticals ie tree trunk simulations were combined with model on ant predation, this estimated 50% of unfed larvae I would survive after falling into litter but only 10% of II-III would, I's that have fed are much more susceptible to ant predation than unfed I's, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forests, distributiion, dispersal, movement, migration, vertical distribution, behaviour, trophic behaviour, encounter rates, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4133
Author: Weseloh, R. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Gypsy moth predators: an example of generalist and specialist natural enemies
Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK
Pages: 233-243
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lymantria dispar, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trees, forest, woodland, biological control, reproductive success of polyphagous predators attacking L.dispar is largely dependent on alternative foods, population dynamics, because of this they can cause significant mortality of L.dispar when moth population densities are very low, caterpillar instars 4-6 migrate up and down trees daily, being in leaf litter during daytime and feeding on leaves in trees at night, vertical distribution, vertical migration, vertical dispersal, movement, diel cycles, these movements mean that more species of predators have an opportunity to feed on gypsy moth, mainly USA, predators of eggs include dermestid larvae, ants and birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, oophagy, trophic behaviour, food, diet, birds and small mammals eat the larvae and pupae, Mammalia, predation by mammals was 2-8 times as great as by invertebrates such as ants and harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, pupae parasitised by the Tachinidae Blepharipa pratensis were eaten by small mammals 3 times as often as healthy pupae, Diptera, preference for moribund pests, prey preference, prey selection, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, in Japan Polistes wasps are important predators of low density larval populations, Vespidae, experiments with tethered and caged larvae, methods, ants attacked larvae in the litter, 12% of caterpillars were killed by predators per day giving an overall reduction during larval stages of 99.8%, 2nd and 3rd instars were as vulnerable as older instars, predation is the most important mortality factor affecting larvae and pupae in low host density populations, capture efficiency of different size larvae by ants in the field was 56% for fed 1st, 24% for 2nd and 0% for 5th instar, prey size selection, prey size preference, size-specific predation, unfed neonate 1sts were captured only 5% of the time by ants because of greater hairiness, the neonates are aerial dispersers and more exposed to predation by ants and others, aerial migration, movement, distribution, Calosoma sycophanta is am imported specialist predator of caterpillars and pupae, classical biological control, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, adults and larvae readily climb trees, foraging behaviour, it is active only when gypsy moth populations are high, longevity is 3-4 years, adults are inactive for 11 months of the year, MRR mark-release-recapture, adults marked by punching holes in the elytra, Calosoma excretes viable NPV particles in its faeces but the extent of dissemination has not been measured in the field, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, insect pathogenic viruses, microbial insecticides, baculoviruses, spread and transmission of pathogens, diseases


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4888
Author: Weseloh, R.M.
Year: 1990
Title: Experimental forest releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae) against the Gypsy Moth
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 83(6)
Pages: 2229-2234
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, forest, woodland, trees, augmentative biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, release of wing-clipped carabid adults, caterpillar survival was least in plots with  most  beetles, USA, carabid larvae climb tree trunks to feed on moth pupae, trunk traps were used to assess caterpillar abundance, damage to tethered caterpillars on trunks was used as an index of predation intensity, pupae were monitored for damage caused by carabid larvae, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3481
Author: Weseloh, R. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Adult feeding affects fecundity of the predator, Calosoma sycophanta (Col.: Carabidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 38
Issue: 4)
Pages: 435-439
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, beetle introduced from Europe, has longevity of several years and feeds on gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, trees, forests, some reports that beetle does not reproduce between moth outbreaks, strong flyer but mark-release-recapture suggests it does not disperse much, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, can lay several hundred eggs in a season, adults can have good longevity in lab feeding just on split grapes but no females reproduced, they produced more than 100 eggs per female on gypsy moth larvae, if given grapes for 2 weeks then moth larvae thereafter the fecundity was only 1 egg, the beetles proximity to abundant high quality food in the first few days after emergence affects future reproduction, if prey not abundant the beetle probably does not reproduce and adult re-enters the soil after a few weeks


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5093
Author: Weseloh, R.M.
Year: 2001
Title: Patterns of foraging of the forest ant Formica neogagates Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on tree branches
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 16-22
Alternate Journal: Biological Control
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, forest, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, oak, birch, systematic searching, probability of encountering a leaf of 0.5, model suggested that ants must partially avoid leaves already visited, 100 ants foraging for 3 h should be able to visit 25% of leaves on a tree, references that this ant has a role in biological control of pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera,Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, it forages on the forest floor and also climbs trees, vertical dispersal, vertical movement, USA, direct in situ visual observation of foraging, methods, it was sometimes possible to follow an ant for more than 1 h and record visits to over 100 leaves
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5009
Author: Weslien, J.; Regnander, J.
Year: 1992
Title: The influence of natural enemies on brood production in Ips typographus (Col. Scolytidae) with special reference to egg-laying and predation by Thanasimus formicarius (Col.: Cleridae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 37(2)
Pages: 333-342
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., bark beetles, pests, forests, woodland, trees, predators, Coleoptera, reproduction of T. formicarius in the lab, fecundity, predation on bark beetles studied in the field in cage experiments, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, larvae of predatory flies were common in uncaged areas, Diptera, Medetera spp., Dolichopodidae, Lonchaea spp. Lonchaeidae, also predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Scolposcelis pulchella, larvae of Histeridae, Staphylinidae and Pythidae also found, small insects penetrated the cages, [does not say if these predators are specialists or polyphagous]
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3184
Author: West, A. S.
Year: 1950
Title: The precipitin test as an entomological tool
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 82
Pages: 241-244
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, historical, blood meals of biting flies, Diptera, Nematocera, mosquitoes, Brook & Proske showed that the precipitin test could be used to determine which insects feed on immature midges as early as 1946, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation, application in insect taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3185
Author: West, A. S.; Eligh, G. S.
Year: 1952
Title: The rate of digestion of blood in mosquitoes: precipitin test studies
Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume: 30
Pages: 267-272
Keywords: En.
Rep., serology, methods, Diptera, lab and field tests showed detection period related to temperature, get negatives in precipitin test when partially digested blood is still present, evidence for labile antigen


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5779
Author: Westerman, P.R.; Hofman, A.; Vet, L.E.M.; Van Der Werf, W.
Year: 2003
Title: Relative importance of vertebrates and invertebrates in epigeic weed seed predation in organic cereal fields
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 95
Pages: 417-425
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., winter wheat, Gramineae, the Netherlands, Holland, granivory, spermophagy, references that seed-eaters contribute to long term suppression of annual weeds, candidate seed-eaters include birds, rodents, slugs, ants, ground beetles and crickets, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, Mollusca, Limacidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, farming practices, methods, seeds glued to cards nailed to ground, vertebrate exclosures, cages, identity of vertebrates and invertebrates eating seeds in this experiment not determined, Harpalus rufipes often ecountered under and near cards, predation by invertebrates has potential to exert greater control of weed populations than predation by vertebrates because the former have greatest food demand soon after the peak of weed seed shed, vertebrates accounted for 30-88% of seed consumption, invertebrate seed consumption was very variable, distribution of seed consumption rate was not related to proximity to field margin, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1160
Author: Wetzel, T.; Ghanim, A. E.; Freier, B.
Year: 1981
Title: Importance of predators and parasites for the surveillance and control of aphids in cereal crops
Journal: Nachrichten blatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in DDR
Volume: 35
Issue: 12)
Pages: 239-244
Keywords: Rep.RJC, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Germany, field and lab, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, adults ate 120 aphids per day, larvae 60, consumption rates, predation, winter wheat, effectiveness low in field, Braconidae, Chalcidoidea, parasitoids, maximum parasitism 10%, economic thresholds modified to take account of effects of natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2741
Author: Wetzel, T.; Stark, A.; Lobner, U.; Hartwig, O.
Year: 1991
Title: On the occurrence and importance of soldier beetles (Col., Carabidae) and nabid bugs (Het., Nabidae) as aphidophagous predators in cereal fields
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 98
Issue: 4)
Pages: 364-370
Keywords: Ger.
Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Germany, Coleoptera, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2976
Author: Weyman, G. S.
Year: 1993
Title: A review of the possible causative factors and significance of ballooning in spiders
Journal: Ethology, Ecology and Evolution
Volume: 5
Pages: 279-291
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, definition of ballooning and description of behaviour, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, silk, gossamer, size and species of spider that balloon, possible positive and negative factors eliciting ballooning behaviour, windspeed, diel cycle of light and dark, weather, climate, microclimate, physical factors, rain, temperature, humidity, vibration, spider sensory apparatus, light and vision, stress, food shortage, ecological and evolutionary aspects, life stage specific ballooning, colonization, reduction of competition, temporary habitats, unpredictable perturbed habitats


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3763
Author: Weyman, G. S.
Year: 1995
Title: Laboratory studies of the factors stimulating ballooning behaviour by linyphiid spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 23
Pages: 75-84
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, lab, methods, airflow chamber, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, air movement as stimulus, neither circadian rhythms nor darkness prevented ballooning at night, diel cycles, "tip-toe", "dropping"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3765
Author: Weyman, G. S.; Jepson, J. P.
Year: 1994
Title: The effect of food supply on the colonisation of barley by aerially dispersing spiders (Araneae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 100
Pages: 386-390
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, aerial dispersal, distribution, behaviour, movement, migration, field experiment, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, deposition traps, methods, spiders more likely to be retained in barley with aphids present compared with insect-free barley, Linyphiidae, main response from adult females and immatures, Bathyphantes gracilis


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5859
Author: Weyman, G.S.; Jepson, P.C.; Sunderland, K.D.
Year: 1995
Title: Do seasonal changes in numbers of aerially dispersing spiders reflect population density on the ground or variation in ballooning motivation ?
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 101
Pages: 487-493
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, aerial migration, aeronauts, ballooning, methods, laboratory bioassay to determine proportion of Erigone spp. ballooning on each field sampling occasion, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae, investigations in grass and wheat showed that peak numbers ballooning coincided with peak density in summer and autumn, abundance, behaviour, Bathyphantes gracilis, Meioneta rurestris, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), adults were more likely to balloon than immatures, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, large metal tray deposition traps containing water, detergent and ethylene glycol, 1031 Erigone tested in airflow chamber, data over 12 month period, abundance of aeronauts more likely to be related to changes in density on ground than to variation in ballooning motivation,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3518
Author: Weyman, G. S.; Sunderland, K. D.; Fenlon, J. S.
Year: 1994
Title: The effect of food deprivation on aeronautic dispersal behaviour (ballooning) in Erigone spp. spiders
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 73
Pages: 121-126
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Erigone collected from grassland, UK, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, movement, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, lab ballooning test chamber, methods, climbing was significantly correlated with "tip-toe" behaviour, comparison of starved spiders and spiders fed on Folsomia candida, Collembola, hungry spiders more likely to balloon, especially females, sex-related ballooning, re-fed spiders showed decline in ballooning probability, the same individual spiders did not always show ballooning behaviour on each day of the trial


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5878
Author: Weyman, G.S.; Sunderland, K.D.; Jepson, P.C.
Year: 2002
Title: A review of the evolution and mechanisms of ballooning by spiders inhabiting arable farmland
Journal: Ethology Ecology & Evolution
Volume: 14
Pages: 307-326
Alternate Journal: Ethology Ecology & Evolution
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, aeronauts, focus on Linyphiidae, includes spider mites, Acari, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, evolution of ballooning to escape from disturbed habitats and rapidly exploit ephemeral prey abundance in other habitats, Erigone atra, Oedothorax fuscus, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Bathyphantes gracilis, risk spreading, bet hedging, ballooning risk, aerial predation  (swifts, dragonflies) and landing in hostile environments, Vertebrata, Aves, birds, Odonata, intraspecific and interspecific variation in ballooning frequency, age and gender, short-term proximal factors affecting ballooning frequency, effects of food deprivation, immediate proximal factors triggering ballooning, wind speed, barometric pressure, tip-toe behaviour, suggested future research, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3183
Author: Whalon, M. E.; Parker, B. L.
Year: 1978
Title: Immunological identification of tarnished plant bug predators
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 71
Issue: 3)
Pages: 453-456
Keywords: En.
Rep., Lygus lineolaris in apple orchards eaten by Podisus maculiventris, Nabidae and Geocoridae, micro double- diffusion, detection period of 42 h in Coccinellidae, serology, methods, trees, top fruit, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, Miridae, food, diet, Coleoptera, ladybirds, digestion rates


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3286
Author: Wheater, C. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Predator-prey size relationships in some Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Coleopterists Bulletin
Volume: 42
Issue: 3)
Pages: 237-240
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Pterostichus nigrita, Abax parallelepipedus, supplied with crickets in 4 size groups, the prey were immobilised by attachment to a pin and randomly presented to beetles in lab arena, there was a positive correlation between the size of the prey taken and the mandible gape of the beetle species, but there was considerable overlap in the size of cricket attacked, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, morphology, morphometrics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4312
Author: Wheater, C. P.
Year: 1988
Title: Prey detection by some predatory Coleoptera (Carabidae and Staphylinidae)
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 218
Pages: 171-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, foraging, methods, Mollusca, slugs, snails, Annelida, Collembola, morphology, structure, video observations, X-shaped orientation chambers with movement detectors linked to a computer, prey put at the end of one of the arms of the X- chamber, brushing antennae with glycerol to block sense organs, responses to slug or earthworm mucus, brushing palps with glycerol to block mucus detection, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus niger, Abax parallelepipedus are all generalist predators and scavengers and used olfaction for prey detection, Cychrus caraboides, Carabus violaceous, Carabus problematicus and Scarites abbreviatus orientated to slug mucus, Broscus cephalotes, Nebria complanata and Staphylinus olens used only contact detection, Cicindela campestris, Calosoma maderae, S. abbreviatus and A. parallelepipedus orientated using vision, especially for fast-moving prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3767
Author: Wheater, C. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Prey detection by some predatory Coleoptera (Carabidae and Staphylinidae)
Journal: Journal of Zoology, London
Volume: 218
Pages: 171-185
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, 12 species of Carabidae, Cicindela, Cychrus, Calosoma, Carabus, Nebria, Broscus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus niger, Abax parallelepipedus, Staphylinus olens, visual, tactile, gustatory orientation to prey, foraging, trophic behaviour, olfactory prey detection in Pterostichini with receptors probably on antennae, structure, response to slug mucus with receptors probably at end of palps, morphology, visual observation, video techniques, methods, activity, actograph, diurnal species, diel, cycles, crickets as fast-moving prey, Orthoptera, Mollusca


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5290
Author: Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R.; Bell, J.R.
Year: 2000
Title: Spider communities as tools in monitoring reclaimed limestone quarry landforms
Journal: Landscape Ecology
Volume: 15
Pages: 401-406
Alternate Journal: Landscape Ecology
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, UK, ecological indicators, restored ecosystems, DECORANA, TWINSPAN, methods, spider communities were sensitive to vegetation structure and extent of bare ground, pitfalls, Meioneta rurestris, Erigone promiscua, Erigone atra, Xysticus cristatus, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, abundance, distribution
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3421
Author: Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1971
Title: Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. Insect feeding on Hylemya flies (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) killed by a phycomycosis
Journal: Journal of the New York Entomological Society
Volume: 79
Pages: 225-227
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, seed corn maggots Hylemya platura and Hylemya florilega are pests of sprouting seeds of beans, peas, corn, potato and alfalfa, Leguminosae, legumes, cereals, maize, Gramineae, in June large numbers of Hylemya spp. killed by Entomophthora muscae were clinging to terminal stems of alfalfa, pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi, natural enemies, biological control, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, behaviour, predation on moribund prey, 11 species of predator and herbivore seen eating these cadavers, scavenging, carrion feeding, trophic behaviour, Miridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Lygus lineolaris, Plagiognathus politus, 2 Nabidae, Philonthus sp., Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Cantharis carolinus, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Coleomegilla maculata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Hippodamia convergens, this could be happening on a large scale because the author found 40 P.politus feeding on cadavers in just 30 minutes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3373
Author: Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1973
Title: Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. V. Spiders (Araneida)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 105
Pages: 425-432
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, USA, 1966- 1969, weekly in situ visual observations, sweeping and pitfalls, 78 species, 10 species only on ground, vertical distribution, Tetragnatha laboriosa and Dictyna volucipes dominants, Bathyphates concolor, Diplostyla concolor, Enoplognatha ovata, Linyphiidae dominant in species but not individuals, they ate leafhoppers, Diptera, Collembola and pea aphids, Hemiptera, Acythosiphon pisum, vertical stratification of webs and eggsacs, Erigone eggsac in crevice in soil, T.laboriosa ate leafhoppers, aphids, Diptera, Lygus lineolaris and Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, hyperpredators, predation on predators, phenology, Araniella displicata ate Orius, Coleomegilla maculata, thrips and Nitidulidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Thysanoptera, blossom beetles, Araneus trifolium ate grasshoppers, Diabrotica, bees, Coleomegilla and the Miridae Plagiognathus politus, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Tetragnathidae, Dictynidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Clubiona ate alfalfa weevil, Curculionidae, thomisids ate weevils, mirids and Diptera, overwintering sites, salticids ate Chalcidae, Dictyna ate thrips, flies and wasps, guild structure, spiders were the first predators found in alfalfa in spring


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1665
Author: Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1974
Title: Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. VI. Plant bugs (Miridae)
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 106
Pages: 1267-1275
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Leguminosae, field observations, Adelphocoris lineolatus ate pea aphids including mummified ones, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Acyrthosiphon pisum, parasitoids, predators eating parasitoids, tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris also ate pea aphid mummies, food, diet, Plagiognathus politus ate A.pium, Aphis craccivora and Macrosiphum avenae, Sitobion avenae, Lopidea marginalis and Chlamydatus associatus are occasional predators of A.pisum mummies, many of these bugs are pests of alfalfa grown for seed, many other feeding records given, polyphagous predators, USA, scavenging, carrion feeding, trophic behaviour, various nabids and spiders were observed to eat L.lineolaris and the other mirids, predation on predators, hyperpredators, adults of P.politus ate cadavers and mummies frequently


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3372
Author: Wheeler, A. G.
Year: 1977
Title: Studies on the arthropod fauna of alfalfa. VII. Predaceous insects
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 109
Issue: 3)
Pages: 423-427
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae, Aelothrips fasciatus density 26 per 100 plants, it fed on flower thrips, Thysanoptera, Orius and Nabis ate pea aphid, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Podisus placidus ate pea aphid, trophic behaviour, diet, food, predation, Pentatomidae, prey records for Chrysopidae, Carabidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, ground beetles, soldier beetles, ladybirds, Coleomegilla ate pea aphid mummies, parasitoids, predation on moribund prey, the Asilidae Dioctria baumhaueri ate Macrosiphum avenae, sitobion avenae, Diptera, the Dolichopodidae Condylostylus flavipes ate mainly Aphis craccivora and Syrphidae, the Muscidae Coenosia tigrina ate leafhoppers and Phoridae, the ant Formica subsericea ate pea aphids and leafhoppers, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, also gives prey of Vespidae and Sphecidae, North America, "in general predators cannot afford to specialize on a single prey organism, and many that feed mainly on one class of prey such as aphids or mites search over a variety of plant species, Within their habitat most predators must be able to exploit prey populations when they occur, and to migrate when these populations decline, Different agroecosystems are thus likely to have in common more predator than herbivore species"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1158
Author: Wheeler, A. G.; Hayes, J. T.; Stephens, J. L.
Year: 1968
Title: Insect predators of mummified pea aphids
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 100
Pages: 221-222
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, Leguminosae, natural enemies, biological control, field observations in alfalfa, USA, Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera ate mummies of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, lacewings, behaviour, Aphidius, Praon, Chrysopa, Hippodamia convergens, Ceratomegilla maculata, Nabis americoferus, Nabidae, Adelphocoris lineolatus, Lygus lineolaris, Plagiognathus politus, Lopidea marginalis, Miridae, previously just Stary record chrysopid larva eating Aphis fabae attacked by Lysiphlebus fabarum, arable, polyphagous predators, predation on moribund prey, trophic behaviour, diet, food, predation


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2794
Author: Whipps, J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: A review of white rust (Puccinia hotiana Henn.) disease on chrysanthemum and the potential for its biological control with Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 122
Pages: 173-187
Keywords: En.
tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3122
Author: Whipps, J. M.
Year: 1993
Title: Growth of the collembolan Folsomia candida on cultures of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans and sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Journal: Mycol. Res. in press
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, grew on agar cultures of C. minitans but not S. sclerotiorum, Folsomia transmitted the antagonist fungus, vectors, disease, distribution, dispersal, movement, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2850
Author: Whipps, J. M.; Budge, S. P.
Year: 1993
Title: Transmission of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans by collembolan Folsomia candida (Collembola: Entomobryidae) and glasshouse sciarid Bradysia sp. (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 123
Pages: 165-171
Keywords: En.
Rep., F. candida kept on C. minitans plates for 3 years but sciarid survived only 3 generations, collembola and sciarids transmitted C. minitans to new plates in faecal pellets, adult and larval sciarids also transmitted by contamination of the cuticle, they transmitted C. minitans to sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, fungi, distribution, dispersal, movement, biological control, antagonist fungi, disease, pathogens, glasshouse crops, springtails, diet, food, rearing, culturing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2697
Author: Whipps, J. M.; Budge, S. P.; Ebben, M. H.
Year: 1989
Title: Effect of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma harzianum on Sclerotinia disease of celery and lettuce in the glasshouse at a range of humidities
Journal: Ed by Cavalloro & Pelerents
Pages: 233-243
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 703
Author: Whistlecraft, J. W.; Harris, C. R.; Tolman, J. H.; Tomlin, A. D.
Year: 1985
Title: Mass-rearing technique for Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae )
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology.
Volume: 78
Pages: 995-997
Keywords: En.
Delia antiqua
Rove beetles, predators, rearing, culture, Canada, storage, methods, Diptera, Anthomyiidae, parasitism, flies, diapause, environmental conditions, predator larvae, efficiency, production.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2130
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1967
Title: Wolf and lynx spider life histories, Fayetteville
Journal: Dep. Entomol. Div. Agric. Univ. Arkansas Technical Reports to N.S.F.
Pages: 142 p
Keywords: Araneae, predators, biology, Lycosidae, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2132
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1967
Title: Field studies on predators of the second-instar bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie)(Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)
Journal: J. G. Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 2
Pages: 113-118
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, pests, moth


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4409
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1974
Title: Natural populations of entomophagous arthropods and their effect on the agroecosystem
Journal: In "Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plants, Insects and Diseases", Ed. By F.G. Maxwell and F.A. Harris, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, USA
Pages: 150-169
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, biodiversity, species richness, more than 1000 species of predators in Florida soybean, USA, spiders have complementary niches and one pest may be preyed on in 8 different ways by 8 different spider species, Araneae, lacewing larvae eat young lynx spiders, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa spp., Neuroptera, lacewings, Oxyopidae, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP, Coccinellidae eat eggs of Chiracanthium inclusum, Clubionidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, orb-weavers and Theridiidae kill large numbers of predators and parasitoids, Araneidae, Lycosidae eat Noctuidae larvae on the ground, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, lynx spiders hunt caterpillars on foliage, foraging behaviour, erigonids often construct webs at the junction of stem and branch to intercept commuting larvae, Linyphiidae, vertical distribution, vertical migration, movement, vertical dispersal, web production can be negatively related to hunger, e.g. some "non-web" spiders make a web if very hungry, and vice versa, notes on diet and behaviour of Acari, Formicidae, mites, Hymenoptera, ants, main enemies of Solenopsis invicta are other ants, red imported fire ant, Odonata, many examples of hyperpredation, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, "I have seen a Staphylinus sp. take a muscoid fly out of the air a quarter of an inch above itself", Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Neuroptera, wasp boxes can be used to boost numbers of Polistes for Heliothis control, Vespidae, predator enhancement, predator augmentation, Diptera, Dermaptera, earwigs, Labidura riparia attacks larvae, pupae and adults of noctuids on the ground, the destruction of Dactynotus spp. Aphids on goldenrod by a fungus disease can affect the predator populations in 8 counties of Northern Florida, pathogens, Hemiptera, alternative foods, regional populations of predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2123
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Ecological role of cursorial spiders in agroecosystems
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Arachnological Congress, Amsterdam, 1974
Pages: 95
Keywords: Araneae, predators, agriculture, farming


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 497
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.
Year: 1978
Title: Lycosid life-history resaerch : a critique
Journal: Symp. zool. Soc. Lond.
Volume: 42
Pages: 423-427
Keywords: Review, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, phenology, ecology, biology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4011
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Bell, K.
Year: 1964
Title: Predaceous insects, spiders and mites in Arkansas cotton fields
Journal: Agricultural Experimental Station University of Arkansas Bulletin
Volume: 690
Pages: 83 pp
Keywords: En.
Lib.?, Lit.bk., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, 560 species identified so far, when predatory mites have been identified total predators expected to be c. 840 species, Odonata, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Acari, thrips, lacewings, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Reduviidae, Nabidae, Berytidae, Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae, Heteroptera, Cicindelidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Lampyridae, Melyridae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Meloidae, Asilidae, Mydaeidae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Bombyliidae, Sciomyzidae, predatory Diptera, Formicidae, ants, Pompilidae, Vespidae, wasps, Sphecidae, Uloboridae, Filistratidae, Dictynidae, Theridiidae, Nesticidae, Linyphiidae, Erigonidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Mimetidae, Agelenidae, Hahniidae, Pisauridae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Anyphaenidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Trombidiidae, Trombiculidae, community, gives prey observed being eaten by the above families, diet, food, trophic behaviour, includes many pests, such as mosquitoes, Noctuidae caterpillars, bollworm, cabbage looper, cotton leafworm, boll weevil, Curculionidae, thrips, mites, insect eggs, spider eggs, Lepidoptera eggs, cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, ants, hyperpredation, predators of predators, interspecific predation, plant bugs, moths, mirids, grasshoppers, bees, snails, Mollusca, Coleoptera larvae, Tachinidae, hoverflies, ladybirds, consumption rates of bollworm eggs by various predators in the field, chewing predators ate 24% of egg output, some Lycosidae are nocturnal, diel cycles, nocturnalism, Cicurina cicur found in winter only, community


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4343
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Bell, K.
Year: 1964
Title: Predaceous insects, spiders and mites of Arkansas cotton fields
Journal: Bulletin of the Arkansas Agricultural Experimental Station
Volume: 690
Pages: 84pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., arable, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Araneae, Acari, 600 species of predator found, 45 Insecta families, 19 spider families and 4 mite families, biodiversity, species richness, community, strong statements about the value of predators, ants have been under-rated, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, "evidence is overwhelming that predation frequently prevents outbreaks of bollworms, aphids and spider mites in cotton", Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Hemiptera, Tetranychidae, boll weevil is most attacked during hibernation, e.g. by Carabidae, Lycosa, Trochosa and Cicurina, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, Pardosa, Curculionidae, bollworms are attacked as eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, bollworm outbreaks often due to reduced predators, spider mites attacked by six-spotted thrips and the ladybird Stethoruus punctum, Thysanoptera, predatory thrips, Coccinellidae, infestations now more frequent since organic pesticides have reduced predators, thrips rarely cause serious damage but are an important alternative food of e.g. Heteroptera and Coccinellidae, the fleahopper is a minor pest and is an important food source for some Nabidae, Miridae and spiders, tarnished plant bug (Lygus) is a minor pest eaten by Nabidae, Reduviidae, Podisus, lynx spiders (Oxyopes) and Salticidae, cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) is normally controlled by its natural enemies but outbreaks may follow destruction of natural enemies by insecticides, there follows 60 pages about predators, "certain crops are known to be valuable as sources of predators, but selection of crops for maximum predator yield lies in the future"


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2131
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Eason, R.
Year: 1964
Title: A technique for determining the duration of egg incubation in spiders
Journal: Turtox News.
Volume: 42
Issue: 12).
Pages: 301-302
Keywords: Araneae, predators, methods, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 496
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Eason, R.
Year: 1965
Title: The rearing of wolf and lynx spiders in the laboratory ( families Lycosidae and Oxyopidae : Araneida)
Journal: Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci.
Volume: 19
Pages: 21-27
Keywords: Araneae, predators, methods, culture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3982
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Eason, R.
Year: 1967
Title: Life history and predatory importance of the striped lynx spider (Araneida: Oxyopidae)
Journal: Ark. Acad. Sci. Proc.
Volume: 21
Pages: 54-58
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5312
Author: Whitcomb, W.H.; Exline, H.; Hunter, R.C.
Year: 1963
Title: Spiders of the Arkansas cotton field
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 56
Pages: 653-660
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, abundance, species composition, community, plant examination, sweeping, pitfalls, suction trap, a headlight was used at night to collect wolf spiders using the reflection from their eyes, Lycosidae, direct in situ visual examination of soil surface including at night, litter from the ground was extracted in a Berlese funnel, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 143 species, species richness, biodiversity, 82 species were hunters, 83 species were found on the vegetation, 33 species on ground and 27 on plant and ground, vertical distribution, seasonal succession of species, phenology, species lists, Filistatidae, Uloboridae, Dictynidae, Theridiidae, theridiids were seen to consume small Diptera, the black widow Latrodectus mactans caught beetles in its web including boll weevil, Curculionidae, Anthonomus grandis, Nesticidae, Linyphiidae, Erigonidae, Argiopidae, orb-weavers ate adult moths including bollworm and cotton leafworm, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera, Tetragnathidae, Tetragnatha laboriosa ate nematocerous Diptera, Nematocera, Mimetidae, Agelenidae, funnel-web spiders, Hahniidae, Pisauridae, Dolomedes species ate other spiders including Pardosa, IGP, intraguild predation, araneophagy, natural enemies of  natural enemies, hyperpredation, most Lycosidae in cotton are nocturnal ground-dwellers, guilds, immatures of Pardosa milvina swarmed over cotton plants at night, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, Lycosa rabida climbs plants and eats noctuid moths at night, diel activity cycles, nocturnalism, Schizocosa spp. ate crickets, Orthoptera, Oxyopidae, Oxyopes salticus is one of the dominant spiders in cotton, it is diurnal and ate Miridae including cotton fleahopper, Heteroptera, the green lynx Peucetia viridans catches prey on the upper surface of leaves and takes a wide range of pests and beneficials, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, up to 10% of bolls had Cheiracanthium inclusum under the bracts, C. inclusum is nocturnal and can feed on other spiders, Anyphaenidae, Thomisidae, Misumenops ate flies, Geocoris, Lygus, striped cucumber beetles Acalymma vittata, Syrphidae and small Diptera, hoverflies, Salticidae, Metaphidippus ate bollworm larvae and boll weevil, caterpillars, density of 3374 spiders per acre [0.8 m-2] in fields not sprayed with insecticides, pesticides, Figure showing the typical location of 18 species on the plant, spatial position
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4386
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Godfrey, K. E.
Year: 1991
Title: The use of predators in insect control
Journal: In "Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture", Ed. By D. Pimental, CPC Press, Boca Raton, Florida
Volume: 2
Pages: 215-241
Keywords: En.
Rep., 100 predator species in Florida soybean, 750 in USA alfalfa, biodiversity, species richness, community, Leguminosae, examples of hyperpredation and of parasitoids and pathogens of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, pests, polyphagous predators, biological control, flawed approaches to studying predators in crops are a) studying a few supposedly important species only, b) grouping species taxonomically, e.g. some congeners may be carnivores and others phytophages, instead should a) determine predators present, and there may be taxonomic difficulties, b) evaluate relationship of predators to target pest, observation of predation on artificially introduced prey, studies in field cages, indirect methods such as radioactive labels, electrophoresis and serology, methods, review, "the most important avenue of field investigation concerning the principal predators is determination of the function of each species in the agroecosystem", methods for estimating abundance, attempts to advise farmers about pest control based on predator counts have failed because of variability in the pest consumption rates per predator, such variability is due to hyperpredation, alternative prey, physiological state of the predator, seasonal changes in size of the predator searching universe in relation to crop growth stage (e.g. five fold change in soybean), some generalist predators, such as Pentatomidae, increase their searching area in relation to increase in the searching universe to maintain a constant predation rate, Heteroptera, many predators leaving hibernation pass generations on early crops and weeds, then migrate into later-maturing crops, legumes, especially alfalfa, are important early-season sources of predators in USA, "the possibilities for increasing populations of predaceous arthropods through habitat manipulation are endless, but habitat manipulation must be based on sound scientific knowledge", natural enemies can transmit insect diseases, e.g. predatory wasps have been used to transmit NPV's, dissemination of pathogens, Hymenoptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2133
Author: Whitcomb, W. H.; Tardic, M.
Year: 1963
Title: Araneida as predators of the fall webworm
Journal: J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.
Volume: 36
Pages: 186-190
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, pests, moths, Lepidoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4023
Author: Whitcomb, W. H. Exline H.; Hite, M.
Year: 1963
Title: Comparison of spider populations of ground stratum in Arkansas pasture and adjacent cultivated field
Journal: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc.
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-6
Keywords: En.
Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, grassland, Gramineae, USA, community, species composition


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5622
Author: White, A.J.; Wratten, S.D.; Berry, N.A.; Weigmann, U.
Year: 1995
Title: Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of Brassica pests by hover flies
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 88(5)
Pages: 1171-1176
Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, New Zealand, aphids, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pieris rapae, Artogeia rapae, Plutella xylostella, borders planted with Phacelia tanacetifolia as a pollen source, methods, yellow water traps, trap reflectance increased at 520 nm and was high up to 700 nm, water and detergent and sodium benzoate as preservative, cites references that larvae of hoverflies eat early instar caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, cabbages, organisms counted in situ on marked plants including hoverfly eggs, oviposition,  Melanostoma fasciatum and Melangyna novaezelandiae, pollen content of adult hoverflies determined by gut dissection and staining contents with saffranin, hoverfly abundance was greatest near to Phacelia strips, oviposition not affected by proximity of Phacelia, significantly fewer aphids in plots near Phacelia on most dates, habitat diversification, landscape, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2047
Author: White, O. M.
Year: 1976
Title: On the feeding habits of four species of adult Dolichopodidae (Diptera)
Journal: Entomologist's Rec. J. Var.
Volume: 88
Pages: 94-96
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, observations in a garden, Dolichopus griseipennis perhaps ate aphids, appeared to be territorial attacking most perching or overflying insects but ignoring Collembola, pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, feeding preferences, Dolichopus triviatis and Dolichopus ungulatus fed at aphid excretions on various plants, Dolichopus sp. fed on honey in authors house, Chrysotus gramineus captured Collembola on leaves, Sminthurus, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, correlation between its numbers and number of Collembola on plant, C.gramineus was captured by Tachydromia minuta, Empididae, predatory Diptera, all the dolichopods seen feeding were female, what do males do


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3350
Author: White, P. C. L.; Hassall, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Effects of management on spider communities of headlands in cereal fields
Journal: Pedobiologia
Volume: 38
Pages: 169-184
Keywords: En.
Rep., Brecklands ESA UK, comparison of uncropped headlands with no sprays, conservation headlands with reduced sprays, fully sprayed headland and adjacent fields, measured soil moisture, vegetation structure, methods, blocks of vegetation photograhed from several angles and photographs used to determine height, stem number and angles of stems, these data integrated via multivariate statistics into an index of Vegetation Structural Complexity VSC, pitfalls in stratified random grid, biovolume of spider catch based on minimum and maximum lengths and volumes assuming spiders are spheres, spiders classified into guilds after Hatley & MacMahon 1980, 93 species caught, numbers of Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae were positively correlated with VSC, species richness and biovolume increased with time on uncropped probably correlated with VSC and lack of disturbance and agrochemicals, reduced sprays on conservation headlands did not benefit spider populations, species richness, biovolume ans Lycosidae catch greatest on uncropped headlands, discusses limitations of pitfalls, biovolume as an indicator of predation pressure, more spiders where greater VSC may have been indirect effect due to greater floral diversity therefore more phytophages as food, spiders more sensitive than Carabidae, Heteroptera or Syrphidae to the disturbance, fertiliser and pesticides of conservation headlands, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Diptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, relevant to biological control, field margins, edges, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, weeds, community, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3656
Author: White, T. C. R.
Year: 1978
Title: The importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 33
Pages: 71-86
Keywords: En.
Rep., hypothesis is that most important factor limiting animal abundance is shortage of nitrogenous food for the very young, food quantity, food quality, nutrition, population dynamics, nitrogenous food is needed by breeding females and growing young, but it is thinly spread in the environment, the food of herbivores is often low in nitrogen and they have to eat a lot, phytophages, rainfall affects nitrigen level of plant foods, weather, all this applies to vertebrates and invertebrates, when plants are stressed their tissues become a richer source of available nitrogen, predators too are chasing a relative shortage of food, carnivores, so there is no need to postulate negarive feedback mechanisms for population control, population size each generation is determined by limited supply of food resources, hunger


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3971
Author: Whitfield, J. B.
Year: 1994
Title: Mutualistic viruses and the evolution of host ranges in endoparasitoid Hymenoptera
Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pages: 163-176
Keywords: En.
Natural enemies, pathogens, diseases, insect pathogenic viruses, polydnaviruses found only in Braconidae and close relatives, integrated in the chromosomal genomes of the parasitoids, they enter the wasp during oviposition often together with a venom from the parasitoid, which may help to activate them, toxin, poison, expression of the virus can inactivate the host immune system preventing encapsulation, inactivation of host defences, and can sometimes disrupt host development, the virus is usually essential to the wasp for successful parasitism, virus replication is in the wasp rather than the host, wasps show intraspecific variation in their viruses, egs cynipoid parasitoids of Drosophila and ichneumonid parasitoids of Noctuidae, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trees, woodland, forests, pests, biological control, Ichneumonidae, Diptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1329
Author: Wiackowski, S. K.; Dronka, K.
Year: 1968
Title: Laboratory investigations on the effect of aphicides available in Poland on the most important natural enemies of aphids
Journal: Polskie Pismo ent.
Volume: 38
Pages: 159-173
Keywords: Rep.EntDept., pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, good reference list


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1331
Author: Wiackowski, S. K.; Nowacka, B.
Year: 1968
Title: Laboratory investigations of the effect of insecticides on the larvae and adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)
Journal: Polskie Pismo ent.
Volume: 38
Pages: 441-452
Keywords: pesticides, Poland, Coccinella 7-punctata, predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2504
Author: Wichtrup, L. G.; Steiner, H.; Wipperfurth, T.
Year: 1985
Title: Der Einfluss von Klee als Untersaat auf die Populationsdynamik von Blattlausen etc
Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Gesell. allg. ang. Ent.
Volume: 4
Pages: 429-439
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 458
Author: Wickham, H. F.
Year: 1918
Title: Feeding habits of a harvestspider
Journal: Ent. News.
Volume: 29
Pages: 115
Keywords: En.
Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, food, prey, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2129
Author: Wickman, B.
Year: 1977
Title: Observations on spider predation of early instar larvae of Douglas Fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Journal: Pan-Pac. Entomol.
Volume: 53
Issue: 1)
Pages: 46
Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, forest, conifers, caterpillar, food, feeding, foraging, diet, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 498
Author: Wiebes, J. T.
Year: 1959
Title: The Lycosidae and Pisauridae (Araneae) of the Netherlands
Journal: Zool. Verh. Leiden.
Volume: 42
Pages: 1-78
Keywords: Spiders, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4066
Author: Wiedemeier, P.; Duelli, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Bedeutung okologischer Ausgleichsflachen fur die Uberwinterung von Arthropoden in Intensivkulturland
Journal: Verh. Ges. Okol.
Volume: 22
Pages: 263-267
Keywords: importance of field margins for overwintering, eg up to 92 Oedothorax apicatus per m2 in Switzerland, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2699
Author: Wiens, J. A.
Year: 1976
Title: Population responses to patchy environments
Journal: Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys.
Volume: 7
Pages: 81-120
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3110
Author: Wiens, J. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Spatial scaling in ecology
Journal: Functional Ecology
Volume: 3
Pages: 385-397
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, scale


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3109
Author: Wiens, J. A.; Rotenberry, J. T.; van Horne, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Habitat occupancy patterns of North American shrubsteppe birds: the effects of spatial scale
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 48
Pages: 132-147
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, patterns of habitat occupancy are sensitive to the spatial scale on which they are viewed, patterns at a biogeographic scale disappear at a regional scale, Principle Components Analysis, methods, need to conduct studies on hierarchically nested scales over fairly long time periods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3101
Author: Wigglesworth, V. B.
Year: 1965
Title: Mathematical descriptions of temperature effects
Journal: Principles of Insect Physiology, London, Methuen
Pages: 615-621
Keywords: En.
Rep., usually sigmoid curve for rate of development against temperature, book, linear relationship over most of temperature range but development can be faster than expected at low temperatures and slower at high, thermal constant K is day degrees above developmental threshold t required for development, time needed for development D at temperature T = K/(T-t), in some insects alternation of temperatures can stimulate development, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4489
Author: Wijnands, F. G.
Year: 1997
Title: Integrated crop protection and environment exposure to pesticides: methods to reduce use and impact of pesticides in arable farming
Journal: European Journal of Agronomy
Volume: 7
Pages: 251-260
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, farming practices, Nagele experimental farm, the Netherlands, Holland, integrated farming systems, IFS, part of an EU Concerted Action, multifunctional crop rotation, integrated nutrient management is based on use of manure as a basic source of nutrients and organic matter to minimise leaching, ecological infrastructure management, methods include resistant varieties, adapted sowing date and row spacing, monitoring and thresholds, mechanical weed control, seed treatment and patch treatment with pesticides, 2.5 million tonnes of pesticides are used globally each year in agriculture, only 0.4% contacts its target pest, agricultural statistics, plant resistance, environment exposure to pesticides (EEP) is a system to quantify maximum risk of environmental exposure to pesticides, yields were similar in IFS and conventional apart from reduced yield in IFS for winter wheat and onions, other crops were potato, sugar beet, pea and carrot, cereals, Gramineae, vegetables, Leguminosae, Umbelliferae, brassicas, gross margin per crop was higher in IFS except for winter wheat and onion, overall IFS was slightly more profitable than conventional, pesticides were reduced by 65% (90% if nematicides are included)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3764
Author: Wilbert, H.
Year: 1967
Title: Mechanische und Physiologische Abwehrreaktionen einiger Blattlausarten [Aphididae] gegen Schlupfwespen [Hymenoptera]
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 12
Pages: 127-137
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., TP, mechanical and physiological defence reactions of aphids to parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, defence behaviour, all eggs of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae are encapsulated by Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, less strong reaction of Neomyzus circumflexus to D. rapae and Aphelinus semiflavus, Aphelinidae, defensive behaviour during approach to Myzus persicae and attack by A. semiflavus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4097
Author: Wilbert, H.
Year: 1967
Title: Mechanische und physiologische Abwehrreaktionen einiger Blattlausarten (Aphididae) gegen Schlupfwesper (Hymenoptera)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 12
Pages: 127-137
Keywords: Ger., En. Summ.
Rep., Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus encapsulates the eggs of Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae and Diaeretiella rapae and the larvae of Aphelinus semiflavus, Neomyzus circumflexus encapsulates larvae of D.rapae and A.semiflavus, defensive behaviour of Myzus persicae during approach and attack by A.semiflavus was greater than that of N.circumflexus, defensive behaviour may have waned as the encapsulation response evolved, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, aphids, Hemiptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5638
Author: Wilby, A.
Year: 2002
Title: Ecosystem engineering: a trivialized concept ?
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Volume: 117(7)
Pages: 307
Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Keywords: Rep., ecosystem engineers are organisms that alter physical aspects of the environment in a manner that affects availability of resources to other organisms i.e. interactions among organisms that are mediated by the physical environment
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5790
Author: Wilby, A.; Thomas, M.B.
Year: 2002
Title: Natural enemy diversity and pest control: patterns of pest emergence with agricultural intensification
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 5
Pages: 353-360
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., species complementarity, niche differentiation, simulation model, diversity affects rates of ecosystem processes, agricultural intensification causing pest problems on rice in Asia, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5945
Author: Wilby, A.; Thomas, M.B.
Year: 2002
Title: Are ecological concepts of assembly and function of biodiversity useful frameworks for understanding natural pest control
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 4
Pages: 237-243
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., biological control, pests, community, niche differentiation, complementary niches, redundant species, increase in diversity increases probability of keystone species appearing, food webs, trophic webs, natural enemy complexes may differ in relation to the pest being hemimetabolous (eggs, nymphs, adults) where given natural enemies likely to attack both nymphs and adults, or holometabolous (egg, larva, pupa, adult) where adults may have different natural enemies from those attacking larva and pupa, therefore natural enemies of holometabolous pests likely to be more diverse (and their overall impact on the pest more rapidly impaired by loss of natural enemy diversity) than those of hemimetabolous pests such as aphids, Hemiptera, specialist natural enemies more important component of natural enemy assemblage attacking cryptic herbivores (e.g. leafminers) compared to non-cryptic herbivores (where generalist natural enemies are relatively more important) and control of cryptic pests likely to therefore be more sensitive to random natural enemy species loss, polyphagous predators, community assembly rules, effects of habitat fragmentation on natural enemy crop colonization probability, landscape, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, pests often can recolonise and resurge in crops after insecticide perturbation more rapidly than can their natural enemies, pesticides, relative dispersal capacity of natural enemies is an important factor affecting how rapidly and fully they can recover from local perturbations such as insecticide applications, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1323
Author: Wilding, N.
Year: 1972
Title: The effect of systemic fungicides on the aphid pathogen, Cephalosporium aphidicola
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 21
Pages: 137-139
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1173
Author: Wilding, N.
Year: 1975
Title: Entomophthora species infecting pea aphids
Journal: Tranactions of the Royal Entomological Society
Volume: 127
Issue: 2)
Pages: 171-183
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, fungal pathogens, Erynia, natural enemies, biological control, Acyrthosiphon pisum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1324
Author: Wilding, N.
Year: 1978
Title: The effect of fungicides on field populations of Aphis fabae and on infection of the aphids by Entomophthoraceae
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 100
Pages: 221-228
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1166
Author: Wilding, N.
Year: 1981
Title: The effect of introducing aphid-pathogenic Entomophthoraceae into field populations of Aphis fabae
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 99
Pages: 11-23
Keywords: En.
Rep, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens, UK, arable, moisture important for spread of epizootic


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1320
Author: Wilding, N.; Brobyn, P. J.
Year: 1980
Title: Effects of fungicides on development of Entomophthora in aphids
Journal: Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc.
Volume: 75
Pages: 297-302
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1325
Author: Wilding, N.; Brobyn, P. J.; Best, S. K.
Year: 1978
Title: The effect of fungicides on Entomophthora
Journal: Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1978
Pages: 97
Keywords: En.
pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, biological control, natural enemies, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2053
Author: Wilding, N.; Lauckner, F. B.
Year: 1974
Title: Entomophthora infecting wheat bulb fly at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, 1967-1971
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 76
Pages: 161-170
Keywords: En.
Diptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Leptohylemyia coarctata, fungal pathogens, insect diasease, natural enemies, biological control, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1157
Author: Wilding, N.; Mardell, S. K.; Brobyn, P. J.; Wratten, S. D.; Lomas, J.
Year: 1990
Title: The effect of introducing the aphid-pathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis into populations of cereal aphids
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 117
Pages: 683-691
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, fungal pathogens, biological control, Entomophthora, UK, dried infected aphids applied to aphids caged in winter wheat, fungus failed to reduce aphids cf controls, too slow and unpredictable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1174
Author: Wilding, N.; Perry, J. N.
Year: 1980
Title: Studies on Entomophthora in populations of Aphis fabae on field beans
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 94
Pages: 367-378
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, fungal pathogens, Erynia, natural enemies, biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2503
Author: Wiles, J. A.
Year: 1992
Title: Ranking the susceptibility of aphid predators to deltamethrin
Journal: Pesticide Science (in press)
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4485
Author: Wiles, J. A.; Frampton, G. K.
Year: 1996
Title: A field bioassay approach to assess the toxicity of insecticide residues on soil to Collembola
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 47
Issue: 3)
Pages: 273-285
Keywords: En.
Rep., testing effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Isotoma viridis, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia candida and Sminthurus viridis, 9cm diameter chambers containing one of two soil types were put in bare areas in the field and under the wheat canopy, after receiving spray applied by tractor to the field the chambers were brought into the lab and Collembola confined in them to record mortality at various time intervals after spraying (residue ages), cypermethrin and pirimicarb residues caused less than 10% mortality but chlorpyrifos was toxic to all Collembola tested, references to effects of insecticides on Collembola and polyphagous predators, UK, cereals, Gramineae, alternative food, pesticides, OP's, organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, methods, semi-field tests, Isotomidae, Sminthuridae, Arthropleona, Symphypleona, natural enemies, references to effects of soil moisture on Collembola, RH, humidity, the collembolan cuticle is unsclerotised, 1600 wheat plants were examined and 1 in 10 ears harboured a I. palustris (c. 96 m-2), vertical distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3769
Author: Wiles, J. A.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1992
Title: The susceptibility of a cereal aphid pest and its natural enemies to deltamethrin
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 36
Pages: 263-272
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, Hemiptera, Gramineae, UK, Sitobion avenae, lab bioassays, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, side effects on non-targets, probit analysis, MLP, methods, knockdown time studies, susceptibility was related to predator biomass with some exceptions, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion obtusum, Bembidion lampros, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Tachyporus hypnorum, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigone atra, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Coccinella 7-punctata, E.atra was the most susceptible and D.atricapillus the least


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3768
Author: Wiles, J. A.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1993
Title: The dietary toxicity of deltamethrin to the carabid Nebria brevicollis (F.)
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 38
Issue: 4)
Pages: 329-334
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, sub-lethal effects, side-effects on non-targets, pests, Metopolophium dirhodum, cereal aphid, Hemiptera, Gramineae, hunger level, consumption rates of frozen aphids, trophic behaviour, oral toxicity, 27% mortality 6 days post treatment, regurgitation response of many beetles to contaminated aphids, probit analysis, MLP, consumption of contaminated prey may be important cause of mortality soon after pesticide application


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3770
Author: Wiles, J. A.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin residues on the within-crop behaviour and distribution of Coccinella septempunctata
Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 72
Pages: 33-45
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, UK, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, field methods, no beetles were killed or knocked down, sprayed beetles were more active and groomed more, sprayed beetles stayed on ground or low in crop, vertical stratification, vertical distribution, migration movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2502
Author: Wiles, J. A.; Jepson, P. C.; Salt, D. W.; Ford, M. G.
Year: 1991
Title: Evaluating the hazard of pesticides to target and non- target terrestrial invertebrates
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 31
Pages: 98-99
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2738
Author: Wilkinson, W.
Year: 1977
Title: Effects of direct drilling on microarthropods
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 87
Pages: 520
Keywords: En.
farming practices, Collembola, Acari, mites, soil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2786
Author: Willey, M. B.; Adler, P. H.
Year: 1989
Title: Biology of Peucetia viridans (Araneae, Oxyopidae) in South Carolina, with special reference to predation and maternal care
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Issue: 3)
Pages: 275-284
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, P. viridans guards its eggsac until spiderling dispersal, behaviour, grassland, Gramineae, 1987-88, laboratory studies, fecundity, field studies and observations on guarding, most eggsacs attached to blackberry, Rubus, field experiments removing eggsacs at various periods after eggsac production, females could produce at least 3 fertile eggsacs in laboratory, spiderlings were unable to escape from eggsac without aid of mother in 74% of cases, height of eggsac above ground, distribution, predation on eggsacs was not affected by whether they were sheltered by vegetation, females fed on Hymenoptera and spiderlings ate ants and were cannibalistic, food, diet, Formicidae, feeding rate was reduced during eggsac guarding, predation was greater when female absent, Chiracanthium inclusum was the main predator, it chewed a hole through the eggsac and ate the eggs, female unable to guard against mass attack by ants which took emerging spiderlings, Orthoptera ate the entire clutch plus sac in 30 min, Cantharidae spent several days feeding on eggs in the sac, more nocturnal than diurnal predation, diel cycles, Opiliones just ate a few eggs, harvestmen


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4645
Author: Williams, D.D.; Feltmate, B.W.
Year: 1992
Title: Aquatic Insects
Journal: CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Pages: 263-269
Alternate Journal: CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Keywords: Rep (Ch 10 only), methods, sampling techniques for streams, ponds, rivers and lakes, includes the aquatic equivalents of sweep net, Malaise trap, refuge traps, habitat removal, emergence traps, attraction to light, and air blower, abundance, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density, for insects deep in substrate, on substrate surface and in main body of water, lotic, lentic, benthos
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 58
Author: Williams, G.
Year: 1959
Title: Seasonal activity and diurnal activity of Carabidae
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 28
Pages: 309-330
Keywords: En.
Nebria, Notiophilus, Pterostichus
Rep


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 469
Author: Williams, G.
Year: 1962
Title: Seasonal and diurnal activity of harvestmen and spiders in contrasted habitats
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology.
Volume: 31
Pages: 23-42
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators, phenology, behaviour, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4691
Author: Williams, I.S.; van der Werf, W.; Dewar, A.M.; Dixon, A.F.G.
Year: 1999
Title: Factors affecting the relative abundance of two coexisting aphid species on sugar beet
Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 119-125
Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology
Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, phenology, UK, intrinsic rate of increase, population dynamics, intraspecific competition, population growth model, Brooms Barn suction trap, clip-caging, dead A. fabae dissected to examine for a dark deposit, used the Wyatt & White (1977) equation, predation does not have to be invoked to explain the aphid population declines which can be due to host plant quality and dark deposits
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5311
Author: Williams, J.L.; Snyder, W.E.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2001
Title: Sex-based differences in antipredator behavior in the spotted cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(2)
Pages: 327-332
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., pests, USA, anti-predator behaviour, prey defences, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Araneae, Lycosidae, Rabidosa rabida, laboratory experiments, female beetle on squash plant separated by mesh screen from spider below fed less and spent less time on plant than in controls but males showed no difference, in larger arenas females spent less time on the side of a plant where the spider was present but males did not, where spider predation was permitted male beetles were 16 times more likely than females to be killed by the spider, sex-related behaviour differences, indirect effects, Cucurbitaceae, plant damage, males may be unable to risk missing mating opportunities regardless of predation risk, sexual selection, tritrophic interactions, references to predator-induced reduced feeding by herbivores resulting in reduced plant damage, behaviourally-mediated trophic cascades  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5827
Author: Williams, J.L.; Wise, D.H.
Year: 2003
Title: Avoidance of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) by striped cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) : laboratory and field studies
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32(3)
Pages: 633-640
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Acalymma vittatum, Rabidosa rabida, beetles reduced feeding rate in present of a spider but not in presence of a cricket in the lab, in the field at night spider presence (within 15 cm) increased rate at which beetles left the plant by 1.6 fold, mainly tactile but also some visual cues are used by the beetle, antipredator behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, cucumber, USA, methods, red filter headlamp, foraging behaviour, references that several species of cucumber beetles display this behaviour, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5336
Author: Williams, R.J.; Martinez, N.D.
Year: 2000
Title: Simple rules yield complex food webs
Journal: Nature
Volume: 404
Pages: 180-183
Alternate Journal: Nature
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, empirical studies show food webs to be much more complex than was previously thought, stability and complexity, niche model used to predict 12 properties of 7 webs, the niche model is more successful than previous random model or cascade model, niche model constrains consumers to eat within a fixed sequence of species and so generates interval webs (where all predators share at least one prey species with every other predator species)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1170
Author: Wilson, A. M.
Year: 1980
Title: The effect of carabid beetles on cereal aphid populations
Journal: Student Project, University of Southampton
Keywords: En.
Rep.?, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, roofless cages, Metopolophium dirhodum, 1979, Agonum dorsale added to plots at various densities, pitfalls, negative relationship between predators and aphids but not significant, no effect on yield


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4513
Author: Wilson, J.B.
Year: 1999
Title: Guilds, functional types and ecological groups
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 86(3)
Pages: 507-522
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: TP., classification of different types of guilds
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5708
Author: Wilson, J.D.; Morris, A.J.; Arroyo, B.E.; Clark, S.C.; Bradbury, R.B.
Year: 1999
Title: A review of the abundance and diversity of invertebrate and plant foods of granivorous birds in northern Europe in relation to agricultural change
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 75
Pages: 13-30
Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., Vertebrata, Aves, 26 bird species, food, diet, trophic behaviour, agricultural practices, seeds of Polydonum, Stellaria, Chenopodium, Asteraceae, Fabaceae abd Brassicaceae are important foods, weeds, important invertebrate foods during the breeding season are grasshoppers, sawflies, spiders, leaf beetles, weevils, caterpillars, aphids and crane flies, Orthoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Lepidoptera, Curculionidae, Hemiptera, Diptera, Tipulidae, invertebrates most important in the food of declining bird species are grasshoppers, sawflies, leaf beetles and spiders which are all very sensitive to insecticide applications, pesticides, few studies of indirect effects of herbicides on these groups, marginal habitats such as grassy field margins could be important reservoirs of seeds and invertebrate food for birds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5076
Author: Wilson, L.J.; Bauer, L.R.; Lally, D.A.
Year: 1998
Title: Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 88
Pages: 477-488
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., Australia, pests, pesticides, twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pest abundance was sometimes significantly greater in sprayed plots than in unsprayed, non-target effects, side-effects, significant negative relationship between predator and pest abundance, predation is a key factor affecting early season survival of T. urticae, insecticidal check method, lab tests on predation, in the field plant samples were removed for mite assessment with a mite wash machine, predators sampled with a suction sampler, vacuum insect net, Dvac, Table of 15 species that ate spider mites, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Amblyseius, spiders, Araneae, Achaearanea, Theridiidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coccinella, Coelophora, Adalia, Harmonia, Stethorus, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Orius, Geocoris, Miridae, Campylomma, Deraeocoris, Nabidae, Nabis, Neuroptera, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, Micromus, Thysanoptera, thrips, Scolothrips, the coccinellids and heteropterans were mainly generalist predators, some specialist ladybirds also present 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3520
Author: Wilson, M. J.; Glen, D. M.; George, S. K.
Year: 1993
Title: The rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a potential biological control agent for slugs
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Pages: 503-511
Keywords: En.
Mollusca, Nematoda, UK, entomopathogenic nematodes, pests, cereals, Gramineae, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3455
Author: Wilson, M. J.; Glen, D. M.; George, S. K.; Pearce, J. D.; Wiltshire, C. W.
Year: 1994
Title: Biological control of slugs in winter wheat using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 125
Pages: 377-390
Keywords: En.
Rep., Mollusca, pests, parasitoids, natural enemies, Nematoda, insect parasitic nematodes, cereals, Gramineae, UK, autumn application to winter wheat immediately after sowing, seedling survival increased and grazing damage decreased with increasing nematode dose, the nematode did not appear to affect slug numbers and biomass but it did affect their behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1620
Author: Wilson, N. L.; Oliver, A. D.
Year: 1969
Title: Food habits of the Imported Fire Ant in pasture and pine forest areas in southeatern Louisiana
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 62
Pages: 1268-1271
Keywords: En.
USA, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, trees, conifers, diet, behaviour, observation of foragers, main food was termites 16.3% in pine areas and Collembola 12.9% in pasture, very few Hemiptera taken, the ants are aggressive opportunistic omnivores, take whatever is around


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5780
Author: Wilson, P.J. ; Aebischer, N.J.
Year: 1995
Title: The distribution of dicotyledonous arable weeds in relation to distance from the field edge
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 32
Pages: 295-310
Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, in surveys in different years and different times of year numbers of seedlings and seeds of 11-17 common weeds decreased with increasing distance from the field edge, abundance, species list, species composition, some species were only abundant up to about 1-4 m from the edge, this result is not necessarily just due to invasion from the edge but may also represent weeds taking advantage of soil compaction and crop damage due to machinery turning at the headland, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 918
Author: Winder, L.
Year: 1990
Title: Predation of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators on the ground
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 15
Pages: 105-110
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, exclusion barriers, methods, wheat, rate of aphid falling and climbing back, peak aphid density highest when predator density lowest, similar aphid fall off rates in each plot, aphid climbing back rate highest where predator density lowest, climbing trap, pitfalls and Dvac to assess predators, aphid fall off in small metal trays with water and detergent between rows, biological control, predation, distribution, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5431
Author: Winder, L.; Alexander, C.J.; Holland, J.M.; Woolley, C.; Perry, J.N.
Year: 2001
Title: Modelling the dynamic spatio-temporal response of predators to transient prey patches in the field
Journal: Ecology Letters
Volume: 4
Pages: 568-576
Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters
Keywords: Rep., UK, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, pests, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, methods, SADIE, grid of 256 locations at 12 m spacing, barrier-connected pitfalls, visual inspection of 25 shoots per location, beetles had a positive lagged response to the aphid abundance pattern and aphids had a negative lagged response to the beetle spatial pattern, the beetle is likely to have had a negative effect on the intrinsic rate of increase of the aphid populations, impact on pest populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3081
Author: Winder, L.; Hirst, D. J.; Carter, N.; Wratten, S. D.; Sopp, P. I.
Year: 1994
Title: Estimating predation of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators
Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, winter wheat, 1988- 1989, negative binomial distribution of aphids, lab experiments with S.avenae to determine how long they stayed on soil if knocked off plant, behaviour, dispersal, movement, vertical stratification, number of living aphids on ground calculated from published data on falling rates and residence times, dead aphids on ground calculated from published data on dying of old age and background mortality, for predator density used surface searching but also used a trowel to put stones, soil and roots into a white tray for further searching, methods, also used Dvac and conversion factors based on Sunderland et al. 1987, suction sampler, ELISA to give % of predators feeding on S.avenae, diet, food, trophic behaviour, used Sunderland maximum detection periiods at 13C, digestion rates, used Sopp & Wratten 1986 consumption rate data and obtained own data for 7 Linyphiidae and Tachyporus larvae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, calculated upper and lower predation rate estimates, upper by assuming a positive predator had eaten at maximum consumption rate, lower by assuming one aphid eaten, estimated availability of aphids to climbing predators and ground predators making a number of simplifying assumptions, adult aphids returned to plant very quickly, nymphs took about 5 mins, falling rates per m2 per day were 37-348, ground densities of S.avenae 0.1-1.4 per m2, number of adults dying of old age 0.5-7.4 m-2 day-1, background mortality 0.6-9.4 m-2 day-1, dominant densities were for Trechus quadristriatus and Tachyporus species, Carabidae, ground beetles, ELISA 879 tested in 1988 and 591 in 1989, Erigone atra was dominant Linyphiidae, most predation was by Tachyporus adults in May-June, then by T.quadristriatus, continuous predation by linyphiids, predation accounted for 0.7-124% of the aphid population depending on week and year, model suggested that consumption by climbing predators was not limited by availability but it may be for ground predators, if Episyrphus balteatus lab consumption rates are similar to field then larval densities as low as 0.1 m-2 would kill as many aphids as all the poylphagous predators, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5140
Author: Winder, L.; Holland, J.M.; Perry, J.N.; Woolley, C.; Alexander, C.J.
Year: 2001
Title: The use of barrier-connected pitfall trapping for sampling predatory beetles and spiders
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 249-258
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, UK, capture of some ground beetle and rove beetle species and wolf spiders (but not monry spiders) was improved using five pitfalls arranged in a cross and connected by plastic barriers, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, wet and dry pitfalls were also compared, live-trapping, results given mainly at genus or species level,  barriers increased capture of large carabids more than small ones
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5429
Author: Winder, L.; Merrington, G.; Green, I.
Year: 1999
Title: The tri-trophic transfer of Zn from the agricultural use of sewage sludge
Journal: The Science of the Total Environment
Volume: 229
Pages: 73-81
Alternate Journal: The Science of the Total Environment
Keywords: Rep., UK, wheat, cereal aphids, ground beetles, cereals, Gramineae, Sitobion avenae, pests, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Membidion lampros, concentration of zinc in B. lampros was related to the amount of aphids eaten and the sludge application rate, farming practices, organic wastes, information is lacking on effects of Zn on agroecosystems, trace metals, field trials in Dorset, aphids collected from sludge site and fed to beetles in laboratory, concentrations of Zn in beetles were similar to that in aphids (but only 9 days exposure), there was an indication that beetles retained and accumulated Zn,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4703
Author: Winder, L.; Perry, J.N.; Holland, J.M.
Year: 1999
Title: The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in winter wheat
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 93
Pages: 277-290
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., TP., methods, SADIE, single field of winter wheat over 6 weeks, pests, Hemiptera, UK, dispersal, migration, movement, wind, rain, parasitoids and predators affecting distribution, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, edge effect
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4210
Author: Winder, L.; Wratten, S. D.; Carter, N.
Year: 1997
Title: Spatial heterogeneity and predator searching behaviour - can carabids detect patches of their aphid prey ?
Journal: Acta Jutlandica
Volume: 72
Pages: 47-62
Keywords: En.
Rep., ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological, control, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, model of Sitobion avenae distribution in a cereal crop and searching by Agonum dorsale, foraging in relation to different degrees of prey aggregation, foraging behaviour, movement, migration, dispersal, the predator was unable to detect aphid patches at aphid densities of 0.1 - 5.0 aphids per shoot, a simple analytical model could predict consumption rate accurately, when parameters were appropriately manipulated a patch response was detected, field trials showing patch responses might be due to the artificial aphid distributions in these experiments, A. dorsale foraging behaviour data taken from Griffiths and Halsall, aphid data from Southampton and Rothamsted field work, falling rates and residence times from Winder papers, in the analytical model it is assumed that search is random and that there is no patch response to prey capture, a simulation model was used to investigate the effects of aphid density and distribution on the consumption rate of A. dorsale, estimated rate of consumption of live aphids by both models were similar and increased with aphid density from 0.02 to 1.0 aphids per day for density range 0.1 to 5.0 live aphids per shoot, for simulations where fallen aphids remained on the ground consumption rates were 15 to 50 aphids per day for aphid densities of 1 - 5 per shoot


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4062
Author: Winder, L. H.; Carter, N.; Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1988
Title: Assessing the cereal aphid control potential of ground beetles with a simulation model
Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases, 1988
Pages: 1155-1160
Keywords: En.
Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Carter model used for aphid population dynamics, aphid falling rate from sticky traps, methods, fall off, dislodgement, distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, movement, aphids walking from plant to plant not included, maximum aphid consumption rates by carabids in relation to temperature and carabid biomass from Sopp papers, predator density from ground searching, % of beetles feeding, corrected for detection periods, based on Sunderland data, unconsumed fallen aphids were assumed to return to plants, included background mortality, model run based on 1987 data, when predation by carabids included at maximum rate the predicted aphid population was similar to the observed population, when predation was not included, or included at rate estimated from ELISA, the predicted aphid population overestimated observed levels, results suggest that carabids by themselves were not greatly affecting aphid populations, but they could make a contribution to overall natural enemy effect, the effect of scavenging in reducing carabid efficiency as aphid predators is unknown, carrion feeding, trophic behaviour, food, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 285
Author: Winfield, A. L.
Year: 1961
Title: Field observations on control of blossom beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.) and cabbage-seed weevils (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis Payk.) on mustard-seed crops in East Anglia
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology.
Volume: 49
Pages: 539-555
Keywords: En.
Pest, brassicas, Coleoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2337
Author: Wingerden, W. K. R. E.; van
Year: 1973
Title: Dynamik einer Population von Erigone arctica White (Araneae,Micryphantida e). Prozesse der Natalitat
Journal: Faunistisch Okologische Mitteilungen
Volume: 4
Pages: 207-222
Keywords: German, Eng. summ.
Gelis pumilus, Aclastus minutus, Baeus seminulum
Rep., Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, population dynamics, Holland, sand dunes, species composition, phenology, natality, food, Collembola, springtails, humidity of habitat, eggsac parasites, half the second generation of Erigone are removed by parasites, Ichneumonidae, Proctotrup idae, predator.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2125
Author: Wingerden, W. K. R. E.; van
Year: 1975
Title: Population dynamics of Erigone arctica (White)(Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Arachnological Congress, Amsterdam, 1974
Pages: 71-76
Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, beach, coastal, Netherlands, 100 x 25 m stratified random sampling, 40 x 625 cm2 samples, handsort and Duffey extractor, methods, species tended to move from compact to open vegetation in spring, very high densities eg maximum 290 m-2 in compact vegetation in early June and 250 in open vegetation in early September 1972, bivoltine, voltinism, number of generations, overwinters as adult, eggsacs produced April to May and July to September, gives egg standing crop approximately monthly for 2 years, highest value was 429 eggs per m2 in July 1972, there was high mortality more than 50% of second generation due to eggsac parasitoids, correlation between low Collembola availability and low recruitment, but only 2 years data, decline in population numbers due to aerial dispersal, aeronautic emigration, cannibalism and predation on juveniles, behaviour, reproduction, distribution, dispersal, movement, habitat choice, density, abundance, natality, Hymenoptera, food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3529
Author: Wingerden, W. K. R. E.; van
Year: 1977
Title: Population dynamics of Erigone arctica (White)(Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Journal: Thesis, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pages: 147 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, coastal plane of a dutch island, Holland, hand collecting followed by Duffey extractor, methods, about once per month 10-15 x 625 cm2 samples, collected spiders and eggsacs and estimated Collembola, adults of other Erigone species rare, some juveniles bred out and nearly all were arctica, their eggsacs had a distinctive colour, 4 juvenile instars separated by length of tarsus and metatarsus I, structure, systematics, identification, taxonomy, classification, spiderlings reared on Collembola in glass tubes, exuviae counted, legs measured on preserved specimens, bivoltine, voltinism, egg parasitoids Baeus seminulum, Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae, and eggsac parasitoids, Aclastus minutus and Gelis pumilis, Ichneumonidae, development time of these only slightly longer than for the eggs, large SE's on density, adult density in spring 1.4 m-2 one year and 64.0 in another, egg production varied 10-2584 m-2 in one site and 6-1579 in another, natality, fecundity, reproduction, recruitment, key factor analysis for mortality egg to adult varied from 80-100% depending on cohort, mean fecundity 9.6-73.3 depending on season and year, the 2nd generation each year has higher egg and juvenile mortality than first generation, 50% egg mortality due to ichneumons, food observed in chelicerae in field nearly always Collembola and mainly Hypogastrura viatica, in lab females produced eggsac every 3-4 days if fed H.viatica, given excess food in dishes in field mean egg production per female March - June was 182 with 10-15 eggsacs per female, egg production was correlated with number of Collembola supplied, relationship mainly due to number of eggsacs rather than number of eggs per eggsac, when soil dry Collembola migrated downwards, vertical migration, stratification, dispersal, movement, so not available and eggsac production reduced, microclimate, humidity, RH, soil moisture, E.arctica aggregates to Collembola rich areas by walking out of low density areas, aggregative numerical response, eggsac parasitism not density dependent, sticky wires to monitor aerial dispersal, ballooning, diel cycle of ballooning most at 05:00 to 07:00, main seasons of ballooning June-July then September-October, majority of ballooners were III and IV, relatively more I and II in generation 1 of 1973 coinciding with poor food supply and not obviously related to spider density, claims they they walk 10's to 100's of m but no data, experiments on potential mortality, 66/80 immatures escaped a flooded situation within 24h, mortality from flooding also very small for adult females, survival of females in relation to RH was 4 days at 38% cf more than 20 days at 98%, survival in relation to microclimate, III survived less well at 85- 100% RH, spiders probably move out of very dry areas to survive, experiments on predation and cannibalism, sealed cylinders in field with different densities of immatures and Collembola, estimated 8% mortality per week due to cannibalism, but higher when food supply lower, starvation of immatures after 15 days with no food, predation in sealed containers by other spider species was 5-100% OF I, 7-60% III/IV depending on predator, hyperpredation, predation on predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, lower predation where more alternative food supplied, best predator was Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, similar experiments demonstrated predation by other spider species on E.arctica adults


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2126
Author: Wingerden, W. K. R. E.; van
Year: 1978
Title: Population dynamics of Erigone arctica (White)(Araneae: Linyphiidae) II
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.
Volume: 42
Pages: 195-202
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, predators, egg production, prey, springtails, density of Collembola important effect on Erigone density, reproduction, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, coastal plain sometimes flooded by sea, the Netherlands, 2 generations per year, voltinism, pattern of population change similar in different years but densities very different, abundance, mortality of immatures due to cannibalism and predation by spiders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, aeronautic activity mainly by 2nd to 4th immatures, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, density and availability of prey and moistness of environment influence egg production, fecundity, soil moisture, humidity, RH, prey availability is less under dry conditions because they migrate into fissures in the soil, soil structure, cracks in soil, vertical distribution, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 628
Author: Wingerden, W. K. R. E.; van; Vugts, H. F.
Year: 1974
Title: Factors influencing aeronautic behaviour of spiders
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.
Volume: 3
Pages: 6-10
Keywords: En.
Erigone arctica, Linyphiidae
Rep., Araneae, predators, dispersal, movement, ballooning, silk, gossamer, two generations per year, peak aeronauting June-July and August-October, maximum in third and fourth instars, size, age, season, coastal, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4823
Author: Wink, M.
Year: 1986
Title: Acquired toxicity - the advantages of specializing on alkaloid-rich lupins to Macrosiphon albifrons (Aphidae).
Journal: Naturwissenshaften
Volume: 73
Pages: 210-212
Alternate Journal: Naturwissenshaften
Keywords: Rep., this aphid selected lupins to feed on in an experimental garden, Hemiptera, Germany, alkaloid extracts were found in this aphid when it fed on this host plant, when these aphids were fed to Carabus problematicus they lay on their backs narcotised for 48h then recovered, C. problematicus given M. albifrons that had fed on alkaloid-free lupin did not become narcotised, ladybirds avoided feeding on alkaloid-containing aphids. Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, tritrophic interactions, food, diet, trophic behaviour
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1882
Author: Winnie, W. V.; Chiang, H. C.
Year: 1982
Title: Seasonal history of Macrocentrus grandii (Hym.: Braconidae) and Eriborus terebrans (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), two parasitoids of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep.: Pyralidae)
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 27
Issue: 2)
Pages: 183-188
Keywords: En.
other introduced parasitoids were Symiesis viridula, Lydella thompsoni, Chilonus annulipes, corn borer a pest in Minnesota in 1940's and parasitoids released 1945-1952, Minnesota is northern edge of distribution of parasitoids and host, both parasitoids overwinter in mature borer larvae and emerge with borer adults, behaviour, life cycle, borers and parasitoids have two generations, voltinism, M.grandii has both generations synchronised with host but E.terebrans has not, M.grandii is best parasitoid
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, pests, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, corn borer became pest in east USA in 1910, parasitoids introduced from Europe and Orient in 1920-1930, classical biological control,


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2864
Author: Wise, D. H.
Year: 1973
Title: Egg cocoon of the filmy dome spider Linyphia marginata C.L. Koch (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 1
Pages: 143-144
Keywords: En.
Rep., 63-93 eggs per cocoon, eggs comprised 50% of the gravid females weight, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, reproduction


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2124
Author: Wise, D. H.
Year: 1975
Title: Food limitation of the spider Linyphia marginata: experimental field studies
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 56
Pages: 637-646
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, predators, Drosophila, Diptera, supplemented spider populations in the field, Juniper bushes, immatures were not competing for food, adults were, competition, behaviour, Linyphiidae.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3578
Author: Wise, D. H.
Year: 1979
Title: Effects of an experimental increase in prey abundance upon the reproductive rates of two orb-weaving spider species (Araneae: Araneidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 41
Pages: 289-300
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA conifer and deciduous forest, trees, woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, adult females of Mecynogea lemniscata and Metepeira labyrinthea added to frames holding dead branches, methods, half spiders exposed to natural prey densities and other half were supplied with lab-reared Drosophila, Diptera, eggsacs removed after 2.5 months, food supplementation did not affect mortality and migration but did increase egg production per female from 34 to 62 in lemniscata and 65 to 145 in labyrinthea, population dynamics, reproduction, fecundity, egg weight not affected, biomass, Drosophila gently blown into webs from a pooter, feeding rates of non- supplemented spiders were estimated from observations, trophic behaviour, prey consumption rates, supplementation increased number of eggsacs and number of eggs per sac, natural feeding rates are 6 flies per day for lemniscata and 10 for labyrinthea, limited observations suggested that rates may fall to nearly zero at night, diurnalism, diel cycles, mean daily percentage of introduced prey which were accepted was 79% for lemniscata and 65% for labyrinthea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2262
Author: Wise, D. H.
Year: 1981
Title: Inter- and intraspecific effects of density manipulations upon females of two orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae)
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 48
Pages: 252-256
Keywords: En.
predators, Argiopidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4150
Author: Wise, D. H.
Year: 1993
Title: Spiders in Ecological Webs
Journal: Cambridge University Press
Pages: 328 pp
Keywords: En.
book, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, demonstration of food limitation is that sustained increase in prey supply causes a higher density of spiders after reproduction, references to spiders performing best on mixed diets, prey selection and prey preference, trophic behaviour, surviving starvation by reduced metabolic rate, sit-and-wait strategy, foraging behaviour, field experiments manipulating food supply, methods, spiders appear to be frequently hungry, which reduces growth and reproduction, but not in all years or habitats, interspecific competition, inferences and natural experiments give some circumstantial evidence, web take- overs, intraguild predation, exploitative competition for prey, population dynamics, niche partitioning, interspecific competition for prey does not seem to be widespread amongst web-builders, and not much tested for wandering spiders, avoidance of competition, there tend to be greater effects of natural enemies on spider densities than effects due to interspecific competition, natural enemies include birds, lizards, wasps, parasitoids and spiders, Vertebrata, Aves, Reptilia, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, ballooning, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, distribution, web spider densities are frequently below competitive levels due to abiotics, natural enemies, ballooning and territoriality, but little is known about wandering spiders, impact of spiders on insect populations, negative correlations between spiders and prey densities, caging experiments, spider removal experiments from fenced areas, functional responses, wasteful killing, spider predation likely to be important in determining the density of insect populations, but not in regulation, ie not density-dependent, biological control, spider release experiments, field experiments suggest that spiders play a role in limiting pest densities, effect of vegetation on spider diversity, spatial heterogeneity is very important for increasing species richness of web-builders, community, field experiments on effects of vegetation, eg litter depth manipulation, experimental community perturbations, effects of scorpions on spiders and spiders on Collembola


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4901
Author: Wise, D.H.; Chen, B.
Year: 1999
Title: Vertebrate predation does not limit density of a common forest-floor wolf spider: evidence from a field experiment
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 84
Pages: 209-214
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, forest, USA, birds, mammals, amphibians and lizards were excluded from fenced 50 m2 plots, predator exclusion methods, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, there was no evidence that these predators limited the density of the wolf spider Schizocosa spp., hyperpredation, predators of predators, hand searching of litter to assess spider density, abundance, population dynamics, mortality, literature that vertebrates do limit spider numbers in other systems, detritivore community
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2701
Author: Wise, D. H.; Wagner, J. D.
Year: 1992
Title: Evidence of exploitative competition among young stages of the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 91
Pages: 7-13
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4419
Author: Wisniewska, J.; Prokopy, R. J.
Year: 1997
Title: Do spiders (Araneae) feed on rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae; Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) pests of apple trees ?
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 94
Issue: 2)
Pages: 243-251
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, top fruit, orchards, Hemiptera, USA, yes, in lab, immature and some adult Salticidae and Philodromidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5432
Author: With, K.A.; Pavuk, D.M.; Worchuck, J.L.; Oates, R.K.; Fisher, J.L.
Year: 2002
Title: Threshold effects of landscape structure on biological control in agroecosystems
Journal: Ecological Applications
Volume: 12(1)
Pages: 52-65
Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications
Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, clover, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat fragmentation, Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, lacunarity is a measure of inter-patch distance (similar to a measure of aggregation), pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, H. axyridis is an introduced species but C. maculata is native, the former tracked aphid densities but the latter did not do so in fragmented clover landscapes, foraging behaviour, the former is more mobile than the latter, it can be useful for conservation biological control to enhance vegetational diversity but fragmentation effects should be avoided, habitat diversification, farming practices, methods, on a 4 ha site 36 plots each of 16 x 16 m, clover formed various proportions (10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%) of plot area at two levels of fragmentation, 256 x 1 m2 clover or earth cells per plot in fractal landscape patterns, colonisation by natural immigration, 16 m between plots, each clover cell visually inspected for aphids and ladybirds on 2 occasions, natural enemies were very effective and aphids were nearly eliminated by the time of the second survey, predator-prey interactions can be destabilised (resulting in pest outbreaks) if habitat fragmentation interferes with predator search behaviour, 20% of appropriate habitat in an area can be a threshold for searching arthropods (e.g. aphids and ladybirds)
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3645
Author: Witter, J. A.
Year: 1969
Title: Laboratory studies on the developmental period and feeding behaviour of Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) an introduced predator of the balsam woolly aphid
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 62
Pages: 1004-1008
Keywords: En.
Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, woodland, consumption rates, USA, cannibalism in lab of eggs by larvae and larvae by larvae, trophic behaviour, the first larva to moult killed one or more larvae while they were still inactive just before moulting, not known if this would occur under natural conditions, ecdysis, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5225
Author: Wittmann, E.J.; Leather, S.R.
Year: 1997
Title: Compatibility of Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) with Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Iphiseius (Amblyseius) degenerans Berlese (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the biocontrol of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Pages: 523-538
Alternate Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, thrips, predatory mites, predatory Heteroptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, UK, laboratory on 6 cm diameter bean leaf discs over 24 h, bugs starved for 24 h, adult female bugs killed N. cucumeris even in the presence of thrips prey, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, IGP, similarly for I. degenerans but with lower mortality when thrips present, Orius seemed to prefer thrips to I. degenerans, prey preference, prey selection
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1165
Author: Wnuk, A.
Year: 1977
Title: The role of Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.) as a natural control agent of Aphis pomi (Deg.)
Journal: Pol. Pismo Entomol.
Volume: 47
Issue: 4)
Pages: 755-760
Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predators, biological control, natural enemies, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, larvae control the pest at 1:50 to 1:200 if increase rate of pest not more than 16%


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1922
Author: Wolcott, G. N.
Year: 1942
Title: The requirements of parasites for more than one host
Journal: Science
Volume: 96
Pages: 317-323
Keywords: En.
successful establishment of parasite required weeds for nectar fuel, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, physiology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3570
Author: Wolcott, G. N.
Year: 1942
Title: The requirements of parasites for more than hosts
Journal: Science
Volume: 96
Pages: 317-318
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, failure to establish some biocontrol parasitoids if key weed species are absent, eg failure to establish wasp parasitoid of molecricket in Puerto Rico from Brazil because it needs to take pollen from two particular weed species that are not well distributed in Puerto Rico, diet, trophic behaviour, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, similarly Tiphia wasps thrive in Haiti because of abundance of wild parsley Pastinaca sativa, Umbelliferae, classical biological control, introductions, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3864
Author: Wolf, A.
Year: 1990
Title: The silken nests of the clubionid spiders Cheiracanthium pennyi and Cheiracanthium punctorium (Araneae, Clubionidae)
Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica
Volume: 190
Pages: 397-404
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, nests used to rest in during daylight, also used for moulting, mating, oviposition and hibernation, reproduction, overwintering, behaviour, there are 4 nest types, structure, tenacity in nests, duration of residence, photographs of nests, deserted nests became occupied by 17 species of arthropod including, Xysticus cristatus, Forficula auricularia, Pisaura mirabilis, Iulidae Diplopoda, Cheiracanthium erraticum, earwigs, Dermaptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2216
Author: Wolff, R. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Scavenging by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Journal: Great Lakes Entomologist
Volume: 19
Pages: 121-122
Keywords: En.
Salticus scenicus
Rep., females fed on dead houseflies when hungry, based on weight loss, no direct observations, behaviour.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1161
Author: Wood, B. J.
Year: 1963
Title: Imported and indigenous natural enemies of citrus coccids and aphids in Cyprus, and an assessment of their potential value in integrated control programmes
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 8
Pages: 67-82
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, classical biological control, fruit, orchards, 9 Coccidae species, Toxoptera aurantii, attacked by natural enemies that keep it below economic threshold, 6 parasitoids, 4 Coccinellidae, 2 Syrphidae, 1 Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Leucopis puncticornis, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, IPM


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4766
Author: Wood, B.J.
Year: 1997
Title: The lessons for IPM from indiscriminate spraying 
Journal: TAA Newsletter
Volume: June 1997
Pages: 10-12
Alternate Journal: TAA Newsletter
Keywords: Rep., references including early references to pest problems being induced by injudicious use of insecticides, especially in the tropics. Pest, natural enemies, pesticides, outbreaks, infestations, damage, yield reduction, thresholds, side effects of insecticides, IPM, selectivity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1738
Author: Wood, P. A.; Gabbutt, P. D.
Year: 1978
Title: Seasonal vertical distribution of pseudoscorpions in beech litter
Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
Volume: 4
Issue: 4)
Pages: 176-183
Keywords: En.
Rep., Pseudoscorpiones, polyphagous predators, UK, stratification, trees, forests


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1792
Author: Wood, T. G.
Year: 1966
Title: The fauna of grassland soils with special reference to Acari and Collembola
Journal: Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society
Volume: 13
Pages: 179-185
Keywords: En.
Gramineae, mites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5603
Author: Woodcock, B.A.; Leather, S.R.; Watt, A.D.
Year: 2003
Title: Changing management in Scottish birch woodlands: a potential threat to local invertebrate biodiversity
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 93
Pages: 159-167
Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Keywords: Rep., UK, forests, deciduous trees, community, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, saprophages, phytophages, 19 woodlands in Aberdeenshire, Aleocharinae not included in this study, methods, pitfalls, 12 management and environmental variables (e.g. grazing, selective logging) measured, CANOCO, multivariate statistics, 4383 carabids of 37 species and 13004 staphylinids of 70 species, Pterostichus madidus and Tachinus signatus were dominants, abundance, distribution, altitude affected carabid community structure, Tables of species composition, species lists, Tachyporinae were two thirds of the staphylinid catch and were affected by % grass cover, Gramineae, grazing affected Platynus assimile, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis and others,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2052
Author: Woodville, H. C.
Year: 1970
Title: Results of a three year survey of saddle-gall midge (Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagn.)) on spring barley
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 19
Pages: 141
Keywords: En.
Diptera, cereals, pests, Gramineae, Cecidomyiidae, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4333
Author: Woodward, F. I.
Year: 1993
Title: How many species are required for a functional ecosystem ?
Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pages: 271-291
Keywords: En.
Rep., definition of ecosystem (Table), most ecosystems merge into each other but that of the Antarctic Ross Desert is isolated and only has 5 species, higher species diversity may reduce variation in number of individuals but does not necessarily promote more stable ecosystem function, microcosm experiments to investigate relationship between species diversity and ecosystem homeostastis, modelling, global warming


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5334
Author: Woodward, G.; Hildrew, A.G.
Year: 2001
Title: Invasion of a stream food web by a new top predator
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 70
Pages: 273-288
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., trophic webs, dragonfly invaded, Odonata, Cordulegaster boltonii, UK, pre-invasion web was species-poor but complex with intraguild predation, cannibalism and omnivory, IGP, aquatic web, invader was extremely polyphagous and fed on all trophic levels, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, methods, web complexity increased after the invasion, resident predators were eaten by the invader but C. boltonii was only eaten by conspecifics, biodiversity, web members became more tightly packed in niche space after the invasion, most prey species were eaten by all predator species providing much opportunity for apparent competition, qualitative connectance webs (i.e. showing only presence/absence of trophic components and links), subset of data used for quantitative studies and construction of predator overlap graphs and prey overlap graphs, several hundred gut contents analyses were required per predator to be confident of having discovered most of the trophic links, yield effort curves constructed to check that the number of trophic links had reached an asymptote for each predator species, prey were scarce and it is likely that predators attacked all potential prey items that were encountered, hunger, prey choice, prey selection, predator overlap graphs were interval i.e. every predator shared some prey species with every other predator giving much opportunity for apparent competition, most predators also ate each other, the high degree of interconnectedness and high degree of generalist feeding is considered to stabilise this web, complexity and stability  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5508
Author: Woodward, G.; Hildrew, A.G.
Year: 2002
Title: Differential vulnerability of prey to an invading top predator: integrating field surveys and laboratory experiments
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 27
Pages: 732-744
Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, UK, freshwater, new top predator the dragonfly Cordulegaster boltonii invaded a stream, Odonata, electivity, prey preference, predator choice, sedentary prey were less vulnerable than active prey to this predator, active prey including a previous top predator declined greatly after the invasion, community, food web, trophic web, IGP, intraguild predation
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5616
Author: Woodward, G.; Hildrew, A.G.
Year: 2002
Title: Body-size determinants of niche overlap and intraguild predation within a complex food web
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 71
Pages: 1063-1074
Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Keywords: Rep., trophic web, UK, IGP, asymmetric intra-guild predation determined by relative body size, in an acid stream lacking fish, aquatic, freshwater, predator size determined diet overlap, food, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, community, small predators became more detritivorous as prey abundance declined, all the predators are generalist omnivores and most prey share at least three predators so it is a highly connected system, polyphagous predators, frequency distribution of body sizes varies with season, 3 midge species, caddisfly, alderfly, dragonfly, Diptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, Sialis fuliginosa, Cordulegaster boltonii (a top predator recent invader dragonfly), temporal diet shifts and resource partitioning, benthic density from Surber quadrats, methods, abundance, gut dissection, 3826 predator guts analysed, interaction web, links quantified as percentage of each prey population consumed per day by population of a given predator, niche overlap webs, intraguild food webs, all six predators ate virtually every animal taxon smaller than themselves,  
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5527
Author: Work, T.T.; Buddle, C.M.; Korinus, L.M.; Spence, J.R.
Year: 2002
Title: Pitfall trap size and capture of three taxa of litter-dwelling arthropods: implications for biodiversity studies
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 31(3)
Pages: 438-448
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, catch rate and species richness of Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae compared for pitfalls with five different diameters and three different sizes of rain cover, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, matural enemies, larger traps collected more individuals and species but catch rates were not directly proportional to trap size, roof size had no effect on species richness or catch rate, an efficient strategy is to use a large number of small traps plus a few large ones to detect rare species, hardwood forest in Canada, trees, deciduous woodland, plastic traps filled with ethylene glycol, 6556 individuals caught, table of 17 dominant species including Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, higher numbers of linyphiids were caught in small traps and higher numbers of lycosids in large traps, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 499
Author: Workman, C.
Year: 1975
Title: Population dynamics and energetics of Trochosa terricola Thorell (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Journal: PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
Pages: 177 p
Keywords: En.
Spiders, predators, grassland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 500
Author: Workman, C.
Year: 1978
Title: Life cycle and population dynamics of Trochosa terricola Thorell (Araneae : Lycosidae) in a Norfolk grass heath
Journal: Ecological Entomology.
Volume: 3
Pages: 329-340
Keywords: En.
Rep, Spiders, predators


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3674
Author: Workman, C.
Year: 1978
Title: Individual energy budget of Trochosa terricola (Araneae: Lycosidae) under constant and fluctuating temperature conditions
Journal: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Volume: 42
Pages: 223-233
Keywords: En.
Rep., spiders, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, enrgetics, UK, Weeting Heath, comparison of constant 17.5C and fluctuating 10-25C mean 17.5C in lab, population dynamics, duration of 1st, 2nd and 5th instars was less at fluctuating than constant temperature, rearing, Drosophila, Diptera, methods, food, culturing, weight of faeces produced and method of determining this, live to dry weight regressions for instars, biomass, fairly constant water content of 71%, diurnal feeding when food in excess, diel cycles, consumption rates, trophic behaviour, most food eaten during first half of an instar, female feeding peak during eggac development and again after release of young cf Miyashita 1968, model to relate food availability, feeding rate, instar duration etc, consumption efficiency, 44 hours sufficient for complete ingestion, production efficiency, calorific values, there was significant difference in energy content of T.terricola from lab and field, development rates of most poikilotherms are logarithmically temperature-dependent, individual variation in development rate was great and total time to maturity was not significantly different under constant and fluctuating temperatures, in a fluctuating temperature regime "critical energy-intensive phases in the life cycle, such as moulting, can be accomplished during the period of high temperature", temperature regime did not affect size of individuals but did affect rates of consumption, growth and development, female was 32% heavier than male and killed 41% more prey, sex-related predation rates, consumption efficiency increased with spider biomass


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4456
Author: Wraight, S. P.; Poprawski, T. J.; Meyer, W. L.; Peairs, F. B.
Year: 1993
Title: Natural enemies of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and associated cereal aphid species in spring- planted wheat and barley in Colorado
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 22
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1383-1391
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, USA, pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens including Erynia neoaphidis rapidly reached epizootic levels of 44% infection in irrigated fields, but only a maximum of 2.5% in dry land fields even for high density aphid populations, Entomophthorales, movement of aphids from leaves into heads resulted in colonisation of a drier habitat and isolation from the principal source of fungal inoculum (i.e. fungus- colonised aphid cadavers on foliage), vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, humidity, microclimate, disease transmission, the Pandora neoaphidis epizootic in irrigated barley occurred too late to protect the crop from severe aphid damage, aphid parasitoids may be important fungus vectors, natural enemy interactions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5817
Author: Wratten, S.; Lavandero, B.; Scarratt, S.; Vattala, D.
Year: 2003
Title: Conservation biological control of insect pests at the landscape scale
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 26(4)
Pages: 215-220
Alternate Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Keywords: Rep., New Zealand, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, beetle banks, provision of pollen and nectar for parasitoids and hoverflies, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, natural enemies, predators, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, natural enemy dispersal capacity studies needed to facilitate landscape design, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1168
Author: Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1973
Title: The effectiveness of the coccinellid beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) as a predator of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L
Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume: 42
Pages: 785-802
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, forest, woodland, Hemiptera, UK, larvae captured no more than 10% of Cicadellidae encountered, capture efficiency, predation, foraging, food, diet, trophic behaviour, coccinellids oviposited only when there were sufficient aphids for survival of neonate larvae, population dynamics, larvae soon became satiated and did not affect aphid peaks but did accelerate their decline, hunger, abundance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1167
Author: Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1976
Title: Searching by Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and escape behaviour of its aphid and cicadellid prey on lime (Tilia x vulgaris Hayne)
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 1
Pages: 139-142
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, natural enemies, biological control, predators, ladybirds, foraging behaviour, prey size selection, prey defense behaviour, coccinellid larvae may fail to capture lime aphid prey when the aphid is so small relative to the predator that it passes undetected underneath the larva, making no movement and continuing to feed, aphids are increasingly likely to jump off the plant as the size of the approaching coccinellid larva increases, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, migration, movement, fall off rates, dislodgement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2508
Author: Wratten, S. D.
Year: 1988
Title: The role of field boundaries as reservoirs of beneficial insects
Journal: Ed by Park
Pages: 133-150
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5621
Author: Wratten, S.D.; Bowie, M.H.; Hickman, J.M.; Evans, A.M.; Sedcole, J.R.; Tylianakis, J.M.
Year: 2003
Title: Field boundaries as barriers to movement of hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in cultivated land
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 134
Pages: 605-611
Alternate Journal: Oecologia
Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, UK, New Zealand, Phacelia tanacetifolia pollen was found in hover fly guts (Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae in UK, Melanostoma fasciatum in New Zealand) up to 200 m from the source where there were no barriers, post and wire fences were no barrier to movement but poplar tree hedges were, landscape, marker pollen, gut dissection, gut contents were dissected out and stained with saffranin, cites Harwood et al. 1994 that hover flies can be reluctant to cross areas where there is a break in vegetation cover including tarmac roads, tansy leaf, yellow water traps on posts, surfactant plus sodium benzoate as preservative, about a third of flies contained Phacelia pollen, pollen is detectable in gut for less than 8h so rate of dispersal from Phacelia source can be estimated very approximately, pollen marking does not interfere with normal behaviour of the study insect and most pollens can be identified to genus or species, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1176
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Bryan, K.; Coombes, D.; Sopp, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Evaluation of polyphagous predators of aphids in arable crops
Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC, 1984
Pages: 271-276
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, New Zealand, predator exclusion barriers, movement into field of Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachyporus spp., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, distribution, dispersal, phenology, Agounum dorsale entering prey patches in lab arenas, methods, aggregation, behaviour, lab consumption rates, Philonthus cognatus ate 47, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus madidus 27, Agonum dorsale 18, Amara aenea, Tachyporus hypnorum, Bembidion less than 10


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2744
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Mann, B. P.
Year: 1988
Title: A survey of aphicide use on winter wheat in the summer of 1988
Journal: Proceedings of BCPC Pests & Diseases
Pages: 979-984
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, insecticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4328
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Mead-Briggs, M.; Vickerman, G. P.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Effects of the fungicide pyrazophos on predatory insects in winter barley
Journal: In "Field Methods for the Study of the Environmental Effects of Pesticides", Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monograph
Volume: 40
Pages: 327-334
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 9 plots in field each 2.7 ha, compared pyrazophos with with dimethoate, 1985 and 1986, organophosphorus insecticides, pitfalls, Dvac, quadrats, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Staphylinidae adults significantly reduced by pyrazophos and dimethoate, especially Tachyporus hypnorum and Tachyporus chrysomelinus adults, larvae and callows, rove beetles, Coleoptera, same result for Linyphiidae adults and immatures, especially Erigone atra, immatures still significantly reduced 82 days after treatment, dimethoate worse than pyrazophos, spiders, Araneae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1172
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Pearson, J.
Year: 1982
Title: Predation of sugar beet aphids in New Zealand
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 101
Pages: 178-181
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, arable, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae, Aulacorthum solani, barrier experiments, predator exclusion, methods, large effect due to predators, 0.27 per plant cf 40 per plant controls, only 8% Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, the rest Staphylinidae, spiders, centipedes, harvestmen, rove beetles, Araneae, Lycosidae, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Opiliones, Phalangida


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2506
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Thomas, C. F. G.
Year: 1990
Title: Farm-scale spatial dynamics of predators and parasitoids in agricultural landscapes
Journal: Ed by Bunce et al
Pages: 219-237
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2809
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Thomas, M. B.
Year: 1990
Title: Environmental manipulation for the encouragement of natural enemies of pests
Journal: BCPC Monograph 45 "Organic and Low Input Agriculture", Ed by R. Unwin, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey
Pages: 87-92
Keywords: En.
?, references to intercropping, strip management and boundary edges for increasing polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 2 raised banks created, different grass species sown, UK, Gramineae, quadrats searched in winter also in the field, destructive sampling in second winter, transects by Dvac in spring, in 2nd winter there were 10 m-2 Carabidae, 2.5 Staphylinidae and 10 Araneae in field and 1113, 153 and 223 in Dactylis bank, Coleoptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Demetrias atricapillus moved out from bank in spring, pattern for Tachyporus hypnorum not so clear but numbers reduced in bank in April and May, year 1 winter densities were typical of Hampshire hedges, year 2 tended to be much higher


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3602
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Van Emden, H. F.
Year: 1995
Title: Habitat management for enhanced activity of natural enemies of insect pests
Journal: In "Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems: Proceedings of the 13th Long Ashton Symposium" Ed. by M.P. Greaves and H.M. Anderson, Wiley & Sons
Pages: 117-145
Keywords: En.
Rep., review, diversity stability paradigm, can increased habitat diversity reduce equilibrium herbivore densities through the mediation of natural enemies ?, biological control, pests, natural enemies hypothesis and resource concentration hypothesis, cultivars, varieties, plant resistance, cultural pest control, integrated control, IPM, intercropping, polycultures, undersowing and weediness, weeds, plant diversity outside the crop, flowers provide food for parasitoids and predators eg Syrphidae may require pollen for maturation of gonads, reproduction, fecundity, physiology, population dynamics, Diptera, hoverflies, margin strips of Phacelia and Sinapis increase polyphagous predators and syrphids in fields, methods, habitat manipulation, conservation headlands, ecology of Phacelia and associated pests, buckwheat, coriander, syrphids move from Phacelia borders to reduce aphids in wheat, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, alternative hosts for parasitoids, shelter given by weeds especially at field edges where predators immigrate from, effect of shelter on microclimate, overwintering in field boundaries, within-field beetle banks sown with selected grasses, grassland, weed strips, Europe, New Zealand, economics of beetle banks is favourable, conclusion is that some simple cost-effective habitat management options for diversification of habitat (eg Phacelia strips) can be taken to reduce pests by increasing the numbers and effectiveness of natural enemies, abundance, density, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Araneae, spiders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5437
Author: Wratten, S.D.; Van Emden, H.F.; Thomas, M.B.
Year: 1998
Title: Within-field and border refugia for the enhancement of natural enemies
Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Pages: 375-403
Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
Keywords: Rep., review, habitat diversification, landscape, pests, conservation biological control, overwintering sites, aestivation sites, farming practices, pollen and nectar, alternative prey, alternative hosts, set-aside, extensification, field boundaries, agricultural statistics, history of hedgerows in UK, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, ground beetles, economics of beetle banks, methods, grasses, Gramineae, Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Tachyporus hypnorum, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, noxious weeds, herbicides, pesticides, spiders, Araneae, butteflies, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, connectivity, hedge permeability, Poecilus cupreus, gutter traps, field size, Linyphiidae, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, economic threshold of 66% stems infested at flowering of wheat, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Aphidius, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, margin strips of Phacelia and Sinapsis, flower diversity and syrphid diversity, Episyrphus balteatus, selective herbicides, methods for establishing conservation headlands, pitfalls, Pterostichus melanarius, unsprayed headlands, abundance, cleavers, wildflower strips, yellow water traps, New Zealand, lacewings, Neuroptera, Micromus tasmaniae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1409
Author: Wratten, S. D.; Watt, A. D.; Carter, N.; Entwistle, J. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Economic consequences of pesticide use for grain aphid control in winter wheat in 1984 in England
Journal: Crop Protection ?
Volume: ?
Pages: ?
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, cereals, Gramineae, 1984 aphicide survey, insecticides, 60000 ha, many treated late, dimethoate most used, tank mixes with fungicides common, organophosphorus insecticides, economic model of benefits of spraying on three counties, field by field decision making is needed


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1636
Author: Wright, A. F.; Stewart, A. J. A.
Year: 1992
Title: A study of the efficacy of a new inexpensive type of suction apparatus in quantitative sampling of grassland invertebrate populations
Journal: British Ecological Society Bulletin
Volume: XXIII
Issue: 2)
Pages: 116-120
Keywords: En.
Rep., methods, Dvac, Gramineae, UK, Atco Blow-vac leaf blower converted to suction, nozzle diameter is 12 cm cf D-vac 36 cm, compared sampling within a covered area of Dvac size with the Dvac, in 3 types of natural grassland, Blow-vac more efficient than D-vac for Carabidae, Araneae and Tachyporus hypnorum, probably due to greater suction power of Blow vac near ground, suction power not quantified, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Staphylinidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1330
Author: Wright, D. W.; Coaker, T. H.
Year: 1968
Title: Development of dieldrin resistance in carrot fly in England
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 17
Pages: 178-181
Keywords: En.
pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Diptera, pests, UK, pesticide resistance, field vegetables, Umbelliferae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2005
Author: Wright, D. W.; Hughes, R. D.; Worrall, J.
Year: 1960
Title: The effect of certain predators on the numbers of cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bouche)) and on the subsequent damage caused by the pest
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 48
Pages: 756-763
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, UK, field vegetables, brassicas, cauliflower, controls, methods, straw DDT barriers, roof felt barriers, pesticides, insecticides, less root fly damage where more beetles, Coleoptera, Wellesbourne, 90% reduction of eggs not enough to prevent damage, early cauliflowers, first generation flies, wingless Bembidion lampros most abundant, ground beetles, Carabidae, cauliflowers transplanted April harvest June, pitfalls, egg counts, 50% more eggs where beetles greatly reduced, at lower levels of infestation root fly can cause temporary daytime wilting, got more than 60 pupae per plant where beetles excluded


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 404
Author: Wright, E. J.; Laing, J. E.
Year: 1978
Title: The effects of temperature on development, adult longevity and fecundity of Coleomegilla maculata lengi and its parasite Perilitus coccinellae
Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
Volume: 109
Pages: 33-47
Keywords: Rep., beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, temperature thresholds t and day degrees for development K, Canada, parasitoids given honey and water, no parasitized beetles oviposited, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, behaviour, physiology, parasitic sterilization, temperature affected fecundity of C.maculata give freeze-dried honey bee powder in lab, rearing, culturing, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, high temperature of 27C shortened lifespan of P.coccinellae and thus fecundity, potential fecundity of P.coccinellae was not limited by egg production but by the ability to find suitable hosts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1175
Author: Wright, E. J.; Laing, J. E.
Year: 1980
Title: Numerical response of coccinellids to aphids in corn in Southern Ontario
Journal: Canadian Entomologist
Volume: 112
Issue: 10)
Pages: 977-988
Keywords: En.
pests, Hemiptera, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Canada, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1322
Author: Wright, M. A.; Kendall, D. A.; Smith, B. D.
Year: 1985
Title: Toxicity of paraquat, paraquat and diquat and glyphosate to the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi
Journal: Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars, Annals of Applied Biology Supplement
Volume: 106
Pages: 8-9
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pesticides, herbicides, UK, killed by paraquat and diquat but not by glyphosate, helps to prevent spread of BYDV from volunteer cereals, virus disease


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4445
Author: Wu, J. C.; Lu, Z. Q.; Yang, J. S.; Shu, Z. L.
Year: 1993
Title: Habitat niche and predation effect of natural enemies of insect pests in paddy field
Journal: Acta Entomologica Sinica
Volume: 36
Pages: 323-331
Keywords: Chin., En. Summ.
Rep., rice, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens and rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, were attacked by spiders Clubiona, Tetragnatha, Ummeliata and Pirata and the Staphylinidae Paederus fuscipes, Araneae, polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3931
Author: Wyss, E.
Year: 1995
Title: The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 75
Pages: 43-49
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, woodland, forest, Switzerland, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, methods, farming practices, in 1991 Dysaphis plantaginea and Aphis pomi and aphidophages were homogeneous in the orchard, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pests, Hemiptera, weed strips sown in 1992 and more aphidophages in these areas during weed flowering especially spiders, Araneae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, 20 weed species sown, in situ visual inspection of trees for aphids and predators, all species described here as predators were frequently observed feeding on aphids in the orchard, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Diptera, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Miridae, Cecidomyiidae, Staphylinidae especially Tachyporus, hoverflies, rove beetles, some species of spider overwintered in the weed strips, seasonal aspects of predation including Argiopidae trapping alatae returning to lay winter eggs, Araneidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5680
Author: Wyss, E.
Year: 1996
Title: The effects of artificial weed strips on diversity and abundance of the arthropod fauna in a Swiss experimental apple orchard
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Volume: 60
Pages: 47-59
Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Keywords: Rep., trees, top fruit, woodland, forest, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, Switzerland, farming practices, habitat diversification, methods, beating tray, direct in situ visual observations, sweep net, yellow water traps, species diversity of predators and alternative prey did not differ between weed-strip orchard and control orchard, but density of these groups was significantly greater in the weed-strip orchard, abundance, organic orchard, insecticides not used, pesticides, lists 20 plant species sown in the weed strips, predator species list, predators were observed feeding on apple aphids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Dermaptera, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, spiders, dominants were Propylea, Sphaerophoria, Forficula, Erigone, Philodromus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Araniella, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, alternative prey listed, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, dominants were Cercopidae, Psyllidae, Curculionidae, Aphididae, Nitidulidae, Miridae, Muscidae, Hymenoptera parasitoids, hoverfly and ladybirds in the weed strips were seen feeding on weed aphids, huge numbers of small insects especially flies attracted by weed flowers were intercepted by spider webs within tree canopies, vertical dispersal, vertical movement, vertical migration, allocthonous prey, psyllid and cercopid pests were increased by weed strips, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5597
Author: Wyss, E.
Year: 1999
Title: Enhancement and release of predaceous arthropods to control aphids in organic apple orchards
Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Volume: 22(7)
Pages: 47-51
Alternate Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin
Keywords: Rep., top fruit, trees, pests, Hemiptera, organic apple orchard with no insecticides used, pesticides Switzerland, weed strips (mixture of annual and perennial herbs), habitat modification, habitat diversification, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea, methods, beating tray, split orchard (half with weed strips, half without as control), spiders were dominant predators on trees in autumn and there were more spiders and webs in the strip-managed half, Araniella spp. caught mean of 6 aphids per web per day in Autumn, Araneae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, Aphis pomi, five-fold fewer aphids in strip-managed half [pseudoreplication], paper also reports field cage trials with Adalia bipunctata and Episyrphus balteatus, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4180
Author: Wyss, E.; Niggli, V.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1995
Title: The impact of spiders on aphid populations in a strip- managed apple orchard
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 119
Pages: 473-478
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trees, forests, woodland, weed strips, methods, habitat diversification, habitat management, Switzerland, strips sown in tramlines and along borders, direct in situ visual observation, beating tray, branch samples, density of webs, aphidophages had an impact on aphids while weeds were flowering in spring and summer, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, in autumn spiders were the dominant aphidophages and they were more abundant in the strip-managed area than control, abundance, they reduced aphid returning to trees from summer hosts, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, the worst pest is Dysaphis plantaginea, the commonest spider was Araniella, web areas and number of aphids caught per web, quotes Kajak 1978 that a web spider can kill 50 times the number of prey it consumes because of mortality in webs, wasteful killing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5077
Author: Wyss, E.; Villiger, M.; Hemptinne, J.L.; Muller-Scharer, H.
Year: 1999
Title: Effects of augmentative releases of eggs and larvae of the ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata, on the abundance of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, in organic apple orchards
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 90
Pages: 167-173
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, trees, top fruit, augmentative biological control, inundative releases, methods, Switzerland, interactions with ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, release of larvae significantly prevented build up of the aphid, they were less efficient when ants were present, A. bipunctata is indigenous to CH, a glue barrier on branches was used to keep ants out, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4952
Author: Yahiro, K.
Year: 1997
Title: Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Caraboidea) caught by a light trap during ten years
Journal: Esakia
Volume: 37
Pages: 57-69
Alternate Journal: Esakia
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, visual attraction, behaviour, Japan, ten years trapping data from trap on roof of a building on a University farm, 60W bulb 9.3m above ground, Vapona plate to kill insects, 74 species of carabid caught, compares light trap catches with abundance in forest, vineyards, rice paddy fields and forage crops, 21 species were caught in light trap every year, abundance, annual fluctuations of some species shown, there were extensive fluctuations even though the surrounding fields did not change much, landscape, methods 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4406
Author: Yamanaka, H.; Nakasuji, F.; Kiritani, K.
Year: 1973
Title: Life tables of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura and the evaluation of effectiveness of natural enemies
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 16
Pages: 205-214
Keywords: Jap., En. Summ.
Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, taro fields in Japan, natural enemy exclusion by caging, methods, exclusion cages, barriers to reduce ground predators, and control plots, 6 species of parasitoid and 13 species of predator jointly reduced caterpillar abundance by 68-89%, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Linyphiidae greatly affected the survival of 1st instar caterpillars by disturbing their larval aggregations, spiders, Araneae, dislodgement, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Polistes wasp predation was important later in the year, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, there was a negative relationship between survival rate of 1st instar larvae and linyphiid density, Oedothorax insectipes, Oxyopes, Dolomedes, Gnathonarium, Calathus and Labidura, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1097
Author: Yano, K.; Tsuchiya, K.; Hamasaki, S.
Year: 1984
Title: Aphid-feeding by adult elaterid beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae)
Journal: Kontyu
Volume: 52
Pages: 441-444
Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, predation, natural enemies, biological control, eating aphids inside galls on cherry trees, several elaterid genera including Athous contain predaceous larvae, few observations of adults as predators, few beetles per gall, adults of 4 elaterid species in galls of 3 aphid species on 4 cherry species, 2 species observed to prey on aphids in field, Agryphus binodulus, Melanotus annosus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 878
Author: Yao, D. S.; Chant, D. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Population growth and predation interference between two species of predatory phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in interactive systems
Journal: Oecologia
Volume: 80
Pages: 443-455
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, Acari, trophic behaviour, foraging, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans on Tetranychus pacificus in lab, pests, when separate the P. persimilis population asymptote was 5 times Amblyseius, but when together P. persimilis extinct after 70 days, when dispersal allowed P. persimilis survived well but Amblyseius did not, migration, distribution, population dynamics, competition, population increase rates, population declines of P. persimilis due to interspecific predation on immatures, decline of Amblyseius due to its sedentary habit failing to exploit dispersed prey patches, olfactometer to investigate prey kairomones, methods, both species ate their own eggs and nymphs, cannibalism, response to prey kairomones affected by hunger, fecundity, problems with multi-species predator introductions for biological control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3266
Author: Yao, D. S.; Chant, D. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Changes in body weight of two species of predatory mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) as a consequence of feeding in an interactive system
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 8
Issue: 3)
Pages: 195-220
Keywords: En.
Rep., body weight of starved Phytoseiulus persimilis could increase 106% to satiation when feeding singly on Tetranychus pacificus, equivalent for Amblyseius degenerans was only 43%, when P.persimilis fed in the company of a high density of conspecifics, but with a prey density per capita that was the same, there was a reduction in body weight, in reproduction and in number of prey killed, interference, this did not happen with A.degenerans, body weights not reduced when P.persimilis or A.degenerans were feeding with heterospecifics, when 2 P.persimilis fed side by side there could be interference and less of they prey was expoloited, therefore prey sharing could affect the degree of partial prey consumption, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Tetranychidae, biological control, predation, trophic behaviour, consumption rates, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5164
Author: Yasuda, H.; Kimura, T.
Year: 2001
Title: Interspecific interactions in a tri-trophic arthropod system: effects of a spider on the survival of larvae of three predatory ladybirds in relation to aphids
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 98
Pages: 17-25
Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Araneae, Japan, Thomisidae, Misumenops tricuspidatus, effects on Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella 7-punctata and Propylea japonica, IGP, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, interactions between natural enemies, lab study, larvae of C. 7-punctata were most vulnerable and H. axyridis larvae were not attacked, development of young larvae of these two species was slower in the presence of a spider, spiders and ladybirds did not have an additive effect on aphid abundance, spiders reduced the effect that ladybirds made on aphid populations
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 534
Author: Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1975
Title: Prey and periodicity of Pardosa ramulosa (McCook) in alfalfa
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 4
Pages: 137-141
Keywords: En.
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Rep, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, predation, visual observatio n, arable, methods, pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, activity periods, prey, pests, leafhoppers, aphids, Heteroptera, Diptera, Ephydridae, cannibalis m, adults, larvae, Staphylinidae, nymphs, crickets, Orthoptera, Geocoris, Cicadellidae, diurnal, dusk, Collembola, pea aphid, sex, Erigonidae, clover, crepuscular


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2090
Author: Yeargan, K. V.
Year: 1975
Title: Factors influencing the aerial dispersal of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida)
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.
Volume: 48
Pages: 403-408
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, Araneae, movement, distribution, silk, gossamer, aeronaut, methods, sticky traps, weather, climate, microclimate, temperature difference.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3379
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Braman, S. K.
Year: 1986
Title: Life history of the parasite Diologaster facetosa (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its behavioural adaptation to the defensive response of a lepidopteran host
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 79
Issue: 6)
Pages: 1029-1033
Keywords: En.
Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, arable, Leguminosae, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, caterpillars, the parasitoid attacks the young green cloverworm larvae Plathypena scabra, development rates in relation to temperature, host dies in instar 5-6, parasitized larvae leave the plant and wander on the ground before death, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical stratification, movement, migration, behaviour, if young larvae are disturbed by Podisus maculiventris they drop a few cm on silk threads, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, adult parasitoids slide down these threads to oviposit in larvae, Ist instar larvae have threads that will not support the weight of the parasitoid and so these are usually not parasitized, parasitized larvae feed until 12-24 h before parasitoid emergence, plant damage


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3378
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Braman, S. K.
Year: 1989
Title: Life history of the hyperparasitoid Mesochorus discitergus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and tactics used to overcome the defensive behaviour of the green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 82
Issue: 3)
Pages: 393-398
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, arable, Leguminosae, parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, pest larvae Plathypena scabra drop a few cm on silk threads when disturbed, some of them are parasitized including by a parasitoid that can slide down the silk thread, the hyperparasitoid M.discitergus can detect the silk and haul it in to oviposit, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 484
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Cothran, W. R.
Year: 1974
Title: Population studies of Pardosa ramulosa (McCook) and other common spiders in alfalfa
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 3
Pages: 989-993
Keywords: En.
Rep, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, clover, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2902
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Cothran, W. R.
Year: 1974
Title: An escape barrier for improved suction sampling of Pardosa ramulosa and Nabis spp populations in alfalfa
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 3
Issue: 1)
Pages: 189-191
Keywords: En.
Rep., suction sampler, methods, Leguminosae, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Heteroptera, Nabidae, authors claim that some large insects and spiders escape from the Dvac by climbing down the sides of the collecting bag having been sucked into it, an internal flange at 40 degrees reduces such losses, eg twice as many adult nabids in the flanged cf unflanged Dvac, density, abundance, capture efficiency


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4027
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Dondale, C. D.
Year: 1974
Title: The spider fauna of alfalfa fields in northern California
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 67
Pages: 681-682
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, arable, Leguminosae, community, species composition, nothing on food


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3771
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Pass, B. C.
Year: 1978
Title: Description and incidence of non-functional ovaries in Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Icheumonidae)
Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
Volume: 51
Issue: 2)
Pages: 213-217
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, B.curculionis is an endoparasitoid of alfalfa weevil larvae, USA, introduced 1911, ovary illustrations, field collected parasitoids with abnormal ovaries failed to oviposit, but 19% of parasitoids with normal ovaries also failed to oviposit, reproduction, population dynamics, structure, physiology, behaviour, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, pests, Curculionidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 483
Author: Yeargan, K. V.; Warren, R.; Cothran, R.
Year: 1974
Title: An escape barrier for improved suction sampling of Pardosa ramulosa and Nabis species populations in alfalfa
Journal: Environmental Entomology.
Volume: 3
Pages: 189-191
Keywords: En.
Rep, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, Nabidae, bugs, Heteroptera, methods, Dvac, clover, arable


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2335
Author: Yeo, P. F.; Corbet, S. A.
Year: 1983
Title: Solitary wasps
Journal: Cambridge University Press
Pages: 64 pp
Keywords: En.
Rep., Hymenoptera, predators, Araneae, spider hunters are Trypoxylon and Miscophus, predator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4641
Author: Yodzis, P.; Winemiller, K.O.
Year: 1999
Title: In search of operational trophospecies in a tropical aquatic food web
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 87
Pages: 327-340
Alternate Journal: Oikos
Keywords: Rep., topological and dynamic food webs, trophically similar species (in terms both of what they eat and what they are eaten by) can be grouped and called trophospecies. In the past trophospecies were delimited subjectively. Authors analysed a food web of a creek in Venezuela with 88 species of fish and 62 non-fish species. They conclude that it will be difficult to identify trophospecies by objective criteria. Two types of clustering algorithms (ASBC, NMAX) gave the most ecologically sensible trophic groupings out of the methods tested. The choice od similarity level for defining trophospecies is unresolved. Trophic web, aquatic, Vertebrata, pisces, trophic-species, food, diet, trophic behaviour 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1737
Author: Yom-Tov, Y.
Year: 1970
Title: The effect of predation on population densities of some desert snails
Journal: Ecology
Volume: 51
Pages: 907-911
Keywords: En.
Mollusca, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 661
Author: Yoshida, M.
Year: 1974
Title: An analysis of growth and process of dispersal in spiderlings of Leucauge magnifica
Journal: Acta arachnologica.
Volume: 17
Issue: 1)
Pages: 11-17
Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, distribution, movement, behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1780
Author: Yossi, R.
Year: 1960
Title: Studies on the collembolan genus Hypogastrura
Journal: The American Midland Naturalist
Volume: 64
Pages: 257-281
Keywords: En.
Collembola, Arthropleona, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1285
Author: Young, B. W.
Year: 1986
Title: The need for a greater understanding in the application of pesticides
Journal: Outlook on Agriculture
Volume: 15
Issue: 2)
Pages: 80-87
Keywords: En.
Rep., atomization, CDA, controlled droplet application, measuring droplet clouds, methods, impaction, behaviour on the leaf surface, shielded sprayers with larger poportion of finer droplets


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5358
Author: Young, J.E.B.
Year: 2001
Title: Invertebrate pest control: the agronomic and economic implications of reducing insecticide and molluscicide use
Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Pages: 133-150
Alternate Journal: In "Reducing Agrochemical use on the Arable Farm: The Talisman and SCARAB Projects" ed. by Young, J.E.B., Griffin, M.J., Alford, D.V. & Ogilvy, S.E., London: DEFRA
Keywords: Rep., of the 66 insecticide and molluscicide treatments applied in TALISMAN significant yield losses occurred from omitting only four (6%) of the applications, small but consistent financial savings are to be gained by minimising these inputs to combinable arable crops, there were no financial losses associated with applying reduced rates of these pesticides, farming practices, integrated farming, UK, pests, slugs, Limacidae, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, yields, gross margins, Deroceras reticulatum, black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Delia coarctata, Diptera, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Meligethes, Coleoptera, Psylliodes, Ceutorhynchus, wheat, barley, oats, beans, oilseed rape, linseed, brassicas, low-input farming
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1730
Author: Young, J. O.; Reynoldson, T. B.
Title: A quantitative study of the population biology of Dendrocoelom lacteum (Mull) (Turbellaria, Tricladida)
Journal: Oikos
Volume: 15
Pages: 237-264
Keywords: En.
UK, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, population dynamics


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3000
Author: Young, Morris; Reynoldson
Year: 1964
Title: A serological study of Asellus in the diet of lake- dwelling triclads
Journal: Arch. Hydrobiol.
Volume: 60
Issue: 3)
Pages: 366-373
Keywords: En.
methods, serology, aquatic, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, flatworms


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3772
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1980
Title: Predation by Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) on dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Panama
Journal: The Coleopterists Bulletin
Volume: 34
Issue: 1)
Pages: 63-64
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, Megacephala affinis is a predator of Onthophagus landolti and Onthophagus marginicollis, diet, food, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3260
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Prey of adult Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society
Volume: 19
Issue: 4)
Pages: 503-507
Keywords: En.
Rep., Calosoma often called caterpillar hunters, USA, lab, recorded whether food items eaten during 2-3 day period, 400 observations, ate a range of living prey in addition to caterpillars in Petri dishes, ate dead Lepidoptera larvae, dead earwig, dead Nezara viridula and various dead beetles, C.sayi survived in lab for long periods on an exclusive diet of dead caterpillars, small and large living caterpillars were not killed and eaten but medium-sized ones were, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, scavenging, carrion feeding


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3353
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1984
Title: The utilization of dead insects on the soil surface in row crop situations
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 13
Issue: 5)
Pages: 1346-1351
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, corn and sorghum, pitfalls, dead insects put out on soil surface of fields, including moths, beetles, grasshoppers and Heteroptera, also made comparison of pitfalls baited with dead insects and unbaited ones, 80% of dead insects on soil surface were located by scavengers within 24 h, most scavenging was at night, small grasshoppers were removed more frequently than other carrion, 83% of captures in baited pitfalls were earwigs and fire ants cf no ants in unbaited and 48% earwigs, red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta and earwig Labidura riparia are also predators, trophic behaviour, carrion feeding, scavenging, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, diel cycles, Dermaptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3368
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Survival of a carrion beetle, Necrodes surinamensis (Coleoptera, Silphidae) on a diet of dead fall armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 20
Issue: 3)
Pages: 359-366
Keywords: En.
Rep., in lab adults of N.surinamensis were unfed or given dead Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, longevity was 19.8 days with food and 3.7 without, females lived longer than males and the overwintering generation longer than the spring generation, USA, row crops, arable, this beetle also feeds on vertebrate carrion and the Diptera larvae associated with it, therefore some siphids usually thought of as scavengers of vertebrate carrion can also be scavengers of invertebrate carrion, but N.surinamensis is selective, freshly killed adult beetles, grasshoppers and moths were not eaten, N.surinamensis is probably one of the most abundant and widely distributed carrion beetles in USA, pests, caterpillars, trophic behaviour, food, diet, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Orthoptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3781
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Adult Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator on fall armyworm pupae
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 20
Issue: 2)
Pages: 220-224
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda on soil readily consumed, Lepidoptera, predation did not occur if pupae were in soil, vertical distribution, trophic behaviour, foraging


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3783
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1985
Title: Longevity of adult male Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae) under laboratory conditions
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 96
Issue: 1)
Pages: 45-48
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, survived 115 days, population dynamics, food was live and dead fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, scavenging, carrion feeding, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, food, trophic behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3369
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Interactions between the predators Phidippus audax (Araneae, Salticidae) and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in cotton and in the laboratory
Journal: Entomological News
Volume: 100
Issue: 1)
Pages: 43-47
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, P.audax not observed to eat H.convergens in cotton even though both were abundant, in lab P.audax consumed a variety of prey but not H.convergens, 18 prey records for P.audax in the field, includes Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diptera, Spissistilus festinus, Lygus lineolaris, Ichneumonidae and 11 other spider species, literatrure shows that P.audax will eat H.convergens in some other parts of USA and intraspecific variation in P.audax behaviour or production of defensive chemicals by H.convergens is possible, quotes paper demonstrating such intraspecific variations in some other organisms, spiders, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, pests, hyperpredation, trophic behaviour, Chrysomelidae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Salticidae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3778
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Field observations of predation by Phidippus audax (Araneae: Salticidae) on arthropods associated with cotton
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 266-273
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, natural enemies, pests, biological control, arable, USA, 58 predation events observed, delta of Mississippi, prey consumption rates, diet, food, trophic behaviour, diel cycle of prey consumption, spiders also eaten, predators of predators, hyperpredation, main pests eaten were tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris, spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata and three-cornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus festinus, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, cucumber beetle was the most abundant prey but had the lowest capture rate, P.audax consumed 3.3% of potential prey per 2 weeks, it may remove 10% of Lygus population over 2 weeks, visual observation, prey selection


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3779
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Relationships between Aster pilosus (Compositae), Misumenops spp. (Araneae: Thomisidae), and Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2)
Pages: 252-257
Keywords: En.
Rep., sweep sampling and whole plant examinations, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, negative correlation between abundance of tarnished plant bug and this spider, predation observed, weeds, trophic behaviour, ruderal habitats, road and field margins, habitat management to increase density of spiders, reservoirs for spiders, effects of plant structure on pests and spiders, cotton arable, colonisation of cotton, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3780
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Predation by Pisaurina mira (Araneae, Pisauridae) on Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and other arthropods
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Pages: 43-48
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, delta of Mississippi, 13 month sampling, old fields near cotton, arable, grassland, Gramineae, density, abundance, phenology, L. lineolaris was most frequently captured prey of P. mira, diet, food, trophic behaviour, lab prey selection experiments, food preference, selectivity, accepted 22/35 prey types, P. mira may reduce L. lineolaris populations but can survive on other prey, sweepnet, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, prey capture included other predators, predators of predators, hyperpredation, some field observations on prey taken


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3782
Author: Young, O. P.
Year: 1989
Title: Predators of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): laboratory evaluations
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 23
Issue: 2)
Pages: 174-179
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators from habitats adjacent to Mississippi cotton, arable, USA, 17 species were predators of Lygus, Orthoptera, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Heteroptera


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1013
Author: Young, O. P.; Edwards, G. B.
Year: 1990
Title: Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 18
Pages: 1-27
Keywords: En.
Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, 614 species in 9 field crops, USA, mainly Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae, Theridiidae, Lycosidae, more in cotton, soybean, alfalfa than guar, rice, grain sorghum, intermediate number of species in peanut, corn, sugarcane, maize, cereals, Gramineae, 44% web spinners, 56% wanderers, classifies other guilds, commonest were Oxyopes salticus, Phidippus audax, Tetragnatha laboriosa, they feed on Heliothis and flea hoppers in cotton, Lepidoptera, predation, diet, gives records of other pests eaten, references to manipulating spiders and IPM, references to need for detailed ecological studies to determine role of spiders in agroecosystems


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3366
Author: Young, O. P.; Hamm, J. J.
Year: 1985
Title: The effect of the consumption of NPV-infected dead fall armyworm larvae on the longevity of 2 species of scavenger beetles
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 20
Issue: 1)
Pages: 90-94
Keywords: En.
Rep., Scarabaeidae adults Ateuchus histeroides and Trox suberosus fed dead NPV-killed Spodoptera frugiperda larvae or dead uninfected larvae in lab, then kept without food until death, no statistically significant differences in longevity, USA, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, arable, biological control, diseases, pathogens, insect pathogenic viruses, side effects of microbial insecticides, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Coleoptera, scavengers, carrion feeders


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3367
Author: Young, O. P.; Hamm, J. J.
Year: 1985
Title: Compatibility of 2 fall armyworm pathogens with the predaceous beetle, Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 20
Issue: 2)
Pages: 212-218
Keywords: En.
Rep., C.sayi allowed to feed on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae infected with an NPV or with the microsporidian protozoan Vairimorpha sp., longevity was the same as on ininfected larvae as food, both pathogens were highly infective in beetle faeces for 24h and some infectivity detected in faeces 13-15 days after consumption, references to Heteroptera predators also transmitting NPV and microsporidia in faeces, C.sayi is active on the soil surface and the vegetation and could be useful as a predatory pathogen-disseminator, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, biological control, pathogens, disease, insect pathogenic viruses, microbial insecticides, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, vertical distribution, dispersal, movement, arable, USA row crops, trophic behaviour, feeding on moribund prey


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3773
Author: Young, O. P.; Hamm, J. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Rate of food passage and fecal production in Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Journal: Ent. News
Volume: 97
Issue: 1)
Pages: 21-27
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, fed on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in lab, pests, caterpillars, biological control, Lepidoptera, interval between feeding and appearance of caterpillar remains in the faeces was 7.5-23 hours depending on when feeding occurred within the diel activity cycle, trophic behaviour, digestion rates, detection periods, diel cycles, feacal production decreased 5 days after feeding but continued at a low level until death 24-42 days post- feeding, relevance to transmission of pathogens, diseases, technique for estimating how recently food was consumed, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3775
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1985
Title: The striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus [Araneae: Oxyopidae] in agroecosystems
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 30
Issue: 4)
Pages: 329-346
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, abundance, it is a dominant species and a major predator in row crops, review of 88 publications up to 1984, biogeography, taxonomy, classification, distribution, behaviour, mating, copulation, reproduction, development rates, clover, alfalfa, Leguminosae, arable, life cycle, phenology, vertical distribution, prey, food, diet, Heliothis, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, trophic behaviour, Nezara, Lygus, cotton fleahopper, soybean, sorghum, lists of prey include other predators, hyperpredation, predators of predators, attacks 28 species of insect, apple, trees, orchards, top fruit, corn maize, cereals, Gramineae, natural habitats, grasslands, effects of insecticides, pesticides, advantages and disadvantages of this species for pest control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3269
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Predation of striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus (Araneae: Oxyopidae), on tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): a laboratory evaluation
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 79
Pages: 879-883
Keywords: En.
Rep., predation success was inveresely related to prey size across all predator sizes, low predation success may be related to both difficulty of capture and satiation after one successful capture, Petri dish tests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation, trophic behaviour, prey size selection, arable, USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3370
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Dragonfly predation upon Phidippus audax (Araneae, Salticidae)
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 16
Issue: 1)
Pages: 121-122
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA plot with weeds and cotton, arable, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Odonata, trophic behaviour, food, diet, predation, ballooning, aerial dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, Epiaeschna heros regularly patrolled 0.3-0.7 m above the rows, Aeschnidae, P.audax detected an approaching dragon at 3m, P.audax orientated towards oncoming dragons but was never seen to jump, however when P.audax was on tip-toe attempting to balloon it did not see the dragon approaching from behind, which caught it and flew off with it, there are similar records in the literature, but also of P.audax capturing dragons


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3777
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Spiders of Spanish Moss in the delta of Mississippi
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Pages: 143-148
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, 13 months on oak trees, forest, woodland, 2000 individuals, beetles, Chalcidoidea, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, phenology, abundance, 29 species of spider, dominants were Metaphidippus tillandsiae and Anyphaena maculata, predation by spiders may have an effect on overwintering arthropod populations, biological control, Spanish Moss is an epiphyte relative of pineapple, swamp, sampling by removing moss to lab, list of spider species, biodiversity, arachnofauna


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3776
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Autumnal populations of arthropods on aster and goldenrod in the delta of Mississippi
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 25
Issue: 1)
Pages: 185-195
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, 1986, 8054 individuals, Miridae, Heteroptera, Lygus lineolaris, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Misumenops sp. dominant, Thomisidae, species composition, biodiversity, effects of plant structure, density, abundance, dispersal onto cotton, distribution, migration, movement, colonisation, sweepnet, Orius, Geocoris, Syrphidae, Diptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, ruderal habitats, predator reservoirs, weeds, arable, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids, spider species list, arachnofauna


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3774
Author: Young, O. P.; Lockley, T. C.; Edwards, G. B.
Year: 1989
Title: Spiders of Washington County, Mississippi
Journal: Journal of Arachnology
Volume: 17
Pages: 27-41
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 35,000 individuals, 234 species, 7 years, pitfalls, sweepnets, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, handsearch, 10 habitat types and 4 vegetation strata, trees, forests, woodlands, grassland, Gramineae, methods, seasonal effects, vertical stratification, vertical distribution, methods, cursorial, web spiders, disturbed habitats, agricultural habitats, biological control, potential effects of spiders on pests, soybean, cotton, arable, species composition, comparisons with other surveys of the arachnofauna, biodiversity, species list includes Dysdera crocata, Pholcus phalangoides, Achaearanea tepidariorum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3785
Author: Young, O. P.; Welbourn, W. C.
Year: 1987
Title: Biology of Lasioerythraeus johnstoni (Acari: Erythraeidae), ectoparasitic and predaceous on the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), and other arthropods
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 80
Pages: 243-250
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, pests, USA, Heteroptera, 151 host records, 52% on Lygus, but also on 12 other insect species, phenology, parasitism up to 46%, in lab field-collected attached larval mites killed their hosts, L. johnstoni has biocontrol potential for Lygus, also attacks Orius, and spiders, Araneae, natural enemies of natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3784
Author: Young, O. P.; Welbourn, W. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Parasitism of Trigonotylus doddi (Heteroptera: Miridae) by Lasioerythraeus johnstoni (Acari: Erythraeidae), with notes on additional hosts and distribution
Journal: J. Entomol. Sci.
Volume: 23
Issue: 3)
Pages: 269-273
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Thysanoptera, thrips, association with moist habitats, microclimate, humidity, pasture, ruderal, Gramineae, grassland, 85% parasitism on T. doddi, 64% attachment sites were on moult sutures, parasitoids


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3307
Author: Young, S. Y.; Kring, T. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Selection of healthy and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infected Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner (Lep.: Noctuidae) as prey by nymphal Nabis roseipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Nabidae) in laboratory and on soybean
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 36
Issue: 2)
Pages: 265-273
Keywords: En.
Rep., USA, Petri dishes, small and large nymphs attacked significantly more diseased than healthy larvae of all sizes, similar result when caged on soybean plants, probably because diseased larvae put up less defence, nabids are not affected by the virus but pass it on in faeces, giving dispersal and secondary transmission of disease, there is no difference in preference for healthy and diseased prey for up to 2 days post infection, failure of the predator to concentrate on healthy prey in the field reduces its biocontrol value, but its role in spreading the disease counterbalances this, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, arable, pathogens, microbial insecticides, epizootics, prey selection, prey preference, trophic behaviour, feeding on moribund prey, predation on diseased prey, activity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4118
Author: Young, S. Y.; Yearian, W. C.
Year: 1990
Title: Transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus by the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 19
Pages: 251-256
Keywords: En.
Rep., NPV, insect pathogenic virus, baculovirus, pathogens, disease, natural enemies, microbial insecticides, biological control, pests, caterpillars, arable, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, mortality from NPV occurred in larvae exposed to NPV- contaminated female parasitoids in the lab and on soybean in the field, mortality increased with proportion of the parasitoid's body contaminated and with parasitoid density, dissemination of pathogens, interactions between natural enemies, dispersal of viruses by artificially contaminated parasitoids may be a means of introducing viruses into host populations in IPM programmes, transmission in the field occurred whether the parasitoid had been contaminated by oviposition in infected larvae or by artificial means, but the parasitoid also moves about on the leaf near the host and is likely to contaminate the hosts food too, foraging behaviour


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1619
Author: Youngs, L. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Predaceous ants in biological control of insect pests of North American forests
Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 29
Pages: 47-49
Keywords: En.
USA, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2734
Author: Ysnel, F.
Year: 1988
Title: Caracterisation des stades de developpement de Larinioides cornutus (Araneae, Argiopidae) par la trichobothriotaxie
Journal: Proc 11th Europ Arach Coll
Volume: 38
Pages: 72-79
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3155
Author: Ysnel, F.
Year: 1993
Title: Relationship between food intake and spider size in temperate zones: experimental model for an orb-weaving spider
Journal: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
Volume: 33
Issue: 2)
Pages: 687-692
Keywords: En.
Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, energetics, heathland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2703
Author: Zabudskaya, I. A.
Year: 1989
Title: Biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae)
Journal: Acta Ent Fenn
Volume: 53
Pages: 73-76
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1946
Author: Zacharda, M.
Year: 1980
Title: Soil mites of the family Rhagidiidae (Actinediida, Eupodoidea). Morphology, systematic and ecology
Journal: Acta Universitatis Cardinae-Biologica 1978
Volume: 20
Pages: 489-785
Keywords: review, Acari, classification, structure, taxonomy


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5381
Author: Zahirovic, S.; Heimbach, U.; Sommer, R.
Year: 2001
Title: Einfluss verschiedener Mulchsaatsysteme auf Spinnen in Ackerbohnen-Bestanden
Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 13
Pages: 261-264
Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Germany, influence of different mulching methods on spiders in broad bean, Leguminosae, within-crop habitat diversification, methods, spider community, direct drilling into mustard catch crop, spreading straw mulch, Linyphiidae were dominant in number of individuals and species, total Linyphiidae were most numerous in the mustard mulch at density of 70 m-2, Erigone atra was most abundant in the straw mulch and Oedothorax apicatus in plots with conventional ploughing, ground photoeclector, other species caught were Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax retusus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Araeoncus humilis, Oedothorax fuscus, Meioneta rurestris, Porhomma microphthalmum
Notes: Ger., En. Summ.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4852
Author: Zaidi, R.H.; Jaal, Z.; Hawkes, N.J.; Hemingway, J.; Symondson, W.O.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Can multiple-copy sequences of prey DNA be detected amongst the gut contents of invertebrate predators ?
Journal: Molecular Ecology
Volume: 8
Pages: 2081-2087
Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology
Keywords: Rep., methods, molecular techniques, DNA techniques, valuable for detecting the prey ranges of polyphagous predators, natural enemies, PCR, Pterostichus cupreus with mosquitoes as prey, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, multiple-copy esterase genes, one mosquito digested in beetle gut for 28 h was still detectable, digestion rate, detection periods, food, diet
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1312
Author: Zandstra, B. H.; Motooka, P. S.
Year: 1978
Title: Beneficial effects of weeds in pest management - a review
Journal: Pans
Volume: 24
Pages: 333-338
Keywords: En.
Rep., good non-aphid references, IPM, farming practices


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3476
Author: Zangger, A.
Year: 1994
Title: The positive influence of strip-management on carabid beetles in a cereal field: accessibility of food and reproduction in Poecilus cupreus
Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pages: 469-472
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Switzerland, methods, farming practices, gut dissection, food, diet, trophic behaviour, winter rye field subdivided by 5 weed strips, pitfalls, measured biomass, length of elytra, eggs per female, gut content index, condition factor (Juliano 1986), oviposition rates in lab without food during 7 days after removal from field, females from weed strips were heavier and larger, had more food in crop and whole gut, satiation was equal in rye and weeds but pitfall catch 5 times greater in weeds, except in May weed females contained more eggs and had longer reproductive period, only 38% of females oviposited in lab, positive correlation between body mass and number of eggs laid, reference that oviposition occurs only just after feeding in Pterostichus versicolor (Van Dijk 1986), reproduction, Pterostichus cupreus, fecundity, habitat manipulation, floral diversity


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3890
Author: Zangger, A.; Lys, J. A.; Nentwig, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Increasing the availability of food and the reproduction of Poecilus cupreus in a cereal field by strip-management
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 71
Pages: 111-120
Keywords: En.
Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, farming practices, winter rye, Switzerland, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, cereals subdivided by strips of weeds and wild flowers, cf cereal control area, phenology, biometry, gut dissection, egg production April to July, females were larger and heavier in strip area and had fuller crops, food consumption, methods, biomass, reproduction was prolonged, much individual variation in oviposition rates, fecundity, females appear to find more food and reproduce better in strip area but no trend for males, pitfalls, egg laying tests in lab in sand sieved and washed, quantified gut fullness, condition factor of Juliano using mass and length data, frequency of beetles with an empty midgut higher in the cereal area, marked beetles moved more from control to strip area than vice versa, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pollen and vegetable material found in guts when rye was in flower, weed strips offer good microclimate, food and overwintering sites


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1383
Author: Zayeva, I. P.
Year: 1965
Title: The effect of chemical treatment on a wheatfield biocoenosis
Journal: Tr. VEO
Volume: 50
Pages: 228-239
Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, pesticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 149
Author: Zayeva, I. P.
Year: 1974
Title: The use of radioactive tagging as a method for the study of the trophic relations of non-specialised entomophages with special reference to predatory Carabidae (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Entomological Review.
Volume: 53
Pages: 49-55
Keywords: En.
Rep, methods


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4282
Author: Zdarkova, E.
Year: 1994
Title: The effectiveness of organophosphate acaricides on stored product mites interacting in biological control
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 18
Issue: 11-12)
Pages: 747-751
Keywords: En.
Rep., pesticides, biological control is often preceded by an OP treatment, Cheyletus eruditus is commonly used for biocontrol of stored food mites in the Czech Republic, predators should be applied when acaroid mites such as Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrescentiae do not exceed 1000 per kg, lab tests showed that chlopyrifos-methyl was most toxic to C. eruditus, chlorpyrifos or pirimiphos-methyl is recommended instead, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5458
Author: Zeddies, J.; Schaab, R.P.; Neuenschwander, P.; Herren, H.R.
Year: 2001
Title: Economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa
Journal: Agricultural Economics
Volume: 24(2)
Pages: 209-219
Alternate Journal: Agricultural Economics
Keywords: Rep., Phenacoccus manihoti, pests, Hemiptera, first observed in Africa in 1970, classical biological control began in 1977, Apoanagyrus lopezi (= Epidinocarsis lopezi) released from 1981, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, Encyrtidae, by 1990 it had brought the pest under control in 95% of fields, cost benefit analysis, A. lopezi was introduced at 150 sites in 20 countries, it sometimes took several years to affect the pest, reduction of yield loss, 9 million ha of cassava at 8 tonnes per ha = 21.5 million marketable tonnes per annum, reduced yield loss attributable to the parasitoid averaged $26 per ha per annum, complete costs of biological control from 1979 onwards was $34.2 million, benefit:cost ratio varies 170-430 depending on assumptions
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5171
Author: Zenger, J.T.; Gibb, T.J.
Year: 2001
Title: Identification and impact of egg predators of Cyclocephala lurida and Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30(2)
Pages: 425-430
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., methods, USA, grassland, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, masked chafer and Japanese beetle, direct in situ visual observation of predators of pest eggs, ants were the main predator especially Solenopsis molesta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, transparent 20 x 30 cm plexiglass plates were inserted into the turf 1.5 m apart in rows of ten, the soil profile and root system could be viewed by removing a section of turf on soil on one side of the plate, this section was replaced between observation periods, eggs and larvae of C. lurida were placed close to the unexcavated side of the plexiglass plate using a hollow tube, P. japonica eggs were also observed, oophagy, one wgg was observed being taken by a ground beetle Scarites subterraneus, Carabidae
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4951
Author: Zettel, J.; Zettel, U.; Egger, B.
Year: 2000
Title: Jumping technique and climbing behaviour of the collembolan Ceratophysella sigillata (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)
Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 41-45
Alternate Journal: European Journal of Entomology
Keywords: Rep., uses protrusible vesicles on its antennae and posterior as sticky landing devices to reduce damage on landing, enables it to jump up tree trunks, in winter hundreds of millions of individuals move over the surface in the same direction in Alps mountain regions, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, mass migration, movement, observations made in a forest in Switzerland, short-focus telescope and dissecting microscope used to observe jumping on tree trunks at 20cm from trunk, methods, direct in situ visual observation, also laboratory observations, photography
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5357
Author: Zhang, J.; Drummond, F.A.; Liebman, M.; Hartke, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Phenology and dispersal of Harpalus rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in agroecosystems in Maine
Journal: Journal of Agricultural Entomology
Volume: 14(2)
Pages: 171-186
Alternate Journal: Journal of Agricultural Entomology
Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, distribution, movement, migration, USA, pitfalls, black light traps, UV, ultra-violet, methods, potato, H. rufipes is the dominant species, overwinters as adult and larva, life cycle, 97% of light trap catches were sexually immature adults suggesting that there is an aerial dispersal phase before oviposition, reproduction, population dynamics, tethered flight durations were about 3 hours, mark-recaptured showed mean daily dispersal distances to be 9 m in potato and 11 m in oats, cereals, Gramineae, marked on pronotum with red and white paint, H. rufipes was introduced from Europe in 1937, it is primarily a seed feeder, spermophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, dissections for egg complement and observations of oviposition behaviour in the lab, falling seeds were caught in screened enamel trays to estimate weed seed rain rates
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2964
Author: Zhang, Z. Q.; Chen, P. R.; Wang, K.; Wang, X. Y.
Year: 1993
Title: Overdispersion of Allothrombium pulvinum larvae (Acari: Trombidiidae) parasitic on Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cotton fields
Journal: Ecological Entomology
Volume: 18
Pages: 379-384
Keywords: En.
Rep., predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, includes discussion of role of Allothrombium in pest control of aphids, spider mites, Lepidoptera eggs and lace bugs, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae, Heteroptera, distribution


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3946
Author: Zhang, Z. Q.; Croft, B. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Interspecific competition and predation between immature Amblyseius fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 19
Pages: 247-257
Keywords: En.
Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interactions observed in small cages at three egg densities of Tetranychus urticae, A.andersoni always outcompeted the other 3 predators, T. occidentalis was always eliminated by the other species, predator size, degree of polyphagy and prey density can all affect competitiveness of immature phytoseiids, T. occidentalis was cannibalistic but rarely a hyperpredator, it developed slower than the other species, A.andersoni was the largest species, fastest developer and most polyphagous being a strong hyperpredator


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4809
Author: Zhao, D.X.; Boivin, G.; Stewart, R.K.
Year: 1990
Title: Consumption of carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by four species of carabids on host plants in the laboratory 
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 35(1)
Pages: 57-60
Alternate Journal: Entomophaga
Keywords: Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Canada. Bembidion quadrimaculatum failed to eat eggs in their oviposition sites on carrot, but was a good predator of these eggs in petri dishes. For various stages of weevil presented to carabids on 5 carrots per enclosed flower pot, Pterostichus melanarius ate larvae pupae and adults, the other species ate larvae and pupae, Pterostichus lucublandus, B. quadrimaculatum, Anisodactylus santaecrucis. 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5781
Author: Zhao, J.Z.; Ayers, G.S.; Grafius, E.J.; Stehr, F.W.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of neighboring nectar-producing plants on populations of pest Lepidoptera and their parasitoids in broccoli plantings
Journal: Great Lakes Entomologist
Volume: 25
Pages: 253-258
Alternate Journal: Great Lakes Entomologist
Keywords: Rep., more Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella in broccoli plots with flowers than in broccoli monocultures, brassicas, field vegetables, horticulture, caterpillars, abundance of Trichoplusia ni was similar in all treatments, rates of parsasitism were high but did not differ between treatments, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Cotesia rubecula, Diadegma insulare, USA, flowering plants of 34 genera used, weeds, wildflowers, habitat diversification, 
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3659
Author: Zhao, Z.; McMurtry, J. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Development and reproduction of three Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) species in the presence and absence of supplementary foods
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 8
Pages: 233-242
Keywords: En.
Rep., predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, USA, 25C, Euseius tularensis, Euseius hibisci, Euseius stipulatus, basic foods were pollen, Teyranychus pacificus and Panonychus citri, Tetranychidae, pests, supplementary foods were honeydew from aphids and whiteflies, Hemiptera, citrus, top fruit, orchards, trees, oviposition rates were generally higher when given supplementary foods, population dynamics, reproduction, but basic food had greatest effect on development, survival and oviposition rate, best basic food was pollen, survivorship, mortality


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4925
Author: Zhou, J.; Goyer, R.A.; Lenhard, G.J.
Year: 1993
Title: Seasonal occurrence of Calleida viridipennis (Say) and Plochionus timidus Haldeman (Coleoptera: Carabidae), predators of the fruit tree leafroller, Archips argyrosplia (Walker), in Louisiana
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 28(3)
Pages: 254-262
Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, life cycle and biology, vertical distribution, natural enemies, pests, biological control, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, trees, woodland, forest, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Adults of these carabids overwinter under the bark of bald cypress and black willow. They are spring breeders and live one year. Eggs are laid on foliage and on leafroller webbing, arboreal carabids, forested wetlands, USA, bark searching, branch beating, burlap trapping, methods
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1650
Author: Zhou, X.; Carter, N.
Year: 1992
Title: Effects of temperature, feeding position and crop growth stage on the population dynamics of the rose grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 121
Pages: 27-37
Keywords: En.
Rep., pests, cereals, Gramineae, UK, winter wheat seedlings, constant and fluctuating temperatures on a range of crop growth stages, pre-reproductive development time, fecundity, adult reproductive lifespan, intrinsic rate of increase, cohort generation time, simulation model, reproductive rates, growth cabinet, Avalon, clip-cages, feeding position, flag cf lower leaves, produced no significant differences in population dynamics parameters


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4706
Author: Zhu, Y.C.; Burd, J.D.; Elliott, N.C.; Greenstone, M.H.
Year: 2000
Title: Specific ribosomal DNA marker for early PCR detection of Aphelinus hordei (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Volume: 93
Pages: 486-491
Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Keywords: Rep., methods, parasitoids, natural enemies, USA, cereals, aphids, pests, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Russian wheat aphid, detection of parasitism, biological control, ribosomal DNA sequences for ITS2, specific primers based on these sequences, PCR followed by electrophoresis, distinguished A. hordei from A. colemani and 3 other Aphelinus species and Russian Wheat Aphid, and greenbug, D. noxia, Schizaphis graminum, DNA of both species was detectable in D. noxia 24h after parasitism, sensitivity, specificity
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2511
Author: Zillesen, P. G. V.; Brunsting, A. M. H.
Year: 1984
Title: The influence of food quantity and photoperiod during the pre-adult stages on flight muscle development in adult Philonthus decorus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Journal: Entomologia Generalis
Volume: 9
Issue: 3)
Pages: 143-147
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1390
Author: Zimmermann, G.; Basedow, T.
Year: 1980
Title: Field tests on the effect of fungicides on the mortality of cereal aphids caused by Entomophthoraceae (Zygomycetes)
Journal: Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz
Volume: 87
Issue: 2)
Pages: 65-72
Keywords: pesticides, Germany, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, natural enemies, biological control, tridemorph, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon, benomyl, captafol, no differences between spray and control


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3800
Author: Zimmermann, J.; Buchs, W.
Year: 1994
Title: Kurzflugelkaferpopulationen (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) von Zuckerrubenflachen unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Insektizidanwendungen
Journal: Mitt. a. d. Bundesanst.
Volume: 301
Pages: 503
Keywords: Ger.
Rep., TP., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, arable, sugar beet, pesticides, insecticides, abundance, photoeclectors, lambda cyhalothrin, pirimicarb, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3581
Author: Zollner, U.; Poehling, H. M.
Year: 1994
Title: Influence of different aphid species on the efficiency of gall midge larvae (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) (Rond.) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Volume: 59
Issue: 2a)
Pages: 281-286
Keywords: En.
Rep., predators, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, larvae attained greater weight when fed on Acyrthosiphon pisum but emerging adults were lighter and had fewer eggs compared with those reared on Myzus persicae and Metopolophium dirhodum, conversion of aphid biomass to gall midge biomass less efficient on A.pisum, midges from Germany, Finland and the Czech Republic compared, living on bean, brussels sprouts, wheat, sweet pepper, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, cereals, Gramineae, female larvae killed 14% more aphids than males, 13-23 aphids killed during larval period, more A.pisum killed than other species, more partial consumption with M.dirhodum, references that in general aphids feeding on legumes are of poor nutritional quality for predators, fecundity twice as high on other aphids 24-43 as on A,pisum 14-19, reproduction, population dynamics, consumption rates, food quality, diet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1260
Author: Zubkov, A. F.; Titova, R. P.
Year: 1976
Title: The trophic structure of wheatfield coenoses and its alteration under the influence of chemical treatment in the wooded steppe of the Ob region
Journal: Entomological Review
Volume: 55
Pages: 1-10
Keywords: En.
Rep., cereals, Gramineae, USSR, pesticides, insecticides, agroecosystems, spring wheat, gamma HCH as dust and granules, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ground search, biomass comparisons of predators and herbivores, pest species migrate from fields in autumn, distribution, dispersal, Carabidae abunbdant early, Coccinellidae later, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, Coccinella 7-punctata, weeds more affected by herbivory than wheat, after insecticides potential predator pressure on remaining pests was doubled, earthworms 8 times greater biomass in steppe than ploughed fields, insects consume 10% plant production in meadows cf 3% in wheat, grasslands, high potential predator pressure in cereals, references to decreased predator abundance and increased pests after long-term pesticide applications, long-term effects


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5479
Author: Zuniga, E.
Year: 1991
Title: Integrated pest management: aphid control in South America
Journal: In "Wheat for the non-traditional warm areas, mexico" Proc. Conf. Iguazu, BR, CIMMYT5, Ed. by D.E. Saunders
Pages: 214-224
Alternate Journal: In "Wheat for the non-traditional warm areas, mexico" Proc. Conf. Iguazu, BR, CIMMYT5, Ed. by D.E. Saunders
Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, pesticides, Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi have been in S. America since early 1900s but Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae and Diuraphis noxia arrived in last 25 years, first in Chile then Argentina and Brazil, Md and Sa became serious pests in Chile, farmers applied broad spectrum  insecticides every 3 weeks, classical biological control of these aphids began in Chile in 1967-74, 7.5 million parasitoids and 0.5 million predators were reared and released and a range of other IPM measures were implemented, in Argentina the IPM programme reduced Md from 80 per tiller to 2 per tiller, levels of parasitism were high and aphid abundance low, estimated annual cost savings of replacing two annual insecticide applications with biocontrol measures are $63 million in Brazil, $28 million in Argentina, $18 million in Chile, $6.4 million in Paraguay and $0.4 million in Uruguay, economic benefits
Notes: En.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2704
Author: Zuniga, S. E.
Year: 1985
Title: Effect of rain on the abundance of aphids and mummified aphids on wheat (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Journal: Rev Chil Ent
Volume: 12
Pages: 205-208
Keywords: tp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 257
Author: Zuranska, I.
Year: 1970
Title: On the morphology of larvae of the genera Tachinus Grav. and Tachyporus Grav. (Staphylinidae, Tachyporinae)
Journal: Pol. Pismo Entomol.
Volume: 40
Pages: 83-89
Keywords: En.
Rep., structure, systematics, identification, classification, taxonomy, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, differences at genus level, does not separate species of Tachyporus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4944
Author: Zwahlen, C.; Nentwig, W.; Bigler, F.; Hilbeck, A.
Year: 2000
Title: Tritrophic interactions of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn, Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and the predator Orius majusculus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 29(4)
Pages: 846-850
Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology
Keywords: Rep., GM crops, genetically modified maize, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, in laboratory the performance of Orius fed with thrips that had fed on GM maize was evaluated compared with Bt-free prey, diet, food, trophic behaviour, GM food had no deleterious effect on Orius development time or mortality, information and systems useful in relation to registration of GM crops, food chain effects
Notes: En.