WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation
P17N

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
325021_1

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
David Musgrave, UA

Dates
1993.05.15 - 1993.06.26

Ship
THOMAS THOMPSON

Ports of call
San Francisco, California-Sitka, Alaska 

Number of stations
207

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	5719.91''N
15906.06''W	12349.54''W
	3434.90''N

Floats and drifters deployed
none

Moorings deployed or recovered
none

Contributing Authors
M. Aoyama
R.M. Key
P.D. Quay

A.	Cruise Narrative

A.1	Highlights

A.1.a	WOCE designation	P17N

A.1.b	EXPOCODE		325021/1

A.1.c	Chief Scientist		David L. Musgrave
				University of Alaska
				Fairbanks, AK
				phone: 907-474-7837
				fax:   907-474-7204
				e-mail: musgave@ims.alaska.edu

A.1.d	Ship			

A.1.e	Ports of call		San Francisco, California-Sitka, Alaska (USA)

A.1.f	Cruise dates		15-May-1993 to 26-Jun-1993

A.2	Cruise Summary Information

A.2.a	Geographic boundaries
		57N
	158W		123W
		38N

A.2.b	Stations occupied
Stations were numbered consecutively from the beginning of the cruise.  *202 
CTD/36 bottle rosette stations, 47 with LADCP

1. 127 WOCE stations (1-99,121-148), 33 with LADCP
2. 21 coastal stations into Alaska Peninsula (100-120), 0 with LADCP
3. 39 Sitka Sound stations (149-187), 0 with LADCP
4. 16 Sitka Eddy stations (188-203), 14 with LADCP

* 10 Large volume sampling (Gerard barrel) stations

A.2.c	Floats and drifters deployed

A.2.d	Moorings deployed or recovered

A.3	List of Principal Investigators

Table 1:	List of Principal Investigators

Name			Parameter		Institution
Rana Fine		CFC			RSMAS
Teresa Chereskin	ADCP, LADCP		SIO
Wilf Gardner		Transmissometer		TAMU
Catherine Goyet		Carbon Dioxide		WHOI
Charles Keeling		Carbon Dioxide		SIO
Robert Key		Large Volume Carbon-14	Princeton 
			Radium-228	
John Lupton		Helium-3		NOAA/PMEL
Dave Musgrave		CTD-hydrography		IMS-UAF
Tom Royer		CTD-hydrography		IMS-UAF
Paul Quay		AMS Carbon-14		UW
Jim Swift		CTD-hydrography and 	SIO-ODF
			nutrients support	
Zafir Top		Helium-3, Tritium	RSMAS
Rick Thomson		Surface Drifters	IOS/BC

Disposition of data: please contact the individual investigators listed above.  
We are following the US WHP data policy, by which all preliminary results are 
immediately available to all US WOCE investigators funded for Pacific basin 
projects, with proprietary rights for two years for usage and publication of the 
data given to the individual investigator responsible for each particular 
measurement.  Any use of publication of these data without permission from the 
principal investigator responsible for that measurement is in violation of this 
agreement.  Collaborative work is encouraged.

A.4	Scientific Programme and Methods

The R/V Thompson departed San Francisco for cruise 21 (leg 01) on 15-May-1993.  
This was the first WOCE hydrographic cruise on the R/V Thompson.  P17N was 
supported by the National Science Foundation's Ocean Science Division.  The 
Ocean Data Facility of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (ODF/SIO) provided 
the basic technical support for this cruise.  Because of their sea-going 
experience with the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP) and their prior support of 
JGOFS activities on the R/V Thompson, we had very few problems with equipment.  
The worst problem seemed to be occasional malfunctioning of the General Oceanics 
pylon.  We had extremely good weather (for the Northeast Pacific) and were 
delayed only two times: due to weather for about 24 hours at station 72 and for 
about 8 hours at a non-WOCE station (194).  We had three weather days planned 
and gained additional days due to a cruising speed of slightly greater than 10 
knots.  The additional days were spent on hydrographic work on the Alaska 
Peninsula shelf, in Sitka Sound and offshore of Sitka.

All WOCE stations were to the bottom and included a rosette/CTD cast.  Basic 
station spacing in the open ocean was 30 nm, with higher resolution in regions 
of steep topography (off Pt. Arena, California, over the Mendicino "Ridge," over 
the Aleutian Trench, and at the shelf break into Sitka).  The Alaska Peninsula 
and Sitka Sound stations were to the bottom (generally less than 200 m) and the 
Sitka Eddy stations were to the bottom or 1000m or 2000 m.

Sampling was done with a 36-place General Oceanics pylon on a rosette frame with 
10-liter bottles and a CTD (SIO/ODF CTD \#1), transmissometer, altimeter, and 
pinger.  The CTD data stream consisted of elapsed time, pressure, two 
temperature channels, conductivity, oxygen, altimeter and transmissometer 
signals.  All WOCE profiles were full water column depth.  Water samples were 
collected for analyses of salt, oxygen, silica, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite on 
all stations and of CFC-11, CFC-12, helium-3, helium-4, tritium, AMS C14, total 
CO2 and total alkalinity on selected stations.

A Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler was mounted to the rosette frame 
which was specially made so that no bottles needed to be removed.  The LADCP was 
mounted only for stations near steep bathymetry.  It's pressure case was rated 
to 5500 dbar so at station 87 at the crossing of the deepest part of the 
Aleutian Trench (6000 m), the LADCP was dismounted and then remounted for a 
second cast.  The time to mount or dismount the LADCP was about one-half hour 
since the rosette needed to be partially dismantled.

Large volume sampling was made with 270 liter Gerard barrels for analyses of C14 
Ra(228), salinity, oxygen, and nutrients on 10 stations.  We had very good 
weather for all the Large Volume Stations and had no problems with pre-trips 
(wire speeds of 30 meters/minute for down-casts).  The time for the LVS's was 
greater than that allotted for in the cruise plan.  However, the time gained by 
cruise speeds greater than 10 knots more than made up for the lost time on the 
LVS's.

A.5	Major Problems and Goals not Achieved

No major problems were encountered on the cruise.  The wind speed and direction 
of the IMET system failed early in the cruise.  The shipboard underway system 
did not log data until station 10 due to a software error.

The GO pylon had major problems in firing bottles, however all misfirings were 
detectable and the console operator was able to compensate for the misfires.

A.6	Other Incidents of Note

A.7	List of Cruise Participants

Table 2:	List of Cruise Participants

	Name			Institution	Responsibility
1	Dave Musgrave		UAF		Chief Scientist
2	Tom Royer		UAF		Co-Chief Scientist
3	Robert T. Williams	STS/ODF		Data/Marine Tech, WLdr, Oxygen
4	Carl Mattson		STS/ODF		Electronics Specialist
5	Dave Muus		STS/ODF		Data/Marine Tech, WLdr
6	Dave Nelson		STS/ODF/URI	Marine Tech
7	Stacey Morgan		STS/ODF		Oxygen/Nutrients
8	Dennis Guffy		STS/ODF/TAMU	Nutrients
9	Laura Goepfert		STS/ODF		Marine Tech/Salt
10	Marie-Claude Beaupre	STS/ODF		Nutrients/Oxygen
11	Craig Hallman		STS/ODF		Marine Tech/Salt
12	Teri Chereskin		SIO		ADCP,LADCP
13	Rich Rotter		Princeton	Large Volume extractions
14	Georges Paradis		PMEL		Helium sampling
15	Chris Heuer		RSMAS		Helium/tritium sampling
16	Emma Bradshaw		RSMAS		CFC
17	Kevin Maillet		RSMAS		CFC
18	Maren Tracy		WHOI		CO2
19	Bob Adams		WHOI		CO2
20	Aaron Smith		WHOI		CO2
21	Rolf Sonnerup		UW		AMS 14C
22	Steve Sweet		UAF		Watch Stander
23	Heather Hunt		UAF		Watch Stander

Table 3:	Institutions 

NOAA/PMEL	NOAA
		Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
		7600 Sand Point Way NE
		Seattle, WA
		98115-0700
SIO		Scripps Institution of Oceanography
		University of California of San Diego
		9500 Gilman Drive
		La Jolla, CA
		92093
TAMU		Texas A&M University
		Department of Oceanography
		College Station, TX
		77843
WHOI		Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
		Woods Hole, Ma
		02543
Princeton	Princeton University
		Princeton, NJ
		08540
RSMAS		Rosential School of Marine and 
		Atmospheric Science
		Miami, FL
UAF		University of Alaska
		Fairbanks, AK
UW		University of Washington
		School of Oceanography
		Seattle, WA
		98195

B.	Underway Measurements

B.1	Navigation and bathymetry

Navigation data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy 2000 
system via RS-232.  It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals by one 
of the Sun Sparcstations to provide a time-series of underway position, course, 
speed and bathymetry data.  These data were used for all station positions, PDR 
depths, and for bathymetry on vertical sections.

B.2	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

An ADCP was run while underway.

B.3	Thermosalinograph and underway dissolved oxygen, etc

pCO was collected while underway.

B.4	XBT and XCTD

B.5	Meteorological observations

Thompson's IMET system collected (surface water temperature and conductivity, 
meteorological parameters, GPS navigation, ship's speed and heading) and 
bathymetry from the shipboard PDR.  The IMET's wind speed and direction sensor 
malfunctioned early in the cruise.

B.6	Atmospheric chemistry

C.	Hydrographic Measurements (ODF report)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Pacific Ocean P17N
R/V Thomas G. Thompson
Voyage TT021
15 May - 26 June 1993
San Francisco, California - Sitka, Alaska
Expocode:  325021/1

Chief Scientist:  Dr. David L. Musgrave
University of Alaska, Fairbanks

WOCE-93 P17N Cruise Track*

Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF)
Final Cruise Report
December 19, 1995

Data Submitted by:
Oceanographic Data Facility
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, CA 92093-0214

1.	DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS

Basic Hydrography Program

The basic hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made from 
bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts plus pressure, temperature, salinity and 
dissolved oxygen from CTD profiles.  202 CTD/Rosette casts were made, usually to 
within 10 meters of the bottom. Of these 202 casts, there were a total of 128 
WOCE casts.  10 Large Volume stations were occupied with two casts per station.  
On the WOCE stations, 4343 bottles were tripped resulting in 4319 usable 
bottles.  No major problems were encountered during any phase of the operation.  
The resulting data set met and in many cases exceeded WHP specifications.  The 
distribution of samples is illustrated in figures 1.0.0*, 1.0.1* and 1.0.2*.

Figure 1.0.0* Sample distribution, stations 001-028

1.1.	Water Sampling Package

Hydrographic (rosette) casts were performed with a new design of the rosette 
system consisting of a 36-bottle ODF-designed rosette frame, a 36-place pylon 
(General Oceanics 1016) and 36 10-liter Bullister-style PVC bottles.  The frame 
worked well and held the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) 
without sacrificing any of the 36 samplers.  The G.O. pylon had operating 
problems which could usually be overcome by the operator through the diagnostics 
routine.  The Bullister-style samplers worked well, but had fragile end-cap 
edges and tight valves.  Recommendations for modifications were made and have 
since been implemented.  Underwater electronic components consisted of an ODF-
modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #1) and associated sensors, SeaTech 
transmissometer provided by Texas A&M University (TAMU), RDI LADCP, Benthos 
altimeter and Benthos pinger.  The CTD was mounted horizontally along the bottom 
of the rosette frame, with the transmissometer, dissolved oxygen and secondary 
PRT sensors deployed alongside.  The LADCP was mounted vertically in the frame 
inside the bottle rings.  The Benthos altimeter provided distance-above-bottom 
in the CTD data stream.  The Benthos pinger was monitored during a cast with a 
precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's laboratory.  The rosette system was 
suspended from a three-conductor electro-mechanical (EM) cable.  Power to the 
CTD and pylon was provided through the cable from the ship.  Separate conductors 
were used for the CTD and pylon signals.

Figure 1.0.1* Sample distribution stations 028-099

Figure 1.0.2* Sample distribution, stations 121-155

Each rosette cast was performed to within 10 meters of the bottom, unless the 
bottom returns from both the pinger and altimeter were extremely poor.  Bottles 
on the rosette were each identified with a unique serial number.  Usually these 
numbers corresponded to the reverse of the pylon tripping sequence, 1-36, with 
the first bottle tripped being bottle #36 (deepest bottle).  Bottle replacements 
were necessary, and the replacement bottles were numbered 37 and 38.  Averages 
of CTD data corresponding to the time of bottle closure were associated with the 
bottle data during a cast.  Pressure, depth, temperature, salinity, density and 
nominally-corrected oxygen were immediately available to facilitate examination 
and quality control of the bottle data as the sampling and laboratory analyses 
progressed.

The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 45 minutes prior to a cast. 
All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation.  The bottles 
were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked.  Upon arrival on 
station, time, position and bottom depth were logged and the deployment begun.  
The rosette was moved into position under a projecting boom from the rosette 
room using an air-powered cart on tracks.  Two stabilizing tag lines were 
threaded through rings on the frame.  CTD sensor covers were removed and the 
pinger turned on.  Once the CTD acquisition and control system in the ship's 
laboratory had been initiated by the console operator and the CTD and pylon had 
passed their diagnostics, the winch operator raised the package and extended the 
boom over the side of the ship.  The package was then quickly lowered into the 
water, the tag lines removed and the console operator notified by radio that the 
rosette was at the surface.

Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse of 
the launching.  Two tag lines connected to air tuggers and terminating in large 
snap hooks were manipulated on long poles by the deck watch to snag recovery 
rings on the rosette frame.  The package was then lifted out of the water under 
tension from the tag lines, the boom retracted, and the rosette lowered onto the 
cart.  Sensor covers were replaced, the pinger turned off and the cart with the 
rosette moved into the rosette room for sampling.  A detailed examination of the 
bottles and rosette would occur before samples were taken, and any extraordinary 
situations or circumstances were noted on the sample log for the cast.

Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis.  O-rings were changed as 
necessary and bottle maintenance performed each day to insure proper closure and 
sealing.  Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced.

Large Volume Sampling (LVS) [Key91] was also performed on this expedition.  
These casts were carried out with ~270-liter stainless steel Gerard barrels on 
which were mounted 5-liter bottles with deep-sea reversing thermometers (DSRTs).  
Samples for salinity, silicate and 14-C were obtained from the Gerard barrels; 
samples for salinity and silicate were drawn from piggyback Niskin-style 
bottles.  The salinity and silicate samples from each piggyback bottle were used 
for comparison with the Gerard barrel salinity and silicate to verify the 
integrity of the Gerard sample.

1.2.	Underwater Electronics Packages

CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF CTD #1).  This 
instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved O2 
channels, and additionally measured a second temperature (FSI temperature 
sensor) as a calibration check.  Other data channels included elapsed-time, an 
altimeter, several power supply voltages and a transmissometer.  The instrument 
supplied a standard 15-byte NBIS-format data stream at a data rate of 25 fps.  
Modifications to the instrument included a revised dissolved O2 sensor mounting; 
ODF-designed sensor interfaces for the FSI PRT and the SeaTech transmissometer; 
implementation of 8-bit and 16-bit multiplexer channels; an elapsed-time 
channel; instrument id in the polarity byte and power supply voltages channels.

The O2 sensor was deployed in an ODF-designed pressure-compensated holder 
assembly mounted separately on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD by an 
underwater cable.  The transmissometer interface was designed and built by ODF 
using an off-the-shelf 12-bit A/D converter.

Although the secondary temperature sensor was located within 1 meter of the CTD 
conductivity sensor, it was not sufficiently close to calculate coherent 
salinities.  It was used as a secondary temperature calibration reference rather 
than as a redundant sensor, with the intent of eliminating the use of mercury or 
electronic DSRTs as calibration checks.

Standard CTD maintenance procedures included soaking the conductivity sensor in 
deionized water and placing a cap on the O2 sensor between casts to maintain 
sensor stability, and protecting the CTD from exposure to direct sunlight or 
wind to maintain an equilibrated internal temperature.

The General Oceanics 1016 36-place pylon was used in conjunction with the 
General Oceanics pylon deck unit.  There were numerous tripping problems caused 
by the G.O. pylon/deck unit combination.  Usually these could be resolved by the 
console operator via the pylon diagnostics routine.  The pylon emitted a 
confirmation message containing its current notion of bottle trip position, 
which was an aid in sorting out mis-trips.  A further consequence of Using the 
G.O. pylon and deck unit also contributed to the magnitude of the variance of 
salinity differences.  The pylon would take a variable amount of time to trip a 
bottle after the trip had been initiated.  The time varied from 5 seconds to 
over 30 seconds.  The acquisition software began averaging data corresponding to 
the rosette trip as soon as the trip was initiated, ending when the trip 
confirmed.  Consequently, CTD rosette trip data used for the differences 
contained variable-length averages.

1.3.	Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition

Navigation data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy 2000 
system via RS-232.  It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals by one 
of the Sun Sparcstations to provide a time-series of underway position, course, 
speed and bathymetry data.  These data were used for all station positions, PDR 
depths, and for bathymetry on vertical sections [Cart80].

1.4.	CTD Data Acquisition, Processing and Control System

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system consisted of a Sun 
SPARCstation 2 computer workstation, ODF-built CTD deck unit, General Oceanics 
pylon deck unit, CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR recorder for real-time 
analog backup recording of the sea-cable signal.  The Sun system consisted of a 
color display with trackball and keyboard (the CTD console), 18 RS-232 ports, 
2.5 GB disk and 8 mm cartridge tape.  One other Sun SPARCstation 2 system was 
networked to the data acquisition system, as well as to the rest of the 
networked computers aboard the Thompson.  These systems were available for real-
time CTD data display as well as for providing hydrographic data management and 
backup.  Each Sun SPARCstation was equipped with a printer and an 8-color drum 
plotter.

The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to a 9600 baud RS-232C binary 
data stream by the CTD deck unit.  This data stream was fed to the Sun 
SPARCstation.  The pylon deck unit was connected to the data acquisition system 
through a serial port, allowing the data acquisition system to initiate and 
confirm bottle trips.  A bitmapped color display provided interactive graphical 
display and control of the CTD rosette sampling system, including real-time raw 
and processed data, navigation, winch and rosette trip displays.

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the 
console watch a few minutes before each deployment.  A console operations log 
was maintained for each deployment, containing a record of every attempt to trip 
a bottle as well as any pertinent comments.  Most CTD console control functions, 
including starting the data acquisition, were performed by pointing and clicking 
a trackball cursor on the display at icons representing functions to perform.  
The system then presented the operator with short dialog prompts with 
automatically-generated choices that could either be accepted as default or 
overridden.  The operator was instructed to turn on the CTD and pylon power 
supplies, then to examine a real-time CTD data display on the screen for stable 
voltages from the underwater unit.  Once this was accomplished, the data 
acquisition and processing was begun and a time and position automatically 
associated with the beginning of the cast.  A backup analog recording of the CTD 
signal was made on a VCR tape, which was started at the same time as the data 
acquisition.  A rosette trip display and pylon control window then popped up, 
giving visual confirmation that the pylon was initializing properly.  Various 
plots and displays were initiated.  When all was ready, the console operator 
informed the deck watch by radio.

Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette and informed the console operator 
that the rosette was at the surface (also confirmed by the computer displays), 
the console operator provided the winch operator with a target depth (wire-out) 
and lowering rate (normally 60 meters/minute for this package).  The package 
would then begin its descent.

The console operator examined the processed CTD data during descent via 
interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run at other 
workstations on the network.  Additionally, the operator decided where to trip 
bottles on the up-cast, noting this on the console log.  The PDR was monitored 
to insure the bottom depth was known at all times.

The watch leader assisted the console operator when the package was ~400 meters 
above the bottom, and verify the range to the bottom using the distance between 
the bottom reflection and pinger signal displayed on the PDR.  Between 300 to 60 
meters above the bottom, depending on bottom conditions, the altimeter typically 
began signaling a bottom return on the console.  The winch and altimeter 
displays allowed the watch leader to refine the target depth relayed to the 
winch operator and safely approach to within 10 meters of the bottom.

Bottles were tripped by pointing the console trackball cursor at a graphic 
firing control and clicking a button.  The data acquisition system responded 
with the CTD rosette trip data and a pylon confirmation message in a window.  
All tripping attempts were noted on the console log.  The console operator then 
directed the winch operator to the next bottle stop.  The console operator was 
also responsible for generating the sample log for the cast.

After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed the deck watch 
to bring the rosette on deck.  Once on deck, the console operator terminated the 
data acquisition and turned off the CTD, pylon and VCR recording.  The VCR tape 
was filed.  Usually the console operator also brought the sample log to the 
rosette room and served as the sample cop.

1.5.	CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of the CTD pressure and temperature sensors 
were used to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data acquisition 
and processing software at sea.  These laboratory calibrations were also 
performed post-cruise.

Pressure and temperature calibrations were performed on CTD #1 at the ODF 
Calibration Facility (La Jolla).  The pre-cruise calibration was done in May 
1993 before the start of the expediton, and the post-cruise calibration was done 
in October 1993.

The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled water 
bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gauge pressure reference.  Calibration curves 
were measured at 0.01, 11.74 and 31.22C to 2 maximum loading pressures (2775 
and 6080 db) pre-cruise, and at 1.62 and 32.13C to 2 maximum loading pressures 
(1400 and 6080 db) post-cruise.  Figure 1.5.0* summarizes the laboratory pressure 
calibration performed in May 1993 and Figure 1.5.1* summarizes the pressure 
calibrations done in October 1993.

Figure 1.5.0* Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993.

Figure 1.5.1* Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993.

Additionally, dynamic thermal-response step tests were conducted on the pressure 
transducer to calibrate dynamic thermal effects.

CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to an NBIS ATB-1250 resistance bridge and 
Rosemount standard PRT in a temperature-controlled bath.  The primary CTD 
temperature was offset by ~1.5C to avoid the 0-point discontinuity inherent in 
the internal digitizing circuitry.  Figures 1.5.3*-1.5.4* summarize the laboratory 
calibrations performed on the primary PRT.

These laboratory temperature calibrations are referenced to the ITS-90 standard.  
Calibration coefficients were converted to the IPTS-68 standard because 
calculated parameters, including salinity and density, are currently defined in 
terms of that standard.

Figure 1.5.3* Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993.

Figure 1.5.4* Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993.

1.6.	CTD Calibration Procedures

This cruise was the first of 2 consecutive Pacific Ocean cruises for this CTD.  
Transfer standards and redundant sensors were used as calibration checks while 
at sea.  An FSI secondary pressure reference was used as a pressure calibration 
transfer standard.  An FSI PRT sensor was deployed as a second temperature 
channel and compared with the primary PRT channel on most casts.

The secondary PRT sensor did not exhibit any appreciable drift during these 
expeditions.  There was a constant offset maintained between the 2 PRTs 
throughout this leg.  Figure 1.6.0* summarizes the comparison between the primary 
and secondary PRT channels.  The response times of the sensors were first 
matched, then the temperatures compared for a series of standard depths from 
each CTD down-cast.

CTD conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to in-situ check samples 
collected during each rosette cast.  Based on the stability of the conductivity 
calibration, there were no significant shifts in the CTD pressure or 
temperature.

Figure 1.6.0* Comparison between the primary and secondary PRT channels.

CTD Pressure and Temperature

The final pressure and temperature calibrations were determined during post-
cruise processing.  Over 6000 db, there was a 1.5 db slope change between the 
pre- and post-cruise cold "deep" pressure laboratory calibrations, as well as an 
~1.5 db offset between the 2 sets of pressure calibrations (pre- and post).  
After analyzing these 2 sets of calibrations, a decision was made to generate new 
tables of corrections based on averaging the data from both sets of pressure 
calibrations.  These new corrections, generated by this new averaged calibration, 
were then reapplied to the data set for the cruise.  Another reason to reapply 
the corrections to the block-averaged data was because the pressure model used 
had been further refined to more accurately apply the thermal shock correction.  
Figure 1.6.1* summarizes the average of the pre/post laboratory pressure 
calibrations.

The primary temperature sensor (Rosemount Model 171BJ Serial No. 14304) 
laboratory calibration shows essentially the same curve pre- and post- cruise, 
with at most a .0004C shift in the range of 10-27C; colder and warmer than 
that range, the curves are essentially identical.  It was therefore decided to 
stay with the pre-cruise PRT #1 correction for this data set.

The secondary temperature sensor (FSI Model OTM-D212 Serial No. 1320) laboratory 
calibrations pre- and post-cruise showed some differences, but the same 
temperature ranges were not measured and these FSI sensors show a greater amount 
of variability.  There did not appear to be any major shift, perhaps an ~1 
millidegree shift in the range of 1-20C.

Figure 1.6.1* Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, averaged May/Oct 1993.
Conductivity

The CTD rosette trip pressure and temperature were used with the bottle salinity 
to calculate a bottle conductivity.  Differences between the bottle and CTD 
conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity correction as a linear 
function of conductivity.

Cast-by-cast comparisons had shown only minor conductivity sensor offset shifts, 
and no sensor slope changes.  Conductivity differences were fit to CTD 
conductivity for all casts to determine the mean conductivity slope.  The mean 
conductivity slope correction is summarized in figure 1.6.1*.

Figure 1.6.1* Mean conductivity slope correction.

The mean conductivity slope (-0.000523123 mmhos/cm) was used for all casts.

Residual CTD #1 conductivity offset values were calculated after applying the 
conductivity slopes.  The conductivity offsets were determined for each cast 
from the deepest bottle conductivities and then fit as a function of station 
number by groups.  Smoothed offsets were applied to CTD conductivities in 5 
station groups: 001-056, 057-067, 068-097, 098-189 and 190-202.  The 
conductivity sensor was cleaned after stations 056 and 067.  Stations 098-120 
were shallow (maxp less than 600 db) and stations 146-189 were also shallow 
(mostly less than 200 db) so the smoothed conductivity offset determined from 
the deep group of stations 122-145 was applied to all these shallow casts.  The 
group of stations 190-202 were mid-range, varying between 1010 and 2700 db.  
Figure 1.6.2* summarizes the final applied conductivity offsets by station 
number.

Figure 1.6.2* CTD conductivity offsets by station number.

Figure 1.6.3* Salinity residual differences vs pressure (after correction).

Figures 1.6.3*, 1.6.4* and 1.6.5* summarize the residual differences between 
bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity correction.

Figure 1.6.4* Salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction).

Figure 1.6.5* Deep salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction).

The CTD conductivity calibration represents a best estimate of the conductivity 
field throughout the water column.  Note that the CTD calibration was not fit 
from the bottle conductivities cast-by-cast.  Also, Some offsets were manually 
re-adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer 
response, or to insure a consistent deep T-S relationship from station to 
station.  The conductivity cell on this CTD proved extremely stable as 
demonstrated by the constant calibration slope and offsets that could easily be 
fit by station groups.

3-sigma from the mean residual in Figures 1.6.4* and 1.6.5*, or 0.004 PSU for all 
salinities and 0.001 PSU for deep salinities represents the limit of 
repeatability of the bottle salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and 
samplers).  This limit agrees with station overlays of deep T-S.  Within a cast 
(a single salinometer run), the precision of bottle salinities appears to exceed 
0.001 PSU.  The precision of the CTD salinities appears to exceed 0.0005 PSU.

CTD Dissolved Oxygen

There are a number of problems with the response characteristics of the 
Sensormedics O2 sensor used in the NBIS Mark III CTD, the major ones being a 
secondary thermal response and a sensitivity to profiling velocity.  Because of 
these problems, CTD rosette trip data cannot be directly calibrated to O2 check 
samples.  Instead, down-cast CTD O2 data are derived by matching the up-cast 
rosette trips along isopycnal surfaces.  The differences between CTD O2 data 
modeled from these derived values and check samples are then minimized using a non-
linear least-squares fitting procedure.  Figures 1.6.6* and 1.6.7* show the residual 
differences between the corrected CTD O2 and the bottle O2 (ml/l) for each station.

Figure 1.6.6* O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction).

Figure 1.6.7* O2 residual differences (>3000db).

Note that the mean of the differences is not zero, because the O2 values are 
weighted by pressure before fitting.  The standard deviations of 0.05 ml/l for 
all oxygens and 0.03 ml/l for deep oxygens are only intended as metrics of the 
goodness of the fits.  ODF makes no claims regarding the precision or accuracy 
of CTD dissolved O2 data.

The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation follows Brown and Morrison 
[Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85].  ODF does not use a digitized O2 sensor 
temperature to model the secondary thermal response but instead models membrane 
and sensor temperatures by low-pass filtering the PRT temperature.  In-situ 
pressure and temperature are filtered to match the sensor response.  Time-
constants for the pressure response tau-p, and two temperature responses tau-Ts 
and tau-Tf are fitting parameters.  The sensor current, or Oc, gradient is 
approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc differences.  This term attempts 
to correct for reduction of species other than O2 at the cathode.  The time-
constant for this filter, tau-og, is a fitting parameter.  Oxygen partial-
pressure is then calculated:

O(pp)=[c1 Oc+c2]fsat(S,T,P) * e^(c3 Pl+c4 Tf+c5 Ts+c6(dOc/dt))		(1.6.0)

where:
O(pp) 		= Dissolved O2 partial-pressure in atmospheres (atm); 
Oc 		= Sensor current (amps); 
fsat(S,T,P)	= O2 saturation partial-pressure at S,T,P (atm);
S 		= Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs); 
T 		= Temperature at O2 response-time (C); 
P 		= Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars); 
Pl 		= Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars); 
Tf 		= Fast low-pass filtered temperature (C); 
Ts 		= Slow low-pass filtered temperature (C); 
dOc/dt		= Sensor current gradient (amps/secs).

1.7.	CTD Data Processing

ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under the Unix 
operating system.  The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used either in 
real-time or with existing raw data sets to:

- Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign the data 
  to logical channels; 
- Filter specific channels according to specified filtering criteria; 
- Apply sensor or instrument-specific response-correction models; 
- Provide periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the output 
  time-series interval; and 
- Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format.

Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be 
manipulated in a number of various ways.  Channels can be additionally filtered.  
The time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to 
form longer time-series.  A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-
series, or a different interval time-series.  For temperature, conductivity and 
oxygen, calibration corrections to the series are maintained in separate files 
and are applied whenever the data are accessed.  The pressure calibration 
corrections are applied during reduction of the data to time-series.

ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in real- time, 
providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and reporting 
during a cast.  The 25 hz data from the CTD were filtered, response-corrected 
and averaged to a 2 hz (0.5 seconds) time-series.  Sensor correction and 
calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, conductivity and O2.  
Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-series in response to trip 
initiation and confirmation signals.  The calibrated 2 hz time-series data were 
stored on disk (as were the 25 hz raw data) and were available in real-time for 
reporting and graphical display.  At the end of the cast, various consistency 
and calibration checks were performed, and a 2.0 db pressure-series of the down-
cast was generated and subsequently used for reports and plots.

CTD plots generated automatically at the completion of deployment were checked 
daily for potential problems.  The two PRT temperature sensors were inter-
calibrated and checked for sensor drift.  The CTD conductivity sensor was 
monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities and by deep T-S 
comparisons with adjacent stations.  The CTD dissolved O2 sensor was calibrated 
to check-sample data.

A few casts exhibited conductivity offsets due to biological or particulate 
artifacts.  Sometimes casts are subject to noise in 1 or more channels.  In 
these cases the 2 hz time-series were additionally filtered, using a spike-
removal filter that replaced points exceeding a specified multiple of the 
standard deviation least-squares polynomial fit of specified order of segments 
of the data.  The filtered points were replaced by the filtering polynomial 
value.

Density inversions can appear in high-gradient regions.  Detailed examination of 
the raw data shows significant mixing occurring in these areas because of ship 
roll.  In order to minimize these inversions, a ship-roll filter was applied to 
most casts during pressure-sequencing to disallow pressure reversals.  Pressure 
intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by double-parabolic 
interpolation.

When the down-cast CTD data have excessive noise, gaps or offsets, the up-cast 
data are used instead.  CTD data from down- and up-casts are not mixed together 
in the pressure-series data because they do not represent identical water 
columns (due to ship movement, wire angles, etc.).

Table 1.7.0 provides a list of CTD casts requiring special attention.

Cast	Problem/Comment					Solution
007/01	CTD O2 offset 2993 db				offset.
011/01	Salt offset 650-658 db				offset.
022/01	Retermination after cast	
024/01	Power outage down-cast				filtered-CTD O2 questionable 
							4902 db to bottom. 
027/01	Power outage down-cast				filtered-CTD O2 questionable 
							5214 db to bottom. 
042/01	2.9 min pause @ 3098 db-possible feature	no action.
	there in both dn/up & all parameters 	
044/01	Salt offset 3070-3186 db			offset.
047/01	Salt offset 1852-4046 db			offset.
057/01	Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift in 
	cond offset.
059/01	Salt offset 1918-1945 db			offset. 
060/01	CTD O2 feature ~3500 db both dn/up		no action.
066/01	No surface bottle O2				no action.
068/01	Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift 
	in cond offset
070/01	Salt offset 1525-1588 db/power			offset/filtered & offset.
	outage down-cast
073/01	CTD O2 bad top 130 db; retermination after cast	no action.
080/01	Numerous salt offsets due to biological matter	filtered/chopped off 
							bottom 112 db.
087/02	Salt offset 1670-2008 db/no discrete O2		offset/used CTD O2 
							fit from 087/01.
091/01	1.8 min pause @ 3980 db				no action-CTD O2 questionable
							3978-3988 db.
092/01	0.46 min pause @ 3570 db			no action-CTD O2 questionable 
							3568-3584 db.
093/01	CTD O2 feature ~2800 db both dn/up		no action.
120/01	CTD hit bottom; no apparent cond sensor shift 	
123/01	Salt offset 1206-1366 db			offset.
188/01	Cast maxp < 200 db - CTD O2 bad top 40 db	no action.
190/02	Numerous down-cast cond drop-outs		up-cast used.
195/01	Impossible to get CTD O2 to fit			blanked out CTD O2 data.
196/01	Salt offset 38-46 db				filtered.

Table 1.7.0 Tabulation of atypical CTD casts.

1.8.	Bottle Sampling

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles 
in the following order:

- CFCs;
- Helium;
- Oxygen;
- Total CO2;
- Alkalinity;
- AMS C14;
- Tritium;
- Nutrients;
- Salinity.

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle 
from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast.  
This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about the 
rosette and bottles.  One member of the sampling team was designated the sample 
cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure that sampling 
progressed in proper drawing order.

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve before opening the air 
vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped.  This observation 
together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve 
left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were 
routinely noted on the sample log.

Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the 
bottle.  The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in 
determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were 
distributed to their respective laboratories for analysis.  Oxygen, nutrients 
and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical 
equipment networked to Sun SPARCStations for centralized data analysis.  The 
analyst for a specific property was responsible for insuring that their results 
updated the cruise database.

1.9.	Bottle Data Processing

The first stage of bottle data processing consisted of verifying and validating 
individual samples, and checking the sample log (the sample inventory) for 
consistency.  At this stage, bottle tripping problems were usually resolved, 
sometimes resulting in changes to the pressure, temperature and other CTD 
properties associated with the bottle.  Note that the rosette bottle number was 
the primary identification for all samples taken from the bottle, as well as for 
the CTD data associated with the bottle.  All CTD trips were retained (whether 
confirmed or not), so resolving bottle tripping problems simply consisted of 
assigning the right rosette bottle number to the right CTD trip level.

Diagnostic comments from the sample log were then translated into preliminary 
WOCE quality codes, together with appropriate comments.  Each code indicating a 
potential problem was investigated.

The second stage of processing began once all the samples for a cast had been 
accounted for.  All samples for bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see 
if the property was consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent 
stations, and where applicable, with the CTD data.  All comments from the 
analysts were examined and turned into appropriate WHP water sample codes.  
Oxygen flask numbers were verified, as each flask is individually calibrated and 
significantly affects the calculated O2 concentration.

The third stage of processing continued throughout the cruise and until the data 
set is considered "final".  Various property-property plots and vertical 
sections were examined for both consistency within a cast and consistency with 
adjacent stations. In conjunction with this process the analysts would review 
and sometimes revise their data as additional calibration or diagnostic results 
became available.  Assignment of a WHP water sample code to an anomalous sample 
value was typically achieved through consensus, usually also involving one of 
the chief scientists.

WHP water bottle quality flags were assigned with the following additional 
interpretations:

3  |An air leak large enough to produce an observable effect on a sample is 
   |identified by a code of 3 on the bottle and a code of 4 on the oxygen.  
   |(Small air leaks may have no observable effect, or may only affect gas 
   |samples.)
4  |Bottles tripped at other than the intended depth were assigned a code of 
   |4.  There may be no problems with the associated water sample data.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following criteria:

1  |The sample for this measurement was drawn from a bottle, but the results 
   |of the analysis were not (yet) received.
2  |Acceptable measurement.
3  |Questionable measurement.  The data did not fit the station profile or 
   |adjacent station comparisons (or possibly CTD data comparisons).  No notes 
   |from the analyst indicated a problem.  The data could be correct, but are 
   |open to interpretation. 
4  |Bad measurement.  Does not fit the station profile, adjacent stations or 
   |CTD data.  There were analytical notes indicating a problem, but data values 
   |were reported.  Sampling and analytical errors were also coded as 4.
5  |Not reported.   There should always be a reason associated with a code of 
   |5, usually that the sample was lost, contaminated or rendered unusable.
9  |The sample for this measurement was not drawn.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL (CTD salinity) 
parameter as follows:

2  |Acceptable measurement.
3  |Questionable measurement.  The data did not fit the bottle data, or there 
   |was a CTD conductivity calibration shift during the cast.
4  |Bad measurement.  The CTD data were determined to be unusable for 
   |calculating a salinity.
8  |The CTD salinity was derived from the CTD down cast, matched on an 
   |isopycnal surface.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD oxygen) 
parameter as follows:

2  |Acceptable measurement.
4  |Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be unusable for 
   |calculating a dissolved oxygen concentration.
5  |Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported.
9  |Not sampled. No operational dissolved oxygen sensor was present on this 
   |cast.

Note that all CTDOXY values were derived from the down cast data, matched to the 
up-cast along isopycnal surfaces.  If the CTD salinity was footnoted as bad or 
questionable, the CTD oxygen is blank.

Table 1.9.0 and 1.9.1 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times 
each WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property:

Rosette Samples Stations 1-99, 121-148
		Reported	WHP Quality Codes
		levels	1	 2	 3	  4	  5	 9
Bottle		4343	0	4090	14	228	  0	11
CTDSalt		4343	0	4258	 0	 85	  0	 0
CTDOxy		4260	0	4227	33	  0	  0	83
Salinity	4324	0	4264	12	 48	  6	13
Oxygen		4292	0	4272	 1	 19	  4	47
Silicate	4293	0	4238	40	 15	  0	50
Nitrate		4293	0	4272	 6	 15	  0	50
Nitrite		4006	0	3992	 0	 14	287	50
Phosphate	4293	0	4201	 5	 87	  0	50

Table 1.9.0 Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments.

Large Volume Samples Stations 10,28,39,48,58,68,78,86,132,141
		Reported	WHP Quality Codes
		levels	1	2	 3	  4	 5	6	7	8	9
Bottle		360	0	353	 5	  0	 0	0	0	0	2
Salinity	358	0	345	12	  1	 0	0	0	0	2
Silicate	358	0	320	37	  1	 0	0	0	0	2
Nitrate		358	0	  0	 0	358	 0	0	0	0	2
Nitrite		322	0	  0	 0	322	36	0	0	0	2
Phosphate	358	0	  0	 0	358	 0	0	0	0	2
Pressure	360	0	360	 0	  0	 0	0	0	0	0
Temperature	352	0	348	 4	  0	 8	0	0	0	0

Table 1.9.1 Frequency of WHP LVS quality flag assignments.

Additionally, all WHP water bottle/sample quality code comments are presented in 
Appendices C and D.

1.10.	Pressure and Temperatures

All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the rosette 
casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time the 
bottle was closed on the rosette, then correcting the data based on CTD 
laboratory calibrations.

LVS pressures and temperatures were calculated from deep-sea reversing 
thermometer (DSRT) readings.  Each DSRT rack normally held 2 protected 
(temperature) thermometers and 1 unprotected (pressure) thermometer.  
Thermometers were read by two people, each attempting to read a precision equal 
to one tenth of the thermometer etching interval.  Thus, a thermometer etched at 
0.05 degree intervals would be read to the nearest 0.005 degrees.  Each 
temperature value reported on the LVS cast is therefore calculated from the 
average of four readings, provided both protected thermometers function 
normally.  The pressure is verified by comparison with the calculation of 
pressure determined by wireout.  The pressure from the thermometer is fitted by 
a polynomial equation which incorporates the wireout and wire angle.

Calibration of the thermometers are performed in ODF's calibration facility 
depending on the age of the thermometer and within two years of the expedition.

The temperatures are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990.

1.11.	Salinity Analysis

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate bottles 
after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and 
Nalgene screw caps.  This assembly provides very low container dissolution and 
sample evaporation.  As loose inserts were found, they were replaced to ensure a 
continued airtight seal.  Salinity was determined after a box of samples had 
equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually within 8-12 hours of collection.  
The draw time and equilibration time, as well as per-sample analysis time and 
temperature were logged.

Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers (55-654 and 57-396) were used to 
measure salinities.  These were located in a temperature-controlled laboratory.  
The salinometers were modified by ODF and contained interfaces for computer-aided 
measurement.  A computer (PC) prompted the analyst for control functions 
(changing sample, flushing) while it made continuous measurements and logged 
results.  The salinometer cell was flushed until successive readings met software 
criteria for consistency, then two successive measurements were made and averaged 
for a final result.

The salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater 
(SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast.  The estimated 
accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU 
relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used.  PSS-78 salinity 
[UNES81] was then calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity 
ratios, and the results merged with the cruise database.

Salinometer 55-654 was used on stations 001, 002 and 013-202.  Salinometer 57-
396 was used on stations 003-012.

4324 salinity measurements were made from the rosette stations; 358 measurements 
were made from the large volume stations.  376 vials of standard water were used.  
The temperature stability of the laboratory used to make the measurements was 
acceptable (usually within 4C of the salinometer bath temperature).  There were 
no substantial problems noted with the analyses.  The salinities were used to 
calibrate the CTD conductivity sensor.

1.12.	Oxygen Analysis

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette 
sampler was brought on board and after CFC and helium were drawn.  Nominal 125 
ml volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation, 
then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask 
volumes.  The sample temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance 
thermometer embedded in the drawing tube.  Draw temperatures were very useful in 
detecting possible bad trips even as samples were being drawn.  Reagents were 
added to fix the oxygen before stoppering.  The flasks were shaken twice to 
assure thorough dispersion of the MnO(OH)2 precipitate.  They were shaken once 
immediately after drawing, and then again after 20 minutes.  The samples were 
analyzed within 4-36 hours of collection.

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an SIO-designed automated oxygen 
titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365 nm 
wavelength ultra-violet light.  Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret 
driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret.  ODF uses a whole-bottle modified-Winkler 
titration following the technique of Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by 
Culberson et. al [Culb91], but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate 
standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (50 gm/l).  Standard 
solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run at the 
beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 
stations.  Several standards were made up during the cruise and compared to 
assure that the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a 
weighing error.  Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined to account for 
oxidizing or reducing materials in the reagents.  The auto-titrator generally 
performed very well.

The samples were titrated and the data logged by the PC control software.  The 
data were then used to update the cruise database on the Sun SPARCstations.

Thiosulfate normalities and blanks, calculated from each standardization and 
corrected to 20C, were plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible 
problems.  New thiosulfate normalities were recalculated after the blanks had 
been smoothed.  These normalities were then smoothed, and the oxygen data were 
recalculated.

Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram 
using the in-situ temperature.  Ideally, for whole-bottle titrations, the 
conversion temperature should be the temperature of the water issuing from the 
bottle spigot.  The sample temperatures were measured at the time the samples 
were drawn from the bottle, but were not used in the conversion from milliliters 
per liter to micromoles per kilogram because the software was not available.  
Aberrant drawing temperatures provided an additional flag indicating that a 
bottle may not have tripped properly.  Measured sample temperatures from mid-
deep water samples were about 4-7C warmer than in-situ temperature.  Had the 
conversion with the measured sample temperature been made, converted oxygen 
values would be about 0.08% higher for a 6C warming (or about 0.2 M/Kg for a 
250 M/Kg sample).

Oxygen flasks were calibrated gravimetrically with degassed deionized water 
(DIW) to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory.  This is done 
once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when a 
suspect bottle volume is detected.  All volumetric glassware used in preparing 
standards is calibrated as well as the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense 
standard iodate solution.

Iodate standards are pre-weighed in ODF's chemistry laboratory to a nominal 
weight of 0.44xx grams and exact normality calculated at sea.  Potassium iodate 
(KIO3) is obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and is reported by the 
supplier to be > 99.4% pure. All other reagents are "reagent grade" and are 
tested for levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use.

4292 oxygen measurements from the rosette stations were made.  Oxygens were not 
drawn from the large volume stations.  No major problems were encountered with 
the analyses.  The oxygen data were used to calibrate the CTD dissolved O2 
sensor.

1.13.	Nutrient Analysis

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow mouth, 
screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three times before filling.  
Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each group of 
analyses (one cast, usually 36 samples) with a set of an intermediate 
concentration standard prepared for each run from secondary standards.  These 
secondary standards were in turn prepared aboard ship by dilution from dry, pre-
weighed primary standards.  Sets of 5-6 different concentrations of shipboard 
standards were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity 
as a function of concentration for each nutrient.

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed on 
an ODF-modified 4 channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one hour 
of the cast.  Occasionally some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6C for a 
maximum of 4 hours.  The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Atla71], 
[Hage72], [Gord92].  During the first part of the expedition, all peaks were 
logged manually.  Later during the expedition, software was developed and 
implemented to interpret the colorimeter output from each of the four channels 
which were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC), then split into 
absorbence peaks.  All the runs were manually verified.

Silicate is analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67].  Ammonium 
molybdate is added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid which is 
then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of 
stannous chloride.  Tartaric acid is also added to impede PO4 contamination.  
The sample is passed through a 15 mm flowcell and the absorbence measured at 
820nm. ODF's methodology is known to be non-linear at high silicate 
concentrations (>120 M); a correction for this non-linearity is applied in 
ODF's software.

Modifications of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] techniques for nitrate and 
nitrite analysis are also used.  The seawater sample for nitrate analysis is 
passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate is reduced to nitrite. 
Sulfanilamide is introduced, reacting with the nitrite, then N-(1-
naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which couples to form a red azo dye.  
The reaction product is then passed through a 15 mm flowcell and the absorbence 
measured at 540 nm.  The same technique is employed for nitrite analysis, except 
the cadmium column is not present, and a 50 mm flowcell is used.

Phosphate is analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms [Bern67] 
technique.  Ammonium molybdate is added to the sample to produce phosphomolybdic 
acid, then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the 
addition of dihydrazine sulfate.  The reaction product is heated to ~55C to 
enhance color development, then passed through a 50 mm flowcell and the absorbence 
measured at 820 nm.

Nutrients reported in micromoles per kilogram were converted from micromoles per 
liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm pressure, in-situ 
salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25C.

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, is obtained from Fluka Chemical Company 
and Fisher Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure.  Primary 
standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4) are 
obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reports purities of 
99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively.

4293 nutrient analyses from the rosette stations were performed.  358 nutrient 
analyses were performed on the large volume stations.  However, these data 
should only be used as a check of the integrity of the Gerard barrels. The 
nitrate, phosphate and nitrite are coded "4", bad measurement, as an assurance 
that these samples will not be used for any other purpose.  No major problems 
were encountered with the measurements.  Some concern was expressed in the 
comparison with historical silicate data.  The Chemistry Department at ODF has 
compared the batch of sodium fluorosilicate (silicate standard) that was sent on 
the P17N WOCE leg with silicate standards from three other manufacturers, as 
well as a different lot of silicate standard from the same manufacturer.  Our 
findings indicate that the silicate standard used on the P17N WOCE leg was 0.6% 
lower than the mean silicate standard value in this comparison.

References

Arms67.
   Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The measurement  
   of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon 
   Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389 
   (1967).
Atla71.
   Atlas, E. L., Hager, S. W., Gordon, L. I., and Park, P. K., "A Practical Manual 
   for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(R) in Seawater Nutrient Analyses Revised," 
   Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p. 49, Oregon State University, 
   Department of Oceanography (1971).
Bern67.
   Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low level iron, 
   soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer," Technicon 
   Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).
Brow78.
   Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity, temperature and 
   depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23, Woods Hole Oceanographic 
   Institution (1978).
Carp65.
   Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
   dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 (1965).
Cart80.
   Carter, D. J. T., "Computerised Version of Echo-sounding Correction Tables 
   (Third Edition)," Marine Information and Advisory Service, Institute of 
   Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey. GU8 5UB. U.K. (1980).
Culb91.
   Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., 
   "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in 
   seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 1991).
Gord92.
   Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A 
   suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater 
   Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes 
   Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc. (1992).
Hage72.
   Hager, S. W., Atlas, E. L., Gordon, L. D., Mantyla, A. W., and Park, P. K., "A 
   comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and 
   silicate," Limnology and Oceanography, 17, pp. 931-937 (1972).
Key91.
   Key, R. M., Muus, D., and Wells, J., "Zen and the art of Gerard barrel 
   maintenance," WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report (1991).
Mill82.
   Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI 
   using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference and Workshop, 
   p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982).
Owen85.
   Owens, W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
   calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985).
UNES81.
   UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 
   1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p. 144 (1981).

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D.	Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Captain Gomes, the crew of the R/V Thompson and the scientific 
personnel for making this a pleasant and scientifically successful cruise.

E.	References

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
  Marine Science, No. 44.
Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memograph By 
  JPOTS editorial panel.

F.	WHPO Summary

Stations number 100 to 120 are nonWOCE stations.  They are represented in the 
sum file to show the cruise was continuous.  The data will not be available in 
WOCE format.

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the P17n.sum, 
325021_1.hyd, 325021_1.csl and *.wct files.  The 325021_1.sum file contains a 
summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent 
information regarding each hydrographic station.  The 325021_1.hyd file contains 
the bottle data.  The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  The *.wct 
files are zipped into one file called 325021_1wct.zip.  The P17n.csl file is a 
listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated values 
were derived for the 325021_1.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the 
individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels using the 
following binomial filter-

	t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained 
within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired level 
after applying the binomial filtering.

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the 
international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the Unesco 
publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for 
Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the 
interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two differences between the 
standard level and the two closest values.  The slope is first determined using 
CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the 
gradient potential temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
Unesco publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard level 
and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in 
Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical component 
ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, where f is the 
coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), 
and g is the local acceleration of gravity.

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling method, 
Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990).  Equations and Fortran 
routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are calculated 
by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and Fortran routines 
are described in Unesco publication 44.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N (Jackett 
and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.

G.	DQE Evaulations

CTD and hydrographic DQE by Micho Aoyama 			8 April 1996

General:

The data quality of WOCE P17N CTD data (EXPOCODE: 325021/1) and the CTD salinity 
and oxygen found in dot sea file are examined.  The individual 2 dbar profiles 
were observed in temperature, salinity and oxygen by comparing the profiles 
obtained at the nearby stations.

The CTD salinity and oxygen calibrations are examined using the water sample 
data file p17n.mka.  DQE used the original water sample data flagged "2" only 
for the DQE work.

Details

1.	CTD profiles

The temperature and salinity profiles generally look good.  Since the data 
originator has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, CTD data 
flagged "2-good" has a pretty good quality.  Although the data originator has 
solved some CTD salinity offset problems well, DQE would like to complain of CTD 
conductivity offsets adapted by the data originator as described in the next 
section.

2.	Evaluation of CTD calibrations to water samples:

2.1	Salinity calibration

The onboard calibration for salinity looks good in general.  Standard deviation 
of Ds, Ds = CTD salinity in dot sea file - bottle salinity, is 0.00467 psu for 
all data and 0.00112 pss for deeper than 2000 dbar, respectively.  The histogram 
of Ds for all depths shows a symmetric distribution (fig. 1*).  Since the larger 
difference are shallower layers, larger Ds disappeared in the histogram of Ds 
for deeper than 2000 dbar (fig. 2*).  DQE, however, observed the non-symmetric 
distribution of Ds in deep salinity fit.  DQE observed that Ds vs. pressure plot 
shows a small bias of ca. -0.001 psu in the deeper than 2000 dbar, while it 
shows a small bias of 0.001 psu in the shallower than 1500 dbar (fig. 3*).  DQE 
also observed that the Ds in deep salinity fit shows a larger discontinuity at 
several stations as shown in fig 4* considering the accuracy and precision of CTD 
salinity for the WOCE one time survey standards for CTD measurements.  The 
magnitude of the discontinuity and the stations are summarized in table 1 
together with the problems recorded in table 1.7.0 in the cruise report;

Table 1:	Summary of Ds offset larger than 0.002 psu.

stations			Ds offset	related comment in cruise report
a) between stn. 11 and 12	ca.  0.004 psu	sal. offset at stn. 11
b) between stn. 24 and 25	ca.  0.002 psu	power outage at stn. 24 
c) between stn. 26 and 27	ca. -0.002 psu	power outage at stn. 27 
d) between stn. 45 and 47	ca. -0.003 psu	sal. offset at stn. 47
e) between stn. 47 and 48	ca.  0.002 psu	sal. offset at stn. 47
f) between stn. 55 and 56	ca.  0.003 psu	no problem recorded
g) between stn. 79 and 81	ca. -0.002 psu	sal. offset at stn. 80
h) between stn. 121 and 122	ca. -0.003 psu	no problem recorded
i) between stn. 126 and 128	ca.  0.003 psu	no problem recorded
j) between stn. 131 and 133	ca. -0.002 psu	no problem recorded
k) between stn. 135 and 136	ca. -0.002 psu	no problem recorded

DQE thinks that something might have occurred to the conductivity sensor at the 
stations listed in above table.  For an example, DQE thinks that the smoothed 
offset for the station group 068-097 is not in good fit.  Then, Ds for stations 
068-097 has a clear trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 psu between 068 and 079, 
thereafter Ds for stations 080-097 shows clear trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 psu 
again.  DQE think this can be explained by the wrong estimation of the slope of 
the CTD conductivity offset due to the unsuitable station grouping.  If the data 
originator will divide this station group of 068-097 into 2 station groups of 
068-079 and 080-097 and apply new CTD conductivity offsets to CTD conductivities 
in new 2 station groups, the trend of Ds will be expected to be smaller 
remarkably.

DQE suggests that the CTD conductivity offsets should be applied to CTD 
conductivity in more station groups taking into account the Ds trend as shown in 
fig. 4*.  DQE also suggests additional calibration for decreasing the pressure 
dependency of Ds will improve the quality of CTD salinity.

2.2	Oxygen calibration

Standard deviation of Dox, Dox = CTD oxygen in dot sea file - bottle oxygen, is 
4.49 mol/kg for all depths and the standard deviation of Dox is 0.89 mol/kg 
for deeper than 200 dbar.  These confirms the good oxygen calibration work.  DQE 
observed no significant station dependency of Dox.  DQE observes "weak pressure 
dependency" of Dox in fig. 5*.  Although the range of dependency is ca. 1 
mol/kg, if PI of CTDO could correct this tendency, the quality of CTD oxygen 
data will be further improved.

The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:
Stn. 70 at 4262-4848 dbar and 4150-4172 dbar. CTD salinity looks shifted 0.002 
	higher. Suggest flg. "3"
Stn. 138 at 3126 dbar and 3128 dbar; CTD oxygen spikes are observed. Suggest 
	flg. "3"

Comments on DQ evaluation of WOCE P17N Hydrographic data (EXPOCODE:325021/1).
Michio AOYAMA

The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P17N cruise (EXPOCODE: 
325021/1) are examined.  The data files for this DQE work was P17N.sum and 
P17N.mka (this P17N.mka file is created for DQE, then it has a new column of 
quality 2 word) provided by WHPO.

General;
The station spacing was less than 30 nautical miles and the sampling layer 
spacing was kept ca. 250 dbar in the deeper layers during this P17N cruise.  The 
ctd lowering were made to within 2 -19 meters to the sea bottom.  Since the data 
originators have done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, 
hydrographic data flagged "2-good" has a pretty good quality.  This high density 
and high quality data will improve our knowledge on the eastern North Pacific 
following the update of Pacific Ocean deep  water data set.

DQE used the data flagged "2" by data originator for this DQE work.

DQE examined 6 profiles, 6 property vs. theta  plots, and 2 property vs. 
property plots as listed below;
		salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate profiles
		salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate vs. theta plot
		nitrate vs. phosphate plot
		salinity vs. silicate plot

Salinity;
Bottle salinity profile looks good.  Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. salinity 
plots also looks reasonable.  DQE thinks that the flags of the bottle salinity 
data are reliable.

Oxygen;
Bottle oxygen profile looks good.  Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. oxygen 
plots also looks reasonable.  DQE thinks that the flags of the bottle oxygen 
data are reliable.

Nutrients;
Since nutrient PI has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their data, the 
profiles of silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate looks pretty well.  Nitrate 
vs. phosphate plot and silicate vs. salinity plot also look  pretty reasonable.  
(The data originator was concerned in the comparison with historical silica data 
in the cruise report.  DQE also observes a larger difference between P17N silica 
and P1 silica data at the crossing.  However, a verification of overall 
traceability among the WOCE cruises and historical data might depend a further 
work in the near future.)

The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

STNNBR XX/ CASTNO X/ SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar:

9/1/36 at 3646 dbar: Silicate concentration looks higher. Suggest flag "3".
44/1/36 at 4207 dbar: Bottle salinity  looks higher. Suggest flag "3".
56/1/24 at 1926 dbar: Bottle salinity  looks lower. Suggest flag "3".
56/1/27 at 2220 dbar: Bottle salinity  looks lower. Suggest flag "3".
78/2/36 at 4703 dbar: Bottle salinity  looks lower. Suggest flag "3".

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix A

WOCE93-P17N:  CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary

	PRT		Temperature Coefficients		Conductivity Coefficients
Sta/	Response	corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0		corC = c1*C + c0	
Cast	Time (secs) t2		   t1		   t0		   c1		   c0
						
001/03	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00907
002/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00912
003/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00917
004/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00922
005/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00927
006/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00932
007/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00857
008/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00862
009/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00867
010/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00952
011/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00957
012/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00962
013/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00967
014/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00972
015/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00976
016/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00981
017/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00986
018/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00991
019/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00996
020/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01001
021/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01006
022/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01011
023/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01016
024/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01021
025/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01026
026/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01031
027/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01036
028/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01041
029/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01046
030/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01051
031/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01055
032/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01060
033/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01065
034/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01070
035/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01075
036/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01080
037/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01085
038/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01090
039/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01095
040/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01100
041/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01105
042/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01110
043/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01115
044/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01120
045/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01125
046/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00927
047/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01135
048/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01139
049/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01144
050/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01149
051/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01154
052/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01159
053/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01136
054/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01169
055/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01174
056/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01566
057/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
058/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
059/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
060/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
061/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
062/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
063/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
064/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
065/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
066/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
067/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00894
068/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00525
069/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00546
070/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00825
071/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00588
072/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00608
073/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00629
074/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00650
075/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00671
076/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.2312se-04	0.00692
077/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00712
078/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00733
079/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00754
080/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00775
081/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00796
082/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00816
083/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00837
084/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00858
085/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00879
086/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00900
087/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00920
087/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00920
088/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00941
089/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00962
090/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.00983
091/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01004
092/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01024
093/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01241
094/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01066
095/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01087
096/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01107
097/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01128
098/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
099/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
100/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
101/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
102/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
103/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
104/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
105/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
106/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
107/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
108/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
109/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
110/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
111/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
112/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
113/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
114/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
115/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
116/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
117/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
118/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
119/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
120/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
121/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
122/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
123/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
124/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01317
125/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01272
126/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
127/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
128/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
129/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
130/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
131/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
132/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
133/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
134/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
135/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
136/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
137/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
138/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
139/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
140/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
141/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
142/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
143/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
144/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
145/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
146/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
147/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
148/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
149/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
150/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
151/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
152/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
153/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
154/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
155/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
156/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
157/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
158/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
159/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
160/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
161/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
162/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
163/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
164/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
165/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
166/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
167/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
168/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
169/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
170/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
171/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
172/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
173/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
174/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
175/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
176/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
177/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
178/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
179/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
180/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
181/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
182/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
183/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
184/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
185/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
186/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
187/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
188/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
189/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01192
190/02	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01047
191/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01107
192/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01167
193/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01227
194/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01287
195/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01348
196/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01408
197/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01468
198/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01688
199/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01588
200/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01649
201/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01709
202/01	.30	2.18412e-05	-8.71039e-04	-1.48286	-5.23123e-04	0.01644

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix B

Summary of WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen Time Constants
	Temperature		Press.	O2 Grad.
Fast(tauTF)	Slow(tauTS)	(tauP)	(tauOG)
30.0		400.0		20.0	16.0

WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen:  O2 Conversion Equation Coefficients
(refer to Equation 1.6.0)

Sta/	  Slope		  Offset	    Pcoeff	  TFcoeff	   TScoeff	   OGcoeff
Cast	  (c1)		  (c2)		    (c3)	    (c4)	    (c5)	    (c6)
						
001/03	8.08249e-04	-6.40076e-02	 2.14888e-03	 2.58743e-02	-1.55938e-02	 2.05659e-05
002/01	1.07127e-03	-5.68647e-05	 3.11544e-04	 1.60808e-02	-3.80496e-02	 9.39401e-05
003/01	1.67981e-03	-1.28845e-02	 2.19669e-04	 1.00291e-02	-6.50135e-02	 1.05950e-05
004/01	1.15206e-03	-1.73482e-03	 1.84306e-04	-4.47063e-02	 1.38952e-02	 6.82363e-05
005/01	1.60405e-03	-4.74993e-03	 1.08628e-04	-3.28119e-02	-2.57445e-02	 7.32340e-05
006/01	1.70132e-03	-5.62372e-03	 8.97631e-05	 2.59637e-02	-7.50146e-02	 2.60283e-03
007/01	1.89991e-03	-7.96628e-03	 7.98685e-05	-8.38819e-02	-9.03464e-03	 2.02129e-04
008/01	1.56450e-03	-1.00155e-02	 1.33926e-04	 3.15094e-03	-5.53780e-02	 1.05236e-04
009/01	1.52302e-03	-6.59903e-03	 1.37411e-04	-4.33830e-03	-4.46238e-02	 4.45869e-05
010/02	1.65349e-03	-1.33980e-02	 1.26108e-04	-1.79467e-02	-4.33929e-02	 6.91769e-06
						
011/01	1.63332e-03	-1.14215e-02	 1.22893e-04	 1.65771e-02	-6.50816e-02	-1.74424e-05
012/01	1.55696e-03	-9.20419e-03	 1.34399e-04	 1.34453e-02	-6.14498e-02	-2.18871e-03
013/01	1.55009e-03	-8.96027e-03	 1.34753e-04	 3.43486e-03	-4.89174e-02	-2.07161e-05
014/01	1.56340e-03	-1.91777e-03	 1.26549e-04	-2.76802e-03	-3.99920e-02	-3.01478e-05
015/01	1.39836e-03	 4.48094e-03	 1.45196e-04	 6.58001e-03	-4.21878e-02	-1.00579e-05
016/01	1.43503e-03	 1.72736e-03	 1.42737e-04	 2.03293e-02	-5.84193e-02	-2.72655e-05
017/01	1.44359e-03	-2.52103e-04	 1.44564e-04	-4.15755e-03	-3.67312e-02	-1.37264e-05
018/01	1.55175e-03	 1.19302e-05	 1.28592e-04	 1.02470e-02	-5.25375e-02	-1.56899e-05
019/01	1.39516e-03	 2.96698e-03	 1.46016e-04	 8.24101e-03	-4.28389e-02	-1.75933e-05
020/01	1.41227e-03	 1.28869e-03	 1.45409e-04	 1.78737e-02	-5.36906e-02	-8.34299e-06
						
021/01	1.45612e-03	-4.30351e-04	 1.41819e-04	-9.08392e-04	-3.85096e-02	-4.98133e-06
022/01	1.41528e-03	 2.30624e-03	 1.43606e-04	 9.15856e-03	-4.33953e-02	 1.20347e-05
023/01	1.42724e-03	 3.01431e-03	 1.42925e-04	 5.99364e-03	-4.12835e-02	 3.31005e-05
024/01	1.62697e-03	 2.54566e-03	 1.17444e-04	-1.93279e-03	-4.14709e-02	-1.20491e-05
025/01	1.40066e-03	 9.76925e-04	 1.47337e-04	 1.21487e-02	-4.65371e-02	-7.68688e-06
026/01	1.48965e-03	 3.52237e-03	 1.33053e-04	 9.05780e-03	-4.71598e-02	 2.69666e-06
027/01	1.46932e-03	 1.72108e-03	 1.36755e-04	 5.39400e-03	-4.38037e-02	 2.36329e-05
028/02	1.47725e-03	 3.33692e-04	 1.38579e-04	-4.36826e-04	-3.95995e-02	 6.92293e-05
029/01	1.48691e-03	 5.69853e-04	 1.37699e-04	 2.18083e-03	-4.11417e-02	 3.77819e-04
030/01	1.50189e-03	-1.99759e-03	 1.36658e-04	-4.34406e-03	-3.54488e-02	 3.36092e-06
						
031/01	1.44227e-03	-6.96868e-04	 1.42609e-04	 1.97990e-02	-5.46878e-02	-2.00396e-05
032/01	1.52533e-03	 2.55718e-04	 1.31322e-04	 2.68116e-02	-6.38338e-02	 2.90037e-05
033/01	1.46261e-03	 2.80720e-03	 1.37339e-04	 1.48312e-02	-5.16318e-02	 3.86006e-05
034/01	1.42664e-03	 9.80097e-04	 1.43465e-04	-1.17286e-03	-3.69689e-02	 2.53383e-06
035/01	1.44567e-03	 1.16777e-03	 1.42394e-04	 2.17071e-02	-5.98951e-02	-2.24789e-05
036/01	1.58496e-03	 4.14128e-03	 1.21112e-04	 6.11612e-02	-1.06795e-01	-2.17558e-06
037/01	1.52797e-03	-2.00049e-03	 1.35571e-04	-8.19798e-03	-3.97432e-02	 5.60934e-05
038/01	1.47803e-03	 1.65652e-04	 1.36726e-04	 6.31856e-03	-4.64918e-02	-5.93265e-06
039/02	1.47945e-03	 7.94537e-06	 1.38166e-04	 2.17784e-03	-4.34670e-02	 7.81198e-06
040/01	1.47109e-03	-1.79635e-03	 1.41663e-04	 7.48094e-03	-4.86065e-02	-1.40771e-05
						
041/01	1.47071e-03	-1.45422e-03	 1.43499e-04	 2.54808e-02	-6.68503e-02	-3.81862e-05
042/01	1.39117e-03	-1.58515e-04	 1.55600e-04	 2.04201e-02	-5.14260e-02	-1.25502e-06
043/01	1.55805e-03	 6.72145e-03	 1.14973e-04	 1.19677e-02	-5.42077e-02	 4.10889e-06
044/01	1.38342e-03	-6.71452e-04	 1.54513e-04	 1.08952e-02	-4.56573e-02	-1.12276e-05
045/01	1.34574e-03	-6.23142e-04	 1.60751e-04	-1.38979e-02	-1.93505e-02	-9.63846e-06
046/01	1.40539e-03	 9.28910e-04	 1.48065e-04	 2.19372e-02	-5.37551e-02	-4.53752e-05
047/01	1.42687e-03	 1.25969e-03	 1.46974e-04	 1.18470e-02	-4.64536e-02	 2.65292e-05
048/02	1.38312e-03	 1.02774e-03	 1.54533e-04	 1.88749e-02	-5.45223e-02	-1.35825e-05
049/01	1.46340e-03	 5.16205e-03	 1.36857e-04	-1.14775e-03	-4.01270e-02	 2.47830e-07
050/01	1.43880e-03	 6.07636e-03	 1.39465e-04	 1.63194e-02	-5.58422e-02	-3.81429e-05
						
051/01	1.47830e-03	 1.01043e-03	 1.40580e-04	 9.40733e-03	-5.44683e-02	-3.12150e-05
052/01	1.43307e-03	 1.00991e-03	 1.44459e-04	 1.35293e-02	-5.38582e-02	-3.46634e-05
053/01	1.52507e-03	-9.53142e-04	 1.32391e-04	 2.46826e-02	-6.91162e-02	-4.41765e-05
054/01	1.45393e-03	 6.72339e-03	 1.36978e-04	 3.72207e-02	-7.62022e-02	-3.59719e-05
055/01	1.47689e-03	 3.10573e-03	 1.35091e-04	 1.66772e-02	-5.88435e-02	-5.21160e-06
056/01	1.48631e-03	 2.22681e-03	 1.34947e-04	 3.35874e-02	-7.62168e-02	-3.47811e-05
057/02	1.38435e-03	 7.84251e-03	 1.44911e-04	 2.49900e-02	-6.12988e-02	-1.16616e-05
058/02	1.62875e-03	-8.72551e-04	 1.20427e-04	 2.38463e-02	-8.06760e-02	-6.65128e-05
059/01	1.46640e-03	 8.48804e-04	 1.38953e-04	 3.85820e-02	-7.88613e-02	-3.04070e-05
060/01	1.54975e-03	 3.83312e-03	 1.26589e-04	 3.54479e-02	-7.90420e-02	-1.67068e-05
						
061/01	1.55314e-03	 2.94371e-03	 1.26207e-04	 3.18457e-02	-7.65876e-02	-2.58869e-05
062/02	1.39049e-03	 3.57359e-03	 1.49993e-04	-1.28702e-02	-3.05422e-02	 1.39450e-05
063/01	1.64386e-03	 2.55320e-03	 1.16372e-04	 4.21452e-02	-9.37279e-02	-5.57016e-05
064/01	1.53404e-03	 3.61145e-03	 1.29246e-04	-1.52727e-03	-4.57307e-02	-1.64014e-05
065/01	1.41155e-03	 1.32094e-03	 1.45988e-04	 2.58938e-02	-6.22222e-02	-6.12525e-06
066/01	1.48561e-03	 4.66548e-04	 1.39693e-04	-6.04798e-03	-4.40219e-02	 8.03343e-05
067/01	1.58518e-03	 1.46296e-03	 1.24625e-04	 2.91277e-02	-8.07744e-02	-2.13405e-05
068/02	1.39818e-03	 1.87451e-03	 1.48898e-04	-8.31480e-03	-3.48424e-02	-1.82338e-06
069/01	1.68179e-03	 9.81732e-05	 1.17460e-04	 3.12916e-02	-9.57879e-02	-4.29382e-06
070/01	1.71991e-03	 1.27787e-02	 1.01335e-04	-4.79902e-03	-5.80875e-02	 1.44197e-05
						
071/01	1.40506e-03	 2.19643e-03	 1.48742e-04	-6.33120e-04	-4.57440e-02	-1.58956e-05
072/01	1.50390e-03	-3.31856e-04	 1.37915e-04	 3.05159e-03	-5.47834e-02	 5.71624e-07
073/01	1.68135e-03	 9.30561e-03	 1.52799e-04	-3.71046e-01	 1.79616e-01	 8.84298e-04
074/01	1.49505e-03	 1.58314e-03	 1.40436e-04	-3.37244e-03	-5.35345e-02	-4.05708e-06
075/01	1.48214e-03	 7.06264e-04	 1.43229e-04	 1.80966e-03	-6.22202e-02	-4.59910e-05
076/01	1.43118e-03	 5.10642e-03	 1.44017e-04	-8.25999e-03	-4.09775e-02	-4.34529e-07
077/01	1.38522e-03	 6.05709e-03	 1.46795e-04	-3.72838e-03	-3.76986e-02	-3.96067e-05
078/02	1.68323e-03	-4.44644e-03	 1.23583e-04	-1.31166e-03	-7.82426e-02	-1.50763e-05
079/01	1.49198e-03	 4.88965e-03	 1.35594e-04	 7.04801e-02	-1.23021e-01	-3.53750e-05
080/01	1.61879e-03	-3.45542e-04	 1.27344e-04	 2.82449e-02	-9.98537e-02	-2.79902e-05
						
081/01	1.41651e-03	 6.40519e-03	 1.42678e-04	 7.71225e-02	-1.19913e-01	-2.88168e-05
082/01	1.57927e-03	 1.00646e-02	 1.22418e-04	 6.46037e-02	-1.27086e-01	 1.10433e-05
083/01	1.53671e-03	 4.04597e-03	 1.36531e-04	 4.57579e-02	-1.15757e-01	 3.87946e-05
084/01	1.56659e-03	 1.32654e-03	 1.31960e-04	-6.64047e-03	-5.75114e-02	-1.01171e-05
085/01	1.62253e-03	 4.72606e-04	 1.23617e-04	 5.00856e-02	-1.14334e-01	-7.22586e-06
086/02	1.54570e-03	-4.54788e-03	 1.37703e-04	 3.83908e-03	-6.92528e-02	 2.30986e-05
087/01	1.49623e-03	 7.45157e-03	 1.33338e-04	 2.91205e-02	-8.04186e-02	-1.65387e-06
087/02	1.49623e-03	 7.45157e-03	 1.33338e-04	 2.91205e-02	-8.04186e-02	-1.65387e-06
088/01	1.51326e-03	-4.62779e-03	 1.39521e-04	 1.91182e-02	-7.38301e-02	 7.49944e-05
089/01	1.51833e-03	-2.23605e-03	 1.36236e-04	-9.55286e-03	-4.59941e-02	 1.24566e-03
						
090/01	1.33851e-03	 7.28159e-03	 1.50475e-04	 2.42343e-02	-5.60314e-02	 6.23109e-05
091/01	1.39995e-03	 6.62175e-03	 1.44223e-04	 1.49109e-02	-5.15956e-02	 3.05412e-05
092/01	1.17994e-03	 5.81480e-03	 1.81230e-04	 2.11278e-02	-3.41154e-02	 1.00067e-04
093/01	1.20235e-03	 3.23575e-03	 1.94670e-04	 9.08327e-02	-1.05979e-01	 2.40186e-06
094/01	7.26702e-04	 5.79481e-03	 3.33202e-04	 1.60709e-02	 3.25142e-02	 2.24224e-05
095/01	9.72866e-04	 2.53468e-03	 2.78680e-04	 3.12486e-02	-2.28419e-02	-9.47967e-06
096/01	1.12660e-03	 1.52622e-03	 2.36632e-04	-5.21582e-03	-8.70255e-03	-6.46160e-06
097/01	9.11864e-04	-9.83649e-03	 8.29806e-04	 1.16155e-02	 5.17479e-03	-1.63913e-06
098/01	7.37485e-04	 1.54821e-03	 7.02487e-04	 1.08206e-02	 3.23053e-02	 6.15701e-05
099/01	4.62936e-04	-4.64534e-02	 2.20503e-03	 3.48825e-02	 7.31513e-02	-2.78937e-05
						
121/01	1.52452e-03	 4.37773e-04	 1.32762e-04	 6.75907e-02	-1.25932e-01	-3.22286e-05
122/01	1.49661e-03	 4.20465e-03	 1.29996e-04	 8.37335e-02	-1.25576e-01	-5.20607e-05
123/01	1.53711e-03	-1.82531e-03	 1.33446e-04	 2.28559e-03	-5.56371e-02	 4.47570e-06
124/01	1.47129e-03	-4.94488e-03	 1.44073e-04	 2.79503e-02	-7.60030e-02	-2.14490e-05
125/01	1.49764e-03	 5.84991e-03	 1.30787e-04	 1.58664e-02	-6.10576e-02	 1.04223e-04
126/01	1.55294e-03	-9.92309e-03	 1.40080e-04	 4.93630e-03	-7.35055e-02	 1.51939e-05
127/01	1.46482e-03	 1.57159e-03	 1.37795e-04	 4.22539e-02	-8.60623e-02	-5.37647e-05
128/01	1.35260e-03	-7.07638e-03	 1.74427e-04	 1.22078e-02	-6.02338e-02	 1.00445e-05
129/01	1.62571e-03	-6.12452e-03	 1.22267e-04	 5.24868e-03	-6.87738e-02	-1.82067e-05
130/01	1.42837e-03	 2.02694e-03	 1.47077e-04	-1.02766e-03	-4.62502e-02	 3.81534e-05
						
131/01	1.31304e-03	-9.40718e-04	 1.69007e-04	 1.08360e-02	-4.56653e-02	 1.53044e-05
132/02	1.49242e-03	-1.08839e-02	 1.43320e-04	 4.01473e-02	-8.71190e-02	-4.01181e-05
133/01	1.41655e-03	-2.55611e-03	 1.50538e-04	 3.12334e-02	-7.21314e-02	-2.74546e-05
134/01	1.60644e-03	-4.70651e-03	 1.22375e-04	 8.96500e-03	-6.48104e-02	-5.96979e-06
135/01	1.50888e-03	-6.25451e-03	 1.38627e-04	 7.77918e-03	-5.72083e-02	-1.68687e-05
136/01	1.20595e-03	 5.88210e-03	 1.79267e-04	-1.20234e-02	-1.65762e-02	 4.31541e-05
137/01	1.23144e-03	 4.18087e-03	 1.76495e-04	 1.02956e-02	-3.51235e-02	-2.75787e-05
138/01	1.60733e-03	-2.24807e-03	 1.21539e-04	-6.92771e-03	-5.66909e-02	 2.16705e-05
139/01	1.44330e-03	-2.29646e-05	 1.44519e-04	 1.79498e-02	-6.01069e-02	-1.81917e-05
140/01	1.31737e-03	-8.02100e-04	 1.67207e-04	 8.79017e-03	-4.18855e-02	-2.71284e-05
						
141/02	1.38742e-03	-2.03718e-03	 1.54653e-04	 1.97025e-02	-5.80731e-02	-3.75762e-06
142/01	1.35897e-03	-6.68678e-03	 1.65889e-04	 1.92085e-03	-4.30092e-02	 1.37756e-05
143/01	1.26289e-03	 2.34998e-03	 1.87015e-04	-2.58844e-02	-8.46360e-03	 1.02403e-04
144/01	1.01973e-03	 4.58694e-03	 2.69356e-04	-2.68893e-02	 8.47161e-03	 7.49903e-05
145/01	1.40856e-03	-1.12580e-03	 1.82455e-04	-4.81375e-03	-3.91051e-02	 2.67259e-05
146/01	1.00011e-03	-7.26369e-03	 5.31017e-04	-2.28122e-02	 5.30475e-03	 5.44317e-05
147/01	2.61426e-03	 1.12753e-01	-1.31664e-03	 5.24554e-03	-8.96052e-02	-1.87331e-05
148/01	4.33342e-03	 4.23867e-01	-2.16556e-03	 5.93505e-03	-1.32612e-01	 9.07801e-06
188/01	4.68362e-03	 4.32891e-01	-3.53223e-03	-1.08147e-01	-6.34708e-02	 1.86758e-04
189/01	5.14719e-04	-1.36832e-02	 1.28591e-03	-1.48095e-02	 5.00234e-02	 2.63096e-05
						
190/02	1.42946e-03	 1.70582e-03	 1.05035e-04	 2.81890e-04	-2.46893e-02	-2.18368e-05
191/01	1.28114e-03	-1.60529e-02	 2.05266e-04	-1.33111e-03	-3.24322e-02	 3.81289e-05
192/01	1.49733e-03	-2.39870e-02	 1.42402e-04	 8.48266e-03	-5.05112e-02	 6.67075e-05
193/01	1.24753e-03	-1.69402e-02	 1.92302e-04	-4.51785e-03	-2.47189e-02	-3.70810e-06
194/01	1.55748e-03	-1.18999e-02	-4.24017e-05	-2.07235e-02	-3.11347e-02	 9.74563e-05
195/01						
196/01	1.10358e-03	-8.77145e-03	 2.52811e-04	-3.01090e-03	-2.06438e-02	-1.22407e-05
197/01	1.02058e-03	-7.85941e-03	 2.75341e-04	 5.35448e-03	-1.36687e-02	-5.53547e-05
198/01	1.05803e-03	-3.65090e-03	 2.55797e-04	-1.49696e-02	-3.54866e-03	 3.68105e-06
199/01	1.07034e-03	-4.13163e-03	 2.35075e-04	-7.02755e-03	-8.24126e-03	-1.71616e-05
						
200/01	1.27718e-03	-5.94235e-03	 1.76546e-04	 2.62068e-03	-3.28459e-02	-1.05277e-05
201/01	1.13142e-03	-1.62351e-02	 2.51330e-04	-1.02596e-02	-2.32896e-02	-1.10488e-05
202/01	1.25020e-03	-1.22677e-02	 1.97310e-04	-4.45355e-03	-2.37119e-02	-3.56398e-05

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix C

Quality Comments

Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from 
WOCE P17N.  Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and 
oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of the station profile and 
adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).  Comments from 
the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this 
report.  Units stated in these comments are milliliters per liter for oxygen and 
micromoles per liter for Silicate, Nitrate, and Phosphate, unless otherwise 
noted.  The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 
100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR).

Station 001
332	Salinity drawn but not run. Started with bath temp 18 C and air went up to 
	19C. Note on Salinometer Log "Air temp change, could not read, quit 5" (5 
	is salt bottle nbr for sample 332. Remaining 4 samples run later after 
	bath temp stabilized at 21C. Footnote salinity lost.

Station 002
125	Delta-S .017 low at 103db. 4 Autosal runs for agreement. Spike on salinity 
	up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
136	Sample log: "Air Leak" Delta-S .000 at 542db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 003
117	Delta-S .03 low at 28db. Calc ok. High gradient. Wrong suppression 
	setting, used 1.90159 vs 1.80159. CTD salinity also a little noisy, 
	footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity agrees with Station 002, bottle 
	salinity is acceptable.
118	SiO3 appears ~3.0 high, same value as level below. Calc & peak ok. Other 
	parameters have normal gradient. Similar feature next station. Footnote 
	SiO3 questionable, let PI decide.
136	Sample log: "Air leak again. Changed lanyard last time." Adjusted air vent 
	o-ring after this station, ok. Delta-S .0007 at 1014db. Other water 
	samples also ok.

Station 004
124	Original salinity data sheet(PC printout) has bottle sampler numbers 
	confused starting after 23. Salt bottle 24 drawn from bottle 24 per Sample 
	Log but no Autosal run shown for salt bottle 24. Assume Sample log order 
	correct & bottle 24 salt not run. Footnote salinity lost.
128	Delta-S .005 low at 509db. Calc ok. Other water samples ok. No notes on 
	Sample Log. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.
136	Delta-S .055 low at 1419db. Calc ok. Sil also low with good peak and calc. 
	Other water samples look ok but could be leaking bottle and O2, NO3 & PO4 
	accidentally give reasonable values. No notes on Sample Log. Footnote 
	bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water 
	samples.

Station 005
111-122	Sample log: "On O2 Nis22 found MnCl2 on 2ml" O2s from surface to
	356db (111-122) look ok compared to CTDO and adjacent stations. Oxygen is 
	acceptable.

Station 006
108	Delta-S .03 low at 30db. Calc ok assuming read at wrong suppression 
	setting (1.81621 entered, assume should be 1.91621). Two bottles tripped 
	at 30db and all water samples indicate bottle 8 closed higher than bottle 
	9. High gradient so probably ok. Salinity is acceptable.

Station 007
102	Delta-S .03 high at 1db. Autosal run ok but sample nbr and salt bottle nbr 
	both recorded as 1 vs. 2. Sample log has salt bottle nbr 2. High gradient 
	& down not same as up. Footnote salinity questionable.
127	Delta-S .003 high at 1623db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No 
	notes. Other water samples ok. CTD salinity also a little noisy, footnote 
	CTD salinity bad. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.

Station 008
102	Delta-S .015 high at 30db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T & S spikes on up 
	trace. Other water samples ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
103	Sample log: "Did not close - bottom lanyard hungup." No water samples.
131	Delta-S .003 high at 2422db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other 
	water samples ok. No notes. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.
132	Delta-S .004 high at 2628db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other 
	water samples ok. No notes. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.

Station 009
109	Delta-S .014 high at 207db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No 
	notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are 
	acceptable.
132	Bottle salt drawn but not run. No note on salinity data sheet. Possible 
	Autosal problem and ran out of sample before getting good readings; 
	salinity lost.
133	Delta-S .006 high at 3123db. Calc ok, only 2 tries for agreement. Other 
	water samples ok. No notes. Footnote salinity bad just too far off, other 
	data are acceptable.
136	PO4 .05 high at 3647db. n:p ratio low. Calc ok & peak fair but definitely 
	high. No recorder trace problem between 135 and 136. There was an air 
	bubble that the analyst found and corrected. The problem with this value 
	could be an air bubble that was undetected and uncorrectable. Footnote PO4 
	questionable.

Station 010
229	Delta-S .002 high at 2336db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No 
	notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are 
	acceptable.
232	Delta-S .002 high at 2951db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. No 
	notes. Other water samples ok. Salinity as well as other data are 
	acceptable.

Station 011
106	Sample log: "Did not trip" Pylon problem per ConOps. Assigned bottle 6 the 
	surface pressure just for the CTD data.
101-106	Data indicates bottle 5 tripped at level intended for bottle 6 and 
	all remaining bottles above tripped one level lower than intended. No 
	water samples at surface level. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled.
103	Delta-S .05 low at 82db. Calc ok. High gradient & inversion. Other water 
	samples ok. Bottle salinity acceptable.
104	Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90410 vs 1.80410. Delta-S .005 high at 
	108db. Bottle salinity acceptable.
105	Delta-S .02 low at 132db. Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90521 vs 
	1.80521. High gradient & down trace not same as up. Other water samples 
	ok.  Bottle salinity acceptable.
107	Bottle O2 appears 1.0 high at 158db. Calc & titration ok. No notes. Delta-
	S .005 high and nutrients also ok. Down & up CTDO traces show no O2 
	inversion this level. Footnote oxygen questionable.
117	Sample log: "Air leak" Delta-S .0015 high at 612db. Other water samples 
	also ok.
135	Delta-S .007 high at 4082db. Calc ok but 4 tries to get agreement. Other 
	water samples ok. Possibly salt crystal contamination when sample bottle 
	opened. ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 012
102	Delta-S .016 high at 31db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient & 
	inversion. Uptrace CTD T & S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
107	Delta-S .13 high at 158db. All water samples indicate deeper water. 
	Possibly bottom end cap closed early. Footnote bottle leaking and samples 
	bad.
134	Delta-S .003 high at 3970db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 
	35 salt one level below. Possible dupe draw or run. Other water samples 
	ok. Footnote bottle salinity bad.

Station 013
103	Delta-S .014 low at 53db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Down & up T differ. Small 
	uptrace CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity is 
	acceptable.

Station 014
105	Sample log: "Odd temp reading. Closed early?" Delta-S .5 high at 108db. 
	All water samples indicate deeper water. Possibly bottom end cap closed 
	early. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of 
	all water samples.
129	Delta-S .003 high at 2901db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Footnote salinity questionable.

Station 015
103	Delta-S .012 high at 58db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. Down 
	differs from up. Uptrace CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle 
	Salinity acceptable.

Station 016
Cast 1	Pylon tripping problems. Note on ConOps for bottle 28 at 
	2877db:"Reset to 8 for tripping" Note on ConOps for bottle 29 at 
	3082db:"FF32 ? ! <--31 may have tripped here" No confirmation first 2 
	tries at 108db level. Data indicates no sample at intended bottle 28 level 
	(2852.6db) and bottles 28 thru 7 tripped one level higher than intended. 
	Data indicates bottles 5 thru 3 tripped two levels higher than intended. 
	No samples from bottles 1, 2, & 6. CTD trip data bottles 1 through 28 
	reassigned appropriately.
101-102	ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck."
106	ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck."
134	Delta-S .03 low at 4341db. Calc ok. All water samples indicate leaking 
	bottle. No notes on Sample Log. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. 
	ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.
135	Delta-S .003 low at 4600db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. 
	Bottle salinity acceptable.

Station 017
123	Delta-S .003 low at 1962db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Other water samples 
	ok. Normal gradient. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.
126	Delta-S .003 low at 2584db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Other water samples 
	ok. Normal gradient. Salinity as well as other data are acceptable.

Station 018
124	Sample log:"Lanyard from bottle 25 caught in top end cap bottle 24." 
	Delta-S .013 low at 2031db. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF 
	recommends deletion of all water samples.
131	Delta-S .004 high at 3569db. 3 Autosal runs with 2nd & 3rd equal. Same 
	value as bottle 32 salt at level below. Other water samples have normal 
	gradient. Possible dupe draw. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends 
	deletion of salinity sample.
134	Sample log:"Lanyard from bottle 35 caught in top end cap bottle 34." 
	Delta-S .008 low at 4341db. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF 
	recommends deletion of all water samples.

Station 019
102	Pylon problem reported per Console Operations log. This should have 
	tripped at 25db, but tripped at 58db. Footnote bottle did not trip as 
	scheduled. However, samples are acceptable after reassignment of pressure.
103	Sample log: "Did not close" Pylon problem per ConOps. bottle 2 closed at 
	intended bottle 3 level (58db) and no sample at bottle 2 intended level 
	(25db). Did not report this level since the CTD information was from the 
	same pressure as bottle 2.
109	Delta-S .011 low at 182db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike. Footnote 
	CTD salinity bad.
124	Sample log:"Air leak. Lanyard from bottle 25 in top end cap bottle 24. O2 
	only drawn. Footnote bottle leaking and o2 bad. ODF recommends deletion of 
	water samples.
129	Sample log: "Bottom lanyard hung up on sleeve" No samples.

Station 021
109	Delta-S .021 low at 222db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T spike on up trace. 
	CTD spike on up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
121	Delta-S .04 high at 1231db. Other water samples indicate deeper water. 
	Probably bottom end cap closed early. Footnote bottle leaking, samples 
	bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.
130	Delta-S .003 low at 3546db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 31 
	at level below. Other water samples ok. Possible dupe draw. Footnote 
	salinity bad.

Station 023
Cast 1	This cast tripped in different order to get bottle freon blanks for 
	bottles normally used near surface. Bottle 13 was first bottle tripped 
	(deepest) and bottle 14 was last bottle tripped (surface). All PO4 appear 
	about .05 low on Stations 23 & 24. Low nutrient sea water of questionable 
	quality used these two stations only. Footnote PO4 bad.
118	Delta-S .015 high at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike. Inversion, 
	high gradient. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
121	Delta-S .015 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S & T spike. 
	Footnote CTD salinity bad.
125	Delta-S .05 high at 360db. Calc ok & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Value different from 25 on Sta21, last time this salinity bottle used. 
	Normal CTD T & S traces. Possible rinsing problem. Footnote salinity bad.
137	Sample log: "Leaking from bottom end cap after air vent open" Delta-S .000 
	at 1320db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 024
Cast 1	All PO4 appear about .05 low on Stations 23 & 24. Low nutrient sea 
	water of questionable quality used these two stations only. Footnote PO4 
	bad.
103	Delta-S .018 low at 60db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Inversion. CTD S spike. 
	Footnote CTD salinity bad.
118	Sample log: "Salt (bottle) 18 has chip" Delta-S .000 at 1015db. Salinity 
	is acceptable.
136	CTD Processor: "Power outage on down cast - CTD O2 "questionable" 4902 db 
	to bottom (quality coding as "3")."

Station 025
108	Delta-S .012 high at 184db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD T & S spikes on up 
	trace. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
126	Silicate 1.0 low at 2689db. Calc & peak ok. Other samples including 
	nitrate & phosphate have normal gradient. Footnote SiO3 questionable.

Station 026
119	Delta-S .115 high at 911db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 
	119 on Sta 24, last time this salt bottle used. Assume drawing error. 
	Footnote salinity bad.
121	Delta-S .033 high at 1316db. Other water samples ok. bottle 22 salt value 
	.034 low so most likely salt samples swapped. Used salt bottle 22 for 
	sample 121. After corrections made, data is acceptable.
122	Delta-S .034 low at 1521db. Oxygen ok. bottle 21 salt value .033 high so 
	most likely salt samples swapped. Nutrient values same as bottle 21, other 
	parameters have normal gradient so assume dupe draw from 21. Nutrients in 
	sample tube for 23 match gradient for bottle 22 level better than bottle 
	23 level. Used salt bottle 21 for sample 122. Used nutrients from tube 23 
	for bottle 22. After corrections made, data is acceptable.
123	Nutrients from tube 23 match bottle 22 level. See 122 above. Assume no 
	nutrients drawn from bottle 23.

Station 027
Cast 1	Pylon malfunction problems this station. Bottle levels determined by 
	data values, comparing bottle salts & oxygens with CTD values and all data 
	with adjacent stations. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled. Samples 
	are acceptable after pressure assignment corrected.
107	Not tripped. No water samples. Assigned bottle 7 the deepest pressure just 
	for the CTD data. See Cast 1 tripping comment. CTD Processor: "power 
	outage on down cast - CTD O2 "questionable" 5214 db to bottom."
125	Delta-S .014 high at 2444db. Calc & Autosal run ok. O2, NO3 & PO4 samples 
	ok. No notes. Footnote salinity bad.
137	Delta-S .002 low at 4341db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 32 
	at level above. Nutrients are also same value as bottle 32 but oxygen has 
	normal gradient. Peaks ok. CTD and adjacent stations have normal gradient 
	this level. Possibly dupe draws from bottle 32 and no salt or nutrients 
	from bottle 37. Same person drew salts and nutrients this station. 
	Footnote salinity bad.
138	Delta-S .09 low at 5113db. All water samples appear to be from about 
	1900db. Does not fit trip sequence of other bottles. Assume bottle 38 had 
	an independent lanyard hangup or trip problem. Footnote bottle leaking, 
	samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.

Station 028
225	Delta-S .02 low at 2750db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 125 
	on Station 18, which was the last time this salt box was used. Assume 
	drawing error. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends deletion of salinity 
	sample.
231	Delta-S .2 low at 4216db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water sample also 
	from higher level. Footnote bottle leaking and samples bad. ODF recommends 
	deletion of all water samples.

Station 029
126	Delta-S .007 high at 2697db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 
	127 below. Other water samples ok. Assume 126 salt drawn from bottle 27. 
	Footnote salinity bad.
130	Delta-S .013 low at 3642db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as sample 
	130 on Station 26, last time this salt box used. Other water samples ok. 
	Assume drawing error. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 030
104	Delta-S .036 high at 72db. 4 Autosal run to get agreement. High gradient. 
	Down differs from up. CTD S spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Salinity is 
	acceptable.
117	Delta-S .006 low at 1068db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other 
	water samples look ok. Salinity is acceptable.
121	Delta-S .005 low at 1879db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal gradient. Other 
	water samples look ok. Salinity is acceptable.

Station 031
106	Nutrient data sheet: "Sample cup empty" Ok on sample log. Sample tube 
	apparently turned up but not filled.

Station 032
105	Delta-S .012 low at 96db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Small CTD spike. Footnote 
	CTD salinity bad.
112	Sample log: "Spigot collar loose" Delta-S .002 low at 369db. Other water 
	samples also ok.
127	Delta-S .002 high at 2851db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement. Normal 
	gradient. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 033
109	Delta-S .014 low at 233db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Small CTD spike. 
	Footnote CTD salinity bad.
131	Silicate appears 2.0 high at 3923db. Same value as level above. Calc & 
	peak ok. Delta-S .003 low. Calc & Autosal run ok. O2, PO4 & NO3 appear to 
	have normal gradient but all have higher and lower values in water column 
	above so slight leak possible. No notes on sample log. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable.
137	Delta-S .003 low at 4439db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries. Other water samples 
	ok. Same value as 132 at level above. Possible dupe draw from bottle 32. 
	No notes. Footnote salinity bad. ODF recommends deletion of salinity 
	sample.

Station 034
121	Delta-S .003 low at 1770db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. 
	Smooth CTD traces this level. Footnote salinity questionable.
136	Delta-S .004 low at 5339db. Calc ok. 3 tries for Autosal. Other water 
	samples ok. Smooth CTD traces. Footnote salinity bad.
138	Delta-S .003 low at 5045db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. 
	Smooth CTD traces. Footnote salinity questionable.

Station 035
132	Silicate appears 2.0 low at 3695db. Calc ok but peak poor. Other water 
	samples ok. Footnote SiO3 questionable.

Station 036
103	Delta-S .021 high at 57db. 3 Autosal runs to get agreement. High gradient. 
	CTD spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salinity agrees with 
	adjoining stations, shows the same feature.
106	Delta-S .017 low at 132db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. CTD 
	spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
126	Delta-S .003 high at 2187db. 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. Other water 
	samples ok. Possible salt crystal contamination. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 038
Cast 1	All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when ready 
	to bring on board. Had to recycle pylon power to redo 36th trip (bottle 
	1). Data indicate no bottle at 4930db, deepest intended level and both 
	bottles 1 & 2 closed at surface. All bottle data indicate bottles were 
	closed one level higher than intended. Footnote bottle did not trip as 
	scheduled. Adjusted CTD trip data.

Station 039
Cast 2	All silicate values appear 2 uM/L high. Apparent base line problem 
	at start of AA run. sil look high compared to 038 & 040 plus 039 Gerard 
	silicates but 036 & 037 sil look reasonably close. Footnote silicate 
	questionable.

Station 040
129	Delta-S .006 high at 2621db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries for agreement. Same 
	value as 130. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw from bottle 30. 
	Footnote salinity bad.
134	Delta-S .003 low at 2621db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as 137, one 
	level above. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw from bottle 37. 
	Footnote salinity bad.

Station 041
112	Delta-S .054 high at 359db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 11 
	above. Other water samples have normal gradient. CTD S had no gradient 
	between bottle 11 and bottle 12 levels. Large S spike on up trace. Bottle 
	S ok. Large spike in CTD uptrace giving an erroneous salinity difference. 
	Footnote CTD salinity bad.
132	Delta-S .0024 low at 2747db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal CTD gradient. 
	Other water samples ok. Leave for now.
137	Delta-S .0027 high at 2952db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Normal CTD gradient. 
	Other water samples ok. Leave for now.

Station 042
Cast 1	Nitrite not run because of colorimeter problem. Only 3 colorimeters 
	available starting this station. Footnote NO2 lost.
108	PO4 appears high on pot temp-po4 plot, same value as level above. NO3 
	appears high on pot temp-no3 plot. same value as level above. SIL appears 
	high on pot temp-sil plot, same value as level above. Salinity has normal 
	gradient.  Oxygen is close to level above but CTDO is also close these 
	levels. Possible dupe draw of nutrients from bottle 7. Footnote PO4, NO3, 
	and SiO3 bad.
109	Delta-S .017 low at 109db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike on up trace 
	this level. bottle S ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 043
Cast 1	Nitrite not run because of colorimeter problem. Only 3 colorimeters 
	available starting last station. Footnote NO2 lost.
113	Sample log: "Air leak". Delta-S .0015 low at 308db. Other water samples 
	also ok.

Station 044
Cast 1	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
104	Delta-S .1 high at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as Sta 41 
	sample 104, last time this salt bottle used. Assume no salt drawn this 
	station. Footnote salinity bad, analyst should have noticed that salinity 
	sample was very low.
117	Salinity was scheduled to be drawn, but analyses was not performed. 
	Footnote salinity lost.

Station 045
Cast 1	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
105	Delta-S .028 low at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. 
	Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
106	Delta-S .040 low at 132db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. 
	Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 
	132db looks slightly high compared to surrounding stations." Oxygen 
	appears 0.7 high, reviewed data vs. pressure, potemp, and silicate. No 
	sampling or analytical notes indicating a problem. Other data are 
	acceptable. Footnote oxygen bad. No CTDO reported since CTD salinity is 
	coded bad.
107	Delta-S .011 low at 158db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. 
	Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
108	Delta-S .014 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T & S up trace spike. 
	Bottle salt ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
111	CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 309.1 db looks slightly high compared to 
	surrounding stations." Oxygen appears 0.25 high. Footnote oxygen bad.
118	PO4 appears .08 high at 813db. Calc ok, peak poor but definitely high. 
	Value is similar to PO4 max on most neighboring stations but NO3 doesn't 
	match. Footnote PO4 questionable.
123	Delta-S .005 low at 1576db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Slight bump on CTD S up 
	trace. Leave for now. Gradient, salinity is slightly low compared with 
	adjoining stations. Footnote salinity questionable.

Station 046
Cast 1	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
Cast 1	Data indicate no sample at deepest intended level and all bottles 
	closed one level above intended level. Bottle 2 is surface bottle. 
	Footnote bottle (2-32,37,34,38,36) did not trip as scheduled. Profile 
	appears to be acceptable at correctly reassigned pressures.
101	Sample log: "Did not close, no sample. Found ramp arm at 35 ready to trip 
	position 36 (bottle 1) when preparing for next station." No notes on 
	ConOps. Assigned bottle 1 the deepest pressure just for the CTD data. See 
	Cast 1 tripping comment. Footnote bottle no samples drawn.
105	Delta-S .018 low at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T spike on CTD up trace. 
	Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
106	Delta-S .022 high at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. T spike on CTD up 
	trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
107	Delta-S .014 high at 132db. 4 Autosal runs for agreement. T spike on CTD 
	up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
108	Delta-S .020 high at 157db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement. T spike on CTD 
	up trace. Bottle salt looks ok. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 047
Cast 1	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
121-123	PO4 appears .05 high (863, 964 and 1167 db, respectively). Calc ok & 
	peak fair. Similar problem at same general level on previous two stations. 
	Footnote PO4 questionable.

Station 048
Cast 2	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
234	Flask broken before titration. No bottle oxygen.

Station 049
Cast 1	Nitrites not run this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. 
	Footnote NO2 lost.
130	Sample log: "Leaking from bottom after air vent opened." Delta-S .000 at 
	2798db. Other water samples also ok.
137	Delta-S .004 high at 3462db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Possible draw or run error with salt bottle 33 drawn from 34 instead 
	of 37 and salt bottle 34 drawn from 35 instead of 34. Corrected raw data 
	file to reflect actual sample drawing order. Salinity was not drawn from 
	this bottle.
134	Delta-S .003 high at 3719db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Possible draw or run error with salt bottle 33 drawn from 34 instead 
	of 37 and salt bottle 34 drawn from 35 instead of 34. After correcting raw 
	data file, salinity agreement acceptable.

Station 050
Cast 1	Tripped with 25 at bottom and 26 at top for freon bottle blank 
	check.
137	Sample log: "bottom stopper leaked after air vent opened. Reseated ok." 
	Delta-S .004 low at 182db. Other water samples also ok.
104	Delta-S .006 low at 408db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as 3 at level 
	above. Other water samples show normal gradient. Possible dupe draw or 
	run. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 051
132	Delta-S .003 high at 3312db. Calc ok, 3 tries on Autosal. Other water 
	samples ok. No notes, no obvious sampling error. Footnote salinity 
	questionable. Feature could be real.

Station 053
108	Delta-S at 181db is -0.0571, salinity is 33.413. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.

Station 054
109	Delta-S at 208db is -0.0313, salinity is 33.638. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
114	Sample log: "Lanyard caught in top end cap. Air leak. Delta-S .002 high at 
	409db. Other water samples also look ok. Oxygen and salinity agree with 
	adjoining stations, bottle okay.

Station 056
Cast 1	All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when ready 
	to bring on board. Conops note:"trouble - took couple of tries" Data 
	indicate no bottle at 4446db, deepest intended level, and both bottles 1 & 
	2 closed at surface. All bottle data indicate bottles were closed one 
	level higher than intended. Adjusted CTD trip data and all samples are 
	acceptable, unless noted otherwise. Footnote bottle did not trip as 
	scheduled.
119	Sample log: "O-ring out of groove, air leak. Delta-S .025 low at 966db. 
	Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs for agreement. Other water samples also seem to be 
	from higher in water column. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF 
	recommends deletion of all water samples.

Station 057
Cast 1	CTD salinity trace noisy, brought back aboard, cleaned bio matter 
	off conductivity cell, and sent down as cast 2 for complete cast with 
	samples. Delta-Ss closer to those earlier in leg than more recent 
	stations.
205	Delta-S at 109db is -0.0451, salinity is 33.042. Changing waters. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 058
228	Sample log: "C14 drawn after helium, before O2" Bottle oxy at 2542db looks 
	good compared to CTDO and rest of bottle oxy profile. Oxygen is 
	acceptable.

Station 059
105	Salinity data sheet: "Bottle 5 exploded, no data"
107	Ship's power failure during oxygen titration. Footnote oxygen lost.

Station 060
Cast 1	Bottles tripped for freon bottle blank check. bottle 13 is deepest 
	level and bottle 14 is surface.
114	Sample log: "Air leak, lanyard caught in top end cap. Delta-S .000 at 
	surface. Oxygen and salinity agree with adjoining stations, bottle okay.
118	Salinity value from Salt bottle 18 matches CTD salt from bottle 20. Assume 
	drawing error. Footnote salinity bad, ODF recommends deletion of salinity 
	sample.
120	Salinity value from Salt bottle 20 matches CTD salt from bottle 18. Assume 
	drawing error. Footnote salinity bad, ODF recommends deletion of salinity 
	sample.

Station 062
221	Delta-S .003 low at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal runs to get agreement. 
	Other water samples ok. Suspect salt crystal. Footnote salinity bad.
229	Delta-S .004 low at 2925db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. 
	Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 063
115-120	Nitrate appears 1.5 M/L low. PO4 had problem this area and was 
	rerun but nothing out of ordinary re NO3. These bottles were also slightly 
	lower than adjacent stations on previous cast (062/02) then go back to 
	normal on next station (064/01). Footnote NO3 questionable.

Station 064
136	Delta-S .01 low at 4747db. Calc & Autosal run ok All water samples 
	indicate bottle 36 closed higher in water column. ODF recommends deletion 
	of all water samples. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad.

Station 065
105	Sample log: "O-ring not seated, air leak." Delta-S .02 low at 107db. High 
	gradient. Other water also look ok for high gradient.

Station 066
Cast 1	All bottles closed when brought to surface for surface sample. Data 
	indicate bottles 4 & 5 both closed at 108db. Footnote bottles 1 through 5 
	did not trip as scheduled.
101-105	See Cast 1 bottle comment. Footnote bottle did not trip as 
	scheduled.

Station 067
Cast 1	Bottle 1 still open after trip 36 confirmed. Data indicates no 
	sample at deepest intended level and all bottles closed one level higher 
	than intended with both bottles 1 & 2 closed at surface. Footnote bottle 
	did not trip as scheduled.
116	Delta-S 1.3 low at 611db. All water samples indicate bottle 16 closed at 
	surface. O2 draw temp low so probably closed when rosette first entered 
	water. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of 
	all water samples.
124	O2 appears 0.3 high at 2033db. Calc & titration look ok. No notes. Value 
	goes much better with level below (125). Possible drawing or running 
	error. Footnote oxygen bad.
125	O2 appears 1.3 high at 2134db. Comment on O2 data sheet: "chk, air 
	delivered (3) 0.35152" Footnote oxygen bad.

Station 068
206	Delta-S at 132db is -0.0437, salinity is 33.207. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
209	Dissolved oxygen appears 3.7 high at 208db. Nutrients ok. Delta-S .000. 
	Oxygen value higher than max this station. Titration problem?, no notes. 
	Footnote oxygen bad.

Station 071
121-123	Delta-Ss .004 high at 1469-1928db. Reruns indicate original bottle 
	salts wrong but too much scatter to use rerun data. Footnote salinity bad.
132	Delta-S .003 low at 3847db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 31 
	at level above. Possible dupe draw or run. Rerun indicates original bottle 
	salt run in error. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 072
128	Delta-S .013 high at 2802db. Other water samples also indicate deeper than 
	intended. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. ODF recommends deletion of 
	all water samples.
137	Delta-S .003 low at 4090db. Other water samples ok. Same value as bottle 
	32 at level above. Possible dupe draw or run. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 073
101-105	CTD Processor: "CTD O2 "questionable" 0 - 130 db."

Station 075
105	Delta-S at 110db is -0.0324, salinity is 33.250. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 076
106	Delta-S at 132db is 0.083, salinity is 33.272. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
117	Titration problem. No dissolved oxygen. Other samples ok. Footnote oxygen 
	lost.
130	Sample log: "Cap broken away from spring and chipped. Bottom cap hooked to 
	bottle 31 btm lanyard." Lanyard from bottom end cap to spring missing. No 
	water samples.

Station 077
Cast 1	Tripped bottle 25 at bottom, bottle 26 at top for freon bottle blank 
	check.
137	Sample log: "leaking from bottom seal" Assume leaking from bottom end cap 
	after air vent opened. Delta-S .000 at 185db. Other water samples also 
	look ok.
108	O-ring out of groove on bottom end cap. No water samples.

Station 078
223	Sample log: "No sample (Bottom lanyard got caught)."

Station 080
Cast 1	Delta-Ss all .005 to .007 high. Slime on CTD sensors. All water 
	samples look ok.
120	Delta-S at 1120db is 0.0066, salinity is 34.432. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
121	Delta-S at 1324db is 0.0089, salinity is 34.485. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
122	Delta-S at 1526db is 0.0081, salinity is 34.519. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
123	Delta-S at 1731db is 0.0059, salinity is 34.550. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
124	Delta-S at 1935db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.576. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
125	Delta-S at 2138db is 0.007, salinity is 34.597. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
126	Delta-S at 2342db is 0.0054, salinity is 34.613. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
127	Delta-S at 2546db is 0.0074, salinity is 34.630. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
128	Delta-S at 2752db is 0.0069, salinity is 34.643. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
129	Delta-S at 2957db is 0.0076, salinity is 34.652. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
130	Delta-S at 3213db is 0.007, salinity is 34.661. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
131	Delta-S at 3471db is 0.0082, salinity is 34.669. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
132	Delta-S at 3727db is 0.0079, salinity is 34.675. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
137	Delta-S at 3983db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.680. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
134	Delta-S at 4292db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.682. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
138	Delta-S at 4550db is 0.0086, salinity is 34.685. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
136	Delta-S at 4713db is 0.0095, salinity is 34.686. See Cast 1 salinity 
	comments. Footnote CTD salinity bad. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 4713.3 
	db (bottle 36) looks slightly high compared to surrounding stations (ok if 
	look at theta/O2)." No CTDO reported since CTD salinity is coded bad.

Station 081
134	Delta-S .006 high at 4239db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal runs to get agreement. 
	4th run .00003 higher than 3rd. Other water samples ok. Assume salt 
	crystal from cap fell in sample. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 083
117	Sample log: "Air leak, top end cap reseated, ok. Delta-S .001 low at 
	809db. Other water samples also ok.
121	Delta-S .03 high at 1525db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 22 
	salt at level below. Reran both salt bottles, got same results so probably 
	dupe draw not dupe run. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity bad.
137	Sample log: "Dripping from bottom end cap after air vent opened." Delta-S 
	.000 at 3820db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 084
107	Delta-S at 158db is 0.0643, salinity is 33.546. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 085
105	Delta-S at 107db is 0.0591, salinity is 33.086. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
106	Delta-S at 132db is 0.039, salinity is 33.651. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 086
205	Delta-S at 108db is -0.0545, salinity is 33.049. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
209	Sample log: "Air valve not closed." Delta-S .021 high at 210db. 6 Autosal 
	runs to get agreement. Small salinity spike on CTD up trace. Down CTD T & S 
	differ from up values. Other water samples look ok in high gradient area. 
	Footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 087
103	Delta-S at 58db is -0.0289, salinity is 32.581. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
Cast 2	Repeat cast with LADCP to 5500db only. Salinities were only samples 
	drawn. CTD Processor: "No discrete oxygens - use fit from 087/01)." 
	Footnote CTD O2 questionable.

Station 088
106	Delta-S at 132db is 0.0544, salinity is 33.510. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
134	Sample log: stopcock found fully opened" Delta-S .000 at 5011db. Other 
	water samples also ok.

Station 089
107	Sample log: "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .010 high at 158db. Calc & 
	Autosal run ok. Other water samples also look ok at high gradient and 
	differing up & down CTD T & S traces.

Station 090
104	Sample log: "Air vent open." Delta-S .001 high at 82db. Other water 
	samples also look ok.
111	Delta-S .07 low at 283db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 10 
	at level above. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw or run. ODF 
	recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad.
137	Sample log: "Leaking from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Top cap 
	reseated." Delta-S .001 high at 3954db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 091
101	Delta-S .02 low at 3db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Bottle salt looks ok. 
	Spike on CTD up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
117	Delta-S .09 high at 561db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Bottle salt looks ok. 
	Spike on CTD up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
137	Sample log: "Leaked from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .000 at 3365db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 092
106	Delta-S .08 high at 131db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. High gradient and CTD 
	up trace spike at this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad. Bottle salt and 
	other water samples look ok.
108	Delta-S .04 high at 181db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Same value as bottle 9 
	at level below. Other water samples ok. Assume dupe draw or run. ODF 
	recommends deletion of salinity sample. Footnote salinity bad.
137	Sample log: "Leaked from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .000 at 2954db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 093
103	Delta-S at 55db is 0.0335, salinity is 32.634. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.

Station 094
114	Delta-S .04 high at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Bottle salt looks ok. 
	CTD up-trace spike this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 095
137	Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .000 at 1311db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 096
138	Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .002 low at 1365db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water 
	samples appear ok. Normal CTD gradient.

Station 097
121	Delta-S .04 low at 155db. Calc & Autosal run ok. All water samples ok. CTD 
	S spike on up trace this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.
127	Sample log: "Did not close, bottom lanyard hangup." No water samples.
137	Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .001qlow at 711db. Other water samples also ok.

Station 098
107	Sample log: "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .017 high at 155db. Calc & 
	autosal run ok. Other water samples also ok in high gradient area.
109	Delta-S .09 low at 205db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Bottle salt looks ok. CTD 
	S up trace spike this level. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 099
101	Delta-S .05 low at 3db. Calc & Autosal run ok. High gradient. Spike in CTD 
	up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 122
137	Sample log: "Leaks from bottom end cap after air vent opened. Reseated, 
	ok." Delta-S .000 at 3777db. Other water samples also ok. Replaced bottle 
	37 with bottle 33 after this cast.

Station 123
117	No bottle oxygen. Titration problem. Footnote oxygen not reported.
132	Delta-S .002 low at 3571db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples ok. 
	Same sampler had low salinity on next station. Had been ok on prior 
	stations. Footnote salinity questionable, not within accuracy of 
	measurement.

Station 124
105	Delta-S at 107db is -0.0374, salinity is 33.557. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
128	Delta-S 0.006 low at 2751db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Rerun is .006 higher indicating problem was with original Autosal run. 
	Footnote salinity questionable.
132	Delta-S 0.003 low at 3695db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	ok. Rerun is .001 higher indicating original Autosal run was ok. Delta-S 
	this sampler was 0.002 low on previous station. Had been ok on prior 
	stations. Bottle 32 salinities ok subsequent stations. Footnote salinity 
	questionable.

Station 125
101	All surface data differ from adjacent stations, temp & oxygen high and 
	salinity and nutrients low. Calc ok. Spring bloom? CTD Processor: "Surface 
	discrete O2 (2.7 db, bottle 01) looks high compared to surrounding 
	stations." Footnote CTD O2 questionable.

Station 126
105	Delta-S at 106db is -0.036, salinity is 33.120. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
106	Delta-S at 132db is -0.0424, salinity is 33.381. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
124-129	CTD Processor: "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's don't look like 
	surrounding stations from about 1700 to 3000 db (looks ok if look at 
	theta/O2)." Footnote CTD O2 questionable.

Station 127
112	Bottle oxygen appears high compared to CTDO down trace but look good 
	compared to up trace. CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 363.5 db (bottle 12) 
	looks high compared to surrounding stations, although looks just fine if 
	look at CTD O2 up trace." Footnote CTD O2 questionable.

Station 130
109	Sample log: "Air leak, vent not tight." Delta-S .00 at 206db. Other water 
	samples also look ok.
117	Sample log: "Air leak, top cap cracked." Delta-S .003 low at 610db. Other 
	water samples look ok. Down & up traces differ somewhat this level.

Station 131
Cast 1	Tripped bottle 17 at bottom, bottle 18 at top, for freon bottle 
	blank check.

Station 132
218	Delta-S .04 high at 812db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs. Same value as bottle 
	19 at level below. Assume dupe draw or run. Salt box used for subsequent 
	station so rerun not possible. Other water samples ok. Footnote salinity 
	bad.

Station 136
122	Delta-S .003 high at 912db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Other water samples 
	look ok at O2 min & PO4 max. Normal CTD gradient up and down. Footnote 
	salinity questionable.

Station 137
Cast 1	Pylon program problem, no bottle closed at 611db, all remaining 
	bottles closed one level higher than intended. Two bottles open at 
	surface, both tripped and sampled. Footnote bottles 1 through 18 did not 
	trip as scheduled.
107	Delta-S at 131db is -0.0269, salinity is 33.234. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
108	Delta-S at 155db is 0.0113. Large gradient. Data okay. Spike in CTD up 
	trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 138
105	Delta-S at 106db is -0.0293, salinity is 32.722. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 139
101-102,104-117 CTD Processor: "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's don't look like 
	surrounding stations for top 800 db (looks ok if look at theta/O2)." 
	Footnote CTD O2 questionable.
103	Delta-S at 55db is -0.0513, salinity is 32.261. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad. See 101 CTD Processor 
	comment. No CTD Oxygen since CTD salinity is coded bad.

Station 140
106	Delta-S at 130db is 0.0464, salinity is 32.980. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
127	Sample log: "Did not close, lanyard is too tight." Bottom lanyard hung-up, 
	no water sample. Not adjusted after LADCP installation.

Station 141
206	Delta-S at 131db is 0.0441, salinity is 33.126. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
207	Delta-S at 156db is 0.0327, salinity is 33.387. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
227	Delta-S .003 high at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal runs to get agreement. 
	Other water samples ok, & normal CTD S trace down and up. Assume salt 
	crystal from cap in sample. Footnote salinity bad.

Station 142
103	Sample log: "Lower end cap leaking when air vent opened." Delta-S .004 
	high at 56db. Other water samples also look ok.
108	Delta-S at 182db is 0.0302, salinity is 33.427. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.

Station 143
108	Delta-S at 180db is 0.0321, salinity is 32.908. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
109	Delta-S at 206db is 0.0315, salinity is 33.209. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
110	Delta-S at 231db is 0.0337, salinity is 33.435. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.

Station 144
102	Delta-S at 29db is 0.0269, salinity is 32.222. Large gradient. Data okay. 
	Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
105	Delta-S .06 low at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok. CTD S spike this level, 
	footnote CTD salinity bad..
106	Delta-S at 130db is -0.0295, salinity is 32.705. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
107	Delta-S at 158db is -0.0304, salinity is 33.041. Large gradient. Data 
	okay. Spike in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD salinity bad.
117	Sample log: "Air leak, chip from top cap caught under o- ring." Delta-S 
	.00 at 408db. Other water samples also look ok.

Station 146
117	PO4 0.5 high at 2db. NO3 9.0 high at 2db. SiO3 3.0 high at 2db. Same value 
	as bottle 20 3 levels below. Rerun confirms, assume bad draw. Other water 
	samples okay. Footnote nutrients bad.

Station 147
127	Delta-S at 154db is -0.0656, salinity is 32.755. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.
136	Salinity was drawn per Sample Log sheet, however, sample was not run. 
	Other salinity samples are reasonable, suspect that this salinity was not 
	just analyzed. Footnote salinity lost.

Station 148
129	Delta-S at 28db is -0.0267, salinity is 31.935. Footnote CTD salinity bad 
	due to spike in CTD uptrace. Bottle salinity acceptable.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix D

LVS Quality Comments

Remarks for missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N Large 
Volume Samples.  Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity 
and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with CTD cast data, review of data 
plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts 
(i.e., nutrients).  Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's 
investigations are included in this report.  Units stated in these comments are 
micromoles per liter for Silicate unless otherwise noted.  The first number 
before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number 
(BTLNBR). PB refers to the bottle that is attached to the Gerard.

Station 010
142	Sample log: "Not closed. Trip arm missed Push Rod." No samples, no 
	temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay.
143	SiO3 appears 2.0 low at 3251db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. 
	Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. Gerard (83) appears to be okay.
144	SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. 
	Gerard silicate with 44 closer to normal. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 
	Gerard (84) appears to be okay.
182	PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay. No temperature.
183	SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely low. 
	Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. PB 43, Gerard appears to be okay.
347	Gerard (89) leaked, see Gerard comments. NO3 & PO4 are high. PI to decide 
	barrel intergrity.
389	Delta PB-Gerard Salinity = .021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks low compared 
	to other levels this cast and to rosette cast this station. However Gerard 
	nutrients look ok and PB (47) NO3 & PO4 look high? Nutrient sample numbers 
	were incorrectly assigned. After correction, no3 high by 1.4, and PO4 high 
	by .08. SiO3 low by .2, which is within the accuracy of the measurement. 
	Footnote salinity and nutrients all except SiO3 questionable, and bottle 
	leaking. PI to decide barrel integrity.

Station 028
147	Delta PB-Gerard salt .835 low at 4787db. Nutrients also indicate PB 
	tripped near surface. Therm rack ok. Gerard 89 salinity & nutrients look 
	good. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db is -0.835, salinity is 33.851. Footnote 
	bottle leaking, samples bad. Gerard (89) is okay.
183	Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom." Delta PB- Ger salt .0001. 
	Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay.
193	Sample Log: "Very slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0005. Nutrients 
	also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay.
347	PB failed to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release lanyards. 
	Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good. No samples, no temperature. Gerard 
	is okay.
382	Sample Log: "Top valve loose." Delta PB-Ger salt .0008. Nutrients also 
	match well. PB 42. Gerard is okay.
383	Sample Log: "Significant air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0002. Nutrients 
	also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay.
389	No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay.
393	Sample Log: "Slow air leak". Delta PB-Ger salt .0005. Nutrients also match 
	well. PB 49. Gerard is okay.

Station 039
141	Gerard (81) is reasonable, PI may want to double-check. Delta-S PB-Gerard 
	at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669. See 181 comments Gerard is 
	questionable. Gerard (81).
142	Temp appears .03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. PB water 
	samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp is shallower. Apparent rack 
	posttrip. NO3 is .2 high, which is within the specs of the measurement. 
	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3641db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.673. See 182 
	comments, Gerard (82), footnote temperature questionable.
144	Temp appears .03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. Footnote 
	temperature questionable. Gerard (84) is okay.
181	Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = .003 at 3464db. Calc & 
	Autosal runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates Gerard has shallower water but 
	most PO4 comparisons have higher Gerard values than PBs. Suspect bottle 
	okay, salinity difference is not that unreasonable. PI will have to make 
	final determination on this sample. PB 41.
182	Sample log:"Air vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0065 at 3641db. Salinity 
	calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrient differences inconclusive. Footnote bottle 
	leaking, salinity and temperature questionable. See PB 142 temperature 
	comment. PI will have to make final determination on this sample. PB (42).
183	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0016 at 3818db. Salinity calc & 
	Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable. PB (43).
184	Delta PB-Ger salt .0006 at 3996db. Nutrients reasonable. Footnote 
	temperature questionable, see PB 144 temperature comment.
341	Gerard (93) is okay.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0004 at 2727db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 44. Gerard is okay.
393	Sample log:"Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = .0006 at 3294db. Nutrients 
	also ok. PB 41. Gerard is okay.

Station 048
141	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003, salinity is 34.659. Gerard (81) 
	indicates a slight leak.
142	Sample log: "Slight air leak. Reseated top, ok" Gerard (82).
145	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002, salinity is 34.670. See Gerard (85) 
	SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.
146	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (87) is okay.
147	Sample log: "Light air leak. Reseated top, ok." Delta PB- Ger salt .001 at 
	3838db. Nutrients also look ok. Gerard (89) is okay. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. See 185 comments.
148	Gerard (90) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
149	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (93) is okay.
181	Sample log: "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR." Delta PB-Ger 
	.003 at 3024db. Nutrients look reasonably close. Very slight sample leak 
	if any. Footnote Gerard leaking, but data acceptable, let PI make final 
	decision. PB 41.
182	Sample log: "Air vent just barely tight. No air leak." Delta PB-Ger .001 
	at 3151db. Nutrients also ok. PB 42.
185	Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 
	.002 at 3534db. PO4 & SIL also indicate very slight leak. PB 45. Gerard is 
	probably okay, but PI should double check. Footnote bottle leaking. SiO is 
	~-0.2 low compared to rosette cast, do not suspect a problem with the 
	Gerard barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this sample to the 
	deepest there appears to be a ~-0.2 offset. Footnote SiO3 questionable.
187	Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 
	.001 at 3686db. Nutrients also look ok. PB 46. Footnote SiO3 questionable. 
	See 185 comments.
189	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 47.
190	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 48.
193	Sample log: "V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 4144db. 
	Nutrients also look ok, taking into account SiO3 problem. PB 49. Footnote 
	SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
Cast 3	PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in. Wrote in numbers 
	1-9. Salinities appear to be okay. Nitrites not run this station since 
	only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.
341	PO4 appears .04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and rosette profile. Calc 
	& peak ok. Used 2nd of 2 samples from 41 to account for large jump from 
	SSW to deep nutrient values. Other nutrients and salt ok. PO4 is 
	questionable. Gerard (81) is okay.
385	Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt .0002 at 2420db. 
	Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 45.
390	Delta PB-Ger salt .004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok. Excellent 
	agreement between nutrients. PB salt matches rosette salt better than 
	Gerard salt. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard is okay. PB 48.
393	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0004 at 2924db. Nutrients also 
	have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 49.

Station 058
141	Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 
	3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although Gerard PO4 is .04 high. 
	Gerard (81) is okay.
142	DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release 
	pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay.
181	PO4 .04 high at 3148db compared to rest of Gerard PO4 profile and about 
	.02 high compared to rosette profile this level. Delta PB-Ger salt .001 
	and other nutrients ok. PB 41.
182	No temperature see PB 42 comment. Gerard is okay.
342	DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into release 
	pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) is okay.
382	No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay.
383	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0007 at 2217db. Nutrients also 
	ok. PB 43, gerard is okay.
384	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003 at 2342db. Nutrients also 
	ok. PB 44, Gerard is okay.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003 at 2468db. Nutrients also 
	ok. PB 45, Gerard is okay.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salinity = .005 at 2975db. Calc 
	& Autosal runs ok. Nutrients all agree well. PB salt higher and Gerard 
	salt lower than rosette salinity this level. PB 49, Gerard is probably 
	okay, let PI decide.

Station 068
141	Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger 
	slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a 
	little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard (81) 
	is okay.
146	Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears 
	low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably 
	well. Gerard (87) is okay.
149	Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears 
	low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably 
	well. Suspect Gerard (93) is okay.
181	Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & Ger 
	slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger PO4 a 
	little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is 
	okay, PB 41.
187	Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears 
	low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably 
	well. Footnote salinity questionable, not within specification of 
	measurement. PB 46, Gerard is okay.
193	Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt appears 
	low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree reasonably 
	well. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 49.
341	Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seems low. 
	Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (81) is okay.
343	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is 34.599. Gerard (83) is 
	okay.
381	Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB seem low. 
	Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. PB 41, Gerard is okay.
383	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt matches profile 
	& rosette salts better than PB. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger 
	& PB. Gerard is okay, PB 43.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=-.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 
	45.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients also agree. PB 
	46.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S =.000. Nutrients also agree. PB 
	49.

Station 078
185	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0001 at 4192db. NO3 & 
	SIL also ok. Gerard PO4 .04 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard 
	sample looks ok. PB 45.
187	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0009 at 4370db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
193	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009 at 4903db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 49.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0007 at 2415db. NO3 & 
	Sil also ok. Gerard PO4 .03 high but Gerard PO4s are usually high. Gerard 
	sample looks ok. PB 45.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0003 at 2592db. Gerard 
	nutrients also ok. PB NO3 & SIL a little low this level (346) PB 46.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 3133db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 49.

Station 086
Cast 1	PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled in. Wrote in 
	numbers 1-9. Samples appear to be okay.
145	Delta-S(PB-g) at 4812db is 0.0027, salinity is 34.688. Suspect Gerard (85) 
	is okay.
148	PO4 .08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt = -.0004, other 
	nutrients and Gerard PO4 ok. Assume PO4 contamination PB 48. Gerard (90) 
	is okay.
183	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0009 at 4299db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 43.
185	Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0027 at 4812db. Gerard 
	salt looks low compared to other salts this station. However, nutrients 
	have reasonably good agreement this level. Footnote salinity questionable. 
	Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 45.
187	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 5018db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
346	Suspect Gerard (87) is okay. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is 0.0023, 
	salinity is 34.655. Footnote salinity questionable.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at 2722db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 45.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0023 at 2900db. 
	Nutrients look ok. Difficult to tell which salt looks better because of 
	gradient. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46.

Station 132
146	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002, salinity is 34.677. Footnote 
	salinity questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable.
147	PO4 .08 high at 3912db. Peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt .001 and other 
	nutrients ok. Gerard PO4 looks good. Assume PO4 contamination in PB 47. 
	Gerard (89) is acceptable.
347	Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 
	2569db. Nutrients also ok. Gerard (89) is acceptable.
389	PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable.

Station 141

Cast 1	Silicate has a problem, other water properties ok. All silicate 
	values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Nothing obvious in data. AA 
	controller did not sample third end SW but final SW adjusted based on 
	difference between 2nd & 3rd SW on adjacent station.
141	All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Gerard (81) is acceptable.
142	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (82) is 
	acceptable.
143	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) is 
	acceptable.
144	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) is 
	acceptable.
145	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (85) is 
	acceptable.
146	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (87) is 
	acceptable.
147	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is 
	acceptable.
148	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is 
	acceptable.
149	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Delta- S PB-Gerard at 
	3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672. Gerard (93) is acceptable.
181	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 41, Gerard is 
	okay.
182	Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .002 at 2466db. Calc & 
	Autosal run ok. Gerard salt appears slightly low. Nutrients agree well. 
	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 42. Gerard is 
	acceptable.
183	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard is 
	okay.
184	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 44, Gerard is 
	okay.
185	Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 2724db. Calc & 
	Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 \
	comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 45. Gerard is acceptable.
187	Sample log: "Moderate air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0014 at 2876db. Calc & 
	Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 
	comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 46. Gerard is acceptable.
189	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is 
	okay.
190	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is 
	okay.
193	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is 
	okay.
Cast 3	Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 1 
	nutrient comments.
347	Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 3 SiO3 
	comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is okay.
348	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) is 
	acceptable.
349	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (93) is 
	acceptable.
389	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard is 
	okay.
390	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard is 
	okay.
393	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard is 
	okay.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P17N
Final Report
for Large Volume Samples

Robert M. Key
July 11, 1996

1.0	General Information

WOCE section P17N (expedition designation Voyage TTO21; Expocode 
325021/1) was carried out aboard R/V Thomas G. Thompson during the 
period May 15 - June 26, 1993.  The cruise began at San Francisco, CA 
and ended at Sitka, AK.  David Musgrave of Univ. of Alaska was chief 
scientist.  This report covers details of data collection and analysis 
for the large volume Gerard samples.  The reader is referred to the 
final cruise report prepared by Musgrave (1995) as the primary source 
for cruise information.  Portions of this report were taken from the 
SIO-ODF data report.

Ten large volume (LV) stations were occupied on this leg.  The cruise 
plan called for 2 Gerard casts of 9 barrels each at each LV station.  
The planned sampling density was 1 station every 5 of latitude 
(~300nmi).  Each station included at least one deep cast (2500db to the 
bottom), and an intermediate (1200db to 2500db) cast.  There were no 
Gerard barrel mistrips on this cruise which were apparent at the end of 
the cast.  The purpose of these casts was to collect samples for 14-C 
analysis.  14-C coverage for the upper water column was done via small 
volume AMS sampling from the Rosette.  AMS sampling was carried out 
jointly by P. Quay (U. Washington) and R. Key (Princeton U.).

All LV casts for P17N were done using the starboard A-frame and standard 
procedures (Key, 1991).  Table 1 summarizes the LV sampling and Figure 1* 
shows the LV station locations.

TABLE 1. LV Sampling Summary
Station	Cast	North	  West		No. Ger.
		Latitude  Longitude	Samples
10	1	38.234	124.982		9
	3	38.243	124.973		9
28	1	34.602	134.978		9
	3	34.591	134.988		9
39	1	39.613	134.997		9
	3	39.603	135.000		9
48	1	41.666	135.990		9
	3	41.665	136.013		9
58	1	44.959	141.228		9
	3	44.951	141.225		9
68	1	48.214	146.687		9
	3	48.222	146.698		9
78	1	51.478	152.508		9
	3	51.488	152.533		9
86	1	53.981	157.365		9
	3	53.987	157.362		9
132	1	54.835	146.730		9
	3	54.839	146.718		9
141	1	56.215	139.182		9
	3	56.211	139.192		9
7	20		Totals		180

Figure 1*: P17N large volume station locations.

Each Gerard barrel was equipped with a piggyback 5 liter Niskin bottle 
which, in turn, had a full set of high precision reversing thermometers 
to determine sampling pressure as well as temperature.  Both Gerard and 
Niskin were sampled for salinity and nutrients, but not oxygen.  
Additionally, each Gerard was sampled for radiocarbon.  The salinity and 
nutrient samples from the piggyback bottle were used for comparison with 
the Gerard barrel values to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample.  
As samples were collected, the information was recorded on a sample log 
sheet.  Any abnormalities with sampler or sample collection were also 
noted.  These notes are listed in the appendix.  The discrete 
hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data system and 
processed as the analyses were completed.  The bottle data were brought 
to a usable, though not final, state at sea.  ODF data checking 
procedures included verification that the sample was assigned to the 
correct depth.  The salinity and nutrient data were compared by ODF with 
those from adjacent stations and with the Rosette cast data from the 
same station. Any comments regarding the water samples were 
investigated.  The raw data computer files were also checked for entry 
errors.

2.0	Personnel

LV sampling for this cruise was under the direction of the principal 
investigator, Robert M. Key (Princeton).  All LV 14-C extractions at sea were 
done by Rich Rotter (Princeton).  Deck work and reading thermometers was done by 
the SIO CTD group with assistance from many of the scientific party.  
Salinities and nutrients were analyzed by ODF/SIO personnel.  14-C 
analyses were done at Minze Stuiver's laboratory (U. Washington).  Key 
collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned 
quality control flags to the 14-C, rechecked the flags assigned by ODF 
and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (7/96).

3.0	Results

This data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release.

In this data set Gerard samples can be differentiated from Niskin 
samples by the bottle number.  Niskin bottle numbers are in the range 
41-49 while Gerards are in the range 81-93.

3.1	Pressure and Temperature

Pressure and temperature for the LV casts are determined by reversing 
thermometers mounted on the piggyback Niskin bottle.  Each bottle was 
equipped with the standard set of 2 protected and 1 unprotected 
thermometer.  Each temperature value reported on the LV casts was 
calculated from the average of four readings, provided both protected 
thermometers functioned normally.  The temperatures are based on the 
International Temperature Scale of 1990.  All thermometers, calibrations 
and calculations were provided by SIO-ODF.  Reported temperatures for 
samples in the thermocline are believed to be accurate to 0.01C and for 
deep samples 0.005C.  Pressures were calculated using standard 
techniques combining wire out with unprotected thermometer data.  In 
cases where the thermometers failed, pressures were estimated by 
thermometer data from adjacent bottles combined with wire out data.  
Because of the inherent error in pressure calculations and the finite 
flushing time required for the Gerard barrels, the assigned pressures 
have an un-certainty of approximately 10 dB.  The pressures recorded in 
the data set for each Gerard-Niskin pair generally differ by 
approximately 0.5 dB with the Gerard pressure being the greater.  This 
is because the Niskin is hung near the upper end of the Gerard.  Figure 
2* shows potential temperature vs. pressure for the LV casts.  The 
agreement between the Gerard and Rosette casts was excellent for almost 
all data.

Figure 2*: Potential temperature from all Gerard casts.

3.2	Salinity

Salinity samples were collected from each Gerard barrel and each 
piggyback Niskin bottle.  Analyses were performed by the same personnel 
who ran the salt samples collected from the Rosette bottles so the 
analytical precision should be the same for LV salts and Rosette salt 
samples.  When both Gerard and Niskin trip properly, the difference 
between the two salt measurements should be within the range 0.000 - 
0.003 on the PSU scale.  Somewhat larger differences can occur if the 
sea state is very calm and the cast is not "yoyo'ed" once the terminal 
wire out is reached.  This difference is due to the flushing time 
required for the Gerard barrels and the degree of difference is a 
function of the salinity gradient where the sample was collected.  In 
addition to providing primary hydrographic data for the LV casts, 
measured salinity values help confirm that the barrels closed at the 
desired depth.  For the area covered by this leg, deep nutrient values 
(especially silicate) are as useful for trip confirmation as salt 
measurements due to the very low salt gradients.

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate 
bottles after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert 
thimbles and Nalgene screw caps.  This assembly provides very low 
container dissolution and sample evaporation.  As loose inserts were 
found, they were replaced to ensure a continued airtight seal.  Salinity 
was determined after a box of samples had equilibrated to laboratory 
temperature, usually within 8-12 hours of collection.  The draw time and 
equilibration time, as well as per-sample analysis time and temperature 
were logged.

A single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer located in a 
temperature controlled laboratory was used to measure salinities.  The 
salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater 
(SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast.  The 
estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better 
than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used. 
PSS-78 salinity (UNESCO 1981) was then calculated for each sample from 
the measured conductivity ratios, and the results merged with the cruise 
database.  Figure 3* shows potential temperature vs. salinity for the 
Gerard casts.  For comparison the CTD/Rosette data for the same stations 
and pressure range are plotted as connected small filled squares.  In 
general the agreement between the Gerard-piggyback Niskin pairs is 
excellent as is agreement between the LV and CTD/Rosette casts.

3.3	Nutrients

Nutrient samples were collected from Gerard casts.  LV nutrients were 
measured along with Rosette nutrients so the analytical precision for 
Gerard samples should be the same as Rosette samples.  Nutrients 
collected from LV casts are frequently subject to systematic offsets 
from samples taken from Rosette bottles.  For this reason it is 
recommended that these data be viewed only as a means of checking sample 
integrity (i.e. trip confirmation).  The Rosette-Gerard discrepancy is 
frequently less for silicate than for other nutrients.

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow 
mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three times before 
filling.  Standardizations were performed with solutions prepared aboard 
ship from pre-weighed chemicals; these solutions were used as working 
standards before and after each cast to correct for instrumental drift 
during analysis.  Sets of 4-6 different concentrations of shipboard 
standards were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of 
colorimeter response and the resulting correction factors.

Nutrient analyses were performed on an ODF-modified 4 channel Technicon 
AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one hour of the cast.  Occasionally 
some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6* C for a maximum of 4 hours.  
The methods used are described by Gordon et al. (1992), Atlas et al. 
(1971), and Hager et al. (1972).  All peaks were logged manually, and 
all the runs were re-read to check for possible reading errors.

*infinity 

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. (1967).  
ODF''s methodology is known to be non-linear at high silicate 
concentrations (>120 M); a correction for this non-linearity was 
applied.  Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt 
and Wilhelms (1967) technique. 

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Fluka Chemical 
Company and Fischer Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be 
>98% pure.  Primary standards for phosphate, KH2PO4 , were obtained from 
Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reports purity of 99.999%.

Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from 
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at zero 
pressure, in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 
C.  258 silicate analyses were performed.  No major problems were 
encountered with the measurements.  Figure 4* shows the LV cast silicate 
values plotted against potential temperature.  The Rosette cast 
measurements from the same stations and depth range are overlain as 
small filled connected squares.  In general the agreement is acceptable, 
however, the offset for some casts is larger than some other WOCE 
cruises in the Pacific.  The difference between most Gerard - Niskin 
pairs is less than half the systematic LV - Rosette offset.

Figure 3*: Theta vs. salinity for LV casts. CTD/Rosette data from the 
same stations and pressure range is overlain as small filled connected 
squares.

3.4	14-C

All Gerard samples deemed to be "OK" on initial inspection were 
extracted for 14-C analysis using the technique described by Key (1991).  
The extracted 14-CO2/NaOH samples were returned to the Ocean Tracer Lab 
at Princeton and subsequently shipped to Stuiver's lab in Seattle.  Both 
13-C and 14-C measurements are performed on the same CO2 gas extracted 
from the large volume samples.  The standard for the 14-C measurements 
is the NBS oxalic acid standard for radiocarbon dating.  R-value is the 
ratio between the measured specific activity of the sample CO2 to that 
of CO2 prepared from the standard, the latter number corrected to a 
delta-13-C value of -19 0/00 and age corrected from today to AD1950 all 
according to the international agreement. Delta-14-C is the deviation in 
0/00 from unity, of the activity ratio, isotope corrected to a sample 
delta-13-C value of -25 0/00.  For further information of these 
calculations and procedures see Broecker and Olson (1981), Stuiver and 
Robinson (1974) and Stuiver (1980).  stlund's lab reports a precision 
of 4 0/00 for each measurement based on a long term average of counting 
statistics.  Stuiver reports individual errors for each measurement 
based on counting statistics.

Figure 4*: Silicate vs. potential temperature for LV casts.  Rosette 
measurements from the same stations and depth ranges are shown as small 
filled connected squares.

Of the 180 Gerard samples collected, 14-C has been reported on 174 
(97%). This exceeds the rate funded for this work (80%).

Existing 14-C data for the area sampled on this cruise is limited to the 
LV samples collected along P16N on NOAA cruise CGC-91/2.  Comparison of 
these data sets indicates that they are in agreement to the precision of 
the measurements.

4.0	Data Summary

Figures 5*-7* summarize the large volume 14-C data collected on this leg.  
All Delta-14-C measurements with a quality flag value of 2 are included 
in each figure.  Figure 5* shows the Delta-14-C values plotted as a 
function of pressure.  One sigma error bars are shown.  The most 
noticeable characteristic is the strong minimum centered at 2500dB for 
all stations.

Figure 5*: LV Delta-14-C vs. pressure for Gerard samples.  Vertical bars 
indicate 1sigma standard deviations.

Figure 6* shows Delta-14-C values with 1-sigma error bars plotted against 
measured Gerard barrel silicate values.  This figure* differs 
significantly from similar plots for other cruises.

Figure 6*: Delta-14-C vs. silicate for LV samples.  The shape of the 
scatter plot is significantly different than the backwards check mark 
which is typical of regions further to the south in the Pacific.  
Additionally, the correlation between the two parameters is uncharacteristically 
weak.  The light straight line is the least squares fit to this data and the 
heavy line is the relationship suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) to be 
representative of the global correlation for pre-bomb values.

- The backward check mark shape which is characteristic for most of the 
  Pacific Ocean is totally absent.
- The Delta-14-C - silicate correlation, particularly between pressures 
  of 1000dB and the pressure of the silicate maximum, is much weaker than 
  for most of the Pacific, having an R^2 of 0.5 (light line in Figure 6*) 
  compared to values generally around 0.9.  Additionally the intercept for 
  the least squares line is much higher than previously calculated for 
  other areas (-4 0/00 compared to ~-60 to -70 0/00).  The least squares 
  line differs significantly in both slope and intercept from the 
  relationship suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) for the global ocean 
  based on the GEOSECS/TTO/SAVE data sets (heavy line in Figure 6*).  The 
  sense of that difference is the same, however, as seen with other WOCE 
  Pacific data sets.
- For the same Delta-14-C values, the corresponding silicate concentrations 
  are significantly higher than for other regions of the Pacific.  This was not 
  unexpected given that the Northeast Pacific is a known strong source region 
  for silicate (Talley and Joyce, 1992)

Figure 7* is a coarse resolution machine contoured section of the 14-C 
distribution in the deep and bottom waters for P17N stations 10, 39, 48, 
58, 68, 78 and 86.  The minimum at approximately 2500dB increases in 
intensity to the east and south.  This trend was originally defined by 
the P16N section, but is amplified by this new data.  The "youngest" 
waters are found against the Alaskan slope with the bottom waters being 
younger than the mid depth waters.

Figure 7*: Delta-14-C section for LV samples collected along P17N from 
California (right side) to the Aleutians.

4.1	Quality Control Flag Assignment

Quality flag values were assigned to all bottles and all measurements 
using the code defined in Tables 0.1 and 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 
91-1 Rev. 2 sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 respectively.  In this report the 
only bottle flag values used were 2, 3, 4 and 9.  For the measurement 
flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 were assigned.  The interpretation of 
measurement flag 9 is unambiguous, however the choice between values 2, 
3 or 4 is involves some interpretation. For this data set, the salt and 
silicate values were checked by plotting them over the same parameters 
taken from the Rosette at the same station.  Points which were clearly 
outliers were flagged "4".  Points which were somewhat outside the 
envelop of the other points were flagged "3".  In cases where the entire 
cast seemed to be shifted to higher or lower concentrations, but the 
values formed a smooth profile, the data was flagged as "2".  All 
nitrate and phosphate data were flagged "4" and were used only to help 
define other questionable data.  Once the silicate and salt data had 
been flagged, these results were considered in flagging the 14-C data.  
There is very little overlap between this data set and any existing 14-C 
data, so that type of comparison was impractical.  In general the lack 
of other data for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14-C 
data.

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14-C datum 
which is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered.  My opinion 
is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded.  When flagging 14-C 
data, the measurement error was taken into consideration.  That is, 
approximately one-third of the 14-C measurements are expected to deviate 
from the true value by more than the measurement precision of ~4 0/00.

No measured values have been removed from this data set.  When using 
this data set, it is advised that the nutrient data (with the exception 
of silicate) only be considered as a tool for judging the quality of the 
14-C data.  A summary of all flags is provided in Table 2.  Note that 
there may be some errors between assignment of flag value 5 (not 
reported) and flag value 9 (no sample collected).  ODF notes concerning 
flag assignments are given in the appendix

TABLE 2. P17N LV Quality Code Summary
	Reported	WHP Quality Codes
	Levels	1	2	 3	  4	5	6	7	8	9
BTLNBR	360	0	353	 5	  0	0	0	0	0	2
SALNTY	358	0	345	11	  2	0	0	0	0	2
SILCAT	358	0	320	34	  4	0	0	0	0	2
NITRAT	358	0	  0	 0	358	0	0	0	0	2
NITRIT	322	0	  0	 0	322	0	0	0	0	2
PHSPHT	358	0	  0	 0	358	0	0	0	0	2
REVPRS	360	0	360	 0	  0	0	0	0	0	0
REVTMP	352	0	346	 6	  0	8	0	0	0	0
DELC14	180	0	166	 7	  1	6	0	0	0	180

5.0	References and Supporting Documentation

Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, The 
  measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of 
  the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea Research, 
  14, 381-389, 1967.
Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, A Practical 
  Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient 
  Analyses; Revised. Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon State 
  University, Department of Oceanography. 49 pp., 1971.
Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, The continuous determination of low level 
  iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer, 
  Technicon Symposia, Volume I, 385-389, 1967.
Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong, The determination and distribution of 
  iodate in South Atlantic waters, Journal of Marine Research, 32, 1:25-
  36, 1974.
Broecker, W.S., and E.A. Olson, Lamont radiocarbon measurements VIII, 
  Radiocarbon, 3, 176-274, 1961.
Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland, W. Smethie, T.-H. Peng and G. stlund, 
  Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, 
  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995.
Bryden, H. L., New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic 
  temperature gradient, Deep-Sea Research, 20, 401-408, 1973.
Carpenter, J. H., The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
  dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 141-143, 1965.
Carter, D. J. T., (Third Edition), Echo-Sounding Correction Tables, 
  Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset, 1980.
Chen, C.-T. and F. J. Millero, Speed of sound in seawater at high 
  pressures, Journal Acoustical Society of America, 62(5), 1129-1135, 
  1977.
Culberson, C. H., Williams, R. T., et al, August, A comparison of 
  methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, WHP 
  Office Report WHPO 91-2, 1991.
Fofonoff, N. P., Computation of potential temperature of seawater for an 
  arbitrary reference pressure, Deep-Sea Research, 24, 489-491, 1977.
Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. Millard, Algorithms for computation of 
  fundamental properties of seawater, UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24, 1983.
Gordon, L. I., Jennings, Joe C. Jr., Ross, Andrew A., Krest, James M., A 
  suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater 
  nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean 
  Fluxes Study, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem. Oc. Grp. Tech. 
  Rpt. 92-1, 1992.
Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park, 
  A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, 
  nitrate, and silicate, Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 931-937, 1972.
Key, R.M., Radiocarbon, in: WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods 
  Manual, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991.
Key, R.M., D. Muus and J. Wells, Zen and the art of Gerard barrel 
  maintenance, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991.
Lewis, E. L., The practical salinity scale 1978 and its antecedents, 
  IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8, 1980.
Mantyla, A. W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence.
Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, A new high 
  pressure equation of state for seawater, Deep-Sea Research, 27A, 255-
  264, 1980.
stlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami), Tritium Laboratory Data Release 
  #94-11, 1994.
stlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami) Remaining Sample Analyses, Tritium 
  Laboratory Data Release #95-39, 1995.
Saunders, P. M., Practical conversion of pressure to depth, Journal of 
  Physical Oceanography, 11, 573-574, 1981.
Stuiver, M., and S.W. Robinson, University of Washington GEOSECS North 
  Atlantic carbon-14 results, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 87-90, 1974.
Stuiver, M., Workshop on 14-C data reporting, Radiocarbon, 3, 964-966, 
  1980.
Stuiver, M., WOCE Radiocarbon (Seattle), Quaternary Isotope Laboratory 
  Data Report, 1994.
Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, The Oceans, Their 
  Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood 
  Cliffs, N.J., 1942.
Talley, L.D. and T.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North 
  Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992.
  UNESCO, Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity 
  Scale, 1978, UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, 144 p., 
  1981.

5.1	Appendix

LVS Quality Comments

Remarks for missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N 
Large Volume Samples.  Investigation of data may include comparison of 
bottle salinity and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with CTD 
cast data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining 
stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).  Comments from the 
Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this 
report.  Units stated in these comments are micromoles per liter for 
Silicate unless otherwise noted.  The first number before the comment is 
the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR).  PB 
refers to the bottle that is attached to the Gerard.  The comments in 
normal type are exactly as taken from the ODF data report.  Values in 
italics were added by the author and cover changes and additions.

Station 010

142	Sample log: "Not closed. Trip arm missed Push Rod." No samples, no 
	temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay.
143	SiO3 appears 2.0 low at 3251db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely 
	low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. Gerard (83) appears to be okay. Silicate flag changed to 4.
144	SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely 
	low. Gerard silicate with 44 closer to normal. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. Gerard (84) appears to be okay.m Silicate flag changed to 4.
181	14-C high vs. pressure and inconsistent with section, flag 4.
182	PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay. No temperature.
183	SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely 
	low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. PB 43, Gerard appears to be okay. Silicate flag changed to 4.
184	Note from Stuiver re analysis: Cap swollen, flag 3.
190	Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Sample Na2CO2 sample" Flag 3.
347	Gerard (89) leaked, see Gerard comments. NO3 & PO4 are high. PI to 
	decide barrel integrity.
389	Delta PB-Gerard Salinity =.021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks low 
	compared to other levels this cast and to rosette cast this station. 
	However Gerard nutrients look ok and PB (47) NO3 & PO4 look high? 
	Nutrient sample numbers were incorrectly assigned. After correction, no3 
	high by 1.4, and PO4 high by.08. SiO3 low by.2, which is within the 
	accuracy of the measurement. Footnote salinity and nutrients all except 
	SiO3 questionable, and bottle leaking. PI to decide barrel integrity. 
	Salt flag changed to 4.

Station 028

147	Delta PB-Gerard salt.835 low at 4787db. Nutrients also indicate PB 
	tripped near surface. Term rack ok. Gerard 89 salinity & nutrients look 
	good. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db is -0.835, salinity is 33.851. 
	Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. Gerard (89) is okay.
183	Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom." Delta PB- Ger 
	salt 0.0001. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay.
193	Sample Log: "Very slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0005. 
	Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. C-14 low vs. pressure 
	and inconsistent with section, flag 3.
347	PB failed to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release 
	lanyards. Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good. No samples, no 
	temperature. Gerard is okay.
382	Sample Log: "Top valve loose." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0008. Nutrients 
	also match well. PB 42. Gerard is okay.
383	Sample Log: "Significant air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0002. 
	Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay.
389	No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay.
393	Sample Log: "Slow air leak". Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0005. Nutrients 
	also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay.

Station 039

141	Gerard (81) is reasonable, PI may want to double-check. Delta-S 
	PB-Gerard at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669. See 181 comments 
	Gerard is questionable. Gerard (81).
142	Temp. appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. PB 
	water samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp is shallower. 
	Apparent rack posttrip. NO3 is 0.2 high, which is within the specs of 
	the measurement. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3641db is 0.0065, salinity is 
	34.673. See 182 comments, Gerard (82), footnote temperature 
	questionable.
144	Temp appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with rosette. 
	Footnote temperature questionable. Gerard (84) is okay.
181	Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.003 at 3464db. 
	Calc & Autosal runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates Gerard has shallower 
	water but most PO4 comparisons have higher Gerard values than B.S. 
	Suspect bottle okay, salinity difference is not that unreasonable. PI 
	will have to make final determination on this sample. PB 41.
182	Sample log: "ger vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0065 at 3641db. 
	Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrient differences inconclusive. 
	Footnote bottle leaking, salinity and temperature questionable. See PB 
	142 temperature comment. PI will have to make final determination on 
	this sample. PB (42).
183	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0016 at 3818db. 
	Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable. PB (43).
184	Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0006 at 3996db. Nutrients reasonable. Footnote 
	temperature questionable, see PB 144 temperature comment.
341	Gerard (93) is okay.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0004 at 2727db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 44. Gerard is okay.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0006 at 3294db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 41. Gerard is okay.

Station 048

141	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003, salinity is 34.659. Gerard 
	(81) indicates a slight leak.
142	Sample log: "Slight air leak. Re-seated top, ok" Gerard (82).
145	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002, salinity is 34.670. See 
	Gerard (85) SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.
146	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (87) is okay.
147	Sample log: "Light air leak. Re-seated top, ok." Delta PB- Ger 
	salt =0.001 at 3838db. Nutrients also look ok. Gerard (89) is okay. 
	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
148	Gerard (90) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
149	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (93) is okay.
181	Sample log: "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR." Delta 
	PB-Ger 0.003 at 3024db. Nutrients look reasonably close. Very slight 
	sample leak if any. Footnote Gerard leaking, but data acceptable, let PI 
	make final decision. PB 41.
182	Sample log: "Air vent just barely tight. No air leak." Delta PB-
	Ger 0.001 at 3151db. Nutrients also ok. PB 42.
185	Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-
	Ger salt 0.002 at 3534db. PO4 & SIL also indicate very slight leak. PB 
	45. Gerard is probably okay, but PI should double check. Footnote bottle 
	leaking. SIL is ~-0.2 low compared to rosette cast, do not suspect a 
	problem with the Gerard barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this 
	sample to the deepest there appears to be a ~-0.2 offset. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable.
187	Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." Delta PB-
	Ger salt.001 at 3686db. Nutrients also look ok. PB 46. Footnote SiO3 
	questionable. See 185 comments.
189	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 47.
190	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 48.
193	Sample log: "V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 4144db. 
	Nutrients also look ok, taking into account SiO3 problem. PB 49. 
	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
Cast 3 PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in. Wrote in 
	numbers 1-9. Salinities appear to be okay. Nitrites not run this station 
	since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.
341	PO4 appears 0.04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and rosette 
	profile. Calc & peak ok. Used 2nd of 2 samples from 41 to account for 
	large jump from SSW to deep nutrient values. Other nutrients and salt 
	ok. PO4 is questionable. Gerard (81) is okay.
385	Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt 0.0002 at 2420db. 
	Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 45.
390	Delta PB-Ger salt 0.004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok. 
	Excellent agreement between nutrients. PB salt matches rosette salt 
	better than Gerard salt. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard is okay. 
	PB 48.
393	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0004 at 2924db. 
	Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 49.

Station 058

141	Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 
	at 3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although Gerard PO4 is 0.04 
	high. Gerard (81) is okay.
142	DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into 
	release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) 
	is okay.
181	PO4 0.04 high at 3148db compared to rest of Gerard PO4 profile and 
	about 0.02 high compared to rosette profile this level. Delta PB-Ger 
	salt 0.001 and other nutrients ok. PB 41.
182	No temperature see PB 42 comment. Gerard is okay.
342	DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled into 
	release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this station. Gerard (82) 
	is okay.
382	No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay.
383	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0007 at 2217db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 43, gerard is okay.
384	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2342db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 44, Gerard is okay.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2468db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 45, Gerard is okay.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salinity = 0.005 at 
	2975db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients all agree well. PB salt higher 
	and Gerard salt lower than rosette salinity this level. PB 49, Gerard is 
	probably okay, let PI decide.

Station 068

141	Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & 
	Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger 
	PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect 
	Gerard (81) is okay.
143	Temperature low by 0.02 flag 3 also for accompanying Gerard.
146	Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt 
	appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree 
	reasonably well. Gerard (87) is okay.
149	Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt 
	appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree 
	reasonably well. Suspect Gerard (93) is okay.
181	Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly higher & 
	Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & silicates agree. Ger 
	PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect 
	Gerard is okay, PB 41.
187	Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt 
	appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree 
	reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable, not within 
	specification of measurement. PB 46, Gerard is okay.
193	Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard salt 
	appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. Nutrients agree 
	reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, 
	PB 49. C-14 low vs. pressure and Si, flag 3.
341	Delta PB-Ger Salt difference -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. 
	PB seems low. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (81) is okay.
343	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is 34.599. Gerard 
	(83) is okay.
381	Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. PB 
	seem low. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. PB 41, Gerard 
	is okay.
383	Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt matches 
	profile & rosette salts better than PB. Nutrients have good agreement 
	between Ger & PB. Gerard is okay, PB 43.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=-.001. Nutrients also 
	agree. PB 45.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients also 
	agree. PB 46.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S =.000. Nutrients also 
	agree. PB 49.

Station 078

185	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0001 at 4192db. 
	NO3 & SIL also ok. Gerard PO4 0.04 high but Gerard PO4s are usually 
	high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45.
187	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 4370db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
193	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009 at 4903db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 49.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0007 at 2415db. 
	NO3 & Sil also ok. Gerard PO4 0.03 high but Gerard PO4s are usually 
	high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. High vs. P, flag 3.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0003 at 2592db. 
	Gerard nutrients also ok. PB NO3 & SIL a little low this level (346) PB 
	46.
393	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 3133db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 49.

Station 086

Cast 1 PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled in. Wrote 
	in numbers 1-9. Samples appear to be okay.
145	Delta-S(PB-g) at 4812db is 0.0027, salinity is 34.688. Suspect 
	Gerard (85) is okay.
148	PO4 0.08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt = -
	.0004, other nutrients and Gerard PO4 ok. Assume PO4 contamination PB 
	48. Gerard (90) is okay.
183	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 4299db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 43.
185	Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0027 at 
	4812db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other salts this station. 
	However, nutrients have reasonably good agreement this level. Footnote 
	salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 45.
187	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 5018db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
346	Suspect Gerard (87) is okay. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is 
	0.0023, salinity is 34.655. Footnote salinity questionable.
385	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 2722db. 
	Nutrients also ok. PB 45.
387	Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0023 at 2900db. 
	Nutrients look ok. Difficult to tell which salt looks better because of 
	gradient. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46.

Station 132

146	Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002, salinity is 34.677. Footnote 
	salinity questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable.
147	PO4 0.08 high at 3912db. Peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 and 
	other nutrients ok. Gerard PO4 looks good. Assume PO4 contamination in 
	PB 47. Gerard (89) is acceptable.
347	Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 
	at 2569db. Nutrients also ok. Gerard (89) is acceptable.
389	PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable.

Station 141

Cast 1 Silicate has a problem, other water properties ok. All silicate 
	values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Nothing obvious in data. 
	AA controller did not sample third end SW but final SW adjusted based on 
	difference between 2nd & 3rd SW on adjacent station.
141	All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. 
	Footnote SiO3 questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Gerard (81) is 
	acceptable.
142	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (82) 
	is acceptable.
143	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) 
	is acceptable.
144	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) 
	is acceptable.
145	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (85) 
	is acceptable.
146	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (87) 
	is acceptable.
147	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) 
	is acceptable.
148	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) 
	is acceptable.
149	See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Delta- S PB-
	Gerard at 3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672. Gerard (93) is 
	acceptable.
181	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 41, 
	Gerard is okay.
182	Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.002 at 2466db. 
	Calc & Autosal run ok. Gerard salt appears slightly low. Nutrients agree 
	well. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 42. 
	Gerard is acceptable.
183	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, 
	Gerard is okay.
184	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 44, 
	Gerard is okay.
185	Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 2724db. 
	Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See Cast 1 
	SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 45. Gerard is acceptable.
187	Sample log: "Moderate air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0014 at 
	2876db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also reasonable. See 
	Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 46. Gerard is 
	acceptable.
189	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard
	is okay. Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Leaky cap", flag C-14 as 3.
190	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, 
	Gerard is okay.
193	See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, 
	Gerard is okay.
Cast 3 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See 
	Cast 1 nutrient comments.
347	Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. See Cast 
	3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (89) is okay.
348	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (90) 
	is acceptable.
349	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (93) 
	is acceptable.
389	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, Gerard 
	is okay.
390	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, Gerard 
	is okay.
393	See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard 
	is okay.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P17N
Final Report
for AMS 14-C Samples

Robert M. Key & Paul D. Quay
February 18, 1998

1.0	General Information

WOCE cruise P17N was carried out aboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in 
the north-eastern Pacific Ocean.  The WHPO designation for this cruise 
was 325021/1.  David L. Musgrave was the chief scientist.  The cruise 
departed San Francisco, CA on May 15, 1993 and ended on June 26, 1993 at 
Sitka, AK.  The cruise made a NE to SW section from San Francisco to 
approximately 35N x 135W.  From there the track went north to 
approximately 41N then angled north-westward to Dutch Harbor, AK.  The 
final portion of the track went from approximately 53N x 155W trending 
north-northeast toward Sitka, AK.  The reader is referred to cruise 
documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for 
cruise information.  This report covers details of the small volume 
radiocarbon samples.  The AMS station locations are summarized in Table 
1 and shown in Figure 1*.  A total of 539 AMS  Delta-14-C samples were 
collected at 23 stations.  In addition to the AMS samples, large volume 
Gerard samples were also collected on this cruise.

Figure 1*: AMS 14-C station locations for WOCE P17N (map by GMT, Wessel 
and Smith, 1991,1995).

TABLE 1. AMS Station Locations

Station	  Date	Latitude	Longitude	Bottom	Max.	Sample
						Depth	Sample	Extraction
						(m)	Pressure
6	16/5/93	38.627		-124.061	2534	2566	NOSAMS
10	18/5/93	38.230		-124.981	3872	3948	NOSAMS
13	18/5/93	37.504		-126.643	4520	4601	U. Wash.
28	23/5/93	34.585		-135.000	5192	5301	U. Wash.
31	24/5/93	36.000		-135.001	5121	5204	U. Wash.
34	24/5/93	37.499		-135.010	5244	5357	U. Wash.
39	26/5/93	39.618		-135.002	4738	4837	NOSAMS
45	27/5/93	40.503		-135.003	4241	4326	U. Wash.
48	28/5/93	41.653		-136.999	3992	4051	NOSAMS
51	29/5/93	42.637		-137.528	4160	4207	U. Wash.
58	31/5/93	44.956		-141.234	4413	4488	U. Wash.
64	2/6/93	46.897		-144.429	4677	4765	U. Wash.
68	3/6/93	48.214		-146.688	4662	4748	U. Wash.
74	6/6/93	50.179		-150.155	4679	4769	U. Wash.
78	8/6/93	51.491		-152.543	4622	4722	U. Wash.
83	9/6/93	53.130		-155.633	4499	4579	U. Wash.
95	13/6/93	54.488		-158.298	1857	1887	NOSAMS
97	13/6/93	54.567		-158.442	1063	1085	NOSAMS
127	16/6/93	54.060		-150.818	4445	4383	U. Wash.
138	19/6/93	55.781		-141.616	3254	3320	U. Wash.
141	20/6/93	56.216		-139.167	3327	3367	NOSAMS
144	21/6/93	56.677		-136.593	2091	2091	U. Wash.
146	21/6/93	56.778		-136.037	1057	1052	NOSAMS
The large volume results were reported previously by Key, 1996(b).

2.0	Personnel

14-C sampling for this cruise was carried out by R. Rotter from the 
Ocean Tracer Lab at Princeton University and R. Sonnerup from the Univ. 
of Washington. Sample extraction and delta-13-C analyses were performed 
by either NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole 
Oceanographic Institution) or P. Quay's group at the U. Washington as 
indicated in the last column of Table 1.  14-C analyses were performed 
at NOSAMS.  Salinity, oxygen and nutrients were analyzed by Scripps ODF.  
R. Key collected the data from the originators, merged the files, 
assigned quality control flags to the 14-C results and submitted the 
data files to the WOCE office (2/98).  R. Key and P. Quay are the PIs 
for the 14-C data.

3.0	Results

This 14-C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior 
release.  The Delta-14-C results reported here are, under WOCE 
guidelines, considered proprietary for two years after publication of 
the preliminary data report (Dec. 1999) or until publication, whichever 
comes first.

3.1	Hydrography

Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the 
chief scientist and described in the hydrographic report which is 
available via the web address 
(http://diu.cms.udel.edu/woce/data/reports/pacific/p17_n_93_musgrave. 
sum).

3.2	14-C

The Delta-14-C values reported here were originally distributed in a 
data report (NOSAMS, December 31, 1997).  That report included 
preliminary results which had not been through the WOCE quality control 
procedures.

All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured.  Replicate 
measurements were made on 13 water samples.  These replicate analyses are 
tabulated in Table 2.  The table shows the error weighted mean and 
uncertainty for each set of replicates.  Uncertainty is defined here as 
the larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard 
deviation of the mean.  For these replicates, the simple average of the 
normal standard deviations for the replicates is 3.9 0/00 (equal weighting 
for each replicate set).  This precision is typical for the time frame 
over which these samples were measured (Jul. 1995 - Dec. 1997).  Note 
that the errors given for individual measurements in the final data 
report (with the exception of the replicates) include only counting 
errors, and errors due to blanks and backgrounds.  The uncertainty 
obtained for replicate analyses is an estimate of the true error which 
includes errors due to sample collection, sample degassing, etc.  For a 
detailed discussion of this see Key (1996).

TABLE 2. Summary of Replicate Analyses

Sta-Cast-Bottle	Delta-14-C	Err	E.W.Mean *a	Uncertainty *b
6-1-14		  21.81		3.18	  24.18		 4.48
		  28.15		4.12
31-1-1		  27.14		6.36	  35.76		15.34
		  48.83		7.83
45-1-15		 -89.58		3.29	 -90.29		 2.44
		 -91.16		3.65
68-2-19		-190.39		4.62	-191.54		 2.76
		-192.18		3.44
83-1-8		 -87.46		3.02	 -91.50		 5.03
		 -94.58		2.64
95-1-14		  29.49		4.79	  30.01		 2.84
		  30.29		3.53
95-1-16		 -14.12		3.05	 -15.60		 2.54
		 -17.72		3.64
127-1-2		  21.65		3.75	  25.43		 3.93
		  27.21		2.57
127-1-20	-213.18		2.81	-214.03		 2.03
		-214.95		2.93
138-1-17	-134.76		3.27	-134.85		 2.26
		-134.92		3.12
138-1-28	-241.60		2.91	-245.72		 8.41
		-253.49		4.00
141-2-29	-229.80		3.03	-230.57		 1.85
		-231.02		2.33
146-1-34	-162.13		3.46	-167.64		 2.10
		-170.84		2.64
*a. Error weighted mean reported with data set
*b. Larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted 
standard deviation of the mean.

A check on the long term reproducibility of the measurements is possible 
by comparing data from this cruise with 2 previous WOCE cruises in the 
same area.  Figure 2 A* compares data from P17N with the NOAA test cruise 
CGC91/1 (Key, et al., 1996).  The comparison is for the section along 
135W between 34 and 42N.  Figure 2 B* compares data from P17N with 
P16N.  The comparison is for data bounded by the box 48-55N and 153-
151W (Key, et al., 1996).  For the data shown, the comparison is very 
good.  The only apparent difference is very near the surface where real 
seasonal differences in either Delta-14-C concentration or water 
structure could cause the offset.  In each figure the measurements are 
shown with 2-sigma error bars.

4.0	Quality Control Flag Assignment

Quality flag values were assigned to all Delta-14-C measurements using 
the code defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 
section 4.5.2. (Joyce, et al., 1994).  Measurement flags values of 2, 3, 
4, 5 and 6 have been assigned.  The choice between values 2 (good), 3 
(questionable) or 4 (bad) involves some interpretation.  

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14-C datum 
which is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered.  My 
subjective opinion is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded.  
When flagging 14-C data, the measurement error was taken into 
consideration.  That is, approximately one-third of the 14-C 
measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than 
the measurement precision (~3.9 0/00).  No measured values have been removed 
from this data set, therefore a flag value of 5 implies that the sample 
was totally lost somewhere between collection and analysis.  Table 3 
summarizes the quality control flags assigned to this data set.  For a 
detailed description of the flagging procedure see Key, et al. (1996).

Figure 2*: Data comparison for overlap regions of the cruises indicated.  
Data are shown with 2-sigma error bars.  Other than very near the 
surface where real seasonal differences may exist, the data appear to 
agree to within the estimated uncertainty.

TABLE 3. Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags
Flag	Number
2	504
3	7
4	1
5	14
6	13

5.0	Data Summary

Figures 3-10* summarize the Delta-14-C data collected on this leg.  Only 
Delta-14-C measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 
("replicate") are included in each figure.  Figure 3* shows the Delta-14-
C values with 2-sigma error bars plotted as a function of pressure.  The 
mid depth Delta-14-C minimum which normally occurs around 2200 to 2400 
meters in the Pacific is very weak in this data set primarily because 
the deep and bottom water values are low relative to the rest of the 
Pacific.

Figure 3*: Delta-14-C results for P17N stations shown with 2-sigma error 
bars.  Only those measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 
or 6 are plotted.

Figure 4* shows the Delta-14-C values plotted against silicate.  The 
straight line shown in the figure is the least squares regression 
relationship derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based on the GEOSECS 
global data set.  According to their analysis, this line (Delta-14-C = -
70 - Si) represents the relationship between naturally occurring 
radiocarbon and silicate for most of the ocean.  They interpret 
deviations in Delta-14-C above this line to be due to input of bomb-
produced radiocarbon, however, they note that the interpretation can be 
problematic at high latitudes.  Samples collected from shallower depths 
at these stations show an upward trend with decreasing silicate values 
reflecting the addition of bomb produced 14-C.  The Delta-14-C values 
for the silicate concentration range 0-120 mol/kg fall above Broecker's 
global pre-bomb trend.  With most of the Pacific data sets, the silicate 
- Delta-14-C trend doubles back on itself with the deep and bottom water 
values having a somewhat steeper slope than the waters from the 
thermocline (down to approximately 2500m).  This doubling back is absent 
from the P17N data (Key, 1996b).  Even more unusual is the fact that 
Delta-14-C trend for shallow and thermocline waters is approximately 
straight.  Except for the southern ocean, all other regions of the 
Pacific have a Delta-14-C - silicate trend in the upper water column 
which markedly curves upward.  The reason for the unusual shape is 
currently under investigation.

Figure 4*: Delta-14-C as a function of silicate for P17N AMS samples.  
The straight line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 
1995 (Delta-14-C = -70 - Si with radiocarbon in 0/00 and silicate in 
mol/kg).

Another way to visualize the 14-C - silicate correlation is as a 
section.  Figure 5* shows Delta-14-C as contour lines in silicate - 
latitude space for samples collected at depths between 500 and 2500 
meters.  In this space, shallow waters are toward the bottom of the 
figure.  The 500 meter cutoff was selected to eliminate those samples 
having a very large bomb produced 14-C component.  The 2500 meter cutoff 
was selected because this is the approximate depth of the Delta-14-C 
minimum.  For reference the 1000 meter depth contour is also shown 
(heavy line).  For this data set, Broecker's hypothesis works reasonably 
well.  The Delta-14-C isolines are reasonably horizontal and the spacing 
of the isolines for contours which fall below the depth of bomb-
radiocarbon contamination are more or less equal.  The upward curvature 
of the isolines with increasing latitude is consistent with the addition 
of "extra" silicate at depth as reported by Talley and Joyce (1992) for 
this region.  The presence of bomb produced radiocarbon in the shallower 
waters is indicated by the relatively close spacing of the isolines for 
these waters.

Figure 5*: Section of 14-C contours along latitude in silicate space for 
the 500-2500m depth range.  Note that for this section, "shallow" is 
toward the bottom.  The 1000m depth contour is added for orientation 
(heavier line between -220 and -200 Delta-14-C contours).

Figures 6-8* show Delta-14-C contoured along the three sections of the 
cruise track.  The "A" portion shows the upper 1.5 kilometers of the 
section and "B" the remainder of the water column.  These figures 
include both AMS (Key, 1996b) and large volume (Stuiver, et al.1996) 
results.  The data were gridded using the "loess" methods described in 
Chambers et al. (1983), Chambers and Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) and 
Cleveland and Devlin (1988).  Figure 9 A-C* shows the same data as Figure 
6-8A* except the section is plotted in potential density (sigma-theta) - 
latitude space.

Figure 6*: Delta-14-C sections for WOCE P17N from San Francisco southwest 
to approximately 34Nx135W.  The section in shown in two parts to allow 
more detail.  In B. any existing large volume data is included to 
maximize the data density. See text for gridding method.  The bottom 
topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations 
on which Delta-14-C was measured.

Figure 7*: Delta-14-C sections for WOCE P17N from 34Nx135W north to 
approximately 41Nx135W then northwestward to Dutch Harbor, AK.  The 
section in shown in two parts to allow more detail.  In B. any existing 
large volume data is included to maximize the data density.  See text 
for gridding method.  The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise 
data, but only using those stations on which Delta-14-C was measured.

Figure 8*: Delta-14-C sections for WOCE P17N from 53Nx156W east 
northeastward to Sitka, AK.  The section in shown in two parts to allow 
more detail.  In B. any existing large volume data is included to 
maximize the data density.  See text for gridding method.  The bottom 
topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations 
on which Delta-14-C was measured

Figure 9*: Delta-14-C along WOCE section P17N plotted in potential 
density (sigma-theta) - latitude space.

Figure 10*: A. Delta-14-C distribution on the sigma-theta =26.1.  B. 
Distribution on the 2300m surface near the Delta-14-C minimum.  C.  
Near-bottom Delta-14-C distribution for stations having bottom depth of 
at least 3500m.

For this region or the Pacific, the maximum Delta-14-C concentration was 
always found at or very near the surface.  Two features occur in each 
section (Fig. 6-8*). First, in the upper water column the isolines show 
curvature near North America and second, the mid depth minimum is never 
occurs against the continent. These patterns are consistent with 
previous WOCE data sets and with the circulation described by Warren and 
Owens (1988).  These patterns are also reflected in Figure 10* which 
shows 3 objective maps (Sarmiento, et al., 1982) of the Delta-14-C 
distribution using all available data.  In Figure 10A* the distribution 
is on the sigma-theta = 26.1 surface.  This surface is very near the sea 
surface, but has no substantial outcrop in the region shown (Levitus 
winter data).  Unlike maps for the South Pacific, the values in this 
region decrease poleward implying no substantial horizontal source for 
bomb-produced radiocarbon in the region.  Figure 10B* shows the 
distribution on the 2300m depth surface which is the approximate depth 
of the Delta-14-C minimum.  While the data are relatively sparse, the 
concentrations clearly increase southward.  This result is the opposite 
of what is predicted by numerical model results (e.g. Toggweiler et al, 
1989) which always predict the minimum will be against the continent 
along the northern boundary.  The 2300m bathymetry is also shown on this 
map.  Figure 10C* shows the near bottom Delta-14-C distribution for 
stations where the water depth was at least 3500m.  This map shows 
higher values (younger) along the Alaskan coast which is consistent with 
inflow via the Aleutian Current from the west.  The second high in the 
southeast portion of the map has not been investigated at this point.  
As in the B portion of the figure, the minimum near-bottom values are 
clearly in the central portion of the region, not against the 
continental boundary.

5.1	References and Supporting Documentation

Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: 
  Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical 
  Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995.
Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, 
  Wadsworth & Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, CA, 
  608pp.
Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, 
  Graphical Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing 
  scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836.
Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An 
  approach to regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. Assoc, 
  83:596-610.
Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., 
  Joyce, T., Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., 
  Saunders, P., Stalcup, M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
  Programme Data Reporting, WHPO Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 145pp., 1994.
Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 
  415-423, 1996.
Key, R.M. P17N Final Report for large volume samples, Ocean Tracer 
  Laboratory Technical Report 96-11, 21pp, July, 1996(b).
Key, R.M., P.D. Quay and NOSAMS, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean 
  results; P6, P16 & P17, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996.
NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #97-129, Woods 
  Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 1997.
Sarmiento, J.L., J. Willebrand and S. Hellerman, Objective analysis of 
  tritium observations in the Atlantic Ocean during 1971-74, Ocean Tracer 
  Laboratory Technical Report 82-1, 19pp, July, 1982.
Stuiver, M., G. stlund, R.M. Key and P.J. Reimer, Large-volume WOCE 
  radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 519-561, 
  1996
Talley, L.D. and t.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North 
  Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992.
Toggweiler, J.R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, Simulations of radiocarbon in 
  a coarse-resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb 
  distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 94(6), 8217-8242, 1989.
Warren, B.A. and B Owens, Deep currents in the central subarctic Pacific 
  Ocean, J. Phys. Ocean., 18, 529-551, 1988
Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, 
  EOS Trans. AGU, 72(441), 445-446, 1991.
Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, New version of the generic mapping tools 
  released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000.09.20 SRA

Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly He/Trt).  Reconstrucing 
bottle data file.

Using hyd data from /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka
	-verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file

All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir.

1.  Remerged cfc data from ...original/1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY/FINE_ 
    WILLEY_CFS_19991020_p17n_cfcs.dat file.
    NOTE: this data is an updated cfc data set from Fine's group (per README 
    notes in 1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY dir).  This updated data set was 
    never merged into the previous p17nhy.txt file.  In the updated data set, 
    there are 3 samples that are not present that were present in the original 
    data set.
		sta/cst/samp		Notes:
		------------------	----------------------------
		16/1/4			niskin bottle flag = 4
		19/1/5			?
		67/1/6			niskin bottle flag = 4
These problems are not further investigated.

2.  Remerged tritium/helium data.
    There are 3 existing files containing tritium data.  2 of theses files came 
    with the data set from WHOI WHPO; they are p17trt.raw and p17n.trt.  The 
    data values and data formats are different (all for the same samples) in 
    these 2 files.  It was assumed that p17n.trt contained the most up-to-date 
    data for the period when these files were submitted to WHOI WHPO.  The data 
    flags were confusing and incorrect; they could not be correlate with the 
    data (e.g. which flags where associated with which parameters).  
    Correspondence with Jane Dunworth Baker at WHOI confirmed there were 
    problems with the data flags.  Data was merged into the bottle file with 
    SIOWHPO revised data flags:  missing data was flagged '9', all other values 
    submitted were assumed to be OK and flagged '2'.

    The third existing data file contained tritium data and was from Z. TOP 
    (1997).  This is assumed to be the most up-to-date version of all tritium 
    data for the P17N leg.  The data file contained no cast values or data 
    flags.  Cast values were generated according to the sample log sheet 
    maintained by ODF (P17N) for tritium samples taken during this expedition.  
    Flags were generated as stated above (2 for any reported data, missing data 
    flagged as 9).

3.  Remerged LUPTON-EVANS helium data and flags.  This data was already reformatted 
    in the *LUPTON-EVANS dir.

4.  Merged KOZYR tcarbn/alkali data.  This data was already formatted; substituted 
    -999.0 for -999.9 when data was missing.

* All figures shown in PDF file.