WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation
P18 (N and S)

Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)
31DSCG94_2-3

Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation
Bruce Taft, NOAA/PMEL (leg 2);
Gregory Johnson, NOAA/PMEL (leg 3)

Dates
1994.02.22-1994.03.24 (leg 2)
1994.03.29-1994.04.27 (leg 3)

Ship
DISCOVERER

Ports of call
Punta Arenas, Chile to Easter Island, Chile to San Diego, California, USA

Number of stations
78 (leg 2), 107 (leg 3)

Geographic boundaries of the stations
	2251.10''N
10257.00''W	9010.89''W
	6659.90''S

Floats and drifters deployed
12 (leg 2) and 13 ALACE Floats (leg 3)

Moorings deployed or recovered
none 

Contributing Authors
K.E. McTaggert
G.C. Johnson
B.A. Taft
R.M. Key
P.D. Quay
J. Bullister
K. Hargreaves
K.A. Krogslund
C.W. Mordy
M. Rosenberg
A.W. Mantyla


A.	Cruise Narrative
A.1	Highlights
A.1.a	WOCE designation	P18S
				P18N
A.1.b	EXPOCODE		P18S: 31DSCG94/2
				P18N: 31DSCG94/3
A.1.c	P18S:
	Chief Scientist	Dr. Bruce Taft (retired)
	Co-Chief Scientist	Dr. John Bullister
				Phone: 206-526-6741
				Fax: 206-526-6744
				Internet:  bullister@pmel.noaa.gov
	P18N:
	Chief Scientist	Dr. Gregory Johnson
				Phone: 206-526-6806
				Fax: 206-526-6744
				Internet:  gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov
	Co-Chief Scientist	Dr. Richard Feely
				Tel: (206)526-6214
				Fax: (206)526-6744
				Internet:  feely@pmel.noaa.gov
	All at:
				National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
				Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA-PMEL)
				7600 Sand Point Way NE
				Seattle  WA   98115 USA
A.1.d	Ship			R/V Discoverer
A.1.e	Ports of Call		P18S: Punta Arenas to Easter Island
				P18N: Easter Island to San Diego
A.1.f	Cruise dates		P18S: Feb 22 - March 24 1994
				P18N: March 29 - April 27 1994

A.2	Cruise Summary Information

WOCE Hydrographic Section P18 was completed on the NOAA Ship Discoverer in 
early 1994 by NOAA and academic researchers measuring a wide suite of 
physical, chemical, and biological processes.  The P18 section started north 
from 67S, 103W to 10S, 103W.  From there the section crossed the East 
Pacific Rise in a northwesterly direction to 5S, 11020'W.  The northward 
course was then resumed to 8N, 11020'W, where slight adjustments in 
longitude were made to bring the section to 110W at 10N.  From there a 
northward course was followed to the final station, in less than 200 m of 
water off the southern cape of Baja California at 2251.2'N, 110W.  Nominal 
station spacing was 30 nm, reduced to 20 nm from 3S to 3N and less from 22 
30N to the section end.  Station spacing was increased to 40 nm from 5830' to 
4830'S, from 10 to 5S, and from 10 to 14N, to make up for delays owing to 
heavy weather and winch level-wind problems.

A.2.a	Geographic boundaries		23 N
				110 W		103 W
					67 S

A.2.b	Stations Occupied

A total of 185 full water column CTD/water sample stations were made along the 
section from 67S 103W to 23N 110W.  Of these, 158 stations were made using 
a 36-position, 10-liter bottle frame with a lowered Acoustic Doppler Current 
Profiler (ADCP) and a transmissometer.  The other 27 stations were made using 
a 24-position, four-liter bottle frame deployed primarily during heavy 
weather.  A Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus CTD was mounted in each frame.  In 
addition to a set of temperature and conductivity sensors resident on each 
CTD, a single set of mobile temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen 
sensors was used at every station for quality control and continuity of 
temperature and conductivity measurements while keeping each CTD mounted in 
its own frame.

Water samples were collected at every station for analyses of salt, dissolved 
oxygen and dissolved nutrients (i.e., silicate, nitrate, nitrite and 
phosphate).  Samples were drawn at selected locations for analysis of CFC-11, 
CFC-12, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity, pH, pCO2, 3He, 
tritium, dissolved organic carbon, carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, and other 
variables.  Daily shallow casts were made for assessment of various biological 
parameters, including productivity.  A total of 25 ALACE (Autonomous 
Lagrangian Circulation Explorer) floats were deployed during the cruise.  
Nineteen XCTDs were successfully launched between CTD/O2 stations from 1-9.5 
N. Underway measurements included ADCP data, meteorological variables, bottom 
depth, pH, pCO2, atmospheric CFCs, nitrate, and chlorophyll.

Sampling accomplished:
194 Stations were completed, including 9 on the transit to the start of the 
P18 section (Sta 1-9)

Approximately number of water samples analysed: 6147 salinity, 6042 oxygen, 
   5999 nutrients, 2960 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 3147 Total CO2, 2998 pCO2, 
   4365 pH, 1006 DOC, 314 DON

Approximate number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis: 1002 
   helium-3, 587 tritium, 938 AMS radiocarbon (C-14) and C-13

Lowered ADCP profiles were obtained at about 158 stations using a rosette 
mounted lowered ADCP instrument.

Continuous underway ADCP measurements were made along the cruise track.

Measurents of surface-layer dissolved gases and atmospheric trace gases 
including nitrous oxide and halocarbons) were made along the transit leg (Leg 
1).  These results have been presented in the technical report: Lobert, J.M.., 
J.H. Butler, L.S. Geller, S.A. Yvon, S.A.  Montzka, R.C. Myers, A.D. Clarke, 
and J.W. Elkins.  BLAST94: Bromine Latitudinal Air/Sea Transect 1994 report on 
oceanic measurements on methyl bromide and other compounds.  NOAA Technical 
Memorandum ERL CMDL-10, 39 pp. (1996).

A.2.c	Floats and drifters deployed

ALACE Floats were launched at 25 locations listed in Table 1.  Twelve ALACE 
floats were released on Leg 2 and thirteen on Leg 3.

Table 1: Time and location of ALACE float deployments
Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude
022494	0756	5550.17'S	 8022.34'W
022494	1636	5639.64'S	 8146.87'W
022494	2130	5730.02'S	 8317.12'W
022594	0228	5819.87'S	 8445.79'W
022594	0725	5909.26'S	 8618.96'W
022594	1210	5959.90'S	 8751.50'W
030894	1025	5510.40'S	10301.09'W
031094	2028	4949.28'S	10300.10'W
031394	0637	4458.99'S	10300.25'W
031594	0117	4000.99'S	10300.55'W
031894	1200	3500.40'S	10300.74'W
032094	0739	3000.15'S	10301.53'W
032994	1341	2500.24'S	10300.05'W
033194	2011	2029.51'S	10259.98'W
040494	0005	1459.70'S	10300.01'W
040694	1917	 959.76'S	10300.70'W
040994	1441	 609.09'S	10838.61'W
041094	2307	 359.28'S	11019.78'W
041294	1838	 120.27'S	11019.94'W
041494	1443	 100.38'N	11019.96'W
041694	1431	 359.69'N	11019.93'W
041794	1731	 559.90'N	11020.30'W
041994	1956	1000.78'S	11000.19'W
042194	1819	1429.77'S	11000.03'W
042394	2246	1859.93'S	10959.80'W

A.2.d	Moorings deployed or recovered

A.3	Principal Investigators

Table 2: List of Principal Investigators
Measurement			Principal Investigator	Institution
CTD/O2				B. Taft, G. Johnson	PMEL
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	J. Bullister 		PMEL
C-14 (AMS radiocarbon), C-13	P. Quay			UW
Nutrients			K. Krogsland		UW
Dissolved Oxygen 		J. Bullister		PMEL
Helium/tritium 			W. Jenkins		WHOI
CO2 (alkalinity)		F. Millero		UM
Total CO2 (coulometry), pCO2	R. Feely		PMEL
pH				R. Byrne		USF
ADCP				P. Hacker		UH
ALACE floats			R. Davis		SIO
Underway atmospheric/surface
halocarbons, nitrous oxide	J. Butler		CMDL
Productivity			F. Chavez		MBARI
Bathymetry			Ship personnel
Underway thermosalinograph	Ship personnel

Participating Institutions:
NOAA/PMEL  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration
	   Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
USF	   University of South Florida
MBARI	   Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
SIO	   Scripps Institution of Oceanography
UM	   University of Miami
UW	   University of Washington
UH	   University of Hawaii
WHOI	   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
CMDL	   NOAA Climate Modelling and Diagnostics Laboratory

A.4 	Scientific Programme and Methods

The long term objective of the Climate and Global Change Program is to provide 
reliable predictions of climate change and associated regional implications on 
time scales ranging from seasons to a century or more.  In support of NOAA's 
Climate Program, PMEL scientists have been measuring the growing burden of 
greenhouse gases in the Pacific Ocean and the overlying atmosphere since 1980.  
The NOAA Office of Global Programs (OGP) sponsored Ocean Tracers and 
Hydrography Program and Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES) studies 
ocean circulation, mixing processes, and the rate at which CO2 and 
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are taken up and released by the oceans.  Work on 
this cruise was cooperative with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) 
and the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS).  The research was designed 
to (1) describe water properties and relate them to circulation processes 
throughout the water column in the eastern Pacific Ocean; (2) determine the 
sources and sinks of carbon dioxide along 103-110W; (3) study the invasion of 
CFCs in the ocean; and (4) provide a high quality set of baseline measurements 
for the continuing evaluation of changes in ocean content of dissolved gasses, 
water properties, and circulation.  This section fills a gap in the eastern 
Pacific between WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) meridional sections P19 
(along 90W) and P17 (along 135W).  The southern end of this section 
intersects WHP S4, an E-W section along 67S occupied in 1992.

During the transit (leg 1) from Seattle, Washington to Punta Arenas, Chile, a 
test station was occupied in the Puget Sound to evaluate the CTD/rosette 
system.  This profile was not processed and is not included in this data 
report.  In response to significant volcanic activity detected by the VENTS 
monitoring system at the East Blanco Depression (4412'N, 12942'W), 6 
stations were occupied in this area during leg 1.  The NOAA/PMEL VENTS program 
focuses research on determining the oceanic impacts and consequences of 
submarine hydrothermal venting.  This event was particularly interesting as 
the area is a pull-apart basin in a transform zone, possibly the site of early 
ridge formation.

Occupation of WOCE section P18 began with station 10 of leg 2, after two test 
casts were completed enroute to 67S, 103W from Punta Arenas, Chile. Seventy-
eight full water column hydrographic stations were occupied east of the 
Pacific Rise along 103W from 67S to 27S.  Stations were spaced at 30 nm 
intervals except from 5830'S to 48S where spacing was increased to 40 nm 
intervals to make up time lost from bad weather and winch level wind problems.  
Features sampled during leg 2 included the Polar and Subantarctic Fronts of 
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Subtropical Front, the Subantarctic 
Mode Water, the Antarctic Intermediate Water, the Circumpolar Deep Water 
spreading to the northern reaches of the Southeast Pacific Basin, and currents 
along the Sala y Gomez Fracture Zone.

During leg 3 stations continued northward along 103W to 10S at 30 nm 
intervals.  The section turned northwestward from 10S to 5S with 40 nm 
station spacing to cross the East Pacific Rise in a perpendicular fashion.  
The 30 nm spacing was resumed from 5S to 3S northward along 11020'W.  From 
3S to 3N stations were occupied every 20 nm along the same longitude.  From 
3N to 22 30N stations were occupied at 30 nm intervals, except from 12N to 
16N, where the spacing was again increased to 40 nm to make up for time lost 
to winch level wind problems.  A gradual shift in the longitude from 11020'W 
to 110W was made between 8N and 10N.  North of 2230'N station spacing was 
reduced to as little as 3 nm over the rapidly shoaling bathymetry approaching 
Cabo San Lucas.  The line was completed in 200 m of water at 2251'N, 110W.  
During leg 3, 107 full water column hydrographic stations were occupied 
sampling the deep waters of the Bauer Basin, currents associated with the 
flanks of the East Pacific Rise, tropical water masses and currents over the 
full water column, the northern mid-depth helium-3 plume, and the oxygen 
depleted layer of the tropical Eastern Pacific.

Full water column CTD/O2 profiles were collected at all stations.  Lowered 
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements were also collected on 
most casts.  In addition, underway salinity, temperature, and CO2 measurements 
were taken along the cruise track.  Shallow productivity casts were made 
daily, ALACE floats were launched at predetermined locations, and XCTDs were 
successfully dropped in a high-resolution survey from 1N to 9.5N.  Water 
samples were analyzed for a suite of anthropogenic and natural tracers 
including salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, CFCs, pCO2, total 
CO2, pH, total alkalinity, helium, tritium, C-13, C-14, O-18, dissolved 
organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen.  Samples were collected from 
productivity casts for chlorophyll and primary productivity.

Leg 1 (Seattle, Washington to Punta Arenas, Chile)

This leg was a transit leg with a test station occupied in the Puget Sound to 
evaluate the CTD/rosette system.  This profile was not processed and is not 
included in this data report.  In response to significant volcanic activity 
detected by the VENTS monitoring system at the East Blanco Depression 
(4412'N, 12942'W), 6 stations were occupied in this area during leg 1.

Leg 2 (Punta Arenas - Easter Island).

This leg consisted of 78 stations along 103W; the first station on the WOCE 
Line P18 (#10) was occupied at 6700'S 10300'W on 26 February 1994 and the 
final station at 2600'S 10300'W on 23 March 1994. Except for  10 degrees of 
latitude span (5830'S - 4830'S), the station spacing was 30 miles.  The 
station spacing was increased to 40 miles in the above mentioned latitudinal 
band because of time lost to heavy weather and slower than normal retrieval 
rates of the CTD package due to problems with the winch level wind.  All CTD 
stations were full depth (nominally 10 m above the bottom).  Two CTD/rosette 
packages were used: a 24 position 4 l bottle rosette (21 stations) and a 36 
position 10 l bottle rosette (57 stations).  The choice between the two 
systems was usually dictated by the severity of the weather. On stations where 
the large rosette was used, a LADCP was attached to the rosette frame which 
reduced the number of bottle positions from 36 to 33.  Shallow (200 m) 
productivity bottle casts with light transmission profiles were made at 23 
stations.  Twelve ALACE floats were released at predetermined locations along 
the section and on the transit to the first station.

Leg 3 (Easter Island - San Diego).

A similar observational program was carried out on this leg (107 stations) with 
the following changes from the nominal 30-mile station spacing.  Stations were 
occupied at 40 mile intervals along a dog-leg section across the East Pacific 
Rise from 10S 103W to 5S 11020'W.  Thirty-mile spacing was resumed between 
5S and 3S and then reduced to 20 miles between 3S and 3N.  From 3N to 
2230'N stations were occupied at 30 mile intervals except between 12N and 
16N, where spacing was again relaxed to 40 miles.  Between 8N and 10N a 
gradual shift in longitude from 11020'W to 11000'W was made.  As the ship 
approached Cabo San Lucas, at the end of the section, spacing was reduced to as 
little as 3 miles over the steeply shoaling bathymetry.  Only on six stations, 
during reterminations of the CTD cable, was the 24 bottle rosette used.

Discussion:

The basic goals of the cruise were accomplished.  All casts were made to the 
bottom.  Station spacing only occasionally was increased to 40 miles from the 
nominal WOCE interval of 30 miles.  There were no significant gaps in sampling 
any of the variables.  Preliminary analysis of the Seabird CTD measurements 
and bottle data indicate that they will meet the WOCE standards.

A.5	Major Problems and Goals not Achieved

Some time was lost on the southern end of leg 2 due to weather.  We 
encountered a number of problems with the level-wind mechanism on the winch, 
which led to bad wraps on the drum.  A number of attempts were made to re-
tension the wire on the drum at sea by removing the CTD/rosette package, 
attaching a weight to the wire, and spooling the full length of the wire 
(except the last full wrap on the drum) out behind the ship while underway.  
These problems persisted throughout the cruise, and resulted in slower than 
anticipated average winch speeds and some loss of time.  Some time was lost on 
station due to conducting cable and wire termination problems.

A.6	Other Incidents of Note

A.7	List of Cruise Participants

A list of cruise participants is found in Table 3.

Table 3:	Cruise Participants
Program		     Inst.	Leg 1		  Leg 2		    Leg 3
Chief Scientist	     PMEL	*John Bullister	  Bruce Taft	    Gregory Johnson
Co-Chief Scientist   PMEL	*Gregory Johnson  John Bullister    Richard Feely
CTD		     PMEL	*K. McTaggart	  K. McTaggart	    K. McTaggart
		     Sea-Bird			  Nordeen Larson
CFC		     PMEL	*David Wisegarver David Wisegarver  David Wisegarver
		     PMEL			  C.J. Beegle	    Kirk Hargreaves
Salinity	     PMEL			  Gregg Thomas	    Gregg Thomas
helium, tritium	     WHOI			  Joshua Curtice    Scott Birdwhistell
oxygen		     PMEL	*Kirk Hargreaves  Kirk Hargreaves   David Jones
nutrients	     UW		K. Krogslund	  K. Krogslund
		     UW		Calvin Mordy	  Calvin Mordy
ADCP		     UH		Craig Huhta	  Claude Lumpkin
trace gases	     CMDL	J. Lobert
		     CMDL	M. Nowich
		     CMDL	L. Geller
		     CMDL	*J. Butler
		     CMDL	*S. Montzka
productivity	     MBARI			  Kurt Buck	    Kurt Buck
				Gregory Morris	  Raphael Kudela
				Thomas Hayden
DOC		     Miami			  Dennis Hansell    Rhonda Kelly
alkalinity	     Miami			  J. Zhang	    Essa Peltola
				Sonya Olivella	  Michael De Alessi
				Bernardo Vargas	  Mary Roche
Underway pH	     SIO	A. Dickson
pH		     USF			  Robert Byrne	    Huining Zhang
		     USF			  Renate Bernstein  Sean McElligott
		     USF			  Huining Zhang	    Frederick Stengard
pCO2		     PMEL			  Dana Greeley	    Dana Greeley
		     PMEL	Kerry Jones 	  Catherine Cosca   Matthew Steckley
TCO2		     PMEL	*Marilyn Roberts  Kerry Jones 	    Marilyn Roberts
		     PMEL			  Thomas Lantry	    Thomas Lantry
C-13, C-14	     UW 			  James Green	    Elizabeth Houzel
Vents		     CIMRS	*L. Evans
		     PMEL	*D. Taylor
				*V. Anderson
CTD		     PMEL	*H. Milburn
Mexican Observer     Texas A&M					    Diego Lopez-Veneroni
								    Humberto Perez-Ortiz
Chilean Observer     SHOA			  Dante Gutierrez-Besa
Electronics Technician		J. Payseur	  J. Payseur	    S. Macri
* Disembarked in San Francisco on Leg 1

B.1	Navigation and bathymetry

SeaBeam multibeam sonar was used continuously for bathymetry during both legs.  
Navigation was by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS).

B.2	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

Shipboard ADCP measurements, along with global position system (GPS) data, 
were collected continuously along the track to measure the velocity profile in 
the upper 500 m.

B.3	Thermosalinograph and underway dissolved oxygen, etc

A thermosalinograph was operated continuously on both legs.

pCO2 and pH were measured while underway together with photosynthetically 
active radiation, nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations.

B.4	XBT and XCTD

Nineteen XCTDs were dropped along 11020'W between 110'N  and 945'N at 
locations halfway between successive CTD stations on Leg 3.  Times and 
positions of each deployment are shown in Table 4.

Table 4:	Deployment times and locations for XCTD casts
Date	Time	Latitude	Longitude
012994	0355	4412.97'N	12937.08'W
030294	1916	6227.85'S	10258.45'W
030394	0941	6125.90'S	10258.90'W
031094	0556	5109.50'S	10300.60'W
041494	1540	 110.01'N	11019.87'W
041494	2208	 130.10'N	11019.60'W
041594	0340	 150.30'N	11019.70'W
041594	0933	 210.10'N	11020.00'W
041594	1455	 230.00'N	11019.80'W
041594	2116	 250.00'N	11019.90'W
041694	0250	 315.00'N	11019.90'W
041694	0942	 345.00'N	11019.40'W
041694	1546	 415.00'N	11019.80'W
041694	2313	 445.00'N	11020.00'W
041794	0536	 516.28'N	11019.77'W
041794	1227	 545.00'N	11020.00'W
041794	1845	 615.03'N	11020.46'W
041894	0038	 645.00'N	11020.60'W
041894	0659	 715.00'N	11020.61'W
041894	1307	 745.00'N	11019.90'W
041894	2011	 815.00'N	11017.74'W
041894	0159	 845.10'N	11012.50'W
041994	0822	 915.00'N	11007.60'W

B.5	Meteorological observations

B.6	Atmospheric chemistry

3/8" O.D. Dekaron air sampling lines (reinforced plastic tubing) was run from 
the CFC van to the bow and stern and air was analyzed continuously for: CFC-11 
CFC-12 CFC-113 Carbon tetrachloride Methyl chloroform

C.	Hydrographic Measurements

C.1.	CTD/O2 Measurements and Calibrations
	(K.E. McTaggart, G.C. Johnson, and B.A. Taft)
C.1.1.	STANDARDS AND PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

The CTD system is a real time data system with the CTD data from a Sea-Bird 
Electronics, Inc. (SBE) 9plus underwater unit transmitted via a conducting 
cable to the SBE 11plus deck unit.  The serial data from the underwater unit 
is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format using a 34560 Hz carrier-
modulated differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) telemetry link.  The deck 
unit decodes the serial data and sends it to a personal computer for display 
and storage in a disk file using Sea-Bird SEASOFT software.

The SBE 911plus system transmits data from primary and auxiliary sensors in 
the form of binary number equivalents of the frequency or voltage outputs from 
those sensors.  The calculations required to convert from raw data to 
engineering units of the parameters being measured are performed by software, 
either in real-time, or after the data has been stored in a disk file.

The SBE 911plus system is electrically and mechanically compatible with 
standard, unmodified rosette water samplers made by General Oceanics (GO), 
including the 1016 36-position sampler.  An optional modem and rosette 
interface allows the 911plus system to control the operation of the rosette 
directly, and without interrupting the data from the CTD, eliminating the need 
for a rosette deck unit.

The SBE 9plus underwater unit uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature 
(SBE 3) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensors which are mounted with a single clamp 
and "L" bracket to the lower end cap.  The conductivity cell entrance is co-
planar with the tip of the temperature sensor's protective steel sheath. The 
pressure sensor is mounted inside the underwater unit main housing and is 
ported to outside pressure through the oil-filled plastic capillary tube seen 
protruding from the main housing bottom end cap.  A compact, modular unit 
consisting of a centrifugal pump head and a brushless DC ball bearing motor 
contained in an aluminum underwater housing pump flushes water through sensor 
tubing at a constant rate independent of the CTD's motion.  This improves 
dynamic performance.  Motor speed and pumping rate (3000 rpm) remain nearly 
constant over the entire input voltage range of 12-18 volts DC.

The SBE 11plus deck unit is a rack-mountable interface which supplies DC power 
to the underwater unit, decodes the serial data stream, formats the data under 
microprocessor control, and passes the data to a companion computer.  It 
provides access to the modem channel and control of the rosette interface. 
Output data is in RS-232 (serial) format.

C.1.1.a. Conductivity

The flow-through conductivity sensing element is a glass tube (cell) with 
three platinum electrodes.  The resistance measured between the center 
electrode and end electrode pair is determined by the cell geometry and the 
specific conductance of the fluid within the cell, and controls the output 
frequency of a Wien Bridge circuit.  The sensor has a frequency output of 
approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding to conductivity from 0 to 7 S/m (0 to 
70 mmho/cm).  The SBE 4 has a typical accuracy/stability of  0.0003 
S/m/month; resolution of 0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second; and 6800 meter 
anodized aluminum housing depth rating.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in 
Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT 
using software module SEASON:

S/N 1177  September 22, 1993	S/N 1247  January 21, 1994
a =  2.28847772e05		a =  1.76162580e05
b =  5.58250114e01		b =  5.50791410e01
c = -4.14341657e+00		c = -4.07804361e+00
d = -9.59251789e05		d = -9.32262258e06
m =  4.1			m =  4.2

Conductivity calibration certificates show an equation containing the 
appropriate pressure-dependent correction term to account for the effect of 
hydrostatic loading (pressure) on the conductivity cell:

		C (S/m) = (afm + bf2 + c + dt) / [10 (1 - 9.57e8 p)]

where a, b, c, d, and m are the calibration coefficients above, f is the 
instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature (C), and p is the water 
pressure (decibars).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.

C.1.1.b. Temperature

The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-
protected by a stainless steel tube.  The sensor output frequency ranges from 
approximately 5 to 13 kHz corresponding to temperature from -5 to 35C.  The 
output frequency is inversly proportional to the square root of the thermistor 
resistance which controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge circuit.  The 
thermistor resistance is exponentially related to temperature.  The SBE 3 
thermometer has a typical accuracy/stability of  0.004C per year; and 
resolution of 0.0003C at 24 samples per second. The SBE 3 thermometer has a 
fast response time of 70 milliseconds.  It's anodized aluminum housing 
provides a depth rating of 6800 meters.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in 
Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT 
using software module SEASON:

S/N 1455  January 13, 1994	S/N 1461  February 11, 1994
a  = 3.68103063e03		a  = 3.68110418e03
b  = 6.03073078e04		b  = 6.00486851e04
c  = 1.51707342e05		c  = 1.48701147e05
d  = 2.20648879e06		d  = 1.99797919e06
f0 = 6228.23			f0 = 6212.56

Temperature (IPTS-68) is computed according to

		T (C) = 1/{a+b[ln(f0/f)]+c[ln2(f0/f)]+d[ln3(f0/f)]}-273.15

where a, b, c, d, and f0 are the calibration coefficients above and f is the 
instrument frequency (kHz).  SEASOFT automatically implements this equation.

C.1.1.c. Pressure

The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer uses a quartz 
crystal resonator whose frequency of oscillation varies with pressure induced 
stress measuring changes in pressure as small as 0.01 parts per million with an 
absolute range of 0 to 10,000 psia (0 to 6885 decibars).  Also, a quartz crystal 
temperature signal is used to compensate for a wide range of temperature 
changes.  Repeatability, hysteresis, and pressure conformance are 0.005% FS.  
The nominal pressure frequency (0 to full scale) is 34 to 38 kHz.  The nominal 
temperature frequency is 172 kHz + 50 ppm/C.

Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. in 
Bellevue, Washington.  The following coefficients were entered into SEASOFT 
using software module SEASON:

S/N 53960  August 4, 1993	S/N 53586  October 29, 1993
c1 = -43150.48			c1 = -39204.51
c2 =  4.54280e01		c2 =  6.23456e01
c3 =  1.34438e02		c3 =  1.35057e02
d1 =  0.037952			d1 =  0.038943
d2 =  0.0			d2 =  0.0
t1 =  30.34230			t1 =  30.46303
t2 = -1.80938e04		t2 = -9.018862e05
t3 =  4.61615e06		t3 =  4.52889e06
t4 =  2.08422e09		t4 =  3.30959e09
t5 =  0.0			t5 =  0.0

Pressure coefficients are first formulated into

		c  = c1 + c2*U + c3*U^2
		d  = d1 + d2*U
		t0 = t1 + t2*U + t3*U^2 + t4*U^3 + t5*U^4

where U is temperature in degrees Celsius.  Then pressure is computed 
according to

		P (psia) = c * [1 - (t02/t2)] * {1 - d[1 - (t02/t2)]}

where t is pressure period (microsec).  SEASOFT automatically implements this 
equation.

C.1.1.d. Oxygen

The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element to 
provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 6800 meters.  This auxiliary 
sensor is also included in the path of pumped sea water.  Oxygen sensors 
determine the dissolved oxygen concentration by counting the number of oxygen 
molecules per second (flux) that diffuse through a membrane.  By knowing the 
flux of oxygen and the geometry of the diffusion path the concentration of 
oxygen can be computed.  The permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a 
function of temperature and ambient pressure.  The interface electronics 
outputs voltages proportional to membrane current (oxygen current) and 
membrane temperature (oxygen temperature).  Oxygen temperature is used for 
internal temperature compensation.  Computation of dissolved oxygen in 
engineering units is done in the software.  The range for dissolved oxygen is 
0 to 15 ml/l; accuracy is 0.1 ml/l; resolution is 0.01 ml/l.  Response times 
are 2 seconds at 25C and 5 seconds at 0C.

The following oxygen calibrations were entered into SEASOFT using SEACON:

	S/N 130309  September 7, 1993
	   m =  2.4544 e7
	   b = -4.6633 e10
	   k =  8.9224
	   c = -6.9788

The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = mV + b and T = 
kV + c will yield sensor membrane current and temperature (with a maximum 
error of about 0.5C) as a function of sensor output voltage.  These scaled 
values of oxygen current and oxygen temperature were carried through the 
SEASOFT processing stream unaltered.

C.1.2.	DATA ACQUISITION

CTD measurements were made using one of two Seabird 9plus CTDs each equipped 
with a fixed pumped temperature-conductivity (TC) sensor pair.  A mobile 
pumped TC pair with dissolved oxygen sensor was mounted on whichever CTD was 
in use so that dual TC measurements and dissolved oxygen measurements were 
always collected.  The TC pairs were monitored for calibration drift and 
shifts by examining the differences between the two pairs on each CTD and 
comparing CTD salinities with bottle salinity measurements.

PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 09P8431-0315 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was mounted 
in a 36-position frame and employed as the primary package.  Auxiliary sensors 
included a lowered ADCP, Metrox load cell, Benthos altimeter, and SeaTech 
transmissometer.  Water samples were collected using a General Oceanics 36-
bottle rosette and 10-liter Nisken bottles.  The primary package was used for 
the majority of 194 casts.

PMEL's Sea-Bird 9plus CTD/O2 S/N 329053-0209 (sampling rate 24 Hz) was mounted 
in a 24-position frame and employed as the backup package.  Auxiliary sensors 
included a Metrox load cell and Benthos altimeter.  Water samples were 
collected using a Sea-Bird 24-bottle rosette, and 4-liter Niskin bottles.  
There were 29 bad weather stations made using the smaller backup package.

The package entered the water from the stern of the ship and was held 5-20 m 
beneath the surface for one minute in order to activate the pump and attach 
tag lines for package recovery.  Under ideal conditions the package was 
lowered at a rate of 30 m/min to 50 m, 45 m/min to 200 m, and 60 m/min to 
depth.  Ship roll often caused substantial variation about these mean lowering 
rates, especially at southern ocean stations.  Load cell values were monitored 
in real-time during each cast.  The position of the package relative to the 
bottom was monitored on the ship's Precision Depth Recorder (PDR).  A bottom 
depth was estimated from bathymetric charts and the PDR ran during the bottom 
1000 m of the cast.  Fig. 2 shows the depths of bottle closures during the 
upcast.

Upon completion of the cast, sensors were flushed with deionized water and 
stored with a dilute Triton-X solution in the plumbing.  Niskin bottles were 
sampled for salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, CFCs, total CO2, 
pCO2, pH, C-13, C-14, O-18, helium, tritium, total alkalinity, dissolved 
organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen.  Sample protocols conformed to 
those specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme.

A Sea-Bird 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD.  The analog 
data stream was recorded onto video cassette tape as a backup.  Digitized data 
were forwarded to a 286-AT personal computer equipped with SEASOFT acquisition 
and processing software version 4.201.  Temperature, salinity, and oxygen 
profiles were displayed in real-time.  Raw data files were transferred to a 
486 personal computer using Laplink version 3 and backed up onto 1/4" 
cartridge tapes using a Microsolutions Backpack QIC-80 external tape drive.

C.1.2.a. Data Acquisition Problems

During leg 2, station spacing increased to 40 nm between 58.5S and 48S owing 
to a delay in departure from Punta Arenas, delays owing to winch problems for 
some casts, and bad weather.  About 36 hours were lost waiting for the weather 
to moderate at 58S.  Other problems included poor level winding of the winch 
resulting in non-uniform lays on the drum and high tension crossing and 
snapping of the cable, compromised chemistry samples owing to contamination 
from the ship's stack output, and difficulties associated with doing CTDs from 
the stern of the ship in heavy to moderate seas at high latitudes.

Stations 8 and 9 test casts were very noisy.  Modulo errors persisted through 
cast 14.  Station 11 cast 1 did not sample the upper 800 meters and so a 
second cast was performed at this station for these bottles.  Station 11 cast 
2 CTD data was not processed.  Station 111 stopcocks and vents were left open 
therefore no samples were collected.  At station 120, upcast water sampling 
was skipped from 800 to 400 db while a fishing vessel cleared it's net out of 
the water.  Prior to station 123, the cable was reterminated after cutting off 
2500 m of cable to get below bad wraps.  At station 131 the package sat on the 
bottom for several minutes.  The upcast CTD data were bad.  Uptrace pressures 
were matched to downtrace pressures for bottle sample CTD data.  Station 160 
had increasing modulo errors during the downcast and was aborted.  Water was 
found in the ground wire at the termination.  No samples collected at station 
160.  There was no sample from station 190 bottle 11 owing to a stuck lanyard.

C.1.2.b. Salinity Analyses

Bottle salinity analyses were performed in a temperature-controlled van using 
two Guildline Model 8400A inductive autosalinometers standardized with IAPSO 
Standard Seawater batch P114.  The autosalinometer in use was standardized 
before each run and either at the end of each run or after no more than 48 
samples.  The drift between standardizations was monitored and the individual 
samples were corrected for that drift by linear interpolation.  Duplicate 
samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast were analyzed on a 
subsequent day.  Bottle salinities were compared with preliminary CTD 
salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well as to monitor 
the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift.

The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator is 
0.001 pss, with an accuracy of 0.003.  To assess the precision of discrete 
salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison was made for data from the 
instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at 
the same station below a depth of 2000 dbar.  For the 138 instances in which 
both bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard 
deviation of the differences is 0.0012 pss.  This value is very close to the 
expected precision.

Calibrated CTD salinities replace missing bottle salinities in the 
hydrographic data listing and are indicated by an asterisk.

C.1.3.	POST-CRUISE CALIBRATIONS

Post-cruise sensor calibrations were done at Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. during 
May 1994.  For stations 2-8, temperature sensor T1455 (with pre-cruise 
calibration coefficients dated January 1994) and conductivity sensor C1177 
(with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated September 1993) were selected 
as the best source of data.  Post-cruise calibrations showed T1455 had drifted 
(offset only) by approximately -0.0015; C1177 displayed a change in slope. For 
stations 9-194, sensor T1461 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated 
January 1994) and C1247 (with pre-cruise calibration coefficients dated 
January 1994) were selected for final data reduction since they were used on 
both packages.  Post-cruise calibrations showed T1461 to be drifting (offset 
only) by approximately -0.006C.  C1247 had drifted (slope and offset) by 
approximately -0.0009 S/m.

At sea monitoring and post-cruise calibration of redundant TC pair T1460/C1180 
showed T1460 had jumped by 0.002C, warranting repair.  Redundant TC pair 
T1072/C748 post-cruise calibration showed T1072 had drifted to an offset of -
0.004C.  These TC pairs were not included in the final processing.

C.1.3.a. Conductivity

SEASOFT module ALIGNCTD was used to align conductivity measurements in time 
relative to pressure.  Measurements can be misaligned due to the inherent time 
delay of the sensor response, the water water transit time delay in the pumped 
plumbing line, and the sensors being physically misaligned in depth.  Because 
SBE 3 temperature response is fast (0.06 seconds), it is not necessary to 
advance temperature relative to pressure.  When measurements are properly 
aligned, salinity spiking and density errors are minimized.

For a SBE 9 CTD with ducted TC sensors and a 3000 rpm pump the typical net 
advance of conductivity relative to temperature is 0.073 seconds.  The SBE 11 
deck units advanced primary conductivity 0.073 seconds but do not advance 
secondary conductivity.  Therefore when C1177 or C1247 conductivity data came 
from a secondary sensor channel the alignment was much larger, typically 0.06 
seconds versus coming from a primary sensor channel, typically 0.02 seconds.

Conductivity slope and bias, along with a pressure fudge term (beta) were 
computed by a least-squares minimization of CTD and bottle conductivity 
differences.  The function minimized was

				BC - m * CC - b - beta * CP

where BC is bottle conductivity (S/m), CC is pre-cruise calibrated CTD 
conductivity (S/m), CP is the CTD pressure (dbar), m is the conductivity 
slope, b is the bias (S/m), and beta is the pressure fudge term (S/m/dbar).  
The final CTD conductivity (S/m) is

				m * CC + b + beta * CP

The slope term m is a fourth-order polynomial function of station number to 
allow the entire cruise to be fit at once with a smoothly-varying station- 
dependent slope correction.  For each sensor a series of fits were made, each 
fit throwing out bottle values for locations having a residual between CTD and 
bottle conductivities of greater than three standard deviations.  This 
procedure was repeated with the remaining bottle values until no more bottle 
values were thrown out.

For C1177, the slope correction ranged from 1.00014254 to 1.00014262, the bias 
applied was -3.8e4, and the beta term was -5.69e9.  Of 5040 bottles, the 
percentage of bottles retained in the fit was 84.9 with a standard deviation 
of CTD versus bottle conductivity differences of 1.19e4 S/m.  For C1247, the 
slope correction ranged from 1.00021478 to 1.00044972, the bias applied was -
7.2e4, and the beta term was -1.29e8.  Of 5797 bottles, the percentage of 
bottles retained in the fit was 83.4 with a standard deviation of 0.87e4 S/m. 
The slope and bias were applied in SEACON.  The beta-fudge term was applied 
after SEASOFT post-processing in PMEL program POSTCAL.

CTD-bottle conductivity differences used for the final fits are plotted 
against cast number to show the stability of the calibrated CTD conductivities 
relative to the bottle conductivities.  The entire set of CTD-bottle 
conductivity differences are plotted against pressure to show the tight fit 
below 1000 m and the increasing scatter above 1000 m.

C.1.3.b. Temperature

In SEACON, adjustments were made to the bias of the thermistors as deviations 
from the pre-cruise calibrations on a station by station basis. These 
deviations were obtained from a linear fit of the pre-cruise and post-cruise 
temperature residuals from the pre-cruise calibration versus time.  Deep 
temperature differences between primary and secondary sensors were less than 
0.001C.

Also, a uniform correction for heating of the thermistor owing to viscous 
effects was applied to the bias in SEACON.  This correction was obtained using 
the formula: 

				error[C] = B * sqrt(nu)*U*U

where B=0.692, U=1.02 m/s, and nu=1.7279e6 m2/s.  The value for viscosity nu is 
that for the peak in the distribution of the temperature and salinity bottle 
values (te=1.8C, sa=34.67 pss).  Error[C] = 0.9464e3C.  All the thermistors 
read high by this amount and were adjusted down accordingly.  The adjustment is 
near the maximum viscous heating for the encountered temperature and salinity 
range.  Thermistors will read about 0.66e3C high near the surface in the 
tropics (te=30C, sa=34.5 pss) causing an overadjustment of 0.29e3C.  For deep 
values (te=0C, sa=37 pss) where gradients are small, thermistors will read 
about 0.97e3C high and so will be underadjusted by 0.2e3C.

C.1.3.c. Oxygen

In situ oxygen samples collected during CTD profiles are used for post-
measurement calibration.  SEASOFT bottle files were merged and bottle oxygen 
values flagged as 'good' were appended to the data records.  Because the 
dissolved oxygen sensor has an obvious hysteresis, PMEL program OXDWNP 
replaced up-profile water sample data with corresponding down-profile CTD/O2 
data at common pressure levels.  Oxygen saturation values were computed 
according to Benson and Krause (1984) in units of mol/kg.

The algorithm used for converting oxygen sensor current and probe temperature 
measurements to oxygen as described by Owens and Millard (1985) requires a 
non-linear least squares regression technique in order to determine the best 
fit coefficients of the model for oxygen sensor behavior to the water sample 
observations.  WHOI program OXFITMR uses Numerical REcipes (Press et al., 
1986) Fortran routines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, GAUSSJ, and COVSRT to perform non-
linear least squares regression using Levenberg-Marquardt method.  A Fortran 
subroutine FOXY describes the oxygen model with the derivatives of the model 
with respect to six coefficients in the following order: oxygen current slope, 
temperature correction, pressure correction, weight, oxygen current bias, and 
oxygen current lag.

Program OXFITMR reads the data for a group of stations.  The time rate of 
change of oxygen current is computed using a least squares estimate over 15 
second intervals.  The data are editted to remove spurious points where values 
are less than zero or greater than 1.2 times the saturation value.  The 
routine varies the six (or fewer) parameters of the model in such a way as to 
produce the minimum sum of squares in the difference between the calibration 
oxygens and the computed values.  Individual differences between the 
calibration oxygens and the computed oxygen values (residuals) are then 
compared with the standard deviation of the residuals.  Any residual exceeding 
an edit factor of 2.8 standard deviations is rejected.  A factor of 2.8 will 
have a 0.5% chance of rejecting a valid oxygen value for a normally 
distributed set of residuals. The iterative fitting process is continued until 
none of the data fail the edit criteria.  The best fit to the oxygen probe 
model coefficients is then determined.  Coefficents were applied by PMEL 
program CALOX2W and CTD oxygen was computed using subroutine OXY6W.

By plotting the oxygen residuals versus station, appropriate station groupings 
for further refinements of fitting were obtained by looking for abrupt station 
to station changes in the residuals.  Sometimes it was necessary to fix values 
of some oxygen algorithm parameters to keep those parameters within a 
reasonable range.  Final coefficients were applied by PMEL program EPSBE94.

C.1.4.	POST-CRUISE PROCESSING

SEASOFT consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, display, 
processing, and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with Sea-Bird 
equipment and is designed to work with an IBM or compatible personal computer.  
Raw data is acquired from the instruments and is stored as unmodified data.  
The conversion module DATCNV uses the instrument configuration and calibration 
coefficients to create a converted engineering unit data file that is operated 
on by all SEASOFT post processing modules.  Each SEASOFT module that modifies 
the converted data file adds information to the header of the converted file 
permitting tracking of how the various oceanographic parameters were obtained. 
The converted data is stored in either rows and columns of ascii numbers or as 
a binary data stream with each value stored as a 4 byte binary floating point 
number.  The last data column is a flag field used to mark scans as good or 
bad.

The following are the SEASOFT processing module sequence and specifications 
used in the reduction of P18 CTD/O2 data.

DATCNV converted the raw data to pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen 
current, oxygen temperature, and transmissometer voltage.  DATCNV also 
extracted bottle information where scans were marked with the bottle confirm 
bit during acquisition.

ROSSUM created a summary of the bottle data.  Bottle position, date, and time 
were output as the first two columns.  Pressure, temperature, conductivity, 
oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and transmissometer voltage were averaged 
over a two-second interval (48 scans).  For the primary package, the time 
interval was from five to three seconds prior to the confirm bit in order to 
avoid spikes in conductivity and oxygen current owing to minor 
incompatibilities between the Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system and General Oceanics 
1016 rosette. Bottle data from the backup package were averaged from one second 
prior to the confirm bit to 1 second after the confirm bit in the data stream.

WILDEDIT marked extreme outliers in the data files.  The first pass of 
WILDEDIT obtained an accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the 
data.  The data were read in blocks of 200 scans.  Data greater than two 
standard deviations were flagged.  The second pass computed a standard 
deviation over the same 200 scans excluding the flagged values.  Values 
greater than 16 standard deviations were marked bad.

SPLIT removed decreasing pressure records from the data files leaving only the 
downcast.

FILTER performed a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 0.15 
seconds.  In order to produce zero phase (no time shift) the filter first runs 
forward through the file and then runs backwards through the file.

ALIGNCTD aligned conductivity in time relative to pressure to ensure that all 
calculations were made using measurements from the same parcel of water.  
Alignment between stations was checked every time the CTD configuration 
changed between primary and secondary underwater packages or every ten 
stations, whichever was less.

CELLTM used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass 
effects from the measured conductivity.  Typical values were used for thermal 
anomaly amplitude (alpha=0.03) and the time constant (1/beta=9.0).

DERIVE was used to compute fall rate (m/s) with a time window size for fall 
rate and acceleration of 2.0 seconds.

LOOPEDIT marked scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum velocity 
of 0.2 m/s or travelling backwards due to ship roll.

BINAVG averaged the data into 1 db pressure bins starting at 1 db with no 
surface bin.  The center value of the first bin was set equal to the bin size.  
The bin minimum and maximum values are the center value  half the bin size.  
Scans with pressures greater than the minimum and less than or equal to the 
maximum were averaged.  Scans were interpolated so that a data record exists 
every decibar.

STRIP removed scan number and fall rate from the data files.

TRANS converted the data file format from binary to ascii.

Following the SEASOFT processing modules, PMEL program POSTCAL corrected 
conductivity with respect to pressure using an additional beta term,

	beta  = -1.29e8  for C1247
	beta  = -5.69e8  for C1177
	c2(i) = (c1(i)*10) + beta * p(i)

computed salinity,
			s(i) = SAL78(c2(i)/42.914,t1(i),p(i),0)

corrected temperature due to instrument calibration error,

		t2(i) = 1.00008961734348 * t1(i) - 9.924374518041036e4

and backed out final conductivity values.

	c3(i) = SAL78(s(i),t2(i),p(i),1)
	c3(i) = c3(i) * 42.914

Also, POSTCAL interpolated temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen 
temperature, and transmissometer voltage where values were bad as flagged by 
SEASOFT before the above corrections and repeated to the surface the first 
good record input interactively by the user.

PMEL program EPSBE94 followed POSTCAL and computed doxc/dt, calibrated CTD 
oxygens, and computed ITS-90 temperature, potential temperature, sigma-t, 
sigma-theta, and dynamic height.  EPSBE94 also introduced the WOCE quality 
flag associated with pressure, temperature, salinity, and CTD oxygen.  Quality 
flag definitions can be found in the WOCE Operations Manual (1994).  1 db data 
were output in EPIC format (Soreide, 1995).  Processed data were despiked and 
values linearly interpolated.  WOCE flags were ammended to reflect these 
changes.

D.	Acknowledgments

The assistance of the officers, crew, and survey department of the NOAA ship 
DISCOVERER is gratefully acknowledged.  Funds for the CTD/O2 program were 
provided to PMEL by the Climate and Global Change program under NOAA's Office 
of Global Programs.

E.	References

Benson, B.B. and D. Krausse Jr., 1984 : The concentration and isotopic 
   fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium 
   with the atmosphere.  Limnology and Oceanography, 29, 620-632.
Denbo, D.W., 1992 : PPLUS Graphics, P.O. Box 4, Sequim, WA, 98382.
Owens, W.B. and R.C. Millard Jr., 1985 : A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
   calibration.  J. Physical Oceanography, 15, 621-631.
Seasoft CTD Aquisition Software Manual, 1994 : Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 
   1808 136th Place NE, Bellevue, Washington, 98005.
Soreide, N.N., M.L. Schall, W.H. Zhu, D.W. Denbo and D.C. McClurg, 1995 : 
   EPIC:  An oceanographic data management, display and analysis system. 
   Proceedings, 11th International Conference on Interactive Information and 
   Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, January 
   15-20, 1995, Dallas, TX, 316-321.
Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
   Marine Science, No. 44.
Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memorgraph By 
   JPOTS editorial panel.
WOCE Operations Manual, 1994 : Volume 3: The Observational Programme, Section 
   3.1: WOCE Hydrographic Programme, Part 3.1.2: Requirements for WHP Data 
   Reporting.  WHP Office Report 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, Woods Hole, MA, 
   02543.

F.	WHPO Summary

Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the 
31DSCG94_2.sum and 31DSCG94_3.sum, 31DSCG94_2.hyd and 31DSCG94_3.hyd, 
31DSCG94_2.csl and 31DSCG94_3.csl and *.wct files.  The *.sum file contains a 
summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent 
information regarding each hydrographic station.  The *.hyd file contains the 
bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  When 
submitted to the SAC, the *.wct files are zipped into one file called 
*wct.zip. The *.csl file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard 
levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and calculated 
values were derived for the *.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure: These three values were smoothed from the 
individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels.

using the following binomial filter-

		t(j) = 0.25ti(j1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not contained 
within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated to the desired 
level after applying the binomial filtering.

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4: KG/M3): 
These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and 
the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80) as described in the 
Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the surface for SIG-TH; 2000 
dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least 
squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of 
the interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two differences between 
the standard level and the two closest values. The slope is first determined 
using CTD temperature and then the adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to 
obtain the gradient potential temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are 
described in Unesco publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares slope 
between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the standard 
level and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran routines are described 
in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical 
component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e. pv=fN2/g, 
where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy frequency (data 
expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local acceleration of gravity.

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic leveling 
method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff (1990).  Equations and 
Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are 
calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and 
Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N 
(Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P18
Final Report for AMS 14C Samples

Robert M. Key and Paul D. Quay
August 26, 1998

1.0	GENERAL INFORMATION

WOCE cruise P18 was s carried out aboard the R/V Discoverer in the southeastern 
Pacific Ocean. The WHPO designation for this cruise was 31DSCG94/2,3. Bruce Taft 
and John Bullister, were the chief scientists for leg 2 and Gregory Johnson and 
Richard Feely for leg 3 (all from NOAA-PMEL). Leg 2 (P18S) departed Punta Arenas, 
Chile on February 22, 1994 and ended on March 2, 1994 at Easter Island. The next 
leg, P18N, departed Easter Island March 27, 1994 and ended at San Diego, CA on 
April 3, 1994. Together the two legs made a meridional section approximately along 
106W from approximately 67S to 24N. The reader is referred to cruise 
documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for cruise 
information. This report covers details of the small volume radiocarbon samples. 
The AMS station locations are shown in Figure 1 and summarized in Table 1. A total 
of 882 Delta-14C samples were collected at 33 stations.

Table 1:	P18 Station AMS 14C Locations
Stn	Date	     Latitude	Longitude	Bottom
						Depth (m)
 10	2/27/1994    -66.995	-103.007	4746
 16	3/01/1994    -63.989	-102.987	5018
 22	3/03/1994    -61.017	-103.000	4970
 28	3/05/1994    -57.818	-103.002	4591
 33	3/08/1994    -54.501	-103.001	4086
 37	3/09/1994    -51.834	-103.002	4000
 41	3/11/1994    -49.163	-103.003	4203
 47	3/12/1994    -45.993	-102.999	3907
 53	3/14/1994    -43.003	-102.998	3827
 59	3/15/1994    -40.003	-102.980	4053
 67	3/17/1994    -35.994	-102.992	3700
 71	3/18/1994    -34.007	-103.002	3667
 77	3/20/1994    -31.000	-103.000	3504
 83	3/22/1994    -28.000	-103.000	3352
 89	3/29/1994    -24.988	-103.001	3833
101	4/01/1994    -19.000	-103.002	4085
105	4/02/1994    -16.998	-102.995	3928
113	4/05/1994    -13.010	-103.008	4252
117	4/06/1994    -11.000	-103.013	4248
126	4/08/1994    - 7.312	-106.944	3175
134	4/10/1994    - 4.003	-110.329	3841
138	4/11/1994    - 2.333	-110.334	3987
142	4/13/1994    - 1.0017	-110.328	4070
145	4/13/1994    - 0.000	-110.334	3785
148	4/14/1994      1.001	-110.333	3675
152	4/15/1994      2.333	-110.333	3701
156	4/16/1994      4.002	-110.335	3868
163	4/18/1994      7.498	-110.335	3939
168	4/19/1994     10.000	-110.000	3310
174	4/21/1994     14.002	-109.998	3275
178	4/22/1994     16.002	-110.000	3307
182	4/23/1994     17.998	-110.000	3269
190	4/25/1994     21.998	-110.000	3165

2.0	PERSONNEL

14C sampling for this cruise was carried out by J. Green and E. Houzel from U. 
Washington. 14C analyses were performed at the National Ocean Sciences AMS 
Facility (NOSAMS) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. G. Thomas (AOML) 
analyzed salinity; K. Hargraves and D. Jones (PMEL) analyzed oxygen. Nutrients 
were analyzed by K. Krogslund (UW) and C. Mordy (PMEL). 13C analyses were run in 
P. Quay's lab (U. Washington). Key collected the data from the originators, merged 
the files, assigned quality control flags to the 14C and submitted the data files 
to the WOCE office (8/98). Paul Quay is P.I. for the 13C and 14C data.

3.0	RESULTS

This 14C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release.

3.1	HYDROGRAPHY

Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the chief 
scientist and described in the hydrographic report.

3.2	14C

The Delta-14C values reported here were originally distributed in a NOSAMS data 
report (NOSAMS, 1998), June 19, 1998. That reports included preliminary results 
which had not been through the WOCE quality control procedures. This report 
supersedes that data distribution.

All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured. Replicate measurements 
were made on 14 water samples. These replicate analyses are tabulated in Table 2. 
The table shows the error weighted mean and uncertainty for each set of 
replicates. Uncertainty is defined here as the larger of the standard deviation 
and the error weighted standard deviation of the mean. For these replicates, the 
simple average of the normal standard deviations for the replicates is 4.9%o. This 
precision estimate is approximately correct for the time frame over which these 
samples were measured (Aug. 1996 - Apr. 1998). Note that the errors given for 
individual measurements in the final data report (with the exception of the 
replicates) include only counting errors, and errors due to blanks and 
backgrounds. The uncertainty obtained for replicate analyses is a better estimate 
of the true error which includes errors due to sample collection, sample 
degassing, etc. For a detailed discussion of this see Key (1996).

Table 2:	Summary of Replicate Analyses
Sta-Cast-Bottle	Delta-14C    Err      E.W.Mean*	  Uncertainty**
 16-1-29	-107.0	     4.3      -100.8	  6.1
		 -98.4	     2.7
 28-1-30	 -52.6	     3.5       -54.9	  2.9
		 -56.6	     2.9
 33-2-33	  37.0	     4.1        31.9	  7.4
		  26.5	     4.3
 33-2-21	  -5.1	     3.8        -4.6	  3.3
		  -2.9	     6.7
 41-1- 7	  44.0	     5.4        36.9	  6.7
		  34.6	     3.1
 47-1-18	 -31.3	     4.5       -35.4	  4.3
		 -37.3	     3.1
 71-1-19	 -20.5	     5.1       -20.5	  5.1
		  15.0***    5.1
 83-1-28	 130.7	     3.8       128.8	  4.4
		 124.5	     5.6
113-1-23	  -90.3	     3.8       -94.2	  5.8
		  -98.6	     4.1
126-2- 2	-219.3	     2.9      -223.8	  8.1
		-230.7	     3.6
134-1-21	-108.4	     2.8      -107.0	  2.0
		-105.6	     2.7
163-1-18	-170.1	     2.3      -174.9	  8.4
		-181.9	     2.8
168-3-17	-206.9****   2.4      -188.8	  3.6
		-188.8	     3.6
182-1-23	-108.1	     3.0      -106.9	  1.8
		-106.2	     2.2

*	Error weighted mean reported with data set
**	Larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard deviation 
	of the mean.
***	Results not used
****	Results not used

*Figure 1: AMS 14C station locations for WOCE P18.

4.0	QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT

Quality flag values were assigned to all Delta-14C measurements using the code 
defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 section 4.5.2. (Joyce, 
et al., 1994). Measurement flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have been assigned. 
The choice between values 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) involves some 
interpretation. There is little overlap between this data set and any existing 14C 
data, so that type of comparison was difficult. In general the lack of other data 
for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14C data.

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which is 
flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered. My subjective opinion is that 
any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded. When flagging 14C data, the 
measurement error was taken into consideration. That is, approximately one-third 
of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate from the true value by more than 
the measurement precision (~4.9%o). No measured values have been removed from this 
data set, therefore a flag value of 5 implies that the sample was totally lost 
somewhere between collection and analysis. Table 3 summarizes the quality control 
flags assigned to this data set. For a detailed description of the flagging 
procedure see Key, et al. (1996).

Table 3:	Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags
Flag	Number
2	742
3	  4
4	  8
5	 30
6	 11

5.0	DATA SUMMARY

Figures 2-5 summarize the Delta-14C data collected on this leg. Only Delta-14C 
measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 ("replicate") are 
included in each figure. Figure 2 shows the Delta-14C values with 2-sigma error 
bars plotted as a function of pressure. The mid depth Delta-14C minimum which 
normally occurs around 2500 meters in most of the Pacific is absent in this 
section except at the northern end and it is weak there. In the main thermocline 
the results cluster into two distinct bands. The band with higher concentration 
result from ventilation via mode and intermediate waters. Figure 3 shows the 
Delta-14C values plotted against silicate.The straight line shown in the figure is 
the least squares regression relationship derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based 
on the GEOSECS global data set. According to their analysis, this line (Delta-14C 
= -70 - Si) represents the relationship between naturally occurring radiocarbon 
and silicate for most of the ocean. They interpret deviations in Delta-14C above 
this line to be due to input of bomb-produced radiocarbon, however, they note that 
the interpretation can be problematic at high latitudes. The points falling above 
the line with silicate concentrations greater than 100 m/kg clearly illustrate 
the departure for waters from the Southern Ocean. Samples collected from shallow 
depths show an upward curving trend with decreasing silicate values reflecting the 
addition of bomb produced 14C.

*Figure 2: Delta-14C results for P18 stations shown with 2-sigma error bars. Only 
	those measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 or 6 are 
	plotted.

Figure 4 compares the surface Delta-14C values for P18 to those from the 
southeastern Pacific GEOSECS data set. The greatest change in concentration is in 
the 30S to 45S latitude range and at 20N where the Delta-14C levels decreased 
by approximately 50%o. The low latitude region shows essentially no change since 
GEOSECS.

Figure 5 shows contoured sections of the Delta-14C distribution along the cruise 
track. The "A" portion shows the upper kilometer of the section and "B" the 
remainder of the water column. The data were gridded using the "loess" methods 
described in Chambers et al. (1983), Chambers and Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) 
and Cleveland and Devlin (1988). Figure 6 shows the same data as Figure 5A except 
the section is plotted in potential density (sigma-theta) - latitude space. For 
this section, the maximum Delta-14C concentration was found at the surface except 
for a few stations between 20S and 5S. Both Figure 5A and Figure 6 clearly 
indicate those surfaces which are being directly ventilated by contact with the 
surface.

*Figure 3: Delta-14C as a function of silicate for P18 AMS samples. The straight 
	line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 1995 (Delta-14C 
	= -70 - Si with radiocarbon in %o and silicate in mol/kg).

*Figure 4: Surface distribution of Delta-14C along WOCE section P18. For 
	comparison the GEOSECS data from the southeastern Pacific are also 
	plotted. Both data sets are shown with 2-sigma error bars.

*Figure 5: Delta-14C sections for WOCE P18 along 165E. The section shown in two 
	parts to allow more detail. See text for gridding method. The bottom 
	topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those stations 
	on which Delta-14C was measured.

*Figure 6: Delta-14C along WOCE section P18 plotted in potential density (sigma-
	theta) - latitude space for the upper kilometer of the water column. 
	Colors and contours contain the same information.

5.1	REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of 
   the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 
   1995.
Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, Wadsworth & 
   Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, CA, 608pp.
Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, Graphical 
   Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing 
   scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836.
Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An approach to 
   regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. Assoc, 83:596-610.
Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., Joyce, T., 
   Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., Saunders, P., Stalcup, 
   M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, WHPO 
   Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 145pp., 1994.
Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 415-423, 
   1996.
Key, R.M., P.D. Quay, G.A. Jones, A.P. McNichol, K.F. Von Reden and R.J. 
   Schneider, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results; P6, P16 & P17, 
   Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996.
NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #97-023, Woods Hole 
   Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 1997.

-------------------------------------------------------------
CRUISE REPORT: WHP LINE P18
(Draft prepared by John Bullister, NOAA-PMEL, 18 June 2000)

The following appendices are included in this file:

APPENDIX 1.	CTD/Rosette Station Locations on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 2.	ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 3.	XCTD deployments Locations on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 4.	Productivity and Shallow Biological Cast Locations on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 5a.	CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94) 
APPENDIX 5b.	CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC94) 
APPENDIX 5c.	CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC96) (interpolated to station 
		locations)
APPENDIX 5d.	Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 5e.	Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 6a.	Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 6b	Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 7.	Bottle Salinity Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 8.	Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)
APPENDIX 9a.	Responses to WOCE DQE of CTD data
APPENDIX 9b.	Responses to WOCE DQE of nutrient data
APPENDIX 9c.	Responses to WOCE DQE of oxygen data

Expedition:	CGC94 (WOCE section P18)
EXPOCODE:31DICG94/1 31DICG94/2 31DICG94/3
Ship: 		NOAA Research Vessel DISCOVERER

Leg 1: Transit from Seattle- Punta Arenas Chile
	26 January 1994 - 18 February 1994
	(Stations 1-7: Not part of P18 section)
Leg 2: Punta Arenas- Easter Island
	22 February 1994 - 24 March 1994
	(Stations 8-87)
Leg 3: Easter Island- San Diego
	29 March 1994 - 27 April 1994
	(Stations 88-194)

Cruise Track: The station locations are listed in Appendix 1 and in the P18.sum 
file.

Additional details on the measurement techniques used on this expedition are 
given in:

McTaggart, K.E., G.C. Johnson, and B.A. Taft (1996): CTD/O2 measurements 
   collected on a Climate and Global Change Cruise (WOCE Section P18) along 
   110W during January-April, 1994. NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-59, 519 pp.
Lamb, M. F., J. L. Bullister, R. A. Feely, , G. C. Johnson, D. P. Wisegarver, B. 
   Taft, R. Wanninkhof, K. E.  McTaggart, K. A. Krogslund, C. Mordy, K. 
   Hargreaves, D. Greeley, T. Lantry, H. Chen, B. Huss, F. J. Millero, R.  H. 
   Byrne, D. A.  Hansell, F. P. Chavez, P. D. Quay, P. R. Guenther, J.-Z. Zhang, 
   W. D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, and T.-H. Peng. Chemical and hydrographic 
   measurements in the eastern Pacific during the CGC94 expedition (WOCE section 
   P18). NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-61, 1997.

Addresses of PIs:

Dr. John L. Bullister
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: 	(206)526-6741
FAX: 	(206)526-6744
Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov

Dr. James Butler
NOAA-CMDL
325 Broadway  R/E/CG1
Boulder, CO 80303
Telephone: 303-497-6898
Internet: butler@cmdl1.cmdl.erl.gov

Dr. Robert Byrne
Marine Science Department
University of South Florida
140 7th Ave. South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Telephone: 813-893-9508
Internet: byrne@msl1.marine.usf.edu

Dr. Francisco Chavez
MBARI
160 Central Ave
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
Telephone: 408-647-3700 
Internet: chfr@mbari.org

Dr. Russ Davis
SIO-UCSD
MC 8030
La Jolla, CA 92093
Telephone: 619-534-4415
Internet: davis@nemo.ucsd.edu

Dr. Richard A. Feely
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: (206)526-6214
FAX: (206)526-6744
Internet: feely@pmel.noaa.gov

Dr. Eric Firing
JIMAR
University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822
Telephone: 808-734-8621
Internet: efiring@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu

Dr. William Jenkins
Department of Chemistry
WHOI
Clark 4
Woods Hole, MA 
Telephone: 617-548-14000 ext: 2554
Internet: wjj@burford.whoi.edu

Dr. Gregory C. Johnson 
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: (206)526-6806
FAX: (206)526-6744
Internet: gjohnson@pmel.noaa.gov

Dr. Frank Millero
University of Miami / RSMAS
4600 Rickenbacher Causeway
Miami, FL 33149
Telephone: 305-361-4707
Internet: millero@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu

Dr. Calvin Mordy
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA
Tel: (206)526-6870
FAX: (206)526-6744
Internet: mordy@pmel.noaa.gov

Dr. Paul Quay 
University of Washington
School of Oceanography
WB-10
Seattle, WA 98195
Telephone: 206-685-6081
Internet: pdquay@u.washington.edu

Dr, Rik Wanninkhof
AOML
430 1Rickenbacher Causeway
Miami, FL 33149
Telephone: 305-361-4379
Internet: wanninkhof@ocean.aoml.noaa.gov

Dr. Bruce A. Taft (retired)
NOAA-PMEL
7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, WA 98115 USA

APPENDIX 1.  CTD/Rosette Station Locations on P18 (CGC94)

CGC94 LEG1:
STATION			
NUMBER	Latitude	Longitude	Date
1	47 43.4 N	122 24.6 W	26 Jan 94
2	44 14.1 N	129 40.5 W	28 Jan 94
3	44 12.0 N	129 43.0 W	28 Jan 94
4	44 16.6 N	129 44.9 W	28 Jan 94
5	44 09.8 N	129 44.9 W	28 Jan 94
6	44 12.3 N	129 37.3 W	29 Jan 94
7	44 18.0 N	129 35.3 W	29 Jan 94
CGC94 LEG2:
STATION			
NUMBER	Latitude	Longitude	Date
8	53 22.9 S	076 22.0 W	23 Feb 94
9	61 13.2 S	090 10.9 W	25 Feb 94
10	66 59.7 S	103 00.4 W	27 Feb 94
11	66 29.8 S	103 00.6 W	28 Feb 94
12	66 00.0 S	102 59.8 W	28 Feb 94
13	65 30.0 S	102 60.0 W	28 Feb 94
14	65 00.0 S	102 59.4 W	28 Feb 94
15	64 29.9 S	102 59.2 W	 1 Mar 94
16	63 59.3 S	102 59.2 W	 1 Mar 94
17	63 30.0 S	102 59.6 W	 2 Mar 94
18	63 00.0 S	102 58.0 W	 2 Mar 94
19	62 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	 2 Mar 94
20	61 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	 2 Mar 94
21	61 27.0 S	102 59.0 W	 3 Mar 94
22	61 01.0 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Mar 94
23	60 30.9 S	102 57.1 W	 3 Mar 94
24	60 00.0 S	103 06.4 W	 4 Mar 94
25	59 31.6 S	103 01.0 W	 4 Mar 94
26	58 59.8 S	103 01.2 W	 4 Mar 94
27	58 30.5 S	102 59.3 W	 5 Mar 94
28	57 49.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Mar 94
29	57 10.3 S	103 00.1 W	 6 Mar 94
30	56 31.6 S	103 04.0 W	 7 Mar 94
31	55 49.6 S	102 59.4 W	 7 Mar 94
32	55 10.0 S	103 00.0 W	 8 Mar 94
33	54 30.1 S	103 00.1 W	 8 Mar 94
34	53 50.0 S	102 59.9 W	 8 Mar 94
35	53 10.0 S	103 03.0 W	 9 Mar 94
36	52 30.2 S	103 00.6 W	 9 Mar 94
37	51 50.0 S	103 00.1 W	 9 Mar 94
38	51 10.0 S	103 00.0 W	10 Mar 94
39	50 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	10 Mar 94
40	49 50.0 S	102 60.0 W	10 Mar 94
41	49 09.8 S	103 00.2 W	11 Mar 94
42	48 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	11 Mar 94
43	47 59.8 S	103 00.4 W	11 Mar 94
44	47 30.0 S	103 00.1 W	11 Mar 94
45	46 59.9 S	102 59.9 W	12 Mar 94
46	46 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	12 Mar 94
47	45 59.6 S	102 60.0 W	12 Mar 94
48	45 28.9 S	102 58.3 W	12 Mar 94
49	45 00.5 S	102 59.6 W	13 Mar 94
50	44 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	13 Mar 94
51	43 59.1 S	102 59.8 W	13 Mar 94
52	43 30.0 S	103 00.8 W	13 Mar 94
53	43 00.2 S	102 59.9 W	14 Mar 94
54	42 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	14 Mar 94
55	42 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	14 Mar 94
56	41 29.6 S	102 59.5 W	15 Mar 94
57	41 01.0 S	103 00.0 W	15 Mar 94
58	40 30.2 S	102 59.2 W	15 Mar 94
59	40 00.2 S	102 58.8 W	15 Mar 94
60	39 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	16 Mar 94
61	39 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	16 Mar 94
62	38 30.3 S	102 59.8 W	16 Mar 94
63	37 59.9 S	102 59.9 W	16 Mar 94
64	37 29.9 S	102 59.0 W	17 Mar 94
65	37 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	17 Mar 94
66	36 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	17 Mar 94
67	35 59.6 S	102 59.5 W	17 Mar 94
68	35 30.0 S	102 59.9 W	18 Mar 94
69	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	18 Mar 94
70	34 31.0 S	103 00.0 W	18 Mar 94
71	34 00.4 S	103 00.1 W	18 Mar 94
72	33 29.7 S	102 59.9 W	19 Mar 94
73	33 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	19 Mar 94
74	32 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	19 Mar 94
75	31 59.8 S	102 58.8 W	19 Mar 94
76	31 29.5 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94
77	31 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94
78	30 30.3 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94
79	30 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	21 Mar 94
80	29 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	21 Mar 94
81	29 00.1 S	103 00.8 W	21 Mar 94
82	28 29.7 S	102 59.8 W	22 Mar 94
83	28 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	22 Mar 94
84	27 30.1 S	103 01.1 W	22 Mar 94
85	26 55.2 S	103 00.6 W	22 Mar 94
86	26 29.7 S	103 00.0 W	23 Mar 94
87	26 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	23 Mar 94
CGC94 LEG3:
STATION			
NUMBER	Latitude	Longitude	Date
 88	25 29.9 S	103 00.0 W	29 Mar 94
 89	24 59.3 S	103 00.0 W	29 Mar 94
 90	24 30.1 S	102 59.8 W	29 Mar 94
 91	23 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	29 Mar 94
 92	23 29.7 S	102 59.7 W	30 Mar 94
 93	23 00.1 S	102 59.8 W	30 Mar 94
 94	22 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	30 Mar 94
 95	21 59.6 S	102 59.4 W	30 Mar 94
 96	21 30.0 S	102 59.9 W	31 Mar 94
 97	20 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	31 Mar 94
 98	20 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	31 Mar 94
 99	20 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	 1 Apr 94
100	19 30.1 S	102 59.5 W	 1 Apr 94
101	19 00.0 S	103 00.1 W	 1 Apr 94
102	18 29.7 S	103 00.1 W	 2 Apr 94
103	17 59.9 S	103 00.2 W	 2 Apr 94
104	17 30.0 S	103 00.4 W	 2 Apr 94
105	16 59.9 S	102 59.7 W	 2 Apr 94
106	16 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	 3 Apr 94
107	16 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Apr 94
108	15 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Apr 94
109	14 60.0 S	102 60.0 W	 3 Apr 94
110	14 30.2 S	102 59.3 W	 4 Apr 94
111	14 00.0 S	102 59.7 W	 4 Apr 94
112	13 30.0 S	103 00.2 W	 4 Apr 94
113	13 00.6 S	103 00.5 W	 5 Apr 94
114	12 30.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Apr 94
115	12 00.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Apr 94
116	11 30.3 S	103 00.0 W	 5 Apr 94
117	11 00.0 S	103 00.8 W	 6 Apr 94
118	10 30.4 S	103 00.1 W	 6 Apr 94
119	10 00.2 S	102 60.0 W	 6 Apr 94
120	09 37.1 S	103 34.0 W	 6 Apr 94
121	09 14.1 S	104 08.1 W	 7 Apr 94
122	08 51.2 S	104 41.7 W	 7 Apr 94
123	08 27.8 S	105 15.6 W	 7 Apr 94
124	08 04.7 S	105 49.7 W	 8 Apr 94
125	07 42.0 S	106 23.0 W	 8 Apr 94
126	07 18.7 S	106 56.6 W	 8 Apr 94
127	06 56.4 S	107 30.7 W	 9 Apr 94
128	06 33.7 S	108 04.4 W	 9 Apr 94
129	06 09.3 S	108 38.5 W	 9 Apr 94
130	05 46.4 S	109 12.2 W	 9 Apr 94
131	05 23.5 S	109 46.0 W	10 Apr 94
132	05 00.1 S	110 20.1 W	10 Apr 94
133	04 29.7 S	110 19.6 W	10 Apr 94
134	04 00.2 S	110 19.7 W	10 Apr 94
135	03 29.9 S	110 20.0 W	11 Apr 94
136	03 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	11 Apr 94
137	02 40.0 S	110 19.9 W	11 Apr 94
138	02 20.0 S	110 20.1 W	11 Apr 94
139	02 00.7 S	110 20.4 W	12 Apr 94
140	01 40.0 S	110 19.9 W	12 Apr 94
141	01 20.0 S	110 20.1 W	12 Apr 94
142	01 00.1 S	110 19.7 W	13 Apr 94
143	00 41.0 S	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94
144	00 20.1 S	110 19.6 W	14 Apr 94
145	00 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	13 Apr 94
146	00 20.1 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94
147	00 39.9 N	110 20.2 W	14 Apr 94
148	01 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94
149	01 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94
150	01 40.6 N	110 20.2 W	15 Apr 94
151	02 00.0 N	110 20.1 W	15 Apr 94
152	02 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94
153	02 40.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94
154	03 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94
155	03 30.0 N	110 20.0 W	16 Apr 94
156	04 00.1 N	110 20.1 W	16 Apr 94
157	04 30.0 N	110 20.0 W	16 Apr 94
158	04 59.7 N	110 20.1 W	17 Apr 94
159	05 30.0 N	110 20.1 W	17 Apr 94
160	06 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	17 Apr 94
161	06 29.9 N	110 20.0 W	17 Apr 94
162	07 00.0 N	110 20.4 W	18 Apr 94
163	07 29.9 N	110 20.1 W	18 Apr 94
164	07 59.9 N	110 20.2 W	18 Apr 94
165	08 30.1 N	110 15.1 W	18 Apr 94
166	09 00.1 N	110 10.0 W	19 Apr 94
167	09 30.1 N	110 05.2 W	19 Apr 94
168	10 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	19 Apr 94
169	10 40.0 N	109 60.0 W	20 Apr 94
170	11 20.0 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94
171	12 00.1 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94
172	12 40.0 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94
173	13 20.0 N	109 59.7 W	21 Apr 94
174	14 00.1 N	109 59.9 W	21 Apr 94
175	14 29.9 N	109 59.9 W	21 Apr 94
176	15 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	21 Apr 94
177	15 29.9 N	109 59.7 W	22 Apr 94
178	16 00.1 N	110 00.0 W	22 Apr 94
179	16 30.0 N	110 00.1 W	22 Apr 94
180	17 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	22 Apr 94
181	17 30.1 N	109 59.8 W	23 Apr 94
182	17 59.9 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94
183	18 30.0 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94
184	19 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94
185	19 30.0 N	109 59.9 W	24 Apr 94
186	20 00.1 N	109 59.9 W	24 Apr 94
187	20 29.9 N	110 00.0 W	24 Apr 94
188	21 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	24 Apr 94
189	21 29.9 N	110 00.1 W	24 Apr 94
190	21 59.9 N	110 00.0 W	25 Apr 94
191	22 29.8 N	109 59.7 W	25 Apr 94
192	22 43.9 N	110 00.4 W	25 Apr 94
193	22 47.9 N	110 00.3 W	25 Apr 94
194	22 51.1 N	109 59.9 W	25 Apr 94

APPENDIX 2. ALACE Float Deployment Locations on P18 (CGC94) (in .sum format)

31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022494 0756   DE	55 50.17 S	 80 22.34 W GPS
31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022494 1636   DE	56 39.64 S	 81 46.87 W GPS
31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022494 2130   DE	57 30.02 S	 83 17.12 W GPS
31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022594 0228   DE	58 19.87 S	 84 45.79 W GPS
31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022594 0725   DE	59 09.26 S	 86 18.96 W GPS
31DICG94/2	1  FLT 022594 1210   DE	59 59.90 S	 87 51.50 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 030894 1025   DE	55 10.40 S	103 01.09 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 031094 2028   DE	49 49.28 S	103 00.10 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 031394 0637   DE	44 58.99 S	103 00.25 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 031594 0117   DE	40 00.99 S	103 00.55 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 031894 1200   DE	35 00.40 S	103 00.74 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	1  FLT 032094 0739   DE	30 00.15 S	103 01.53 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 032994 1341   DE	25 00.24 S	103 00.05 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 033194 2011   DE	20 29.51 S	102 59.98 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 040494 0005   DE	14 59.70 S	103 00.01 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 040694 1917   DE	 9 59.76 S	103 00.70 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 040994 1441   DE	 6 09.09 S	108 38.61 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041094 2307   DE	 3 59.28 S	110 19.78 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041294 1838   DE	 1 20.27 S	110 19.94 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041494 1443   DE	 1 00.38 N	110 19.96 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041694 1431   DE	 3 59.69 N	110 19.93 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041794 1731   DE	 5 59.90 N	110 20.30 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 041994 1956   DE	10 00.78 S	110 00.19 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 042194 1819   DE	14 29.77 S	110 00.03 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	1  FLT 042394 2246   DE	18 59.93 S	109 59.80 W GPS

APPENDIX 3.  XCTD deployments Locations on P18 (CGC94) (in .sum format)

31DICG94/1	XCTD 012994 0355   DE	44 12.97 N 129 37.08 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	XCTD 030294 1916   DE	62 27.85 S 102 58.45 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	XCTD 030394 0941   DE	61 25.90 S 102 58.90 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	XCTD 031094 0556   DE	51 09.50 S 103 00.60 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041494 1540   DE	 1 10.01 N 110 19.87 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041494 2208   DE	 1 30.10 N 110 19.60 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041594 0340   DE	 1 50.30 N 110 19.70 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041594 0933   DE	 2 10.10 N 110 20.00 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041594 1455   DE	 2 30.00 N 110 19.80 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041594 2116   DE	 2 50.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041694 0250   DE	 3 15.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041694 0942   DE	 3 45.00 N 110 19.40 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041694 1546   DE	 4 15.00 N 110 19.80 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041694 2313   DE	 4 45.00 N 110 20.00 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041794 0536   DE	 5 16.28 N 110 19.77 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041794 1227   DE	 5 45.00 N 110 20.00 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041794 1845   DE	 6 15.03 N 110 20.46 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041894 0038   DE	 6 45.00 N 110 20.60 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041894 0659   DE	 7 15.00 N 110 20.61 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041894 1307   DE	 7 45.00 N 110 19.90 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041894 2011   DE	 8 15.00 N 110 17.74 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041894 0159   DE	 8 45.10 N 110 12.50 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	XCTD 041994 0822   DE	 9 15.00 N 110 07.60 W GPS 

APPENDIX 4.  Productivity and Shallow Biological Cast Locations on P18 (CGC94) 
(in .sum format)
 
31DICG94/2	  8	2  BIO 022394 1824   EN 53 23.88 S   76 21.54 W GPS 
31DICG94/2	  9	1  BIO 022594 1910   BE 61 12.44 S   90 11.49 W GPS
31DICG94/2	  9	1  BIO 022594 1913   BO 61 12.52 S   90 11.45 W GPS
31DICG94/2	  9	1  BIO 022594 1916   EN 61 12.52 S   90 11.45 W GPS
31DICG94/2	  9	2  BIO 022594 1920   BE 61 12.55 S   90 11.43 W GPS
31DICG94/2	  9	2  BIO 022594 1932   BO 61 12.71 S   90 11.29 W GPS
31DICG94/2	  9	2  BIO 022594 1940   EN 61 12.83 S   90 10.93 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	1  BIO 022794 1407   BE 67 00.02 S 102 59.46 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	1  BIO 022794 1416   BO 67 00.01 S 102 59.21 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	1  BIO 022794 1420   EN 66 59.98 S 102 59.13 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	2  BIO 022794 1424   BE 67 00.00 S 102 59.00 W GPS SECHI?
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	2  BIO 022794 1429   MR 67 00.01 S 102 59.00 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	2  BIO 022794 1442   MR 67 00.06 S 102 59.01 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 10	2  BIO 022794 1451   EN 67 00.11 S 102 59.00 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 13	2  BIO 022894 1819   BE 65 30.27 S 102 59.91 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 13	2  BIO 022894 1859   BO 65 31.33 S 102 59.27 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 13	2  BIO 022894 1914   EN 65 31.38 S 102 59.28 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 14	2  BIO 030194 0223   BE 65 00.24 S 103 00.39 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 14	2  BIO 030194 0235   EN 65 00.39 S 103 00.56 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	2  BIO 030194 1710   BE 63 57.71 S 103 02.14 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	2  BIO 030194 1716   BO 63 57.71 S 103 02.15 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	2  BIO 030194 1719   EN 63 57.67 S 103 02.29 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	3  BIO 030194 1735   BE 63 57.39 S 103 02.35 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	3  BIO 030194 1747   BO 63 57.19 S 103 02.78 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 16	3  BIO 030194 1753   EN 63 57.17 S 103 02.67 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 19	2  BIO 030294 1822   BE 62 29.22 S 102 59.05 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 19	2  BIO 030294 1829   BO 62 29.23 S 102 58.99 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 19	2  BIO 030294 1858   EN 62 29.88 S 102 58.88 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	1  BIO 030394 1843   BE 60 29.57 S 103 00.22 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	1  BIO 030394 1850   BO 60 29.65 S 102 59.92 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	1  BIO 030394 1853   EN 60 29.70 S 102 59.86 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	2  BIO 030394 1859   BE 60 29.78 S 102 59.60 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	2  BIO 030394 1912   BO 60 29.96 S 102 59.21 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 23	2  BIO 030394 1920   EN 60 30.07 S 102 58.96 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 26	1  BIO 030494 1732   BE 58 59.20 S 102 59.95 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 26	1  BIO 030494 1747   BO 58 59.30 S 102 59.60 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 26	1  BIO 030494 1800   EN 58 59.40 S 102 59.20 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 27	2  BIO 030594 1546   BE 58 30.45 S 102 59.03 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 27	2  BIO 030594 1555   EN 58 30.36 S 102 59.89 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 27	3  BIO 030594 1604   BE 58 30.31 S 102 58.63 W GPS SECHI
31DICG94/2 P18	 27	3  BIO 030594 1635   EN 58 29.91 S 102 57.86 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 28	2  BIO 030694 0033   BE 57 50.93 S 103 02.65 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 28	2  BIO 030694 0038   MR 57 50.91 S 103 02.72 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 28	2  BIO 030694 0044   EN 57 50.82 S 103 03.04 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 33	1  BIO 030894 1401   BE 54 29.63 S 102 59.47 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 33	1  BIO 030894 1426   EN 54 29.68 S 102 58.81 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 33	3  BIO 030894 1840   BE 54 29.97 S 102 59.97 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 33	3  BIO 030894 1843   BO 54 29.97 S 102 59.95 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 33	3  BIO 030894 1847   EN 54 29.92 S 102 59.93 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 36	2  BIO 030994 1516   BE 52 29.86 S 103 00.49 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 36	2  BIO 030994 1529   BO 52 29.90 S 103 00.23 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 36	2  BIO 030994 1540   EN 52 29.95 S 103 00.15 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 37	1  BIO 030994 1827   BE 51 49.63 S 102 59.38 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 37	1  BIO 030994 1838   BO 51 49.51 S 102 59.19 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 37	1  BIO 030994 1842   EN 51 49.49 S 102 59.14 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 38	1  BIO 031094 0047   BE 51 10.24 S 102 59.55 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 38	1  BIO 031094 0055   EN 51 10.24 S 102 59.46 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 40	1  BIO 031094 1537   BE 49 50.03 S 102 59.90 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 40	1  BIO 031094 1545   EN 49 50.05 S 102 59.87 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 40	2  BIO 031094 1605   BE 49 50.14 S 102 59.75 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 40	2  BIO 031094 1620   BO 49 50.20 S 102 59.71 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 40	2  BIO 031094 1629   EN 49 50.21 S 102 59.70 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 43	2  BIO 031194 1530   BE 47 59.82 S 103 00.90 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 43	2  BIO 031194 1538   EN 47 59.84 S 103 01.04 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 43	3  BIO 031194 1544   BE 47 59.88 S 103 01.15 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 43	3  BIO 031194 1601   EN 48 00.02 S 103 01.37 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 47	2  BIO 031294 1516   BE 45 59.26 S 102 59.38 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 47	2  BIO 031294 1537   EN 45 59.26 S 102 59.69 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	1  BIO 031394 1521   BE 44 00.30 S 102 59.82 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	1  BIO 031394 1529   EN 44 00.23 S 102 59.85 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	2  BIO 031394 1533   BE 44 00.22 S 102 59.86 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	2  BIO 031394 1615   EN 44 00.19 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	4  BIO 031394 1925   BE 43 57.49 S 102 59.78 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	4  BIO 031394 1937   BO 43 57.40 S 102 59.95 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 51	4  BIO 031394 1949   EN 43 57.31 S 103 00.14 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 55	1  BIO 031494 1609   BE 42 00.18 S 103 00.09 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 55	1  BIO 031494 1616   EN 42 00.15 S 103 00.16 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 55	2  BIO 031494 1621   BE 42 00.12 S 103 00.21 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 55	2  BIO 031494 1648   EN 42 00.12 S 103 00.52 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 56	1  BIO 031494 2359   BE 41 30.78 S 103 00.02 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 56	1  BIO 031594 0007   BO 41 30.86 S 103 00.03 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 56	1  BIO 031594 0014   EN 41 30.90 S 103 00.08 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 58	1  BIO 031594 1553   BE 40 30.07 S 103 00.05 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 58	1  BIO 031594 1602   EN 40 30.15 S 103 00.05 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 58	2  BIO 031594 1609   BE 40 30.20 S 103 00.00 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 58	2  BIO 031594 1639   EN 40 30.38 S 102 59.61 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 62	1  BIO 031694 1505   BE 38 29.99 S 102 59.95 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 62	1  BIO 031694 1524   EN 38 30.15 S 102 59.96 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 62	2  BIO 031694 1534   BE 38 30.19 S 102 59.97 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 62	2  BIO 031694 1557   EN 38 30.44 S 102 59.89 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 66	1  BIO 031794 1538   BE 36 29.92 S 102 59.74 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 66	1  BIO 031794 1558   EN 36 29.97 S 102 59.73 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	2  BIO 031794 1742   BE 34 30.25 S 102 59.01 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	2  BIO 031894 1745   BO 34 30.30 S 102 59.10 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	2  BIO 031794 1749   EN 34 30.33 S 102 59.05 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	3  BIO 031794 1757   BE 34 30.33 S 102 59.02 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	3  BIO 031894 1814   BO 34 30.33 S 102 59.02 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 70	3  BIO 031794 1824   EN 34 30.46 S 102 58.94 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 74	2  BIO 031994 1607   BE 32 30.10 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 74	2  BIO 031994 1615   EN 32 30.09 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 74	3  BIO 031994 1622   BE 32 30.11 S 103 00.19 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 74	3  BIO 031994 1650   EN 32 30.05 S 103 00.09 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 78	2  BIO 032094 1546   BE 30 29.17 S 103 00.39 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 78	2  BIO 032094 1618   EN 30 29.15 S 103 00.60 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 81	1  BIO 032194 1604   BE 28 59.98 S 102 59.80 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 81	1  BIO 032194 1612   EN 28 59.92 S 102 59.83 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 81	2  BIO 032194 1618   BE 28 59.82 S 102 59.83 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 81	2  BIO 032194 1652   EN 28 59.58 S 102 59.91 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 84	2  BIO 032294 1610   BE 27 30.04 S 103 03.67 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 84	2  BIO 032294 1623   EN 27 29.87 S 103 03.85 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 84	3  BIO 032294 1631   BE 27 29.81 S 103 03.91 W GPS
31DICG94/2 P18	 84	3  BIO 032294 1709   EN 27 29.38 S 103 04.32 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 90	1  BIO 032994 1557   BE 24 29.72 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 90	1  BIO 032994 1607   EN 24 29.64 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 90	2  BIO 032994 1612   BE 24 29.59 S 103 00.17 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 90	2  BIO 032994 1643   EN 24 29.29 S 103 00.23 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 94	1  BIO 033094 1507   BE 22 29.92 S 103 00.08 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 94	1  BIO 033094 1516   EN 22 29.89 S 103 00.11 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 94	2  BIO 033094 1519   BE 22 29.88 S 103 00.12 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 94	2  BIO 033094 1546   EN 22 29.74 S 103 00.14 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 98	1  BIO 033194 1548   BE 20 30.19 S 102 59.04 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 98	1  BIO 033194 1551   EN 20 30.16 S 102 59.04 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 98	2  BIO 033194 1615   BE 20 30.17 S 102 59.02 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	 98	2  BIO 033194 1625   EN 20 30.10 S 102 58.92 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	101	1  BIO 040194 1827   BE 18 53.70 S 103 08.66 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	101	1  BIO 040194 1836   EN 18 53.68 S 103 08.64 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	101	2  BIO 040194 1843   BE 18 53.65 S 103 08.63 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	101	2  BIO 040194 1919   EN 18 53.68 S 103 08.50 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	104	2  BIO 040294 1729   BE 17 29.78 S 103 00.15 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	104	2  BIO 040294 1758   EN 17 29.74 S 103 00.11 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	104	3  BIO 040294 1805   BE 17 29.82 S 103 00.13 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	104	3  BIO 040294 1813   EN 17 29.84 S 103 00.17 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	108	2  BIO 040394 1743   BE 15 30.03 S 102 59.89 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	108	2  BIO 040394 1812   EN 15 30.02 S 102 59.83 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	112	2  BIO 040494 1838   BE 13 30.19 S 103 00.50 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	112	2  BIO 040494 1849   EN 13 30.14 S 103 00.61 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	112	3  BIO 040494 1853   BE 13 30.08 S 103 00.72 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	112	3  BIO 040494 1919   EN 13 29.86 S 103 01.19 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	115	2  BIO 040594 1618   BE 11 59.79 S 103 00.38 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	115	2  BIO 040594 1624   EN 11 59.80 S 103 00.44 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	115	3  BIO 040594 1627   BE 11 59.78 S 103 00.48 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	115	3  BIO 040594 1650   EN 11 59.80 S 103 00.66 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	119	2  BIO 040694 1836   BE  9 59.94 S 103 00.21 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	119	2  BIO 040694 1848   EN  9 59.94 S 103 00.27 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	119	3  BIO 040694 1852   BE  9 59.95 S 103 00.32 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	119	3  BIO 040694 1915   EN  9 59.83 S 103 00.61 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	122	2  BIO 040794 1729   BE  8 51.63 S 104 41.64 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	122	2  BIO 040794 1747   EN  8 51.49 S 104 41.67 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	123	1  BIO 040794 2048   BE  8 27.66 S 105 15.50 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	123	1  BIO 040794 2056   EN  8 27.69 S 105 15.55 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	126	1  BIO 040894 1530   BE  7 18.64 S 106 56.98 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	126	1  BIO 040894 1600   EN  7 18.75 S 106 57.36 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	130	1  BIO 040994 1735   BE  5 46.32 S 109 12.38 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	130	1  BIO 040994 1745   EN  5 46.38 S 109 12.41 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	130	2  BIO 040994 1749   BE  5 46.42 S 109 12.45 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	130	2  BIO 040994 1817   EN  5 46.54 S 109 12.66 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	133	2  BIO 041094 1649   BE  4 29.53 S 110 20.25 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	133	2  BIO 041094 1659   EN  4 29.42 S 110 20.19 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	133	3  BIO 041094 1708   BE  4 29.40 S 110 20.20 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	133	3  BIO 041094 1726   EN  4 28.90 S 110 20.29 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	137	2  BIO 041194 1556   BE  2 39.92 S 110 19.57 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	137	2  BIO 041194 1603   EN  2 39.91 S 110 19.58 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	137	3  BIO 041194 1607   BE  2 39.90 S 110 19.62 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	137	3  BIO 041194 1628   EN  2 39.78 S 110 10.60 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	141	2  BIO 041294 1752   BE  1 20.12 S 110 19.94 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	141	2  BIO 041294 1800   EN  1 20.16 S 110 19.95 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	141	3  BIO 041294 1804   BE  1 20.82 S 110 19.86 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	141	3  BIO 041294 1833   EN  1 20.24 S 110 19.87 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	145	1  BIO 041394 1730   BE  0 00.08 S 110 19.93 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	145	1  BIO 041394 1737   EN  0 00.18 S 110 19.93 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	145	2  BIO 041394 1742   BE  0 00.20 S 110 19.97 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	145	2  BIO 041394 1802   EN  0 00.34 S 110 19.91 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	149	1  BIO 041494 1635   BE  1 20.01 N 110 20.05 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	149	1  BIO 041494 1657   EN  1 19.98 N 110 19.97 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	153	1  BIO 041594 1552   BE  2 40.10 N 110 20.13 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	153	1  BIO 041594 1600   EN  2 40.16 N 110 20.27 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	153	2  BIO 041594 1605   BE  2 40.20 N 110 20.34 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	153	2  BIO 041594 1626   EN  2 40.35 N 110 20.59 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	157	1  BIO 041694 1705   BE  4 30.14 N 110 20.16 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	157	1  BIO 041694 1711   EN  4 30.11 N 110 20.14 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	157	2  BIO 041694 1715   BE  4 30.08 N 110 20.13 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	157	2  BIO 041694 1740   EN  4 30.10 N 110 20.29 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	160	2  BIO 041794 1656   BE  5 59.96 N 110 20.09 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	160	2  BIO 041794 1703   EN  5 59.94 N 110 20.16 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	160	3  BIO 041794 1706   BE  5 59.91 N 110 20.19 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	160	3  BIO 041794 1728   EN  5 59.90 N 110 20.29 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	164	2  BIO 041894 1829   BE  8 00.37 N 110 20.18 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	164	2  BIO 041894 1833   EN  8 00.46 N 110 20.31 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	164	3  BIO 041894 1842   BE  8 00.50 N 110 20.34 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	164	3  BIO 041894 1906   EN  8 00.89 N 110 20.76 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	168	1  BIO 041994 1545   BE 10 00.04 N 110 00.07 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	168	1  BIO 041994 1552   EN 10 00.04 N 110 00.16 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	168	2  BIO 041994 1555   BE 10 00.04 N 110 00.19 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	168	2  BIO 041994 1616   EN 10 00.09 N 110 00.37 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	172	1  BIO 042094 1718   BE 12 40.11 N 109 59.98 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	172	1  BIO 042094 1724   EN 12 40.13 N 109 59.99 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	172	2  BIO 042094 1728   BE 12 40.13 N 110 00.00 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	172	2  BIO 042094 1754   EN 12 40.36 N 109 59.91 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	175	2  BIO 042194 1743   BE 14 29.81 N 110 00.10 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	175	2  BIO 042194 1751   EN 14 29.74 N 110 00.09 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	175	3  BIO 042194 1754   BE 14 29.69 N 110 00.09 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	175	3  BIO 042194 1814   EN 14 29.67 N 110 00.05 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	179	2  BIO 042294 1736   BE 16 29.87 N 109 59.93 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	179	2  BIO 042294 1738   EN 16 29.81 N 109 59.90 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	179	3  BIO 042294 1741   BE 16 29.79 N 109 59.91 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	179	3  BIO 042294 1800   EN 16 29.64 N 109 59.93 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	183	2  BIO 042394 1627   BE 18 29.98 N 109 59.99 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	183	2  BIO 042394 1636   EN 18 29.89 N 109 59.99 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	183	3  BIO 042394 1640   BE 18 29.87 N 109 59.99 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	183	3  BIO 042394 1701   EN 18 29.74 N 109 59.98 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	188	1  BIO 042494 1644   BE 20 59.85 N 109 59.94 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	188	1  BIO 042494 1653   EN 20 59.78 N 109 59.96 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	188	2  BIO 042494 1656   BE 20 59.76 N 110 00.01 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	188	2  BIO 042494 1728   EN 20 59.52 N 110 00.17 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	192	2  BIO 042594 1602   BE 22 44.24 N 110 00.22 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	192	2  BIO 042594 1607   EN 22 44.17 N 110 00.29 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	192	3  BIO 042594 1610   BE 22 44.09 N 110 00.29 W GPS
31DICG94/3 P18	192	3  BIO 042594 1627   EN 22 43.80 N 110 00.51 W GPS

APPENDIX 5a.:  CFC-11 and CFC-12 Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94) 
(Following discussion provided by J. Bullister, PMEL)

CFC Sampling Procedures and Data Processing

CFCs were usually the first water sample collected from the 10 liter bottles.  
Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling of CFCs with other gas samples to 
minimize the time between the initial opening of each bottle and the completion 
of sample drawing.  In most cases, helium, tritium, dissolved oxygen, total CO2, 
alkalinity and pH samples were collected within several minutes of the initial 
opening of each bottle.  CFC samples were collected in 100 ml precision glass 
syringes, and held immersed in a water bath until processing.

The CFC analytical system functioned relatively well during this expedition.  
The CFC system was installed in a specially designed laboratory van located on 
deck, and was isolated from possible contamination from high levels of CFCs 
which are sometimes present in air inside ship laboratories.  Concentration of 
CFCs in air inside this van were usually close to those of clean marine air.

Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas standards 
on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography, 
according to the methods described by Bullister and Weiss (1988).  The 
concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas standards 
are reported relative to the SIO 1993 calibration scale.  CFC concentrations in 
air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and 
are typically in parts-per-trillion (ppt) range.  Dissolved CFC concentrations 
are given in unit of picomole CFC per kg seawater (pmol/kg).  CFC concentrations 
in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their chromatographic 
peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by injecting known 
volumes of gas from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 71489) into the 
analytical instrument.  This concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working 
standard were calibrated versus a primary CFC standard (CC36743) before and 
after the cruise.  No measurable drift in the working standard could be detected 
during this interval.  Full range calibration curves were run at 1 to 2 day 
intervals.  Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas were run much 
more frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes in 
detector sensitivity.  The estimated reproducibility of the calibrations is 
about 1.3% for CFC-11 and 0.5% for CFC-12.  We estimate a precision (1 standard 
deviation) for dissolved CFC measurements of about 1%, or 0.005 pmol/kg, 
whichever is greater (see listing of replicate samples).

Sample loops filled with CFC-free gas, and syringe samples of CFC-free water 
(degassed in a specially designed glass chamber) were run to check sampling and 
analytical blanks.  CFC-11 and CFC-12 were present throughout the water column 
south of about 50S.  CFC concentrations measured in deep samples (>2000 m) 
along the section north of 40S were typically in the range of 0 to 0.010 
pmol/kg, near the detection limit of the analytical system (~0.004 pmol/kg). 
Previous studies (Wisegarver et al, et al 1993) of time-dependent tracers in 
this region of the Pacific indicate that waters at densities sigma0>27.4 should 
have CFC concentrations near zero at present.  We attribute the low level CFC 
signal present in some deep samples along the northern end of the section to the 
slow release of CFC from the walls and O-rings of the 10 liter bottles into the 
seawater sample during storage, and to contamination during the transfer and 
storage of the seawater samples in glass syringes prior to analysis. Based on 
the median concentrations observed in deep water samples along northern end of 
the section, a CFC-11 blank correction of 0.0086 pmol/kg has been applied to the 
CFC-11 data on Leg 2 (Sta 8-87) and 0.0048 pmol/kg for Leg 3 (Sta 88-194).  A 
CFC-12 blank correction of 0.0025 pmol/kg has been applied to the CFC-12 data on 
Leg 2 (Sta 9-87) and 0.0024 for Leg 3 (Sta 89-194).  As a result of these blank 
corrections, some concentrations reported for deep samples are negative.

A number of water samples had anomously high CFC-11 and/or CFC-12 concentrations 
relative to adjacent samples.  These high values appeared to occur more or less 
randomly, and were not clearly associated with other features in the water 
column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations, salinity features, etc).  In most 
cases, only one of the 2 CFCs measured showed these anomolously high levels.  
This suggests that the high values were due to analytical variability or 
isolated low-level contamination events. These samples are included in this 
report and are flagged as either 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) measurements.  
Approximately 40 analyses of CFC-11 were assigned a flag of 3 and 161 CFC-11 
samples assigned a flag of 4.  Approximately 14 analyses of CFC-12 were assigned 
a flag of 3 and  61 CFC-12 samples assigned a flag of 4.

A number of samples were analysed for CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride during 
the cruise.  Because of calibration standard uncertainties and analytical 
problems, the processing of these data have not yet been finalized.  These 
samples are flagged as "5" (not reported).  Those interested in these data 
should contact the John Bullister for updates on the status of the CFC-113 and 
carbon tetrachloride data processing.

References:

Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss,  Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in seawater 
   and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988.
Wisegarver, D.P., J.L. Bullister, R.H. Gammon, F.A. Menzia, and K.C. Kelly 
   (1993):  NOAA chlorofluorocarbon tracer program air and seawater 
   measurements: 1986-1989.  NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-43.

APPENDIX 5b.  CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC94) 

Leg 2
	    Time					F11	F12
Date	    (hhmm)	Latitude	Longitude	PPT	PPT
24 Feb 94   0912	55 18.3 S	079 29.3 W	261.3	503.9
24 Feb 94   0923	55 18.3 S	079 29.3 W	260.8	502.5
24 Feb 94   0933	55 18.3 S	079 29.3 W	261.5	502.5
25 Feb 94   0913	59 27.4 S	086 51.7 W	259.8	508.2
25 Feb 94   0923	59 27.4 S	086 51.7 W	260.0	506.9
25 Feb 94   0933	59 27.4 S	086 51.7 W	259.6	509.2
25 Feb 94   0944	59 27.4 S	086 51.7 W	260.2	508.6
26 Feb 94   0355	67 00.0 S	095 00.0 W	259.4	508.0
26 Feb 94   0405	67 00.0 S	095 00.0 W	260.4	509.9
26 Feb 94   0415	67 00.0 S	095 00.0 W	259.1	508.8
26 Feb 94   0425	67 00.0 S	095 00.0 W	259.7	508.0
27 Feb 94   1743	66 59.7 S	103 00.0 W	259.4	506.9
27 Feb 94   1807	66 59.7 S	103 00.0 W	259.0	504.8
27 Feb 94   1819	66 59.7 S	103 00.0 W	259.0	504.1
27 Feb 94   1839	66 59.7 S	103 00.0 W	259.5	503.5
28 Feb 94   0902	66 00.1 S	102 59.9 W	259.3	506.9
28 Feb 94   0912	66 00.1 S	102 59.9 W	259.8	509.0
28 Feb 94   0922	66 00.1 S	102 59.9 W	259.5	506.8
28 Feb 94   0932	66 00.1 S	102 59.9 W	259.6	508.4
 1 Mar 94   1611	63 58.4 S	103 00.3 W	259.5	508.3
 1 Mar 94   1621	63 58.4 S	103 00.3 W	259.4	506.6
 1 Mar 94   1632	63 58.4 S	103 00.3 W	258.5	507.3
 3 Mar 94   0844	61 26.7 S	102 59.3 W	259.4	   -9.0
 3 Mar 94   0854	61 26.7 S	102 59.3 W	260.0	515.4
 3 Mar 94   0906	61 26.7 S	102 59.3 W	263.1	518.3
 3 Mar 94   0944	61 26.7 S	102 59.3 W	260.1	   -9.0
 4 Mar 94   0742	60 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	262.5	515.1
 4 Mar 94   0752	60 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.8	511.1
 4 Mar 94   0802	60 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.4	522.5
 4 Mar 94   0812	60 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.4	519.9
 6 Mar 94   1904	56 31.2 S	103 09.8 W	259.9	507.8
 6 Mar 94   1916	56 31.2 S	103 09.8 W	260.2	508.5
 6 Mar 94   1926	56 31.2 S	103 09.8 W	261.1	508.1
 6 Mar 94   1938	56 31.2 S	103 09.8 W	259.4	506.2
 8 Mar 94   0314	55 40.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.9	505.3
 8 Mar 94   0324	55 40.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.5	505.3
 8 Mar 94   0334	55 40.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.4	506.1
 8 Mar 94   0344	55 40.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.5	506.6
10 Mar 94   0252	51 09.9 S	102 59.9 W	260.8	507.6
10 Mar 94   0305	51 09.9 S	102 59.9 W	260.7	508.0
10 Mar 94   0315	51 09.9 S	102 59.9 W	260.5	504.0
12 Mar 94   0443	47 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.3	508.8
12 Mar 94   0453	47 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.8	509.8
12 Mar 94   0503	47 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.6	509.0
12 Mar 94   0513	47 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.6	509.9
14 Mar 94   0816	43 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.0	511.4
14 Mar 94   0826	43 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.3	510.5
14 Mar 94   0836	43 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.9	507.7
14 Mar 94   0846	43 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.8	505.1
18 Mar 94   1155	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.0	506.0
18 Mar 94   1206	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.2	506.9
18 Mar 94   1217	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.3	507.6
18 Mar 94   1228	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.1	509.3
20 Mar 94   0337	31 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.2	509.8
20 Mar 94   0347	31 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.8	507.1
20 Mar 94   0357	31 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.6	508.6
20 Mar 94   0407	31 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.7	508.9
21 Mar 94   2234	28 47.4 S	103 01.3 W	262.2	509.1
21 Mar 94   2244	28 47.4 S	103 01.3 W	261.0	508.9
21 Mar 94   2258	28 47.4 S	103 01.3 W	260.6	510.4
23 Mar 94   2308	26 47.8 S	106 13.2 W	261.7	510.4
23 Mar 94   2319	26 47.8 S	106 13.2 W	260.7	509.8
23 Mar 94   2333	26 47.8 S	106 13.2 W	261.5	511.2
Leg 3
	    Time					F11	F12
Date	    (hhmm)	Latitude	Longitude	PPT	PPT
29 Mar 94   1415	25 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.9	510.3
29 Mar 94   1426	25 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.9	510.0
29 Mar 94   1437	25 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.1	509.1
29 Mar 94   1448	25 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	259.5	510.6
30 Mar 94   1329	23 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.9	500.1
30 Mar 94   1339	23 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	262.0	504.4
30 Mar 94   1349	23 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	262.3	500.3
30 Mar 94   1359	23 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.8	505.7
31 Mar 94   1345	21 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.2	504.3
31 Mar 94   1355	21 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	262.7	503.9
31 Mar 94   1405	21 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	261.2	502.4
31 Mar 94   1415	21 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	260.6	502.3
 2 Apr 94   0226	18 29.8 S	103 00.1 W	261.5	512.4
 2 Apr 94   0237	18 29.8 S	103 00.1 W	262.3	510.5
 2 Apr 94   0248	18 29.8 S	103 00.1 W	261.4	510.7
 3 Apr 94   0215	16 54.7 S	103 00.0 W	261.0	509.7
 3 Apr 94   0225	16 54.7 S	103 00.0 W	261.6	513.1
 3 Apr 94   0235	16 54.7 S	103 00.0 W	261.9	511.1
 3 Apr 94   0245	16 54.7 S	103 00.0 W	261.3	511.5
 4 Apr 94   0605	14 30.2 S	102 59.9 W	262.2	511.7
 4 Apr 94   0616	14 30.2 S	102 59.9 W	262.9	514.6
 4 Apr 94   0627	14 30.2 S	102 59.9 W	262.2	511.0
 5 Apr 94   0610	12 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	261.6	510.4
 5 Apr 94   0621	12 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	262.9	505.9
 5 Apr 94   0632	12 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	262.1	504.0
 6 Apr 94   0538	11 00.4 S	103 00.9 W	261.4	   -9.0
 6 Apr 94   0549	11 00.4 S	103 00.9 W	262.1	510.5
 6 Apr 94   0600	11 00.4 S	103 00.9 W	262.1	512.3
 7 Apr 94   0310	09 38.9 S	103 36.4 W	264.6	   -9.0
 7 Apr 94   0321	09 38.9 S	103 36.4 W	263.3	   -9.0
 7 Apr 94   0332	09 38.9 S	103 36.4 W	263.5	516.8
 7 Apr 94   1729	08 51.7 S	104 41.8 W	263.3	510.0
 7 Apr 94   1740	08 51.7 S	104 41.8 W	262.3	511.2
 7 Apr 94   1751	08 51.7 S	104 41.8 W	262.9	515.2
 8 Apr 94   1135	07 42.0 S	106 22.9 W	262.3	513.7
 8 Apr 94   1146	07 42.0 S	106 22.9 W	262.4	511.2
 8 Apr 94   1157	07 42.0 S	106 22.9 W	263.4	513.5
 8 Apr 94   1208	07 42.0 S	106 22.9 W	263.8	513.0
10 Apr 94   1608	04 30.0 S	110 00.0 W	261.1	518.2
10 Apr 94   1619	04 30.0 S	110 00.0 W	264.0	   -9.0
10 Apr 94   1630	04 30.0 S	110 00.0 W	261.6	   -9.0
10 Apr 94   1641	04 30.0 S	110 00.0 W	261.4	514.0
11 Apr 94   0654	03 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	261.6	513.2
11 Apr 94   0705	03 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	261.1	513.9
11 Apr 94   0716	03 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	260.9	515.5
11 Apr 94   1619	02 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	264.0	517.0
11 Apr 94   1630	02 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	263.7	517.8
11 Apr 94   1641	02 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	264.7	514.8
11 Apr 94   1652	02 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	263.1	519.5
13 Apr 94   1008	00 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	264.5	520.3
13 Apr 94   1019	00 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	263.9	519.4
13 Apr 94   1030	00 40.0 S	110 20.0 W	264.4	521.5
14 Apr 94   1013	00 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	263.7	   -9.0
14 Apr 94   1024	00 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	262.7	523.2
16 Apr 94   0854	03 30.0 N	110 20.0 E	264.0	517.9
16 Apr 94   0905	03 30.0 N	110 20.0 E	263.3	518.7
16 Apr 94   0916	03 30.0 N	110 20.0 E	263.2	521.0
17 Apr 94   0436	05 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	265.9	520.7
17 Apr 94   0447	05 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	265.6	519.1
17 Apr 94   0458	05 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	265.1	521.3
19 Apr 94   1923	10 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	266.0	516.7
19 Apr 94   1934	10 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	265.8	519.1
19 Apr 94   1945	10 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	265.4	519.5
19 Apr 94   1956	10 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	264.6	519.4
22 Apr 94   0758	15 48.0 N	110 00.0 W	265.5	525.1
22 Apr 94   0809	15 48.0 N	110 00.0 W	265.4	522.1
22 Apr 94   0820	15 48.0 N	110 00.0 W	265.3	519.9
23 Apr 94   0627	17 43.0 N	110 00.0 W	264.7	522.6
23 Apr 94   0638	17 43.0 N	110 00.0 W	264.7	522.5
23 Apr 94   0649	17 43.0 N	110 00.0 W	264.7	525.0
24 Apr 94   0905	20 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	266.3	525.3
24 Apr 94   0916	20 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	266.6	521.4
24 Apr 94   0927	20 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	265.2	522.0
26 Apr 94   1159	24 30.4 N	113 47.4 W	266.7	528.2
26 Apr 94   1210	24 30.4 N	113 47.4 W	266.0	526.6
26 Apr 94   1221	24 30.4 N	113 47.4 W	266.6	526.0
26 Apr 94   1232	24 30.4 N	113 47.4 W	265.6	526.0

APPENDIX 5c.  CFC Air Measurements on P18 (CGC96) (interpolated to station 
locations)

STATION						    F11	    F12
NUMBER	Latitude	Longitude	Date	    PPT	    PPT
  1	47 43.4 N	122 24.6 W	26 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  2	44 14.1 N	129 40.5 W	28 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  3	44 12.0 N	129 43.0 W	28 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  4	44 16.6 N	129 44.9 W	28 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  5	44 09.8 N	129 44.9 W	28 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  6	44 12.3 N	129 37.3 W	29 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  7	44 18.0 N	129 35.3 W	29 Jan 94   272.0   515.0 
  8	53 22.9 S	076 22.0 W	23 Feb 94   260.4   506.0 
  9	61 13.2 S	090 10.9 W	25 Feb 94   260.1   509.9 
 10	66 59.7 S	103 00.4 W	27 Feb 94   259.4   506.3 
 11	66 29.8 S	103 00.6 W	28 Feb 94   259.4   506.3 
 12	66 00.0 S	102 59.8 W	28 Feb 94   259.4   506.3 
 13	65 30.0 S	102 60.0 W	28 Feb 94   259.3   506.6 
 14	65 00.0 S	102 59.4 W	28 Feb 94   259.3   506.6 
 15	64 29.9 S	102 59.2 W	 1 Mar 94   259.4   507.6 
 16	63 59.3 S	102 59.2 W	 1 Mar 94   259.9   509.7 
 17	63 30.0 S	102 59.6 W	 2 Mar 94   259.9   509.7 
 18	63 00.0 S	102 58.0 W	 2 Mar 94   260.0   510.3 
 19	62 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	 2 Mar 94   260.4   513.8 
 20	61 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	 2 Mar 94   260.4   513.8 
 21	61 27.0 S	102 59.0 W	 3 Mar 94   260.9   517.0 
 22	61 01.0 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Mar 94   260.9   517.0 
 23	60 30.9 S	102 57.1 W	 3 Mar 94   260.9   517.0 
 24	60 00.0 S	103 06.4 W	 4 Mar 94   260.9   517.0 
 25	59 31.6 S	103 01.0 W	 4 Mar 94   260.9   517.0 
 26	58 59.8 S	103 01.2 W	 4 Mar 94   260.6   513.3 
 27	58 30.5 S	102 59.3 W	 5 Mar 94   260.6   512.4 
 28	57 49.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Mar 94   260.6   510.2 
 29	57 10.3 S	103 00.1 W	 6 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 30	56 31.6 S	103 04.0 W	 7 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 31	55 49.6 S	102 59.4 W	 7 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 32	55 10.0 S	103 00.0 W	 8 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 33	54 30.1 S	103 00.1 W	 8 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 34	53 50.0 S	102 59.9 W	 8 Mar 94   260.4   506.7 
 35	53 10.0 S	103 03.0 W	 9 Mar 94   260.6   506.1 
 36	52 30.2 S	103 00.6 W	 9 Mar 94   260.6   506.1 
 37	51 50.0 S	103 00.1 W	 9 Mar 94   260.6   506.1 
 38	51 10.0 S	103 00.0 W	10 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 39	50 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	10 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 40	49 50.0 S	102 60.0 W	10 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 41	49 09.8 S	103 00.2 W	11 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 42	48 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	11 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 43	47 59.8 S	103 00.4 W	11 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 44	47 30.0 S	103 00.1 W	11 Mar 94   260.3   508.2 
 45	46 59.9 S	102 59.9 W	12 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 46	46 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	12 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 47	45 59.6 S	102 60.0 W	12 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 48	45 28.9 S	102 58.3 W	12 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 49	45 00.5 S	102 59.6 W	13 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 50	44 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	13 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 51	43 59.1 S	102 59.8 W	13 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 52	43 30.0 S	103 00.8 W	13 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 53	43 00.2 S	102 59.9 W	14 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 54	42 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	14 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 55	42 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	14 Mar 94   260.3   509.0 
 56	41 29.6 S	102 59.5 W	15 Mar 94   260.0   508.5 
 57	41 01.0 S	103 00.0 W	15 Mar 94   260.0   508.5 
 58	40 30.2 S	102 59.2 W	15 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 59	40 00.2 S	102 58.8 W	15 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 60	39 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	16 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 61	39 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	16 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 62	38 30.3 S	102 59.8 W	16 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 63	37 59.9 S	102 59.9 W	16 Mar 94   259.9   508.1 
 64	37 29.9 S	102 59.0 W	17 Mar 94   260.5   508.3 
 65	37 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	17 Mar 94   260.5   508.3 
 66	36 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	17 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 67	35 59.6 S	102 59.5 W	17 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 68	35 30.0 S	102 59.9 W	18 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 69	35 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	18 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 70	34 31.0 S	103 00.0 W	18 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 71	34 00.4 S	103 00.1 W	18 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 72	33 29.7 S	102 59.9 W	19 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 73	33 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	19 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 74	32 30.0 S	103 00.0 W	19 Mar 94   260.5   508.0 
 75	31 59.8 S	102 58.8 W	19 Mar 94   260.7   508.4 
 76	31 29.5 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 77	31 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 78	30 30.3 S	103 00.0 W	20 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 79	30 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	21 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 80	29 29.0 S	103 00.0 W	21 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 81	29 00.1 S	103 00.8 W	21 Mar 94   261.4   509.0 
 82	28 29.7 S	102 59.8 W	22 Mar 94   261.4   509.4 
 83	28 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	22 Mar 94   261.4   509.4 
 84	27 30.1 S	103 01.1 W	22 Mar 94   261.3   510.0 
 85	26 55.2 S	103 00.6 W	22 Mar 94   261.3   510.0 
 86	26 29.7 S	103 00.0 W	23 Mar 94   261.3   510.0 
 87	26 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	23 Mar 94   261.3   510.0 
 88	25 29.9 S	103 00.0 W	29 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 89	24 59.3 S	103 00.0 W	29 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 90	24 30.1 S	102 59.8 W	29 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 91	23 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	29 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 92	23 29.7 S	102 59.7 W	30 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 93	23 00.1 S	102 59.8 W	30 Mar 94   260.9   506.3 
 94	22 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	30 Mar 94   261.5   502.9 
 95	21 59.6 S	102 59.4 W	30 Mar 94   261.5   502.9 
 96	21 30.0 S	102 59.9 W	31 Mar 94   261.5   502.9 
 97	20 59.9 S	103 00.1 W	31 Mar 94   261.5   505.2 
 98	20 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	31 Mar 94   261.5   505.2 
 99	20 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	 1 Apr 94   261.5   506.6 
100	19 30.1 S	102 59.5 W	 1 Apr 94   261.5   506.6 
101	19 00.0 S	103 00.1 W	 1 Apr 94   261.5   508.4 
102	18 29.7 S	103 00.1 W	 2 Apr 94   261.6   511.3 
103	17 59.9 S	103 00.2 W	 2 Apr 94   261.6   511.3 
104	17 30.0 S	103 00.4 W	 2 Apr 94   261.6   511.3 
105	16 59.9 S	102 59.7 W	 2 Apr 94   261.6   511.3 
106	16 29.9 S	102 59.9 W	 3 Apr 94   261.8   511.6 
107	16 00.0 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Apr 94   261.9   511.8 
108	15 30.1 S	103 00.0 W	 3 Apr 94   261.9   511.8 
109	14 60.0 S	102 60.0 W	 3 Apr 94   261.9   511.8 
110	14 30.2 S	102 59.3 W	 4 Apr 94   262.0   510.3 
111	14 00.0 S	102 59.7 W	 4 Apr 94   262.3   509.6 
112	13 30.0 S	103 00.2 W	 4 Apr 94   262.3   509.6 
113	13 00.6 S	103 00.5 W	 5 Apr 94   262.3   509.6 
114	12 30.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Apr 94   262.6   510.8 
115	12 00.1 S	103 00.1 W	 5 Apr 94   262.6   510.8 
116	11 30.3 S	103 00.0 W	 5 Apr 94   262.6   510.0 
117	11 00.0 S	103 00.8 W	 6 Apr 94   262.6   510.0 
118	10 30.4 S	103 00.1 W	 6 Apr 94   262.6   510.0 
119	10 00.2 S	102 60.0 W	 6 Apr 94   262.7   510.7 
120	09 37.1 S	103 34.0 W	 6 Apr 94   262.8   512.7 
121	09 14.1 S	104 08.1 W	 7 Apr 94   262.9   512.8 
122	08 51.2 S	104 41.7 W	 7 Apr 94   262.9   512.8 
123	08 27.8 S	105 15.6 W	 7 Apr 94   262.9   512.6 
124	08 04.7 S	105 49.7 W	 8 Apr 94   262.9   512.6 
125	07 42.0 S	106 23.0 W	 8 Apr 94   262.9   512.6 
126	07 18.7 S	106 56.6 W	 8 Apr 94   262.9   512.6 
127	06 56.4 S	107 30.7 W	 9 Apr 94   262.6   513.3 
128	06 33.7 S	108 04.4 W	 9 Apr 94   262.5   513.9 
129	06 09.3 S	108 38.5 W	 9 Apr 94   262.5   513.9 
130	05 46.4 S	109 12.2 W	 9 Apr 94   262.6   515.0 
131	05 23.5 S	109 46.0 W	10 Apr 94   262.5   516.0 
132	05 00.1 S	110 20.1 W	10 Apr 94   262.5   516.0 
133	04 29.7 S	110 19.6 W	10 Apr 94   262.5   516.0 
134	04 00.2 S	110 19.7 W	10 Apr 94   262.5   516.0 
135	03 29.9 S	110 20.0 W	11 Apr 94   262.7   516.0 
136	03 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	11 Apr 94   262.7   516.0 
137	02 40.0 S	110 19.9 W	11 Apr 94   262.7   516.0 
138	02 20.0 S	110 20.1 W	11 Apr 94   262.7   516.0 
139	02 00.7 S	110 20.4 W	12 Apr 94   262.7   516.0 
140	01 40.0 S	110 19.9 W	12 Apr 94   263.2   517.3 
141	01 20.0 S	110 20.1 W	12 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
142	01 00.1 S	110 19.7 W	13 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
143	00 41.0 S	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94   263.8   519.2 
144	00 20.1 S	110 19.6 W	14 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
145	00 00.0 S	110 20.0 W	13 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
146	00 20.1 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
147	00 39.9 N	110 20.2 W	14 Apr 94   263.2   517.8 
148	01 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94   264.3   519.5 
149	01 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	14 Apr 94   264.3   519.5 
150	01 40.6 N	110 20.2 W	15 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
151	02 00.0 N	110 20.1 W	15 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
152	02 20.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
153	02 40.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
154	03 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	15 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
155	03 30.0 N	110 20.0 W	16 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
156	04 00.1 N	110 20.1 W	16 Apr 94   264.5   520.8 
157	04 30.0 N	110 20.0 W	16 Apr 94   264.8   520.0 
158	04 59.7 N	110 20.1 W	17 Apr 94   264.8   520.0 
159	05 30.0 N	110 20.1 W	17 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
160	06 00.0 N	110 20.0 W	17 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
161	06 29.9 N	110 20.0 W	17 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
162	07 00.0 N	110 20.4 W	18 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
163	07 29.9 N	110 20.1 W	18 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
164	07 59.9 N	110 20.2 W	18 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
165	08 30.1 N	110 15.1 W	18 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
166	09 00.1 N	110 10.0 W	19 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
167	09 30.1 N	110 05.2 W	19 Apr 94   265.5   519.4 
168	10 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	19 Apr 94   265.5   520.3 
169	10 40.0 N	109 60.0 W	20 Apr 94   265.5   520.3 
170	11 20.0 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94   265.4   520.2 
171	12 00.1 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94   265.4   520.2 
172	12 40.0 N	110 00.0 W	20 Apr 94   265.4   520.2 
173	13 20.0 N	109 59.7 W	21 Apr 94   265.4   520.2 
174	14 00.1 N	109 59.9 W	21 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
175	14 29.9 N	109 59.9 W	21 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
176	15 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	21 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
177	15 29.9 N	109 59.7 W	22 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
178	16 00.1 N	110 00.0 W	22 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
179	16 30.0 N	110 00.1 W	22 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
180	17 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	22 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
181	17 30.1 N	109 59.8 W	23 Apr 94   265.0   522.9 
182	17 59.9 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94   265.4   522.9 
183	18 30.0 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
184	19 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	23 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
185	19 30.0 N	109 59.9 W	24 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
186	20 00.1 N	109 59.9 W	24 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
187	20 29.9 N	110 00.0 W	24 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
188	21 00.0 N	110 00.0 W	24 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
189	21 29.9 N	110 00.1 W	24 Apr 94   265.3   523.1 
190	21 59.9 N	110 00.0 W	25 Apr 94   265.7   524.6 
191	22 29.8 N	109 59.7 W	25 Apr 94   265.7   524.6 
192	22 43.9 N	110 00.4 W	25 Apr 94   266.1   525.1 
193	22 47.9 N	110 00.3 W	25 Apr 94   266.1   525.1 
194	22 51.1 N	109 59.9 W	25 Apr 94   266.1   525.1 

APPENDIX 5d.  Replicate CFC-11 measurements on P18 (CGC94)

STATION	SAMP	F11	F11		STATION	SAMP	F11	F11
NUMBER	NO.	pM/kg	Stdev		NUMBER	NO.	pM/kg	Stdev
  8	313	 0.062	0.021		107	123	 0.070	0.006
  8	319	 0.115	0.008		107	128	 2.316	0.012
  8	323	 0.110	0.009		107	131	 2.138	0.004
 10	304	 0.090	0.004		109	128	 1.402	0.005
 10	307	 0.057	0.003		109	131	 2.152	0.011
 10	313	 0.049	0.003		110	121	 0.002	0.002
 10	334	 6.818	0.048		112	123	 0.010	0.003
 12	101	 0.100	0.001		112	126	 0.058	0.000
 12	107	 0.066	0.005		112	131	 2.090	0.005
 12	132	 6.960	0.037		113	122	 0.001	0.001
 14	101	 0.136	0.009		113	126	 0.130	0.000
 14	113	 0.047	0.008		113	131	 2.135	0.067
 16	135	 5.766	0.130		113	135	 1.845	0.003
 20	101	 0.130	0.002		114	129	 0.902	0.007
 22	101	 0.083	0.006		114	131	 2.278	0.003
 22	106	 0.050	0.004		115	123	 0.008	0.009
 22	111	 0.038	0.000		115	131	 2.274	0.004
 22	132	 5.349	0.013		116	123	 0.034	0.005
 24	101	 0.075	0.000		116	126	 0.135	0.004
 24	107	 0.083	0.005		116	132	 2.233	0.008
 24	134	 4.777	0.014		117	123	 0.004	0.001
 27	110	 0.188	0.007		117	127	 0.067	0.002
 28	104	 0.059	0.008		117	135	 1.762	0.008
 28	106	 0.052	0.008		118	129	 0.288	0.004
 28	130	 4.286	0.147		119	127	 0.061	0.000
 33	203	 0.031	0.024		119	129	 0.580	0.003
 33	206	 0.016	0.001		119	132	 2.162	0.011
 33	212	 0.131	0.002		120	126	 0.097	0.003
 33	218	 2.015	0.003		120	131	 2.153	0.082
 33	223	 3.854	0.010		121	129	 1.349	0.001
 33	226	 3.993	0.008		121	133	 1.959	0.013
 33	229	 4.180	0.013		122	125	 0.124	0.006
 35	119	 2.652	0.022		122	128	 0.274	0.001
 36	101	-0.000	0.001		122	132	 2.151	0.009
 36	107	 0.004	0.007		125	115	-0.001	0.002
 37	225	 4.012	0.124		126	223	 0.057	0.000
 40	301	-0.001	0.002		126	226	 0.260	0.000
 40	321	 2.778	0.004		126	232	 1.905	0.002
 40	329	 3.898	0.009		127	123	 0.138	0.005
 41	103	-0.000	0.009		127	133	 1.699	0.009
 42	103	 0.006	0.003		128	122	 0.017	0.002
 42	127	 3.723	0.033		129	126	 0.130	0.001
 42	132	 4.217	0.291		129	132	 1.798	0.002
 44	103	-0.001	0.006		129	136	 1.694	0.004
 46	103	-0.001	0.003		133	123	 0.132	0.001
 46	123	 3.057	0.034		133	128	 0.417	0.005
 47	111	 0.030	0.003		133	132	 0.692	0.003
 47	116	 0.904	0.028		134	122	 0.058	0.002
 47	123	 3.116	0.075		134	125	 0.265	0.009
 47	127	 3.590	0.091		134	132	 0.756	0.004
 53	103	-0.003	0.002		135	125	 0.481	0.001
 53	107	-0.001	0.001		135	129	 0.632	0.009
 53	135	 3.253	0.019		135	133	 0.920	0.007
 55	313	 0.021	0.001		137	126	 0.238	0.002
 55	317	 0.641	0.007		137	128	 0.518	0.004
 55	325	 3.022	0.011		137	132	 0.713	0.003
 55	331	 3.970	0.018		138	129	 0.536	0.001
 59	103	 0.002	0.003		139	123	 0.122	0.002
 59	109	 0.000	0.006		139	127	 0.465	0.005
 59	111	 0.005	0.002		139	131	 0.733	0.002
 59	113	 0.005	0.001		141	125	 0.169	0.003
 59	119	 1.532	0.000		141	127	 0.388	0.000
 59	128	 3.065	0.028		141	132	 0.785	0.002
 59	134	 3.420	0.054		142	127	 0.586	0.007
 61	112	-0.003	0.003		142	131	 0.752	0.006
 61	114	 0.004	0.006		143	127	 0.590	0.003
 61	131	 3.424	0.072		143	131	 0.813	0.002
 61	132	 3.400	0.002		143	135	 1.720	0.020
 61	133	 3.270	0.014		147	129	 0.777	0.005
 63	116	 0.132	0.004		147	133	 1.239	0.001
 63	118	 0.700	0.005		148	121	 0.020	0.003
 68	116	 0.124	0.002		148	132	 0.843	0.017
 68	118	 0.641	0.006		149	232	 0.872	0.002
 68	132	 3.509	0.081		151	123	 0.109	0.000
 69	117	 0.254	0.002		151	127	 0.433	0.004
 69	126	 2.274	0.008		151	133	 0.956	0.003
 71	123	 1.770	0.006		152	136	 1.809	0.009
 73	118	 0.766	0.120		154	125	 0.189	0.002
 73	119	 1.268	0.006		154	129	 0.553	0.001
 73	128	 2.532	0.015		154	133	 0.983	0.009
 73	133	 2.592	0.008		155	129	 0.651	0.005
 74	118	 0.601	0.023		155	131	 0.861	NaN
 74	126	 1.993	0.004		156	122	 0.020	0.000
 77	118	 0.536	0.001		156	126	 0.304	0.001
 77	127	 2.336	0.006		156	132	 0.865	0.026
 77	132	 2.432	0.007		157	325	 0.213	0.001
 79	117	 0.169	0.002		157	333	 0.978	0.000
 79	121	 1.296	0.029		158	127	 0.253	0.003
 79	129	 2.582	0.004		158	133	 1.381	0.172
 79	132	 2.616	0.017		158	135	 1.668	0.002
 81	301	-0.000	0.001		159	126	 0.096	0.002
 81	320	 0.902	0.010		159	130	 0.318	0.003
 81	322	 1.689	0.004		161	123	 0.058	0.027
 81	325	 2.223	0.017		161	129	 0.391	0.002
 81	330	 2.652	0.051		163	123	 0.037	0.000
 81	332	 2.478	0.018		163	126	 0.183	0.001
 82	124	 2.253	0.026		163	132	 0.569	0.001
 83	118	 0.139	0.014		163	136	 1.637	0.002
 83	126	 2.463	0.094		164	132	 0.646	0.005
 83	127	 2.477	0.011		165	125	 0.210	0.000
 83	132	 2.346	0.001		165	129	 0.389	0.001
 84	126	 2.419	0.016		165	133	 0.985	0.001
 84	130	 2.385	0.013		167	125	 0.156	0.001
 85	118	 0.338	0.002		167	131	 0.743	0.004
 85	120	 0.950	0.013		168	325	 0.091	0.000
 85	122	 1.110	0.003		168	331	 0.567	0.004
 85	125	 1.970	0.005		169	123	 0.045	0.002
 85	131	 2.335	0.002		169	131	 0.624	0.016
 87	119	 0.278	0.002		169	135	 1.636	0.006
 88	106	 0.002	0.000		170	127	 0.291	0.066
 88	119	 0.073	0.009		170	133	 1.638	0.015
 88	131	 2.274	0.001		172	331	 1.674	0.002
 89	119	 0.037	0.002		174	122	 0.020	0.001
 89	126	 2.008	0.005		174	125	 0.091	0.009
 90	321	 0.881	0.001		174	131	 1.529	0.002
 91	120	 0.093	0.000		176	123	 0.017	0.000
 91	127	 2.240	0.011		176	129	 0.313	0.000
 92	122	 0.469	0.000		176	135	 1.722	0.001
 93	115	-0.002	0.001		178	122	 0.021	0.001
 93	119	 0.008	0.024		178	125	 0.078	0.004
 93	126	 1.596	0.007		178	131	 2.012	0.002
 93	132	 2.182	0.006		180	121	 0.002	0.001
 93	135	 1.927	0.007		180	125	 0.050	0.003
 95	119	 0.002	0.000		180	133	 1.998	0.008
 95	126	 1.352	0.013		181	127	 0.145	0.004
 95	132	 2.115	0.019		181	135	 1.870	0.011
 95	135	 1.935	0.056		182	122	 0.032	0.008
 97	120	 0.009	0.013		182	125	 0.056	0.001
 97	125	 0.467	0.004		182	131	 2.221	0.005
 97	128	 2.329	0.003		183	132	 2.193	0.012
 97	132	 2.164	0.008		184	122	 0.047	0.001
 97	135	 1.921	0.028		184	125	 0.127	0.007
 99	120	 0.030	0.015		184	131	 1.045	0.002
 99	127	 2.393	0.002		186	123	 0.037	0.006
 99	132	 2.152	0.015		186	129	 0.353	0.031
101	325	 0.940	0.000		186	133	 2.154	0.007
101	329	 2.329	0.028		188	322	 0.045	0.014
103	121	 0.022	0.006		188	325	 0.084	0.003
103	125	 0.668	0.000		188	331	 1.130	0.001
103	128	 2.315	0.005		188	336	 2.201	0.007
103	131	 2.117	0.001		190	125	 0.089	0.003
103	133	 1.976	0.002		190	129	 0.472	0.001
103	135	 1.953	0.001		190	133	 2.535	0.006
105	123	 0.053	0.001		191	123	 1.512	0.003
105	127	 1.472	0.005		193	103	 0.010	0.003
105	130	 2.204	0.010		193	106	 0.049	0.002
105	134	 1.957	0.003		193	109	 0.187	0.001
106	120	-0.000	0.001		193	111	 0.367	0.001
106	132	 1.969	0.021		193	113	 0.911	0.009
107	121	 0.012	0.005		193	117	 2.214	0.014

APPENDIX 5e.  Replicate CFC-12 measurements on P18 (CGC94)

STATION	SAMP	F12	F12		STATION	SAMP	F12	F12
NUMBER	NO.	pM/kg	Stdev		NUMBER	NO.	pM/kg	Stdev
  2	113	 0.011	0.003		103	131	 1.170	0.012
  8	311	 0.015	0.001		103	133	 1.102	0.014
  8	313	 0.017	0.002		103	135	 1.086	NaN
  8	319	 0.058	0.010		105	123	 0.031	0.003
  8	323	 0.053	0.005		105	127	 0.756	0.009
 10	301	 0.059	0.001		105	130	 1.203	0.007
 10	304	 0.038	0.007		105	134	 1.137	0.039
 10	307	 0.026	0.002		106	120	 0.001	0.000
 10	313	 0.021	0.001		106	132	 1.106	0.022
 10	334	 3.130	0.007		107	121	 0.003	0.000
 12	101	 0.054	0.002		107	123	 0.042	0.002
 12	107	 0.022	0.002		107	128	 1.241	0.011
 12	113	 0.014	0.003		107	131	 1.165	0.009
 12	115	 0.031	0.013		109	121	-0.000	0.003
 12	119	 0.059	0.001		109	128	 0.741	0.005
 12	125	 0.134	0.002		109	131	 1.185	0.001
 12	127	 0.288	0.000		110	121	 0.001	0.000
 12	129	 0.719	0.009		112	123	 0.005	0.001
 12	132	 3.193	0.029		112	126	 0.036	0.002
 14	101	 0.065	0.003		112	131	 1.149	0.004
 14	106	 0.030	0.002		113	122	 0.001	0.002
 14	113	 0.017	0.001		113	126	 0.076	0.002
 14	118	 0.049	0.000		113	131	 1.236	0.079
 16	103	 0.042	0.008		113	135	 1.027	0.014
 16	118	 0.057	0.000		114	129	 0.491	0.007
 16	135	 2.764	0.016		114	131	 1.233	0.013
 20	101	 0.061	0.002		115	123	 0.003	0.008
 22	101	 0.041	0.004		115	131	 1.233	0.015
 22	106	 0.026	0.003		116	123	 0.023	0.004
 22	111	 0.017	0.002		116	126	 0.077	0.002
 22	132	 2.527	0.000		116	132	 1.220	0.009
 24	101	 0.035	0.005		117	123	-0.000	0.003
 24	128	 2.004	0.011		117	127	 0.039	0.002
 24	134	 2.322	0.017		117	135	 1.009	0.002
 27	110	 0.079	0.003		118	129	 0.162	0.002
 28	101	 0.030	0.003		119	127	 0.033	0.001
 28	104	 0.025	0.006		119	129	 0.320	0.007
 28	106	 0.021	0.001		119	132	 1.198	0.006
 28	118	 0.160	0.001		120	126	 0.056	0.001
 28	127	 1.408	0.018		120	131	 1.187	0.033
 28	130	 2.176	0.009		121	129	 0.725	0.005
 28	135	 2.241	0.142		121	133	 1.093	0.013
 33	201	 0.012	0.005		122	125	 0.070	0.004
 33	203	 0.014	0.010		122	128	 0.158	0.000
 33	206	 0.005	0.003		122	132	 1.199	0.005
 33	212	 0.061	0.000		125	115	-0.002	0.000
 33	218	 0.951	0.005		126	223	 0.032	0.002
 33	223	 1.927	0.021		126	226	 0.150	0.001
 33	229	 2.105	0.008		126	232	 1.025	0.008
 35	119	 1.251	0.028		127	123	 0.079	0.001
 36	101	 0.001	0.001		127	133	 0.979	0.006
 36	107	-0.001	0.001		128	122	 0.018	0.001
 37	225	 1.913	0.006		129	126	 0.083	0.006
 40	301	 0.000	0.000		129	132	 0.971	0.005
 40	303	-0.000	0.000		129	136	 1.002	0.027
 40	321	 1.333	0.007		133	123	 0.082	0.002
 40	329	 1.946	0.011		133	128	 0.232	0.002
 41	103	-0.000	0.000		133	132	 0.380	0.002
 42	103	 0.003	0.004		134	122	 0.030	0.003
 42	127	 1.833	0.004		134	125	 0.150	0.002
 42	132	 2.150	0.117		134	132	 0.420	0.002
 44	103	-0.002	0.001		135	125	 0.267	0.001
 46	103	-0.001	0.001		135	129	 0.353	0.001
 46	123	 1.479	0.012		135	133	 0.505	0.002
 47	111	 0.010	0.003		137	126	 0.139	0.004
 47	116	 0.430	0.012		137	128	 0.296	0.002
 47	123	 1.497	0.027		137	132	 0.402	0.004
 47	127	 1.755	0.021		138	129	 0.303	0.000
 53	103	 0.002	0.001		139	123	 0.072	0.002
 53	107	 0.001	0.002		139	131	 0.400	0.003
 53	135	 1.678	0.043		141	125	 0.095	0.003
 55	313	 0.011	0.000		141	127	 0.223	0.001
 55	317	 0.332	0.001		141	132	 0.429	0.000
 55	325	 1.478	0.006		142	127	 0.321	0.003
 55	331	 1.993	0.002		142	131	 0.410	0.001
 59	103	-0.001	0.001		143	131	 0.439	0.001
 59	109	-0.000	0.000		143	135	 0.939	0.030
 59	111	-0.000	0.002		147	129	 0.421	0.005
 59	113	-0.002	0.003		147	133	 0.669	0.003
 59	119	 0.787	0.004		148	121	 0.006	0.001
 59	128	 1.482	0.027		148	132	 0.454	0.010
 59	134	 1.750	0.007		149	228	 0.283	0.004
 61	112	-0.002	0.001		149	232	 0.469	0.003
 61	114	 0.004	0.006		151	123	 0.064	0.001
 61	131	 1.730	0.016		151	127	 0.240	0.002
 61	132	 1.745	0.020		151	133	 0.517	0.007
 61	133	 1.699	0.024		152	136	 0.964	0.006
 63	116	 0.080	0.003		154	125	 0.100	0.001
 63	118	 0.367	0.003		154	129	 0.308	0.001
 68	116	 0.074	0.002		154	133	 0.529	0.008
 68	118	 0.338	0.001		155	129	 0.350	0.007
 68	132	 1.753	0.109		155	131	 0.453	0.006
 69	117	 0.145	0.001		156	122	 0.007	0.001
 69	126	 1.098	0.005		156	132	 0.455	0.019
 71	123	 0.845	0.001		157	325	 0.116	0.001
 73	118	 0.397	0.055		157	333	 0.513	0.001
 73	119	 0.640	0.014		158	127	 0.140	0.003
 73	128	 1.278	0.006		158	133	 0.746	0.122
 73	133	 1.397	0.004		158	135	 0.962	0.004
 74	118	 0.316	0.001		159	126	 0.051	0.003
 74	126	 0.973	0.002		159	130	 0.173	0.003
 77	118	 0.318	0.044		161	123	 0.035	0.013
 77	127	 1.175	0.006		161	129	 0.215	0.001
 77	132	 1.308	0.003		163	123	 0.021	0.002
 79	117	 0.101	0.005		163	126	 0.100	0.001
 79	121	 0.646	0.007		163	132	 0.310	0.003
 79	129	 1.343	0.001		164	132	 0.353	0.002
 79	132	 1.402	0.009		165	125	 0.120	0.003
 81	301	-0.002	0.000		165	129	 0.220	0.007
 81	320	 0.465	0.022		165	133	 0.545	0.003
 81	322	 0.834	0.001		167	125	 0.095	0.011
 81	325	 1.112	0.015		168	325	 0.052	0.003
 81	330	 1.396	0.009		168	331	 0.317	0.003
 82	124	 1.117	0.044		169	123	 0.028	0.002
 83	118	 0.079	0.001		169	131	 0.348	0.004
 83	126	 1.274	0.037		169	135	 0.962	0.004
 83	127	 1.310	0.006		170	127	 0.166	0.033
 83	132	 1.278	0.020		170	133	 0.959	0.015
 84	126	 1.280	0.003		171	120	 0.002	0.000
 84	130	 1.280	0.003		172	331	 0.968	0.004
 85	118	 0.184	0.008		174	122	 0.012	0.001
 85	120	 0.483	0.001		174	125	 0.061	0.018
 85	122	 0.551	0.000		174	131	 0.859	0.006
 85	125	 0.988	0.009		176	123	 0.018	0.004
 85	131	 1.264	0.005		176	129	 0.191	0.002
 87	119	 0.163	0.004		176	135	 0.995	0.011
 87	125	 0.676	0.007		178	122	 0.010	0.000
 88	106	 0.001	0.000		178	125	 0.045	0.000
 88	119	 0.048	0.001		178	131	 1.055	0.007
 88	131	 1.258	0.012		180	121	-0.000	0.000
 89	119	 0.025	0.002		180	125	 0.030	0.001
 89	126	 1.025	0.003		180	133	 1.130	0.001
 90	321	 0.450	0.002		181	127	 0.086	0.001
 91	120	 0.058	0.000		181	135	 1.063	0.002
 91	127	 1.154	0.001		182	122	 0.007	0.001
 92	122	 0.262	0.006		182	125	 0.028	0.003
 93	115	 0.001	0.002		182	131	 1.178	0.019
 93	119	 0.003	0.008		183	132	 1.162	0.011
 93	126	 0.809	0.009		184	122	 0.025	0.000
 93	132	 1.204	0.000		184	125	 0.069	0.000
 93	135	 1.073	0.005		184	131	 0.559	0.001
 95	119	 0.003	0.000		186	123	 0.020	0.000
 95	126	 0.691	0.008		186	129	 0.198	0.002
 95	132	 1.183	0.005		186	133	 1.135	0.000
 95	135	 1.058	0.019		188	322	 0.015	0.000
 97	120	 0.002	0.002		188	325	 0.044	0.002
 97	125	 0.247	0.003		188	331	 0.597	NaN
 97	128	 1.238	0.002		188	336	 1.228	0.017
 97	132	 1.216	0.016		190	125	 0.046	0.002
 97	135	 1.086	0.009		190	129	 0.257	0.004
 99	120	 0.025	0.012		190	133	 1.351	0.012
 99	127	 1.253	0.008		191	123	 0.790	0.006
 99	132	 1.192	0.014		193	103	-0.000	0.001
101	320	-0.001	0.001		193	106	 0.018	0.001
101	325	 0.493	0.002		193	109	 0.103	0.003
103	121	 0.013	0.001		193	111	 0.206	0.008
103	125	 0.358	0.000		193	113	 0.487	0.002
103	128	 1.234	0.006		193	117	 1.196	0.010

APPENDIX 6a. Oxygen Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)

Summary of Oxygen Data for CGC94
Kirk Hargreaves
18 April 1996

1.1	Oxygen
1.1.1	Overview

Oxygen samples were drawn from every bottle for every station (except for some 
of the test casts).  A total of 6191 samples were drawn, including 450 
duplicates.  Five different people drew oxygen samples and four people were 
involved with running samples.  The estimated accuracy is 0.3% plus an estimated 
precision of 0.3 mol/kg.  Note that precision is sampler dependent and was as 
good as 0.2 mol/kg for some samplers.  All samples for station 89 are flagged 
as bad because of bad sampling.

Samples were titrated using Carpenter's whole bottle technique (Carpenter, 
1969).  An auto-titrator based on a design by Gernot Friederich (Friederich, 
1991) and using a modified version of Friederich's software was used to titrate 
the samples.  The titrator consists of a Kloehn 50100 Syringe Drive with a 5 ml 
syringe, a home-built photometer, and a computer.  Post- processing software was 
used to add in temperature corrections and to analyze data.

1.1.2	Sampling and pickling

Oxygen sampled immediately after CFC's and Helium.  Samples were drawn in 
calibrated 125 ml nominal volume iodine determination flasks (Corning 5400-125).

The sampling tube was inserted into the flask, allowed to flow freely and tapped 
to removed bubbles, and then inverted.  The tube was pinched to reduce flow and 
allow water in the flask to drain.  A water sheet was formed on the inside of 
the flask, the sampling tube pinched off, the flask drained, and then put right 
side up.  The sampling tube was slowly released to prevent turbulent flow and 
the flask allowd to fill.  Using a watch, the fill time was measured and used to 
ensure at least two flask volumes overflow. (Typical fill time was 7 seconds).  
During this time, the temperature of the water was recorded using an 
uncalibrated Pt-RTD.  However, these temperatures are not used in the final data 
processing.

Reagents were introduced quicky after sampling using Brinckmann 1.0 ml Fixed 
Volume Dispensette repipets.  The tips of the repipets were lengthened using 
clear polyolefin shrink tubing.  How reagents were introduced varied.  My 
preferred method was adding MnCl2 at the bottom of the flask, and NaOH/NaI at 
the mid-point.  The repipet tips were inserted into the flask and then the 
repipets were filled and dispensed.  This had the problem that on the upstroke, 
sometimes seawater (~5 uL) was aspirated up the tube.  In later cruises, the 
upstroke should take place outside of the flask.  All reagents were prepared 
according to WOCE specifications.

Flasks were capped at this point and shaken until the reagents were well mixed.  
The flask was inverted and checked for bubbles.  Distilled water, or later, 
seawater, was added to the collar of the flask and the flask stowed.  At least 
20 minutes after sampling was finished, flasks were reshaken.

1.1.3	Analysis

Samples were analyzed no earlier than 20 minutes and no later than 8 hours after 
remixing.  Liquid from the flask collar was aspirated with a transfer pipette 
and the stopper removed.  ~1ml of 10N sulfuric acid and a rinsed stir bar were 
added. (Note - the stir bars had short lengths of Tygon on them to improve their 
stirring characteristics.  Stir bars without pivot rings have since been found 
to work better.)  The flask was wiped dry and placed in the titrator and 
titrated with 0.05 N sodium thiosulfate.  After titration, the sample was poured 
out and the flask rinsed with hot tap water.

1.1.4	Standardization

Titrant was standardized with 0.01N potassium iodate solution which was mixd 
before the cruise and stored in air tight bottle.  Standard was dispensed using 
a spare Kloehn 50100 with a calibrated 5 ml buret.  The measured accuracy of the 
dispensed standards is 0.6 uL and 2.3 uL for volumes below and above 5 mL, 
respectively.  Standards all were within 0.1% of each their calculated values 
when intercompared after the cruise.

1.2	Oxygen References

Culberson, C.H., "Dissolved Oxygen", WHP Operations and Methods, WHP Office 
   Report WHPO 91-1, July 1992.
Carpenter, J.H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute Technique for the Winkler 
   Dissolved Oxygen Method", Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 10, pp. 141-143.
Friederich, G.E., Codispoti, L.A., and Sakamoto, C.M., "An Easy-to-Construct 
   Automated Winkler Titration System", MBARI Technical Report 91-6, August 
   1991.
Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and Vetterling, W.T., Numerical 
   Recipies in C, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.

APPENDIX 6b  Replicate Oxygen Measurements on WOCE P18 (CGC94) File gives 
station, sample, mean of replicate oxygen measurements (in mol/kg), standard 
deviation of replicate measurements (sO2), and range of values for replicate 
samples:

#Sta	Sta	O2	sO2	HighO2	LowO2
 11	107	209.67	0.02	209.68	209.66
 11	117	186.14	0.43	186.45	185.84
 11	209	345.22	0.51	345.58	344.85
 12	127	175.44	0.22	175.60	175.29
 12	121	176.42	0.12	176.51	176.34
 13	101	216.31	0.11	216.39	216.23
 13	102	217.23	0.06	217.27	217.19
 13	103	216.30	0.19	216.43	216.16
 15	119	175.82	0.18	175.96	175.69
 15	129	229.91	0.06	229.95	229.87
 16	102	216.79	0.46	217.11	216.46
 20	102	216.53	0.02	216.54	216.52
 20	103	216.01	0.25	216.19	215.83
 21	106	210.65	0.17	210.77	210.53
 21	119	171.54	0.07	171.59	171.49
 22	110	199.45	0.34	199.69	199.21
 22	121	175.68	0.01	175.68	175.67
 23	307	206.03	0.02	206.05	206.01
 23	311	195.09	0.23	195.25	194.93
 24	117	171.52	0.05	171.55	171.48
 24	130	295.04	0.13	295.13	294.95
 28	107	205.58	0.25	205.76	205.41
 28	113	187.73	0.27	187.92	187.54
 33	207	185.03	0.04	185.06	185.00
 33	219	247.23	0.01	247.23	247.23
 33	230	281.77	0.68	282.25	281.29
 34	107	180.58	0.13	180.68	180.49
 34	109	174.59	0.38	174.86	174.32
 35	106	189.68	0.22	189.84	189.53
 35	115	192.85	0.11	192.93	192.77
 35	123	270.72	0.02	270.74	270.71
 36	112	169.65	0.03	169.67	169.62
 36	114	179.01	0.06	179.06	178.97
 37	204	199.09	0.19	199.22	198.95
 37	208	179.84	0.18	179.96	179.71
 37	210	172.80	0.38	173.07	172.53
 39	107	171.13	0.33	171.37	170.90
 40	309	173.90	0.81	174.47	173.33
 41	108	175.82	0.11	175.89	175.74
 41	109	172.81	0.03	172.83	172.79
 42	110	167.63	0.01	167.63	167.63
 42	114	169.13	0.04	169.15	169.10
 44	104	195.74	0.23	195.90	195.57
 44	106	182.61	0.73	183.13	182.09
 44	108	173.48	0.44	173.79	173.17
 45	106	183.05	0.18	183.18	182.92
 45	108	173.78	0.19	173.92	173.65
 45	110	170.46	0.28	170.65	170.26
 46	102	195.21	0.09	195.28	195.15
 46	104	188.23	0.03	188.25	188.21
 46	108	169.24	0.05	169.27	169.20
 47	103	192.84	0.05	192.87	192.80
 47	105	182.38	0.08	182.43	182.33
 47	108	170.38	0.25	170.55	170.20
 52	103	186.60	0.23	186.76	186.44
 52	104	180.77	0.62	181.21	180.33
 52	106	171.92	0.35	172.17	171.67
 53	109	171.94	0.35	172.19	171.69
 53	112	160.98	0.10	161.05	160.91
 53	115	179.58	0.01	179.58	179.57
 54	121	264.28	0.27	264.47	264.09
 54	125	261.39	0.08	261.44	261.34
 54	130	281.11	0.03	281.13	281.09
 55	318	234.36	0.25	234.54	234.19
 55	321	261.12	0.05	261.16	261.09
 55	323	262.03	0.02	262.05	262.02
 58	307	168.45	0.84	169.05	167.85
 58	308	167.11	0.23	167.27	166.95
 58	310	161.99	0.15	162.10	161.88
 59	105	176.76	0.05	176.80	176.72
 59	107	166.76	1.08	167.52	165.99
 59	109	159.83	0.50	160.19	159.48
 60	110	150.61	0.07	150.66	150.56
 60	115	184.42	0.06	184.47	184.38
 60	134	252.09	0.01	252.10	252.08
 61	102	191.62	0.03	191.65	191.60
 61	106	171.19	0.09	171.25	171.13
 61	108	164.85	0.06	164.89	164.81
 62	307	166.44	0.09	166.50	166.38
 62	308	164.68	0.57	165.09	164.28
 62	309	158.67	0.51	159.03	158.31
 63	103	192.86	0.02	192.87	192.84
 63	105	182.16	0.01	182.17	182.16
 63	107	169.09	0.12	169.18	169.01
 64	106	164.47	0.05	164.50	164.43
 64	110	131.87	0.02	131.88	131.86
 64	115	180.47	0.10	180.54	180.40
 68	110	134.88	0.08	134.93	134.82
 68	115	169.60	0.07	169.66	169.55
 68	121	250.94	0.16	251.05	250.83
 69	110	144.05	0.02	144.06	144.03
 70	125	243.94	0.40	244.23	243.66
 70	131	247.40	0.09	247.47	247.34
 70	128	219.68	0.39	219.96	219.41
 71	109	160.54	0.42	160.84	160.25
 71	111	146.48	1.42	147.48	145.47
 71	113	128.59	0.14	128.69	128.50
 72	103	166.95	0.22	167.10	166.79
 72	104	167.31	0.10	167.37	167.24
 72	105	167.07	0.22	167.23	166.91
 73	110	149.25	0.14	149.35	149.15
 73	126	219.79	0.06	219.83	219.74
 73	128	212.61	0.07	212.65	212.56
 73	130	240.28	0.12	240.37	240.20
 74	104	165.61	2.03	167.04	164.18
 74	109	156.57	0.07	156.62	156.52
 74	127	217.55	0.01	217.55	217.54
 75	104	166.85	0.10	166.92	166.78
 75	110	149.98	0.23	150.14	149.82
 75	116	188.08	0.16	188.20	187.97
 76	103	165.58	0.22	165.74	165.43
 76	105	164.80	0.01	164.81	164.79
 76	107	160.34	0.02	160.36	160.33
 77	104	164.98	0.03	165.00	164.96
 77	115	153.46	0.04	153.49	153.43
 77	125	208.50	0.03	208.52	208.47
 78	101	167.04	1.98	168.44	165.64
 78	105	163.18	0.09	163.24	163.12
 78	123	216.78	0.33	217.02	216.55
 79	104	164.85	0.08	164.91	164.79
 79	129	216.58	0.11	216.66	216.50
 79	133	246.76	2.06	248.22	245.30
 80	101	165.18	0.10	165.25	165.11
 80	105	161.33	0.03	161.35	161.31
 80	131	245.09	0.13	245.19	245.00
 81	304	163.74	0.35	163.98	163.49
 82	104	162.15	0.69	162.63	161.66
 82	108	153.90	0.08	153.96	153.84
 83	104	161.35	0.14	161.45	161.25
 83	133	236.37	0.01	236.37	236.36
 83	135	213.12	0.13	213.21	213.03
 84	102	160.90	0.67	161.37	160.43
 84	104	158.34	0.12	158.43	158.26
 85	105	158.32	0.37	158.58	158.06
 85	113	131.08	0.24	131.25	130.91
 86	104	157.62	0.10	157.69	157.55
 86	107	156.61	0.17	156.73	156.48
 86	115	127.98	0.11	128.06	127.90
 87	105	156.46	0.02	156.48	156.45
 87	119	197.14	0.15	197.24	197.03
 88	111	153.96	1.23	154.83	153.09
 88	125	181.28	4.13	184.20	178.36
 88	136	211.11	0.11	211.19	211.03
 90	317	166.69	0.07	166.74	166.64
 90	318	196.02	0.06	196.06	195.98
 90	319	207.76	1.82	209.05	206.47
 91	115	131.89	0.02	131.90	131.88
 91	119	131.22	0.24	131.39	131.04
 91	122	206.45	0.50	206.80	206.10
 92	116	132.08	0.09	132.15	132.02
 92	125	147.64	0.06	147.69	147.60
 92	130	226.63	0.61	227.06	226.20
 93	110	156.20	0.84	156.80	155.61
 93	120	132.78	2.27	134.38	131.18
 93	130	221.07	0.10	221.14	221.00
 94	311	152.31	0.19	152.45	152.18
 94	312	147.91	0.28	148.10	147.71
 94	313	140.15	0.23	140.31	139.98
 95	108	156.01	0.22	156.16	155.85
 95	112	120.29	0.02	120.30	120.28
 95	136	208.92	0.73	209.44	208.40
 96	110	146.82	0.01	146.83	146.81
 96	113	115.67	0.02	115.69	115.66
 96	135	210.62	0.20	210.76	210.47
 97	121	142.87	0.12	142.95	142.78
 97	122	159.96	0.00	159.96	159.96
 97	123	119.08	0.21	119.22	118.93
 98	309	153.85	0.19	153.99	153.72
 98	320	 94.96	0.09	 95.03	 94.90
 98	321	113.87	0.06	113.92	113.83
 99	109	153.89	0.40	154.17	153.61
 99	115	 93.03	0.41	 93.32	 92.74
 99	129	221.48	0.06	221.52	221.44
100	121	 91.10	0.29	 91.31	 90.89
100	122	114.49	0.10	114.55	114.42
100	123	112.25	0.19	112.39	112.12
101	305	149.58	0.38	149.85	149.31
101	311	128.00	0.37	128.26	127.73
101	319	 78.30	0.03	 78.32	 78.28
102	109	151.10	0.47	151.43	150.77
102	111	128.72	0.05	128.75	128.68
102	136	209.50	0.17	209.62	209.38
103	109	149.23	0.16	149.34	149.11
103	120	 77.86	0.29	 78.06	 77.65
103	131	220.21	0.02	220.22	220.19
104	117	 86.09	1.54	 87.17	 85.00
104	118	 83.34	1.85	 84.65	 82.04
104	119	 78.41	2.17	 79.95	 76.88
105	103	147.69	0.34	147.93	147.44
105	109	146.42	0.09	146.48	146.36
105	135	210.15	0.16	210.27	210.04
106	115	 72.99	0.17	 73.11	 72.88
106	117	 64.39	0.16	 64.50	 64.28
106	123	 50.35	0.26	 50.54	 50.17
107	107	145.67	0.37	145.93	145.40
107	118	 58.62	0.75	 59.15	 58.09
107	129	203.57	0.19	203.70	203.43
108	117	 72.62	0.49	 72.96	 72.27
108	122	 58.74	0.00	 58.74	 58.74
108	133	219.89	1.06	220.64	219.14
109	107	140.24	0.17	140.36	140.12
109	111	132.06	0.08	132.12	132.01
109	125	 12.77	0.02	 12.78	 12.75
109	127	 15.16	1.49	 16.22	 14.11
110	109	139.47	0.11	139.55	139.39
110	115	 79.75	0.04	 79.78	 79.72
110	133	214.66	0.02	214.67	214.65
112	101	136.78	0.03	136.80	136.76
112	111	140.39	0.44	140.70	140.07
112	133	209.84	0.05	209.88	209.81
113	112	114.83	0.03	114.85	114.81
113	119	 52.82	0.57	 53.22	 52.41
113	133	213.31	0.06	213.35	213.27
114	101	137.04	0.22	137.20	136.88
114	107	138.81	0.08	138.87	138.75
114	121	 42.27	0.24	 42.44	 42.10
115	107	136.45	0.32	136.68	136.23
115	118	 49.74	0.52	 50.11	 49.37
115	129	132.66	0.18	132.79	132.54
116	109	134.98	0.02	134.99	134.97
116	115	 77.13	0.05	 77.17	 77.10
116	130	124.04	0.09	124.11	123.98
116	136	207.06	1.37	208.02	206.09
117	105	136.14	0.11	136.22	136.06
117	113	105.25	1.82	106.53	103.96
117	119	 54.59	0.17	 54.71	 54.47
118	106	137.60	0.00	137.60	137.60
118	119	 52.60	0.26	 52.79	 52.42
118	134	206.36	0.26	206.54	206.17
119	107	136.94	0.12	137.02	136.86
119	118	 90.47	0.09	 90.54	 90.41
119	132	193.18	0.55	193.57	192.79
120	105	136.64	0.44	136.94	136.33
120	107	135.77	0.09	135.84	135.71
120	109	130.14	0.08	130.19	130.08
121	101	138.41	0.30	138.63	138.20
121	112	111.18	0.14	111.28	111.08
122	107	125.29	0.22	125.45	125.14
122	114	 90.48	0.18	 90.61	 90.35
122	123	 10.41	0.24	 10.58	 10.24
123	209	 95.67	0.17	 95.79	 95.56
123	216	  8.92	0.28	  9.11	  8.72
123	224	203.08	0.71	203.58	202.58
124	105	125.81	0.26	125.99	125.63
126	208	113.04	0.09	113.11	112.98
126	210	102.76	0.04	102.79	102.74
126	223	  4.22	0.21	  4.37	  4.07
127	105	126.80	0.41	127.09	126.51
127	115	 86.39	0.07	 86.45	 86.34
127	128	  7.06	0.14	  7.16	  6.96
128	105	135.76	0.13	135.85	135.66
128	111	 95.18	0.26	 95.36	 95.00
128	115	 89.43	0.05	 89.47	 89.39
129	109	105.27	0.23	105.43	105.11
129	117	 77.52	0.16	 77.63	 77.41
129	120	 35.31	0.00	 35.31	 35.31
133	102	154.55	0.56	154.94	154.15
133	110	115.75	0.34	115.99	115.51
133	131	 47.79	0.13	 47.88	 47.70
134	101	156.60	0.27	156.79	156.41
134	120	 26.66	0.21	 26.81	 26.51
134	132	 61.31	0.03	 61.34	 61.29
135	101	155.87	0.02	155.89	155.86
135	102	157.09	1.08	157.86	156.33
135	103	157.20	0.32	157.42	156.97
135	104	154.09	0.01	154.09	154.08
135	105	148.16	0.45	148.48	147.84
135	106	140.24	0.69	140.73	139.75
136	107	133.07	0.11	133.14	132.99
136	109	110.19	0.11	110.27	110.12
136	111	 97.37	0.12	 97.46	 97.29
136	120	 50.33	0.15	 50.43	 50.23
136	121	 33.92	0.06	 33.96	 33.88
136	136	202.37	0.04	202.40	202.34
137	101	157.86	0.11	157.94	157.78
137	105	148.59	0.22	148.74	148.44
137	109	125.80	0.19	125.93	125.66
138	102	157.78	0.45	158.10	157.46
138	113	 98.16	0.03	 98.18	 98.14
138	115	 90.77	0.13	 90.86	 90.67
139	101	158.81	0.76	159.34	158.27
139	105	144.00	0.25	144.18	143.83
139	109	111.72	0.12	111.81	111.64
139	113	 86.59	0.27	 86.78	 86.40
139	119	 62.59	0.05	 62.63	 62.55
139	136	201.29	0.44	201.61	200.98
140	107	131.26	1.43	132.27	130.25
140	109	115.10	0.22	115.26	114.95
140	133	120.92	1.38	121.89	119.94
141	103	148.77	0.14	148.87	148.67
141	109	119.49	0.19	119.62	119.36
141	136	200.72	0.06	200.76	200.68
142	129	 81.65	0.72	 82.16	 81.14
142	130	 91.69	0.24	 91.86	 91.52
142	131	 97.46	0.16	 97.57	 97.35
142	132	100.44	0.49	100.78	100.09
142	133	 59.42	1.42	 60.42	 58.42
142	134	 85.26	0.98	 85.95	 84.57
142	135	195.33	0.79	195.89	194.77
142	136	203.50	7.76	208.99	198.02
143	105	145.13	0.06	145.17	145.09
143	135	174.56	0.03	174.58	174.53
143	136	194.56	0.26	194.74	194.37
144	103	154.84	0.14	154.94	154.74
144	135	163.18	0.11	163.26	163.10
144	136	188.09	0.11	188.17	188.02
146	126	 18.98	0.83	 19.56	 18.39
146	128	 70.91	0.16	 71.02	 70.79
146	130	103.51	0.91	104.15	102.86
146	132	107.10	0.29	107.31	106.90
146	133	112.44	0.01	112.45	112.44
146	134	134.44	0.07	134.48	134.39
146	135	180.08	0.32	180.31	179.86
146	136	184.97	0.11	185.04	184.89
147	123	 24.22	0.52	 24.59	 23.85
147	134	187.23	0.01	187.23	187.22
147	136	191.99	0.16	192.10	191.87
148	126	 26.72	0.05	 26.76	 26.69
148	128	 53.43	0.01	 53.44	 53.42
148	130	 62.78	0.08	 62.83	 62.72
148	132	 64.65	0.15	 64.75	 64.54
148	134	103.40	0.01	103.41	103.40
148	135	187.27	0.04	187.30	187.25
148	136	194.12	0.15	194.23	194.02
149	209	116.29	0.25	116.47	116.11
149	221	 47.99	0.05	 48.03	 47.96
149	236	200.25	0.01	200.26	200.25
150	101	147.88	0.08	147.94	147.83
150	119	 46.98	1.26	 47.88	 46.09
150	136	202.01	0.12	202.10	201.93
151	136	203.53	0.18	203.66	203.40
152	117	 52.88	0.19	 53.01	 52.74
152	119	 52.44	0.12	 52.52	 52.35
152	129	 47.72	0.30	 47.93	 47.51
153	309	 99.22	0.06	 99.26	 99.17
153	311	 85.23	0.09	 85.29	 85.17
153	336	202.78	0.04	202.81	202.75
154	101	148.89	0.31	149.11	148.67
154	117	 62.92	1.07	 63.68	 62.16
154	136	203.26	0.06	203.30	203.22
155	111	 92.69	0.08	 92.75	 92.64
155	123	 29.02	0.66	 29.48	 28.55
155	136	202.17	0.05	202.20	202.13
156	103	148.21	0.24	148.37	148.04
156	111	 90.56	0.04	 90.59	 90.54
156	136	205.51	0.11	205.59	205.43
157	301	149.32	0.51	149.68	148.96
157	305	133.26	0.27	133.45	133.07
157	331	 60.76	0.10	 60.84	 60.69
158	101	148.52	0.56	148.92	148.13
158	109	112.57	0.06	112.61	112.53
158	136	198.82	0.02	198.83	198.81
159	115	 63.75	0.07	 63.80	 63.69
159	123	  2.89	0.14	  2.99	  2.79
159	127	 34.83	0.05	 34.87	 34.80
161	101	137.12	0.45	137.45	136.80
161	121	  1.45	0.32	  1.68	  1.22
161	135	197.56	0.04	197.59	197.54
162	105	130.14	0.15	130.24	130.03
162	119	  8.17	0.08	  8.22	  8.11
162	130	 10.82	0.41	 11.11	 10.53
163	103	140.70	0.11	140.78	140.62
163	113	 81.49	0.52	 81.86	 81.12
163	129	 30.66	0.04	 30.70	 30.63
164	105	130.53	0.05	130.56	130.50
164	113	 55.49	0.06	 55.53	 55.45
164	127	 27.49	0.29	 27.69	 27.28
165	107	117.18	0.09	117.24	117.12
165	111	 97.59	0.04	 97.62	 97.56
165	133	 41.69	0.29	 41.90	 41.49
166	107	108.03	0.11	108.11	107.95
166	111	 68.51	0.32	 68.74	 68.28
166	136	198.18	0.03	198.19	198.16
167	103	130.15	0.13	130.24	130.06
167	121	  6.17	0.22	  6.32	  6.01
167	131	 14.55	0.01	 14.56	 14.55
168	305	115.46	0.09	115.53	115.40
168	315	 36.08	0.10	 36.16	 36.01
168	331	  5.35	0.04	  5.38	  5.33
169	103	128.09	0.06	128.13	128.05
169	109	 85.41	0.18	 85.53	 85.28
169	113	 51.20	0.20	 51.34	 51.06
170	105	114.24	0.50	114.59	113.88
170	107	 98.85	0.60	 99.27	 98.43
170	135	197.79	0.13	197.88	197.70
171	107	 96.57	0.03	 96.59	 96.55
171	122	  2.72	0.10	  2.79	  2.65
171	131	154.06	0.09	154.13	154.00
172	303	137.35	0.10	137.42	137.28
172	309	113.58	0.27	113.77	113.38
172	335	198.28	0.20	198.42	198.14
173	103	132.63	0.10	132.70	132.56
173	105	125.30	0.01	125.31	125.30
173	135	198.77	0.14	198.87	198.67
174	110	 71.57	0.06	 71.62	 71.53
174	121	  5.16	0.06	  5.20	  5.11
174	123	  1.30	0.04	  1.32	  1.27
175	106	117.08	0.04	117.11	117.05
175	123	  0.93	0.13	  1.03	  0.84
175	131	  8.54	0.13	  8.63	  8.45
176	105	125.69	0.04	125.72	125.67
176	109	100.47	0.14	100.56	100.37
176	135	203.14	0.09	203.20	203.07
177	103	127.93	0.04	127.95	127.90
177	105	121.02	0.13	121.11	120.93
177	115	 23.51	0.07	 23.56	 23.46
178	111	 62.90	0.22	 63.06	 62.74
178	121	  0.55	0.15	  0.65	  0.44
179	102	121.45	0.12	121.53	121.36
179	107	111.53	0.64	111.98	111.08
179	126	  0.50	0.00	  0.50	  0.50
180	101	122.62	0.05	122.66	122.59
180	121	  0.74	0.28	  0.94	  0.54
180	131	 42.70	0.17	 42.82	 42.58
181	111	 75.05	0.43	 75.36	 74.75
181	115	 24.91	0.16	 25.03	 24.80
181	129	  0.61	0.26	  0.79	  0.42
182	106	108.51	0.12	108.60	108.43
182	114	 32.66	0.14	 32.76	 32.56
182	132	214.37	0.01	214.38	214.36
183	107	108.97	0.17	109.09	108.85
183	123	  1.34	0.29	  1.54	  1.14
184	102	119.24	0.01	119.25	119.23
184	122	  0.86	0.42	  1.16	  0.56
184	134	222.53	0.11	222.61	222.46
185	105	115.62	0.01	115.62	115.61
185	115	 17.86	0.20	 18.00	 17.72
185	135	214.99	0.47	215.32	214.66
186	109	 71.19	0.07	 71.24	 71.15
186	135	223.33	0.04	223.36	223.30
187	115	 17.60	0.02	 17.62	 17.58
187	129	  3.54	0.06	  3.59	  3.50
188	309	 82.56	0.08	 82.61	 82.50
188	317	 10.89	0.13	 10.98	 10.79
188	331	 27.36	0.02	 27.37	 27.35
189	105	112.91	0.45	113.23	112.59
189	115	 22.57	0.13	 22.66	 22.48
189	125	  1.38	0.42	  1.67	  1.08
190	101	115.69	0.15	115.79	115.59
190	121	  4.19	0.03	  4.21	  4.17
191	107	 64.78	0.11	 64.85	 64.70
191	115	  1.43	0.01	  1.44	  1.42
192	103	 61.19	1.11	 61.98	 60.41
192	111	 10.17	0.19	 10.31	 10.04
192	123	 21.75	0.06	 21.79	 21.70
193	101	 11.38	0.17	 11.50	 11.26
193	109	  1.21	0.05	  1.25	  1.18
193	115	 51.30	0.30	 51.51	 51.09
194	105	 25.13	0.33	 25.36	 24.90
194	109	153.84	1.47	154.82	152.15

APPENDIX 7.  Bottle Salinity Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)

Bottle salinity measurements on section P18 were made by Gregg Thomas (NOAA-
AOML).  The salinity analysis was accomplished using two Guildline Model 8400A 
inductive autosalinimoters standardized with IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114.  
The instruments were located in a temperature controlled van.  The 
autosalinometer in use was standardized before each run and either at the end of 
each run or after no more than 48 samples.  The drift between standardizations 
was monitored and the individual samples were corrected for that drift by linear 
interpolation.  Duplicate samples taken from the deepest bottle on each cast 
were analyzedon a subsequent day. Bottle salinities were compared with 
preliminary CTD salinities to aid in identification of leaking bottles as well 
as to monitor the CTD conductivity cells' performance and drift.

The expected precision of the autosalinometer with an accomplished operator is 
0.001 pss, with an accuracy of 0.003.  To assess the precision of discrete 
salinity measurements on this cruise, a comparison is made for data from the 
instances in which two bottles were tripped within 10 dbar of each other at the 
same station below a depth of 2000 dbar.  For the 138 instances in which both 
bottles of the pair have acceptable salinity measurements, the standard 
deviation of the differences is 0.0012 pss.  This value is very close to the 
expected precision.

APPENDIX 8.  Nutrient Measurement techniques on WOCE P18 (CGC94)

	Nutrients
	by KA Krogslund and C. W. Mordy (8 May, 1996)

Equipment and Analytical Methods

An Alpkem RFA/2(trademark) autoanalyzer was used to determine dissolved 
concentrations of silicate (Si(OH)4), phosphate (HPO4-3) nitrate (NO3-) and 
nitrite (NO2-).  Measurements were made in a temperature controlled laboratory 
which was maintained at 21()1C.  The following analytical methods were 
employed:

Silicate was converted to silicomolybdic acid and reduced with stannous chloride 
to form silicomolybdous acid or molybdenum blue (Armstrong, 1967).

Phosphate was converted to phosphomolybdic acid and reduced with ascorbic acid 
to form phosphomolybdous acid in a reaction stream heated to 37C (Bernhardt and 
Wilhelms, 1967).

Nitrite was diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with NEDA to from a red 
azo dye.

Nitrate+Nitrite was measured by first reducing nitrate to nitrite in a 
copperized cadmium coil, and then analyzing for nitrite.  Nitrate was determined 
from the difference of nitrate+nitrite and nitrite (Armstrong, 1967).

Sampling Procedures

Nutrient samples were collected from 10-liter Niskin bottles in aged 20 ml high 
density polyethylene scintillation vials closed with teflon lined polyethylene 
caps.  All vials and caps were rinsed with 10% HCl and deionized water prior to 
each station, and rinsed at least three times with sample before filling.  
Samples were usually analyzed immediately after collection; however, some 
samples were stored for up to 12 hours at 4-6C. 

Calibrations and Standards

Standard material for dissolved silicate was sodium fluorosilicate which had 
been referenced against a fused-quartz standard.  Primary standards were 
prepared by dissolving standard material in deionized water, and working 
standards were prepared in low nutrient seawater.  At each station, seven 
concentrations of working standard were freshly prepared and analyzed prior to 
sample analysis, and the highest standard was again analyzed after the last 
sample.  This allowed for regular monitoring of the response, drift and 
linearity of each chemistry.  All analysis were within the linear range of the 
instrument.  Concentrations were converted to moles/kg by calculating sample 
densities using the laboratory temperature of 21C and the practical salinity 
scale (UNESCO, 1981).

Precision

Analytical precision was determined by replicate measurements (usually 4-5 
measurements) on 46 samples from depths greater than 100 m.  The average 
standard deviations of these precision tests were (micromoles/kg) 1.1 silicate, 
0.015 phosphate, and 0.22 nitrate; and the average percent deviations were 0.56% 
silicate, 0.84% phosphate, and 0.59% nitrate.

References

Armstrong, FAJ, Stearns, CR, Strickland, JDH  (1967) The measurement of 
   upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of  the Technicon 
   Autoanalyzer and associated equipment.  Deep-Sea Res 14: 381-389.
Bernhardt H, Wilhelms, A  (1967)  The continuous determination of low level 
   iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer.  Technicon 
   Symposia,  Vol I,  385-389.  UNESCO  (1981)
The practical salinity scale 1978 and the international equation of state of 
   seawater 1980.  Tenth report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and 
   Standards.  UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 36, 144 p.

APPENDIX 9a.  Responses to WOCE DQE of CTD data

Dear Mark,

Thank you for your DQE evaluation of CTD data collected along WOCE section P18.  
We considered each of your suggestions and the following is an itemized 
explanation of what we did or didn't change in our data files, as well as 
answers to your questions.

Kristy McTaggart and Greg Johnson

***************************************************************************

STATION SUMMARY FILE (.sum)

.sum files here were ammended to contain the same maximum pressure values for 
stations 25, 27, 32, 46, 61, and 78 as you listed.

The PDR sound speed used for sounder readings was 1500 m/s.  The readings were 
not corrected for transducer depth below the waterline.  The depth of the 
transducer would've been about 5.5  0.6 m.  We would prefer to use the PDR 
depths as listed and correct them using Carter's tables so that they serve as 
independent measurements and can be used as a check on CTD pressure.

SALINITY

Regarding suspicious CTD salinity data listed in Table 4:

station 24  2-6 dbar	flags not changed to 3
station 51  84 dbar	flag changed to 3
station 52  74 dbar	flag changed to 3
station 53  70 dbar	flag changed to 3
station 55		flags not changed to 3
station 67  46 dbar	flag changed to 3

'Scatter of salinity residuals'

There is an incompatibility between the General Oceanics rosette sampler and the 
Sea-Bird 911plus CTD system that generates a spike in the data stream at the 
moment a bottle is confirmed as tripped.  Because of this, upcast CTD burst data 
had to be averaged prior to the bottle confirm bit.  Two-second averages were 
chosen over a longer interval because the CTD operators did not always let the 
package sit at bottle depth for at least 10 seconds before firing the rosette.  
Hence no changes were made.

'Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations'

Of course one can seemingly make a (very slight) improvement in the CTD-bottle 
residual statistics by allowing more degrees of freedom in the fit as the DQE 
has suggested (that is, breaking up the fit into small station groupings).  One 
could get the best statistics by individually fitting each station to its 
bottles, but most experts would argue that this would be a bad choice, because 
one would not be taking advantage of the CTD calibration as a way to average out 
station-to-station bottle salinity noise.

We believe that the SBE-9/11 CTD conductivity slope drifts gradually, and is 
actually more stable than the day-to-day fluctuations in the autosal- inometer 
salinities owing to small temperature drifts in the laboratory and the fact that 
severe budgetary constraints on these cruises forced us to economize even on 
such things as standard sea water.  We suspect that the "biasing of the CTD 
salinity data" mentioned in the DQE evaluations is actually noise in the bottle 
data.  Somewhat suspicious is that the station groupings recommended by the DQE 
of the correct size (most often 3-5 stations per group) that they could easily 
be owing to daily drift problems in the autosalinometer.  For our original 
calibrations we deliberately chose to model the conductivity slope adjustments 
of the entire data sets for P14S/P15S and P18 using 4th-order polynomial 
functions of station number to average out bottle salinity noise.  We did this 
because we saw no obvious jumps in the CTD calibration for either cruise, just 
gradual drifts.

Statistical support for our philosophy over that of the DQE is given by the 
following exercise:  The 2C potential isotherm is well within the oldest 
Pacific Deep Water, and has some of the tightest Theta-S relation- ships in the 
Pacific Ocean (and probably the world).  For both P18 and P14S/P15S, we looked 
at the absolute values of station-to-station changes in CTD salinity on 
Theta=2.0C (Figure 1) for our original calibration, creating a histogram of 
station-to-station differences for each cruise in 0.001 bins.  We then applied 
the DQE's suggested ad-hoc calibrations for smaller station groupings to the 
data and conducted the same analysis.  When the histograms are differenced 
(Figure 2), one can see that the Theta-S relations at 2C after the DQE's 
corrections are noisier for both cruises.  For P18, after the DQE's suggested 
correction there are four less station pairs in the 0.000 difference bin and one 
less in the 0.001 difference bin whereas there are three more in the 0.002 
difference bin and two more in the 0.003 difference bin.  For P15S/P15S there 
are four less stations in the 0.000 difference bin after the DQE's suggested 
correction, with one more in the 0.001 difference bin and three more in the 
0.002 difference bin.  Since the DQE's "corrections" actually introduce more 
noise in the CTD Theta-S relation at 2C than our original calibration, we 
decline application of them.  The small groups do not improve the calibraiton, 
they degrade, perhaps by introducing auto- salinometer drift noise.

OXYGEN

Rankings for stations as listed in Table 6 were complied with except for station 
160, which is closer to a rating of 2 than 1 and was flagged as 3 not 4.  A 
cutoff of 3750 dbar was used to reflag the deep data of stations 21 and 22; 3400 
dbar for station 65; 3200 dbar for station 67; and 2200 dbar for station 85.  
Note all flags of 6, 7, or 8 were preserved in the
reflagging.

Poor oxygen data were owing to poor sensor performance not to the data 
processing or curve fitting.  A few worst case groupings were reexamined using 
two sets of fit coefficients blended near the oxygen minimum as was done for 
P14S/P15S.  However, there was no significant improvement.  Unfortunately, only 
one oxygen module was available for this cruise due to severe budgetary 
constraints, and it was not a good one.

Suspicious oxygen data listed in Table 5 were examined and near surface data 
were reflagged as 3 as suggested.  Note that data files submitted before and 
after the DQE evaluation are 1 dbar averages, not the 2 dbar averages 
referenced.  For suspicious oxygen data deeper in the water column, these were 
interpolated over and flagged as 6 (stations 30, 69, 70, 71-74, 128, 153, and 
180).  The shift in oxygen data between 2084 and 2384 dbar for station 188 was 
flagged as 3 and not interpolated over.  Again, all flags of 6, 7, or 8 were 
preserved in the reflagging.

Stations 26, 89 and 160 were viewed with adjacent profiles and their bottles.  
Station 26 and 89 oxygen profiles were flagged as 4 as suggested in Table 6.  
Station 160, however, looked to be closer to a rating of 2 than 1 and was 
flagged as 3 not 4.

CTDOXY flags in the .sea file were changed to 4 for all the station samples you 
listed.  Also, CTDOXY flags were changed to 4 where profiles were recently 
interpolated as a result of DQE suggestions:

station	 30	sample	121
	 70		107
	 73		108
	180		111

TEMPERATURE

There is a typo in the data report.  The value of the drift for temperature 
sensor T1461 is -0.0006 C.  Temperature calibrations were applied to the data 
using Seasoft processing module DATCNV which reads the sensor's .con file for 
coefficients.

DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS

The flag value of 8 used near the surface in the .ctd files represent data that 
were continued to the surface from the first assumed good value.  For P14S/P15S 
we used 7.  For P18, this procedure was done in program POSTCAL where temp, 
cond, oxc and oxt were copied back and flagged as 8, then salinity was 
recomputed and flagged as 2 in most cases.  Despiking done after POSTCAL changed 
some flags to 6.  Flags of 8 were left in the data files for this cruise.

As for the large blocks of interpolated data (mostly oxygen) listed in Table 2, 
we maintain that this is the best way to deal with these data from a poor and 
failing sensor.  Flags of 6 (as well as 7 and 8) have been preserved even when 
reflagging the entire oxygen profile as suggested in Table 6.

DENSITY INVERSIONS

Original data submitted for P18 were not examined for small density inversions.  
In response to the DQE evaluation, program DELOOP, as applied to P14S/P15S, with 
an N^2 criteria of -3x10e6 was applied to P18 profiles.  Over 82% of the 
density inversions listed in Table 7 were interpolated over.  Delooped 1 dbar 
averaged data files with all the changes noted above are resubmitted along with 
this reply to the DQE.

DOCUMENTATION

Again, the PDR sound speed was 1500 m/s, and the readings have not been 
corrected for transducer depth (5.5  0.6 m) below the waterline.

Station groupings used for oxygen calibrations and final values of fit 
parameters are given in a separate oxygen calibration table.

Oxygen calibration problems were owing to poor sensor performance.

Temperature pre- and post-cruise calibration difference for sensor T1461 was a 
typo in the documentation and should read -0.0006C.

More frequent flagging of surface temperatures compared to surface salinities is 
explained in the previous section, DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS.

Data files submitted to the WOCE office were 1 dbar averages, not 2 dbar.

APPENDIX 9b. Responses to WOCE DQE of nutrient data

P18 Data Quality Control: Nutrients

C.W. Mordy response to Mantyla Evaluation

Edits Resulting from Mantyla's Comments:

Sta 23: Silicates flagged as uncertain.  Same and Mantyla

Sta 86 & 87: Deep PO4s and NO3s are higher than surrounding stations (85 & 88).  
Flagged Sta 87 bottles 101-119 PO4 & NO3 as uncertain, flagged Sta 86 bottles 
101-118 PO4 & NO3 as uncertain.  Mantyla suggested deep PO4s be flagged 3.

Sta 88: Nitrates flagged as "ok" except for bottles 117 & 101.  Same as Mantyla.

Sta 148: Bottle 126 NO2 flagged as uncertain, same as Mantyla.

Sta 191: Bottle 113 NO2 flagged as uncertain, same as Mantyla.

Zero Silicates: ND would be perhaps more appropriate.  Note that P4, P21 and P6 
all have zero values in the region.  P17E has values of 2-3 uM near the crossing 
while P18 data has lots of scatter.  99 bottles with zero silicates were given 
an uncertain flag.

Other edits:

Silicic Acid
The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 
11:118, 18:103, 31:116, 32:121-124, 113:135, 117:104, 189:103.

Nitrate
The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 
10:323, 12:123, 13:117, 21:113, 31:116, 75:102-103, 91:102, 95:136, 107:106, 
120:104, 140:101, 156:106, 179:111, 180:114, 186:113, 188:303, 190:113, 190:103.
The suggestion to flag Sta 163:107 as uncertain was not taken as the measurement 
was within the scatter of the profile.

Phosphate
The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 18:102, 
26:317, 31:122 & 116, 35:102, 56:209, 79:101-116, 83:101-119, 86:103, 94:301-318, 
95:136, 135:119, 140:101-118, 144:112, 155:114, 156:106, 166:123 & 131, 179:106-
116, 190:113.
The following suggested changes from flag 2 to 3 were not taken: 31:116, 56:209, 
83:120, 117:101, 132:101, 166:132.

Nitrite
The following were flagged as uncertain in agreement with Mantyla: 8:303, 11:116, 
88:18-101.
Sta 49:107, 55:335, 117:109, 125:107, 142:119, 148:126, 191:114 were flagged as 
4 (in agreement with all other nuts).

APPENDIX 9c. Responses to WOCE DQE of oxygen data

All of the flag changes and sample changes suggested by A. Mantyla were 
accepted.

For station 169, samples 105 to 108 were shifted to one depth shallower, samples 
108 and 109 averaged and sample 105 set to -9, flagged as 5.

SO, for station 169
	sample 108 averaged with 109 as sample 109
	sample 107 becomes sample 108,
	sample 106 becomes sample 107,
	sample 105 becomes sample 106,
	sample 105 is set to -9, flag = 5.

For station 192:
no sample for # 104, samples 105 to 107 should be one bottle deeper and no 
listing for sample 107,

SO, for station 192
	sample 105 becomes sample 104,
	sample 106 becomes sample 105,
	sample 107 becomes sample 106,
	sample 107 is set to -9, flag = 5.

In addition, the following flags were changed:

sta	samp	oldflag	newflag
 16	104	2	3
 22	105	2	3
 90	304	2	3
 92	115	2	3
 93	117	2	3
 95	102	2	3
 96	109	2	3
 96	107	2	3
103	135	2	3
115	135	2	3
116	108	2	3
119	111	2	3
126	226	3	2
148	126	6	3
152	113	2	3
152	110	2	3
155	101	2	3
157	303	2	3
163	107	2	3
164	111	3	2
191	114	2	3

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DQE Evaluation of CTD data for RV Discoverer Cruise along
WOCE Section P18 (S and N)
Expocode 31DSCG94_2 and 31DSCG94_3

Mark Rosenberg, November 1998

This report contains a data quality evaluation of the CTD data files for the 
Pacific sector cruise along WOCE meridional section P18 (S and N) (*Figure 1) on 
the RV Discoverer in February to April, 1994. Bottle data are evaluated by Arnold 
Mantyla in a separate report. The data provide a useful contiguous meridional 
section from Antarctic through to tropical waters.

P18 (1994) and P14S/P15S (1996) CTD data were collected by the same group, and 
several of the problems noted here are shared with the 1996 cruise, and are 
already described in the P14S/P15S DQE report (most notably the biasing of 
salinity data for whole stations). Some of the problems found in the P18 data are 
much improved in the later P14S/P15S cruise data (most notably CTD oxygen data 
quality). 

2 dbar CTD data were examined for stations 10 to 194. CTD files for stations 2 to 
7 from the East Blanco Depression were not available. Upcast CTD burst data in the 
.sea file were examined for all stations. In general, salinity data are of good 
quality, while CTD oxygen data quality is mixed.

Station Summary File (.sum)

  The maximum pressure value for several stations was missing in the .sum file. 
   The following values were obtained from the .ctd files, and inserted into the 
   .sum file:

station	max press
25	4648
27	4832
32	4608
46	3914
61	3866
78	3410

  Sound speed and transducer depth information for the ship's sounder were not 
   provided in the documentation. "Corrected depth" (.sum file) was therefore 
   calculated from the CTD at the bottom of the cast  i.e. altimeter reading + 
   maximum CTD pressure recalculated in meters (using the method of Saunders and 
   Fofonoff, 1976). For stations with no altimeter reading, no corrected depth was 
   calculated. These corrected depth values are in an ascii file corrdepth.dat, 
   and have not been merged into the .sum file.

SALINITY

In the following discussion, only CTD and bottle values with a quality flag of  2 
are considered (i.e. QUALT1=2 for CTDSAL and SALNTY in the .sea file). See Table 4 
for a station by station summary of salinity data problems.

Scatter of salinity residuals

The salinity residual data Delta-S (where Delta-S = bottle - CTD salinity 
difference) for all depths is shown in Figure 2. Outliers were rejected 
iteratively by the data processors, as described in the cruise report. Below 500 
dbar, scatter of Delta-S is greatly reduced (Figure 3). In steep gradients above 
500 dbar, the sign of the residual appears to be consistent in most cases with the 
salinity gradient direction (assuming CTD sensors are below the bottles on the 
rosette package). As for P14S/P15S, I recommend increasing the averaging period 
for CTD burst data to 10 seconds. Obviously there will still be a residual in the 
steepest gradients, however the increased averaging period may help decrease 
residuals in less dramatic gradients when the ship is rolling during bottle stops.

Biasing of CTD salinity data for individual stations

Standard deviations for Delta-S for the whole cruise were calculated from data in 
the .sea file ("uncorrected data" in Table 1). The value of 0.0017, calculated 
using all sampling depths and |Delta-S| < or equal to 0.008, is a reasonable 
estimate of the salinity accuracy for the cruise. The same biasing problem for 
individual stations exists as described in the P14S/P15S DQE report. When the 
cruise is viewed as a whole, the salinity accuracy meets WOCE requirements and 
Delta-S varies about a mean of zero (Figures 2 and 3). However when individual 
stations are examined, there is a clear biasing of CTD salinity data (e.g. stations 
113 to 115 in Figure 3, where Delta-S clearly negative). This biasing is a direct 
result of the conductivity calibration method, where the whole cruise is fitted in 
one group and the fourth order station dependent slope correction fails to fully 
track the variation of conductivity sensor behaviour over the cruise. Breaking down 
the stations into smaller calibration groups is strongly recommended - this would 
allow the station dependent slope correction to remove the bias for individual 
stations.

I've repeated the exercise performed on the P14S/P15S data, doing an extra fit to 
the Delta-S data to demonstrate the advantages of refining station grouping for 
the conductivity calibration - see the P14S/P15S DQE report for the method. The 
resulting Sbtl - Scor residuals for depths below 500 dbar are plotted in Figure 4. 
Standard deviation calculations for these "corrected" data are shown in Table 1.

There is only a small improvement to standard deviations calculated for the whole 
cruise (Table 1), however there is a marked improvement to the biasing of 
individual stations (Figure 5 shows some examples). Clearly, breaking down a 
cruise into smaller station groups for the calibration of CTD conductivity 
significantly improves the calibration. As for P14S/P15S, the correction done here 
is only a rough version - for a real calibration on selected station groups, 
groups would be selected with a linear variation of station mean Delta-S, allowing 
the station dependent slope correction to take effect within each group and giving 
even better calibration results.

Table 1:Standard deviations for salinity residuals Delta-S (using only bottle and 
	CTD data for which the quality flag=2), where "uncorrected data" are as 
	submitted to WHPO, and corrected data are with additional Delta-S fit 
	applied.

data			standard deviation of		standard deviation of
			Delta-S, uncorrected data	Delta-S, corrected data
all depths		0.0034				0.0033
deeper than 500 dbar	0.0010				0.0009
all depths, |Delta-S|	0.0017				0.0016
	< or equal to 0.008

Deepwater theta-S curves

Comparing adjacent stations on deepwater theta-S curves, no outlying stations 
were found.

OXYGEN

Oxygen residual data (i.e. bottle - CTD oxygen difference) are plotted in Figure 
6, noting that large outliers lie beyond the axis limits on the graph. CTD oxygen 
data quality is in general not good, particularly when compared with the excellent 
quality for P14S/P15S. From examination of oxygen residual profiles for all 
stations, the calibration is acceptable for only ~40% of stations. The curve-
fitting results are often poor when compared to bottle profiles, and constant 
offsets also occur. In many cases oxygen features which persist in the bottle data 
for a number of consecutive stations are not well described by the CTD oxygen 
traces e.g. the feature around 2000 dbar for stations 125 to 148; and the feature 
around 2500 dbar for stations 184 to 191 (Figure 7 shows examples). Table 6 ranks 
the calibration quality of each station on a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (good). I 
suggest the following flagging for the entire CTD oxygen data in the .ctd files:

  stations ranked 5 or 4 are acceptable (accurate to within ~1%)
  stations ranked 3 or 2 should be flagged as 3 (accurate to within ~2.5%)
  stations ranked 1 should be flagged as 4

It is hard to tell from the data set whether the poor CTD oxygen data quality is 
due to poor oxygen sensor performance, or else due to the data processing and 
curve fitting. From the data report, the processing methodology appears simpler 
than for the later P14S/P15S cruise - notably, there isn't the blending of 2 sets 
of fit coefficients as for P14S/P15S. I'd be interested in a comment from the data 
processors about the source of the problem.

Other relevant notes are as follows:

  The near surface (top ~100 dbar) CTD oxygen data is often unreliable; the top 
   ~40 dbar should be treated with particular caution.
  Many stations appear to have suspicious oxygen data for the top few bins, due to 
   transient sensor errors as the instrument enters the water and the pump winds 
   up. Stations where these errors are greater than ~4 mol/kg, and where there is 
   no matching T/S feature, are summarised in Table 5. The table also includes 
   suspicious data from deeper down, and a flag of 3 is recommended where these 
   glitches are greater than ~4 mol/kg.
  For stations 168 to 189, the oxygen sensor has trouble responding to the rapid 
   fall of oxygen concentration towards zero below the thermocline, a problem 
   common to membrane type sensors in the oxygen depleted layer.
  Stations 26, 89, 111 and 160 have no oxygen bottle samples. CTD oxygen data 
   does not compare well with surrounding stations for 26, 89 and 160, and a flag 
   4 is recommended for the entire CTD oxygen profile; surprisingly, station 111 
   does compare well with surrounding stations.
  In some cases where CTD oxygen data have been "despiked" in the .ctd file, the 
   unspiked data have been transferred to the CTDOXY value in the .sea file. This 
   occurs for the following samples:

station	sample		station	sample
15	128		171	136
13	136		172	336,335
20	129,128,126	173	136
22	127		184	136
35	136		185	136,135
48	124		190	136,133
166	136
167	136,135
168	336
169	108,107,106,105
170	136,135

CTDOXY values for these samples should all be flagged as 4 in the .sea file.

TEMPERATURE

The data report states that data from temperature sensor T1461 were used for 
stations 9-194, and that "post-cruise calibrations showed T1461 to be drifting 
(offset only) by approximately -0.006C". I am confused about this statement, as 
the report goes on to say that "T1460 had jumped by 0.002C, warranting repair". 
If the pre and post cruise calibrations for sensor T1461 indeed differ by .006, 
this is of great concern: is this the correction done by the program POSTCAL? I'd 
appreciate if the data processors would clarify this.

DESPIKING, INTERPOLATION AND FLAGS

A flag value of 8 has often been used near the surface in the .ctd files. This is 
an unassigned value. I assume that this was supposed to be the "despiking" flag 7, 
akin to the flag used for near surface data in the P14S/P15S data, where data has 
been continued to the surface from the first assumed good value. Note that for P18 
data, this occurs more often for temperature than for salinity data (vice versa 
for P14S/P15S) - I'd be interested in a comment from the data processors here i.e. 
I would have expected both parameters to be simultaneously flagged out in most 
cases.

Large blocks of interpolated data (flag 6 in the .ctd files) occur, often in steep 
gradients, and over intervals up to 200 dbar. Linear interpolation is really only 
justified over small vertical intervals, and preferrably not in steep gradients. 
The worst instances are listed in Table 2 below. In all the cases listed, it's 
better to either leave a data gap and flag as 5 (my recommendation), or else leave 
the bad data in and flag as bad.

Table 2:Linear interpolations over large vertical blocks, or over large spans of 
	parameter value.

station	parameter   pressure interval	comment
		   (dbar)
13	T	    90-96,100-118,
		    130-156
13	O	    352-422		large gap
18	O	    314-512		large gap
20	O	    102-308		large gap
22	O	    374-558		large gap
81	O	    274-432		large gap
90	O	    376-420		large gap
175	O	    128-152		large data span, ~90mol/kg
178	O	    86-102		large data span, ~60mol/kg
179	O	    70-94		large data span, ~60mol/kg
180	O	    82-110		large data span, ~100mol/kg
180	O	    116-136		large data span, ~90mol/kg
183	O	    82-110		large data span, ~70mol/kg
183	O	    116-140		large data span, ~60mol/kg
184	O	    90-118		large data span, ~90mol/kg
185	O	    78-88		large data span, ~100mol/kg
186	O	    62-94		large data span, ~100mol/kg
190	O	    74-86		large data span, ~80mol/kg
193	O	    8-24		large data span, ~80mol/kg

DENSITY INVERSIONS

Locations of unstable vertical density gradients are shown in Figure 8; only 
gradients more unstable than -0.003 kg/m3/dbar are shown. Density gradient values 
for these instabilities are summarised in Table 7. The vertical profiles were 
inspected for the 5 worst cases (more unstable than -0.015 kg/m3/dbar): in these 
cases, the instabilities are due to wake water from the package passing the 
sensors. Many of the smaller instabilities may be due to the same effect.

COMPARISONS WITH OTHER CRUISES

Deepwater theta-S and theta-oxygen curves were compared for P18 stations 
coincident with other cruise data sets (Table 3), as follows. Note that only a 
limited number of stations occur at the crossovers. In general, theta-S agreement 
lies within the expected inter-cruise accuracy of 0.002. Oxygen agreement is 
within 2% of deepwater oxygen values.

Table 3:Stations from different cruises used for comparison with P18.

P18 stn	P18 approx. position	other cruise stn    other cruise approx. position
167	 9.5N	110.08W	P4E   182	     9.5N	110.33W
				P4E   183	     9.5N	109.5W
105	17S	103W		P21    76	    16.75S	102.67W
106	16.5S	103W		P21    77	    16.75S	103.33W
 74	32.5S	103W		P6E    57	    32.5S	102.67W
				P6E    58	    32.5S	103.33W
 35	53.17S	103W		P17E  192	    52.8S	103.33W
 36	52.5S	103W		P17E  193	    52.88S	102.25W
 10	67S	103W		S4P   712	    67S	103.5W

	P18N and P4E (P.I. H. Bryden on eastern leg) (Figure 9)
P4E salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.0015
Oxygen data compare well below theta=2.2

	P18N and P21 (P.I. M. McCartney on eastern leg) (Figure 9)
P21 salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.002.
Oxygen data compare well below theta=2.2 for the two P21 stations and one of the 
P18 stations; the second P18 station is lower  by ~3 mol/kg above theta=1.55, and 
agrees below this.

	P18S and P6E (P.I. H. Bryden on eastern leg) (Figure 9)
P6E salinity is lower than P18 by ~0.001.
Oxygen comparison is inconclusive: P6E is ~2.5 mol/kg higher than P18, but 
converges at the bottom.

	P18S and P17E (P.I. J. Swift) (Figure 10)
P17E salinity is higher than P18 by ~0.001 to 0.002 below the deepwater salinity 
maximum. Oxgen data compare fairly well below theta=1.3

	P18S and S4P (P.I Koshlyakov) (Figure 10)
S4P salinity is lower than P18 by ~0.002.
Oxygen data for S4P at the crossover is too noisy for a fair comparison.

DOCUMENTATION

CTD data processing methodology is in general well described. It would be useful 
to add the following information:

  sound speeds used for sounder readings, and whether or not readings have been 
   corrected for transducer depth below the waterline;
  station groupings used for oxygen calibration, and final values of fit 
   parameters.

Comments on the following would be appreciated, as discussed in previous sections:

  oxygen calibration problem (i.e. sensor, or fitting problem);
  temperature pre and post cruise calibration difference for sensor T1461;
  more frequent flagging of surface T data compared to surface S data (opposite 
   to cruise P14S/P15S).

Lastly, the methodology in the report discusses 1 dbar averaging. Are the 2 dbar 
data submitted to the WOCE office derived from the same raw data level, or are 
they somehow extracted from 1 dbar data?

REFERENCE

Saunders, P.M. and Fofonoff, N.P., 1976. Conversion of pressure to depth in the 
   ocean. Deep Sea Research, 23:109-111.

Table 4:Suspicious CTD salinity (Sctd) data. *Indicates calibration improved by 
	additional correction described in the text (i.e. using smaller station 
	groupings).

station	comment						       recommendation
   3		Sctd high by ~0.003 below 1500 dbar
   4		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1200 dbar
*  6		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 2000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
*  9		Sctd low by ~0.0015 at surface		       use smaller station groupings
* 11		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
  12		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2500 dbar
* 13		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 14		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 15		Sctd high by ~0.001 200-2200 dbar, 	       use smaller station groupings
		high by ~0.002 below 2200 dbar
* 16		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 200 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 17		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
* 18		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 20		Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar,	       use smaller station groupings
		high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar
* 21		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 22		Sctd low by ~0.001 at surface,		       use smaller station groupings
		high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar,
		high by ~0.002 below 4000 dbar
* 23		Sctd mostly high by ~0.001 below 3000 dbar     use smaller station groupings
* 24		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 800 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
		suspicious S feature at 2 to 6 dbar	       flag as 3 in .ctd file
* 25		Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
  28		Sctd low by ~0.001 above 1000 dbar
  30		Sctd low by ~0.001 for whole profile
* 31		Sctd low by ~0.002 above 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 33		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 34		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 35		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 36		Sctd mostly high by ~0.0015 for whole profile  use smaller station groupings
* 37		Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 2000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 39		Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1500 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 41 to 43	Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 45 to 48	Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
  51,52,53,55	S glitch between 50 and 100 dbar, due to
		spiking in steep T gradient
* 52		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 54 to 55	Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
  57		Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 1000 dbar	   
* 58		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 60 to 62	Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 63		Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 64		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1300 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 66		Sctd low by ~0.002 near surface		       use smaller station groupings
  67		large S spike at 46 dbar		       flag as 3 in .ctd file
* 69 to 72	Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
  74		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar
  75		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 2000 dbar
  76		Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar
  78		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 1000 dbar
  79		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar
  80		Sctd high by ~0.0015 below 1000 dbar
* 85		Sctd low by ~0.0015 below 1500 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
  90		Sctd high by ~0.002 below 500 dbar
* 92		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
* 94		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
 104		Sctd high by ~0.001 for 1000 to 3800 dbar
*105		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
 107		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar
*108		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
*110		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
 111		no bottles, but compares well with surround-
		ing stations
*112		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 200 dbar	       use smaller station groupings
*113		Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
*114		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
*115		Sctd high by ~0.0015 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
 116		Sctd high by ~0.001 for 500 to 3500 dbar
*121		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*123		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station groupings
*125		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 1500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
 132		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 500 dbar
*133		Sctd low by ~0.0008 below 1000 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*144		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*146		Sctd high by ~0.0008 for whole profile	       use smaller station grouping
*148		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*149		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station grouping
 152		Sctd high by ~0.001 above 3000 dbar
 155		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile
*169		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 200 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*172		Sctd high by ~0.0008 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*182		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 750 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*185		Sctd low by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*187		Sctd high by ~0.001 for whole profile	       use smaller station grouping
*188 to 189	Sctd high by ~0.001 below 100 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*191		Sctd high by ~0.001 below 500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping
*192		Sctd high by ~0.001 above 1500 dbar	       use smaller station grouping

Table 5:Suspicious CTD oxygen data. For recommended flag changes, original flags 
	in data are 2 unless specified otherwise.

station	comment					recommendation		comment
 15	little step from 4226 to ~4400 dbar
 18	little step at 4412 dbar
 25	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 30	100 to 108 dbar oxygen spike		flag as 3 in .ctd file
 52	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 66	0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 68	~2245 dbar small oxygen glitch
 69	2360 to 2374 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 70	0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 70	2236 to 2246 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 71	0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 71	2378 to 2392 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 72	2348 to 2366 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 73	2244 to 2260 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 74	2300 to 2316 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 75	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 75	~2070 dbar small oxygen glitch
 76	0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 76	~2355 dbar small oxygen glitch
 77	2362 to 2380 dbar small oxygen glitch	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 78	~2650 dbar small oxygen glitch
 79	much noisier over top 1200 dbar 
	than surrounding stations
 80	~2360 dbar small oxygen glitch
 91	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	0-6 dbar currently flag 8
 92	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
 94	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	0-4 dbar currently flag 8
 97	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	4-6 dbar currently flag 6
 98	0 to 12 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	6 dbar currently flag 7
									12 dbar currently flag 6
 99	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
100	~4100 dbar small oxygen glitch
103	0 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
107	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	6 dbar currently flag 7
113	0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
118	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	2-6 dbar currently flag 6
123	0 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
124	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	6 dbar currently flag 7
125	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	6 dbar currently flag 7
128	1720 to 1726 dbar oxygen spike		flag as 3 in .ctd file
140	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
141	0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
142	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
144	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
145	0 to 10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	0-2 dbar currently flag 8
									4-10 dbar currently flag 6
153	40 dbar oxygen spike			flag as 3 in .ctd file
160	0 to 8 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
163	0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
170	0 to 16 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	0-14 dbar currently flag 8
174	0 to10 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	4,10 dbar currently flag 6
									6 dbar currently flag 7
177	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	2 dbar currently flag 6
									6 dbar currently flag 7
180	1792 to 1800 dbar oxygen spike		flag as 3 in .ctd file
182	0 to 6 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	6 dbar currently flag 7
184	0 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file
188	2084 to 2384 oxygen glitch		flag as 3 in .ctd file
190	0 to 14 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	0 dbar currently flag 8
									2-14 dbar currently flag 6
193	0 to 4 dbar transient/despiking error	flag as 3 in .ctd file	2 dbar currently flag 7

Table 6:CTD oxygen data calibrations. Quality of calibration is rated from 1 
	(bad) to 5 (good) as follows: 5=good
				      4=moderately good (residual < 2mol/kg)
				      3=a bit poor (residual up to 3 mol/kg, or a constant small bias)
				      2=fairly poor (residual up to 6 mol/kg)
				      1=poor (residual >6 mol/kg)

stn	calibration	 stn	calibration	stn	calibration 
	rating			rating			rating
10	1 above 3000	 50-56	5		111	4
	dbar
11	2		 57	3		112-113	3
12	3		 58	4		114	2
13	5		 59	5		115	5
14	3		 60-62	4		116	4
15	5		 63	3; 2 at bottom	117-118	5
16	1		 64	4		119-120	3
17	2		 65	4; 3 at bottom	121-122	2
18	5; 3 above 1000	 66	4		123	3
	dbar
19	2		 67	5; 3 at bottom	124	2
20	3		 68-69	3		125	1 below 1300 dbar
21	5; 2 at bottom	 70	2		126-137	1
22	5; 2 at bottom	 71-72	3		138-139	2
23	5		 73-75	5		140	1
24	2		 76	1		141-152	2
25	4		 77-78	4		153-155	3
26	1		 79-82	5		156	5
27	5		 83-84	3		157	3
28	3		 85	5; 1 at bottom	158	5
29	5		 86-87	4		159	4
30	3		 88	2		160	1
31	3		 89	1		161	2
32	5		 90-91	2		162-163	3
33	3		 92-93	5		164	4
34	5		 94	4		165-171	3
35	5; 1 above 400	 95	5		172	2
	dbar
36	4		 96	3		173-178	3
37	5		 97-100	5		179-180	2
38	5		101	3		181	3
39	4		102	4		182	2
40-44	5		103-106	5		183-184	3
45	3		107	4		185-191	2
46-48	5		108	5		192	3
49	1		109-110	3		193-194	5

Table 7:Density inversions < -0.003 kg/m3/dbar, and quality flag for salinity in 
	.ctd file for the pressure bin.

stn   pressure	density	 sal.	stn   pressure	density	 sal.	stn   pressure	density	 sal.
      (dbar)	gradient flag	      (dbar)	gradient flag	      (dbar)	gradient flag
10      6	-0.0067	 2	 77    460	-0.0041	 2	107     98	-0.0037	 2
13    112	-0.0046	 2	 78     58	-0.0097	 2	110      6	-0.0059	 2
13    114	-0.0059	 2	 78     92	-0.0089	 2	116     80	-0.0110	 2
13    154	-0.0031	 2	 78     98	-0.0031	 2	118      6	-0.0034	 2
16      6	-0.0038	 2	 78    160	-0.0050	 2	118    152	-0.0131	 2
30    106	-0.0074	 2	 78    166	-0.0031	 2	121      6	-0.0078	 2
32      8	-0.0044	 2	 78    194	-0.0122	 2	122    200	-0.0039	 2
32    702	-0.0038	 2	 78    266	-0.0077	 2	126    170	-0.0044	 2
34    114	-0.0345	 2	 78    276	-0.0102	 2	126    578	-0.0037	 2
34    118	-0.0256	 2	 78    364	-0.0039	 2	126    602	-0.0036	 2
40     14	-0.0031	 2	 79    110	-0.0065	 2	126    688	-0.0031	 2
40     16	-0.0077	 2	 79    116	-0.0077	 2	127     62	-0.0033	 2
43      6	-0.0037	 2	 79    130	-0.0050	 2	127     72	-0.0114	 2
49     10	-0.0031	 2	 79    200	-0.0084	 2	127    122	-0.0039	 2
53      6	-0.0030	 8	 79    258	-0.0070	 2	128    140	-0.0127	 2
54      6	-0.0041	 2	 79    284	-0.0042	 2	129     38	-0.0043	 2
54     54	-0.0031	 2	 79    328	-0.0033	 2	129     64	-0.0258	 2
55     74	-0.0077	 2	 79    472	-0.0031	 2	129    442	-0.0037	 2
56     82	-0.0069	 2	 82    302	-0.0040	 2	130    152	-0.0032	 2
56    182	-0.0053	 2	 82    380	-0.0039	 2	133    348	-0.0048	 2
56    188	-0.0054	 2	 83      6	-0.0071	 2	134    318	-0.0095	 2
58     98	-0.0081	 2	 84    134	-0.0054	 2	134    430	-0.0048	 2
58    104	-0.0070	 2	 84    164	-0.0033	 2	136      6	-0.0039	 2
58    132	-0.0047	 2	 88    288	-0.0037	 2	136     66	-0.0170	 2
58    146	-0.0061	 2	 88    390	-0.0032	 2	136    326	-0.0033	 2
58    156	-0.0082	 2	 88    406	-0.0073	 2	142      8	-0.0035	 2
58    166	-0.0102	 2	 90    262	-0.0044	 2	144     10	-0.0043	 2
58    170	-0.0070	 2	 90    326	-0.0055	 2	146      8	-0.0048	 2
58    206	-0.0046	 2	 91    198	-0.0031	 2	152      6	-0.0083	 2
60     84	-0.0086	 2	 91    422	-0.0041	 2	155     66	-0.0105	 2
62    136	-0.0090	 2	 92    144	-0.0053	 2	157      6	-0.0100	 2
62    226	-0.0052	 2	 92    208	-0.0067	 2	159     62	-0.0104	 2
62    286	-0.0033	 2	 92    216	-0.0054	 2	163      6	-0.0046	 2
64    226	-0.0034	 2	 93     66	-0.0076	 2	164    136	-0.0039	 2
75    272	-0.0040	 2	 93    316	-0.0085	 2	174     10	-0.0033	 2
77      8	-0.0046	 2	 93    322	-0.0051	 2	174     12	-0.0115	 2
77     56	-0.0082	 2	 94    218	-0.0035	 2	175    170	-0.0045	 2
77     64	-0.0204	 2	 94    270	-0.0040	 2	176    130	-0.0067	 2
77    116	-0.0047	 2	 96      6	-0.0045	 2	177     10	-0.0061	 2
77    214	-0.0055	 2	100      6	-0.0068	 2	178      6	-0.0051	 2
77    232	-0.0049	 2	102     12	-0.0042	 2	183      6	-0.0094	 2
77    332	-0.0113	 2	104      6	-0.0032	 2	184     10	-0.0065	 2
77    344	-0.0065	 2	104     84	-0.0057	 2	188     86	-0.0055	 2
77    352	-0.0082	 2	105    116	-0.0041	 2	191      8	-0.0067	 2
				105    232	-0.0043	 2	193     14	-0.0036	 2
				107     68	-0.0048	 2	194     10	-0.0050	 6

Table 8:Summary of flag and other changes recommended.

station	  parameter	    recommendation
96	  T,S,O at 0 dbar   remove bad first data line with 0's in .ctd file (done)
			    and change number of records to 2003 in header
25,72,32, maximum pressure  add value into .sum file (done)
46,61,78
24,67	  S		    flag changes in .ctd files recommended in Table 4
numerous  O		    flag changes in .ctd files recommended in Table 5
numerous  O		    reflag oxygen data in .ctd files according to calibration
			    ranking in Table 6: reflag as 3 for ranking of 2 or 3
			    reflag as 4 for ranking of 1
numerous  O		    change CTDOXY flags to 4 in .sea file for samples listed
			    in the section on oxygen.
all	  T,S,O		    change all 8 flags to 7
13	  T		    remove blocks of interpolated data listed in Table 2, and
			    change flags from 6 to 5
numerous  O		    remove blocks of interpolated data listed in Table 2, and 
			    change flags from 6 to 5

*Figure 1
*Figure 2
*Figure 3
*Figure 4:	"Corrected" salinities
*Figure 5
*Figure 6
*Figure 7
*Figure 8
*Figure 9
*Figure 10:	Comparison of P18 with P17E and S4P

-------------------------------------------------------
DQ EVALUATION OF WOCE P18S AND P18N HYDROGRAPHIC DATA

Arnold W. Mantyla

WOCE line P18 began in the southern Amundson Basin at the same latitude as WOCE 
line S04 and then extended northward, mostly along the eastern flank of the East 
Pacific Rise, ending near Cabo San Lucas at the tip of Baja California, Mexico.  
The cruise resulted in an excellent section across the frontal zones of the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current and through the very low oxygen minimum zones of 
the Eastern Pacific on both sides of the equator.  About 85% of the 185 stations 
from the two legs (P18S and P18N) were done with a 35 place rosette that 
provided good full water column water sample coverage.  Except for one station 
where no water samples were recovered, the rest were done with a 24 place 
rosette system, usually at times of rough weather.  The latter stations had a 
higher data loss than the fair weather stations done with the larger system.

The cruise track crossed 5 other WOCE lines: S04, P17E, P06, P21, and P04, as 
well as the two classical Scorpio lines.  Comparison of data at the crossings 
indicated the P18 cruise tended to be slightly lower in salinity, oxygen, 
silicate, phosphate, and nitrate than the other WOCE cruises, but the 
differences were within the combined expected precision of the cruise pairs.

Overall, the data looks quite good, and the data originators have done a 
thorough job in checking the data.  However, some of the data rejection may have 
been overly zealous, particularly with the salinity flags.  About a third of the 
doubtful salinities were clearly due to sample collection errors, usually off by 
one depth. These were not rosette trip errors, as revealed by the oxygen and 
nutrient profiles.  They would be ok if shifted to their CTD verified depths.  
Of the remaining questioned salinities, about 40% were within one depth of the 
primary nitrite maximum in the upper thermocline (the secondary NO2 max is 
associated with the deeper very low O2's).  The primary NO2 max is usually in 
the maximum stability zone, or in the strongest density gradient below the 
surface layer.  Both temperature and salinity can also have strong vertical 
gradients there and it is in that area that the CTD and the water samples often 
have trouble in seeing the same answer, for a variety of reasons.  The fact that 
the two measurements often differ does not mean that either is bad and some 
judgement should be used before rejecting data that in all likelihood is ok.  I 
have changed a few of the flags to ok, but for the most part have left the flags 
as done by the data originators.  Also, water samples collected near a sharp 
salinity minimum or maximum at times seemed to be more extreme than the CTD and 
therefore flagged questionable, but I believe that they shouldn't be flagged, so 
I changed some of the flags to ok.

There appears to be a small CTD salinity bias that varied with depth, the 
surface CTD being about .001 too low at the surface, and about .001 too high at 
the bottom.  Mark Rosenberg has noted the problem in his CTD DQE evaluation, so 
the CTD salinities should be corrected at the rosette trip levels also.

Five stations had sample collection errors by being off one level for part of 
the sample drawing of the salinities (sta.'s 107, 112, and 140), O2 (sta. 169), 
and nutrients (sta. 23).  Since the CTD verifies the correct depths for the 
salinity and oxygen samples, I can't see why the samples couldn't be shifted to 
the correct depths, as long as that was noted in the cruise report.  The 
nutrient offset is apparent from comparison with the nutrient vs density profile 
on the adjacent stations.

Many stations had surface layer silicates listed as zero, unlike any in the 
bracketing WOCE lines P17E and P19, or most other recent expeditions. I flagged 
the first station (32) zero silicates uncertain, but did not flag any of the 
other 27 stations that had unlikely zero surface silicate values.  It seems the 
autoanalizer baseline correction may have been too large on many stations, or 
perhaps there was a problem with low level detection.  I don't believe the zero 
values, but have decided to let them go as is.

There were a number of curious isolated depths where only oxygen was listed, but 
no salinity or nutrients.  Salinities should always be collected and listed, as 
that is the essential sample in verification of the correct tripping of the 
rosette bottle.

The following are comments on specific stations with problems that should be 
looked into:

Sta. 23: 1995-4740db - silicates are higher than adjacent stations at the same 
density, it looks like they belong one depth deeper.  Phosphate and nitrate 
gradients are too weak to tell, they would look ok at wither depth.  Suspect a 
sample drawing error similar to those later (S and O2) verified by the CTD.  As 
listed, the silicates should be flagged "uncertain", they would look ok if 
listed one depth deeper. 

Sta. 40: 9-363db - Water sample salinity and oxygen data compared to the CTD 
indicate that samples 326-335 belong one depth deeper.  Looks like samples 326 
and 325 both tripped at 363db, with subsequent trips then one depth deeper than 
intended, and then only one trip at 9db (sample 336) instead of a double trip 
there.  Suggest re-list the data with the correct pressures and temperatures and 
change the questionable salinity flags to data ok flags.

Sta.'s 85-88 PO4's: The deep phosphate for the last two stations of P18S appear 
high compared to station 85 and to the first station on P18N (sta. 88) The 
calculations should be checked, and if ok I recommend that stas 86 and 87 deep 
PO4's be flagged uncertain.  Also, the deep nitrites on sta. 88 were flagged 
"bad", but they look OK, so I changed the flags to OK, except for two slightly 
high values which were flagged uncertain.

Sta. 107: 200-1303db - The salinity samples from bottles 114 to 128 clearly 
belong one depth shallower.  Numerous salinities were flagged "bad", but if 
moved up one level (and average 128 and 129), the data would be all ok. This is 
a clear sample collection error, as the O2 and nutrients confirm they were not a 
mis-trip.

Sta 112: 1800-2200db - Salinity samples 113 and 114 clearly belong one depth 
deeper, the missing salinity should be at 1801db, rather than at 2201db. Data 
would be ok if moved.  Oxygen confirms not a mis-trip.

Sta 117: 123db - Salinity listed as .0000, should change it to -9.000.

Sta. 140: 602-3748db - As on sta. 107, many salts flagged either questionable or 
bad.  The CTD verifies that samples 103 to 119 are from one depth shallower and 
both 119 and 120 are from 602db.  If moved, all of the salts would be ok.  Not a 
mis-trip, per O2 data.

Sta. 148: 301db - This level is clearly a mis-trip or a leaker, and the water 
did not come from here.  Therefore, the oxygen and nitrite should also be 
flagged uncertain, even though they would seem to "fit" at this depth.

Sta. 169: 1998-3001db - Clear oxygen sampling error, samples 105 to 108 belong 
one depth shallower (108 and 109 are both from 1998db), as confirmed by the CTD.  
If moved, the data would be ok, otherwise they are clearly "bad".

Sta. 190: 99 and 1800db - It looks like the salinity samples 110 and 132 belong 
in reverse order, but I don't have a clue how that error could have happened.

Sta. 191: 699db - A clear mis-trip or leaker, so O2 and NO2 must be flagged 
uncertain also.  The samples are not from this depth.

Sta. 192: 100-1601db - There is no oxygen listed form sample 104 at 1601db; the 
CTD verifies that samples 105 to 107 belong one depth deeper, and no O2 listed 
for sample 107.  If moved, the data would be ok. 

*Figures shown in pdf file.