captions.txt



Figure Captions for the photographs in:



Neal, Christina, McGimsey, Robert, and Diggles, M.F., 2002, 

     Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian 

     Islands--Selected Photographs:  U.S. Geological Survey 

     Digital Data Series DDS-40, version 1.1 (CD-ROM).



1-4 Mount Douglas



1. Mount Douglas, a dissected and largely ice-covered, 

2,135-m (7,005 ft)-high stratovolcano at the northeastern 

tip of the Alaska Peninsula. View is to the south. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1991.



2. At the summit of 2,135-m (7,005 ft)-high Mount Douglas 

volcano on the northeastern tip of the Alaska Peninsula is 

a warm and highly acidic crater lake approximately 160 m 

(525 ft) wide. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 4, 1990.



3. Steam rises from active fumaroles on the north side of 

the crater lake (left center) at Mount Douglas volcano on 

the northeastern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. In 1992, the 

lake had a pH of 1.1 and a temperature of 21 degrees C (70 

degrees F). Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of 

Geological and Geophysical Surveys, August, 1982.



4. Active fumaroles deposit sulfur near the margin of the 

crater lake at Mount Douglas volcano on the northeastern 

tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Area of view is approximately 

20 cm (8 in) across. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division 

of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, August, 1982.



5-7 Kaguyak Volcano



5. The 2.5-km (1.5 mi)-diameter, lake-filled caldera of 

Kaguyak volcano truncates a former stratovolcano. 

Postcaldera lava domes form a prominent peninsula (right 

center) and a small island. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska 

Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, August, 

1982.



6. Kaguyak volcano is lake-filled caldera, 2.5-km (1.5 mi) 

in diameter, that truncates a former stratovolcano. 

Postcaldera lava domes form a prominent peninsula and a 

small island. Fourpeaked Mountain, a little-studied 

volcano, is on the skyline at left. Photograph by C. Nye, 

Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 

August, 1982.



7. Kaguyak volcano is lake-filled caldera, 2.5-km (1.5 mi) 

in diameter, that truncates a former stratovolcano. 

Postcaldera lava domes form a prominent peninsula (center) 

and a small island. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 4, 1990.



8-12 Katmai Caldera



8. Katmai Caldera, a collapse feature that formed during 

the catastrophic eruption of nearby Novarupta volcano in 

June, 1912. Katmai Caldera is a steep-walled, 1.5-km (1 

mi)-diameter crater that truncates a formerly 2,290-m 

(7,513 ft)-high stratovolcano. The caldera is partially 

filled by a blue-green lake about 250 m (820 ft) deep. The 

lake level was still rising when last measured in the mid-

1970's. Beyond the caldera are the multiple peaks of 

Trident Volcano; Mount Mageik volcano is the snow and ice-

covered cone on the skyline. View is to the northeast. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1991.



9. Katmai Caldera, a collapse feature that formed during 

the catastrophic eruption of nearby Novarupta volcano in 

June, 1912, is a steep-walled, 1.5-km (1 mi)-diameter 

crater which truncates a formerly 2,290-m (7,513 ft)-high 

stratovolcano. The caldera is partially filled by a blue-

green lake about 250 m (820 ft) deep. The lake level was 

still rising when last measured in the mid-1970's. 

Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, June 4, 

1990.



10. Katmai Caldera, a collapse feature that formed during 

the catastrophic eruption of nearby Novarupta volcano in 

June, 1912, is a steep-walled, 1.5-km (1 mi)-diameter 

crater that truncates a formerly 2,290-m (7,513 ft)-high 

stratovolcano. The caldera is partially filled by a blue-

green lake about 250 m (820 ft) deep. The lake level was 

still rising when last measured in the mid-1970's. The 

multiple peaks of Trident Volcano are at top left. The lava 

dome of Novarupta volcano, which marks the site of the 1912 

eruption, is visible at top, center. Photograph by C. Neal, 

U.S. Geological Survey, June 4, 1990.



11. View from the north rim of Katmai Caldera, a collapse 

feature that formed during the catastrophic eruption of 

nearby Novarupta volcano in June, 1912. Katmai Caldera is a 

steepwalled, 1.5-km (1 mi)-diameter crater that truncates a 

formerly 2,290-m (7,513 ft)-high stratovolcano. The caldera 

is partially filled by a blue-green lake about 250 m (820 

m) deep. The lake level was still rising when last measured 

in the mid-1970's. The south interior wall of the caldera 

is visible in this view. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July 16, 1990.



12. View from the west rim of Katmai Caldera, a collapse 

feature that formed during the catastrophic eruption of 

nearby Novarupta volcano in June, 1912. Katmai Caldera is a 

steepwalled, 1.5-km (1 mi)-diameter crater that truncates a 

formerly 2,290-m (7,513 ft)-high stratovolcano. The caldera 

is partially filled by a blue-green lake about 250 m (820 

ft) deep. The lake level was still rising when last 

measured in the mid-1970's. The east interior wall of the 

caldera is visible in this view. Photograph by R. McGimsey, 

U.S. Geological Survey, July 16, 1990.



13-14 Trident Volcano



13. The multiple peaks of Trident Volcano as viewed from 

the top of Baked Mountain in the Valley of Ten Thousand 

Smokes, Alaska. Trident Volcano is composed of a cluster of 

andesite and dacite cones and is the only Katmai group 

volcano other than Katmai and Novarupta to have had 

historical activity. The Novarupta lava dome is visible at 

bottom, center. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 

Survey, July 12, 1990.



14. These blocky andesite lava flows from Trident Volcano 

were emplaced during an extended eruptive period between 

1953 and the mid-1960's. Trident Volcano is composed of a 

cluster of andesite and dacite cones and is the only Katmai 

group volcano other than Katmai and Novarupta to have had 

historical activity. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July, 1974.



15-17 Novarupta



15. Aerial view of 80-m (260 ft)-high Novarupta, a blocky 

rhyolite lava dome that marks the vent for the 1912 

eruption that created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in 

Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. This eruption 

was the most voluminous on Earth in the 20th century, 

ejecting nearly 30 cubic kilometers (7 cubic miles) of 

material in 60 hours. Falling Mountain, a lava dome 

truncated by the 1912 eruption, is visible behind the 

Novarupta dome; snow-capped Mount Mageik volcano can be 

seen at top of the photograph. Photograph by T. Miller, 

U.S. Geological Survey, June, 1979.



16. Aerial view of 80-m (260 ft)-high Novarupta, a blocky 

rhyolite lava dome that marks the vent for the 1912 

eruption that created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in 

Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. This eruption 

was the most voluminous on Earth in the 20th century, 

ejecting nearly 30 cubic kilometers (7 cubic miles) of 

material in 60 hours. Surrounding the dome is an oval-

shaped ring of coarse tephra that accumulated during the 

waning explosive phases of the 1912 eruption. Photograph by 

C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical 

Surveys, August, 1991.



17. View from Mount Katmai of Novarupta lava dome (dark, 

rounded feature in center), which is surrounded by 

(clockwise from upper left) Falling, Baked, and Broken 

Mountains. The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (upper right), 

Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, was created by 

the 1912 eruption of Novarupta volcano. Photograph by C. 

Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 

August, 1991.



18-20 The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes



18. A cross section of the 1912 ash flow exposed by the 

River Lethe in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai 

National Park and Preserve, Alaska. In places the ash flow 

is up to 200 m (660 ft) thick. Photograph by S. McNutt, 

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 

July, 1993.



19. View southeast up the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes 

from the Overlook Cabin in Katmai National Park and 

Preserve, Alaska. The valley is filled with up to 200 m 

(660 ft) of ash-flow deposits from the 1912 eruption of 

Novarupta volcano. The rim of Katmai Caldera is on the 

skyline at left. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 10, 1991.



20. View southeast up the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes 

from the Overlook Cabin in Katmai National Park and 

Preserve, Alaska. The valley has been filled with up to 200 

m (660 ft) of ash-flow deposits from the 1912 eruption of 

Novarupta volcano. The rim of Katmai Caldera is on the 

skyline at left. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 8, 1991.



21-23 Mount Griggs



21. Mount Griggs volcano, 2,317-m (7,602 ft)-high, lies 10 

km (6 mi) behind the volcanic arc defined by other Katmai 

group volcanoes. Although no historical eruptions have been 

reported from Mount Griggs, vigorously active fumaroles 

persist in a summit crater and along the upper southwest 

flank. The slopes of Mount Griggs are heavily mantled by 

fallout from the 1912 Novarupta eruption. View is to the 

northeast. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 

Survey, July 11, 1990.



22. Mount Griggs volcano, 2,317-m (7,602 ft)-high, here 

seen from the west rim of Katmai caldera, lies 10 km (6 mi) 

behind the volcanic arc defined by other Katmai group 

volcanoes. Although no historic eruptions have been 

reported from Mount Griggs, vigorously active fumaroles 

persist in a summit crater and along the upper southwest 

flank. The slopes of Mount Griggs are heavily mantled by 

fallout from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta volcano. View 

is to the northwest. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July 16, 1990.



23. Geologists walk toward 2,317-m (7,602 ft)-high, Mount 

Griggs volcano from the base of Knife Creek Glacier at the 

base of the northwest flank of Mount Katmai. Mount Griggs 

volcano lies 10 km (6 mi) behind the volcanic arc defined 

by other Katmai group volcanoes. Although no historical 

eruptions have been reported from Mount Griggs, vigorously 

active fumaroles persist in a summit crater and along the 

upper southwest flank. The slopes of Mount Griggs are 

heavily mantled by gray fallout from the 1912 eruption of 

Novarupta volcano. View is to the north. Photograph by R. 

McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, July 16, 1990.



24-26 Mount Mageik



24. Aerial view of the four-peaked, 2,165-m (7,103 ft)-high 

Mount Mageik volcano at the head of the Valley of Ten 

Thousand Smokes. Lava flows from Trident Volcano are ponded 

against the base of Mount Mageik at lower right. Martin 

volcano, with a gaping summit crater, is visible beyond and 

to the left of Mount Mageik along the topographic crest. 

View is to the west. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 4, 1990.



25. Mount Mageik (2,165 m [7,103 ft] high) and Mount Martin 

(1,863 m [6,112 ft] high; on skyline at right) volcanoes, 

both emitting steam plumes from their summits, as viewed to 

the southwest from across the Valley of Ten Thousand 

Smokes, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. 

Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, July 15, 

1990.



26. Nestled within a summit depression of 2,165-m (7,103 

ft)-high Mount Mageik volcano is an acidic, hot (70 oC [158 

oF]) crater lake. Persistent, vigorous fumaroles are 

present. No historical eruptions from Mount Mageik have 

been confirmed. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 4, 1990.



27 Mount Martin



27. View of the summit crater of 1,863-m (6,112 ft)-high 

Mount Martin volcano, a largely ice-covered stratovolcano 

at the southern end of the Katmai group. Note the sulfur 

(yellow) that has been deposited on the snow- and ice-

covered crater walls. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. 

Geological Survey, June 4, 1990.



28-32 Ukinrek Maars



28. Aerial view, looking north, over the Ukinrek Maars on 

the south shore of Becharof Lake on the Alaska Peninsula. 

The maar craters formed during a 10-day eruption in March 

and April of 1977. In the distance (center) are the Gas 

Rocks, an older volcanic center. Photograph by C. Nye, 

Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, May 

9, 1994.



29. Near-vertical view of the east Ukinrek Maar crater, 300 

m (980 ft) across, that formed in 1977 during a 10-day 

phreatomagmatic eruption. Part of smaller west Ukinrek Maar 

crater is visible at upper left. Photograph by D. Dewhurst, 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, July 8, 1990.



30. Southeast wall of the eastern Ukinrek Maar crater. The 

rhythmically layered, dark gray material visible in the 

wall consists of more than 15 m (50 ft) of phreatomagmatic 

tephra. The 1977 tephra sits on an exposure of glacial till 

capping ash-flow deposits from Ugashik Caldera. The lake 

has filled the original crater to a depth of more than 30 m 

(100 ft). In the distance at very top of photograph are 

debris-avalanche hummocks from an unknown source near the 

current site of Peulik volcano. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. 

Geological Survey, June 4, 1990.



31. Phreatomagmatic eruption column rising from the east 

Ukinrek Maar crater at about 5:00 PM on April 6, 1977. View 

is to the southeast. Photograph by R. Russell, Alaska 

Department of Fish and Game, April 6, 1977.



33-34 Peulik Volcano



32. Phreatomagmatic eruption column rising from the east 

Ukinrek Maar crater at about 5:00 PM on April 6, 1977. View 

is to the east. Photograph by R. Russell, Alaska Department 

of Fish and Game, April 6, 1977.



33. Peulik volcano, a 1,474-m (4,836 ft)-high 

stratovolcano, as viewed at sunset from the south shore of 

Becharof Lake on the Alaska Peninsula. Photograph by C. 

Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, June, 1993.



34. Peulik volcano, a 1,474-m (4,836 ft)-high 

stratovolcano, as viewed from the Ukinrek Maars on the 

south shore of Becharof Lake on the Alaska Peninsula. In 

the middle distance is hummocky ground that probably 

represents debris-avalanche deposits from an older Peulik 

stratovolcano. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 25, 1993.



35 Ugashik Caldera



35. Aerial view, looking southwest, of Ugashik caldera 

adjacent to Peulik volcano. At least five lava domes (snow-

covered in this view) presently occupy the floor of the 5-

km (3 mi)- diameter caldera. Photograph by M.E.. Yount, 

U.S. Geological Survey, April 11, 1984.



36-37 Chiginagak Volcano



36. View, looking southeast, of 2,067-m (6,781 ft)-high 

Chiginagak volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. U.S. Geological 

Survey photograph, date unknown.



37. Aerial view of a vigorous fumarole at about 1,600 m 

(5,249 ft) elevation on the north flank of 2,067-m (6,781 

ft)-high Chiginagak volcano. Steam emitted from this 

fumarole commonly produces a small plume and may be the 

source of the few questionable reports of historical 

eruptions from this volcano. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska 

Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, May 9, 

1994.



38 Yantarni Volcano



38. Yantarni volcano, a 1,336-m-high (4,383 ft) andesite 

stratovolcano with no known historical activity, is located 

on the Alaska Peninsula. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, September, 1985.



39-50 Aniakchak Caldera



39. Aerial view, looking east, of Aniakchak caldera, one of 

the most spectacular volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula. 

Formed during a catastrophic ash-flow producing eruption 

about 3,400 years ago, Aniakchak caldera is about 10 km (6 

mi) across and averages 500 m (1,640 ft) in depth. 

Voluminous postcaldera eruptive activity has produced a 

wide variety of volcanic landforms and deposits within the 

caldera. The volcano is located in Aniakchak National 

Monument and Preserve, Alaska, which is administered by the 

National Park Service. Photograph by M. Williams, National 

Park Service, 1977.



40. View, looking southwest, into Aniakchak caldera from 

its north rim. Surprise Lake, which drains into the 

Aniakchak River, is visible on the caldera floor. The 

prominent steepsided intracaldera stratovolcano in the 

distance is Vent Mountain. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. 

Geological Survey, June 29, 1992.



41. Geologists on the rim of Vent Mountain, an intracaldera 

stratovolcano, look northwest towards Half Cone, a 

prominent vent on the caldera floor and the source of the 

most explosive postcaldera eruptions at Aniakchak caldera. 

Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, June 23, 

1992.



42. View, looking south, across Aniakchak caldera from its 

north rim. Surprise Lake and its outlet are visible at 

upper left. The prominent dark peak on the left skyline is 

Black Nose, a high standing remnant of precaldera 

volcaniclastic rocks. Hummocky ground in the distance 

against the caldera wall is a pumice-covered glacier and 

associated moraine. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, August, 1985.



43. Geologists walking across the pumice-covere d floor of 

Aniakchak caldera en route to Vent Mountain, a prominent 

intracaldera stratovolcano. In the middle ground is a 

breached tuff cone informally known as "Surprise Cone." 

Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 23, 

1992.



44. The Gates, a v-shaped notch in the eastern wall of 

Aniakchak caldera, is the outlet for Surprise Lake, which 

is visible at left. This view is from within the caldera 

looking northeast. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 

Survey, July 19, 1994.



45. Geologist examining pyroclastic deposits (above hand) 

from a violent eruption of Half Cone less than 500 years 

ago. The deposits unconformably overlie dark gray 

phreatomagmatic material (below hand) from Surprise tuff 

cone in Aniakchak caldera. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July 23, 1993.



46. Jet contrails over Aniakchak caldera. The proximity of 

explosive volcanoes of the Aleutian volcanic arc to North 

Pacific air routes is one of the principal hazards 

associated with volcanoes in Alaska. View is to the south. 

Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, July 19, 

1994.



47. View onto the floor of the caldera from the southeast 

rim of Aniakchak caldera. Two explosion craters (maar 

craters) partially filled with seasonal meltwater are 

visible. The craters were formed by explosions through 

older lava flows from Vent Mountain, an intracaldera 

stratocone. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 

Survey, June 29, 1992.



48. View, looking northeast, of the primary site of the 

1931 eruption. The site is at the base of the northwest 

caldera wall. This crater, about 600 m (1970 ft) across, 

was the site of intermittent explosions of pumice-lithic 

tephra over the course of several weeks in May and June, 

1931. During the final phases of the eruption, a small lava 

flow and spatter field formed in the bottom of the crater. 

Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 30, 

1992.



49. Weather clouds cascade over the south wall of Aniakchak 

caldera, a common occurrence that can portend bad weather. 

Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, July 3, 

1992.



50. View of the cross section of Half Cone, a postcaldera 

vent now exposed against the north wall of Aniakchak 

caldera. Within this cliff face are recorded several 

episodes of lava flows (dark rock outcrops), plinian 

eruption (lighter colored deposits at left), and 

spatterfed- flow accumulation (reddish layers). Photograph 

by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, July 1, 1992.



51 Black Peak



51. Ash flows from an eruption that formed a small caldera 

between 3,600 and 4,700 years ago. The caldera is on the 

eastern edge of the Black Peak volcanic center on the 

Alaska Peninsula. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological 

Survey, October, 1985.



52-61 Veniaminof Volcano



52. Strombolian burst of incandescent lava fragments from 

the intracaldera cinder cone at Veniaminof volcano on the 

Alaska Peninsula. Veniaminof volcano is a 2,507-m (8,225 

ft)- high stratovolcano with a summit caldera that formed 

about 3,700 years ago. The caldera is now ice-filled. View 

is to the northwest. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July 13, 1983.



53. Strombolian burst of incandescent lava fragments from 

the intracaldera cinder cone at Veniaminof volcano on the 

Alaska Peninsula. Veniaminof volcano is a 2,507-m (8,225 

ft)- high stratovolcano with a summit caldera that formed 

about 3,700 years ago. The caldera is now ice-filled. View 

is to the northwest. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July 13, 1983.



54. Eruptive activity from the intracaldera cinder cone at 

Veniaminof volcano melted about 0.15 km3 (0.04 mi3) of the 

summit ice-cap. View is to the northeast. Photograph by 

M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, July 26, 1983.



55. Incandescent lava flows down the flank of the 

intracaldera cinder cone at Veniaminof volcano on the 

Alaska Peninsula. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological 

Survey, October 7, 1983.



56. A pulsing, gray ash plume rising from the intracaldera 

cinder cone at Veniaminof volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. 

View is to the north. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. 

Geological Survey, October 7, 1983.



57. Steam rising from the intracaldera cinder cone at 

Veniaminof volcano in the waning stages of the 1983 to 1984 

eruption. Cooling lava flows fill a pit about 2.3x1.0 km 

(1.4x0.6 mi) that has been melted in the summit ice cap. 

Aerial view looking northeast. Photograph by M.E. Yount, 

U.S. Geological Survey, January 23, 1984.



58. Steam rising from the intracaldera cinder cone at 

Veniaminof volcano in the waning stages of the 1983 to 1984 

eruption. Cooling lava flows fill a pit about 2.3x1.0 km 

(1.4x0.6 mi) that has been melted in the summit ice cap. 

View is to the southeast. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. 

Geological Survey, January 23, 1984.



59. A burst of gray ash rising from the intracaldera cinder 

cone at Veniaminof volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. 

Photograph by D. Sellers, Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, August 3, 1993.



60. A new lava flow accumulates at the base of the 

intracaldera cinder cone (obscured by steam at right) at 

Veniaminof volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. View is to the 

south. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Department of 

Geological and Geophysical Surveys, May 9, 1994.



61. A new lava flow accumulates at the base of the 

intracaldera cinder cone at Veniaminof volcano on the 

Alaska Peninsula. View is to the west. Photograph by C. 

Nye, Alaska Department of Geological and Geophysical 

Surveys, May 9, 1994.



62-65 Pavlof Sister and Pavlof Volcanoes



62. Steam and volcanic gas rising from the summit crater of 

2,519-m (8,264 ft)-high Pavlof Volcano on the Alaska 

Peninsula. Pavlof is one of the most active of Alaska's 

volcanoes with nearly 40 historical eruptions. Photograph 

by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, November, 1973.



63. Pavlof (2,519-m [8,264 ft]-high, right) and Pavlof 

Sister (2,143-m [7,031 ft]-high, left) are a pair of 

symmetrical stratovolcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula. Pavlof 

Volcano is one of the most active of Alaska's volcanoes 

with nearly 40 historical eruptions. View is to the 

northwest. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, 

July, 1975.



64. Pavlof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula is one of the 

most active of Alaska's volcanoes with nearly 40 historical 

eruptions. Photograph by S. McNutt, Lamont-Doherty 

Geological Observatory, 1979.



65. Pavlof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula is one of the 

most active of Alaska's volcanoes with nearly 40 historical 

eruptions. Photograph by S. McNutt, Lamont-Doherty 

Geological Observatory, 1979.



66-67 Emmons Lake Caldera



66. View, looking southeast, of a portion of the Emmons 

Lake caldera on the Alaska Peninsula. The most recent of 

several caldera-forming eruptions at Emmons Lake occurred 

more than 10,000 years ago. No historical eruptions have 

occurred at Emmons Lake. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July, 1987.



67. View, looking northeast, of 1,436-m (4,711 ft)-high 

Mount Emmons, a postcaldera stratovolcano within the Emmons 

Lake caldera on the Alaska Peninsula. The most recent of 

several caldera-forming eruptions at Emmons Lake occurred 

more than 10,000 years ago. No historical eruptions have 

occurred at Emmons Lake. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, July, 1987.



68 Mount Dutton Volcano



68. Mount Dutton, a 1,506-m (4,941 ft)-high stratovolcano, 

lies 14 km (9 mi) north of the community of King Cove on 

the Alaska Peninsula. The summit of Mount Dutton is 

composed of a cluster of lava domes. Mount Dutton has had 

no historical eruptions. However, seismic swarms beneath 

the volcano were recorded in 1984 to 1985 and again in 

1989. View is to the southwest. Photograph by M.E. Yount, 

U.S. Geological Survey, July, 1986.



69 Cold Bay Volcano



69. Cold Bay volcano, a 1,920-m-high (6,299 ft) 

stratovolcano at the southwest end of the Alaska Peninsula. 

Photograph by S. McNutt, Lamont-Doherty Geological 

Observatory, July, 1980.



70-71 Shishaldin Volcano



70. Often compared to Mount Fuji, Japan, the symmetrical 

Shishaldin volcano located on central Unimak Island in the 

Aleutian Islands rises 2,857 m (9,373 ft) above sea level. 

The volcano has had several historical eruptions. A summit 

crater emits a nearly continuous plume of steam. Photograph 

by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical 

Surveys, May 10, 1994.



71. Sunset view to the southwest silhouetting Roundtop, 

Isanotski, and Shishaldin volcanoes on Unimak Island in the 

eastern Aleutian Islands. Photograph by J. Davies, 

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 

August, 1983.



72 Fisher Caldera



72. View of part of the interior of Fisher caldera on 

Unimak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Fisher is an 

11x18 km (7x11 mi) caldera that formed about 9,100 years 

ago producing compositionally zoned ash flows that 

overtopped topographic barriers more than 500 m (1,640 ft) 

in elevation. There was one poorly documented historical 

eruption from Fisher caldera in 1826. Photograph by T. 

Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, August, 1974.



73-74 Westdahl Volcano



73. Summit area of Westdahl volcano located on the 

southwest part of Unimak Island in the eastern Aleutian 

Islands. The topographic peaks in the distance are Westdahl 

Peak (left) and Faris Peak (right). The cinder cone in 

middle ground marks the principal vent for the 1991 to 1992 

eruption. Note the snow-mantled lava flow emanating from 

cinder cone. The sinuous fissure cutting the ice cap formed 

in the opening phases of the eruption and was the location 

of spectacular lava fountaining. Photograph by C. 

Zeillemaker, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, February 2, 

1993.



74. View, looking west, of the east flank of Westdahl 

volcano located on the southwest part of Unimak Island in 

the eastern Aleutian Islands (top to right). Dark, blocky 

lava flows are from the 1991 to 1992 eruption; note wisps 

of steam scattered across the lava flow surface. Photograph 

by C. Dau, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, March 12, 1992.



75 Mount Gilbert



75. Mount Gilbert is a poorly known 818-m-high (2,684 ft) 

volcano which forms the north part of Akun Island in the 

eastern Aleutian Islands. Active fumaroles were documented 

1.5 km (1 mi) northeast of the summit in the early 1900's. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, May 10, 1994.



76-78 Akutan Volcano



76. Akutan volcano forms the west part of Akutan Island in 

the eastern Aleutian Islands. The volcano's summit is 

truncated by a 2-km-wide (1.2 mi) caldera that contains a 

cinder cone visible here through a breach in the caldera 

rim as a dark, steaming hill. This cinder cone has been the 

site of frequent historical eruptions. View is to the 

south. U.S. Geological Survey photograph, date unknown.



77. Aerial view of Akutan volcano that forms the west part 

of Akutan Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. The 

volcano's summit is truncated by a 2-km-wide (1.2 mi) 

caldera that contains a cinder cone that has been the site 

of frequent historical eruptions. View is to the southeast. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, May 10, 1994.



78. Aerial view of Akutan volcano that forms the west part 

of Akutan Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. The 

volcano's summit is truncated by a 2-km-wide (1.2 mi) 

caldera that contains a cinder cone that has been the site 

of frequent historical eruptions. View is to the southwest. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, May 10, 1994.



79-80 Makushin Volcano



79. Aerial view of the summit area of Makushin Volcano, a 

2,036-m (6,680 ft) -high stratovolcano in the northern part 

of Unalaska Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1982.



80. Aerial view of the Point Kadin vents, a series of post-

glacial explosion pits and small cinder cones that occur 

along a fracture zone northwest of the summit of Makushin 

Volcano, a 2,036-m (6,680 ft)-high stratovolcano in the 

northern part of Unalaska Island in the eastern Aleutian 

Islands. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of 

Geological and Geophysical Surveys, May 10, 1994.



81-83 Bogoslof Island



81. Aerial view, looking northwest, of Bogoslof Island, 

which is the summit of a largely submarine stratovolcano 

located in the Bering Sea 50 km (31 mi) behind the main 

Aleutian Volcanic arc. The island is about 1.5x0.6 km (1x.4 

mi) across and, due to energetic wave action and frequent 

eruptive activity, has changed shape dramatically since 

first mapped in the late 1700's. Its most recent eruption, 

in 1992, produced the light-colored conical lava dome (150 

m [492 ft] high) that forms the tip of the island at upper 

right. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological 

and Geophysical Surveys, May 10, 1994.



82. Aerial view, looking west, of the new lava dome (150 m 

[492 ft] high) erupted in 1992 at Bogoslof Island, which is 

the summit of a largely submarine stratovolcano located in 

the Bering Sea 50 km (31 mi) behind the main Aleutian 

volcanic arc. The island is about 1.5x0.6 km (1x.4 mi) and, 

due to energetic wave action and frequent eruptive 

activity, it has changed shape dramatically since first 

mapped in the late 1700's. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 

Geological Survey, May 10, 1994.



83. Aerial view, looking south, of Bogoslof Island, which 

is the summit of a largely submarine stratovolcano located 

in the Bering Sea 50 km (31 mi) behind the main Aleutian 

volcanic arc. The island is about 1.5x0.6 km (1x.4 mi) and, 

due to energetic wave action and frequent eruptive 

activity, it has changed shape dramatically since first 

mapped in the late 1700's. Its most recent eruption, in 

1992, produced the conical, rubbly lava dome (150 m [492 

ft] high)and offshore spire at bottom center. Photograph by 

T. Keith, U.S. Geological Survey, May 10, 1994.



84-86 Okmok Caldera



84. View into Okmok caldera, a 9.3-km (5.8 mi)-diameter 

circular crater that truncates the top of a large shield 

volcano on the northeastern part of Umnak Island in the 

eastern Aleutian Islands. The most recent caldera-forming 

eruption at Okmok occurred about 2,400 years ago. Since 

then, numerous intracaldera eruptions have occurred, 

including the eruption that extruded these blocky lava 

flows onto the caldera floor. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska 

Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, September, 

1980.



85. View of the steaming cinder cone that marks the site of 

the most recent eruptive activity at Okmok caldera, a 9.3-

km (5.8 mi)-diameter circular crater that truncates the top 

of a large shield volcano on the northeastern part of Umnak 

Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Eruptions from this 

cone in 1945 and 1958 produced lava flows that extruded 

onto the caldera floor. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska 

Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, September, 

1980.



86. Aerial view looking north of Okmok caldera, a 9.3-km-

diameter (5.8 mi) circular crater that truncates the top of 

a large shield volcano on the northeastern part of Umnak 

Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Photograph by J. 

Reeder. Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical 

Surveys, date unknown.



87-89 Mount Recheshnoi



87. View, looking west, at the head of the Russian Bay 

valley of Mount Recheshnoi, a deeply dissected, 1,984-m 

(6,510 ft)-high stratovolcano on central Umnak Island in 

the eastern Aleutian Islands. Unlike Vsevidof volcano, its 

neighbor to the west, Recheshnoi volcano has had no 

documented historical eruptions. Photograph by C. Nye, 

Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 

August, 1985.



88. View, looking north, of Mount Recheshnoi, a deeply 

dissected, 1,984-m (6,510 ft)-high stratovolcano on central 

Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Unlike 

Vsevidof volcano, its neighbor to the west, Recheshnoi 

volcano has had no documented historical eruptions. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1985.



89. View of an active fumarole near Russian Bay on Mount 

Recheshnoi, a deeply dissected, 1,984-m (6,510 ft)-high 

stratovolcano on central Umnak Island in the eastern 

Aleutian Islands. Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of 

Geological and Geophysical Surveys, August, 1985.



90-93 Mount Vsevidof



90. Distant view, looking north, of symmetrical Vsevidof 

volcano, a historically active, 2,149-m (7,050 ft)-high 

stratovolcano on central Umnak Island in the eastern 

Aleutian Islands. Mount Recheshnoi is on skyline at right. 

U.S. Geological Survey photograph, July, 1975.



91. View, looking north, of symmetrical Vsevidof volcano, a 

historically active, 2,149-m (7,050 ft)-high stratovolcano 

on central Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1985.



92. View, looking north, of symmetrical Vsevidof volcano, a 

historically active, 2,149-m (7,050 ft)-high stratovolcano 

on central Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1985.



93. View, looking north, of symmetrical Vsevidof volcano, a 

historically active, 2149-m (7,050 ft)-high stratovolcano 

on central Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands. 

Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 

Geophysical Surveys, August, 1985.



94 Mount Cleveland



94. Mount Cleveland forms the western half of Chuginadak 

Island in the central Aleutian Islands. This symmetrical, 

1,730-m (5,676 ft)-high stratovolcano and has been the site 

of numerous eruptions in the last two centuries; the most 

recent eruption occurred in 1994. In 1944, a U.S. Army 

serviceman was reportedly killed by an eruption from Mount 

Cleveland. Photograph by M. Harbin, University of Alaska 

Fairbanks, July 24, 1994.



95 Carlisle Volcano



95. View of steep-sided, symmetrical Carlisle volcano on 

Carlisle Island in the central Aleutian Islands. The 1,620-

m (5,315 ft)-high stratovolcano has erupted several times 

since the late 1700's. Photograph by M. Harbin, University 

of Alaska Fairbanks, July 24, 1994.



96 Seguam Island



96. Incandescent lava fountaining from a fissure eruption 

near Pyre Peak on 1,054-m (3,458 ft)-high Seguam Island in 

the central Aleutian Islands. U.S. Coast Guard photograph, 

March 8, 1977.



97 Kanaga Volcano



97. View, looking west, of 1,312-m (4,304 ft)-high Kanaga 

Volcano in eruption. Kanaga is located about 25 km (16 mi) 

west of the U.S. Navy installation and port on Adak Island 

in the Aleutian Islands. The volcano erupted intermittently 

through much of 1994, dusting the community of Adak at 

least once with fine ash. Photograph by E. Klett, U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, January 27, 1994.