Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Swithinbank, Charles
      Originator: Williams, Richard S., Jr.
      Originator: Ferrigno, Jane G.
      Originator: Foley, Kevin M.
      Originator: Hallam, Cheryl
      Originator: Rosanova, Christine
      Publication_Date: 2002
      Title: COASTAL CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE BAKUTIS COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA: 1972-1997
      Edition: first
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Map
        Issue_Identification: I-2600-F
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia U.S.A.
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
  Description:
    Abstract: Changes in the area and volume of the polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth.  Loss of the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m.  The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m to 73 m.  In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking.  As a result, measurement of changes in the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs.  An archive of early 1970's Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the fact that the repeat coverage with satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica.  The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) and RADARSAT images to compare changes over a 20- to 25- year time interval and to prepare a series of 24 1:1,000,000-scale and 1 1:5,000,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Maps ("I-Maps") (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; and Ferrigno and others, 2002) in both paper and digital format.
    Purpose: The Coastal-Change and Glaciological Mapping Project has five objectives, listed as follows: (1) to determine coastline changes that have occured during the past three decades; (2) to establish an accurate baseline series of 1:1,000,000-scale maps that define, from the analysis of Landsat and RADARSAT images, the glaciological characteristics of the coastline of Antarctica during the three time intervals (early 1970's, middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997); (3) to determine velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, and the position of the grounding line from analysis of Landsat images and other sources of the same areas taken over time; (4) to compile a comprehensive inventory of named and unnamed outlet glaciers and ice streams in Antarctica that are mappable from Landsat images or from ancillary sources such as maps, gazeteers, digital databases, etc.; (5) to compile a 1:5,000,000-scale map of Antarctica derived from the 24 1:1,000,000-scale maps.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1972
        Ending_Date: 2002
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -130.0
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.0
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.9
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: -78.0
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: coastal change
      Theme_Keyword: glaciology
      Theme_Keyword: ice velocity
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alberts, F.G., ed., 1981, Geographic names of the Antarctic: Reston, VA, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, National Science Foundation Report No. NSF 81-5, 959 p.
      Place_Keyword: Antarctica
      Place_Keyword: Wrigley Gulf
      Place_Keyword: Siple Island
      Place_Keyword: DeVicq Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Dean Island
      Place_Keyword: Hobbs Coast
      Place_Keyword: Getz Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Mount Siple
      Place_Keyword: Thurston Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Russell Bay
      Place_Keyword: Armour Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Carney Island
      Place_Keyword: Beakley Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Duncan Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Amundsen Sea
      Place_Keyword: Scott Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Nunn Island
      Place_Keyword: Wright Island
      Place_Keyword: Bakutis Coast
      Place_Keyword: Philbin Inlet
      Place_Keyword: Martin Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Singer Glacier
      Place_Keyword: McClinton Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Dorchuk Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Keys Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Horrall Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Kohler Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Kohler Range
      Place_Keyword: Wunneburger Rock
      Place_Keyword: Dotson Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Yoder Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Simmons Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Mount Meunier
      Place_Keyword: Smith Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Moore Dome
      Place_Keyword: Sorenson Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Brush Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Zuniga Glacier
      Place_Keyword: True Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Boschert Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Bear Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Park Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Gurnon Peninsula
      Place_Keyword: Bunner Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Hamilton Ice Piedmont
      Place_Keyword: Holt Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Jones Bluff
      Place_Keyword: Crosson Ice Shelf
      Place_Keyword: Pope Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Roos Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Vane Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Callendar Peak
      Place_Keyword: Hawkins Peak
      Place_Keyword: Mount Murphy
      Place_Keyword: Haynes Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Walgreen Coast
      Place_Keyword: Thwaites Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Pine Island Bay
      Place_Keyword: Marie Byrd Land
      Place_Keyword: Mount Flint
      Place_Keyword: McCuddin Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Mount Petras
      Place_Keyword: USAS Escarpment
      Place_Keyword: Mount Hampton
      Place_Keyword: Mount Cumming
      Place_Keyword: Executive Committee Range
      Place_Keyword: Mount Sidley
      Place_Keyword: Mount Waesche
      Place_Keyword: Parks Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Toney Mountain
      Place_Keyword: Richmond Peak
      Place_Keyword: Mount Takahe
      Place_Keyword: Steuri Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Clausen Glacier
      Place_Keyword: Crary Mountains
      Place_Keyword: Mount Steere
      Place_Keyword: Mount Frakes
      Place_Keyword: Boyd Ridge
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: None
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Richard S. Williams Jr.
      Contact_Position: Project Chief, Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          Woods Hole Field Center
          384 Woods Hole Road
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: Massachusetts
        Postal_Code: 02543-1598
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508 457 2347
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rswilliams@usgs.gov
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The assignment of coastal features attributes is done qualitatively through examination of hardcopy Landsat imagery at the approximate scale of 1:500,000.  The classification of a coastal feature is determined after examining between one and four Landsat images of the coastal feature. Date attributes are assigned to reflect the collection date of the image used to record a coastal feature.
  Logical_Consistency_Report: The COASTAL-CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE BAKUTIS COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA is an assessment of change in coastal features examined in three periods of time, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997.  Data are represented on the map grouped by symbol into these categories.  The temporal frame of each period varies.  The 1970's time frame is represented by data collected from Landsat 1 images acquired from December 16, 1972 to November 27, 1976, a period of slightly less than a year.  The period from the middle 1980's through early 1990's is represented by Landsat 4 and 5 images acquired from December 2, 1984 through January 24, 1990, a period of over five years.  The 1997 time frame is represented by data collected from the RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctic.  The mosaic is comprised of images accquired in the course of a single mission dedicated to the production of the mosaic.  The imagery was acquired from September 9, 1997 to October 20, 1997, a period of forty days. One low-resolution AVHRR image (approximately 600m pixel) obtained via the internet from the National Ice Center, Naval Ice Center is used to determine the position of newly calved iceberg B-22 on March 11, 2002.
  Completeness_Report: Data, in the form of remote-sensing imagery, was collected to study coastal features during three time periods, early 1970's; middle 1980's to early 1990's and 1997.  Landsat 1 and 2 scenes selected for the early 1970's period provide complete coverage of the coastline of the study area.   Landsat 4 and 5 images provide approximately 90% coverage of the coastline of the study area.  Landsat images were selected to provide the highest cloud-free coverage possible but small localized areas of clouds do obscure some of the coastal coverage (less than 5%).  The RADARSAT 125 m mosaic of Antarctica provides complete and cloud-free coverage for the 1997 time period.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The RADARSAT 125m Mosaic of Antarctica is used as horizontal control for purposes of this project.  Producers of the mosaic claim a postional accuracy of 150m RMS in coastal areas where geodetic control points are abundant.  Accuracy decreases towards the interior of the continent, reaching a high of 5 kilometers.  An in-depth study of the accuracy of the mosaic by a Geodetic Engineer is included in the text of the report.
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
      Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Elevation data for this project was excerpted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) produced by Byrd Polar Research Center in conjunction with the RADARSAT Mosaic of Antarctica. Vertical error of the DEM was assessed by comparison with six measured elevation transects.  Three of the transects were done via GPS, one by radar echo sounding (RES) and two geodetic leveling.  The range of vertical error is from 2 meters RMSE for a 129 kilometer GPS transect to 36 meters RMS for a 580 kilometer leveled transect.  Construction and error analysis of this DEM is discussed at length in Liu, 1999.  See report for full citation.
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: USGS EROS Data Center
          Publication_Date: 19730213
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1205-14044
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 248 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730213
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1205-14044
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730130
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1191-14270
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 001 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730130
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1191-14270
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730113
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1174-14325
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 002 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730113
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1174-14325
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721227
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1157-14383
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 003 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19721227
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1157-14383
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730116
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1177-14500
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 004 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19730116
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1177-14500
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721230
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1160-14551
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19730116
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721230
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1160-14554
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19721230
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1160-14554
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721230
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1160-14560
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19721230
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1160-14560
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731123
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1488-15160
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 010 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1488-15160
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731123
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1488-15163
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 010 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19731123
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1488-15163
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721216
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1146-15191
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 011 Row 114
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        Time_Period_Information:
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731126
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1491-15334
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 013 Row 114
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731127
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1492-15390
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 014 Row 113
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        Time_Period_Information:
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19731127
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1492-15392
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 014 Row 114
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19731127
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1492-15392
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721222
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1152-15533
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 016 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1152-15533
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19721222
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1152-15524
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 017 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
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            Calendar_Date: 19721222
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 1152-15524
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730111
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1172-16035
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 112
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        Time_Period_Information:
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19730111
          Title: Landsat 1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Image no. 1172-16042
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 113
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        Time_Period_Information:
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861221
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51025-14104
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 001 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861221
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861221
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51025-14111
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 001 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861221
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19881218
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42347-14240
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 001 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
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        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19881218
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42347-14240
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19880122
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42016-14341
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 004 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
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            Calendar_Date: 19880122
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19890209
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42400-14430
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 004 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19890209
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      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19880122
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42016-14343
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 004 Row 114
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19880209
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      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42016-14343
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    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19841202
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 50276-14521
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19841202
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 50276-14521
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19841201
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 50276-14524
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19841202
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 40276-14524
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19900109
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42734-14552
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 006 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19900109
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42734-14552
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19880102
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 41996-14580
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 008 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19880102
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 41996-14580
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19900123
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42748-15073
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 008 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19900123
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42748-15073
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861227
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 41031-15122
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 011 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861227
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51031-15122
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861225
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51029-15244
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 013 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861225
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51029-15244
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19861225
          Title: Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 51029-15250
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 013 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19861225
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 51029-15250
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19900124
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42749-15502
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 015 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19900124
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42749-15502
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19880225
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42050-16013
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 112
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19880225
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42050-16013
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
          Publication_Date: 19880225
          Title: Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) Image no. 42050-16015
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
          Other_Citation_Details: Path 018 Row 113
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 19880225
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat 42050-16015
      Source_Contribution: coastal image
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Alberts, F.G., ed
          Publication_Date: 1981
          Title: Geographic Names of the Antarctic
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: National Science Foundation Report
            Issue_Identification: NSF 81-5
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
            Publisher: U.S. Board on Geographic Anmes
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 0001
            Ending_Date: 1981
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Alberts, 1981
      Source_Contribution: location data for named places and features
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Liu, H.
          Originator: Jezek, K.
          Originator: Li, B.
          Originator: Zhao, Z.
          Publication_Date: 2001
          Title: Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project Digital Elevation Model Version 2
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Boulder, Colorado, USA
            Publisher: National Snow and Ice Data Center
          Online_Linkage: http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0082.html
      Type_of_Source_Media: online
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1940
            Ending_Date: 1999
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat DEM V2
      Source_Contribution: elevation data
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Jezek, Kenneth C.
          Publication_Date: unknown
          Title: RADARSAT-1 SAR Mosaic of Antarctica - Med Res (125m pixel)
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
            Publisher:
              Alaska SAR Facility
              Geophysical Institute
              University of Alaska Fairbanks
          Online_Linkage: http://www.asf.alaska.edu/amm1/mosaic_med_res.html
      Type_of_Source_Media:
        online
        CD-ROM
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 19970909
            Ending_Date: 19971022
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Radarsat 125m Mosaic
      Source_Contribution:
        digital mapping base
        position of dynamic coastal features in 1997
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: National Ice Center
          Publication_Date: 20020318
          Title: AVHRR Image of B-22 dated 11 March 2002
          Edition: none
          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
          Online_Linkage: http://www.natice.noaa.gov/avhrrb22.jpg
      Type_of_Source_Media: online
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 20020311
        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: B-22 AVHRR
      Source_Contribution: March 11, 2002 position of newly calved iceberg B-22
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Hardcopy Landsat images are used where digital data are not available. Hardcopy is used in almost all cases.  Hardcopy images are scanned to TIFF format digital files at a resolution of 400 dots per inch and a grayscale depth of 256 shades of gray. TIFF files are imported into commercial image-processing software for spatial correction.  The images are corrected using a first-order polynomial adjustment based on tie-point correlation to the georeferenced RADARSAT mosaic.  Standard procedure dictates that tie-points are best selected to form uniform distribution across the image to be corrected.  The procedure for selecting tie-point deviated from standard procedure for two reasons: (1) Radar images such as the RADARSAT base suffer from "layover" or displacement of relief in the horizontal plane in the direction of the nadir line with respect to the sampling device.  The degree of displacement is proportional to the magnitude of relief so tie-points are selected only in areas of low relief.  (2) Coastal features are the primary interest of this study so tie-points are selected preferentially on or near coastal features in order to assure that corrections to the image are based preferentially on coastal feature data.
      Process_Date: 2001
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
    Row_Count: 7345
    Column_Count: 6849
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing addres
        Address:
          Box 25286
          Building 810
          Denver Federal Center
        City: Denver
        State_or_Province: Colorado
        Postal_Code: 80225
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 202-4200
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 202 4188
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov
      Hours_of_Service: hours: 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM Monday through Friday (Mountain Time)
  Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related material nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20020417
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kevin Foley
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division, Eastern Region, Earth Surface Processes Team
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
          Mail Stop 926A
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: Virginia
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6032
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998